Fossil fuel technologies Books

Book SynopsisThis book looks at chemmotological solutions to important questions surrounding sustainability and environmental safety of transport — both key priorities within the global strategy of sustainable development. Bringing together expanded versions of selected papers presented at the 8th International Scientific-Technical Conference: Problems of Chemmotology – Theory and Practice of Rational Use of Conventional and Alternative Fuels and Lubricants, contributors present solutions to problematic questions, including choosing feedstock and technologies of its processing for manufacturing alternative fuels, development and implementation of measures for improving environmental safety of transport, minimizing exhaust gases emission from transport, introducing new solution or improvements in systems of fuels supply and infrastructure, and changes in legislative and regulatory base for fuels and lubricants use. This collection will be an invaluable reference for researchers, professionals, and students involved in alternative aviation fuels, transport engineering, sustainable transport development, and fuels and lubricants.Table of Contents1-Advance in pathways to sustainable aviation fuels 2-Effect of polymer additives on the rheological properties of heavy high-viscosity oil 3-Phenomenological probabilistic model of friction pair wear taking into account thermal-mechanical stability of boundary layers 4-Revisiting the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters of Lower Monohydric Alcohols by Homogeneous Base-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils 5-Cultivating Microalgae in Wastewaters for Biofuel and Fertilizer Production 6-Development of New Structured Honeycomb Fiber Catalysts for Hydrocarbons Conversion to the Carbon-Free Fuel 7-Providing Wasteless Manufacturing of Aviation Biofuels by Using Camelina Seed Residues for Producing Functional Bread 8-Technologies for Restoring Soil from Oil Pollution 9-Investigation for a Sustainable Use of Fossil Coal Through the Dynamics of Interaction of Smokeless Solid Fuel with Oxygen and the Possibilities of its Practical Application 10-Improvement of Diesel Engine Parameters by Using of Alcohol Conversion 11-Influence of Microbiological Pollution on Properties of Motor Fuels 12-System for Monitoring Microbiological Contamination of Jet Fuels and Fuel Systems 13-Kinetics of Dissolution of the Oil Deposits 14-Cavitation Treatment of Gas Condensate Gasoline, Modified with Monohydric Alcohols

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for the application of carbon capture, covering its introduction, gas transport phenomena and models, reaction mechanisms, industrial applications such as bio-gas upgradation, flue gas separation, hydrogen gas and natural gas purification, fabrication methods of both FTMs and their carrier mediums, testing/characterization techniques, techno-analysis with up-to-date trends and the future outlooks. Climate change and environmental impacts are resulted due to greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The industrial revolution is currently causing the augmented emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, various technologies are being looked at to overcome these problems. In which, membrane technology is key among them and is envisaged for many industrial applications, especially for gas separations and carbon capture. Considering this, FTMs are being actively investigated due to their remarkable gas separation performance.This book describes the working principle of FTMs and includes case studies to explore their impact on different industrial applications. Also, the book highlights how FTMs are reshaping science to capture CO2 for reducing climate and environmental impacts.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) Gas Transport Models and Reaction Mechanisms.- Fabrication and Characterization of FTMs and Design of Membrane Systems.- Parametric Study of CO2 Capture through FTMs.- FTMs for Natural Gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Bio-gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Syn-gas Purification (CO2/H2).- FTMs for Carbon capture from Flue gas (CO2/N2).- Robeson Curve of FTMs for Carbon Capture.- CO2 gas storage and utilization.- Techno-economics analysis.- Current Challenges and Future Trends.

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Book SynopsisThis exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage.Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction1. Carbon capture, transport and geologic storage: A brief introduction Part II. Geological Characterisation of storage sites 2. Algorithms for CO2 storage capacity estimation: Review and Case study Part III. CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers 3. Trapping mechanism of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: brief review 4. Monitoring of CO2 plume migration in deep saline formations with kinetic interface sensitive tracers (A numerical modelling study for the laboratory) 5. Monitoring of soil gases in the characterization stage of CO2 storage in saline aquifers and possible effects of CO2 leakages in the groundwater system 6. CO2 storage capacity estimates for a Norwegian and a Swedish aquifer using different approaches - from theoretical volumes, basin modelling to reservoir models 7. Determination of CO2-brine-rock interactions for carbon dioxide sequestration using SEM-EDS methods Part IV. CO2 Storage in Coal 8. Geological Considerations for CO2 Storage in Coal 9. A review summary on multiple aspects of coal seam sequestration Part V. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs 10. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs Part VI. CO2 storage in Other Sites 11. Mineral Carbonation in Ultramafic and Basaltic Rocks 12. Ocean Applications for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Part VII. Risk Assessment of CO2 Storage 13. Risk Assessment of the Geological Storage of CO2: A Review 14. Numerical modelling of CO2 gas injection with hydrate formation: A Case Study in the Laboratory-Scale Sand Sediment 15. Security Assessment on Geological Storage of CO2: Application to Hontomin Site

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected papers from the 8th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2018) and addresses a broad range of topics, including: Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoirs, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, and Geomechanics. In brief, the papers introduce readers to upstream technologies used in oil & gas development, the main principles of the process, and various related design technologies. The conference not only provided a platform to exchange experiences, but also promoted the advancement of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The book is chiefly intended for industry experts, professors, researchers, senior engineers, and enterprise managers.Table of ContentsReservoir Surveillance and Management.- Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description.- Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR.- Ultra-Tight Reservoir.- Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology.- Oil and Gas Well Production Testing.- Geomechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Coal Combustion, held in Qingdao, China in July 2019. It provides the latest research results on techniques for pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed combustion, low-carbon energy and emission controls, and industrial applications. Highlighting research areas that are of great importance in promoting collaboration between related subjects and the technical development of coal-related fields, the book offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and engineers alike. Table of ContentsBasic Coal Quality & Combustion.- Pulverized Coal Combustion.- Fluidized Bed Combustion.- Low Carbon Energy.- Emission Controls.- Design and Operating Experiences.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of selected papers from the 5th International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference (IPPTC 2021). The work focuses on petroleum & petrochemical technologies and practical challenges in the field. It creates a platform to bridge the knowledge gap between China and the world. The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience but also promotes the development of scientific research in petroleum & petrochemical technologies. The book will benefit a broad readership, including industry experts, researchers, educators, senior engineers and managers.Table of ContentsOffshore Oil & Gas Exploration and Development.- Drilling & Production Technology and Oilfield Chemistry.- Petroleum Refining and Chemical Engineering.- Environmental Monitoring and Management.- Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation.- Pipeline Monitoring and Management.

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Book SynopsisThis book is in the field of Engineering Thermophysics. It first introduces the authors’ academic thoughts of photo-thermal energy cascade conversion in the fuel combustion. Afterward, a series of thermal radiation theories and models have been developed based on the aim of radiative energy utilization, including spectral radiation available energy theory, gas radiation model under complex combustion conditions, and calculation model of radiation available energy transfer in combustion medium. Based on simulation and experimental results, the radiative energy characteristics of different fuel combustion are introduced. This book develops the radiation theory of the combustion process from a new perspective, integrating theories, models, and experimental results. This book can be used as a reference for scientists, engineers, and graduate students engaged in energy environment, combustion, and thermal radiation.Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2 Spectral Radiation Thermodynamic Theory for Combustion.- Chapter3 Gas Radiation Model under Complex Combustion Conditions.- Chapter4. Thermodynamic Calculation of Radiative Energy in Combustion Medium.- Chapter5. Radiative Energy Characteristics of Solid Fuel Combustion.- Chapter6. Outlook.

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Table of Contents1. Background, Structure and Objectives2. Facilities Integrity Excellence Model3. Facility4. Asset Integrity and Reliability5. Maintenance Management6. Operations7. Supporting Processes8. Risk Focused Culture9. The Organization10. Continuous Improvement11. Implementation12. Policy and Strategy

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis companion to Introduction to Oil and Gas Operational Safety will help you to prepare for the written assessment of the NEBOSH International Technical Certificate in Oil and Gas Operational Safety. Aligned directly to the NEBOSH syllabus, this revision guide includes learning outcomes and key revision points to help you consolidate your knowledge to enable you to effectively discharge workplace safety and responsibilities.With reference to the textbook, this revision guide provides complete syllabus coverage in bite sized chunks to help you pass the certificate and become an efficient practitioner in the Oil and Gas industry. Small, handy size making it ideal for use at home, in the classroom or on the move Includes revision exercises and answers to check your understanding Everything you need for productive revision in one handy reference source Table of Contents1. Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Context - Learning from Incidents, 2. Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Context - Hazards Inherent in Oil and Gas, 3. Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Context - Risk Management Techniques used in the Oil and Gas Industries, 4. Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Context - An Organization's Documented Evidence to Provide a Convincing and Valid Argument that a System is Adequately Safe, 5. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Contract Management, 6. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Process Safety Management, 7. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Role and Purpose of a Permit-to-Work system, 8. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Key Principles of Safe Shift Handover, 9. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Plant Operations and Maintenance, 10. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 1 - Start-Up and Shutdown, 11. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Failure Modes, 12. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Other Types of Failures, 13. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Safety Critical Equipment Controls, 14. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Safe Containment of Hydrocarbons, 15. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Fire Hazards, Risks and Controls, 16. Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2 - Furnace and Boiler Operations, 17. Fire Protection and Emergency Response - Fire and Explosion in the Oil and Gas Industries, 18. Fire Protection and Emergency Response - Emergency Response, 19. Logistics and Transport Operations - Marine Transport, 20. Logistics and Transport Operations - Land Transport

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations is an authoritative source providing extensive up-to-date coverage of the technology used in the exploration, drilling, production, and operations in an offshore setting. Offshore oil and gas activity is growing at an expansive rate and this must-have training guide covers the full spectrum including geology, types of platforms, exploration methods, production and enhanced recovery methods, pipelines, and envinronmental managment and impact, specifically worldwide advances in study, control, and prevention of the industry's impact on the marine environment and its living resources. In addition, this book provides a go-to glossary for quick reference. Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations empowers oil and gas engineers and managers to understand and capture on one of the fastest growing markets in the energy sector today.Table of Contents1. Occurrence and Formation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas2. Offshore Geology and Operations3. Offshore Platforms4. Exploration5. Drilling and Well Completion6. Production7. Transportation8. Corrosion9. Environmental Impact10. Legislation and The FutureGlossaryIndex

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one reference combining hydrodynamic theory with drilling applications for the design, planning, and optimization of drilling operations Hydromechanical processes underlie the majority of technology operations in drilling and present a crucial concern as the pace and depth of drilling increasesin today''s energy-hungry world. Applied Hydro-aeromechanics in Oil and Gas Drilling offers a unique resource for properly modeling and understanding the hydro-dynamic forces affecting a drilling site. Combining hydrodynamic theory with specific drilling applications, this coverage provides readers with a comprehensive reference for designing, planning, and optimizing drilling operations. Featuring the latest technologies and developments affecting the field, Applied Hydro-aeromechanics in Oil and Gas Drilling covers topics including: The physics of hydro-aeromechanical phenomena in drilling processes Calculation methodsTable of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1 Main results and development lines in hydro-aeromechanics of drilling processes. 2 Basic problems of hydro-aeromechanics in drilling processes. 3 Multiphase media in drilling processes. 4 Hydro- aeromechanic equations in drilling processes. 4.1 Mass conservation equation. 4.2 Momentum (motion) equation. 4.3 Thermodynamic equations of state. 4.4 Rheological equations of state. 4.5 Equation of concentrations. 4.6 Formulation of hydro-aerodynamic problems for drilling processes. 5 Hydrostatics of single-phase fluids and two-phase mixtures in gravity field. 5.1 Hydrostatics of single-phase fluids. 5.2 Hydrostatics of incompressible fluid at τw = 0. 5.3 Hydrostatics of single-phase compressible fluid (gas) at τw = 0. 5.4 Hydrostatics of slightly compressible fluid τw = 0. 5.5 Hydrostatics of a fluid with dynamic shear stress (τw‡0). 5.6 Hydrostatics of two-phase fluids. 6 Stationary flow of fluids in elements of well circulation system. 6.1 Equations for stationary flows of homogeneous incompressible fluids. 6.2 Calculation of pressure in laminar flows of viscous incompressible fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.3 Calculation of pressure in laminar flow of viscous-plastic fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.4 Calculation of pressure in laminar flow of power incompressible fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.5 Calculation of pressure in turbulent flow in circular pipes and annular channels. 6.6 Transition of laminar flow of viscous, viscous-plastic and power fluids into turbulent one. 6.7 Calculation of pressure in eccentric annulus. Formation of stagnation zones. 6.8 Effect of internal pipe rotation on pressure in annulus. 6.9 Pressure drop in local resistances of circulation system. 7 Equilibrium and motion of rigid particles in fluid, gas and gas-liquid mixture. 7.1 Washing of the well bottom. 7.2 Levitation of rigid particles in fluid, gas and gas-liquid flows. 7.3 Flow rate of fluid, gas and gas-liquid mixture needed for removal of cutting from well bore. 7.4 Calculation of ball drop time in descending flow of washing fluid in a column of pipes. 7.5 Hydraulic calculation of a circulation system in drilling with incompressible washing fluid. 8 Stationary flow of gas and gas-cutting mixture in elements of well circulation system. 8.1 Pressure distribution in ascending flow of gas and gas-cutting mixture in annular channel of a well. 8.2 Pressure distribution in descending flow of gas in pipes. 8.3 Pressure losses in bit heads and pipe joints. 8.4 Calculation procedure of pump capacity and compressor pressure in drilling with blasting. 9 Stationary flows of gas-liquid mixtures in a well. 9.1 Equations of gas-liquid mixture flow. 9.2 Laminar ascending flow of gas-liquid mixtures in pipes and annular channels. 9.3 Calculation of pressure in pipes and annular space in ascending vertical turbulent flows of gas-liquid mixtures. 9.4 Pressure drop in bit heads in flow of gas-liquid mixture. 9.5 Pressure drop in turbo-drills. 9.6 Calculation of pressure in pipes in descending vertical turbulent flow of gas-liquid mixture. 9.7 Method of calculation of delivery and pressure of pumps and compressors in drilling with aerated fluid washing. 9.8 Effect of gas solubility in fluid on pressure of a mixture in a well. 10 Non-stationary flows of single-phase fluids in a well. 10.1 Equations for non-stationary single-phase flows. 10.2 Non-stationary flows of incompressible fluid in round trip operations. 10.3 Hydrodynamic pressure in round trip operation in a well filled by viscous fluid. 10.4 Hydrodynamic pressure generated by drill-stem descent in a well filled by viscous-plastic fluid. 10.5 Examples of pressure calculations in round trip operations. 10.6 Non-stationary fluid flow in a well as wave process. 10.7. Pressure calculation in deterioration of the safety bypass. 10.8 Calculation of pressure in recovery of circulation in a well. 10.9 Calculation of pressure in a well in settling of ball cage on a seat (thrust ring) in drill-stem. 10.10 Calculation of pressure in round trip of a drill-stem as wave process. 11 Flows of formation fluids and rock solids. 11.1 Basic equations of fluid and rock solid flows. 11.2 Stationary laminar flows of incompressible and compressible fluids and gases. 11.3 Nonstationary laminar flows of incompressible and compressible fluids and gases. 11.4 Flows of formation fluids and rock solids at regimes different from laminar. 12 Nonstationary flow of gas-liquid mixtures in well-formation system. 12.1 Estimation of bottom-hole decompression in removal of gas bench from a well. 12.2 Recognition of gas outburst and selection of regimes of its liquidation. 12.3 Calculation of amount, density and delivery of fluid needed to kill the open gas blowout. 12.4 Calculation of pressure at the well mouth in blowout killing by direct pumping of killing fluid into the well. 13 Nonstationary flows of fluid mixtures in well-formation system Calculation of fluid-gas blowout killing. 14 Distribution of concentration and pressure in displacement of Newtonian and viscous-plastic fluids from circular pipes and annular channels. Hydraulic calculation of cementation regime. 14.1 Main reasons of incompletely displacement of fluids. 14.2 Distribution of concentrations in displacement of one fluid by another fluid. 14.3 Taking into account needed displacement completeness in calculations of cementing. 14.4 Method of hydraulic calculation of cementing regimes with regard to given concentration in channel cross-section. 14.5 Calculation of single-stage well cementation. Method and calculation of cementation with foam-cement slurry. 15 Sedimentation of rigid phase in drilling fluid after deadlock of mixing. 15.1 One-dimensional equation for hydraulic pressure in sedimentation of rigid phase of suspension. 15.2 Lowering of hydraulic pressure in a well after deadlock of solution circulation. 16 Experimental determination of rheological characteristics. 16.1 Determination of rheological characteristics with rotary viscometer. 16.2 Determination of rheological characteristics with capillary viscometer. 16.3 Determination of rheological characteristics of rock solids. 16.4 Examples of application of rheological characteristics. References. Author index. Subject index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisThe country farmers of the Ausseerland in Austria take special pride in the building of their woodpiles. The wood is arranged to create highly varied patterns which are peculiar to each individual stacker. This is a photographic chronicle of this unique local tradition.

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Book SynopsisOil and gas still power the bulk of our world, from automobiles and the power plants that supply electricity to our homes and businesses, to jet fuel, plastics, and many other products that enrich our lives. With the relatively recent development of hydraulic fracturing (fracking), multilateral, directional, and underbalanced drilling, and enhanced oil recovery, oil and gas production is more important and efficient than ever before. Along with these advancements, as with any new engineering process or technology, come challenges, many of them environmental. More than just a text that outlines the environmental challenges of oil and gas production that have always been there, such as gas migration and corrosion, this groundbreaking new volume takes on the most up-to-date processes and technologies involved in this field. Filled with dozens of case studies and examples, the authors, two of the most well-known and respected petroleum engineers in the world, have outlined all of the maTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii 1 Environmental Concerns 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evaluation Approach 3 1.3 Gas Migration 3 1.4 Underground Gas Storage Facilities 7 1.5 Subsidence 9 1.6 Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane 10 1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing 11 1.8 Oil Shale 13 1.9 Corrosion 14 1.10 Scaling 14 1.11 Conclusion 15 References and Bibliography 15 2 Migration of Hydrocarbon Gases 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Geochemical Exploration for Petroleum 20 2.3 Primary and Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons 20 2.4 Origin of Migrating Hydrocarbon Gases 23 2.5 Driving Force of Gas Movement 34 2.6 Types of Gas Migration 49 2.7 Paths of Gas Migration Associated with Oilwells 61 2.8 Wells Leaking Due to Cementing Failure 69 2.9 Environmental Hazards of Gas Migration 74 2.10 Migration of Gas from Petroleum Wellbores 78 2.11 Case Histories of Gas Migration Problems 79 2.12 Conclusions 97 References and Bibliography 98 3 Subsidence as a Result of Gas/Oil/Water Production 105 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 Theoretical Compaction Models 108 3.3 Theoretical Modeling of Compaction 111 3.4 Subsidence Over Oilfields 119 3.5 Case Studies of Subsidence over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 130 3.6 Concluding Remarks 178 References and Bibliography 179 4 Effect of Emission of CO2 and CH4 into the Atmosphere 187 4.1 Introduction 187 4.2 Historic Geologic Evidence 189 4.3 Adiabatic Theory 197 References 207 5 Fracking 211 5.1 Introduction 211 5.2 Studies Supporting Hydraulic Fracturing 211 5.3 Studies Opposing Hydraulic Fracturing 212 5.4 The Fracking Debate 213 5.5 Production 214 5.6 Fractures: Their Orientation and Length 217 5.7 Casing and Cementing 218 5.8 Blowouts 219 5.9 Horizontal Drilling 220 5.10 Fracturing and the Groundwater Contamination 220 5.11 Pre-Drill Assessment 220 5.12 Basis of Design 222 5.13 Well Construction 222 5.14 Summary 227 5.15 Failure and Contamination Reduction 227 5.16 Frack Fluids 230 5.17 Common Fracturing Additives 231 5.18 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives 232 5.19 Chemicals Used in Fracking 233 5.20 Proppants 235 5.21 Slickwater 238 5.22 Direction of Flow of Frack Fluids 239 5.23 Subsurface Contamination of Groundwater 239 5.24 Spills 242 5.25 Other Surface Impacts 243 5.26 Land Use Permits 243 5.27 Water Usage and Management 244 5.28 Earthquakes 246 5.29 Induced Seismic Event 246xiv Contents 5.30 Wastewater Disposal Wells 247 5.31 Site Remediation 247 5.32 Examples of Legislation and Regulations 248 5.33 Frack Fluid Makeup Reporting 249 5.34 Atmospheric Emissions 250 5.35 Air Emissions Controls 252 5.36 Silica Dust 254 5.37 The Clean Air Act 255 5.38 Regulated Pollutants 255 5.39 Attainment versus Non-attainment 257 5.40 Types of Federal Regulations 257 5.41 MACT/NESHAP 257 5.42 NSPS Regulations: 40 CFR Part 60 258 5.43 Construction and Operating New Source Review Permits 260 5.44 Title V Permits 260 5.45 Chemicals and Products on Locations 260 5.46 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 263 5.47 Contents of an MSDS 263 5.48 Conclusion 264 State Agency Web Addresses 264 References 265 Bibliography 266 6 Corrosion 269 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Definitions 270 6.3 Electrochemical Corrosion 273 6.4 Galvanic Series 280 6.5 Types of Corrosion 289 6.6 Classes of Corrosion 293 6.7 Stress-Induced Corrosion 295 6.8 Microbial Corrosion 298 6.9 Corrosion Related to Oilfield Production 307 6.10 Economics and Preventitive Methods 321 6.11 Corrosion Rate Measurement Units 322 References and Bibliography 322 7 Scaling 329 7.1 Introduction 329 7.2 Sources of Scale 330 7.3 Formation of Scale 332 7.4 Hardness and Alkalinity 334 7.5 Common Oilfield Scale Scenarios 334 7.6 Prediction of Scale Formation 339 7.7 Solubility of Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite and Their Mixtures 345 7.8 Scale Removal 345 7.9 Scale Inhibition 347 7.10 Conclusions 348 References and Bibliography 348 Appendix A 351 About the Authors 377 Author Index 379 Subject Index 387

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Book SynopsisDetails the proper methods to assess, prevent, and reduce corrosion in the oil industry using today''s most advanced technologies This book discusses upstream operations, with an emphasis on production, and pipelines, which are closely tied to upstream operations. It also examines protective coatings, alloy selection, chemical treatments, and cathodic protectionthe main means of corrosion control. The strength and hardness levels of metals is also discussed, as this affects the resistance of metals to hydrogen embrittlement, a major concern for high-strength steels and some other alloys. It is intended for use by personnel with limited backgrounds in chemistry, metallurgy, and corrosion and will give them a general understanding of how and why corrosion occurs and the practical approaches to how the effects of corrosion can be mitigated. Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition updates the original chapters while includinTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to Oilfield Metallurgy and Corrosion Control 1 Costs, 1 Safety, 2 Environmental Damage, 2 Corrosion Control, 3 References, 3 2 Chemistry of Corrosion 5 Electrochemistry of Corrosion, 5 Electrochemical Reactions, 5 Electrolyte Conductivity, 6 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis, 6 Electrode Potentials and Current, 6 Corrosion Rate Expressions, 10 pH, 10 Passivity, 11 Potential‐pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams, 11 Summary, 12 References, 12 3 Corrosive Environments 15 External Environments, 16 Atmospheric Corrosion, 17 Water as a Corrosive Environment, 18 Soils as Corrosive Environments, 20 Corrosion Under Insulation, 21 Internal Environments, 24 Crude Oil, 24 Natural Gas, 25 Oxygen, 26 Carbon Dioxide, 26 Hydrogen Sulfide, 29 Organic Acids, 32 Scale, 33 Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC), 36 Mercury, 41 Hydrates, 41 Fluid Flow Effects on Corrosion, 41 Summary, 41 References, 42 4 Materials 47 Metallurgy Fundamentals, 47 Crystal Structure, 47 Material Defects, Inclusions, and Precipitates, 48 Strengthening Methods, 50 Mechanical Properties, 51 Forming Methods, 60 Castings, 60 Wrought Metal Products, 60 Welding, 61 Clad Metals, 65 Additive Manufacturing, 65 Materials Specifications, 65 API – The American Petroleum Institute, 66 AISI – The American Iron and Steel Institute, 66 ASTM International (Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials), 66 ASME – The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 67 SAE International (Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers), 67 UNS – The Universal Numbering System, 67 NACE – The Corrosion Society (Formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers), 68 Other Organizations, 68 Use of Materials Specifications, 68 Carbon Steels, Cast Irons, and Low‐Alloy Steels, 69 Classifications of Carbon Steels, 71 Alloying Elements and Their Influence on Properties of Steel, 72 Strengthening Methods for Carbon Steels, 74 Quench and Tempered (Q&T) Steels, 75 Carbon Equivalents and Weldability, 76 Cleanliness of Steel, 76 Cast Irons, 76 Corrosion‐Resistant Alloys (CRAs), 77 Iron–Nickel Alloys, 77 Stainless Steels, 78 Nickel‐based Alloys, 83 Cobalt‐based Alloys, 84 Titanium Alloys, 84 Copper Alloys, 86 Aluminum Alloys, 89 Additional Considerations with CRAs, 91 Polymers, Elastomers, and Composites, 93 Materials Selection Guidelines, 97 References, 97 5 Forms of Corrosion 101 Introduction, 101 General Corrosion, 102 Galvanic Corrosion, 104 Galvanic Coupling of Two or More Metals, 104 Area Ratio, 105 Metallurgically Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 107 Environmentally Induced Galvanic Corrosion, 109 Polarity Reversal, 111 Conductivity of the Electrolyte, 111 Control of Galvanic Corrosion, 111 Pitting Corrosion, 112 Occluded Cell Corrosion, 113 Pitting Corrosion Geometry and Stress Concentration, 114 Pitting Initiation, 115 Pitting Resistance Equivalent Numbers (PRENs), 115 Pitting Statistics, 116 Prevention of Pitting Corrosion, 117 Crevice Corrosion, 117 Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS), 119 Pack Rust, 120 Crevice Corrosion Mechanisms, 121 Alloy Selection, 121 Filiform Corrosion, 122 Intergranular Corrosion, 123 Stainless Steels, 123 Corrosion Parallel to Forming Directions, 124 Aluminum, 124 Other Alloys, 125 Dealloying, 125 Mechanism, 125 Selective Phase Attack, 126 Susceptible Alloys, 126 Control, 126 Erosion Corrosion, 127 Mechanism, 127 Velocity Effects and ANSI/API RP14E, 128 Materials, 130 Cavitation, 130 Areas of Concern, 131 Erosion and Erosion‐corrosion Control, 133 Environmentally Assisted Cracking, 134 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), 135 Hydrogen Embrittlement and H2S‐related Cracking, 139 Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME), 143 Corrosion Fatigue, 143 Other Forms of Corrosion Important to Oilfield Operations, 145 Oxygen Attack, 145 Sweet Corrosion, 145 Sour Corrosion, 145 Mesa Corrosion, 145 Top‐of‐Line (TOL) Corrosion, 145 Channeling Corrosion, 146 Grooving Corrosion: Selective Seam Corrosion, 148 Wireline Corrosion, 148 Additional Forms of Corrosion Found in Oil and Gas Operations, 148 Additional Comments, 152 References, 153 6 Corrosion Control 159 Protective Coatings, 159 Paint Components, 159 Coating Systems, 160 Corrosion Protection by Paint Films, 160 Desirable Properties of Protective Coating Systems, 161 Developments in Coatings Technology, 162 Surface Preparation, 162 Purposes of Various Coatings, 166 Generic Binder Classifications, 167 Coatings Suitable for Various Service Environments or Applications, 169 Coatings Inspection, 169 Areas of Concern and Inspection Concentration, 174 Linings, Wraps, Greases, and Waxes, 176 Coatings Failures, 180 Metallic Coatings, 189 Useful Publications, 192 Water Treatment and Corrosion Inhibition, 192 Oil Production Techniques, 193 Water Analysis, 193 Gas Stripping and Vacuum Deaeration, 194 Corrosion Inhibitors, 194 Cathodic Protection, 199 How Cathodic Protection Works, 201 Types of Cathodic Protection, 203 Cathodic Protection Criteria, 214 Inspection and Monitoring, 216 Cathodic Protection Design, 220 Additional Topics Related to Cathodic Protection, 224 Summary of Cathodic Protection, 227 Standards for Cathodic Protection, 227 References, 228 7 Inspection, Monitoring, and Testing 233 Inspection, 235 Visual Inspection (VT), 235 Penetrant Testing (PT), 236 Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT), 237 Ultrasonic Inspection (UT), 237 Radiography (RT), 238 Eddy Current Inspection, 240 Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Inspection, 241 Positive Material Identification (PMI), 242 Thermography, 242 Additional Remarks About Inspection, 243 Monitoring, 244 Monitoring Probes, 244 Electrochemical Corrosion Rate Monitoring Techniques, 250 Hydrogen Probes, 253 Sand Monitoring, 254 Fluid Analysis, 255 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), 257 Additional Comments on Monitoring, 258 Testing, 258 Hydrostatic Testing, 258 Laboratory and Field Trial Testing, 260 References, 262 8 Oilfield Equipment 265 Drilling and Exploration, 265 Drill Pipe, 265 Tool Joints, 268 Blowout Preventers (BOPs), 268 Wells and Wellhead Equipment, 269 History of Production, 270 Downhole Corrosive Environments, 271 Annular Spaces, 275 Types of Wells, 275 Tubing, Casing, and Capillary Tubing, 277 Corrosion Inhibitors for Tubing and Casing in Production Wells, 280 Internally Coated Tubing for Oilfield Wells, 283 Wireline, 285 Coiled Tubing, 285 Material and Corrosion Concerns with Artificial Lift Systems, 286 Facilities and Surface Equipment, 291 Piping, 291 Storage Tanks, 293 Heat Exchangers, 297 Other Equipment, 301 Bolting, Studs, and Fasteners, 301 Problems with Bolted Connections, 306 International Bolting Standards, 307 Flares, 312 Corrosion Under Insulation, 312 Pipelines and Flowlines, 319 Pipeline Problems and Failures, 319 Forms of Corrosion Important in Pipelines and Flowlines, 321 Repairs and Derating Due to Corrosion, 323 Casings for Road and Railway Crossings, 323 Pipeline and Flowline Materials, 324 Pipeline Hydrotesting, 326 Seawater Injection Pipelines/Flowlines, 327 External Corrosion of Pipelines, 327 Internal Corrosion of Pipelines, 330 Inspection, Condition Assessment, and Testing, 332 Offshore and Marine Applications, 336 Offshore Pipelines, 336 Offshore Structures, 337 References, 342 Index

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