Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation Books
Amber Books Ltd Chernobyl
Book SynopsisOn 26 April 1986, the unthinkable happened near the Ukrainian town of Pripyat: two massive steam explosions ruptured No. 4 Reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, immediately killing 30 people and setting off the worst nuclear accident in history. The explosions were followed by an open-air reactor core fire that released huge amounts of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere for the next nine days, spreading across the Soviet Union, parts of Europe, and especially neighbouring Belarus, where around 70% of the waste landed. The following clean-up operation involved more than half a million personnel at a cost of $68 billion, and a further 4,000 people were estimated to have died from disaster-related illnesses in the following 20 years. Some 350,000 people were evacuated as a result of the accident (including 95 villages in Belarus), and much of the area returned to the wild, with the nearby city of Pripyat now a ghost town. Chernobyl provides a photographic exploration of the catastrophe and its aftermath in 180 authentic photos. See the twisted wreckage of No. 4 Reactor, the cause of the nuclear disaster; marvel at historic photos of the clean-up operation, with helicopters spraying decontamination liquid and liquidators manually clearing radioactive debris; see the huge cooling pond used to cool the reactors, and which today is home to abundant wildlife, despite the radiation; explore the ghost town of Pripyat, with its decaying apartment blocks, empty basketball courts, abandoned amusement park, wrecked schools, and deserted streets.Table of ContentsContents: Chapter 1: Before the Disaster The Chernobyl Power Complex, lying about 130km (80 miles) north of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 20km (14 miles) south of the border with Belarus, consisted of four nuclear reactors. Units 1 and 2 were constructed between 1970 and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design were completed in 1983. Two more reactors were planned, but in the aftermath of the disaster construction was cancelled. Within a 30km (20-mile) radius of the power plant, including the city of Pripyat and town of Chernobyl, the total population was approximately 140,000 at the time of the accident. Chapter 2: Catastrophe at Chernobyl A series of operator actions, including the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the operator moved to shut down the reactor, the reactor was in an extremely unstable condition. The interaction of very hot fuel with the cooling water led to fuel fragmentation along with rapid steam production and an increase in pressure. The overpressure caused the 1000 t cover plate of the reactor to become partially detached, rupturing the fuel channels. Intense steam generation then spread throughout the whole core, causing a steam explosion. The clean up operation involved first the use of robots then army reservists to physically clear the debris and clean the remaining reactors. In some areas, workers could not stay any longer than 40 seconds before the radiation they received reached the maximum authorized dose a human being should receive in his entire life. Chapter 3: Pripyat – Urban Wasteland First built in the 1970s, Pripyat was a thriving town of 50,000 designed to serve the needs of the nuclear power plant, with local sports facilities, an amusement park, a fire station, police station, hospitals, and five schools with places for more than 6000 students. Today, the town stands deserted, with many of the public buildings, apartment blocks and businesses decaying and returned to nature. In 1986, the city of Slavutych was constructed to replace Pripyat, just 60km (40 miles) to the east, and provides homes for more than 20,000 people. Chapter 4: Belarus Counts the Cost The Polesie Reserve, established in 1988, now covers an area of more than 800 square miles and is divided into three regions: Brahin, Khoiniki, and Naroulia. Before the disaster, this largely agrarian region was home to more than 22,000 people spread across 95 villages, including numerous settlements of Old Believers, a schismatic Orthodox Christian sect. Now it’s home to moose, deer, lynx, and bison, as well as 48 of Belarus’s 189 species of endangered plants. Chapter 5: Chernobyl Today Reactor No. 4 was enclosed in a large concrete shelter, which was erected quickly (by October 1986) to allow continuing operation of the other reactors at the plant. The New Safe Confinement (NSC) structure was completed in 2017, having been built adjacent and then moved into place on rails. It is an arch 110 metres high, 165 metres long and spanning 260 metres, covering both unit 4 and the hastily-built 1986 structure. The cooling pond at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Pripyat, Ukraine) has abundant wildlife, despite the radiation present in the area. There are some accounts of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) growing up to 350 pounds and having a lifespan of up to 50 years. Index
£999.99
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Resonant Infrared Detectors And Emitters
Book SynopsisThis book is a sequel of The Physics of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (1997), which covered the basic physics of QWIPs. In the intervening 27 years, QWIP properties pertinent to infrared detection are much better understood, and QWIP technology has become a mainstream, widely deployed infrared technology. The main progress is the ability to know the QWIP absorption quantum efficiency quantitatively through rigorous electromagnetic modeling. The lack of theoretical prediction has impeded QWIP development for a long time. Generally, an arbitrary choice of detector structures yields substantial variations of absorption properties, and QWIP was regarded as a low quantum efficiency detector. With the advent of electromagnetic modeling, quantum efficiency of any detector geometry can be known exactly and be optimized to attain a large satisfactory value. Consequently, all properties of QWIPs are predictable, not unlike prevailing silicon devices. This unique characteristic enables QWI
£130.50
Oxford University Press Inc Earth in Flames
Book SynopsisEarth in Flames discusses how the dinosaurs died, and how their deaths parallel what might happen to people after a nuclear war. The book reflects on the odds of future asteroid impacts, how to stop them, and what the readers personally and together can do to prevent a nuclear war, so that humans don't end up like the dinosaurs.
£21.84
Yale University Press Nuclear Bodies
Book SynopsisThe Cold War reconsidered as seventy-five years of slow nuclear warfareTrade Review“Nuclear Bodies provides an important contribution to the literature on the humanitarian impacts of the nuclear industry. . . . A useful reference for anyone looking to better understand the decades of radioactive harm inflicted on people and on the planet.”—Alicia Sanders-Zakre, International Affairs“Inexorable clarity and care for his fellow humans mark Robert Jacobs’s guide to the Cold War as a limited nuclear war, whose harms disfigure any possible future.”—Norma Field, author of In the Realm of a Dying Emperor: Japan at Century’s End“Jacobs leaves behind the division of nuclear power into civilian and military spheres. He argues convincingly that propagandists drew this line in order to clear the way for the unhindered pursuit of nuclear weapons. In so doing, he masterfully shows how military leaders waged a limited nuclear war on the environment and human bodies.”—Kate Brown, Massachusetts Institute of Technology“Nuclear Bodies is an urgent book, a work of great ethical gravity and political import that grapples with the pernicious legacies of radiological colonialism. Jacobs unsettles conventional distinctions between war and peace, exhorting us to reimagine the Cold War as a limited nuclear war.”—Rob Nixon, author of Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor
£30.00
Institute of Physics Publishing Molecular Photophysics and Spectroscopy Second
Book SynopsisThis new,expanded edition provides a fresh, accessible photon-based description ofmodern molecular spectroscopy and photophysics for senior undergraduates and graduatestudents. Includes works examples and purposely devised illustrations.
£71.25
World Scientific Europe Ltd Hydrogen-bonding Research In Photochemistry,
Book SynopsisAs one of the typical intermolecular interactions, hydrogen-bonding plays a significant role in molecular structure and function. When the hydrogen bond research system is connected with the photon, the hydrogen-bonding effect turns to an excited-state one influencing photochemistry, photobiology, and photophysics. Thus, the hydrogen bond in an excited state is a key topic for understanding the excited-state properties, especially for optoelectronic or luminescent materials.The approaches presented in this book include quantum chemical calculation, molecular dynamics simulation and ultrafast spectroscopy, which are strong tools to investigate the hydrogen bond. Unlike other existing titles, this book combines theoretical calculations and experiments to explore the nature of excited-state hydrogen bonds. By using these methods, more details and faster processes involved in excited-state dynamics of hydrogen bond are explored.This highly interdisciplinary book provides an overview of leading hydrogen bond research. It is essential reading for faculties and students in researching photochemistry, photobiology and photophysics, as well as novel optoelectronic materials, fluorescence probes and photocatalysts. It will also guide research beginners to getting a quick start within this field.
£135.00
RSC Publishing Luminous Phenomena
£18.99
Oxford University Press NMR THE TOOLKIT
Book SynopsisThe renowned Oxford Chemistry Primer series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today''s students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry. The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student''s understanding of these essential areas of chemistry.NMR: The Toolkit describes succinctly the range of NMR techniques commonly used in modern reseTable of ContentsPART A: PRODUCT OPERATORS; PART B: QUANTUM MECHANICS
£32.99
Royal Society of Chemistry From DNA Photolesions to Mutations Skin Cancer
Book SynopsisAs modern day society takes an increasing interest in outdoor activities, its exposure to sunlight has never been greater. As a consequence, countries throughout the world are experiencing a dramatic increase in the incidences of skin carcinomas and melanomas. From DNA photolesions to mutations, skin cancer and cell death provides an authoritative source of information for photobiologists interested in the series of genetic events that occur in the skin, and eventually lead to cancer. With contributions from eminent scientists in the field, this book includes the latest information on DNA photolesions and repair, as well as the key mechanisms of solar UV in skin cancer initiation and development. Significant information relating to UV-induced photolesions and mechanisms of skin tumour occurrence is also included. By providing the basic phenomena underlying the science and an overview of the biological events that take place when cells are exposed to solar UV radiation, From DNA photoleTable of ContentsChapter 1: UVB and UVA Induced Formation of Photoproducts within Cellular DNA; Chapter 2: Chemical Sequencing Profiles of Photosensitized DNA Damage; Chapter 3: DNA damage induced by UVA radiation: role in solar mutagenesis; Chapter 4: Mutations induced by UV and sunlight; Chapter 5: Mechanisms and Mutagenic Consequences of Photoproduct Bypass by Replicative and DNA Damage Bypass Polymerases; Chapter 6: The Ogg1 Protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Properties and Biological Functions; Chapter 7: The role of a yeast homologue of the human phosphatase activator hPTPA in the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage; Chapter 8: DNA repair in RNA polymerase I transcribed genes; Chapter 9: Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair: Key Players and Their Functions; Chapter 10: Efficient Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage in Terminally Differentiated Human Keratinocytes; Chapter 11: Reactivation of UV-damaged viruses and reporter genes in mammalian cells; Chapter 12: Transcription of p53-regulated genes under transcriptional stress: implications for nucleotide excision repair; Chapter 13: What a difference a wavelength makes: The role of p53 in nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage; Chapter 14: p53 and p33ING1: Role in Nucleotide Excision Repair of UV-Damaged DNA; Chapter 15: Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Signals Leading to UV-induced Apoptosis; Chapter 16: Opposing roles of UV-induced apoptosis in early skin cancer; Chapter 17: Acquired activation of signalling pathways in skin tumours from DNA repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients; Chapter 18: Chaos Theory and Self-Organized Criticality Describe the DNA Damage Signal transduction Network;
£161.45
Royal Society of Chemistry Fluorescent Chemosensors
Book SynopsisFluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health. More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications. This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field. Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.Table of ContentsWelcome to Fluorescent Chemosensors;Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescence, and Sensing;Activity-based Sensing: Principles and Probes for Selective Bioimaging;Aggregation-induced Emission-based Fluorescent Systems;Diversity-oriented Fluorescence Library Approach: Accelerating Probe Development for Biological and Environmental Applications;Two-photon Fluorescent Probes;Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors: Photophysical/Chemical Mechanism Principles and Design Strategies;Chirality Sensing with UV-visible Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles;Fluorescent Chemosensors for Phosphates;Fluorescent Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species;Subcellular Compartment-targeting Fluorescent Zn2+ Probes;Molecular Fluorescent Probes for the Detection and Imaging of Sulfane Sulfur and Reactive Selenium Species;The Activity-based Sensing of Biological Transition Metals;Activatable Photodynamic Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment;Fluorescent Platforms for Environmental Sensing;Time-delayed Lanthanide Luminescent Sensors and Probes
£170.05
Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Radiochemical Analysis IV
Book SynopsisIncidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity .This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on analytical radiochemistry, the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.Table of ContentsA Search for Long Lived 242mAm Isotope in Forest Litter Samples from Poland;The Fate of Technetium-99 (99Tc) in the North and Nordic Seas after Reduction in the Discharges from Sellafield; Further Development of a Fast Method for Determining Plutonium and Amercium in Soils in Germany; Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Measurement of 129I in Solid Samples by a Microwave Based Procedure ; Using Time Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy as an Internal Probe for the Phase Changes in Zirconium Oxide ;Determination of Thorium and Uranium Isotope Ratios in NORM and NORM-polluted Sample Leachates using ICP-QMS; Fast Method to Separate AM and PU from Soil Matrix; Biosorption of Uranium using Modified Leaf Powder of Platanus Orientalis; Development and Validation of the Radiochemical Determination of 99Tc in Environmental Samples; Radioactivity in the Irish Sea; 129I in Macroalgae (Fucus Vesiculosus) from the Swedish Coast; The Effect of Cement Superplasticiser on the Solubility of Radionuclides under Repository Conditions; Performance and Characteristics of a Low-Background Germanium Well Detector for Low-Energy Gamma-ray Nuclides; Interlaboratory Comparison on the Determination of Radio-Nuclides in Raw Milk in the Year ; Deep Geological Disposal of Intermediate and Low Level Waste in UK: Experiments to Demonstrate Chemical Containment. Part I ;Leaching of 239,240Pu and 241Am from Thule Nuclear Bomb Particles Investigated by Sequential Extraction; Caesium-137 in Norwegian Coastal Areas; Marine Radioactivity in the Channel Islands, 1990 - 2009; Development of a Small Mobile Unit for Emergency Radiological Monitoring of the Foodchain; Comparison of Analytical Methods and ICP-MS Correction Schemes; Ultra-Trace Determination of Plutonium in Coral Samples using Multi-Collector ICP-MS
£999.99
Royal Society of Chemistry Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Materials,
Book SynopsisThere has been a resurgence of interest in light-induced water splitting as the search for storable carbon neutral energy becomes more urgent. Although the history of the basic idea dates back more than four decades, efficient, economical and stable integrated devices have yet to be realized. In the continuing quest for such devices, the field of photoelectrochemistry is entering a new phase where the extraordinary interdisciplinary of the research and development efforts are opening new avenues. This aspect of current research effort is reflected in the chapters of this book, which encompass present thinking in the various disciplines such as materials science, photo-electrochemistry and interfaces that can contribute to realization of viable solar fuel generators. This book presents a blend of the background science and recent advances in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting, and includes aspects that point towards medium to long term future realization. The content of the book goes beyond the more traditional approaches to the subject by including topics such as novel excitation energy processes that have only been realized so far in advanced photonics. The comprehensive overview of current activities and development horizons provided by the impressive collection of internationally renowned authors therefore represents a unique reflection of current thinking regarding water splitting by light.Table of Contents1 The Potential Contribution of Photoelectrochemistry in the Global Energy Future; 2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Light-Driven Reactions at Semiconductor Electrodes: Principles and Techniques; 3: Structured Materuals for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting; 4: Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cells for Water Splitting; 5: Particulate Oxynitrides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light; 6: Rapid Screening Methods in the Discovery and Investigation of New Photocatalyst Compositions; 7: Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Catalysts: Structural and Electronic Aspects of Transition Metal Based Compounds and Composites; 8: The Group II-Nitride Materials Class: from Preparation to Perspectives in Photoelectrocatalysis; 9: Epitaxial III-V Thin Film Absorbers: Preparation, Efficient InP Photocathodes and Routes to High Efficiency Tandem Structures; 10: Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A First Principles Approach; 11: Electro- and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2: The Homogeneous and Hetereogeneous Worlds Collide?; 12: Key Intermediates in the Hydrogenation and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 13: Novel Approaches to Water Splitting by Solar Photons; 14: Light Harvesting Strategies Inspired by Nature; 15: Electronic Structure and Bonding of Water at Surfaces; 16: New Perspectives and a Review of Progress
£132.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG The Chernobyl, Fukushima Daiichi and Deepwater Horizon Disasters from a Natural Science and Humanities Perspective
Book SynopsisIn our everyday imaginations we use the laws of nature with their tremendous possibilities of technical progress for the benefit of mankind. The three catastrophes of Chernobyl (26 April 1986), Fukushima Daichii (11 March 2011) and in the Gulf of Mexico, explosion of the drilling platform Deepwater Horizon (20 April 2010), have shaken this world view. Who directed this development? Is it a matter of human error or technical failure? For the answer, approaches from the natural sciences and the humanities are presented.Table of Contents Preface.- . 1 Four selected accident events.- 2 Cause-effect structure and intentional structure.- 3 Space-time structure.- 4 Evaluation and outlook.
£59.99
Nova Science Publishers Inc Photoisomerization: Causes, Behavior and Effects
Book SynopsisDifferent applications and uses of light energy have emerged over the last few years in many different fields such as in medicine, material science, energy and biochemistry. New and exciting applications of light-controlled processes have become practical in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the preparation and use of functional materials, the storage of solar energy and the control of biological properties. Many of these applications are based on a very simple chemical step: a photoisomerization. The isomerization of a chemical double bond allows for the control with extreme spatial and temporal resolution of complex systems. Nature offers different examples of very complex functions that are initiated by this type of simple chemical. Upon photon absorption, the light energy can be used to induce a chemical (geometrical) change that influences the protein environment that triggers a specific signal or function. Inspired by these amazing and extremely efficient processes, many efforts have been devoted to the modification of natural systems and to the design of new applications, using simple and tunable photoisomerizations. Accordingly, the preparation of photoactive molecular devices based on photoisomerizations and the use of these species in different applications is now a very active scientific field, with profound implications in our everyday lives. In this book, the fundamental aspects of the photoisomerization of many different chemical structures containing C=C, N=N and C=N double bonds is covered. Different experimental and computational tools used to study these processes are discussed and some specific applications of different compounds are presented.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/photoisomerization-causes-behavior-and-effects/
£138.39
Nova Science Publishers Inc Physics & Chemistry of Fission
Book SynopsisContents: Fission Fragment Distributions: Experiment and Theory -- Fission Barriers, Fission Channels, Fission Valleys; Fragment Charge Distributions in Low Energy Fission; Double-Energy, Double-Velocity Measurement of Fission Fragments from Thermal Neutron Induced Fission; Odd-Even Neutron and Proton Effects in Low Energy Nuclear Fission; Energy Balance in MeV Neutron Induced Fission; Formation of the Fragment Mass and Energy Distributions in Fission of Nuclei Lighter than Radium; A New Approach to Determine Elemental Yield, Charge Polarisation and Odd-even Effects in Fission; Fundamental Fission Problems -- Dissipation and Friction in Nuclear Fission; Influence of Diabaticity on Fission Fragment Mass Asymmetry; Space Parity Violation in Nuclear Fission.
£999.99
Nova Science Publishers Inc Radiation: What You Need to Know
Book Synopsis
£107.99
Nova Science Publishers Inc Radioactive Waste: Sources, Management & Health
Book SynopsisThe question of "what to do with radioactive waste" has been raised frequently for both fission and fusion power plants. In recent years, fusion designers have become increasingly aware of the large amount of mildly radioactive materials that fusion generates. The search for a suitable solution has stimulated discussions about the origin and nature of fusion radioactive waste. This book discusses the perspectives of managing fusion radioactive materials. It also discusses the canister quandary, and the nuclear security system in Georgia.
£86.99
New Age International (UK) Ltd Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions
Book Synopsis
£47.50
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Handbook of Synthetic Photochemistry
Book SynopsisUnique in its focus on preparative impact rather than mechanistic details, this handbook provides an overview of photochemical reactions classed according to the structural feature that is built in the photochemical step, so as to facilitate use by synthetic chemists unfamiliar with this topic. An introductory section covers practical questions on how to run a photochemical reaction, while all classes of the most important photocatalytic reactions are also included. Perfect for organic synthetic chemists in academia and industry.Trade Review"Given its organization and practical emphasis, I believe that this book would make an outstanding addition to the library of any synthetic organic chemist. It should certainly be on the acquisition lists of all institutional libraries." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, November 2010) Table of ContentsPHOTOCHEMICAL METHODS Photochemistry and Organic Synthesis Irradiation Apparatus Further Experimental Parameters Photochemical Steps in Synthesis CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMATION BY PHOTOELIMINATION OF SMALL MOLECULES IN SOLUTION AND IN CRYSTALS Introduction Photochemical C-C Bond Formation in Solution Reactions in the Solid State Conclusions INTERMOLECULAR ADDITION REACTIONS ONTO C-C MULTIPLE BONDS Introduction Addition to C-C Double Bonds Addition to C-C Triple Bonds Conclusions FORMATION OF A 3-MEMBERED RING Introduction Di-Pi-Methane Rearrangement Oxa-Di-Pi-Methane Rearrangement and Related Rearrangements [2+1] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Carbenes Formation of a Cyclopropane Via Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction [3+2] Cycloaddition of Arenes with Alkenes Photochemical Synthesis of Three-Membered Heterocycles FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING I Introduction [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Non Conjugated Alkenes [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Aromatic Compounds Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions Intramolecular Gamma-Hydrogen Abstraction (Yang Reaction) Metal Catalyzed Reactions Various Methods Conclusions FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING II Introduction [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Enones (Substrate Type A1) [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Vinylogous Amides and Esters (Substrate Clases A2 and A3) [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Alpha, Beta-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Substrate Classes A4, A5 and A6) Conclusions and Perspectives FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING III (OXETANES) Introduction Generally Accepted Mechanisms of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction Regio- and Siteselective Synthesis of Oxetanes Stereoselective Syntheses of Oxetanes Conclusive Remarks FORMATION OF A 5-MEMBERED RING Formation of Five-Membered Ring: Intramolecular Delta-H Abstraction Formation of Five-Membered Rings Via [3+2]-Cycloadditions Photochemical Electrocyclization Reactions: Synthesis of Fused Five-Membered Ring Compounds Photoinduced Electron Transfer Radical Cation Mediated Cyclizations: Synthesis of Five-Membered Carbocyclic as well as Heterocyclic Ring Systems FORMATION OF 6-MEMBERED RING (AND LARGER RINGS) Introduction Photoelectron Transfer Initiated Cyclizations Photoinduced 6Pi-Electrocyclization Photocycloaddition Reactions Remote Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction Ring Contraction and Ring Enlargement Other Reactions Summary AROMATIC AND HETEROAROMATIC SUBSTITUTION BY SRN1 AND SN1 REACTIONS Introduction General Mechanistic Features Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation Synthesis of Bi, Tri, and Poliaryls Synthesis of Carbocycles and Heterocycles SINGLET OXYGEN AS A REAGENT IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Introduction Dioxetanes Endoperoxides Allylic Hydroperoxides Tandem Singlet Oxygen Reactions Conclusion SYNTHESIS OF HETEROAROMATICS VIA REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS Introduction Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with One Heteroatom Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with Two Heteroatoms Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with Three Heteroatoms Synthesis of Six-Membered Rings Synthesis of Seven-Membered Rings Concluding Remarks PHOTOLABILE PROTECTING GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Introduction Photolabile Protecting Groups Chromatic Orthogonality Two-Photons Absorption Perspectives and Conclusion
£128.66
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Triage in Radiation Accidents
£163.19
Oxford University Press Methods of Xray and Neutron Scattering in Polymer Science
Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic theories underlying x-ray and neutron scattering, as well as the various techniques that have been developed for their application to the study of polymers. The two scattering methods are discussed together from the beginning, so as to allow readers to gain a unified view of the scattering phenomena. The book is introductory and may be used as a textbook in polumer science class or for self-study by polymer scientists new in scattering techniques.Trade Review"By presenting the two methods together and emphasizing their similarities, Ryong-Joon Roe has written an introductory textbook that enables readers to become equally familiar with both techniques ... Roe suceeds admirably in giving a balanced and unified presentation of the basic theory underlying both x-ray and neutron scattering" Physics TodayTable of Contents1: Basics of X-ray and Neutron Scattering 1.1: Properties of X-rays and Neutrons 1.2: Scattering and Interference 1.3: Scattering of X-rays 1.4: Scattering of Neutrons 1.5: Auto-correlation Function and Reciprocal Space 1.6: Scattering Due to the Sample as a Whole 1.7: Diffraction by Crystals 2: Experimental Techniques 2.1: Radiation Source 2.2: Monochromatization 2.3: Absorption 2.4: Detectors 2.5: Cameras and Diffractometers 2.6: Multiple Scattering 2.7: Absolute Intensity Calibration 3: Crystalline Polymers 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Lattice Parameters 3.3: Crystal Structure Analysis 3.4: Line Broadening and Crystal Imperfections 3.5: Degree of Crystallinity 3.6: Orientation 4: Amorphous Polymers 4.1: Short Range Order 4.2: Thermal Density Fluctuation 5: Small Angle Scattering 5.1: Model Structures Studied by Small Angle Scattering 5.2: Dilute Particulate System 5.3: Non-particulate Two-phase system 5.4: Fractal Objects 5.5: Periodic System 5.6: Slit Collimation and Desmearing 6: Polymer Blends, Block Copolymers, and Deuterium Labeling 6.1: Polymer Blends 6.2: Block Copolymers 6.3: Deuterium Labeling 7: Methods of Study for Surfaces and Interfaces 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Reflectivity 7.3: Approximate Method 7.4: Examples of Experimental Studies 8: Inelastic Neutron Scattering 8.1: Theory of Inelastic Scattering 8.2: Simple Models of Motions 8.3: Spectrometers 8.4: Examples of Experimental Studies Appendix A: Refresher on Complex Numbers Appendix B: Fourier Transform Appendix C: Reciprocal Lattice Appendix D: Constants and Conversion Factors Glossary of Symbols
£114.99
Springer Proceedings of the Seventh ASTMEuratom Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry Strasbourg France 2731 August 1990
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£123.49
Springer SelfProduction of Supramolecular Structures From Synthetic Structures to Models of Minimal Living Systems 446 Nato Science Series C
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£123.49
Springer Actinides and the Environment Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute Maleme Crete Greece July 719 1996 NATO Science Partnership SubSeries 2 41
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£170.99
LEGARE STREET PR Radioactive Transformations
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£25.60
LEGARE STREET PR Radioactive Transformations
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£17.95
Legare Street Press Radiation
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£22.75
Legare Street Press A A Brief Account of Radioactivity
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£22.75
Legare Street Press The The Pressure Due To Radiation
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£21.80
Creative Media Partners, LLC Plants and X Rays
£22.75
Creative Media Partners, LLC Plants and X Rays
£14.96
Creative Media Partners, LLC Combined Effects of Radio Frequency and Electron Radiation on CMOS Inverters
£22.75
Creative Media Partners, LLC Combined Effects of Radio Frequency and Electron Radiation on CMOS Inverters
£14.09
Creative Media Partners, LLC Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Irradiated Nanocomposites
£22.75
Creative Media Partners, LLC Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Irradiated Nanocomposites
£14.96
Larsen and Keller Education Principles of Photochemistry
£101.70
Murphy & Moore Publishing Novel Techniques and Applications of Gamma
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£116.42
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG An Introduction to Medical Physics
Book SynopsisThis book begins with the basic terms and definitions and takes a student, step by step, through all areas of medical physics. The book covers radiation therapy, diagnostic radiology, dosimetry, radiation shielding, and nuclear medicine, all at a level suitable for undergraduates. This title not only describes the basics concepts of the field, but also emphasizes numerical and mathematical problems and examples. Students will find An Introduction to Medical Physics to be an indispensible resource in preparations for further graduate studies in the field.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic Concepts in Radiation Dosimetry.- Interaction of Gamma Rays and X-Rays with Matter.- Treatment planning in Radiation Therapy.- Image Guided Radiation Therapy.- Introduction to Radiological Images.- Mammography.- Computed Tomography.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).- CT and MRI in Radiotherapy.- Nuclear Medicine Physics.- Ultrasound.- Radiation Shielding and Protection, Part I – Measurement, Dosimetry, Shielding and Protection.- Radiation Shielding and Protection, Part II.
£85.49
Springer Spektrum Chemie mit Licht
Book Synopsis1 Licht und Chemie - kulturhistorische Meilensteine.- 2 Chemie mit Licht - eine didaktische Herausforderung.- 3 Chemiedidaktik - Wissenschaft der Chemie-Lehrenden.- 4 Schlüsselkonzepte in der Chemie.- 5 Licht - das neue Schlüsselkonzept in der Chemiedidaktik.- 6 Konzeptionelle Grundlagen der Photochemie.- 7 Experimente mit Licht.- 8 Nachhaltigkeit mit Licht für Leben und Technik.
£999.99
£152.10
Andrew Parry Surviving the Nuclear Winter
£18.99
Taylor & Francis Inc Semiconductor Photochemistry And
Book SynopsisAnswering the need for information that could revolutionize the development of alternate solar energy sources and the reduction of atmospheric contaminants, Semiconductor Photochemistry and Photophysics reflects renewed interest inspired by the unique properties of nanocrystalline semiconductor particles. It provides a thorough overview and describes fundamental research aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of the cells and looks at the application of nanocrystalline TiO2 as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation. Key topics include semiconductor photoelectrochemistry, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalytic treatment of chemical waste.Table of Contents1. Heterosupramolecular Devices Based on Nanocrystalline Semiconductors 2. The Essential Interface: Studies in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 3. Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Reactivity at Nanoscale Semiconductor–Solution Interfaces: Case Studies with Dye-Sensitized SnO2–Water Interfaces 4. Current Status of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 5. Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Layered Semiconductor Nanoparticles 6. Mechanisms of the Photocatalytic Transformation of Organic Compounds 7. Titanium Dioxide-Photocatalyzed Reactions of Organophosphorus Compounds in Aqueous Media 8. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gas-Phase Aromatic Contaminants 9. Design and Development of New Titanium Dioxide Semiconductor Photocatalysts 10. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Mesoscopic Oxide Semiconductor Films 11. Applications of Semiconductor Electro-Optical Properties to Chemical Sensing
£247.00
Springer Nature Switzerland AG The Physics of the Manhattan Project
Book SynopsisThe development of nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project is one of the most significant scientific events of the twentieth century. This revised and updated 4th edition explores the challenges that faced the scientists and engineers of the Manhattan Project. It gives a clear introduction to fission weapons at the level of an upper-year undergraduate physics student by examining the details of nuclear reactions, their energy release, analytic and numerical models of the fission process, how critical masses can be estimated, how fissile materials are produced, and what factors complicate bomb design. An extensive list of references and a number of exercises for self-study are included. Revisions to this fourth edition include many upgrades and new sections. Improvements are made to, among other things, the analysis of the physics of the fission barrier, the time-dependent simulation of the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the discussion of tamped bomb cores. New sections cover, for example, composite bomb cores, approximate methods for various of the calculations presented, and the physics of the polonium-beryllium "neutron initiators" used to trigger the bombs.The author delivers in this book an unparalleled, clear and comprehensive treatment of the physics behind the Manhattan project.Trade Review“The volume is targeted at readers with an advanced undergraduate physics background, with the goals of explicating the principles behind the fission bombs completed in 1945, and of using these principles to illuminate more general areas of physics, such as electromagnetism and statistical mechanics. … both physicists and historians might find it most useful as a reference work.” (Joseph D. Martin, Metascience, Vol. 30, August 25, 2021)Table of ContentsPreface.- Energy Release in Nuclear Reactions, Neutrons, Fission, and Characteristics of Fission.- Critical Mass and Efficiency.- Producing Fissile Material.- Complicating Factors.- Miscellaneous Calculations.- Appendices.- Appendix A: Selected.- Values and Fission Barriers.- Appendix B: Densities, Cross-Sections and Secondary Neutron Numbers.- Appendix C: Energy and Momentum Conservation in a Two-Body Collision.- Appendix D: Energy and Momentum Conservation in a Two-Body Collision That Produces a Gamma-Ray.- Appendix E: Formal Derivation of the Bohr-Wheeler Spontaneous Fission Limit.- Appendix F:Average Neutron Escape Probability From Within a Sphere.- Appendix G: The Neutron Diffusion Equation.- Appendix H: Questions, Answers.- Appendix I: Further Reading.- Appendix J: Useful Constants and Conversion Factors.
£52.24
Springer Nature Switzerland AG PET/CT Imaging: Basics and Practice
Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to provide concise information and quick reference on the basics and practice of PET/CT for beginners. The chapters are written by Nuclear Medicine experts from different countries with enormous experience in PET/CT practice. Starting with the basics of PET/CT describing physics and the use of radiopharmaceuticals in PET/CT, the book explores the principle of PET/CT in radiotherapy planning. The last five chapters explore normal variation, pitfalls and artefacts commonly seen with various routinely used PET radiotracers. The text is enriched by tables and highlighted clinical cases for better understanding. This book will be of interest mostly to nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists, but it may be appealing also to a wider medical community including oncologists and radiotherapists.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Basic Principles of PET-CT imaging.- Chapter 2: Physics of PET and Respiratory Gating.- Chapter 3. The Physics of PET/CT for Radiotherapy Planning.- Chapter 4. 18F-FDG and Non-FDG PET Radiopharmaceuticals.- Chapter 5. PET/CT imaging: Patient instructions and preparation.- Chapter 6.18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging: Normal variants, pitfalls and artefacts.-Chapter 7: 68Ga-DOTA-peptides PET-CT: Physiological biodistribution, variants and pitfalls.- Chapter 8. 18F-methylcholine (FCH) PET-CT imaging: Physiological distribution, pitfalls and imaging pearls.- Chapter 9: 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Normal Variants, Pitfalls and Artefacts.- Chapter 10: 18F-NaF PET-CT Imaging.
£61.74
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Photochemie: Konzepte, Methoden, Experimente
Book SynopsisKompakt, interdiziplinär, praxisorientiert - so präsentiert sich dieses facettenreiche Lehrbuch der Photochemie. Das gut strukturierte und sehr verstandlich geschriebene Werk macht den Leser mit allen bedeutenden photochemischen Prozessen vertraut. Table of Contents1 Definition, historischer Abriß und Bedeutung der Photochemie l 2 Die konzeptionellen und theoretischen Grundlagen der Photochemie (W.-D. Stohrer) 5 2.1 Die Natur der elektromagnetischen Strahlung 5 2.2 Die photochemische Reaktion, eine Wanderung auf und zwischen Potentialflächen 7 2.2.1 Die Born-Oppenheimer-Approximation: Elektronen- und Schwingungszustände 8 2.2.1.1 Elektronenzustände 10 2.2. 1 .2 Schwingungszustände 11 2.2.1.3 Die Bedeutung der Born-Oppenheimer-Approximation 12 2.2.2 Die Energie„landschaft" 13 2.3 Orbitale, Konfigurationen und Zustände 16 2.3.1 Die Konfigurationswechselwirkung 23 2.3.1.1 VB-Methode versus MO-Modell 23 2.3.1.2 Die Konsequenzen der Konfigurationswechselwirkung 26 2.3.2 Der elektronisch angeregte Zustand - eine eigenständige Verbindung 35 2.4 Die Lichtabsorption und -emission 40 2.4.1 Definitionen und Phänomenologisches 40 2.4.2 Das Franck-Condon-Prinzip 42 2.4.3 Der elektrische Dipol stationärer und nichtstationärer Elektronenzustände 46 2.4.4 Auswahlregeln und Auswahlverbote 49 2.4.4.1 Das Übergangsmoment: Ein Produkt aus drei Faktoren 49 2.4.5 Das „Verbot" beim Wechsel zwischen Potentialflächen 52 2.4.5.1 Der Orbitalfaktor oder Symmetriefaktor 53 2.4.5.2 Der Franck-Condon-Faktor 55 2.4.5.3 Der Spinfaktor 56 2.5 Der strahlungslose Wechsel zwischen Potentialflächen 59 2.5.1 Stark gekoppelte Potentialflächen 59 2.5.2 Schwach gekoppelte Potentialflächen 62 2.6 Die Desaktivierung eines durch Lichtabsorption gebildeten elektronisch angeregten Zustandes 63 2.6.1 Das Jablonski-Diagramm 63 2.6.2 Die Energieübertragung 68 2.6.3 Die Elektronenübertragung 71 2.6.4 Die Exciplexbildung 72 2.7 Der mögliche Ablauf photochemischer Reaktionen 76 3 Photoreaktionen organischer Verbindungen (M. Tausch) 83 3.1 Tabellarische Übersicht 83 3.2 Photolysen organischer Moleküle 87 3.2.1 Norrish-Typ-I-Reaktion 88 3.2.2 Norrish-Typ-II-Reaktion 89 3.2.3 Stickstoff-Abspaltung 90 3.2.4 Heterolysen in Säuren und Basen (Förster-Zyklus) 92 3.3 Photoadditionen 93 3.3.1 [2+2]-Cycloadditionen 93 3.3.2 [2+2+2]-Cycloadditionen 98 3.3.3 [4+2]-Cycloadditionen 98 3.3.4 Die Paterno-Büchi-Reaktion 99 3.4 Photoisomerisierungen 102 3.4.1 Di-7i-Methanumlagerung 102 3.4.2 Photo-Fries-Umlagerung 104 3.4.3 Die Barton-Reaktion 105 3.4.4 Photoenolisierung 105 3.4.5 Sigmatrope Reaktionen 106 3.4.6 Elektrocyclische Reaktionen 107 3.5 Photoreduktionen, Photooxidationen 108 3.5.1 Photoreduktionen 108 3.5.2 Photooxidationen 110 3.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 3 111 4 Photochemie im sichtbaren Bereich, solare Photochemie und verwandte Prozesse (D* Wöhrle) 113 4.1 Der sichtbare Bereich im elektromagnetischen Spektrum und Farbe 114 4.1.1 Entstehen von Farbigkeit 114 4.1.2 Lichtabsorption durch Moleküle und Festkörper 116 4.1.2.1 Farbige organische Verbindungen 116 4.1.2.2 Lichtabsorption durch Metallkomplexe 119 4.1.2.3 Weitere Möglichkeiten für Farbigkeit 123 4.2 Künstliche Lichtquellen und solare Einstrahlung 124 4.2.1 Arbeiten mit künstlichen Lichtquellen 124 4.2.2 Solare Einstrahlung 124 4.3 Photosynthese 129 4.3.1 Bedeutung der Photo Synthese und Gesamtreaktion 130 4.3.2 Die Reaktionen der Photosynthese im Überblick 131 4.3.3 Einige wesentliche Schritte im photosynthetischen Reaktionszentrum 134 4.4 Lösungsprozesse 138 4.4.1 Photooxidationen durch Sauerstoff (Photooxigenierung) 139 4.4.1.1 Elektronenkonfiguration von Sauerstoff 141 4.4.1.2 Photosensibilisierte Darstellung von Singulett-Sauerstoff in Lösung 142 4.4.1.3 Reaktionen von Singulett-Sauerstoff 146 4.4.1.4 Superoxid-Anion 152 4.4.2 Weitere unter solarer Einstrahlung durchgeführte Reaktionen über photoinduzierten Energietransfer 153 4.4.3 Photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer im sichtbaren Bereich 155 4.4.4 Photochemie von Metallkomplexen 160 4.4.5 Modellsysteme zur Photosynthese 165 4.5 Photochromie 167 4.5.1 (£)/(Z)-Isomerisierung 168 4.5.2 Tautomerisierung 169 4.5.3 Homolytische und heterolytische Bindungsspaltungen 170 4.5.4 Pericyclische Reaktionen 170 4.5.5 Elektronentransfer/Redox-Photochromie 173 4.5.6 Mögliche Anwendungen 174 4.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 4 175 5Photochemie und Photophysik in selbstorganisie - renden Systemen, hochmolekularen Verbindungen und Festkörpern (D. Wöhrle) 179 5.1 Photochemie in selbstorganisierenden Systemen 179 5.1.1 Wirt/Gast-Systeme 180 5.1.2 Micellen und Liposomen 183 5.1.3 Geordnete Mono- und Multifilme 185 5.1.4 Photoreaktionen in Kristallen 189 5.2 Photochemie in organischen und anorganischen hochmole kularen Verbindungen 192 5.2.1 Organische Polymere 192 5.2.2 Nicht geordnete hochmolekulare Systeme 196 5.2.2.1 Silikagel 196 5.2.2.2 Schichtminerale 199 5.2.2.3 Molekularsiebe 201 5.3 Photochemische Polymerisation und Photopolymerisation 203 5.3.1 Photochemische Polymerisationen 203 5.3.1.1 Photochemische Initiierung radikalischer Polymerisationen 203 5.3.1.2 Photochemische Initiierung kationischer Polymerisationen 204 5.3.2 Photopolymerisation 205 5.4 Anorganische und organische Halbleiter 206 5.4.1 Anorganische Halbleiter 207 5.4.1.1 Bändermodell anorganischer Halbleiter 207 5.4.1.2 Photovoltazellen anorganischer Halbleiter 212 5.4.1.3 Photoelektrochemische Zellen anorganischer Halbleiter 216 5.4.1.4 Photosensibilisierungszellen 218 5.4.2 Organische Halbleiter 220 5.4.3 Heterogene Photokatalyse an anorganischen Halbleiterteilchen 223 5.4.3.1 Solare Abwasserentgiftung über heterogene Photokatalyse 224 5.4.3.2 Synthesen über heterogene Photokatalyse 226 5.5 Literatur zu Kapitel 5 228 6 Chemolumineszenz (H. Brandl) 231 6.1 Einleitung und Begriffsbestimmung 231 6.1.1 Klassifikation von Lumineszenzprozessen 231 6.1.2 Vergleich Chemolumineszenz - photochemische Reaktionen 232 6.1.3 Voraussetzungen für effiziente Chemolumineszenz 233 6.1.4 Quantenausbeute und Intensität von CL-Prozessen 234 6.1.5 Chemisch-elektronische Anregungsprozesse (chemitronische Konversion) 234 6.2 Chemolumineszenz-Systeme 235 6.2.1 Chemolumineszenz bei der Autoxidation von weißem Phosphor 235 6.2.2 Das Luminol und seine Derivate als CL-Systeme 238 6.2.3 Lucigenin und Acridin-Derivate als CL-System 242 6.2.4 CL des Peroxyoxalat-Systems 244 6.2.5 Die Singulett-Sauerstoff-Chemolumineszenz 249 6.2.6 Chemolumineszenz bei der Trautz-Schorigin (TS)-Reaktion 251 6.2.7 Die Chemolumineszenz von Tetrakis(dimethylamino) ethylen TDAE 253 6.2.8 Die Siloxen-Chemolunüneszenz 255 6.2.9 Siloxenderivate und ihre Eigenschaften 256 6.2.10 Chemolumineszenz von Rutheniumkomplexverbindungen 25 8 6.2.11 Ozoninduzierte Chemolumineszenz 260 6.2.12 1 ,2-Dioxethane als Chemolumineszenz-System 262 6.3 Literatur zu Kapitel 6 266 7 Photochemie in Technik, Biologie und Medizin 271 7.1 Photochemie in der Technik und möglicher Anwendung (D. Wöhrle) 271 7.1.1 Photochemische Prozesse in der industriellen chemischen Synthese 271 7.1.2 Optische Informationsspeicherung 274 7.1.2.1 Photo graphische Prozesse 274 7.1.2.2 Farbphotographie 275 7.1.3 Photolithographie, Photoresists 277 7.1.4 Photochemie und synthetische Polymere 278 7.1.4.1 Photochemische Polymerisation 278 7.1.4.2 Photoabbau und Lichtschutz von Polymeren 279 7.1.5 Solarenergienutzung 280 7.1.5.1 Wasserstoff als Energieträger 281 7.1.5.2 Das Speichersystem Norbornadien-Quadricyclan, weitere Beispiele 283 7.1.6 Laserchemie 284 7.1.7 Molekulare Funktionseinheiten 286 7.2 Der Photoreaktor Atmosphäre (M. Tausch) 288 7.3 Photochemie und Biologie (M. Tausch, D. Wöhrle) 296 7.3.1 Photochemische Prozesse zur Steuerung von Lebensfunktionen 296 7.3.1.1 Mögliche Rolle der Photochemie in der Entwicklung des Lebens, Photosynthese 296 7.3.1.2 Die Erregungskaskade beim Sehprozeß 297 7.3.1.3 Bakteriorhodopsin 301 7.4 Photochemie/Photophysik und Medizin (D. Wöhrle) 302 7.4.1 Fluoreszenzdiagnostik 302 7.4.2 Photodynamische Krebstherapie 303 7.4.3 Weitere photochemische Methoden 307 7.5 Photochemie, alkoholische Getränke und ausgiebiges Sonnenbaden (D. Wöhrle) 308 7.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 7 310 8 Arbeitsmethoden und Versuche 313 8.1 Arbeitsmethoden zur Durchführung photochemischer Experimente (D. Wöhrle) 313 8.1.1 Allgemeine Anforderungen an photochemische Experimente 313 8.1.1.1 Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei Durchführung photochemischer Experimente 314 8.1.1.2 Gerätematerialien, Lösungsmittel, Verunreinigungen, Sauerstoff 315 8.1.1.3 Photochemisch aktive Verbindung 316 8.1.1.4 Strahlung 318 8.1.2 Strahlungsquellen 319 8.1.2.1 Gasentladungsstrahler 322 8.1.2.2 Glühlampe 324 8.1.2.3 Quarz-Wolfram-Halogenlampen 324 8.1.2.4 Laser 325 8.1.3 Filter und Monochromatoren 325 8.1.3.1 Graufilter 326 8.1.3.2 Selektion von Wellenlängenbereichen 326 8.1.3.3 Enge Wellenlängenbereiche, monochromatische Strahlung 327 8.1.4 Strahlungsdetektoren (Aktinometer) 328 8.1.4.1 Physikalische Aktinometer 328 8.1.4.2 Chemische Aktinometer 329 8.1.5 Photochemische Apparaturen 331 8.1.5.1 Außenbelichtung 332 8.1.5.2 Innenbelichtung 333 8.1.6 Übungen 334 8.2 Instrumente!! analytische Methoden (D. Wöhrle) 337 8.2.1 Optische Spektroskopie 337 8.2.1.1 Absorptionsspektroskopie 338 8.2.1.2 Lumineszenzspektroskopie. 339 8.2.2 Zeitaufgelöste optische Spektroskopie 342 8.2.2.1 Zeitaufgelöste Absorptionsspektroskopie 342 8.2.2.2 Zeitaufgelöste Emissionsspektroskopie 344 8.3 Quantifizierung photochemischer Reaktionen und photophysikalischer Prozesse (D. Wöhrle) 345 8.3.1 Ausbeute, Wirkungsgrad, Quantenausbeute und Effektivität 345 8.3.2 Photokinetik 346 8.3.3 Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zum energetischen Ablauf 351 8.4 Versuche zur Photochemie und Photophysik (M. Tausch, D. Wöhrle) 357 8.4.1 Tabellarische Übersicht zu den Versuchen 358 8.4.2 Versuchvorschriften 362 Themenbereich: Photolysen organischer Moleküle 362 Themenbereich: Photoadditionen 369 Themenbereich: Photoisomerisierungen 378 Themenbereich: Photochemische Kettenreaktionen 385 Themenbereich: Photooxidationen, Photoreduktionen 403 Themenbereich: Reaktionen an und mit Halbleitern 426 Themenbereich: Experimente zu Absorption, Lumineszenz, Lebensdauer, Quantenausbeute und Kinetik 443 8.5 Versuche zur Chemolumineszenz (H. Brandl) 466 8.5.1 Tabellarische Übersicht zu den Versuchen 466 8.5.2 Versuchsvorschriften 467 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des weißen Phosphors 467 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Luminols 469 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Lucigenins 473 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Peroxyoxalat-Systems 474 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz von Singulett-Sauerstoff 476 Themenbereich: Die Trautz-Schorigin-Reaktion 479 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz bei der Autoxidation von Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylen (TDAE) 480 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz von Siloxen 481 Themenbereich: Oszillierende Reaktion mit Chemolumineszenz 482 Themenbereich: Ozonolyse 483 8.6 Allgemeine Literatur zu Kapitel 8 484 9 Anhang (D. Wöhrle) 487 9.1 Angaben über Einheiten, Umrechnungsfaktoren, Größenordnungen 487 9.2 Glossar zu Definitionen in der Photochemie 497 9.3 Weitere Literatur zur Photochemie 512
£85.50
Springer Radioactive Particles in the Environment
Book SynopsisRadioactive particles have been released to the environment from a number of sources, including nuclear weapon tests, nuclear accidents and discharges from nuclear installations. Particle characteristics influence the mobility, biological uptake and effects of radionuclides, hence information on these characteristics is essential for assessing environmental impact and risks. This publication presents a series of papers covering sources and source term characterisation, methodologies for characterizing particles, and the impact of particles on the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment. Sources covered include the Chernobyl accident, nuclear weapons accidents at Thule and Palomares accident, the discharges from Dounreay and Krashnoyarsk, and depleted uranium in Kosovo and Kuwait. The overall aim is that an increased understanding of particle characteristics and behavior will help to reduce some of the uncertainties in environmental impact and risk assessment for particle contaminated areas.Table of Contents1: Sources and Characterisation.Radioactive Particles Released From Different Nuclear Sources; B.Salbu. Single Particles Handling and Analyses; U.Admon. Characterisation of DU Particles from Kosovo and Kuwait; O.Chr.Lind et al. Formation Of The Radioactive Aerosol Particles During Wildland Fires In Chernobyl Zone And Their Radioecological Impact; V.Yoschenko et al. 2: Ecosystem Transfer.Thule Expedition 2003 Studies on Radioactive Contamination and Particles; S.P.Nielsen et al. Hot Particles in the Floodplain of the Yenisei River; A.Bolsunovsky. Migration of Fuel Particles of Chnpp Fallout and Leached Radionuclides in Soils and Soil-to- Plant System; Y.Ivanov. Dissolution Of Particles Of Irradiated Nuclear Fuel In The Temporary Storages Of Radioactive Waste In Chemobyl Zone: Sources For Radionuclide Migration; V.Kashparov et al. Phenomenon of a Fast Migration of Plutonium Radioisotops in Ground Water: Colloids or Soluble Form? S.Levchuk et al. Restoration Of Radiation Events Of The Past By Antedated Lakes Bottom Sediment Layers; E.Kvasnikova, S.Gordeev. 241am And 137cs In Soils Of The Belarus Part Of The Chernobyl Zone; V.Zabrotsk et al. 3: Databases, Platforms and Measurement Techniques.Database 'Hot Particles'; M.Zhurba et al. The Experimental Platform In Chernobyl: An International Research Polygon In The Exclusion Zone For Soil And Groundwater Contamination; N.van Meir et al. Deconvolution Of Alpha Spectra From Hot Particles; R.Pöllänen et al. The Use of 236U as a Tracer of Irradiated Uranium; V.Mironov et al. 4: Biological Uptake and Risk Assessment.Health Effects Of Dounreay Hot Particles: A Benchmark For The Evaluation Of Doses And Risks; M.W.Charles. The Influence Of Hot Particle Contamination On Models For Radiation Exposures Via The Aquatic Pathway; J.T.Smith et al. Hot Particle Behavior in Cow’s at the Peroral Intake; V.Yoschenko et al. TheContribution Of Hot Particles To Uncertainties In Environmental Impact Assessment; D.Oughton, B.Salbu.
£170.99
The University of Chicago Press Life Atomic
Book SynopsisAfter World War II, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) began mass-producing radioisotopes, sending out nearly 64,000 shipments of radioactive materials to scientists and physicians by 1955. Even as the atomic bomb became the focus of Cold War anxiety, radioisotopes represented the government's efforts to harness the power of the atom for peaceadvancing medicine, domestic energy, and foreign relations. In Life Atomic, Angela N. H. Creager tells the story of how these radioisotopes, which were simultaneously scientific tools and political icons, transformed biomedicine and ecology. Government-produced radioisotopes provided physicians with new tools for diagnosis and therapy, specifically cancer therapy, and enabled biologists to trace molecular transformations. Yet the government's attempt to present radioisotopes as marvelous dividends of the atomic age was undercut in the 1950s by the fallout debates, as scientists and citizens recognized the hazards of low-level radiation. Creager reveals that growing consciousness of the danger of radioactivity did not reduce the demand for radioisotopes at hospitals and laboratories, but it did change their popular representation from a therapeutic agent to an environmental poison. She then demonstrates how, by the late twentieth century, public fear of radioactivity overshadowed any appreciation of the positive consequences of the AEC's provision of radioisotopes for research and medicine.
£26.00
