Fossil fuel technologies Books
Springer International Publishing AG Physics and Mechanics of Primary Well Cementing
Book SynopsisThis book covers the major physical and mechanical processes that unfold during cementing and subsequent well service, and which can affect the well integrity. Focusing on the underlying physics, it concisely presents the central concepts of well cementing.The authors discuss the displacement of different fluids in the annulus, the mechanical stability of cement subject to varying downhole temperature, pressure and in-situ stresses, and the impact of defects on cement integrity under different mechanical and thermal loads over the course of the well’s lifetime. The book identifies knowledge gaps and unresolved issues, and proposes new directions for future research and development.The book is a valuable resource for practising engineers in the oil and gas industry, academic and industrial researchers involved in oil and gas engineering, and to graduate students within this same sector.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Basics of Annular Cementing.- Basic Properties of Well Cement.- Flow and Placement of Cement Slurry in the Annulus.- Heterogeneities in Cement.- Well Cement Under Changing Formation Stresses and Wellbore Pressure.- Cement in Thermal Wells.- Knowledge Gaps and Outstanding Issues.
£39.99
Springer International Publishing AG Oil and the Western Economic Crisis
Book SynopsisThis book explains the place of oil in the economic and political predicaments that now confront the West. Thompson explains the problems that the rising cost of oil posed in the years leading up to the 2008 crash, and the difficulties that a volatile oil market now poses to economic recovery under the conditions of high debt, low growth and quantitative easing. The author argues that the 'Gordian knot' created by the economic and political dynamics of supply and demand oil in the present international economy poses a fundamental challenge to the assumption of economic progress embedded in Western democratic expectations. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: The spectres of peak conventional oil and stagflation.- Chapter 3: Salvation and damnation: the rise of non-conventional oil and quantitative easing.- Chapter 4: Revisiting the 1970s.- Chapter 5: Conclusions.
£47.49
Springer International Publishing AG Modelling Oilfield Scale Squeeze Treatments: From
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to scale management. Starting with an introduction to oilfield scale, including material on predicting the problem and evaluating treatment options, it then discusses various management and inhibition techniques before presenting squeeze treatments. In turn, it explores the automatic optimization of squeeze designs, the use of tracers to estimate scale inhibitor placement, and the mathematics of transport and adsorption in squeeze treatments, while also describing the treatment lifecycle in detail. Further, it presents all the steps involved in designing a cost-effective squeeze treatment for a real-world field case. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers in the field of petroleum engineering, especially those specializing in flow assurance, transport in porous media, or the modelling and optimization of scale treatment designs. It also offers a valuable resource for engineers working in the oil industry, and for service companies providing scale management Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Scale Management.- Scale Inhibitors.- Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Modelling Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Life cycle of a Field Squeeze Treatment.- Reservoir Scale Management.- Optimisation of Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.
£37.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products
Book SynopsisA fully updated edition of a popular textbook covering the four disciplines of chemical technology?featuring new developments in the field Clear and thorough throughout, this textbook covers the major sub-disciplines of modern chemical technology?chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering, and general chemical technology?alongside raw materials, energy sources and detailed descriptions of 24 important industrial processes and products. It brings information on energy and raw material consumption and production data of chemicals up to date and offers not just improved and extended chapters, but completely new ones as well. This new edition of Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products features a new chapter illustrating the global economic map and its development from the 15th century until today, and another on energy consumption in human history. Chemical key technologies for a future sustainable energy system such as power-to-X and hydrogen storage are now also examined. Chapters on inorganic products, material reserves, and water consumption and resources have been extended, while another presents environmental aspects of plastic pollution and handling of plastic waste. The book also adds four important processes to its pages: production of titanium dioxide, silicon, production and chemical recycling of polytetrafluoroethylene, and fermentative synthesis of amino acids. -Provides comprehensive coverage of chemical technology?from the fundamentals to 24 of the most important processes -Intertwines the four disciplines of chemical technology: chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology -Fully updated with new content on: power-to-X and hydrogen storage; inorganic products, including metals, glass, and ceramics; water consumption and pollution; and additional industrial processes -Written by authors with extensive experience in teaching the topic and helping students understand the complex concepts Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for advanced students of chemical technology and will appeal to anyone in chemical engineering. Table of ContentsPreface of First Edition (and Guidelines How to Use This Textbook) xvii Why a Second Edition? xviii Notation xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? 1 1.2 The Chemical Industry 2 1.3 The Changing Global Economic Map 6 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry 19 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds 19 2.1.1 Factors that Influence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms 19 2.1.2 Steric Effects 20 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents 21 2.2 General Classification of Reactions 21 2.2.1 Acid–Base-Catalyzed Reactions 22 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals 23 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 24 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations 24 2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds 25 2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis 28 2.3 Catalysis 30 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects 30 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis 35 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 38 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts 41 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research 43 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations 45 3.1 Properties of Gases and Liquids 46 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas 46 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting 53 3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction) 58 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering 69 3.2.1 Heat Transport 69 3.2.2 Mass Transport 86 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations 93 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators) 94 3.3.2 Distillation 99 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing) 110 3.3.4 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 118 3.3.5 Adsorption 122 3.3.6 Fluid–Solid Extraction 136 3.3.7 Crystallization 139 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes 141 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations 149 3.4.1 Conveyance of Fluids 149 3.4.2 Contacting and Mixing of Fluids 159 3.4.3 Crushing and Screening of Solids 160 3.4.4 Separation of Solids from Fluids 164 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1.1 Design Aspects and Scale-up Dimensions of Chemical Reactors 172 4.1.2 Speed of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions 172 4.1.3 Influence of Reactor Type on Productivity 174 4.1.4 Terms Used to Characterize the Composition of a Reaction Mixture 174 4.1.5 Terms Used to Quantify the Result of a Chemical Conversion 175 4.1.6 Reaction Time and Residence Time 175 4.1.7 Space Velocity and Space–Time Yield 176 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics 177 4.2.1 Introduction and Perfect Gas Equilibria 177 4.2.2 Real Gas Equilibria 184 4.2.3 Equilibrium of Liquid–Liquid Reactions 186 4.2.4 Equilibrium of Gas–Solid Reactions 188 4.2.5 Calculation of Simultaneous Equilibria 190 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 192 4.3.1 Rate Equation: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Order 192 4.3.2 Parallel Reactions and Reactions in Series 197 4.3.3 Reversible Reactions 200 4.3.4 Reactions with Varying Volume (for the Example of a Batch Reactor) 203 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid–Fluid Reactions 204 4.4.1 Mass Transfer at a Gas–Liquid Interface (Two-Film Theory) 205 4.4.2 Mass Transfer with (Slow) Homogeneous Reaction in the Bulk Phase 207 4.4.3 Mass Transfer with Fast or Instantaneous Reaction near or at the Interface 208 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.2 Chemical Reaction Rate: Surface Kinetics 217 4.5.3 Reaction on a Solid Catalyst and Interfacial Transport of Mass and Heat 222 4.5.4 Chemical Reaction and Internal Transport of Mass and Heat 232 4.5.5 Simultaneous Occurrence of Interfacial and InternalMass Transport Effects 240 4.5.6 Influence of External and Internal Mass Transfer on Selectivity 245 4.6 Kinetics of Gas–Solid Reactions 253 4.6.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Gas–Solid Reactions 254 4.6.2 Reaction of a Gas with a Nonporous Solid 255 4.6.3 Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid 260 4.7 Criteria Used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas–Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 265 4.7.1 External Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer 265 4.7.2 External Heat Transfer 266 4.7.3 Internal Mass Transfer 266 4.7.4 Internal Heat Transfer 266 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions 269 4.8.1 Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System 269 4.8.2 Homogeneous Two-Phase Catalysis 271 4.9 Kinetics of Gas–Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts 273 4.9.1 Introduction 273 4.9.2 High Concentration of Liquid Reactant B (or Pure B) and Slightly Soluble Gas 275 4.9.3 Low Concentration of Liquid Reactant B and Highly Soluble Gas and/or High Pressure 275 4.10 Chemical Reactors 276 4.10.1 Overview of Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 277 4.10.2 Ideal Isothermal Reactors 284 4.10.3 Non-isothermal Ideal Reactors and Criteria for Prevention of Thermal Runaway 294 4.10.4 Non-ideal Flow and Residence Time Distribution 310 4.10.5 Tanks-in-Series Model 313 4.10.6 Dispersion Model 315 4.10.7 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 325 4.10.8 Novel Developments in Reactor Technology 336 4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data 344 4.11.1 Principal Methods for Determining Kinetic Data 345 4.11.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Data (Reaction Orders, Rate Constants) 347 4.11.3 Laboratory-Scale Reactors for Kinetic Measurements 350 4.11.4 Transport Limitations in Experimental Catalytic Reactors 351 4.11.5 Case Studies for the Evaluation of Kinetic Data 356 5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology 371 5.1 Raw Materials of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Energy Sources 372 5.1.1 Energy Consumption, Reserves, and Resources of Fossil Fuels and Renewables 373 5.1.2 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Routes for the Production of Synthetic Fuels 403 5.1.3 Natural Gas and Other Technical Gases 403 5.1.4 Crude Oil and Refinery Products 410 5.1.5 Coal and Coal Products 418 5.1.6 Renewable Raw Materials 422 5.1.7 Energy Consumption in Human History 429 5.1.8 Power-to-X and Hydrogen Storage Technologies 434 5.2 Inorganic Products and Raw Materials 448 5.2.1 Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials 448 5.2.2 Metals 453 5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products 469 5.3.1 Alkanes and Syngas 469 5.3.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 472 5.3.3 Organic Intermediates Functionalized with Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Halogens 479 5.3.4 Polymers 495 5.3.5 Detergents and Surfactants 503 5.3.6 Fine Chemicals 507 5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology 512 5.4.1 Air Pollution 512 5.4.2 Water Consumption and Water Footprint 515 5.4.3 Plastic Production, Pollution, and Recycling of Plastic Waste 523 5.4.4 “Green Chemistry” and Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Chemical Processes 527 5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing 530 5.5.1 Price of Chemical Products 530 5.5.2 Investment Costs 530 5.5.3 Variable Costs 532 5.5.4 Operating Costs (Fixed and Variable Costs) 533 6 Examples of Industrial Processes 537 6.1 Ammonia Synthesis 537 6.1.1 Historical Development of Haber–Bosch Process 537 6.1.2 Thermodynamics of Ammonia Synthesis 539 6.1.3 Kinetics and Mechanism of Ammonia Synthesis 540 6.1.4 Technical Ammonia Process and Synthesis Reactors 542 6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen 547 6.2.1 Options to Produce Syngas and Hydrogen (Overview) 547 6.2.2 Syngas from Solid Fuels (Coal, Biomass) 551 6.2.3 Syngas by Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils 560 6.2.4 Syngas by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 562 6.3 Sulfuric Acid 565 6.3.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Sulfuric Acid Production 565 6.3.2 Production of SO2 566 6.3.3 SO2 Conversion into SO3 567 6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid Process 572 6.4 Nitric Acid 573 6.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Nitric Acid Production 574 6.4.2 Kinetics of Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia 576 6.4.3 NO Oxidation 587 6.4.4 Nitric Acid Processes 588 6.5 Coke and Steel 591 6.5.1 Steel Production (Overview) 591 6.5.2 Production of Blast Furnace Coke 593 6.5.3 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace 599 6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking 609 6.6.1 General and Mechanistic Aspects 609 6.6.2 Factors that Influence the Product Distribution 612 6.6.3 Industrial Steam Cracker Process 613 6.6.4 Economic Aspects of the Steam Cracker Process 617 6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils 618 6.7.1 Thermal Cracking (Delayed Coking) 619 6.7.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC Process) 622 6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating 625 6.8.1 History, Current Status, and Perspective of Hydrotreating 625 6.8.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 626 6.8.3 Hydrodesulfurization Process and Reaction Engineering Aspects 629 6.9 High-Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.2 Reforming Catalyst 635 6.9.3 Process of Catalytic Reforming 635 6.9.4 Deactivation and Regeneration of a Reforming Catalyst 638 6.10 Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.1 Reaction and Reaction Mechanism of Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.2 Alkylation Feedstock and Products 651 6.10.3 Process Variables 651 6.10.4 Commercial Alkylation Processes 652 6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 657 6.11.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 658 6.11.2 Methanol Synthesis 676 6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide 685 6.12.1 Commercial Production of Ethylene Oxide 685 6.12.2 Commercial Production of Propylene Oxide 689 6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride 694 6.13.1 Production and Use of Phthalic Anhydride (Overview) 694 6.13.2 Design and Simulation of a Multi-tubular Reactor for Oxidation of o-Xylene to PA 695 6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis) 701 6.14.1 Industrial Relevance of Hydroformylation 701 6.14.2 Hydroformylation Catalysis 703 6.14.3 Current Hydroformylation Catalyst and Process Technologies 706 6.14.4 Advanced Catalyst Immobilization Technologies for Hydroformylation Catalysis 714 6.15 Acetic Acid 721 6.15.1 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Acetaldehyde Oxidation 722 6.15.2 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Butane or Naphtha Oxidation 723 6.15.3 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Methanol Carbonylation 724 6.15.4 Other Technologies for the Commercial Production of Acetic Acid 728 6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production 729 6.16.1 Industrial Relevance of 1-Olefins 729 6.16.2 Aluminum-Alkyl-Based “Aufbaureaktion” (Growth Reaction) 730 6.16.3 Nickel-Catalyzed Oligomerization: Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) 733 6.16.4 Metallacycle Mechanism for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization 735 6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (ExampleMenthol) 740 6.17.1 Menthol and Menthol Production (Overview) 740 6.17.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 741 6.17.3 Influence of Mass Transfer on the Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 744 6.17.4 Epimerization of Menthol Isomers in Technical Reactors 748 6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources 750 6.18.1 Automotive Emission Control 750 6.18.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx from Flue Gas from Power Plants 756 6.19 Industrial Electrolysis 763 6.19.1 Electrochemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics 763 6.19.2 Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide 768 6.19.3 Electrolysis of Water 773 6.19.4 Electrometallurgy (Purification of Metals by Electrorefining) 778 6.20 Polyethene Production 782 6.20.1 Polyethene Classification and Industrial Use 782 6.20.2 General Characteristics of PE Production Processes 783 6.20.3 Reaction Mechanism and Process Equipment for the Production of LDPE 784 6.20.4 Catalysts for the Production of HDPE and LLDPE 787 6.20.5 Production Processes for HDPE and LLDPE 789 6.20.6 PE Production Economics and Modern Developments in PE Production 792 6.21 Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.1 Production and Use of Titanium Dioxide (Overview) 793 6.21.2 Sulfate Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.3 Chloride Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 795 6.22 Silicon 796 6.22.1 Production and Use of Silicon (Overview) 796 6.22.2 Carbothermic Reduction of Silica 797 6.22.3 Refining, Casting, and Crushing of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.22.4 Economics of the Metallurgical Grade Silicon Production 798 6.22.5 Production of Photovoltaic Grade Silicon by Purification of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.23 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 801 6.23.1 Production and Use of PTFE (Overview) 801 6.23.2 Process for Production of PTFE 802 6.23.3 Treatment of PTFE Waste 802 6.24 Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation 807 6.24.1 General Aspects 807 6.24.2 Overview of the Methods Applied for Industrial Amino Acid Production 807 6.24.3 Amino Acid Fermentation 810 References 815 Index 841
£78.30
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH High-Energy-Density Fuels for Advanced
Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively and systematically demonstrates the theory and practice of designing, synthesizing and improving the performance of fuels. The contents range from polycyoalkane fuels, strained fuels, alky-diamondoid fuels, hypergolic and nanofluid fuels derived from fossil and biomass. All the chapters together clearly describe the important aspects of high-energy-density fuels including molecular design, synthesis route, physiochemical properties, and their application in improving the aerocraft performance. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility to the relevant theory and technologies. This book provides the readers with fundamentals on high-energy-density fuels and their potential in advanced aerospace propulsion, and also provides the readers with inspiration for new development of advanced aerospace fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1Ji‐Jun Zou Reference 3 2 Development History and Basics of Aerospace Fuels 5Xiangwen Zhang and Tinghao Jia 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 General Properties and Requirements of Aerospace Fuels 6 2.2.1 Density 7 2.2.2 Low‐Temperature Fluidity 8 2.2.2.1 Viscosity 8 2.2.2.2 Freezing Point 10 2.2.3 Thermal Oxidation Stability 11 2.2.4 Prediction of Jet Fuel Performance 12 2.3 Development of Aerospace Fuels 12 2.3.1 Aviation Gas Turbine Engine Fuels (Petroleum Fuels) 12 2.3.2 Development of Russian Aerospace Fuels 15 2.3.3 High‐Thermal‐Oxidative‐Stability Fuels 15 2.3.4 Current Fuels 17 2.3.5 Future Fuels 19 2.4 High‐Energy‐Density Fuels 21 2.4.1 RJ‐4 21 2.4.2 RJ‐5 and Related Fuels 22 2.4.3 JP‐10, JP‐9, and RJ‐7 22 2.4.4 Strained and Diamondoid Fuels 25 2.4.5 Gelled Fuels 26 2.5 Non‐petroleum Fuels 27 2.5.1 F‐T Fuels 28 2.5.2 Bio‐aviation Fuels 28 2.5.3 Perspectives 31 References 33 3 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Polycyoalkane Fuels 39Ji‐Jun Zou and Chengxiang Shi 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Cycloaddition 40 3.2.1 Reaction Pathway 40 3.2.2 Cycloaddition Catalysts 44 3.3 Hydrogenation 50 3.3.1 Hydrogenation of Dicyclopentadiene 50 3.3.1.1 Hydrogenation Mechanism 50 3.3.1.2 Hydrogenation Catalysts 51 3.3.1.3 Hydrogenation Kinetics 54 3.3.2 Hydrogenation of Tricyclopentadiene 67 3.3.2.1 Hydrogenation Mechanism 67 3.3.2.2 Hydrogenation Catalysts 69 3.3.2.3 Hydrogenation Kinetics 70 3.4 Isomerization 74 3.4.1 Isomerization of Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 74 3.4.2 Isomerization of Tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene 81 3.5 Other Reactions and Procedures 90 3.5.1 Alternative Isomerization–Hydrogenation Synthesis 90 3.5.2 One‐Step Synthesis of exo‐Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 95 References 97 4 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Diamondoid Fuels 101Lun Pan and Jiawei Xie 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 102 4.3 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via IL‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 112 4.3.1 Rearrangement of Tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene 114 4.3.2 Rearrangement of Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene 120 4.3.3 Rearrangement of Other Polycycloalkanes 127 4.3.4 Rearrangement of Biomass‐Derived Hydrocarbons 134 4.4 Synthesis of Alkyl Diamondoids via Zeolite‐Catalyzed Rearrangement 135 4.5 Alkylation and Other Chemical Synthesis Methods 138 4.6 Basic Properties of Alkyl Diamondoids 142 References 144 5 Design and Synthesis of High‐Energy Strained Fuels 149Ji‐Jun Zou, Junjian Xie, Yakun Liu, and Chi Ma 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Quadricyclane Fuel 149 5.2.1 Properties and Synthesis of Quadricyclane 149 5.2.2 Homogeneous Photosensitizers 152 5.2.2.1 Triplet Sensitizer 152 5.2.2.2 Transition‐Metal‐Compound‐Based Sensitizer 153 5.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 155 5.2.3.1 Zinc and Cadmium Oxides and Sulfides 155 5.2.3.2 Modified Zeolites 155 5.2.3.3 Metal‐Doped TiO2 156 5.2.3.4 Ti‐Containing MCM‐41 161 5.2.3.5 Combination of Metal Doping and Framework Ti Species 164 5.2.3.6 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 167 5.2.4 Utilization of Quadricyclane 168 5.3 Cyclopropane Fuel 170 5.3.1 Organometallic Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 170 5.3.1.1 Zinc Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 171 5.3.1.2 Samarium Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 174 5.3.1.3 Lithium Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 175 5.3.1.4 Metallic Aluminum Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 177 5.3.2 Transition Metal Carbene‐Mediated Cyclopropanation 181 5.3.2.1 Diazomethane System 183 5.3.2.2 Copper Catalytic System 185 5.3.2.3 Other Transition Metal Catalyst Systems 187 5.3.3 Other Cyclopropanation Methods 190 5.3.4 Fuel Synthesis and Mechanism 190 5.3.4.1 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with Monomeric IZnCH2I in Gas Phase 193 5.3.4.2 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with Monomeric IZnCH2I in Diethyl Ether Solvent 197 5.3.4.3 Cyclopropanation of endo‐DCPD with (ICH2)2Zn in Diethyl Ether Solvent 201 5.4 Spiro and Caged Fuels 202 5.4.1 Spiro‐Fuels 203 5.4.2 PCU Monomer, Dimers, and Derivatives 209 5.4.2.1 PCU Monomer 209 5.4.2.2 PCU Dimers 210 5.4.2.3 PCU Derivatives 214 5.4.3 Cubane and Derivatives 218 5.4.4 Other Caged Fuels 222 References 224 6 Design and Synthesis of High‐Density Fuels from Biomass 241Ji‐Jun Zou and Genkuo Nie 6.1 Introduction 241 6.2 Carbon‐Increasing Reaction Strategies 244 6.2.1 Chain and Ring Increasing by Hydroxyalkylation and Alkylation 244 6.2.1.1 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons by Hydroxylalkylation and Alkylation 250 6.2.1.2 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons by Alkylation 252 6.2.1.3 Synthesis of Branched Multicyclic Hydrocarbons by Alkylation 254 6.2.2 Chain and Ring Increasing by Aldol Condensation 256 6.2.2.1 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic and Multicyclic Hydrocarbons by Aldol Condensation 256 6.2.2.2 Catalyst Design in the Synthesis of Bi‐ to Tetra‐Five/Six‐Membered Ring Hydrocarbons 260 6.2.3 Ring Increasing by Diels–Alder Cycloaddition 260 6.2.3.1 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Terpinenes 262 6.2.3.2 Synthesis of Branched Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using 2‐MF 265 6.2.3.3 Synthesis of Branched Monocyclic Hydrocarbons Using Diacetone Alcohol 267 6.2.3.4 Synthesis of JP‐10 Using Furfuryl Alcohol 267 6.2.4 Ring Increasing by Oligomerization 267 6.2.4.1 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Pinene 269 6.2.4.2 Synthesis of Multicyclic Hydrocarbons Using Cyclenes 271 6.2.5 Ring Increasing by Combined Reactions 272 6.2.5.1 Robinson Annulation 272 6.2.5.2 Reductive Coupling 274 6.2.5.3 Guerbet Reaction 275 6.2.6 Fused Cycle Constructing by Skeleton Rearrangement 275 6.2.7 Integrated Reaction Strategies 277 6.2.7.1 Dual‐Bed Catalyst System 278 6.2.7.2 One‐Pot Reaction 279 6.2.7.3 Multistep Coupling Reaction 280 6.2.7.4 Cellulose Co‐conversion with Polyethylene via Catalytically Combined Processes 283 References 283 7 Design and Synthesis of Nanofluid Fuels 291Lun Pan, Xiu‐Tian‐Feng E, Jinwen Cao, and Kang Xue 7.1 Introduction 291 7.2 Synthesis and Properties of Nanofluid Fuels 292 7.2.1 Single‐Step Methods 293 7.2.1.1 Physical Methods 293 7.2.1.2 Chemical Methods 299 7.2.2 Two‐Step Methods 303 7.3 Methods to Evaluate Stability of Nanofluids 305 7.3.1 Sedimentation Photograph Capturing 305 7.3.2 Sedimentation Balance Method 305 7.3.3 Centrifugation Method 305 7.3.4 ζ‐Potential Measurement 306 7.3.5 UV–Vis Spectrophotometer 308 7.3.6 Light Scattering Method 310 7.3.7 Three‐Omega Method 310 7.4 Approaches to Enhance Stability of Nanofluids 310 7.4.1 Mechanical Mixing 311 7.4.2 pH Control 312 7.4.3 Surfactants 313 7.4.4 Surface Modification 313 7.5 Typical High‐Energy Nanofluid Fuels 315 7.5.1 Boron‐Based Nanofluids 315 7.5.1.1 Preparation of Stable Boron‐in‐Jet Fuel Nanofluids 316 7.5.1.2 Dispersion of Boron‐Based Nanofluids 317 7.5.2 Aluminum‐Based Nanofluids 320 7.6 Physical Properties of Nanofluid Fuels 322 7.6.1 Density and Energy 322 7.6.2 Viscosity 323 7.6.3 Surface tension 328 7.6.4 Latent Heat of Vaporization 329 7.6.5 Combustion Characteristics 331 7.6.6 Evaporation Characteristics 337 7.7 Formulation and Synthesis of Gelled Fuels 341 7.7.1 Gel Formulation 341 7.7.2 Gel Preparation and Gelation Mechanism 346 7.8 Rheological Behavior 348 7.9 Atomization Behavior 352 7.10 Combustion Behavior 356 References 361 8 Design and Synthesis of Green Hypergolic Ionic Liquid Fuels 377Xiangwen Zhang and Yong‐Chao Zhang 8.1 Introduction 377 8.2 Development History of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 378 8.3 Physicochemical Properties of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 379 8.3.1 Thermal Properties 379 8.3.2 Density 380 8.3.3 Viscosity 380 8.3.4 Heat of Formation 380 8.3.5 Ignition Delay Time 381 8.3.6 Specific Impulse 382 8.4 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids 382 8.4.1 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Dicyanamide Anions 382 8.4.2 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Nitrocyanamide Anions 397 8.4.3 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Boronium‐Based and B─H Bond‐Rich Anions 402 8.4.4 Hypergolic Ionic Liquids Based on Other Anions 421 References 431 9 Combustion Properties of Fuels and Methods to Improve Them 437Lun Pan and Xiu‐Tian‐Feng E 9.1 Introduction 437 9.2 Typical Equipment Used in Combustion Experiment 439 9.2.1 Rapid Compressor 439 9.2.2 Shock Tube 441 9.2.2.1 Heated Shock Tube 441 9.2.2.2 Aerosol Shock Tube 441 9.2.3 Hot Plate 446 9.2.4 Laser Ignition 447 9.2.5 Constant‐Volume Strand Burner 447 9.3 Combustion and Ignition Characters 450 9.3.1 Ignition Probability 450 9.3.2 Ignition Temperature 450 9.3.3 Ignition Delay Time 453 9.3.4 Combustion Rate 455 9.4 Methods to Enhance Ignition and Combustion 458 9.4.1 Effect of NP Concentration on Ignition and Combustion 458 9.4.2 Effect of Surfactants or Dispersants on Ignition and Combustion 461 9.4.3 Effect of Nanoparticle Characteristics on Ignition and Combustion 462 9.5 Combustion Mechanism of Nanofluid Fuels 464 References 470 Index 475
£125.96
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide with Polyethylene Glycol
Book SynopsisIn this volume, Professor He and his coworkers summarize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted CO2 chemistry on the basis of understanding about phase behavior of PEG/CO2 system and reaction mechanism at molecular level. As PEG could be utilized as a green replacement for organic solvents, phase-transfer catalyst, surfactant, support in various reaction systems, significantly promoting catalytic activity and recovering expensive metal catalysts, particularly regarded as a CO2-philic material, the authors focus on special applications of PEG in CO2 capture and utilization, including PEG-functionalized catalysts for efficient transformation of CO2 and PEG-functionalized absorbents for efficient CO2 capture. Furthermore, they describe carbon capture and utilization strategy as an alternative approach to address the energy penalty problem in carbon capture and storage. Interestingly, the authors also discuss PEG radical chemistry in dense CO2 as rather creative and unusual use of PEG, presumably serves as a reaction medium and a radical initiator for radical chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Phase Behavior of PEG/CO2 System.- PEG / scCO2 Biphasic Solvent System.- CO2 Capture with PEG.- Functionalized-PEG as Catalysts for CO2 Conversion.- CO2 Capture, Activation and Subsequent Conversion with PEG.
£42.74
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Principles and Applications of Well Logging
Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on the principles and applications of electric logging, sonic logging, nuclear logging, production logging and NMR logging, especially LWD tools, Sondex production logging tools and other advanced image logging techniques, such as ECLIPS 5700, EXCELL 2000 etc. that have been developed and used in the last two decades. Moreover, it examines the fundamentals of rock mechanics, which contribute to applications concerning the stability of borehole sidewall, safety density window of drilling fluid, fracturing etc. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a wide range of readers, including students majoring in petrophysics, geophysics, geology and seismology, and engineers working in well logging and exploitation.Table of ContentsElectrical Logging.- Sonic Logs.- Nuclear Logs.- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- Production Logging(PL).- Logging While Drilling(LWD).- The Advanced Well Logging Technology.- Rock Mechanics.- Integrated Interpretation of Well Logging Data.
£125.99
Icaria editorial Final de la era del petróleo El
Book Synopsis
£15.72
World Scientific Publishing Company Seismicbased Prediction Technologies For Shale
Book Synopsis
£85.50
Springer Verlag, Singapore Proceedings of the International Field
Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected papers from the 8th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2018) and addresses a broad range of topics, including: Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoirs, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, and Geomechanics. In brief, the papers introduce readers to upstream technologies used in oil & gas development, the main principles of the process, and various related design technologies. The conference not only provided a platform to exchange experiences, but also promoted the advancement of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The book is chiefly intended for industry experts, professors, researchers, senior engineers, and enterprise managers.Table of ContentsReservoir Surveillance and Management.- Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description.- Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR.- Ultra-Tight Reservoir.- Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology.- Oil and Gas Well Production Testing.- Geomechanics.
£237.49
Springer Verlag, Singapore Clean Coal and Sustainable Energy: Proceedings of
Book SynopsisThis book gathers the proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Coal Combustion, held in Qingdao, China in July 2019. It provides the latest research results on techniques for pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed combustion, low-carbon energy and emission controls, and industrial applications. Highlighting research areas that are of great importance in promoting collaboration between related subjects and the technical development of coal-related fields, the book offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and engineers alike. Table of ContentsBasic Coal Quality & Combustion.- Pulverized Coal Combustion.- Fluidized Bed Combustion.- Low Carbon Energy.- Emission Controls.- Design and Operating Experiences.
£224.99
Springer Practical Geophysical Technology and Application
Book Synopsis
£40.49
Springer Verlag, Singapore Proceedings of the 2021 International Petroleum
Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of selected papers from the 5th International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference (IPPTC 2021). The work focuses on petroleum & petrochemical technologies and practical challenges in the field. It creates a platform to bridge the knowledge gap between China and the world. The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience but also promotes the development of scientific research in petroleum & petrochemical technologies. The book will benefit a broad readership, including industry experts, researchers, educators, senior engineers and managers.Table of ContentsOffshore Oil & Gas Exploration and Development.- Drilling & Production Technology and Oilfield Chemistry.- Petroleum Refining and Chemical Engineering.- Environmental Monitoring and Management.- Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation.- Pipeline Monitoring and Management.
£224.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation for Energy
Book SynopsisThis book is in the field of Engineering Thermophysics. It first introduces the authors’ academic thoughts of photo-thermal energy cascade conversion in the fuel combustion. Afterward, a series of thermal radiation theories and models have been developed based on the aim of radiative energy utilization, including spectral radiation available energy theory, gas radiation model under complex combustion conditions, and calculation model of radiation available energy transfer in combustion medium. Based on simulation and experimental results, the radiative energy characteristics of different fuel combustion are introduced. This book develops the radiation theory of the combustion process from a new perspective, integrating theories, models, and experimental results. This book can be used as a reference for scientists, engineers, and graduate students engaged in energy environment, combustion, and thermal radiation.Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2 Spectral Radiation Thermodynamic Theory for Combustion.- Chapter3 Gas Radiation Model under Complex Combustion Conditions.- Chapter4. Thermodynamic Calculation of Radiative Energy in Combustion Medium.- Chapter5. Radiative Energy Characteristics of Solid Fuel Combustion.- Chapter6. Outlook.
£107.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore Lithofacies Paleogeography and Geological Survey of Shale Gas
Book SynopsisThis is an open access book. This book presents new theory and methods on compiling lithofacies paleogeographic maps as a key tool for guiding geological survey on shale gas. The fundamental goal of the shale gas geological survey is to find the ‘dessert’ area. It is therefore suggested that the lithofacies paleogeographic study and the technique of mapping should be a solid scientific basis for shale gas exploration. It takes Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent area as an example to illustrate how to find the ‘dessert’ area of shale gas in geological survey phase by compiling lithofacies paleogeographic map. It’s a valuable reference for both scientific research and teaching courses in the fields of sedimentary lithofacies, paleogeography, stratigraphy, and oil and gas.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Analysis of factors controlling shale gas enrichment.- Shale Gas Geological Survey.- Examples—Taking the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Southern Sichuan and its periphery as an example.- Hirnantian Glaciation.
£31.49
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell
Book SynopsisDirect alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), such as methanol and ethanol ones, are very promising advanced power systems that may considerably reduce dependence on fossil fuels and are, therefore, attracting increased attention worldwide. Nanostructured materials can improve the performance of the cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes of DAFCs. This book focuses on the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for direct alcohol fuel cells, including novel non-noble or low noble metal catalysts deposited on the graphene layer and metal-free doped carbon black for oxygen electroreduction reaction, Sn-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles for alcohol electro-oxidation reaction, and novel nanomaterials for promoting proton transfer in electrolytes. In addition, the book includes chapters from not only experimentalists but also computational chemists who have worked in the development of advanced power systems for decades.Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, this multidisciplinary work is not just a reference for researchers in chemistry and materials science, but a handy textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related courses, especially those with an interest in developing novel materials for advanced power systems.Table of ContentsAdvanced Anode Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells Multimetallic Nanocatalysts for Anodic Reaction in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell. Understanding Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Bimetallic Nanoparticles to Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction. Theoretical Aspects of Gold Nanoparticles for Ethanol and Glucose Oxidation. Proton Transport and Design of Proton Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Advances in Understanding the Effects on the Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction.
£89.09
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Fossil Fuels: Current Status And Future
Book SynopsisConcerns over energy resources and the environmental impact of energy use will continue to be part of the polical agenda across the globe. World Scientific's unique series of books on Current Energy Issues is intended, in part, as an expansion and update of the material contained in the World Scientific Handbook of Energy but in part each volume will focus on related energy resources or issues that contain a broader range of topics plus more explanatory text than was possible in the Handbook. The authors will also take the opportunity to update the data presented in the Handbook since in many cases the field is rapidly changing.The Fossil Fuels volume focuses on the main fossil resources, viz. coal, oil and natural gas. Coal is still an extremely important resource especially for electricity production around the world and the book discussed methods for making coal a cleaner resource, including carbon sequestration. There has been a rapid change in the mix of fossil fuels mainly because of hydraulic fracturing which enables oil and gas to be extracted from previously inaccessible formations. The book describes this changing situation including the precautions required to make the production of these fuels safe and environmentally benign. Alternative fossil fuels such as methane hydrates are also discussed.
£108.00
