Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation Books

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Book SynopsisThere are several hundred thousand nuclear gauges incorporating a radioactive source or a radiation generator in use all over the world. They have been used in a wide range of industries to improve the quality of products, optimize processes, and save energy and materials. The economic benefits have been amply demonstrated, and there is clear evidence that nuclear gauge technology can be used safely and will continue to play an important role. Although generic guidance for source handling is available, there have been no targeted recommendations for radiation safety in the use of nuclear gauges. To fill this gap the current publication provides practical guidance for implementing the safety requirements specified in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, related to the use of nuclear gauges

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Book SynopsisThis publication focuses on the medical management of individuals involved in radiation emergencies, especially those who have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. Its primary objective is to provide practical information, to be used for treatment decisions by medical personnel during a radiation emergency. It also addresses general and specific measures for the medical management of individuals who have been internally contaminated with radionuclides. This publication is complementary to other publications developed by the IAEA in the medical area of radiation emergencies.

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Book SynopsisRadionuclides of both natural and human made origin exist throughout the environment. These radionuclides can be transferred to plants and animals that are consumed by humans, thereby resulting in exposure to ionizing radiation and an internal radiation dose. This Safety Report provides information on the observed distributions of concentrations of natural radionuclides in various food products, on the use of 'total diet' and other studies to assess ingestion doses, and on radionuclide concentrations in natural mineral waters. Different dose assessment methodologies are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of each is discussed, along with approaches used for managing non-radioactive contaminants in food. This publication is jointly sponsored by the IAEA, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. It is intended to support Member States in the assessment and management of radionuclides in food, and the alignment of national policies with Requirement 51 of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR.

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Book SynopsisThe IAEA has a long-standing history of providing radiotherapy dosimetry audits in its Member States. This publication summarizes the methodologies resulting from the work of four coordinated research projects (CRPs) and offers information on experiences collected during the development of dosimetry audit programmes and their implementation at national levels. It also sets the framework and provides advice on the structure of dosimetry audit centres and discusses the general approach for audit development and the necessary background to conduct dosimetry audits in radiotherapy by national organizations. It provides technical and scientific details, as well as practical experiences of the audit steps developed under these CRPs. Any organization developing national audit programmes for radiotherapy can use this publication as a reference and to learn from the experiences of other national audit networks.

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Book SynopsisArtificial sources of radiation are commonly used in the manufacturing and service industries, research institutions and universities, and the nuclear power industry. As a result, workers can be exposed to artificial sources of radiation. There are also a significant number of workers, such as underground miners and aircrew, who are exposed to naturally occurring sources of radiation. This publication, prepared in collaboration with the International Labour Organization, and with reference to IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 provides guidance for individuals and organizations on the assessment of prospective cancer risks due to occupational exposure to ionizing radiation for prevention purposes. It describes cancer risk assessment theory, models and methodologies, and offers practical examples of carrying out these assessments.

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Book SynopsisPreclinical or nonclinical evaluation is an integral part of the development of any drug. The process of developing a new radiopharmaceutical includes rigorous testing before it can be cleared for use in humans. There must be in-depth characterization of its behaviour to assess its safety and suitability for the intended clinical application. This publication provides a baseline guide for preclinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals that will give its readers a general review of the requirements of a facility and insight into the various scientific activities that constitute this process. The principles and protocols discussed herein will provide guidelines for biological assessment of candidate compounds, which are consistent with the principles of good laboratory practices to generate valid nonclinical scientific data towards approval for clinical translation. This publication is intended not only for researchers engaged in radiopharmaceutical development, but also for the Member States planning to set up or upgrade facilities for radiopharmaceuticals' research.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Report provides practical guidance to governments, regulatory bodies, other relevant competent authorities, and building and construction material industries on setting up arrangements for regulatory control relevant to building and construction materials that give rise to radiation exposures at any step in their life cycle. These steps would include raw material production, manufacturing, supply and end use. It also considers the responsibilities of the suppliers of raw, waste or recycled materials for incorporation into building or construction materials, and it covers verification programmes for building and construction materials prior to their use as well as in completed construction projects.

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Book SynopsisThis IAEA Safety Report describes neutron monitoring procedures and equipment that may be used for radiation protection in nuclear power production, medical and industrial applications, research institutions and civil air service. It provides guidance on measuring operational quantities of neutron radiation and practical advice for safely carrying out neutron radiation protection dosimetry, including methods for establishing traceability of those measurements to national standards. This publication is intended for designers and manufacturers of radiation monitors and personal dosimeters and radiation protection professionals who develop radiation protection standards or neutron monitoring programmes.

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the first of four volumes of scientific annexes that presents the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex A 'Medical exposure to ionizing radiation' presents a comprehensive global estimate of the frequencies and doses from medical exposure, their distribution and trends in medical categories in the 2009-2018 period. The annex considers four general categories of medical practice using ionizing radiation: (a) diagnostic radiology, including dental radiology and computed tomography, (b) interventional radiology (image-guided interventional procedures), (c) nuclear medicine and (d) radiation therapy

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the second of four volumes of scientific annexes that provides the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex B 'Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report' summarises all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. These data relate to the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The aim of the report is to provide a summary of all scientific information and an appraisal of the implications of this information for the UNSCEAR 2013 Report

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the third of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex C 'Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low dose and low-dose rate radiation' synthesizes the current knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses and low-dose-rates, and assesses the implications for understanding the processes of cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation, and for dose-response relationships of radiation-induced cancers

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Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the last of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex D 'Evaluation of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation' presents the estimated average annual effective and collective doses to workers for each major work sector and sub-sector involving the use of ionizing radiation; estimated worldwide level of occupational exposure for different sectors involving exposure to natural sources and to human-made sources of radiation; and analysis of temporal trends in occupational exposure. It is based on data provided by United Nations Member States and international organizations, as well as peer reviewed literature and national reports on radiation exposure to workers

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings volume results from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 'Biomarkers of Radiation in the Environment: Robust Tools for Risk Assessment (BRITE)’. The BRITE workshop discussed insights from cancer research, epigenetics, non-human and human risk assessment, since many of the state-of-the-art biomarkers being developed for humans deserve consideration for environmental applications and vice versa. Sessions were very wide-ranging covering methods, mechanisms, cross disciplinary application and regulation.The chapters in this book have been grouped into five major themes that were covered by the BRITE workshop:· Techniques for biomarker development· Low-dose effect mechanisms· Biomarkers for risk evaluation· Biomarkers in wildlife· Biomarker use and responses Each chapter has been written independently and reflects the views of the chapter author(s). Therefore, the readers can form their own balanced view of the different perspectives on biomarkers of radiation in the environment. Given the breadth of topics covered and the state-of-the-art perspectives shared by leading experts in their respective fields, this book should form a valuable resource for anyone with an interest in how biomarkers can be used to improve our understanding of radiation in the environment and its potential impacts.Table of ContentsTECHNIQUES FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT.- Chapter 1. Reducing Uncertainties In Live Monitoring Of Radiation In Wildlife; T. Cresswell.- Chapter 2. Synchrotron Light Facilities And Applications In Life Sciences; V.M. Tsakanov.- Chapter 3. Elemental Imaging In Biology Using Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy; K. Brown.-LOW-DOSE EFFECT MECHANISMS.- Chapter 4. Modelling Direct And Indirect Effects Of Radiation: Experimental, Clinical And Environmental Implications; S.C. Brueningk, G.P. Powathil.- Chapter 5. Immune Networks In The Context Of Low Dose Ionizing Radiation; D. Schaue et al.- Chapter 6. Learning From Nato Biomarker Research For Humans; A. Giovannetti et al.- BIOMARKERS FOR RISK EVALUATION.- Chapter 7. Exosomes As Radiation Biomarkers; K.K. Jella.- Chapter 8. Monitoring Very Low Dose Radiation Damage In Dna Using “Field-Friendly” Biomarkers; K. Rothkamm, S. Burdak-Rothkamm.- Chapter 9. The Development Of Bio-Assays Based On Non-Targeted Effects Of Radiation; A Potential Worm-Hole Into Ecosystem Level Biomarkers; C. Mothersill. BIOMARKERS IN WILDLIFE.- Chapter 10. Birds As Bioindicators Of Radioactive Contamination And Its Effects; A. Bonisoli-Alquati.- Chapter 11. Amphibians In Field Radioecology: A Review And Perspective; G. Orizaola.- Chapter 12. Measuring Adaptive Responses Following Chronic And Low Dose Exposure In Amphibians; M. Audette-Stuart et al.- Chapter 13. Are There Ecosystem-Relevant Endpoints For Measuring Radiation Impacts?; C. Bradshaw.-Chapter 14. Biomarkers And Ecological Indicators For Environmental Radioactivity In Invertebrates; K. Raines et al.- BIOMARKER USE AND RESPONSES.- Chapter 15. Biomarkers Of Radiation And Risk Assessment By Ionizing Radiation, Countermeasures For Radiation Protection Of Environment, Workers And Public; L. Qafmolla.- Chapter 16. Application Of The International System Of Radiation Protection In Fit-For-Purpose Assessment Of Impacts; T.L. Yankovich.- Chapter 17. Practicalities Of Mainstreaming Biomarker Use – A Canadian Perspective; S. Mihok, M. McKee.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a readable and thought-provoking analysis of the issues surrounding nuclear fuel reprocessing and fast-neutron reactors, including discussion of resources, economics, radiological risk and resistance to nuclear proliferation. It describes the history and science behind reprocessing, and gives an overview of the status of reprocessing programmes around the world. It concludes that such programs should be discontinued. While nuclear power is seen by many as the only realistic solution to the carbon emission problem, some national nuclear establishments have been pursuing development and deployment of sodium-cooled plutonium breeder reactors, and plutonium recycling. Its proponents argue that this system would offer significant advantages relative to current light water reactor technology in terms of greater uranium utilization efficiency, and that separating out the long-lived plutonium and other transuranics from spent fuel and fissioning them in fast reactors would greatly reduce the duration of the toxicity of radioactive waste. However, the history of efforts to deploy this system commercially in a number of countries over the last six decades has been one of economic and technical failure and, in some cases, was used to mask clandestine nuclear weapon development programs. Covering topics of significant public interest including nuclear safety, fuel storage, environmental impact and the spectre of nuclear terrorism, this book presents a comprehensive analysis of the issue for nuclear engineers, policy analysts, government officials and the general public. "Frank von Hippel, Jungmin Kang, and Masafumi Takubo, three internationally renowned nuclear experts, have done a valuable service to the global community in putting together this book, which both historically and comprehensively covers the “plutonium age” as we know it today. They articulate in a succinct and clear manner their views on the dangers of a plutonium economy and advocate a ban on the separation of plutonium for use in the civilian fuel cycle in view of the high proliferation and nuclear-security risks and lack of economic justification." (Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency (1997-2009), Nobel Peace Prize (2005))"The 1960s dream of a ‘plutonium economy’ has not delivered abundant low-cost energy, but instead has left the world a radioactive legacy of nuclear weapons proliferation and the real potential for nuclear terrorism. Kang, Takubo, and von Hippel explain with power and clarity what can be done to reduce these dangers. The governments of the remaining countries whose nuclear research and development establishments are still pursuing the plutonium dream should pay attention.” (Senator Edward Markey, a leader in the US nuclear-disarmament movement as a member of Congress since 1976)"The authors have done an invaluable service by putting together in one place the most coherent analysis of the risks associated with plutonium, and the most compelling argument for ending the practice of separating plutonium from spent fuel for any purpose. They have given us an easily accessible history of the evolution of thinking about the nuclear fuel cycle, the current realities of nuclear power around the world and, arguably most important, a clear alternative path to deal with the spent fuel arising from nuclear reactors for decades to centuries to come." (Robert Gallucci, Chief US negotiator with North Korea (1994); Dean, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service (1996-2009); President, MacArthur Foundation (2009-2014)) Trade Review“This book is highly recommended. The entire remarkable story of plutonium is told with crystal clarity and detailed scholarship, fully referenced with helpful end notes.” (Gordon Edwards, Peace Magazine, Vol. 36 (3), 2020)Table of ContentsOVERVIEW 1. Overview Dreams of plutonium breeder reactors Downsides of breeders Much more uranium found and demand growth much lower than projections Reprocessing spent power-reactor fuel A wake-up call from India’s nuclear test Plutonium fuel for light-water reactors Reprocessing for radioactive-waste management? The nightmares THE DREAM 2. The dream: a future powered by plutonium Dual-purpose reactors How plutonium is made ­Light-water reactors and uranium enrichment Plutonium breeder reactors THE NIGHTMARES 3. Civilian plutonium separation and nuclear-weapon proliferation Nuclear-weapon proliferation The wake-up call of Smiling Buddha The Carter administration’s review of the US breeder-reactor program Electricity consumption growth slows and nuclear power stalls Fading of the breeder dream Legacies of the failed breeder-reactor dream 4. Continuation of plutonium separation without breeder reactors France: Recycling plutonium in light-water reactors United Kingdom: A reprocessing program finally winding down Japan: The only non-nuclear-armed country with a reprocessing program Russia: Continuing breeder reactor development Weapon-usability of reactor-grade plutonium The persistence of civilian reprocessing 5. A much worse accident that almost happened in Fukushima: A fire in a dense-packed spent fuel pool Concerns about fires in spent-fuel pools Land contamination by cesium-137 Regulatory considerations in the United States Potential impacts from spent-fuel-pool fires in South Korea A PATH FORWARD 6. Early dry-cask storage: A safer alternative to dense-packed pools and reprocessing Dry storage Cost advantages Safety advantages Central storage How long can dry storage endure? Transport Conclusions 7. Deep disposal of spent fuel without reprocessing Reprocessing and proliferation The modest environmental hazard from plutonium in a spent-fuel repository Can reprocessing significantly reduce the size of a radioactive-waste repository? Hazards of reprocessing Conclusions 8. The case for a ban on reprocessing A Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Attempts to limit stocks of civilian plutonium Parallel efforts to limit HEU use A ban on plutonium separation Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book, the third in the series Behavior of Radionuclides in the Environment, is dedicated to Fukushima. Major findings from research since 2011 are reviewed concerning the behavior of radionuclides released into the environment due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, including atmospheric transport and fallout of radionuclides, their fate, and transport in the soil-water environment, behavior in freshwater, coastal and marine environment, transfer in the terrestrial and agricultural environment. Volume III discusses not only radionuclides dynamics in the environment in the short- and mid-term, but also modeling and prediction of long-term time changes.Along with reviews, the book contains original data and results not published previously. It was spearheaded by the authors from the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, established two years after the Fukushima accident, with their collaborators from Japan, Russia, and Ukraine. The knowledge emerging from the studies of the environmental behavior of Fukushima-derived radionuclides enables us to move forward in understanding mechanisms of environmental contamination and leads to better modeling and prediction of long-term pollution effects in general. Table of ContentsPart 1 Atmospheric transport and fallout of radionuclides 1 Air dose rate in Fukushima Prefecture measured during March 2011, the first organized measurement after Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident 2 Atmospheric transport and deposition of Fukushima-derived radionuclides 3 Airborne radiation survey after the accident Part 2 Fate and transport of radionuclides in soil-water environment 4 Behavior of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in the soil-water environment: Review 5 Dynamics of radiocesium solid–liquid distribution coefficient in a soil-water environment 6 An overview of Fukushima-derived strontium radioisotopes 7 Erosion and redeposition of sediments and sediment-associated radiocesium on river floodplains (the Niida River basin and the Abukuma River as an example) Part 3 Radionuclide behavior in freshwater environment 8 Dynamics of radiocesium in urban river in Fukushima-city 9 Temporal variations in particulate and dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations in the Abukuma River during two high-flow events in 2018 10 The effect of groundwater bypass at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2014 by detailed facies analysis and 3D groundwater simulation 11 Modeling of behavior of Fukushima-derived radionuclides in freshwater Part 4 Radionuclide behavior in coastal and marine environment 12 Spatiotemporal variation of radiocesium in coastal and oceanic seawater 13 Spatiotemporal variation of radiocesium in coastal marine sediment 14 Cesium radioactivity in marine and freshwater products and its relation to the restoration of fisheries in Fukushima: A decade review Part 5 Radionuclide transfer in agricultural environment 15 Spatial distribution and temporal change of 137Cs activity concentration in dissolved and suspended fractions of irrigation waters collected from Fukushima 16 Mineralogical factors controlling the ability to retain 137Cs in Andosols in Japan 17 Soil Properties Affecting Soil-to-Crop Transfer of Fukushima-Derived Radiocesium 18 Model of radionuclide uptake by plants via foliar pathway: Kyshtym, Сhernobyl, Fukushima Part 6 Radionuclide transfer in terrestrial environment 19 Behavior of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in forest ecosystems 20 Radiocesium contamination in wild rodents inhabiting forested areas inside the evacuated area in Fukushima, Japan 21 Concentrations and transfer parameters of 137Cs for wild boar 22 Variation of cesium-137 concentration in wild boar and Asian black bear 23 Physicochemical fractions of radiocesium in the stomach con-tents of wild boar and its transfer to muscle tissue

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisBioinorganic photochemistry seeks to understand the interaction of these enzymes and proteins with light, and represents a significant challenge to chemists in many areas.Trade Review"Overall Bioinorganic Photochemistry presents a broad, qualitative overview of photochemical topics largely focused on the interface of inorganic chemistry with biological, medical, and environmental issues. The book will be of interest to those working in the field who are interested in surveying how photochemistry is applied in a variety of biologically relevant areas." (Journal of the American Chemistry Society, October 2009)Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction 1. Philosophy of bioinorganic photochemistry Part II. Fundamentals 2. Light and matter 2.1. Nature of light 2.2. Accessible light sources 2.3. Interaction between light and matter 3. Formation and properties of electronic excited states 3.1. Wave mechanics and quantum numbers 3.2. Electronic excitation 4. Photophysical deactivation of electronic excited states 4.1. Spontaneous deactivation 4.2. Quenching 4.3. Coordination and organometallic compounds 5. Kinetics of the excited-state decay 6. Photochemical reactions 6.1.Photochemical reaction channels 6.2. Intramolecular photoreactions 6.3. Intermolecular photoreactions 6.4. The coordination compound specificity 6.5. Photosensitization 6.6. Homogeneous photocatalysis 7. Photochemistry and photophysics of supramolecular systems and nanoassemblies 7.1. From molecules through clusters to crystals 7.2. Metallic nanoparticles: metals in the embryonic state 7.3. Formation and decay of the excited states of semiconductors Part III. Natural photoprocesses involving inorganic compounds 8. From interstellar space to planetary atmospheres 8.1. Homogeneous systems: From interstellar space to planetary atmospheres and primitive soup models 8.2. Heterogeneous photochemistry in ice phases 9. Solar radiation and terrestrial environment 9.1. Solar radiation 9.2. Atmospheric photochemistry 9.3. Photochemistry in hydrosphere and lithosphere 9.4. Photochemical self-cleaning in the environment 10. Heretogeneous (photo)catalysis and biogenesis on Earth 10.1. (Photo)catalysis on chalcogenide semiconductors 10.2. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation 10.3. Photocatalytic carbon dioxide fixation 10.4. „Fossils” of prebiotic catalysts: metal clusters in active centres of metalloenzymes 11. Foundation and evolution of photosynthesis 11.1. Photosynthetic structures 11.2. Oxygenic photosynthesis 11.3. Light harvesting antennas (LHC) 11.4. Electron transfer pathways in PSII and PSI 11.5. Oxygen evolving complex, OEC Part IV. Photochemistry and photophysics in bioinspired systems. Studies and modeling 12. Photoenzymes 12.1. Natural photoenzymes 12.2. Modified natural proteins/enzymes 12.3. Artificial photoenzymes 12.4. Towards mimicking the photosynthetic processes 13. Photoinduced electron transfer in proteins 13.1. Photochemical methodology 13.2. Biochemical applications 14. Nucleic acids photocleavage and charge transport 14.1. Mechanisms and strategies for advanced metallophotocleavers 14.2. Photoinduced DNA-mediated charge transport Part V. Towards applications 15. Light and biomatter (molecules, cells and tissues) 16. Fluorescent and chromogenic sensing and labeling 16.1. Cations as targets in biochemical sensing 16.2. Fluorescent and chromogenic sensing of anions 16.3. Optical detection of neutral molecules 16.4. Nanoparticles in biochemical sensing and labeling 17. Therapeutic strategies 17.1. Photobiostimulation 17.2. Photoactivation of drugs 17.3. Photodynamic therapy 17.4. Nanomedicine methods 18. Photodynamic inactivation 19. Photodelivery and phototargeting 20. Phototoxicity and photoprotection 20.1. Chemical and physical photoprotection 20.2. Inorganic sunscreens 21. Photocatalysis in the environmental protection 21.1. Development of homo- and heterogeneous methods 21.2. Homogeneous photocatalysis 21.2. Heterogeneous systems 21.3.New ideas in pollution abatement

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