Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation Books

Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic theories underlying x-ray and neutron scattering, as well as the various techniques that have been developed for their application to the study of polymers. The two scattering methods are discussed together from the beginning, so as to allow readers to gain a unified view of the scattering phenomena. The book is introductory and may be used as a textbook in polumer science class or for self-study by polymer scientists new in scattering techniques.Trade Review"By presenting the two methods together and emphasizing their similarities, Ryong-Joon Roe has written an introductory textbook that enables readers to become equally familiar with both techniques ... Roe suceeds admirably in giving a balanced and unified presentation of the basic theory underlying both x-ray and neutron scattering" Physics TodayTable of Contents1: Basics of X-ray and Neutron Scattering 1.1: Properties of X-rays and Neutrons 1.2: Scattering and Interference 1.3: Scattering of X-rays 1.4: Scattering of Neutrons 1.5: Auto-correlation Function and Reciprocal Space 1.6: Scattering Due to the Sample as a Whole 1.7: Diffraction by Crystals 2: Experimental Techniques 2.1: Radiation Source 2.2: Monochromatization 2.3: Absorption 2.4: Detectors 2.5: Cameras and Diffractometers 2.6: Multiple Scattering 2.7: Absolute Intensity Calibration 3: Crystalline Polymers 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Lattice Parameters 3.3: Crystal Structure Analysis 3.4: Line Broadening and Crystal Imperfections 3.5: Degree of Crystallinity 3.6: Orientation 4: Amorphous Polymers 4.1: Short Range Order 4.2: Thermal Density Fluctuation 5: Small Angle Scattering 5.1: Model Structures Studied by Small Angle Scattering 5.2: Dilute Particulate System 5.3: Non-particulate Two-phase system 5.4: Fractal Objects 5.5: Periodic System 5.6: Slit Collimation and Desmearing 6: Polymer Blends, Block Copolymers, and Deuterium Labeling 6.1: Polymer Blends 6.2: Block Copolymers 6.3: Deuterium Labeling 7: Methods of Study for Surfaces and Interfaces 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Reflectivity 7.3: Approximate Method 7.4: Examples of Experimental Studies 8: Inelastic Neutron Scattering 8.1: Theory of Inelastic Scattering 8.2: Simple Models of Motions 8.3: Spectrometers 8.4: Examples of Experimental Studies Appendix A: Refresher on Complex Numbers Appendix B: Fourier Transform Appendix C: Reciprocal Lattice Appendix D: Constants and Conversion Factors Glossary of Symbols

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Book SynopsisEarth in Flames discusses how the dinosaurs died, and how their deaths parallel what might happen to people after a nuclear war. The book reflects on the odds of future asteroid impacts, how to stop them, and what the readers personally and together can do to prevent a nuclear war, so that humans don't end up like the dinosaurs.

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Book SynopsisThe renowned Oxford Chemistry Primer series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today''s students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry. The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student''s understanding of these essential areas of chemistry.NMR: The Toolkit describes succinctly the range of NMR techniques commonly used in modern reseTable of ContentsPART A: PRODUCT OPERATORS; PART B: QUANTUM MECHANICS

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Book SynopsisAfter World War II, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) began mass-producing radioisotopes, sending out nearly 64,000 shipments of radioactive materials to scientists and physicians by 1955. Even as the atomic bomb became the focus of Cold War anxiety, radioisotopes represented the government's efforts to harness the power of the atom for peaceadvancing medicine, domestic energy, and foreign relations. In Life Atomic, Angela N. H. Creager tells the story of how these radioisotopes, which were simultaneously scientific tools and political icons, transformed biomedicine and ecology. Government-produced radioisotopes provided physicians with new tools for diagnosis and therapy, specifically cancer therapy, and enabled biologists to trace molecular transformations. Yet the government's attempt to present radioisotopes as marvelous dividends of the atomic age was undercut in the 1950s by the fallout debates, as scientists and citizens recognized the hazards of low-level radiation. Creager reveals that growing consciousness of the danger of radioactivity did not reduce the demand for radioisotopes at hospitals and laboratories, but it did change their popular representation from a therapeutic agent to an environmental poison. She then demonstrates how, by the late twentieth century, public fear of radioactivity overshadowed any appreciation of the positive consequences of the AEC's provision of radioisotopes for research and medicine.

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Book SynopsisThe Cold War reconsidered as seventy-five years of slow nuclear warfareTrade Review“Nuclear Bodies provides an important contribution to the literature on the humanitarian impacts of the nuclear industry. . . . A useful reference for anyone looking to better understand the decades of radioactive harm inflicted on people and on the planet.”—Alicia Sanders-Zakre, International Affairs“Inexorable clarity and care for his fellow humans mark Robert Jacobs’s guide to the Cold War as a limited nuclear war, whose harms disfigure any possible future.”—Norma Field, author of In the Realm of a Dying Emperor: Japan at Century’s End“Jacobs leaves behind the division of nuclear power into civilian and military spheres. He argues convincingly that propagandists drew this line in order to clear the way for the unhindered pursuit of nuclear weapons. In so doing, he masterfully shows how military leaders waged a limited nuclear war on the environment and human bodies.”—Kate Brown, Massachusetts Institute of Technology“Nuclear Bodies is an urgent book, a work of great ethical gravity and political import that grapples with the pernicious legacies of radiological colonialism. Jacobs unsettles conventional distinctions between war and peace, exhorting us to reimagine the Cold War as a limited nuclear war.”—Rob Nixon, author of Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor

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Book SynopsisThe universe was born in a nuclear explosion. We live on a radioactive planet. Without radiation there would be not life. And yet radiation remains deeply misunderstood and often mistakenly feared. Now Dr. Robert Peter Gale—one of the world’s leading experts on the subject—and Eric Lax set the record straight about subjects like uranium, plutonium, iodine-131, X-Rays, CT scans, and the radiation of food, while lucidly debunking myths about radioactivity. In this fascinating book, the authors explore the science, benefits, and risks of radiation exposure, drawing on the most up-to-date research and Gale’s extensive experience treating victims of radiation accidents around the globe. Here is an illuminating and essential guide to our post-Chernobyl, post-Fukushima world.

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Book SynopsisThe Journal of the American Chemical Society says this reference provides "a wealth of information on frontier photochemistry" and "could easily serve as a definitive source of background information for future researchers. " This volume features critical evaluations written by recognized experts and covers cutting-edge advances.Table of ContentsEnsemble Photophysics of Rigid Polyphenylene Based Dendritic Structures (M. Lor, G. Schweitzer, M. Van Der Auweraer, J. Hofkens, and F. C. De Schryver). Photochemistry of Short-Lived Species Using Multibeam Irradiation (Mamoru Fujitsuka and Tetsuro Majma). Two-Photon Physical, Organic, and Polymer Chemistry: Theory, Techniques, Chromophore Design, and Applications (Bernd Strehmel and Veronika Strehmel). Index. Cumulative Index Volumes.

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Book SynopsisVolume 28 contains chapters representing the cutting edge of research relative to advances in photochemistry. * Hypericin and its Perylene Quinone Analogs: Probing Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions with the Environment. * Thiophosgene, a Tailor-Made Molecule for Photochemical and Photophysical Studies.Table of ContentsHypericin and Its Perylene Quinone Analogs: Probing Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions with the Environment (K. DAS, M. HALDER, P. K. CHOWDHURY, J. PARK, Y. ALEXEEV, M. S. GORDON, AND J. W. PETRICH). Thiophosgene: A Tailor-Made Molecule for Photochemical and Photophysical Studies (DAVID C. MOULE, TAKASHIGE FUJIWARA, AND EDWARD C. LIM). 1,2-Cycloaddition Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds and Pentaatomic Heterocyclic Compounds (M. D. D’AURIA, L. EMANUELE, AND R. RACIOPPI). The Invention of Dylux1 Instant-Access Imaging Materials and the Development of Habi Chemistry—A Personal History (ROLF DESSAUER). Index. Cumulative Index, Volumes 1–28.

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Book Synopsis Pertaining to homeland security, this title is a comprehensive guide to radiation protection caused by accidents or terrorism Provides essential strategies and guidance for protecting ports and examines the latest nuclear detection devices that can be deployed Explains the procedures in FEMA''s National Incident Management System Gives specific details for first responders and emergency workers on how to prepare for and handle radiological incidents Table of ContentsPreface xv Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Nuclear Fear—The Godzilla of All Fears 1 1.1 The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2 1.2 Nuclear Fallout in America 2 1.3 WMDs: Witnesses of Mass Destruction 3 1.4 Fear and the Film Industry 4 1.5 Celluloid Spies 5 1.6 Atomic Nature Run Amok 6 1.7 Post-War Nuclear Reactions 7 1.8 The Specter of Cold War 8 1.9 The Fearful Fifties 9 1.10 Dr. Strangelove and Learning to Love the Bomb 10 1.11 Nuclear Terror Revisited 12 1.12 Chernobyl’s Impact on Contemporary Views of Nuclear Energy 13 1.13 The Myth of the Lone Madman 15 1.14 Fear of an Unknown Atom 15 2 Terrorism and Nuclear Fire 17 2.1 A Prophetic Warning 17 2.2 History of Terrorism 18 2.3 Terrorism (Un)Defined 20 2.4 Legal Taxonomy of Terrorism 23 2.5 The Defining Principles of Terrorism 27 2.6 Nation States: Fuel for Nuclear Fire 28 2.7 Global Mass Media: The Oxygen of Terrorism 30 2.8 Extremists Groups: The Spark that Ignites Terrorism 31 2.9 Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Nightmare 35 3 Radiation and Radioactivity Concepts 37 3.1 What, Exactly, Is Radiation? 38 3.2 Units of Radioactivity 40 3.3 The Different Types of Radioactive Decay 40 3.4 Measuring Radioactivity 41 3.5 Environmental Radiation 43 3.6 Radiation from Nuclear Power Plants 44 3.7 The Benefits of Radiation on Health and Medicine 45 3.8 The Benefits of Radiation on Agriculture 47 3.9 The Benefits of Radiation on Industry 48 3.10 The Benefits of Radiation on National Security 49 3.11 The Benefits of Radiological and Nuclear Material on International Security 50 4 Nuclear Countermeasures and Nuclear Security 53 4.1 Security of Radiation Sources 54 4.2 Atomic Authorization 55 4.3 Safety of Radiation Sources 56 4.4 Enforcing International Standards of Safety 57 4.5 Meeting Global Needs for Energy 58 4.6 Difficulties of Radioactive Disposal 59 4.7 A Radiation Role Model 61 4.8 Nuclear Applications to Increase Public Safety and National Security 62 4.9 Current Nuclear and Radiation Countermeasures 64 5 Nuclear Events and Incidents 65 5.1 The Search for Nuclear Substances 66 5.2 Diplomatic Reasoning 67 5.3 Inferring Nuclear Intent 69 5.4 Nuclear Arms in the Wrong Hands 70 5.5 A More Active Defense 72 5.6 Should Diplomacy Fail 73 5.7 A Closer Look at Nuclear Weapons 73 5.8 Nuclear Blast Force 75 5.9 Nuclear Thermal Force 75 5.10 Radioactive Force 75 5.11 Radiological Dispersion Devices 77 6 Radiological Incidents Management and Planning 79 6.1 Threat Assessment 80 6.2 Medical Stockpiling 81 6.3 Medical Development 83 6.4 Readying the Response Infrastructure 85 6.5 Evaluating the Medical Countermeasure Enterprise 86 6.6 The Good News: Areas of Improvement 88 6.7 Protective Action Guidelines 90 6.8 The Role of the Military in a Radiological Emergency 91 7 Role of the First Responder 97 7.1 Structure of the First Response Team’s Patterns of Action 98 7.2 Role of the First Response Team 98 7.3 Protection of Responders and the Public 99 7.3.1 Basic Precautions 99 7.3.2 Registration of Emergency Response Personnel 100 7.4 Lessons Learned from First Response to Past Emergencies 100 7.5 Manage the Medical Response 102 7.6 Manage Criminal and Terrorist Threats After a Radiological Event 103 7.7 Launching the First Response 104 7.8 Incident Command 104 7.9 Members of the First Response Team 105 7.10 Preliminary Assessment and Response 107 7.11 Emergency Response Team 108 7.12 Incident Commander Action Guide 109 7.12.1 Observe and Assess 110 7.12.2 Save Lives and Prevent Escalation 110 7.12.3 Extend the Response 110 7.13 Resource Coordinator Action Guide 111 7.14 Fire Departments Action Guide 111 7.15 Emergency Medical Service Action Guide 112 7.16 Law Enforcement/Security Team Action Guide 113 7.17 Forensic Evidence Management Team Action Guide 113 7.18 Public Information Officer Action Guide 114 7.19 Crisis Communication Tips 115 7.20 Local Hospital Action Guide 115 7.21 National EOC Action Guide 116 7.22 First Responder Monitor Action Guide 117 8 Action Plans 119 8.1 Assess Hazard and Establish Security Area 119 8.2 Personnel Protection Guidelines 120 8.3 Public Protection Guidelines 121 8.4 Public Registration 122 8.5 Monitor the Public and Responders 123 8.6 Public Decontamination 124 8.7 Response Contamination Control 125 8.8 Monitoring and Decontamination of Vehicles and Equipment 126 8.9 Field Triage for Mass Casualties 127 9 Medicaltreatment of Radiological Injuries 129 9.1 The Radiological Effects of RDDs 129 9.2 Radioactivity and Its Impact on the Body 130 9.3 Symptoms and Syndromes 132 9.4 Emergency Assessment 133 9.5 Signs of Dangerous Radiation Dosages 134 9.6 Treatments for Radiation Exposure 136 9.7 Post-Radiation Procedures 137 9.8 Psychological Side Effects 138 9.9 Psychological First Aid 139 9.10 Treating Terror 140 10 Cleanup and Decontamination After a Radiological Incident 141 10.1 Differences between Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 141 10.2 Decontamination Differences for Fallout and a RDD 142 10.3 Who will be in Charge of Cleanup and Decontamination? 143 10.4 Radiological Cleanup Overview and Objectives 144 10.5 Radiological Cleanup Decision Making 145 10.6 Initial Cleanup Scoping 146 10.7 Stakeholder Outreach and Stakeholder Working Group 147 10.8 Evaluation of Cleanup Options 147 10.9 Specific Guidelines for Cleanup and Decontamination 148 10.10 The “Do Nothing” Strategy 148 10.11 Physical Removal Strategy 149 10.12 Physical Entrapment Strategy 149 10.13 Chemical Decontamination Strategy 150 10.14 Use of Isotope Dilution for Decontamination 151 10.15 Priorities for Decontamination 152 11 Conclusions 155 11.1 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Internationally? 155 11.2 Who is Internationally Responsible for Nuclear Countermeasures? 156 11.3 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Nationally? 158 11.4 What We Know About the Inevitable 159 Appendix A Radioactive Contamination Monitoring 161 A.1 Introduction 162 A.2 Types of Nuclear Detection Equipment 163 A.3 Dose Rate Meters 164 A.4 Dosimeters 164 A.5 Surface Contamination Meters 166 A.6 Airborne Contamination Meters and Gas Monitors 166 A.7 Basic Radiation Instrument Components 168 A.8 Ionization Chambers as Gas-Filled Detectors 168 A.9 Proportional Counters and Gas Amplification 169 A.10 Geiger-Müller Counters and Detector Output 170 A.11 Practical Ionization Chamber Instruments 171 A.12 Practical Proportional Counters 172 A.13 Practical Geiger-Müller Counters 173 A.14 Scintillation Counters 173 A.15 Practical Bulk Scintillation Counters 174 A.16 Practical Scintillation Counter Contamination Monitors 175 A.17 Solid State Detectors 175 A.18 Practical Solid State Detectors 176 A.19 Testing Dose Rate Meters 177 A.20 Procedures for Using a Dose Rate Meter 178 A.21 Testing and Calibration of Surface Contamination Meters 179 A.22 Use of a Surface Contamination Meter 179 A.23 Procedures for Using a Surface Contamination Meter 180 A.24 Special Surface Contamination Monitoring Techniques 181 A.25 The Measurement of Airborne Contamination 182 A.26 Criteria for the Selection of Monitoring Instruments 182 Appendix B List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 185 Appendix C Radiologicalterms 195 Appendix D Radiological Attack—Radiological Dispersal Devices—Incident Planning Guide 217 Appendix E Federal Agencies Governing the Immediate Response to a Radiological Event 231 E.1 Introduction 231 E.1.1 Purpose 231 E.1.2 Scope 232 E.1.3 Policies 233 E.1.4 Headquarters Planning and Preparedness 236 E.2 Situation 237 E.3 Planning Assumptions 238 E.4 Responsibilities 239 E.4.1 General 239 E.4.2 Coordinating Agencies 242 E.5 Key Federal Radiological Resources/Assets 248 E.6 Concept of Operations 252 E.6.1 General 252 E.6.2 Notification 252 E.6.3 Activation 253 E.6.4 ICS Implementation 255 E.7 Response Activities 255 E.8 Recovery 261 E.9 Federal Capabilities and Assets 273 Appendix F Potential Isotopes Likely to Be Used in a Radiological Dispersion Device 275 Bibliography 281 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive survey of the entire field of catalysis in polymer synthesis covering the majority of essential aspects from basic organic, organometallic and bio-chemistry to industrial production. Particular emphasis is placed on precision polymerization, where the catalyst plays a key role in the fabrication of innovative polymers. Precision polymerization enables the production of polymers with precisely controlled structures, molecular weight, distribution and stereochemistry, free from defects.Table of ContentsTransition Metal Catalysis: Part 1. Transition Metal Catalysis: Part 2. Rare Earth Metal Catalysis. Radical Polymerization Catalysis. Anionic Catalysis. Cationic Catalysis. Enzymatic Catalysis. Polymerization Without Catalyst. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow much radiation is too much? This title examines the evolution, over more than a hundred years, of radiation protection standards and efforts to ensure radiation safety for nuclear workers and for the general public.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES PREFACE 1. The Discovery of Radiation and Its Hazards 2. The Debate over Nuclear Power and Radiation 3. The Role of Federal Agencies in Radiation Protection 4. New Controversies, New Standards 5. The Ambiguities of Radiation Effects ESSAY ON SOURCES INDEX

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Book SynopsisThis new,expanded edition provides a fresh, accessible photon-based description ofmodern molecular spectroscopy and photophysics for senior undergraduates and graduatestudents. Includes works examples and purposely devised illustrations.

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Book SynopsisAnswering the need for information that could revolutionize the development of alternate solar energy sources and the reduction of atmospheric contaminants, Semiconductor Photochemistry and Photophysics reflects renewed interest inspired by the unique properties of nanocrystalline semiconductor particles. It provides a thorough overview and describes fundamental research aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of the cells and looks at the application of nanocrystalline TiO2 as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation. Key topics include semiconductor photoelectrochemistry, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalytic treatment of chemical waste.Table of Contents1. Heterosupramolecular Devices Based on Nanocrystalline Semiconductors 2. The Essential Interface: Studies in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 3. Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Reactivity at Nanoscale Semiconductor–Solution Interfaces: Case Studies with Dye-Sensitized SnO2–Water Interfaces 4. Current Status of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 5. Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Layered Semiconductor Nanoparticles 6. Mechanisms of the Photocatalytic Transformation of Organic Compounds 7. Titanium Dioxide-Photocatalyzed Reactions of Organophosphorus Compounds in Aqueous Media 8. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gas-Phase Aromatic Contaminants 9. Design and Development of New Titanium Dioxide Semiconductor Photocatalysts 10. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Mesoscopic Oxide Semiconductor Films 11. Applications of Semiconductor Electro-Optical Properties to Chemical Sensing

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Book SynopsisScholarship on nuclear topics has largely happened on a case study basis, with books focusing on individual disasters or locations. Making the Unseen Visible brings a variety of current community and scholarly work together to create a clearer, larger web uniting nuclear humanities research across time and geography.

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Book SynopsisPhosphors for Radiation Detector Phosphors for Radiation Detectors Discover a comprehensive overview of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection In Phosphors for Radiation Detection, accomplished researchers Takayuki Yanagida and Masanori Koshimizu deliver a state-of-the-art exploration of the use of phosphors in radiation detection. The internationally recognized contributors discuss the fundamental physics and detector functions associated with the technology with a focus on real-world applications. The book discusses all forms of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection used in a variety of fields, including medicine, security, resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and high energy physics. Readers will discover discussions of dosimeter materials, including thermally stimulated luminescent materials, optically stimulated luminescent materials, and radiophotoluminescence materials. The book also covers transparent ceramics and glasses and a broad range of devicesTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii Series Preface xv 1 Ionizing Radiation Induced Luminescence 1Takayuki Yanagida 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter 3 1.3 Scintillation 4 1.3.1 Energy Conversion Mechanism 4 1.3.2 Emission Mechanism 5 1.3.3 Scintillation Light Yield and Energy Resolution 8 1.3.4 Timing Properties 14 1.3.5 Radiation Hardness 17 1.3.6 Temperature Dependence 18 1.4 Ionizing Radiation Induced Storage Luminescence 18 1.4.1 General Description 18 1.4.2 Analytical Description of TSL 19 1.4.3 Analytical Description of OSL 24 1.5 Relationship of Scintillation and Storage Luminescence 26 1.6 Common Characterization Techniques of Ionizing Radiation Induced Luminescence Properties 29 References 35 2 Organic Scintillators 39Masanori Koshimizu 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Basic Electronic Processes in Organic Scintillators 40 2.2.1 Electronic States and Excited States Dynamics of Organic Molecules 40 2.2.2 Excitation Energy Transfer 43 2.2.3 Scintillation Dynamics in Organic Scintillators at High Linear Energy Transfer 50 2.3 Liquid Scintillators 51 2.4 Organic Crystalline Scintillators 54 2.5 Plastic Scintillators 55 2.6 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Scintillators 59 2.6.1 Loaded Organic Scintillators 59 2.6.2 Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite Scintillators 60 References 61 3 Inorganic Oxide Scintillators 67Daisuke Nakauchi, Noriaki Kawaguchi, and Takayuki Yanagida 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Crystal Growth 67 3.3 Outlines of Oxide Scintillators 70 3.4 Silicate Materials 73 3.4.1 Ce:Gd2SiO5 (Ce:GSO) 73 3.4.2 Ce:Lu2SiO5 (Ce:LSO) 74 3.4.3 Ce:Gd2Si2O7 (Ce:GPS) 76 3.4.4 LPS 77 3.5 Garnet Materials 77 3.5.1 Ce:Y3Al5O12 (Ce:YAG) 77 3.5.2 Ce:Lu3Al5O12 (Ce:LuAG), Pr:Lu3Al5O12 (Pr:LuAG) 79 3.5.3 Ce:Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (Ce:GAGG) 79 3.5.4 Ce:Tb3Al5O12 (Ce:TAG) 80 3.6 Perovskite Materials 82 3.6.1 Ce:YAlO3 (Ce:YAP) 82 3.6.2 Ce:LuAlO3 (Ce:LuAP) 82 3.7 Materials with Intrinsic Luminescence 83 3.7.1 CdWO4 83 3.7.2 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) 84 3.7.3 PbWO4 85 References 85 4 Inorganic Fluoride Scintillators 91Noriaki Kawaguchi, Hiromi Kimura, Daisuke Nakauchi, Takumi Kato, and Takayuki Yanagida 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crystal Growth of Fluorides 94 4.2.1 Classification of Methods for Crystal Growth 94 4.2.2 Furnace Materials, Atmosphere, and Scavengers for Fluoride Crystal Growth 95 4.2.3 Fluoride Crystal Growth Methods by Pulling Out from the Melt 96 4.2.4 Fluoride Crystal Growth Methods by Solidifying the Melt in the Crucible 98 4.2.5 Fluoride Crystal Growth Methods Without Using Crucibles 99 4.3 Outline of Fluoride Scintillators 100 4.4 Fluoride Scintillators for γ-Ray Detection 101 4.4.1 Fluoride Scintillators Based on Luminescence from 5d-4f Transitions of Ce3+ Ions 101 4.4.2 Fluoride Scintillators Based on Core-Valence Luminescence 102 4.4.3 VUV Emitting Fluoride Scintillators Doped with Nd3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ Ions 105 4.5 Fluoride Scintillators for Neutron Detection 106 4.5.1 Review for Neutron Scintillators 106 4.5.2 LiCaAlF6 Single Crystals 108 4.5.3 LiF/CaF2 Eutectic Composites 111 4.6 Fluoride Scintillators for Charged Particle Detection 113 4.6.1 Methods for Charged Particle Detection 113 4.6.2 CaF2 Based Scintillators for Charged Particle Detection 115 References 117 5 Inorganic Halide Scintillators 121Yutaka Fujimoto 5.1 Introduction: History of Inorganic Halide Scintillator Research and Development 121 5.2 Characteristics of Halide Materials 122 5.2.1 Formation of Color Center and Self-Trapped Exciton 122 5.2.2 Hygroscopicity 123 5.3 Basic Techniques for Halide Scintillation Crystal Growth 125 5.4 Novel Ternary and Quaternary Halide Scintillators 127 5.4.1 Alkali Halide-Rare Earth Halide (AX–REX3) 127 5.4.2 Alkali Halide-Alkalin Earth Halide (AX–AEX2) 130 5.4.3 Elpasolite 134 5.5 Mixed-Anion Halide Scintillators 135 5.6 Next Generation of Halide Scintillators 137 5.6.1 Hf-and Tl-Based Halide Scintillators 137 References 141 6 Semiconductor Scintillators 147Naoki Kawano 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Photoluminescence and Scintillation Mechanisms in Semiconductors 149 6.3 Various Semiconductor Scintillators 154 6.3.1 Undoped Semiconductor Scintillator 155 6.3.2 Doped Semiconductor Scintillator 158 6.4 Quantum Size Effect 161 6.5 Organic–Inorganic Perovskite-Type Compounds 165 6.5.1 Introduction 165 6.5.2 Materials and Structures 166 6.5.3 Sample Preparation 167 6.5.4 Fundamental Optical Property 169 6.5.5 Scintillation 173 References 178 7 Thermally Stimulated Luminescent (TSL) Materials 181Kiyomitsu Shinsho 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 TSL Phenomenon 184 7.2.1 Basic Principles of TSL 184 7.2.2 Theory and Measurement of Glow Curves 185 7.3 TSL Materials: Fluoride, Oxides, Sulfates, and Borate 190 7.3.1 Fluorides 190 7.3.2 Oxides 198 7.3.3 Sulfates 202 7.3.4 Borates 204 7.4 TSL Dosimetric Properties for Photons, Charged Particles, and Neutrons 206 7.4.1 TSL Dosimetric Properties for Photons 206 7.4.2 TSL Dosimetric Properties for Charged Particles 211 7.4.3 TSL Dosimetric Properties for Neutrons 214 7.5 Two-Dimensional (2-D) TSL Dosimetry 214 7.5.1 Introduction 214 7.5.2 Types of 2-D TSLDs 215 7.5.3 Measurement Systems 216 7.5.4 Application of 2-D TSLDs in Photon Beam Radiotherapy 218 7.5.5 Outlook for 2-D TSLDs 220 References 220 8 Optically-Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters 225Hidehito Nanto and Go Okada 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Principles of OSL Phenomenon 226 8.3 OSL Materials and Dosimeters 235 8.4 Applications of OSL 239 8.5 Future Perspective 242 References 243 9 Radiophotoluminescence (RPL) 247Go Okada, Takayuki Yanagida, Hidehito Nanto, and Safa Kasap 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 RPL Phenomenon and the Definition 248 9.3 RPL Materials and Applications 249 9.3.1 Introduction 249 9.3.2 Ag-Doped Sodium-Aluminophosphate Glasses 252 9.3.3 Al2O3:C,Mg 260 9.3.4 LiF 264 9.3.5 Sm-Doped Compounds 268 9.3.6 Other RPL Materials 276 9.4 Conclusions 278 References 278 10 New Materials for Radiation Detectors: Transparent Ceramics 283Takumi Kato, Noriaki Kawaguchi, and Takayuki Yanagida 10.1 Introduction of Transparent Ceramic Materials 283 10.1.1 Light Scattering Sources in Ceramics 283 10.1.2 History and Applications on Transparent Ceramics 285 10.2 Preparation Methodology 287 10.2.1 Sintering Mechanism of Ceramics 287 10.2.2 Effect of Residual Pores 290 10.2.3 Preparation Methods of Transparent Ceramics 291 10.3 Transparent Materials 292 10.4 Transparent Ceramic Scintillator 293 10.4.1 Sesquioxide (Such as Y2O3, Gd2O3, and Lu2O3) 293 10.4.2 Gd2O2S (GOS) 294 10.4.3 Garnet Materials (Such as YAG, LuAG, and GAGG) 294 10.4.4 Lu2SiO5 (LSO) 296 10.4.5 SrHfO3 296 10.4.6 La2Zr2O7 and La2Hf2O7 296 10.4.7 ZnO 296 10.4.8 BaF2 297 10.4.9 CeF3 298 10.4.10 CsBr 299 10.4.11 LaBr3 299 10.4.12 SrI2 300 10.5 Transparent Ceramics for Dosimeter 300 10.5.1 Al2O3 300 10.5.2 CaF2 302 10.5.3 MgO 302 10.5.4 MgF2 303 10.5.5 CsBr 304 10.5.6 Y3Al5-xGaxO12 (YAGG) 305 References 306 11 Luminescence in Glass-Based Materials by Ionizing Radiation 311Hirokazu Masai and Kenji Shinozaki 11.1 Introduction 311 11.2 Structural and Physical Properties of Glass 312 11.3 Attenuation of Quantum Beam as Shielding Materials 320 11.4 Defect Formation in Oxide Glass by Quantum Beam Irradiation 320 11.5 Scintillation in Oxide Glass 323 11.5.1 Glass Scintillators for X-Ray and γ-Ray 323 11.5.2 Glass Scintillators for Neutrons 325 11.5.3 Storage Luminescence in Glass 328 11.6 Scintillation and Dosimetry in Non-oxide Glass 329 11.7 Preparation of Glass 335 11.7.1 Melt Process 335 11.7.2 Vapor Process and Fiber Drawing 337 11.7.3 Liquid Process 338 11.8 Future Prospectives for Glass-Based Materials 338 Acknowledgement 339 References 339 12 Detectors Using Radiation Induced Luminescence 347Kenichi Watanabe 12.1 Introduction 347 12.2 General Issues to Manufacturing the Detector 349 12.3 Scintillation Detectors for Gamma-Rays and X-Rays 352 12.3.1 Gamma-Ray Spectrometer 352 12.3.2 Survey Meter and Area Monitor 356 12.3.3 Scintillation Detectors for Medical Applications 358 12.3.4 Scintillation Detectors for Other Applications 364 12.4 Scintillation Detectors for Charged Particles 366 12.5 Scintillation Detectors for Neutrons 368 12.5.1 Thermal Neutron Detectors 368 12.5.2 Fast Neutron Detectors 377 12.6 Personal Dosimeters 380 12.6.1 TL-Based Dosimetry System 380 12.6.2 OSL-Based Dosimetry System 381 12.6.3 RPL-Based Dosimetry System 382 12.7 OSL-Based Imaging System 383 References 384 Index 387

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Book SynopsisBioinorganic photochemistry seeks to understand the interaction of these enzymes and proteins with light, and represents a significant challenge to chemists in many areas.Trade Review"Overall Bioinorganic Photochemistry presents a broad, qualitative overview of photochemical topics largely focused on the interface of inorganic chemistry with biological, medical, and environmental issues. The book will be of interest to those working in the field who are interested in surveying how photochemistry is applied in a variety of biologically relevant areas." (Journal of the American Chemistry Society, October 2009)Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction 1. Philosophy of bioinorganic photochemistry Part II. Fundamentals 2. Light and matter 2.1. Nature of light 2.2. Accessible light sources 2.3. Interaction between light and matter 3. Formation and properties of electronic excited states 3.1. Wave mechanics and quantum numbers 3.2. Electronic excitation 4. Photophysical deactivation of electronic excited states 4.1. Spontaneous deactivation 4.2. Quenching 4.3. Coordination and organometallic compounds 5. Kinetics of the excited-state decay 6. Photochemical reactions 6.1.Photochemical reaction channels 6.2. Intramolecular photoreactions 6.3. Intermolecular photoreactions 6.4. The coordination compound specificity 6.5. Photosensitization 6.6. Homogeneous photocatalysis 7. Photochemistry and photophysics of supramolecular systems and nanoassemblies 7.1. From molecules through clusters to crystals 7.2. Metallic nanoparticles: metals in the embryonic state 7.3. Formation and decay of the excited states of semiconductors Part III. Natural photoprocesses involving inorganic compounds 8. From interstellar space to planetary atmospheres 8.1. Homogeneous systems: From interstellar space to planetary atmospheres and primitive soup models 8.2. Heterogeneous photochemistry in ice phases 9. Solar radiation and terrestrial environment 9.1. Solar radiation 9.2. Atmospheric photochemistry 9.3. Photochemistry in hydrosphere and lithosphere 9.4. Photochemical self-cleaning in the environment 10. Heretogeneous (photo)catalysis and biogenesis on Earth 10.1. (Photo)catalysis on chalcogenide semiconductors 10.2. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation 10.3. Photocatalytic carbon dioxide fixation 10.4. „Fossils” of prebiotic catalysts: metal clusters in active centres of metalloenzymes 11. Foundation and evolution of photosynthesis 11.1. Photosynthetic structures 11.2. Oxygenic photosynthesis 11.3. Light harvesting antennas (LHC) 11.4. Electron transfer pathways in PSII and PSI 11.5. Oxygen evolving complex, OEC Part IV. Photochemistry and photophysics in bioinspired systems. Studies and modeling 12. Photoenzymes 12.1. Natural photoenzymes 12.2. Modified natural proteins/enzymes 12.3. Artificial photoenzymes 12.4. Towards mimicking the photosynthetic processes 13. Photoinduced electron transfer in proteins 13.1. Photochemical methodology 13.2. Biochemical applications 14. Nucleic acids photocleavage and charge transport 14.1. Mechanisms and strategies for advanced metallophotocleavers 14.2. Photoinduced DNA-mediated charge transport Part V. Towards applications 15. Light and biomatter (molecules, cells and tissues) 16. Fluorescent and chromogenic sensing and labeling 16.1. Cations as targets in biochemical sensing 16.2. Fluorescent and chromogenic sensing of anions 16.3. Optical detection of neutral molecules 16.4. Nanoparticles in biochemical sensing and labeling 17. Therapeutic strategies 17.1. Photobiostimulation 17.2. Photoactivation of drugs 17.3. Photodynamic therapy 17.4. Nanomedicine methods 18. Photodynamic inactivation 19. Photodelivery and phototargeting 20. Phototoxicity and photoprotection 20.1. Chemical and physical photoprotection 20.2. Inorganic sunscreens 21. Photocatalysis in the environmental protection 21.1. Development of homo- and heterogeneous methods 21.2. Homogeneous photocatalysis 21.2. Heterogeneous systems 21.3.New ideas in pollution abatement

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Book SynopsisDifferent applications and uses of light energy have emerged over the last few years in many different fields such as in medicine, material science, energy and biochemistry. New and exciting applications of light-controlled processes have become practical in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the preparation and use of functional materials, the storage of solar energy and the control of biological properties. Many of these applications are based on a very simple chemical step: a photoisomerization. The isomerization of a chemical double bond allows for the control with extreme spatial and temporal resolution of complex systems. Nature offers different examples of very complex functions that are initiated by this type of simple chemical. Upon photon absorption, the light energy can be used to induce a chemical (geometrical) change that influences the protein environment that triggers a specific signal or function. Inspired by these amazing and extremely efficient processes, many efforts have been devoted to the modification of natural systems and to the design of new applications, using simple and tunable photoisomerizations. Accordingly, the preparation of photoactive molecular devices based on photoisomerizations and the use of these species in different applications is now a very active scientific field, with profound implications in our everyday lives. In this book, the fundamental aspects of the photoisomerization of many different chemical structures containing C=C, N=N and C=N double bonds is covered. Different experimental and computational tools used to study these processes are discussed and some specific applications of different compounds are presented.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/photoisomerization-causes-behavior-and-effects/

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Book SynopsisContents: Fission Fragment Distributions: Experiment and Theory -- Fission Barriers, Fission Channels, Fission Valleys; Fragment Charge Distributions in Low Energy Fission; Double-Energy, Double-Velocity Measurement of Fission Fragments from Thermal Neutron Induced Fission; Odd-Even Neutron and Proton Effects in Low Energy Nuclear Fission; Energy Balance in MeV Neutron Induced Fission; Formation of the Fragment Mass and Energy Distributions in Fission of Nuclei Lighter than Radium; A New Approach to Determine Elemental Yield, Charge Polarisation and Odd-even Effects in Fission; Fundamental Fission Problems -- Dissipation and Friction in Nuclear Fission; Influence of Diabaticity on Fission Fragment Mass Asymmetry; Space Parity Violation in Nuclear Fission.

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Book SynopsisNuclear materials include materials relevant to nuclear fission and fusion reactors and high power accelerator technologies, and closely related aspects of materials science and engineering. Processes and properties include atomic lattice defects, microstructures, thermodynamics, corrosion and mechanical and physical properties. Included are fission reactor materials, including fuels, cladding, core structures, pressure vessels, moderator and control components; fission product behaviour; Materials aspects of the entire fuel cycle; Performance of nuclear waste materials, glasses and ceramics, immobilisation of wastes; Fusion reactor materials, including first walls, blankets, insulators and magnets; Neutron radiation effects in materials, including defects, microstructures, transmutations, phase changes and macroscopic properties; Interaction of plasmas, ion beams, electron beams and electromagnetic radiation with materials. The book presents state-of-the art research in this field which is crucial to the growth and exploitation of nuclear energy.

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Book SynopsisThe question of "what to do with radioactive waste" has been raised frequently for both fission and fusion power plants. In recent years, fusion designers have become increasingly aware of the large amount of mildly radioactive materials that fusion generates. The search for a suitable solution has stimulated discussions about the origin and nature of fusion radioactive waste. This book discusses the perspectives of managing fusion radioactive materials. It also discusses the canister quandary, and the nuclear security system in Georgia.

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Book SynopsisThis topical book addresses the need for emerging economies in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe to find a new, sustainable growth model that fosters continued convergence with the EU without leading to the build-up of new vulnerabilities.The expert contributions frame the discussion on balanced growth in Europe, deal with the legacy of the old growth model (such as managing disrupted capital flows and deleveraging), and provide insights from the growth strategies of Russia and Turkey as well as the adjustment process of successful small CESEE countries. They focus on providing a multi-disciplinary assessment, combining the views of policy-makers and academics with those of central and commercial bankers.This book will prove a thought-provoking read for academics, researchers and students in the fields of economics - particularly international economics - and finance, money and banking. Policy-makers and economists interested in European integration and emerging European economies will also find this book to be an invaluable resource.Contributors: A.F. Aysan, G. Bisagni, D. Bogov, M. Dabrowski, M. Ferrazzi, A. Filardo, M. Gächter, L. Gattini, M.H. Güler, A. Hansson, S. Honkapohja, R. Jela i , K. Knot, I. Korhonen, A. Krstevska, E. Liikanen, E. Nowotny, C. Orman, E. Plato, P. Pumberger, M. Randveer, D. Revoltella, A. Riedl, D. Ritzberger-Grünwald, K. Sonin, E. Tuomi, S. VerkaartTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I: FRAMING THE DISCUSSION ON BALANCED GROWTH IN EUROPE 1. The Necessity of Sustainable Growth and Continued Income Convergence in Europe Ewald Nowotny 2. Changes in Banking in the Run-up to the Crisis Erkki Liikanen 3. Restarting Growth in Europe after the Great Recession: CEE versus Other Countries Seppo Honkapohja and Iikka Korhonen 4. The European Debt Crisis and a Stable Design of EMU Klaas Knot and Silvie Verkaart PART II: STOP AND GO OF CAPITAL FLOWS AND DELEVERAGING 5. Managing Stop–Go Capital Flows in Asian Emerging Markets: Lessons for the CESEE Economies Andrew Filardo 6. CESEE Banks Deleveraging or Rebalancing? Lessons from the EIB Bank Lending Survey Luca Gattini and Debora Revoltella 7. Managing Capital Flows in a Globalized Economy Marek Dabrowski PART III: GROWTH STRATEGIES OF EU NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES: RUSSIA AND TURKEY 8. Russia in 2012: The Challenge of Reforming the Economy Without a Political Reform Konstantin Sonin 9. Sustaining Growth in Emerging Markets: The Role of Structural and Monetary Policies Ahmet Faruk Aysan, Mustafa Haluk Güler and Cüneyt Orman PART IV: SMALL-COUNTRY EXPERIENCES IN ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT 10. Business Cycle Convergence or Decoupling? Economic Adjustment of CESEE Countries During the Crisis Martin Gächter, Aleksandra Riedl and Doris Ritzberger-Grünwald 11. South-Eastern Europe: Impacts from the Crisis, Vulnerabilities and Adjustments Dimitar Bogov and Aneta Krstevska 12. Economic Adjustment in the Baltic Countries Ardo Hansson and Martti Randveer PART V: A PRACTITIONER’S VIEW 13. Basel III from a Practitioner’s Perspective Esa Tuomi and Eriks Plato 14. Banks’ Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe Radovan Jelašić 15. Banking in CEE: Less Growth, More Balance Gianfranco Bisagni, Matteo Ferrazzi and Pia Pumberger Index

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Book SynopsisAs one of the typical intermolecular interactions, hydrogen-bonding plays a significant role in molecular structure and function. When the hydrogen bond research system is connected with the photon, the hydrogen-bonding effect turns to an excited-state one influencing photochemistry, photobiology, and photophysics. Thus, the hydrogen bond in an excited state is a key topic for understanding the excited-state properties, especially for optoelectronic or luminescent materials.The approaches presented in this book include quantum chemical calculation, molecular dynamics simulation and ultrafast spectroscopy, which are strong tools to investigate the hydrogen bond. Unlike other existing titles, this book combines theoretical calculations and experiments to explore the nature of excited-state hydrogen bonds. By using these methods, more details and faster processes involved in excited-state dynamics of hydrogen bond are explored.This highly interdisciplinary book provides an overview of leading hydrogen bond research. It is essential reading for faculties and students in researching photochemistry, photobiology and photophysics, as well as novel optoelectronic materials, fluorescence probes and photocatalysts. It will also guide research beginners to getting a quick start within this field.

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Book SynopsisOn 26 April 1986, the unthinkable happened near the Ukrainian town of Pripyat: two massive steam explosions ruptured No. 4 Reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, immediately killing 30 people and setting off the worst nuclear accident in history. The explosions were followed by an open-air reactor core fire that released huge amounts of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere for the next nine days, spreading across the Soviet Union, parts of Europe, and especially neighbouring Belarus, where around 70% of the waste landed. The following clean-up operation involved more than half a million personnel at a cost of $68 billion, and a further 4,000 people were estimated to have died from disaster-related illnesses in the following 20 years. Some 350,000 people were evacuated as a result of the accident (including 95 villages in Belarus), and much of the area returned to the wild, with the nearby city of Pripyat now a ghost town. Chernobyl provides a photographic exploration of the catastrophe and its aftermath in 180 authentic photos. See the twisted wreckage of No. 4 Reactor, the cause of the nuclear disaster; marvel at historic photos of the clean-up operation, with helicopters spraying decontamination liquid and liquidators manually clearing radioactive debris; see the huge cooling pond used to cool the reactors, and which today is home to abundant wildlife, despite the radiation; explore the ghost town of Pripyat, with its decaying apartment blocks, empty basketball courts, abandoned amusement park, wrecked schools, and deserted streets.Table of ContentsContents: Chapter 1: Before the Disaster The Chernobyl Power Complex, lying about 130km (80 miles) north of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 20km (14 miles) south of the border with Belarus, consisted of four nuclear reactors. Units 1 and 2 were constructed between 1970 and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design were completed in 1983. Two more reactors were planned, but in the aftermath of the disaster construction was cancelled. Within a 30km (20-mile) radius of the power plant, including the city of Pripyat and town of Chernobyl, the total population was approximately 140,000 at the time of the accident. Chapter 2: Catastrophe at Chernobyl A series of operator actions, including the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the operator moved to shut down the reactor, the reactor was in an extremely unstable condition. The interaction of very hot fuel with the cooling water led to fuel fragmentation along with rapid steam production and an increase in pressure. The overpressure caused the 1000 t cover plate of the reactor to become partially detached, rupturing the fuel channels. Intense steam generation then spread throughout the whole core, causing a steam explosion. The clean up operation involved first the use of robots then army reservists to physically clear the debris and clean the remaining reactors. In some areas, workers could not stay any longer than 40 seconds before the radiation they received reached the maximum authorized dose a human being should receive in his entire life. Chapter 3: Pripyat – Urban Wasteland First built in the 1970s, Pripyat was a thriving town of 50,000 designed to serve the needs of the nuclear power plant, with local sports facilities, an amusement park, a fire station, police station, hospitals, and five schools with places for more than 6000 students. Today, the town stands deserted, with many of the public buildings, apartment blocks and businesses decaying and returned to nature. In 1986, the city of Slavutych was constructed to replace Pripyat, just 60km (40 miles) to the east, and provides homes for more than 20,000 people. Chapter 4: Belarus Counts the Cost The Polesie Reserve, established in 1988, now covers an area of more than 800 square miles and is divided into three regions: Brahin, Khoiniki, and Naroulia. Before the disaster, this largely agrarian region was home to more than 22,000 people spread across 95 villages, including numerous settlements of Old Believers, a schismatic Orthodox Christian sect. Now it’s home to moose, deer, lynx, and bison, as well as 48 of Belarus’s 189 species of endangered plants. Chapter 5: Chernobyl Today Reactor No. 4 was enclosed in a large concrete shelter, which was erected quickly (by October 1986) to allow continuing operation of the other reactors at the plant. The New Safe Confinement (NSC) structure was completed in 2017, having been built adjacent and then moved into place on rails. It is an arch 110 metres high, 165 metres long and spanning 260 metres, covering both unit 4 and the hastily-built 1986 structure. The cooling pond at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Pripyat, Ukraine) has abundant wildlife, despite the radiation present in the area. There are some accounts of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) growing up to 350 pounds and having a lifespan of up to 50 years. Index

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Book SynopsisFluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health. More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications. This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field. Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.Table of ContentsWelcome to Fluorescent Chemosensors;Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescence, and Sensing;Activity-based Sensing: Principles and Probes for Selective Bioimaging;Aggregation-induced Emission-based Fluorescent Systems;Diversity-oriented Fluorescence Library Approach: Accelerating Probe Development for Biological and Environmental Applications;Two-photon Fluorescent Probes;Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors: Photophysical/Chemical Mechanism Principles and Design Strategies;Chirality Sensing with UV-visible Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles;Fluorescent Chemosensors for Phosphates;Fluorescent Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species;Subcellular Compartment-targeting Fluorescent Zn2+ Probes;Molecular Fluorescent Probes for the Detection and Imaging of Sulfane Sulfur and Reactive Selenium Species;The Activity-based Sensing of Biological Transition Metals;Activatable Photodynamic Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment;Fluorescent Platforms for Environmental Sensing;Time-delayed Lanthanide Luminescent Sensors and Probes

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Book SynopsisArtificial photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy into useful fuels and represents a significant achievement in the production of clean energy for the planet. In the process, energy is generated from water and CO2 reduction using solar-powered photocatalysis. This book provides a comprehensive overview of recently developed, multifunctional materials as visible light-driven catalysts, their mechanisms and applications in solar energy utilisation and conversion. Chapters highlight the use of different approaches such as molecular catalysis, nanomaterials systems, as well as thin-films for solar-driven evolution of renewable fuels, such as hydrogen. This is the first book to give an overview of this area, with chapters specifically interesting for those looking towards industrial applications. With in-depth discussions ranging from understanding, to engineering of materials and applied devices, it will be suitable for industry professionals, researchers and students interested in understanding of the current state of photocatalysis research and its possible applications in the energy domain.Table of ContentsMultidisciplinary Approaches to Solar-driven Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Conversion;SrTiO3-based Perovskite Photocatalysts for Efficient Solar-driven Overall Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Recent Developments in (Oxy)nitride Photocatalysts With Narrow Bandgaps for Solar-driven Water Splitting;Recent Advances in (Oxy)sulfide Photocatalysts for Solar-driven Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Efficacy of Bismuth Oxyhalides (BiOX-based) Materials for Enhanced Photocatalysis;Molecular Catalysts Immobilised on Photocathodes for Solar Fuel Generation;Recent Advances in the Development of Metal–Organic Frameworks-based Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction;2D Nanomaterials-based Heterostructures for H2O Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Role of Co-catalysts for Photocatalytic H2O Splitting and CO2 Reduction;Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Water Splitting and CO2 Photoreduction;Computational Approaches to Materials Design for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity;Scaling Up Photocatalysts and New Devices for Solar Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to provide concise information and quick reference on the basics and practice of PET/CT for beginners. The chapters are written by Nuclear Medicine experts from different countries with enormous experience in PET/CT practice. Starting with the basics of PET/CT describing physics and the use of radiopharmaceuticals in PET/CT, the book explores the principle of PET/CT in radiotherapy planning. The last five chapters explore normal variation, pitfalls and artefacts commonly seen with various routinely used PET radiotracers. The text is enriched by tables and highlighted clinical cases for better understanding. This book will be of interest mostly to nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists, but it may be appealing also to a wider medical community including oncologists and radiotherapists.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Basic Principles of PET-CT imaging.- Chapter 2: Physics of PET and Respiratory Gating.- Chapter 3. The Physics of PET/CT for Radiotherapy Planning.- Chapter 4. 18F-FDG and Non-FDG PET Radiopharmaceuticals.- Chapter 5. PET/CT imaging: Patient instructions and preparation.- Chapter 6.18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging: Normal variants, pitfalls and artefacts.-Chapter 7: 68Ga-DOTA-peptides PET-CT: Physiological biodistribution, variants and pitfalls.- Chapter 8. 18F-methylcholine (FCH) PET-CT imaging: Physiological distribution, pitfalls and imaging pearls.- Chapter 9: 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Normal Variants, Pitfalls and Artefacts.- Chapter 10: 18F-NaF PET-CT Imaging.

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Book Synopsis Contemporary optics is the foundation of many of today’s technologies including various focusing and defocusing devices, microscopies and imaging techniques. Light and X-ray Optis for Materials Scientists and Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers trained in different disciplines. The text links the fundamentals of optics to modern applications, especially for promotion of nanotechnology and life science, such as conventional, near-field, confocal, phase-contrast microscopies and imaging schemes based on interference and diffraction phenomena. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented. The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including reflection, refraction, and focusing phenomena, wave polarization and birefringence in crystals, optics in negative materials, metamaterials, and photonic structures, holography, light and X-ray interferometry, extensive description of diffraction optics, including dynamical X-ray diffraction, and more.

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Book SynopsisKompakt, interdiziplinär, praxisorientiert - so präsentiert sich dieses facettenreiche Lehrbuch der Photochemie. Das gut strukturierte und sehr verstandlich geschriebene Werk macht den Leser mit allen bedeutenden photochemischen Prozessen vertraut. Table of Contents1 Definition, historischer Abriß und Bedeutung der Photochemie l 2 Die konzeptionellen und theoretischen Grundlagen der Photochemie (W.-D. Stohrer) 5 2.1 Die Natur der elektromagnetischen Strahlung 5 2.2 Die photochemische Reaktion, eine Wanderung auf und zwischen Potentialflächen 7 2.2.1 Die Born-Oppenheimer-Approximation: Elektronen- und Schwingungszustände 8 2.2.1.1 Elektronenzustände 10 2.2. 1 .2 Schwingungszustände 11 2.2.1.3 Die Bedeutung der Born-Oppenheimer-Approximation 12 2.2.2 Die Energie„landschaft" 13 2.3 Orbitale, Konfigurationen und Zustände 16 2.3.1 Die Konfigurationswechselwirkung 23 2.3.1.1 VB-Methode versus MO-Modell 23 2.3.1.2 Die Konsequenzen der Konfigurationswechselwirkung 26 2.3.2 Der elektronisch angeregte Zustand - eine eigenständige Verbindung 35 2.4 Die Lichtabsorption und -emission 40 2.4.1 Definitionen und Phänomenologisches 40 2.4.2 Das Franck-Condon-Prinzip 42 2.4.3 Der elektrische Dipol stationärer und nichtstationärer Elektronenzustände 46 2.4.4 Auswahlregeln und Auswahlverbote 49 2.4.4.1 Das Übergangsmoment: Ein Produkt aus drei Faktoren 49 2.4.5 Das „Verbot" beim Wechsel zwischen Potentialflächen 52 2.4.5.1 Der Orbitalfaktor oder Symmetriefaktor 53 2.4.5.2 Der Franck-Condon-Faktor 55 2.4.5.3 Der Spinfaktor 56 2.5 Der strahlungslose Wechsel zwischen Potentialflächen 59 2.5.1 Stark gekoppelte Potentialflächen 59 2.5.2 Schwach gekoppelte Potentialflächen 62 2.6 Die Desaktivierung eines durch Lichtabsorption gebildeten elektronisch angeregten Zustandes 63 2.6.1 Das Jablonski-Diagramm 63 2.6.2 Die Energieübertragung 68 2.6.3 Die Elektronenübertragung 71 2.6.4 Die Exciplexbildung 72 2.7 Der mögliche Ablauf photochemischer Reaktionen 76 3 Photoreaktionen organischer Verbindungen (M. Tausch) 83 3.1 Tabellarische Übersicht 83 3.2 Photolysen organischer Moleküle 87 3.2.1 Norrish-Typ-I-Reaktion 88 3.2.2 Norrish-Typ-II-Reaktion 89 3.2.3 Stickstoff-Abspaltung 90 3.2.4 Heterolysen in Säuren und Basen (Förster-Zyklus) 92 3.3 Photoadditionen 93 3.3.1 [2+2]-Cycloadditionen 93 3.3.2 [2+2+2]-Cycloadditionen 98 3.3.3 [4+2]-Cycloadditionen 98 3.3.4 Die Paterno-Büchi-Reaktion 99 3.4 Photoisomerisierungen 102 3.4.1 Di-7i-Methanumlagerung 102 3.4.2 Photo-Fries-Umlagerung 104 3.4.3 Die Barton-Reaktion 105 3.4.4 Photoenolisierung 105 3.4.5 Sigmatrope Reaktionen 106 3.4.6 Elektrocyclische Reaktionen 107 3.5 Photoreduktionen, Photooxidationen 108 3.5.1 Photoreduktionen 108 3.5.2 Photooxidationen 110 3.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 3 111 4 Photochemie im sichtbaren Bereich, solare Photochemie und verwandte Prozesse (D* Wöhrle) 113 4.1 Der sichtbare Bereich im elektromagnetischen Spektrum und Farbe 114 4.1.1 Entstehen von Farbigkeit 114 4.1.2 Lichtabsorption durch Moleküle und Festkörper 116 4.1.2.1 Farbige organische Verbindungen 116 4.1.2.2 Lichtabsorption durch Metallkomplexe 119 4.1.2.3 Weitere Möglichkeiten für Farbigkeit 123 4.2 Künstliche Lichtquellen und solare Einstrahlung 124 4.2.1 Arbeiten mit künstlichen Lichtquellen 124 4.2.2 Solare Einstrahlung 124 4.3 Photosynthese 129 4.3.1 Bedeutung der Photo Synthese und Gesamtreaktion 130 4.3.2 Die Reaktionen der Photosynthese im Überblick 131 4.3.3 Einige wesentliche Schritte im photosynthetischen Reaktionszentrum 134 4.4 Lösungsprozesse 138 4.4.1 Photooxidationen durch Sauerstoff (Photooxigenierung) 139 4.4.1.1 Elektronenkonfiguration von Sauerstoff 141 4.4.1.2 Photosensibilisierte Darstellung von Singulett-Sauerstoff in Lösung 142 4.4.1.3 Reaktionen von Singulett-Sauerstoff 146 4.4.1.4 Superoxid-Anion 152 4.4.2 Weitere unter solarer Einstrahlung durchgeführte Reaktionen über photoinduzierten Energietransfer 153 4.4.3 Photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer im sichtbaren Bereich 155 4.4.4 Photochemie von Metallkomplexen 160 4.4.5 Modellsysteme zur Photosynthese 165 4.5 Photochromie 167 4.5.1 (£)/(Z)-Isomerisierung 168 4.5.2 Tautomerisierung 169 4.5.3 Homolytische und heterolytische Bindungsspaltungen 170 4.5.4 Pericyclische Reaktionen 170 4.5.5 Elektronentransfer/Redox-Photochromie 173 4.5.6 Mögliche Anwendungen 174 4.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 4 175 5Photochemie und Photophysik in selbstorganisie - renden Systemen, hochmolekularen Verbindungen und Festkörpern (D. Wöhrle) 179 5.1 Photochemie in selbstorganisierenden Systemen 179 5.1.1 Wirt/Gast-Systeme 180 5.1.2 Micellen und Liposomen 183 5.1.3 Geordnete Mono- und Multifilme 185 5.1.4 Photoreaktionen in Kristallen 189 5.2 Photochemie in organischen und anorganischen hochmole kularen Verbindungen 192 5.2.1 Organische Polymere 192 5.2.2 Nicht geordnete hochmolekulare Systeme 196 5.2.2.1 Silikagel 196 5.2.2.2 Schichtminerale 199 5.2.2.3 Molekularsiebe 201 5.3 Photochemische Polymerisation und Photopolymerisation 203 5.3.1 Photochemische Polymerisationen 203 5.3.1.1 Photochemische Initiierung radikalischer Polymerisationen 203 5.3.1.2 Photochemische Initiierung kationischer Polymerisationen 204 5.3.2 Photopolymerisation 205 5.4 Anorganische und organische Halbleiter 206 5.4.1 Anorganische Halbleiter 207 5.4.1.1 Bändermodell anorganischer Halbleiter 207 5.4.1.2 Photovoltazellen anorganischer Halbleiter 212 5.4.1.3 Photoelektrochemische Zellen anorganischer Halbleiter 216 5.4.1.4 Photosensibilisierungszellen 218 5.4.2 Organische Halbleiter 220 5.4.3 Heterogene Photokatalyse an anorganischen Halbleiterteilchen 223 5.4.3.1 Solare Abwasserentgiftung über heterogene Photokatalyse 224 5.4.3.2 Synthesen über heterogene Photokatalyse 226 5.5 Literatur zu Kapitel 5 228 6 Chemolumineszenz (H. Brandl) 231 6.1 Einleitung und Begriffsbestimmung 231 6.1.1 Klassifikation von Lumineszenzprozessen 231 6.1.2 Vergleich Chemolumineszenz - photochemische Reaktionen 232 6.1.3 Voraussetzungen für effiziente Chemolumineszenz 233 6.1.4 Quantenausbeute und Intensität von CL-Prozessen 234 6.1.5 Chemisch-elektronische Anregungsprozesse (chemitronische Konversion) 234 6.2 Chemolumineszenz-Systeme 235 6.2.1 Chemolumineszenz bei der Autoxidation von weißem Phosphor 235 6.2.2 Das Luminol und seine Derivate als CL-Systeme 238 6.2.3 Lucigenin und Acridin-Derivate als CL-System 242 6.2.4 CL des Peroxyoxalat-Systems 244 6.2.5 Die Singulett-Sauerstoff-Chemolumineszenz 249 6.2.6 Chemolumineszenz bei der Trautz-Schorigin (TS)-Reaktion 251 6.2.7 Die Chemolumineszenz von Tetrakis(dimethylamino) ethylen TDAE 253 6.2.8 Die Siloxen-Chemolunüneszenz 255 6.2.9 Siloxenderivate und ihre Eigenschaften 256 6.2.10 Chemolumineszenz von Rutheniumkomplexverbindungen 25 8 6.2.11 Ozoninduzierte Chemolumineszenz 260 6.2.12 1 ,2-Dioxethane als Chemolumineszenz-System 262 6.3 Literatur zu Kapitel 6 266 7 Photochemie in Technik, Biologie und Medizin 271 7.1 Photochemie in der Technik und möglicher Anwendung (D. Wöhrle) 271 7.1.1 Photochemische Prozesse in der industriellen chemischen Synthese 271 7.1.2 Optische Informationsspeicherung 274 7.1.2.1 Photo graphische Prozesse 274 7.1.2.2 Farbphotographie 275 7.1.3 Photolithographie, Photoresists 277 7.1.4 Photochemie und synthetische Polymere 278 7.1.4.1 Photochemische Polymerisation 278 7.1.4.2 Photoabbau und Lichtschutz von Polymeren 279 7.1.5 Solarenergienutzung 280 7.1.5.1 Wasserstoff als Energieträger 281 7.1.5.2 Das Speichersystem Norbornadien-Quadricyclan, weitere Beispiele 283 7.1.6 Laserchemie 284 7.1.7 Molekulare Funktionseinheiten 286 7.2 Der Photoreaktor Atmosphäre (M. Tausch) 288 7.3 Photochemie und Biologie (M. Tausch, D. Wöhrle) 296 7.3.1 Photochemische Prozesse zur Steuerung von Lebensfunktionen 296 7.3.1.1 Mögliche Rolle der Photochemie in der Entwicklung des Lebens, Photosynthese 296 7.3.1.2 Die Erregungskaskade beim Sehprozeß 297 7.3.1.3 Bakteriorhodopsin 301 7.4 Photochemie/Photophysik und Medizin (D. Wöhrle) 302 7.4.1 Fluoreszenzdiagnostik 302 7.4.2 Photodynamische Krebstherapie 303 7.4.3 Weitere photochemische Methoden 307 7.5 Photochemie, alkoholische Getränke und ausgiebiges Sonnenbaden (D. Wöhrle) 308 7.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 7 310 8 Arbeitsmethoden und Versuche 313 8.1 Arbeitsmethoden zur Durchführung photochemischer Experimente (D. Wöhrle) 313 8.1.1 Allgemeine Anforderungen an photochemische Experimente 313 8.1.1.1 Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei Durchführung photochemischer Experimente 314 8.1.1.2 Gerätematerialien, Lösungsmittel, Verunreinigungen, Sauerstoff 315 8.1.1.3 Photochemisch aktive Verbindung 316 8.1.1.4 Strahlung 318 8.1.2 Strahlungsquellen 319 8.1.2.1 Gasentladungsstrahler 322 8.1.2.2 Glühlampe 324 8.1.2.3 Quarz-Wolfram-Halogenlampen 324 8.1.2.4 Laser 325 8.1.3 Filter und Monochromatoren 325 8.1.3.1 Graufilter 326 8.1.3.2 Selektion von Wellenlängenbereichen 326 8.1.3.3 Enge Wellenlängenbereiche, monochromatische Strahlung 327 8.1.4 Strahlungsdetektoren (Aktinometer) 328 8.1.4.1 Physikalische Aktinometer 328 8.1.4.2 Chemische Aktinometer 329 8.1.5 Photochemische Apparaturen 331 8.1.5.1 Außenbelichtung 332 8.1.5.2 Innenbelichtung 333 8.1.6 Übungen 334 8.2 Instrumente!! analytische Methoden (D. Wöhrle) 337 8.2.1 Optische Spektroskopie 337 8.2.1.1 Absorptionsspektroskopie 338 8.2.1.2 Lumineszenzspektroskopie. 339 8.2.2 Zeitaufgelöste optische Spektroskopie 342 8.2.2.1 Zeitaufgelöste Absorptionsspektroskopie 342 8.2.2.2 Zeitaufgelöste Emissionsspektroskopie 344 8.3 Quantifizierung photochemischer Reaktionen und photophysikalischer Prozesse (D. Wöhrle) 345 8.3.1 Ausbeute, Wirkungsgrad, Quantenausbeute und Effektivität 345 8.3.2 Photokinetik 346 8.3.3 Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zum energetischen Ablauf 351 8.4 Versuche zur Photochemie und Photophysik (M. Tausch, D. Wöhrle) 357 8.4.1 Tabellarische Übersicht zu den Versuchen 358 8.4.2 Versuchvorschriften 362 Themenbereich: Photolysen organischer Moleküle 362 Themenbereich: Photoadditionen 369 Themenbereich: Photoisomerisierungen 378 Themenbereich: Photochemische Kettenreaktionen 385 Themenbereich: Photooxidationen, Photoreduktionen 403 Themenbereich: Reaktionen an und mit Halbleitern 426 Themenbereich: Experimente zu Absorption, Lumineszenz, Lebensdauer, Quantenausbeute und Kinetik 443 8.5 Versuche zur Chemolumineszenz (H. Brandl) 466 8.5.1 Tabellarische Übersicht zu den Versuchen 466 8.5.2 Versuchsvorschriften 467 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des weißen Phosphors 467 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Luminols 469 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Lucigenins 473 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz des Peroxyoxalat-Systems 474 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz von Singulett-Sauerstoff 476 Themenbereich: Die Trautz-Schorigin-Reaktion 479 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz bei der Autoxidation von Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylen (TDAE) 480 Themenbereich: Chemolumineszenz von Siloxen 481 Themenbereich: Oszillierende Reaktion mit Chemolumineszenz 482 Themenbereich: Ozonolyse 483 8.6 Allgemeine Literatur zu Kapitel 8 484 9 Anhang (D. Wöhrle) 487 9.1 Angaben über Einheiten, Umrechnungsfaktoren, Größenordnungen 487 9.2 Glossar zu Definitionen in der Photochemie 497 9.3 Weitere Literatur zur Photochemie 512

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