Description
Book SynopsisPolymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications.Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe.
This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. Each
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1
Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4
1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4
1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5
1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7
1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8
1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8
1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10
1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11
1.4 Conclusion 11
References 13
2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17
Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19
2.3 Sulfonamides 36
2.4 Miscellaneous 41
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48
2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48
References 50
3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67
Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68
3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69
3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69
3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71
3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73
3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75
3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77
3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79
3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82
References 82
4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89
Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91
4.2.1 Polyesters 92
4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92
4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93
4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94
4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96
4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydride−imides) 97
4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98
4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99
4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100
4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100
4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114
References 115
5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125
Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V.
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126
5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126
5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127
5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128
5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131
5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131
5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133
5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134
5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136
5.7 Conclusion 137
Acknowledgement 138
References 138
6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145
Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz
6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147
6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150
6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150
6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152
6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154
6.3.4 In Vitro Studies 155
6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158
References 159
7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163
Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucian A. Lucia
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Materials and Methods 164
7.2.1 Isolation of Xylans 166
7.2.1.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori
Grafting of Vinyl Group 166
7.2.1.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166
7.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization 166
7.2.2.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166
7.2.2.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166
7.2.3 Doxorubicin Release from Xylan-Based Hydrogels 167
7.3 Results and Discussion 167
7.3.1 Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 167
7.3.1.1 Reaction of PAA with Wood 167
7.3.1.2 Hydrogel Preparation and Characterization 168
7.3.2 Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 170
7.3.2.1 Morphology and Rheological Properties 172
7.3.2.2 Swelling Behavior 173
7.3.2.3 Drug Release 174
References 175
8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Analysis 179
Piotr Luliński
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Overview of the Imprinting Process 180
8.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Separation Purposes 182
8.3.1 Bulk Imprinted Materials 182
8.3.2 Imprinted Monoliths 185
8.3.3 Imprinted Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 187
8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Microparticles and Nanostructures 188
8.3.5 Magnetic Imprinted Materials 192
8.3.6 Miscellaneous Imprinted Formats 194
8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Sensors for Drugs 195
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 197
References 1979 Prolamine-Based Matrices for Biomedical Applications 203
Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara and Viness Pillay
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Gliadin – Prolamine Isolated from Wheat Gluten 204
9.2.1 Gliadin Nanoparticles 205
9.2.1.1 Hydrophobicity of Gliadin 206
9.2.1.2 Solubility Parameter 207
9.2.2 Controlled Drug Release from Gliadin-Based Matrices 207
9.2.2.1 Salting-Out 207
9.2.2.2 Gliadin Films 208
9.2.2.3 Gliadin Foams 209
9.3 Zein - Prolamine Isolated from Corn Gluten Meal 209
9.3.1 Drug-Loaded Zein Particulates 210
9.3.1.1 Microsphere-Based Films and Tablets 210
9.3.1.2 Zein-Based Blends and Complexes 213
9.3.1.3 Zein-Based Nanoparticulate Systems 213
9.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Zein-Based Matrices 215
9.4 Soy Protein – Prolamine Isolated from Soybean 217
9.4.1 Soy Protein Derivatives 218
9.4.2 Soy-Based Polymer Blends 218
9.4.3 Soy-Based Crosslinked Matrices 219
9.4.4 Cold-Set Gelation of Soy Protein 221
9.5 Kafi rin – Prolamine Isolated from Sorghum 222
9.5.1 Microparticles 223
9.5.2 Compressed Matrices 224
9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 224
References 225
10 Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) S for Pharmaceutical Applications 230
Anna Zahoranova and Juraj Kronek
10.1 Hydrogels for Medical Applications 231
10.1.1 Controlled Drug Delivery and Release 232
10.1.1.1 Prolonged Effect of Drugs 232
10.1.1.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery 234
10.1.2 3D Cell Cultivation 236
10.1.2.1 Chemical Composition 237
10.1.2.2 Porosity and Pore Size 238
10.1.3 Tissue Engineering 238
10.1.4 Nonenzymatic Detachment of Cells 239
10.2 Poly(2-oxazoline)s in Pharmaceutical Applications 240
10.2.1 Biocompatibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 241
10.2.2 Biomedical Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 244
10.3 Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels – Synthetic Strategies 245
10.3.1 Hydrogels Containing Segments of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 245
10.3.2 Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s 248
10.4 Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels 250
10.4.1 Controlled Delivery of Drugs 250
10.4.1.1 Hydrogels for DNA Binding 251
10.4.1.2 Hydrogels Modifi ed by Peptidic Sequences 252
10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252
Acknowledgement 253
References 254
11 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Nanostructures as Drug Nanocarriers: Advantages and Pharmaceutical Perspectives 259
Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos
11.1 Introduction 259
11.2 Drug Delivery Systems 261
11.2.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems 261
11.2.2 Mixed Drug Delivery Systems Employing Biocompatible Polymers 263
11.3 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Drug Nanocarriers: The Concept through Examples 266
11.3.1 Preparation of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 266
11.3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 267
11.3.3 Th ermotropic Behavior of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 270
11.3.4 Imaging of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 274
11.3.5 In Vitro Drug Release from the Mixed Nanocarriers 274
11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 277
References 279
12 Nanoparticle Polymer-Based Engineered Nanoconstructs for Targeted Cancer Th erapeutics 287
Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sudhakar Baluchamy and Anil K. Suresh
12.1 An Overview of Metal Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs 287
12.1.1 Tumor-Specific Targeting Using Nanoparticle-Polymer Nanoconstructs 290
12.1.2 Cytotoxicity Assessments of Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 291
12.1.2.1 MTT and/or MTS Assay 291
12.1.2.2 Live/Dead Staining Assay 291
12.1.3 Physical Characterization Techniques to Assess the Cellular Uptake of the Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 292
12.1.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for Quantitative Uptake 292
12.1.3.2 Dark Field Microscopy 292
12.1.3.3 Ultramicrotome-Based Trans-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging 293
12.2 Conclusions 293
Acknowledgements 294
References 294
13 Th e Importance of Dendrimers in Pharmaceutical Applications 297
Veronica Brunetti, Marisa Martinelli and Miriam C. Strumia
13.1 Introduction 297
13.1.1 What are Dendrimers? 298
13.1.2 Synthetic Methods for Dendritic Molecules 300
13.1.2.1 Divergent Synthesis 300
13.1.2.2 Convergent Synthesis 301
13.2 Properties of Dendritic Polymers Useful for Biomedical Applications 301
13.3 Current Pharmaceutical Products Prepared from Dendritic Polymer:
Promising Prospects for Future Applications 303
13.3.1 Diagnostic Technologies 303
13.3.2 Dendritic Polymers in Prevention 304
13.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 307
13.4 Conclusions 310
References 310
14 Pharmaceutical Polymers: Bioactive and Synthetic Hybrid Polymers 315
Roxana Cristina Popescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
14.1 Introduction 315
14.2 General Obtainment Methods for Polymeric Microspheres and Hybrid Materials 320
14.3 Stimuli-Responsive (pH/temperature/photo) polymers 321
14.3.1 PEG 321
14.3.2 PLA and PLGA 325
14.3.3 PVP 328
14.3.4 PVA 333
14.4 Conclusions 333
Acknowledgements 334
References 334
15 Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pharmaceutical Applications 341
Ida Idayu Muhamad, Suguna Selvakumaran, Mohd Harfi z Salehudin and Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
15.1 Introduction 342
15.1.1 Eco-friendly Polymers, the Briefs 342
15.1.2 Composite 342
15.1.3 Nanocomposites 343
15.1.4 Eco-friendly Nanocomposite 343
15.1.5 Market Trend in Eco-friendly Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application 344
15.2 Structure and Properties of Some Eco-friendly Pharmaceutical Polymers 345
15.2.1 Starch 346
15.2.2 Chitosan 347
15.2.2.1 Application of Chitosan 348
15.2.3 Alginate (E400-E404) 349
15.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 349
15.2.5 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 350
15.2.6 Gelatin 351
15.2.7 Casein Protein 351
15.2.8 Carrageenan 352
15.3 Review of Development and Application of Selected Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 355
15.3.1 Eco-friendly Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 355
15.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery 356
15.3.3 Nanocomposite-Based Biosensor on Eco-friendly Polymer 358
15.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Microfluidics 359
15.4 Case Study on Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite 360
15.4.1 Carrageenan-Based Metalic Nanocomposite 360
15.4.2 Advantageous of Metalic Nanocomposite in Pharmaceutical Applications 366
15.5 Summary 366
References 367
16 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Th erapy 373
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Nancy M. El-Baz and Amr H. Mohamed
16.1 Introduction 373
16.1.1 Cancer-Targeted Therapy 376
16.2 Selection Considerations of Polymers for Drug Delivery 377
16.2.1 Biodegradability 377
16.2.2 Biocompatibility 379
16.2.3 Surface Modification 379
16.3 Types of Biodegradable Polymers 381
16.3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 381
16.3.1.1 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymers 381
16.3.1.2 Polysaccharides-Based Biodegradable Polymers 382
16.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 384
16.3.2.1 Polyesters 384
16.4 Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers 387
16.4.1 Polymer Dispersion 388
16.4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method 388
16.4.1.2 Double Emulsion Method 389
16.4.1.3 Nanoprecipitation 389
16.4.1.4 Salting Out 389
16.4.2 Polymerization 389
16.4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 390
16.4.2.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 390
16.4.3 Ionic Gelation 390
16.4.4 Spray Drying 391
16.5 Recent Applications of Biodegradable Polymers-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy 391
16.5.1 Passive Cancer-Targeted Delivery 392
16.5.1.1 Stealth Liposomes and Nanoparticles 393
16.5.2 Active Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 395
16.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery 396
16.6 Conclusion 400
References 400
Index 407
