Engineering graphics and draughting Books

Book SynopsisProvides coverage of welding symbols and their application to welding prints and practices. This book uses step-by-step instructions and detailed illustrations to help you gain the knowledge and skills you need to interpret a wide range of working documents, from simple sketches to the most complex blueprints.Trade Review1. Basic Lines and Views. 2. Sketching. 3. Notes and Specifications. 4. Dimensions. 5. Bill of Materials. 6. Structural Shapes. 7. Other Views. 8. Sections. 9. Detail, Assembly, and Subassembly Prints. 10. Welding Symbols and Abbreviations. 11. Basic Joints for Weldment Fabrications. 12. Fillet Welds. 13. Groove Welds. 14. Back or Backing and Melt-Thru Welds. 15. Plug and Slot Welds. 16. Surfacing Welds. 17. Edge Welds. 18. Spot Welds. 19. Projection Welds. 20. Seam Welds. 21. Stud Welds. 22. Applied Metrics for Welders. 23. Pipe-Welding Symbols. 24. Dual Dimensioning. 25. Inspection and Testing. 26. International Standard Symbols for Welding. 27. Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting. 28. Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. Appendix 1: Inch-Millimeter Equivalents. Appendix 2: Structural Metal Shape Designations. Appendix 3: Pipe Dimensions and Weights. Appendix 4: Table Conversion of Pipe Sizes to Metric. Appendix 5: Drill Dimension Chart. Appendix 6: Steel Rule Diagrams. Appendix 7: Metric Threads - Fine and Coarse. Appendix 8: Computer Glossary. Appendix 9: Glossary - English-Spanish. Appendix 10: Weld Symbols - English-Spanish, Ingles-Espanol. Index.Table of Contents1. Basic Lines and Views. 2. Sketching. 3. Notes and Specifications. 4. Dimensions. 5. Bill of Materials. 6. Structural Shapes. 7. Other Views. 8. Sections. 9. Detail, Assembly, and Subassembly Prints. 10. Welding Symbols and Abbreviations. 11. Basic Joints for Weldment Fabrications. 12. Fillet Welds. 13. Groove Welds. 14. Back or Backing and Melt-Thru Welds. 15. Plug and Slot Welds. 16. Surfacing Welds. 17. Edge Welds. 18. Spot Welds. 19. Projection Welds. 20. Seam Welds. 21. Stud Welds. 22. Applied Metrics for Welders. 23. Pipe-Welding Symbols. 24. Dual Dimensioning. 25. Inspection and Testing. 26. International Standard Symbols for Welding. 27. Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting. 28. Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. Appendix 1: Inch-Millimeter Equivalents. Appendix 2: Structural Metal Shape Designations. Appendix 3: Pipe Dimensions and Weights. Appendix 4: Table Conversion of Pipe Sizes to Metric. Appendix 5: Drill Dimension Chart. Appendix 6: Steel Rule Diagrams. Appendix 7: Metric Threads ��� Fine and Coarse. Appendix 8: Computer Glossary. Appendix 9: Glossary ��� English-Spanish. Appendix 10: Weld Symbols ��� English-Spanish, Ingles-Espa��ol. Index.

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.Table of Contents General Principles Force Vectors Equilibrium of a Particle Force System Resultants Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Structural Analysis Internal Forces Friction Center of Gravity and Centroid Moments of Inertia Virtual Work Appendix Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Solutions and Answers Review Problem Solutions

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Book SynopsisFor more than 25 years, students have relied on this trusted text for easy-to-read, comprehensive drafting and design instruction that complies with the latest ANSI and ASME industry standards for mechanical drafting. The Sixth Edition of ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN continues this tradition of excellence with a multitude of real, high-quality industry drawings and more than 1,000 drafting, design, and practical application problemsincluding many new to the current edition. The text showcases actual product designs in all phases, from concept through manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. In addition, the engineering design process now features new material related to production practices that eliminate waste in all phases, and the authors describe practices to improve process output quality by using quality management methods to identify the causes of defects, remove them, and minimize manufacturing variables.Table of ContentsPart I: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN. 1. Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design. 2. Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods. 3. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD). 4. Manufacturing Materials and Processes. Part II: FUNDAMENTAL APPLICATIONS. 5. Sketching Applications. 6. Lines and Lettering. 7. Drafting Geometry. Part III: DRAWING VIEWS AND ANNOTATIONS. 8. Multiviews. 9. Auxiliary Views. 10. Dimensioning and Tolerancing. 11. Fasteners and Springs. 12. Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks. 13. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. 14. Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations. Part IV: WORKING DRAWINGS. 15. Working Drawings. 16. Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings. 17. Belt and Chain Drives. 18. Welding Processes and Representations. Section V: SPECIALTY DRAFTING AND DESIGN. 19. Precision Sheet Metal Drafting. 20. Electrical and Electronics Drafting. 21. Industrial Process Pipe Drafting. 22. Structural Drafting. 23. Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC). 24. Civil Drafting. Part VI: ENGINEERING DESIGN. 25. The Engineering Design Process. Appendices. Engineering Drawing and Design Student Companion Website. Descriptive Geometry I. Descriptive Geometry II. Engineering Charts and Graphs. Engineering Drawing and Design Math Applications. Fluid Power.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContents 12 Kinematics of a Particle 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion 12.3 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion 12.4 General Curvilinear Motion 12.5 Curvilinear Motion: Rectangular Components 12.6 Motion of a Projectile 12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components 12.8 Curvilinear Motion: Cylindrical Components 12.9 Absolute Dependent Motion Analysis of Two Particles 12.10 Relative-Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes 13 Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration 13.1 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 13.2 The Equation of Motion 13.3 Equation of Motion for a System of Particles 13.4 Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates 13.5 Equations of Motion: Normal and Tangential Coordinates 13.6 Equations of Motion: Cylindrical Coordinates *13.7 Central-Force Motion and Space Mechanics 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy 14.1 The Work of a Force 14.2 Principle of Work and Energy 14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles 14.4 Power and Efficiency 14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 14.6 Conservation of Energy 15 Kinetics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum 15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum 15.2 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System of Particles 15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles 15.4 Impact 15.5 Angular Momentum 15.6 Relation Between Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum 15.7 Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum 15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream *15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass 16 Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body 16.1 Planar Rigid-Body Motion 16.2 Translation 16.3 Rotation about a Fixed Axis 16.4 Absolute Motion Analysis 16.5 Relative-Motion Analysis: Velocity 16.6 Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity 16.7 Relative-Motion Analysis: Acceleration 16.8 Relative-Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes 17 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Force and Acceleration 17.1 Mass Moment of Inertia 17.2 Planar Kinetic Equations of Motion 17.3 Equations of Motion: Translation 17.4 Equations of Motion: Rotation about a Fixed Axis 17.5 Equations of Motion: General Plane Motion 18 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Work and Energy 18.1 Kinetic Energy 18.2 The Work of a Force 18.3 The Work of a Couple Moment 18.4 Principle of Work and Energy 18.5 Conservation of Energy 19 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Impulse and Momentum 19.1 Linear and Angular Momentum 19.2 Principle of Impulse and Momentum 19.3 Conservation of Momentum *19.4 Eccentric Impact 20 Three-Dimensional Kinematics of a Rigid Body 20.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point *20.2 The Time Derivative of a Vector Measured from Either a Fixed or Translating-Rotating System 20.3 General Motion *20.4 Relative-Motion Analysis Using Translating and Rotating Axes 21 Three-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body *21.1 Moments and Products of Inertia 21.2 Angular Momentum 21.3 Kinetic Energy *21.4 Equations of Motion *21.5 Gyroscopic Motion 21.6 Torque-Free Motion 22 Vibrations *22.1 Undamped Free Vibration *22.2 Energy Methods *22.3 Undamped Forced Vibration *22.4 Viscous Damped Free Vibration *22.5 Viscous Damped Forced Vibration *22.6 Electrical Circuit Analogs A Mathematical Expressions B Vector Analysis C The Chain Rule Fundamental Problem

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgement xxiii About the Companion Website xxv Part I Fundamentals of P&ID Development 1 1 What Is P&ID 3 1.1 Why Is P&ID Important? 3 1.2 What Is a P&ID? 4 1.3 P&ID Media 4 1.4 P&ID Development Activity 5 2 Management of P&ID Development 9 2.1 Project of Developing P&IDs 9 2.2 P&ID Milestones 9 2.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development 11 2.4 P&ID Set Owner 12 2.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development 12 2.6 P&ID Evolution 12 2.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs 12 2.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs 13 3 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet 15 3.1 Title Block 15 3.2 Ownership Block 15 3.3 Reference Drawing Block 15 3.4 Revision Block 15 3.5 Comments Block 16 3.6 Main Body of a P&ID 19 4 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs 21 4.1 Items on P&IDs 21 4.1.1 Pipes or Other Flow Conductors 21 4.1.2 Equipment 21 4.1.3 Instruments 21 4.1.4 Signals 22 4.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules 22 4.2.1 Line Crossing Over 24 4.2.2 Equipment Crossing 25 4.2.3 Off‐Page Connector 26 4.2.4 Color in P&IDs 26 4.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs 26 4.3.1 Symbols 27 4.3.2 Tags 28 4.3.3 Name 29 4.3.4 Technical Information 29 4.4 Different Types of P&IDs 32 4.4.1 Legend P&IDs 33 4.4.2 System P&IDs 34 4.4.3 Network P&IDs 34 4.4.4 Interarea P&IDs 34 4.4.5 Detail P&IDs 36 4.5 A Set of P&IDs 39 4.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies 42 4.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs 43 5 Principles of P&ID Development 45 5.1 Plant Stakeholders 45 5.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules 45 5.3 Plant Operations 46 5.3.1 Process Parameters 46 5.3.2 Process Parameter Levels 47 5.3.2.1 Pressure Levels 48 5.3.2.2 Temperature Levels 49 5.3.2.3 Liquid/Solid Levels 49 5.3.2.4 Flow Levels 50 5.3.2.5 Analyte Levels 50 5.3.3 Parameter Levels versus Control System 50 5.3.4 Parameter Levels versus Safety 51 5.3.5 Parameter Levels versus Operator Role 52 5.3.6 General Procedure of P&ID Development 53 5.4 What Should a P&ID Address? 53 5.4.1 Normal Operation 53 5.4.2 Nonroutine Operation 53 5.4.2.1 Reduced Capacity Operation 54 5.4.3 Reduced Efficiency Operation 57 5.4.4 Start‐Up Operations 58 5.4.5 Shutdown 59 5.4.6 Inspection and Maintenance 60 5.4.6.1 Quantitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.6.2 Qualitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.7 Operability in Absence of One Item 61 5.4.8 Provision for the Future 61 5.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.5.1 Conflict Check 63 5.5.2 Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development 64 5.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump 65 Part II Pipes and Equipment 69 6 Pipes 71 6.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts 71 6.2 Pipe Identifiers 71 6.2.1 Pipe Symbol 71 6.2.2 Pipe Tag 71 6.2.2.1 Do All Pipes Need to be Tagged? 73 6.2.2.2 Which Span of Pipe Route can be Considered One Piece of Pipe? 73 6.2.2.3 How is the Pipe Tag Shown on a P&ID? 73 6.2.3 Pipe Off‐Page Connector 74 6.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy 74 6.3.1 Area or Project Number 74 6.3.2 Commodity Acronym 74 6.3.3 Pipe Material Specification Code 74 6.3.4 Pipe Size 77 6.3.5 Pipe Sequential Number 78 6.3.6 Other Pipe Tag Information 78 6.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders” 79 6.4.1 Implementing Spec Break 80 6.4.2 Reasons for a Spec Break 82 6.5 Goal of Piping 82 6.5.1 Magnitude of Flow in Pipe 83 6.5.2 Direction of Flow in Pipe 84 6.5.3 Providing Fluid with Enough Pressure at the Inlet 84 6.6 Piping Arrangements 84 6.6.1 Backflow Prevention Systems 85 6.6.2 Diversion of Flow 87 6.6.3 Distribution of Flow 87 6.7 Pipe Route 88 6.7.1 Slope 88 6.7.2 No Liquid Pocket 89 6.7.3 No Gas Pocket 89 6.7.4 Free Draining (Self‐Draining) 89 6.7.5 Free Venting 90 6.7.6 Gravity Flow 90 6.7.7 Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 90 6.7.8 Straight Piping 90 6.7.9 Minimum or Maximum Length or Distance 90 6.7.10 Other Special Pipe Routes 91 6.8 Piping Movement 91 6.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes 92 6.9.1 Liquid–Gas Two‐Phase Flow 92 6.9.2 Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.9.3 Solid–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.10 Tubes 94 6.11 Double–Wall Pipes 95 6.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements 96 6.12.1 Piping for Bypassing 96 6.12.2 Piping for Recirculation 96 6.12.3 Piping for Units in Series 96 6.12.4 Piping for Units in Parallel 97 6.12.5 Piping for Pressure Equalization 97 6.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs 97 6.14 Pipe Appurtenances 97 6.14.1 Pipe Fittings 98 6.14.1.1 Pipe Direction Change 98 6.14.1.2 Reducers (Enlargers) 98 6.14.1.3 Three‐Way Connections 100 6.14.1.4 Pipe Connections 100 6.14.1.5 End‐of‐Pipe Systems 100 6.14.2 Specialty Items 102 6.14.2.1 Flange‐Insulating Gasket 102 6.15 Other Approach about Piping 103 6.16 “Merging” Pipes 103 6.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span 103 6.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials 104 Reference 104 7 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves 105 7.1 Valve Naming 105 7.2 Valve Functions 105 7.3 Valve Structure 105 7.4 Classification of Valves 105 7.4.1 Valve Plug: Throttling vs. Blocking Valves 106 7.4.2 Valve Selection 108 7.4.3 Multi‐port Valves 108 7.4.4 Double‐Seated Valves 110 7.5 Valve Operators 110 7.6 Different Types of Actuators 111 7.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves 112 7.8 Tagging Automatic Valves 113 7.9 Tagging Manual Valves 113 7.10 Valve Positions 113 7.10.1 Regular Position of Blocking Valves and Decision Methodology 113 7.10.2 Failure Position of Automatic Valves and Decision Methodology 114 7.10.3 More Concepts about Failure Position of Automatic Valves 115 7.11 Valve Arrangement 117 7.11.1 Valves in Series 118 7.11.2 Valves in Parallel 118 7.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations 119 7.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves 119 7.13.1 Operating in the Absence of Control Valves 119 7.13.2 Operating in the Absence of Switching Valves 122 7.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation 122 7.15 Special Valves 123 7.15.1 Check Valves 123 7.15.2 Regulators 124 7.15.3 Safety‐Related Valves 125 7.16 Valve Combinations 126 7.17 End of Valve Arrangements 126 7.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs 127 7.19 Merging Valves 127 7.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span 127 References 128 8 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Different Types of Equipment Care 129 8.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care 129 8.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care 130 8.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care 131 8.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care 131 8.7 Isolation 131 8.7.1 Requirement of an Isolation System 131 8.7.2 Type of Isolation System 132 8.7.3 Placement of an Isolation System 135 8.7.4 Inbound Versus Outbound Blind Location 135 8.7.5 Merging Isolation Valves 135 8.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition 136 8.8.1 Cooling Down 136 8.8.2 Emptying and Then Draining/Venting 136 8.8.2.1 Location and Number of Drain/Vent Valves 137 8.8.2.2 Size of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.8.2.3 Other Usages of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.9 Cleaning 139 8.9.1 Solid/Semi‐Solid Removal Methods 139 8.9.2 Washing Systems 139 8.9.3 Purging Methods 140 8.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids 140 8.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove 141 8.12 Wrap‐up 142 9 Containers 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Selection of Containers 143 9.3 Containers Purposes 144 9.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers 145 9.5 Container Positions 146 9.6 Container Shapes 147 9.6.1 Closing Parts of Containers 148 9.6.2 Open Top or Fully Enclosed Containers 148 9.7 Container Identifiers 148 9.7.1 Container Symbol 148 9.7.2 Container Tags 149 9.7.3 Container Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.1 Tank Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.2 Vessel Call‐outs 150 9.7.3.3 Tag of Container in Duty of Conversion 151 9.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers 151 9.9 Container Nozzles 151 9.9.1 Nozzle Duties 151 9.9.2 Nozzle Locations 152 9.9.3 Nozzle Elevation Versus Liquid Levels 153 9.9.4 The Size, Number, and Rating of Nozzles 155 9.9.5 Merging Nozzles 155 9.9.6 Nozzle Internal Assemblies 156 9.9.7 Nozzle Externals 157 9.10 Overflow Nozzles 157 9.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers 158 9.12 Blanketed Tanks 160 9.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers 161 9.14 Mixing in Containers 162 9.15 Container Internals 162 9.16 Tank Roofs 162 9.17 Tank Floors 163 9.18 Container Arrangement 164 9.19 Merging Containers 164 9.20 Secondary Containment 165 9.21 Underground Storage Tanks 166 9.22 Sumps 167 9.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan 167 10 Pumps and Compressors 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Fluid Mover Roles 169 10.3 Types of Fluid Movers 169 10.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System 169 10.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers 171 10.5.1 Fluid Mover Symbol 171 10.5.2 Fluid Mover Tag 171 10.5.3 Fluid Mover Call‐out 173 10.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps 173 10.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps 173 10.6.1.1 P&ID Development on the Suction Side 174 10.6.1.2 P&ID Development on the Discharge Side 175 10.6.2 Low Flow Intolerance and Minimum Flow Protection System 176 10.6.2.1 Which Pumps May Need a Minimum Flow Pipe 176 10.6.2.2 Where Should we Position the Recirculation Line? 177 10.6.2.3 Where Should the Destination Point of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 177 10.6.2.4 What Should the Size of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.2.5 What Should the Arrangement on the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.3 Cavitation 180 10.6.4 Very Small Centrifugal Pumps 181 10.6.5 Different Types of Spare Pump 182 10.6.6 Centrifugal Pump Arrangements 182 10.6.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel 183 10.6.6.2 Centrifugal Pumps in Series 184 10.6.7 Pump Warm‐up or Cool‐down System 185 10.6.8 Piping Spec. for Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.9 Centrifugal Pump Drives 187 10.6.10 (Liquid) Seal Systems in Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.11 Merging Pumps 189 10.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps 190 10.7.1 PD Pump P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.1 Reciprocating Pumps P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.2 Rotary Pumps P&ID Piping 192 10.7.2 PD Pump Arrangements 193 10.7.3 Merging PD Pumps 193 10.7.4 Tying Together Dissimilar Pumps 193 10.7.5 PD Pump Drives 193 10.7.6 Sealing Systems for PD Pumps 194 10.7.7 Metering Pumps (Dosing Pumps) 194 10.7.8 Liquid Transfer – Summary 195 10.7.9 Pumps: Duty Other than Pumping! 195 10.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors 196 10.8.1 Low Flow Intolerance and Anti‐Surge Systems 196 10.8.2 P&ID Development of Gas Movers 197 10.8.3 Gas Mover Drives 198 10.8.4 Auxiliary Systems Around Fluid Movers 198 10.8.5 Gas Transfer – Summary 199 10.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span 200 Reference 200 11 Heat Transfer Units 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units 201 11.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection 202 11.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection 203 11.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming 204 11.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers 204 11.6.1 Heat Exchanger Symbol 204 11.6.2 Heat Exchanger Tag 204 11.6.3 Heat Exchanger Call‐Out 205 11.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID 206 11.7.1 Vents and Drains 206 11.7.2 Isolation Valves 207 11.7.3 Chemical Cleaning Valves 207 11.7.4 PSDs 207 11.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement 207 11.8.1 Heat Exchangers in Series 207 11.8.2 Heat Exchangers in Parallel 209 11.9 Aerial Coolers 209 11.9.1 Aerial Cooler P&ID 210 11.9.2 Dealing with Extreme Temperatures 211 11.9.3 Aerial Cooler Arrangement 211 11.10 Merging Heat Exchangers 212 11.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span 212 11.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces 213 11.12.1 Process Fluid Side 213 11.12.2 Flue Gas Side 213 11.12.3 Firing Side 214 11.13 Fire Heater Arrangement 215 11.14 Merging Fired Heaters 216 11.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan 216 12 Pressure Relief Devices 217 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Why Pressure Is So Important? 217 12.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures 217 12.3.1 Active Versus Passive Solutions 219 12.3.2 Where Could Passive Solutions Be Used? 219 12.3.3 Where Should Active Solutions Be Used? 219 12.4 Safety Relief System 219 12.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected? 220 12.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs 220 12.6.1 Codes Versus Standards 221 12.7 PRD Structure 222 12.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer 222 12.9 Locating PRDs 223 12.10 Positioning PRDs 223 12.11 Specifying the PRD 225 12.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD 225 12.12.1 Pressure Relief Valve Type 225 12.12.2 Rupture Disks 226 12.12.3 Decision General Rules 226 12.13 PRD Identifiers 226 12.13.1 PRD Symbols and Tags 226 12.13.2 PRD Technical Information 227 12.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement 228 12.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network 230 12.16 Deciding on a Disposal System 232 12.16.1 Liquid Disposal 232 12.16.2 Gas/Vapor Disposal 233 12.16.3 Two‐Phase Flow Handling 234 12.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers 235 12.18 Merging PRDs 236 12.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan 238 Part III Instrumentation and Control System 239 13 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control 241 13.1 What Is Process Control? 241 13.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters 241 13.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components 242 13.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed? 242 13.5 ICSS System Technology 243 13.5.1 Use of PLC for a BPCS 243 13.5.2 Use of DCS for a SIS 244 13.5.3 Alarm Systems 244 13.5.4 ICSS System Symbology 244 13.6 ICSS Elements 245 13.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS) 245 13.8 Instruments on P&IDs 247 13.8.1 Fundamental Terminology 247 13.8.2 Identifiers for Equipment and Instrumentation 247 13.9 Instrument Identifiers 248 13.9.1 Acronyms 248 13.9.2 Divider Types 249 13.9.3 Symbol Type 250 13.9.4 Additional Information and Tag Number 252 13.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments 252 13.10.1 Signal Types 253 13.10.2 Signal Functions 253 13.10.3 Signal Math Functions 254 13.10.4 Signal Selectors 254 13.11 Different Instrument Elements 255 13.11.1 Primary Instruments 255 13.11.1.1 Temperature Measurement 256 13.11.1.2 Pressure Measurement 257 13.11.1.3 Level Measurement 258 13.11.1.4 Flow Measurement 258 13.11.1.5 Process Analyzers 260 13.11.2 Transmitters 262 13.11.3 Controllers 263 13.11.4 Indicators 263 13.11.5 Final Control Elements in a BPCS 263 13.11.5.1 Control Valves 264 13.11.5.2 Variable Speed Devices on Electric Motors 264 13.12 Simple Control Loops 264 13.12.1 Level Control Loops 265 13.12.2 Pressure Control Loops 265 13.12.3 Temperature Control Loops 265 13.12.4 Composition Control Loops 266 13.12.5 Flow Control Loops 266 13.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves 266 14 Application of Control Architectures 269 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Control System Design 269 14.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control 269 14.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream 270 14.5 Determining the Set Point 271 14.6 Building a Control Loop 272 14.6.1 Feedback Versus Feedforward 272 14.6.2 Single‐ versus Multiple‐Loop Control 273 14.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures 274 14.7.1 Cascade Control 274 14.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control 276 14.8.1 Ratio or Relationship Control 279 14.8.2 Selective Control 280 14.8.3 Override and Limit Control 281 14.8.3.1 Override Control 283 14.8.3.2 Limit Control 286 14.8.4 Split Range and Parallel Control 286 14.8.5 Clarification of Confusion 288 14.8.5.1 Cascade Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.2 Single Loop Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.3 Selective Versus Override 288 14.9 Monitoring Parameters 289 14.9.1 Container Sensors 290 14.9.2 Fluid Mover Sensors 290 14.9.3 Heat Exchanger Sensors 291 14.9.4 Fired Heater Sensors 291 15 Plant Process Control 293 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Plant‐Wide Control 293 15.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control 293 15.4 Surge Control 295 15.4.1 Disturbances in Process Parameters 295 15.4.2 Disturbance Management 296 15.4.2.1 Absorption 296 15.4.2.2 Rejection 296 15.4.3 Disturbance Versus Fluid Phase 296 15.4.4 Dampening Gas/Vapor Flow Surge 297 15.4.5 Dampening Liquid Flow Surge 298 15.4.6 The Purpose of Containers in Process Plants 301 15.5 Equipment Control 302 15.5.1 Do We Need to Control at All? 302 15.5.2 Principles of Equipment‐wise Control 302 15.6 Pipe Control System 304 15.6.1 Control of a Single Pipe 304 15.6.1.1 Control of Pressure in a Pipe 304 15.6.1.2 Control of Flow in a Pipe 304 15.6.2 Controlling Multiple Pipes 306 15.6.2.1 Flow Merging 306 15.6.2.2 Flow Splitting 308 15.7 Fluid Mover Control System 309 15.7.1 Pump Control Systems 310 15.7.1.1 Centrifugal Pump Control 310 15.7.1.2 Positive Displacement (PD) Pump 314 15.7.2 Gas Mover Control Systems 316 15.7.2.1 Capacity Control Methods for Gas Movers 316 15.7.3 Anti‐Surge Control 319 15.7.4 Lead–Lag Operation of Fluid‐Movers 319 15.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control 320 15.8.1 Heat Exchanger Control System 320 15.8.1.1 Direct Control System 320 15.8.1.2 Bypass Control System 321 15.8.1.3 Control of Heat Exchangers Experiencing Phase Change 324 15.8.2 Air Cooler Control 327 15.8.3 Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery 327 15.8.4 Back Pressure Control of Heat Exchangers 328 15.8.5 Fired Heater Control 328 15.9 Container Control System 331 15.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems 332 Reference 332 16 Plant Interlocks and Alarms 333 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Safety Strategies 333 16.3 Concept of a SIS 333 16.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types 333 16.5 SIS Extent 336 16.6 Deciding on the Required SIS 336 16.7 The Anatomy of a SIS 336 16.7.1 SIS Element Symbols 336 16.7.1.1 SIS Primary Elements: Sensors 337 16.7.2 SIS Final Elements 337 16.7.2.1 Switching Valves 337 16.7.2.2 Switching Valve Actuator Arrangements 338 16.7.2.3 Valve Position Validation 338 16.7.2.4 Merging a Switching Valve and a Control Valve 338 16.7.2.5 On/off Action of Electric Motors 339 16.7.3 SIS Logic 339 16.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs 340 16.9 Discrete Control 343 16.10 Alarm System 344 16.10.1 Anatomy of Alarm Systems 345 16.10.2 Alarm Requirements 345 16.10.3 Alarm System Symbology 346 16.10.4 Concept of “Common Alarm” 347 16.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS) 347 16.11.1 Manual Alarm 350 16.12 Electric Motor Control 351 16.12.1 Simple Motor Control 351 16.12.2 The Focal Element of Motor Control: mcc 351 16.12.3 All About Relationships with Electric Motors 351 16.12.4 P&ID Representation of Commands and Responses 352 16.12.5 P&ID Representation of Principal Arrangement for Inspection and Repair 353 16.12.6 Examples 355 Part IV Utilities 357 17 Utilities 359 17.1 Utility System Components 359 17.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems 359 17.2.1 Identifying the Utility Users 359 17.2.2 Utility Distribution and Collection Network Topologies 359 17.2.3 Designing the Detail of a Utility Network 361 17.2.4 Placing Priority on Utility Users 362 17.2.5 Connection Details of Utility to Process 363 17.3 Different Utilities in Plants 363 17.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants 363 17.4.1 Instrument Air (IA) 363 17.4.2 Utility Air (UA) or Plant Air (PA) 364 17.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants 364 17.5.1 Utility Water (UW) or Plant Water (PW) 364 17.5.2 Potable Water 364 17.6 Heat Transfer Media 364 17.6.1 Steam 365 17.7 Condensate Collection Network 366 17.8 Fuel as Utility 366 17.8.1 Fuel Oil 366 17.8.2 Fuel Gas 366 17.9 Inert Gas 367 17.9.1 Blanket Gas 367 17.9.2 Purging Gas 367 17.10 Vapor Collection Network 367 17.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network 368 17.12 Fire Water 368 17.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System 370 17.14 Utility Circuits 372 17.14.1 Air Circuit 372 17.14.2 Steam–Condensate Circuit 374 17.14.3 Cooling Water Circuit 375 17.14.4 Natural Gas Preparation System 375 17.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks 375 Part V Additional Information and General Procedure 379 18 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations 381 18.1 Introduction 381 18.2 Safety Issues 381 18.2.1 Different Types of Hazards 381 18.2.2 Hazards and Injuries 381 18.2.3 Mechanical Hazards 381 18.2.4 Chemical Hazards 382 18.2.5 Energy Hazards 382 18.2.5.1 Noise Barrier 382 18.2.5.2 Burning Prevention 382 18.2.6 Safety Showers and Eye Washers 383 18.3 Dealing with Environment 384 18.3.1 Arrangements for Maintaining the Temperature of the Process 384 18.3.2 Winterization 385 18.3.3 Deciding on the Extent of Insulation 389 18.3.4 Summary of Insulation 390 18.4 Utility Stations 390 18.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs 392 18.5.1 The Program Component 392 18.5.2 Sampling System 393 18.5.3 Sample Extraction Device 393 18.5.4 Sample Transferring Tube 394 18.5.5 Sample Conditioning System 394 18.5.6 Sample Hand‐Over System 395 18.5.7 Waste Sample Collection System 395 18.5.8 Sampling Station Structural Frame 395 18.5.9 Showing a Sampling System on P&IDs 396 18.5.10 Sampling System for Process Analyzers 396 18.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program 396 18.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID 397 18.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations 398 18.8.1 Decision on “Design Pressure @ Design Temperature” Pair 399 18.8.1.1 Deciding on “Design Pressure” 399 18.8.1.2 Deciding on “Design Temperature” 399 18.8.2 Sources of Rebel Pressures 400 18.8.3 Sources of Rebel Temperatures 400 18.8.4 Design Pressure and Design Temperature of Single Process Elements 400 18.8.5 Design Pressure of Connected Items 401 18.8.5.1 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Equipment 402 18.8.5.2 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Sensor 403 19 General Procedures 405 19.1 Introduction 405 19.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development 405 19.2.1 P&ID Development: Piping and Equipment 405 19.2.2 P&ID Development: Control and Instruments 406 19.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking 409 19.3.1 Format Check 409 19.3.2 Demonstration Rules Check 410 19.3.3 Technical Check 410 19.3.4 Design Check 412 19.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking 412 19.4.1 Systematic Approach 412 19.4.2 Scanning Approach 412 19.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development 413 20 Examples 417 Index 453

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Book SynopsisR. C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana with a BS in Civil Engineering (majoring in Structures) and an MS in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana. Professor Hibbeler currently teaches both civil and mechanical engineering courses at the University of LouisianaLafayette. In the past, he has taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana, Youngstown State University, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Union College. Table of Contents Kinematics of a Particle  Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration  Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy  Kinetics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum  Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body  Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Force and Acceleration  Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Work and Energy  Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Impulse and Momentum  Three-Dimensional Kinematics of a Rigid Body  Three-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body  Vibrations APPENDIX Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Partial Solutions and Answers  Answers

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Book SynopsisText in Arabic. Originally written in the 400s (Al Hijri calendar), scientist Abul Wafaa Muhammad Bin Muhammad Al Bouzjany illustrated the fundamentals of geometric drawing using the ruler, compass and set square simply and easily, regardless of the proofs and reasons. This text includes 172 geometric issues, mostly belonging to two-dimensional plain geometry and three-dimensional spherical geometry. A fascinating historical study and important reference guide for modern-day engineers and designers working in the field of engineering and handicrafts constituting the basis of Islamic architecture.

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Book SynopsisOrthographic Projection Simplified is an introductory approach to understanding mechanical drawings.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis Shawna Lockhart combines her university teaching experience at Montana State University and Embry Riddle Aeronautical University with wide ranging industrial experience to write engineering design communication and CAD software texts. An early adopter of 2D and 3D CAD technology, she is the author of multiple AutoCAD texts, from AutoCAD Release 10 in 1992 to the current 2018 release. Shawna also writes industrial manuals on a variety of topics including robotics, dynes, mineral processing and lasers. Marla Goodman has a background in developing outreach communications and information graphics. For Montana State University and others, she has created educational publications and graphics on a wide range of topics ranging from environmental health, agriculture andwildlife to climate science and thermal biology. In addition to her involvement in educational publishing, she has worked for newspapers and magazines in the various roles ofTable of Contents 1. The Worldwide Language for Graphic Design 2. Layouts and Lettering 3. Visualization and Sketching 4. Geometry for Modeling and Design 5. Modeling and Design 6. Orthographic Projection 7. 2D Drawing Representation 8. Section Views 9. Auxiliary Views 10. Modeling for Manufacture and Assembly 11. Dimensioning 12. Tolerancing 13. Threads, Fasteners, and Springs 14. Working Drawings 15. Drawing Control and Data Management (Web Only)

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Book SynopsisTested in architectural studio courses over 25 years and two editions.

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Book SynopsisScattering based numerical methods are applied to the numerical simulation of distributed time dependent physical systems. These methods have appeared in various guises as the transmission line matrix method, multidimensional wave digital filtering, and digital waveguide methods. This book provides a framework for all of these techniques.Trade Review"...remarkable...the book is to be highly recommended..." (International Journal of Numerical Modelling, Vol 18 (4) July 2005)Table of ContentsPreface xi Foreword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 An Overview of Scattering Methods 3 1.1.1 Remarks on Passivity 3 1.1.2 Case Study: The Kelly–Lochbaum Digital Speech Synthesis Model 4 1.1.3 Digital Waveguide Networks 12 1.1.4 A General Approach: Multidimensional Circuit Representations and Wave Digital Filters 18 1.2 Questions 24 2 Wave Digital Filters 25 2.1 Classical Network Theory 27 2.1.1 N-ports 27 2.1.2 Power and Passivity 28 2.1.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 30 2.1.4 Circuit Elements 31 2.2 Wave Digital Elements and Connections 32 2.2.1 The Bilinear Transform 33 2.2.2 Wave Variables 35 2.2.3 Pseudopower and Pseudopassivity 36 2.2.4 Wave Digital Elements 37 2.2.5 Adaptors 41 2.2.6 Signal and Coefficient Quantization 43 2.2.7 VectorWave Variables 45 2.3 Wave Digital Filters and Finite Differences 48 3 Multidimensional Wave Digital Networks 53 3.1 Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems 55 3.2 Coordinate Changes and Grid Generation 60 3.2.1 Structure of Coordinate Changes 61 3.2.2 Coordinate Changes in (1 +1)D 61 3.2.3 Coordinate Changes in Higher Dimensions 62 3.3 MD-passivity 65 3.4 MD Circuit Elements 68 3.4.1 The MD Inductor 68 3.4.2 Other MD Elements 70 3.4.3 Discretization in the Spectral Domain 71 3.4.4 Other Spectral Mappings 73 3.5 The (1 + 1)D Advection Equation 74 3.5.1 A Multidimensional Kirchhoff Circuit 75 3.5.2 Stability 76 3.5.3 An Upwind Form 77 3.6 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 79 3.6.1 MDKC for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line Equations 80 3.6.2 Digression: The Inductive Lattice Two-port 82 3.6.3 Energetic Interpretation 83 3.6.4 An MDWD Network for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line 83 3.6.5 Simplified Networks 85 3.7 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System 86 3.7.1 MDKC and MDWD Network 87 3.8 Finite Difference Interpretation 89 3.8.1 MDWD Networks as Multistep Schemes 90 3.8.2 Numerical Phase Velocity and Parasitic Modes 93 3.9 Initial Conditions 97 3.10 Boundary Conditions 99 3.10.1 MDKC Modeling of Boundaries 101 3.11 Balanced Forms 105 3.12 Higher-order Accuracy 108 4 Digital Waveguide Networks 115 4.1 FDTD and TLM 117 4.2 Digital Waveguides 118 4.2.1 The Bidirectional Delay Line 118 4.2.2 Impedance 119 4.2.3 Wave Equation Interpretation 120 4.2.4 Note on the Different Definitions of Wave Quantities 121 4.2.5 Scattering Junctions 122 4.2.6 Vector Waveguides and Scattering Junctions 124 4.2.7 Transitional Note 126 4.3 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 127 4.3.1 First-order System and the Wave Equation 127 4.3.2 Centered Difference Schemes and Grid Decimation 127 4.3.3 A (1+1)D Waveguide Network 129 4.3.4 Waveguide Network and the Wave Equation 131 4.3.5 An Interleaved Waveguide Network 133 4.3.6 Varying Coefficients 135 4.3.7 Incorporating Losses and Sources 141 4.3.8 Numerical Phase Velocity and Dispersion 143 4.3.9 Boundary Conditions 144 4.4 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System . 146 4.4.1 Defining Equations and Centered Differences 146 4.4.2 The Waveguide Mesh 149 4.4.3 Reduced Computational Complexity and Memory Requirements in the Standard Form of the Waveguide Mesh 156 4.4.4 Boundary Conditions 158 4.5 Initial Conditions 162 4.6 Music and Audio Applications of Digital Waveguides 164 5 Extensions of Digital Waveguide Networks 169 5.1 Alternative Grids in (2 +1)D 169 5.1.1 Hexagonal and Triangular Grids 170 5.1.2 The Waveguide Mesh in Radial Coordinates 173 5.2 The (3 + 1)D Wave Equation and Waveguide Meshes 180 5.3 The Waveguide Mesh in General Curvilinear Coordinates 182 5.4 Interfaces between Grids 186 5.4.1 Doubled Grid Density Across an Interface 187 5.4.2 Progressive Grid Density Doubling 193 5.4.3 Grid Density Quadrupling 196 5.4.4 Connecting Rectilinear and Radial Grids 198 5.4.5 Grid Density Doubling in (3 +1)D 202 5.4.6 Note 203 6 Scattering Methods: A Unified Perspective 205 6.1 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line Revisited 206 6.1.1 Multidimensional Unit Elements 207 6.1.2 Hybrid Form of the Multidimensional Unit Element 208 6.1.3 Alternative MDKC for the (1+1) D Transmission Line 210 6.2 Alternative MDKC for the (2 + 1) D Parallel-plate System 212 6.3 Higher-order Accuracy Revisited 214 6.4 Maxwell’s Equations 217 7 Applications to Vibrating Systems 223 7.1 Beam Dynamics 224 7.1.1 MDKC and MDWD network for Timoshenko’s System 226 7.1.2 Waveguide Network for Timoshenko’s System 228 7.1.3 Boundary Conditions in the DWN 230 7.1.4 Simulation: Timoshenko’s System for Beams of Uniform and Varying Cross-sectional Areas 232 7.1.5 Improved MDKC for Timoshenko’s System via Balancing 233 7.2 Plates 235 7.2.1 MDKCs and Scattering Networks for Mindlin’s System 238 7.2.2 Boundary Termination of the Mindlin Plate 242 7.2.3 Simulation: Mindlin’s System for Plates of Uniform and Varying Thickness 246 7.3 Cylindrical Shells 247 7.3.1 The Membrane Shell 248 7.3.2 The Naghdi–Cooper System II Formulation 250 7.4 Elastic Solids 252 7.4.1 Scattering Networks for the Navier System 255 7.4.2 Boundary Conditions 258 8 Time-varying and Nonlinear Systems 261 8.1 Time-varying and Nonlinear Circuit Elements 262 8.1.1 Lumped Elements 262 8.1.2 Distributed Elements 263 8.2 Linear Time-varying Distributed Systems 264 8.2.1 A Time-varying Transmission Line Model 266 8.3 Lumped Nonlinear Systems in Musical Acoustics 267 8.3.1 Piano Hammers 267 8.3.2 The Single Reed 270 8.4 From Wave Digital Principles to Relativity Theory 272 8.4.1 Origin of the Challenge 272 8.4.2 The Principle of Newtonian Limit 274 8.4.3 Newton’s Second Law 274 8.4.4 Newton’s Third Law and Some Consequences 276 8.4.5 Moving Electromagnetic Fields 277 8.4.6 The Bertozzi Experiment 277 8.5 Burger’s Equation 278 8.6 The Gas Dynamics Equations 280 8.6.1 MDKC and MDWD Network for the Gas Dynamics Equations 282 8.6.2 An Alternate MDKC and Scattering Network 283 8.6.3 Entropy Variables 285 9 Concluding Remarks 289 9.1 Answers 289 9.2 Questions 293 A Finite Difference Schemes for the Wave Equation 297 A.1 Von Neumann Analysis of Difference Schemes 298 A.1.1 One-step Schemes 299 A.1.2 Multistep Schemes 300 A.1.3 Vector Schemes 302 A.1.4 Numerical Phase Velocity 302 A.2 Finite Difference Schemes for the (2 + 1)D Wave Equation 303 A.2.1 The Rectilinear Scheme 304 A.2.2 The Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 305 A.2.3 The Triangular Scheme 309 A.2.4 The Hexagonal Scheme 311 A.2.5 Note on Higher-order Accuracy 314 A.3 Finite Difference Schemes for the (3 + 1)D Wave Equation 315 A.3.1 The Cubic Rectilinear Scheme 315 A.3.2 The Octahedral Scheme 317 A.3.3 The (3 + 1) D Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 318 A.3.4 The Tetrahedral Scheme 321 B Eigenvalue and Steady State Problems 325 B.1 Introduction 325 B.2 Abstract Time Domain Models 326 B.3 Typical Eigenvalue Distribution of a Discretized PDE 326 B.4 Excitation and Filtering 327 B.5 Partial Similarity Transform 327 B.6 Steady State Problems 329 B.7 Generalization to Multiple Eigenvalues 330 B.8 Numerical Example 331 Bibliography 333 Index 355

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Book SynopsisReaders of this book learn graphic rendering skills quickly with the proven how-to approach that has made Lin the most successful teacher in the field. His method emphasizes speed, confidence, and relaxation, while incorporating many time-saving tricks of the trade.Table of ContentsLoose vs Tight. Principles of Good Graphics. Rendering Techniques. Rendering Types. Lettering. Entourage. Perspective Drawing. How to Sketch. Design Process. Appendices. References. Credits. Index.

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Book SynopsisA compendium of magnificent engineering drawings that gives a unique overview of the history of railways.Trade Review'One of the most extraordinary and original new books about the railways … I cannot commend this book more highly' - Michael Wenn Williams'Dipping in at random throws up all kinds of interesting snippets of technical and social history and is rewarding enough to make you want to return again and again and to share your new discoveries with your family and friends' - E&T Magazine'Sumptuous and highly informative ... sharing the jewels of the museum’s archive with the general reader' - Steven Parissien, The Art Newspaper'Fascinating' - Country Life'Fabulous' - RAIL Magazine'An original approach coupled with a high standard of presentation … The range of topics is remarkable' - Friends of the National Railway Museum’s Review'Sumptuous and fascinating' - The Bay Swansea'A fascinating mixture of drawings, maps, sketches and other illustrations. Even those who aren’t especially interested in railways will find something to enjoy here' - Society of Model and Experimental Engineers Journal'SUPERB. It is extraordinary. Never had a book like it. Architectural plans, maps, logos, stock… even British Rail’s tracked hovercraft! You’d love it' - Tim Dunn

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Book SynopsisA clear exposition of the dynamics of mechanical systems from an engineering perspective. This new edition includes revised sections to enhance understanding, added examples and homework problems and a thorough development of computational methods for solving the differential equations of motion for constrained systems.Trade Review"It is clear that a student who masters all the material in this book will have a very good basis for doing research on a wide range of subjects...a good reference book for libraries and students of mechanics..." Applied Mechanics Reviews"Especially notable is the development of rotation transformations for describing the position and orientation of rigid bodies in spatial motion." Mechanical EngineeringTable of Contents1. Basic considerations; 2. Introduction; 3. Newton's Laws; 4. Systems of Units; 5. Vector Calculus; 6. Energy and Momentum; 7. Brief Biographical Perspective; 8. Particle Kinematics; 9. Path Variables-Intrinsic Coordinates; 10. Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates; 11. Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates; 12. Joint Kinematical Descriptions; 13. Relative Motion; 14. Rotation Transformations; 15. Finite Rotations; 16. Angular Velocity and Derivatives of Rotating Vectors; 17. Angular Acceleration; 18. Derivative of an Arbitrary Factor; 19. Velocity and Acceleration Using a Moving Reference Frame; 20. Observations from a Moving Reference System; 21. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies; 22. General Equations; 23. Eulerian Angles; 24. Interconnections; 25. Rolling; 26. Newtonian Kinetics of a Rigid Body; 27. Fundamental Principles; 28. Evaluations of Angular Momentum and Inertia Properties; 29. Rate of Change of Angular Momentum; 30. Equations of Motion; 31. Planar Motion; 32. Impulse-Momentum and Work-Energy Principles; 33. System of Rigid Bodies; 34. Introduction of Analytical Mechanics; 35. Generalized Coordinates and Degrees of Freedom; 36. Constraints - Holonomic and Nonholonomic; 37. Virtual Displacements; 38. Generalized Forces; 39. Hamilton's Principle; 40. Lagrange's Equations. 41. Further Concepts in Analytical Mechanics; 42. Constrained Generalized Coordinates; 43. Computational Methods in the State-Space; 44. Hamiltonian Mechanics and Further Conservation Principles; 45. Gibbs-Appell Equations for Quasi-Coordinates; 46. Gyroscopic Effects; 47. Free Motion; 48. Spinning Top; 49. Gyroscopes for Inertial Guidance; Appendix; Answers to even-numbered problems; Index.

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Book SynopsisTechnical Drawing 1: Plane and Solid Geometry is the first of three books which together provide comprehensive coverage of all aspects of secondary school technical drawing syllabuses. The three books may be used together or separately to suit a variety of needs.

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Book SynopsisThis 3-book series provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of secondary school technical drawing syllabuses. The books are also suitable for craft-level courses such as engineering- and building-related subjects and for industrial training courses where an understanding of technical drawing is required.

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Book SynopsisThis succinct guide summarises the key features of the legislation and explains the best practice behaviours that will enable project teams to work more effectively, and at the same time satisfy the requirement of the law.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Construction and the law 3. CDM - 1994 to 2007 4. CDM 2015 5. First build the team 6. Back to the future 7. So, what should we be doing? 8. Afterword 9. Index

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Book SynopsisThis best-selling Exercise Workbook is the perfect resource for learning and honing essential AutoCAD skills, whether you are a complete beginner, seeking to improve your 2D drawing skills, or simply interested in learning about the very latest updates. AutoCAD experts Shrock and Heather share their knowledge of the best use of this versatile program with students and instructors, including plenty of inside tips and numerous exercises to help users get comfortable and see real progress. Readers can download the provided templates used for drawings in the book from Industrial Press’s print or eBook website product pages.The new AutoCAD 2023 software builds on the features of the previous releases. Design changes include a reinvented icon on the main menus and revisions of the Model and Layout Tabs. A new button in the Count Palette, facilitating creation of a table tallying the elements in your drawing file, along with changes to the Table of Contents* Starting AutoCAD * AutoCAD Application Window * ToolTip Help * Creating a Template * Selecting a Command * Drawing Lines * Erase * Undo and Redo * Starting a New Drawing * Opening Multiple Files * Using Floating File Tabs * Automatic Save * Back Up Files and Recover * Circle * Rectangle * Layers * Transparency * Object Snap * Zoom * Polygon * Ellipse * Point * Trim * Extend * Move * Drag * Explode * Copy * Mirror * Fillet * Single & Multiline Text * Tabs * Spell Check * Columns * Paragraph & Line Spacing * Editing * Coordinate Input * Direct Distance Entry (DDE) * Measure Tools * Creating a Border * Moving the Origin * Displaying the UCS Icon * Dynamic Input * Using Polar Tracking & DDE * Polar Snap * Offset * Properties Palette * Array * Scale * Stretch * Rotate * Hatch Types * Linear, Continue, & Baseline Dimensioning * Overriding a Dimension Style * Dimension Breaks * Adjusting the Distance Between Dimensions * Dimensioning Diameters & Radii * Angular Dimensioning * Center Mark—Automatic & Manual * Centerline * Flip Arrow * Creating a Multileader Style * Special Text Characters * Creating New Text Styles * Match Properties * Wipeout * Polylines * Model & Layout Options * Command Aliases * Blocks * Annotative Scales * … and much more!

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Book Synopsis For more than 20 years, AutoCAD® students, instructors, and professionals have relied on the AutoCAD Exercise Workbooks to develop and hone their use of this incredibly versatile program. Whether you are a complete beginner, seeking to improve your 2D drawing capabilities, or just interested in learning about the latest updates, the bestselling Beginning AutoCAD® 2024 Exercise Workbook is the perfect resource. With clear explanations, step-by-step instructions, inside tips, and numerous exercises, these AutoCAD experts help users make real progress in their drawing capabilities. For easy entry into working with drawing commands, users can download preset drawing templates from the provided link, or by visiting Industrial Press’s print or eBook website product pages. The new AutoCAD 2024 software builds on the features of previous releases. Improvements include a reinvented icon on the main menus, and revisions of the Shared Views Palette, making it easier than ever to collaborate with colleagues on AutoCAD projects. The new Automatic Block Placement Tool assists with positioning of commonly used blocks, facilitating quick and precise creation of detailed layouts. New and/or Improved Features in Beginning AutoCAD 2024: Automatic Block Placement Tool — This new capability assists with quickly positioning and inserting a new block into a drawing by providing placement suggestions, based on existing blocks of the same type that have already been inserted into the drawing. (Included in Lesson 29) Shared Views Palette— The design of this important tool set, intentionally created to facilitate seamless communication and collaboration on drawings, has been subtly streamlined for this latest edition. (Included in Lesson 30) Global AutoCAD 2024 Updates— New illustrations and detailed explanations and instructions throughout this new Exercise Workbook reflect the very latest in AutoCAD tools, dialog boxes, and other key elements.

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Book SynopsisFeatures discipline-specific exercises, step-by-step directions, and explanations.Table of Contents1. Getting Started. 2. Fundamentals I. 3. Fundamentals II. 4. Fundamentals III. 5. Fundamentals IV. 6. Fundamentals V. 7. Dimensioning. 8. Plotting/Printing. 9. Hatching and Boundaries. 10. Block References and Attributes. 11. External References and Images. 12. AutoCAD DesignCenter. 13. Utility Command. 14. Internet Utilities and Drawing Sets. 15. AutoCAD 3D. 16. Rendering. 17. Customizing AutoCAD. 18. The Tablet and Digitizing. 19. Visual LISP.

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Book SynopsisThe best-selling guide now completely updated to include online tutorials! Basic Perspective Drawing introduces students, both those in formal design courses and self-learners, to the basic principles and techniques of perspective drawing.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1 Overview 1 Chapter 2 Rendering Perspective Views from Observed Reality 19 Chapter 3 Plans, Elevations, and Paraline Projections 29 Chapter 4 Constructing Perspective Views 40 Chapter 5 Geometric Tools: Diagonals, Squares, and Cubes 79 Chapter 6 Sloping Planes and Surfaces 94 Chapter 7 Circles and Curved Surfaces 111 Chapter 8 Shadows and Reflections 145 Chapter 9 Freehand Sketching and Rapid Visualization 167 Chapter 10 The Figure in Perspective 179 Chapter 11 Shading and Rendering 191 Chapter 12 Aerial Perspective 201 Appendix A Examples of Perspective Views 209 Appendix B Notes on Studying and Teaching Perspective Drawing 261 Index 267

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe gold-standard design and documentation reference for students Architectural Graphic Standards, Student Edition condenses key information from the definitive industry reference to provide students with a powerful learning resource.Table of ContentsA NOTE FROM THE PUBLISHER XI A NOTE FROM THE AIA XII ARCHITECTS’ TRIBUTES TO ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS XIII INTRODUCTION XVI PREFACE XVIII SECTION 1: DESIGN PRINCIPLES & CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION 1 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING 3 CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENT 31 CHAPTER 3 RESILIENCE IN BUILDINGS 53 CHAPTER 4 ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION 77 SECTION 2: MATERIALS 91 CHAPTER 5 CONCRETE 93 CHAPTER 6 MASONRY 107 CHAPTER 7 METALS 125 CHAPTER 8 WOOD 141 CHAPTER 9 GLASS 165 SECTION 3: BUILDING ELEMENTS 173 CHAPTER 10 ELEMENT A: SUBSTRUCTURE 175 CHAPTER 11 ELEMENT B: SHELL 203 CHAPTER 12 ELEMENT C: INTERIORS 363 CHAPTER 13 ELEMENT D: SERVICES 427 CHAPTER 14 ELEMENT E: EQUIPMENT AND FURNISHINGS 517 CHAPTER 15 ELEMENT F: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 565 CHAPTER 16 ELEMENT G: SITEWORK 581 APPENDICES 627 A Classical Architectural Elements 629 B Mathematical Data 635 C Structural Calculations 641 INDEX 645

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Book SynopsisThe most accessible and practical roadmap to visualizing engineering projects In the newly revised Third Edition of Engineering Design Graphics: Sketching, Modeling, and Visualization, renowned engineering graphics expert James Leake delivers an intuitive and accessible guide to bringing engineering concepts and projects to visual life. Including updated coverage of everything from freehand sketching to solid modeling in CAD, the author comprehensively discusses the tools and skills you'll need to sketch, draw, model, document, design, manufacture, or simulate a project.Table of Contents1 ENGINEERING DESIGN 1 INTRODUCTION 1 ASPECTS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN 1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4 PRODUCT ANATOMY 5 DESIGN PHASES 5 DESIGN PROCESS OVERVIEW 6 NEEDS ASSESSMENT 7 PROBLEM DEFINITION 7 BACKGROUND RESEARCH 7 DESIGN CRITERIA 8 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 8 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS 9 ANALYSIS 12 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 12 SPECIFICATION 16 COMMUNICATION 20 Written Reports 20 Recommended report-writing steps 20 Oral Presentations 21 BEGINNING VERSUS INFORMED DESIGNER PATTERNS (SIDEBAR) 23 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 23 Design for Manufacture and Assembly 25 TEAMWORK 26 QUESTIONS 27 2 HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN AND DESIGN THINKING 29 INTRODUCTION 29 ENGINEERING DESIGN, ART, AND SCIENCE Introduction Design: a fundamental human activity Engineering Design from 1400 to 1900 Engineering Education after 1900 TWO DESIGN PARADIGMS Design as rational problem solving Design as a reflective practice WICKED PROBLEMS DIVERGENT AND CONVERGENT QUESTIONING DOUBLE DIAMOND DESIGN PROCESS HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN DESIGN THINKING Introduction Three spaces of innovation Inspiration Observation Empathy Ideation Empathy Ideation Brainstorming Prototyping Implementation Test and iterate T-shaped individuals (sidebar) Radical collaboration QUESTIONS 3 PRODUCT DISSECTION INTRODUCTION PRODUCT SUITABILITY PRODUCT DISSECTION PROCEDURE PRE-DISSECTION ANALYSIS DISSECTION Craftsman locking pliers disassembly steps PRODUCT DOCUMENTATION PRODUCT ANALYSIS PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT REASSEMBLY COMMUNICATION QUESTIONS 4 FREEHAND SKETCHING INTRODUCTION SKETCHING TOOLS AND MATERIALS SKETCHING TECHNIQUES Line Techniques Sketching Straight Lines Sketching Circles Sketching Ellipses PROPORTIONING Estimating Dimensions of Actual Objects Partitioning Lines INSTRUMENT USAGE—TRIANGLES Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines LINE STYLES QUESTIONS 5 PLANAR PROJECTIONS AND PICTORIAL VIEWS PLANAR PROJECTIONS Introduction Classification of Planar Projections: Projector Characteristics Preliminary Definitions Block coefficient Classification of Planar Projections: Orientation of Object with Respect to Projection Plane Further Distinctions Between Parallel and Perspective Projections Classes of Parallel Projections OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS Oblique Projection Geometry Oblique Projection Angle Classes of Oblique Projections Oblique projection angle in 2D Receding Axis Angle ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Orthographic Projection Geometry Orthographic Projection Categories AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS Isometric Drawings Multiview Projections INTRODUCTION TO PICTORIAL SKETCHING OBLIQUE SKETCHES Introduction Axis Orientation Receding Axis Scale Object Orientation Guidelines Sketching procedure for a simple extruded shape (see Figure 5-37) Step-by-step cabinet oblique sketch example for a cut block (see Figure 5-38) Step-by-step cavalier oblique sketch example for an object with circular features (see Figure 5-39) ISOMETRIC SKETCHES Introduction Axis Orientation Isometric Scaling Isometric Grid Paper Object Orientation Guidelines Step-by-step isometric sketch example for a cut block (see Figure 5-46) Circular Features in an Isometric View Step-by-step isometric sketch example for a cylinder (see Figure 5-47) Step-by-step isometric sketch example for a box with holes on three faces (see Figure 5-48) Step-by-step sketch example for an object with circular features (see Figure 5-49) Chapter review: pictorial sketching scalability QUESTIONS 6 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS AND PERSPECTIVE SKETCHES PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION Historical Development Perspective Projection Characteristics Classes of Perspective Projection Vanishing Points One-Point Perspective Projection Two-Point Perspective Projection Three-Point Perspective Projection Perspective Projection Variables Perspective projection using a 3D CAD system Projection plane location Lateral movement of CP Vertical movement of CP Varying distance from CP PERSPECTIVE SKETCHES Introduction Terminology One-Point Perspective Sketches Two-Point Perspective Sketches Proportioning Techniques Step-by-step one-point perspective sketch example (see Figure 6-26) Step-by-step two-point perspective sketch example (see Figure 6-27) Summary: orientation of pictorial sketching axes (see Figure 6-28) QUESTIONS 7 MULTIVIEWS MULTIVIEW SKETCHING Introduction—Justification and Some Characteristics Glass Box Theory Alignment of Views Transfer of Depth View Selection Third-Angle and First-Angle Projection Line Conventions Multiview drawing of a cylinder (see Figure 7-21) Line Precedence Generic three multiview sketch procedure (see Figure 7-24) Step-by-step multiview sketch example (see Figure 7-25) Intersections and Tangency 92 Fillets and Rounds Machined Holes Conventional Representations: Rotated Features Step-by-step multiview sketch example: object with complex features (see Figure 7-33) VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS Introduction and Motivation Treatment of Common Surfaces Normal surfaces Inclined surfaces Oblique surfaces Projection Studies Adjacent Areas Surface Labeling Similar Shapes Vertex Labeling Analysis by Feature Missing-Line and Missing-View Problems QUESTIONS 8 SECTION AND AUXILIARY VIEWS SECTION VIEWS Introduction Section View Process Section Lining (Hatch Patterns) Full Sections Half Sections Offset Sections Broken-Out Sections Revolved Sections Removed Sections Conventional Representations: Section Views Conventional Representations: Thin Features Section View Construction Process—Example 1 Section View Construction Process—Example 2 Conventional Representations: Aligned Sections Assembly Section Views AUXILIARY VIEWS Introduction Definitions Auxiliary View Projection Theory Auxiliary Views: Three Cases General Sketching Procedure for Finding a Primary Auxiliary View Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 (optional) Step 5 Step 6 Finding a Primary Auxiliary View of a Contoured Surface Finding a Partial Auxiliary View, an Isometric Pictorial, and a Missing View, Given Two Views QUESTIONS 9 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING DIMENSIONING Introduction Units of Measurement Application of Dimensions Terminology Reading direction for dimensional values Arrangement, placement, and spacing of dimensions Using Dimensions to Specify Size and Locate Features Symbols, Abbreviations, and General Notes Dimensioning Rules and Guidelines Prisms Cylinders and arcs Finish Marks TOLERANCING Introduction Definitions Tolerance Declaration Tolerance Accumulation Mated Parts Basic Hole System: English Units Basic Shaft System: English Units Step-by-step tolerance calculation of a clearance fit using the basic hole system (see Figure 9-27) Step-by-step tolerance calculation of an interference fit using the basic hole system (see Figure 9-28) Preferred English Limits and Fits Running or sliding clearance fit (RC) Locational clearance fit (LC) Transition clearance or interference fit (LT) Step-by-step tolerance calculation of a clearance fit using the basic shaft system (see Figure 9-30) Locational interference fit (LN) Force or shrink fit (FN) Step-by-step tolerance calculation using English-unit fit tables, basic hole system (see Figure 9-31) Step-by-step tolerance calculation using English-unit fit tables, basic shaft (see Figure 9-32) Preferred Metric Limits and Fits Step-by-step tolerance calculation using metric-unit fit tables, hole basis (see Figure 9-39) Step-by-step tolerance calculation using metric-unit fit tables, shaft basis (see Figure 9-40) Tolerancing in CAD QUESTIONS 10 CAD: SOLID MODELING INTRODUCTION Computer-Aided Design Categories of CAD Systems Computer-aided drawing Solid modeling Topology (Sidebar) Parametric modeling Direct modeling Surface Modeling – NURBS and Freeform Building Information Modeling (BIM) (Sidebar) CAD Viewing and Display PARAMETRIC MODELING Introduction Terminology Part Modeling Introduction Sketch mode Feature creation Part editing Part creation process (see Figure 10-32) Assembly Modeling Introduction Joints CAD libraries Advanced Modeling Strategies Cloud-Based CAD QUESTIONS 241 11 CAD: NURBS AND FREEFORM SURFACE MODELING NURBS SURFACE MODELING Introduction Parametric Curves and Cubic Splines Parametric representation of a curve (sidebar) Bézier Curves B-Splines NURBS Surfaces Curvature Continuity Class A Surfaces FREEFORM SURFACE MODELING Introduction Polygon meshes and polygonal modeling Subdivision surfaces NURBS Limitations T-Splines The Bézier Award (Sidebar) QUESTIONS 12 PRODUCT DOCUMENTATION WORKING DRAWINGS Model-based definition DETAIL DRAWINGS ASSEMBLY DRAWING VIEWS BILL OF MATERIALS AND BALLOONS SHEET SIZES TITLE BLOCKS BORDERS AND ZONES REVISION BLOCKS DRAWING SCALE TOLERANCE NOTES STANDARD PARTS WORKING DRAWING CREATION USING PARAMETRIC MODELING SOFTWARE Extracting a detail drawing from a parametric part model (see Figure 12-16) Using existing part models to create an assembly model (see Figure 12-17) Extracting a sectioned assembly drawing (see Figure 12-18) Creating an exploded view (see Figure 12-19) Creating an exploded view drawing with parts list and balloons (see Figure 12-20) INDUSTRY SPOTLIGHT: FISKARS GROUP QUESTIONS 13 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING INTRODUCTION AM TECHNOLOGIES Vat photopolymerization Material extrusion Powder bed fusion Material jetting CLASSIFICATION OF AM TECHNOLOGIES 3D PRINTER FILE FORMATS STL REPAIR TOOLS CHARACTERISTICS OF AM SYSTEMS Part orientation Support structure Hatch style LOW-COST AM Industrial category AM Professional category 3D printers Consumer (home and hobby, desktop) category 3D printers DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Design for conventional manufacturing processes Design for AM QUESTIONS 9 3D SCANNING REVERSE ENGINEERING 3D SCANNING Introduction 3D Scanner Pipeline Mesh terminology 3D Scanning Technologies Contact-based scanners Noncontact scanners Laser triangulation Structured Light Reality Capture Photogrammetry Time of Flight Reverse Engineering Software Mesh reconstruction (or point processing) NURBS surface modeling from scan data Parametric CAD model from scan data QUESTIONS 15 SIMULATION UPFRONT ANALYSIS FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Modeling and Meshing Boundary Conditions Contour plot Results FEA workflow GENERATIVE DESIGN Generative design workflow DYNAMICS SIMULATION SOFTWARE Dynamics Simulation Software Demonstration QUESTIONS A ANSI PREFERRED ENGLISH LIMITS AND FITS B ANSI PREFERRED METRIC LIMITS AND FITS INDEX 3 DRAWING SHEETS

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Book SynopsisThe first step in making your ideas a reality SketchUp offers a vast array of tools that help you get your building, woodworking, and design plans out of your head and into a real model. Even if you've never dabbled in the software, SketchUp All-in-One For Dummies makes it easy to get started as quickly as the ideas pop into your head! Providing real-world insight from top SketchUp insiders, these six-books-in-one teach you how to tackle the basics of the program and apply those skills to real-world projects. You'll discover the basics of modeling as they apply to either free or paid versions of SketchUp before diving into creating models to use for making objects, constructing buildings, or redesigning interiors. Navigate the SketchUp product mix Get familiar with the basics of modeling View and share your models Make your architecture, interior design, and woodworking dreams a reality You have tons oTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 4 Part 1: Getting Started With Sketchup 5 Chapter 1: The SketchUp Setup 7 Picking a Version of SketchUp 7 SketchUp for Schools 9 SketchUp Pro 9 SketchUp for Web 10 Trimble Connect 12 Navigating SketchUp 12 Customizing settings to see better 13 Getting to know your mouse 13 Finding your Zen with click-release, click-to-finish 14 Working faster with keyboard shortcuts 15 Introducing Undo 16 Taking the 10-Minute SketchUp Tour 17 The SketchUp Frame of Mind 19 Chapter 2: Getting a Running Start 21 Making a Quick Model from Scratch 21 Slapping On Some Paint 28 Giving Your Model Some Style 31 Switching On the Sun 33 Sharing Your Masterpiece 35 Chapter 3: Establishing the Modeling Mindset 37 All about Edges and Faces 38 Living on the edge 38 Facing the facts about faces 39 Understanding the relationship between edges and faces 41 Drawing in 3D on a 2D Screen 43 Giving instructions with the drawing axes 44 Keeping an eye out for inferences 44 Using inferences to help you model 47 Warming Up Your SketchUp Muscles 49 Getting the best view of what you’re doing 49 Drawing and erasing edges with ease 52 Injecting accuracy into your model 53 Selecting what you mean to select 57 Moving and copying like a champ 60 Making and using guides 67 Painting your faces with color and texture 70 Part 2: MODELING IN SKETCHUP 73 Chapter 4: Building Buildings 75 Drawing Floors and Walls 76 Starting out in 2D 77 Coming up with a simple plan 82 Doing an inside job 83 Going from 2D to 3D 90 Adding floors to your building 95 Inserting doors and windows 104 Staring Down Stairs 108 The Subdivided Rectangles method 109 The Copied Profile method 111 Raising the Roof 113 Building flat roofs with parapets 115 Creating eaves for buildings with pitched roofs 116 Constructing gabled roofs 117 Making hip roofs 119 Sticking your roof together with Intersect Faces 121 Chapter 5: Falling in Love with Components 125 SketchUp Groupies 126 Working with Components 127 What makes components so great? 128 Exploring the Components panel 132 Creating your own components 138 Editing, exploding, and locking component instances 140 Discovering Dynamic Components 142 Poking around to see what happens 147 Taking Advantage of Components to Build Better Models 148 Modeling symmetrically: Good news for lazy people 148 Modeling with repeated elements 155 Chapter 6: Going beyond Buildings 159 Extruding with Purpose: Follow Me 160 Using Follow Me 160 Making lathed forms 162 Creating extruded shapes 164 Subtracting from a model with Follow Me 169 Modeling with the Scale Tool 174 Getting the hang of Scale 174 Scaling profiles to make organic forms 177 Making and Modifying Terrain 183 Creating a new terrain model 184 Editing an existing terrain model 192 Building a Solid Tools Foundation 199 Understanding solids 200 Checking out the Solid Tools 202 Putting the Solid Tools to work 204 Chapter 7: Keeping Your Model Organized 209 Taking Stock of Your Tools 210 Seeing the Big Picture: The Outliner 211 Taking a good look at the Outliner 212 Making good use of the Outliner 213 Discovering the Ins and Outs of Tags 214 What Tags are — and what they’re not 214 Navigating the Tags panel 215 Tag, you’re it! 216 Staying out of trouble 217 Putting It All Together 218 Chapter 8: Modeling with Textures, Photographs, and CAD Files 223 Painting Faces with Image Files 224 Applying textures to flat faces 224 Controlling color and transparency 232 Applying textures to curved surfaces 233 Modeling Directly from a Photo: Introducing Photo-Matching 238 Choosing a Match Photo–friendly image 238 Modeling by photo-matching 239 Making your matched photo reappear (or disappear) 245 Adding Geographic Data 246 Working with Imported CAD files 249 Importing a CAD file into SketchUp Pro 249 Cleaning up imported CAD data 252 Modeling on top of imported CAD data 256 Chapter 9: 3D Printing with SketchUp Models 263 Building Up a View of 3D Printing 264 Knowing Your 3D Printers 265 Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 265 Stereolithography (SLA) 266 Fused powder modeling (FPM) 266 Designing for Successful 3D Printing 267 Building a model in layers 267 Designing to avoid support material 268 Bridging 269 Preparing a SketchUp Model for 3D Printing 270 Peeking inside a model 270 Knowing what makes a solid model 271 Using Solid Tools to combine groups 272 CleanUp3 and Solid Inspector2 273 Combining groups with Intersect Faces 275 Checking a model’s normals 277 Size matters! 278 Breaking your model into arts 279 Exporting Your SketchUp File 284 3D printing services 284 Using Your 3D Printer 285 Print early, print often 285 Inside your model 286 Going beyond Basic 3D Printing 287 Designing Parts that connect 287 Testing your model’s moving Parts 291 Designing Things That Move 292 Captive joints 292 Pins 293 Gears 293 Assemblies 294 Part 3: Viewing Your Model In Different Ways 295 Chapter 10: Working with Styles and Shadows 297 Styling Your Model’s Appearance 298 Choosing how and where to apply styles 298 Applying styles to your models 299 Editing your styles 301 Creating a new style 318 Saving and sharing styles you make (Desktop only) 319 Working with Shadows 322 Discovering the shadow settings 322 Adding depth and realism 324 Creating accurate shadow studies (Desktop only) 328 Chapter 11: Preparing Models for Presentation 333 Exploring Your Creation on Foot 334 These tools were made for walking 334 Stopping to look around 337 Setting your field of view 337 Taking the Scenic Route 339 Creating scenes 340 Moving from scene to scene 342 Modifying scenes after you make ’em 344 Mastering the Sectional Approach 352 Cutting plans and sections 353 Animating sections with scenes 361 Part 4: Sharing What You’ve Made 363 Chapter 12: Creating Images, Presentations, and Documents in LayOut 365 Building a LayOut Document 366 Customizing a document’s pages and layers 368 Adding and editing text 370 Inserting SketchUp model views 372 Adding photos and other graphics 379 Drawing with LayOut’s vector tools 380 Create clipping masks to emphasize details 384 Annotating with labels 385 Displaying dimensions 387 Creating tables 392 Creating Your Own Templates 394 Putting Together Your Own Scrapbooks 395 Getting Your Document out the Door 396 Printing your work 396 Exporting a PDF or image files 396 Exporting a DWG or DXF file 398 Going full-screen 399 Chapter 13: Other Ways to Share Your Work 401 Exporting Images from SketchUp for Web 402 Making Sure You Export Enough Pixels 405 Exporting Enough Pixels for a Digital Presentation 407 Printing from SketchUp for Web 407 Printing to Scale in SketchUp for Web 408 Making Movies with Animation Export 410 Getting ready for prime time 410 Exporting a movie 411 Figuring out the Animation Export Options settings 413 Exporting a CAD File 415 Preparing your file 415 Exporting a 2D DWG file 416 Exporting a 3D DWG file 417 Working with the 3D Warehouse 418 Why use 3D Warehouse? 418 Getting to the 3D Warehouse 419 Find, preview, and download models 420 Uploading a model 420 Managing models online 421 Part 5: The Part of Tens 425 Chapter 14: Ten SketchUp Traps and Their Workarounds 427 SketchUp Won’t Create a Face Where You Want It To 427 Your Faces Are Two Different Colors 429 Edges on a Face Won’t Sink In 430 SketchUp Crashed, and You Lost Your Model 431 SketchUp is Sooooo Slooooooooow 432 You Can’t Get a Good View of the Inside of Your Model 434 A Face Flashes When You Orbit 435 You Can’t Move Your Component the Way You Want 435 Bad Stuff Happens Almost Every Time You Use the Eraser 436 All Your Edges and Faces Have Different Tags 437 Chapter 15: Ten SketchUp Quick Wins 439 Setting Your Click Style to Click-Move-Click 439 Customizing Shortcuts 440 Using the Inference Locking Force 442 Transporting Yourself across Space and Time 444 Rounding Off Edges with the Arc Tool 445 Using the Scale Tool to Set Length for Simple Objects 446 Ten Extensions for Dummies 447 Getting SketchUp on Your Smartphone 450 Turning Off Your Profiles 453 Connecting with the SketchUp Community 453 Index 455

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Book SynopsisHeating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning The authoritative resource providing coverage of all aspects of HVAC, fully updated to align with the latest HVAC technologies and methods Now in its Seventh Edition, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning has been fully updated to align with the latest technologies and industry developments while maintaining the balance of theoretical information with practical applications that has prepared many generations of students for their careers. As they work through the book, students will become familiar with different types of heating and air conditioning systems and equipment, understand processes and concepts involving moist atmospheric air, learn how to provide comfort to occupants in controlled spaces, and gain practice calculating probable heat loss/gain and energy requirements. A companion website includes additional multiple-choice questions, tutorial videos showing problem-solving for R-value calculationTable of ContentsAbout the Companion Website xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Notes 2 1.2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 3 1.3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 6 1.4 Additional Comments 18 References 19 Problems 19 2. Air-Conditioning Systems 22 2.1 The Complete System 22 2.2 System Selection and Arrangement 24 2.3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 27 2.4 Types of All-Air Systems 28 2.5 Air-and-Water Systems 35 2.6 All-Water Systems 37 2.7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 38 2.8 Heat Pump Systems 41 2.9 Heat Recovery Systems 43 2.10 Thermal Energy Storage 44 References 45 Problems 46 3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 49 3.1 Moist Air and The Standard Atmosphere 49 3.2 Fundamental Parameters 51 3.3 Adiabatic Saturation 53 3.4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 55 3.5 Classic Moist Air Processes 57 3.6 Space Air Conditioning—Design Conditions 66 3.7 Space Air Conditioning—Off-Design Conditions 77 References 81 Problems 81 4. Comfort and Health—Indoor Environmental Quality 86 4.1 Comfort—Physiological Considerations 87 4.2 Environmental Comfort Indices 87 4.3 Comfort Conditions 91 4.4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 93 4.5 Common Contaminants 94 4.6 Methods to Control Humidity 96 4.7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98 References 116 Problems 116 5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 120 5.1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 120 5.2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 139 5.3 Moisture Transmission 154 References 155 Problems 155 6. Space Heating Load 159 6.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 159 6.2 Indoor Design Conditions 160 6.3 Transmission Heat Losses 161 6.4 Infiltration 161 6.5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 174 6.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 176 6.7 Intermittently Heated Structures 176 6.8 Supply Air for Space Heating 176 6.9 Source Media for Space Heating 177 6.10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 178 References 179 Problems 180 7. Solar Radiation 182 7.1 Thermal Radiation 182 7.2 The Earth’s Motion About the Sun 185 7.3 Time 186 7.4 Solar Angles 188 7.5 Solar Irradiation 191 7.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 198 7.7 Energy Calculations 213 References 214 Problems 214 8. The Cooling Load 217 8.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 217 8.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 220 8.3 Design Conditions 221 8.4 Internal Heat Gains 222 8.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226 8.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228 8.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 232 8.8 Fenestration—Transmitted Solar Radiation 238 8.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 240 8.10 Surface Heat Balance—Transparent Surfaces 246 8.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 250 8.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 255 8.13 Radiant Time Series Method 256 8.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266 8.15 Supply Air Quantities 273 References 273 Problems 275 9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279 9.1 Degree-Day Procedure 279 9.2 Bin Method 282 9.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 287 9.4 Energy Calculation Tools 293 9.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294 References 294 Problems 297 10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 298 10.1 Fluid Flow Basics 298 10.2 Centrifugal Pumps 309 10.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 313 10.4 Piping System Fundamentals 317 10.5 System Design 335 10.6 Steam Heating Systems 343 References 356 Problems 357 11. Space Air Diffusion 363 11.1 Behavior of Jets 363 11.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371 References 388 Problems 388 12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 391 12.1 Fans 391 12.2 Fan Relations 391 12.3 Fan Performance and Selection 396 12.4 Fan Installation 403 12.5 Field Performance Testing 410 12.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 412 12.7 Air Flow in Ducts 414 12.8 Air Flow in Fittings 421 12.9 Accessories 434 12.10 Duct Design—General 435 12.11 Duct Design—Sizing 440 References 450 Problems 450 13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.2 Spray Chambers 459 13.3 Cooling Towers 467 References 474 Problems 475 14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 477 14.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 478 14.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 479 14.3 Heat Transfer—Single-Component Fluids 480 14.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 487 14.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 492 14.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 498 14.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509 References 520 Problems 520 15. Refrigeration 524 15.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 524 15.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 526 15.3 Refrigerants 529 15.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 535 15.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 549 15.6 Absorption Refrigeration 555 15.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 565 15.8 The Aqua–Ammonia Absorption System 567 15.9 The Lithium Bromide–Water System 571 References 574 Problems 574 Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577 Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—English Units 578 Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—SI Units 579 Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane)—English Units 580 Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)—SI Units 582 Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—English Units 584 Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—SI Units 586 Table A.4a Air—English Units 588 Table A.4b Air—SI Units 589 Appendix B. Weather Data 590 Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and the World—English Units 591 Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and World—SI Units 594 Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597 Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597 Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598 Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598 Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599 Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions—English and SI Units 600 Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions—English and SI Units 601 Appendix D. Useful Data 602 Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603 Appendix E. Charts 605 Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606 Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607 Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608 Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609 Chart 2 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia–water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright © 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610 Chart 3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611 Chart 4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by permission.) 612 Chart 5 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide–water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613 Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614 Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615 Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616 Index 617

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Book SynopsisPacked with vivid illustrations and a complete set of commercial prints, best-selling BLUEPRINTS AND PLANS FOR HVAC, 4th Edition combines in-depth instruction with relevant hands-on applications to equip you with the skills to succeed in the workplace. Now in an engaging four-color format, this popular text will help you master the basics of blueprint reading and apply these new skills in the HVAC trade. This Fourth Edition has been updated to include the latest codes and technological advancements, while still covering all the critical areas of study, including using the architect's and engineer's scale, creating and using working and construction drawings and freehand sketching and drafting with instruments. In addition, the new CourseMate solution includes extra activities and CAD files to increase the number of real-world exercises. Practical, current and exceedingly accurate, BLUEPRINTS AND PLANS FOR HVAC, 4th Edition will serve you in the classroom and beyond.Trade Review1. Review of Basic Mathematical Procedures. 2. Safety. 3. Linear Measurements. 4. Angular Measurements. 5. Learning to Use the Architect's Scale. 6. Learning to Use the Engineer's Scale. 7. Symbols and Abbreviations. 8. How Working Drawings are Created. 9. Categories of Working Drawings. 10. Sections, Elevations and Details. 11. Creating Construction Drawings. 12. Who Uses Construction Drawings. 13. Specifications. 14. Title Blocks. 15. Types and Weights of Lines. 16. Orthographic Projection. 17. Oblique Drawings. 18. Isometric Drawings. 19. Lettering and Notations. 20. Organizing a Drawing Sheet. 21. Shading and Crosshatching. 22. Drawing Construction Elevations. 23. Drawing Construction Details. 24. Freehand Sketching. 25. Drafting with Instruments. 26. Reading Architectural Plans. 27. Ductwork Plans. 28. Reading Mechanical Plans. 29. Reading Electrical Plans. 30. Reading Plumbing Plans. 31. Current Technology. 32. Introduction to Load Calculations. 33. Appendices. 34. Glossary. 35. Index.Table of Contents1. Review of Basic Mathematical Procedures. 2. Safety. 3. Linear Measurements. 4. Angular Measurements. 5. Learning to Use the Architect's Scale. 6. Learning to Use the Engineer's Scale. 7. Symbols and Abbreviations. 8. How Working Drawings are Created. 9. Categories of Working Drawings. 10. Sections, Elevations and Details. 11. Creating Construction Drawings. 12. Who Uses Construction Drawings. 13. Specifications. 14. Title Blocks. 15. Types and Weights of Lines. 16. Orthographic Projection. 17. Oblique Drawings. 18. Isometric Drawings. 19. Lettering and Notations. 20. Organizing a Drawing Sheet. 21. Shading and Crosshatching. 22. Drawing Construction Elevations. 23. Drawing Construction Details. 24. Freehand Sketching. 25. Drafting with Instruments. 26. Reading Architectural Plans. 27. Ductwork Plans. 28. Reading Mechanical Plans. 29. Reading Electrical Plans. 30. Reading Plumbing Plans. 31. Current Technology. 32. Introduction to Load Calculations. 33. Appendices. 34. Glossary. 35. Index.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.

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Book SynopsisR. C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana with a BS in Civil Engineering (majoring in Structures) and an MS in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana. Professor Hibbeler currently teaches both civil and mechanical engineering courses at the University of LouisianaLafayette. In the past, he has taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana, Youngstown State University, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Union College.

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