Description

Book Synopsis


Table of Contents
Brief Contents PART I: FUNDAMENTALS
  1. Introduction to Design
    • 1.1 Design
      • Machine Design
    • 1.2 A Design Process
    • 1.3 Problem Formulation and Calculation
      • Definition Stage
      • Preliminary Design Stage
      • Detailed Design Stage
      • Documentation Stage
    • 1.4 The Engineering Model
      • Estimation and First-Order Analysis
      • The Engineering Sketch
    • 1.5 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering
      • Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
      • Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
      • Computational Accuracy
    • 1.6 The Engineering Report
    • 1.7 Factors of Safety and Design Codes
      • Factor of Safety
      • Choosing a Safety Factor
      • Design and Safety Codes
    • 1.8 Statistical Considerations
    • 1.9 Units
    • 1.10 Summary
    • 1.11 References
    • 1.12 Web References
    • 1.13 Bibliography
    • 1.14 Problems
  2. Materials and Processes
    • 2.0 Introduction
    • 2.1 Material-Property Definitions
      • The Tensile Test
      • Ductility and Brittleness
      • The Compression Test
      • The Bending Test
      • The Torsion Test
      • Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit
      • Impact Resistance
      • Fracture Toughness
      • Creep and Temperature Effects
    • 2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties
    • 2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy
    • 2.4 Hardness
      • Heat Treatment
      • Surface (Case) Hardening
      • Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials
      • Mechanical Forming and Hardening
    • 2.5 Coatings and Surface Treatments
      • Galvanic Action
      • Electroplating
      • Electroless Plating
      • Anodizing
      • Plasma-Sprayed Coatings
      • Chemical Coatings
    • 2.6 General Properties of Metals
      • Cast Iron
      • Cast Steels
      • Wrought Steels
      • Steel Numbering Systems
      • Aluminum
      • Titanium
      • Magnesium
      • Copper Alloys
    • 2.7 General Properties of Nonmetals
      • Polymers
      • Ceramics
      • Composites
    • 2.8 Selecting Materials
    • 2.9 Summary
    • 2.10 References
    • 2.11 Web References
    • 2.12 Bibliography
    • 2.13 Problems
  3. Kinematics and Load Determination
    • 3.0 Introduction
    • 3.1 Degree of Freedom
    • 3.2 Mechanisms
    • 3.3 Calculating Degree of Freedom (Mobility)
    • 3.4 Common 1-DOF Mechanisms
      • Fourbar Linkage and the Grashof Condition
      • Sixbar Linkage
      • Cam and Follower
    • 3.5 Analyzing Linkage Motion
      • Types of Motion
      • Complex Numbers as Vectors
      • The Vector Loop Equation
    • 3.6 Analyzing the Fourbar Linkage
      • Solving for Position in the Fourbar Linkage
      • Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Linkage
      • Angular Velocity Ratio and Mechanical Advantage
      • Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Linkage
    • 3.7 Analyzing the Fourbar Crank-Slider
      • Solving for Position in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
      • Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
      • Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
      • Other Linkages
    • 3.8 Cam Design and Analysis
      • The Timing Diagram
      • The svaj Diagram
      • Polynomials for the Double-Dwell Case
      • Polynomials for the Single-Dwell Case
      • Pressure Angle
      • Radius of Curvature
    • 3.9 Loading Classes For Force Analysis
    • 3.10 Free-body Diagrams
    • 3.11 Load Analysis
      • Three-Dimensional Analysis
      • Two-Dimensional Analysis
      • Static Load Analysis
    • 3.12 Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies
    • 3.13 Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study
    • 3.14 Dynamic Loading Case Study
    • 3.15 Vibration Loading
      • Natural Frequency
      • Dynamic Forces
    • 3.16 Impact Loading
      • Energy Method
    • 3.17 Beam Loading
      • Shear and Moment
      • Singularity Functions
      • Superposition
    • 3.18 Summary
    • 3.19 References
    • 3.20 Web References
    • 3.21 Bibliography
    • 3.22 Problems
  4. Stress, Strain, and Deflection
    • 4.0 Introduction
    • 4.1 Stress
    • 4.2 Strain
    • 4.3 Principal Stresses
    • 4.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain
      • Plane Stress
      • Plane Strain
    • 4.5 Mohr’s Circles
    • 4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses
    • 4.7 Axial Tension
    • 4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout
      • Direct Shear
      • Direct Bearing
      • Tearout Failure
    • 4.9 Beams and Bending Stresses
      • Beams in Pure Bending
      • Shear Due to Transverse Loading
    • 4.10 Deflection in Beams
      • Deflection by Singularity Functions
      • Statically Indeterminate Beams
    • 4.11 Castigliano’s Method
      • Deflection by Castigliano’s Method
      • Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano’s Method
    • 4.12 Torsion
    • 4.13 Combined Stresses
    • 4.14 Spring Rates
    • 4.15 Stress Concentration Stress Concentration Under Static Loading
      • Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading
      • Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors
      • Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations
    • 4.16 Axial Compression - Columns
      • Slenderness Ratio
      • Short Columns
      • Long Columns
      • End Conditions
      • Intermediate Columns
    • 4.17 Stresses in Cylinders
      • Thick-Walled Cylinders
      • Thin-Walled Cylinders
    • 4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis
    • 4.19 Summary
    • 4.20 References
    • 4.21 Bibliography
    • 4.22 Problems
  5. Static Failure Theories
    • 5.0 Introduction
    • 5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading
      • The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory
      • The Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
      • The Maximum Normal-Stress Theory
      • Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories
    • 5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading
      • Even and Uneven Materials
      • The Coulomb-Mohr Theory
      • The Modified-Mohr Theory
    • 5.3 Fracture Mechanics
      • Fracture-Mechanics Theory
      • Fracture Toughness Kc
    • 5.4 Using The Static Loading Failure Theories
    • 5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis
    • 5.6 Summary
    • 5.7 References
    • 5.8 Bibliography
    • 5.9 Problems
  6. Fatigue Failure Theories
    • 6.0 Introduction
      • History of Fatigue Failure
    • 6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure
      • Crack Initiation Stage
      • Crack Propagation Stage
      • Fracture
    • 6.2 Fatigue-Failure Models
      • Fatigue Regimes
      • The Stress-Life Approach 3
      • The Strain-Life Approach
      • The LEFM Approach
    • 6.3 Machine-Design Considerations
    • 6.4 Fatigue Loads
      • Rotating Machinery Loading
      • Service Equipment Loading
    • 6.5 Measuring Fatigue Failure Criteria
      • Fully Reversed Stresses
      • Combined Mean and Alternating Stress
      • Fracture-Mechanics Criteria
      • Testing Actual Assemblies
    • 6.6 Estimating Fatigue Failure Criteria
      • Estimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength Sf ’ or Endurance Limit Se’
      • Correction Factors—Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit
      • Corrected Fatigue Strength Sf or Corrected Endurance Limit Se
      • Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams
    • 6.7 Notches and Stress Concentrations
      • Notch Sensitivity
    • 6.8 Residual Stresses
    • 6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue
    • 6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses
      • Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading
    • 6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses
      • Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram
      • Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses
      • Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses
      • Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses
    • 6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue
      • Frequency and Phase Relationships
      • Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses
      • Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses
      • Complex Multiaxial Stresses
    • 6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design
    • 6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design
    • 6.15 Summary
    • 6.16 References
    • 6.17 Bibliography
    • 6.18 Problems
  7. Surface Failure
    • 7.0 Introduction
    • 7.1 Surface Geometry
    • 7.2 Mating Surfaces
    • 7.3 Friction
      • Effect of Roughness on Friction
      • Effect of Velocity on Friction
      • Rolling Friction
      • Effect of Lubricant on Friction
    • 7.4 Adhesive Wear
      • The Adhesive-Wear Coefficient
    • 7.5 Abrasive Wear
      • Abrasive Materials
      • Abrasion-Resistant Materials
    • 7.6 Corrosion Wear
      • Corrosion Fatigue
      • Fretting Corrosion
    • 7.7 Surface Fatigue
    • 7.8 Spherical Contact
      • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact
      • Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact
    • 7.9 Cylindrical Contact
      • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
      • Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
    • 7.10 General Contact
      • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact
      • Stress Distributions in General Contact
    • 7.11 Dynamic Contact Stresses
      • Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses
    • 7.12 Surface Fatigue Failure Models—Dynamic Contact
    • 7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength
    • 7.14 Summary
    • 7.15 References
    • 7.16 Problems
  8. Finite Element Analysis
    • 8.0 Introduction
      • Stress and Strain Computation
    • 8.1 Finite Element Method
    • 8.2 Element Types
      • Element Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF)
      • Element Order
      • H-Elements Versus P-Elements
      • Element Aspect Ratio
    • 8.3 Meshing
      • Mesh Density
      • Mesh Refinement
      • Convergence
    • 8.4 Boundary Conditions
    • 8.5 Applying Loads
    • 8.6 Testing the Model (Verification)
    • 8.7 Modal Analysis
    • 8.8 Case Studies
    • 8.9 Summary
    • 8.10 References
    • 8.11 Bibliography
    • 8.12 Web Resources
    • 8.13 Problems
PART II: MACHINE DESIGN
  1. Design Case Studies
    • 9.0 Introduction
    • 9.1 Case Study 8—A Portable Air Compressor
    • 9.2 Case Study 9—A Hay-Bale Lifter
    • 9.3 Case Study 10—A Cam-Testing Machine
    • 9.4 Summary
    • 9.5 References
    • 9.6 Design Projects
  2. Shafts, Keys, and Couplings
    • 10.0 Introduction
    • 10.1 Shaft Loads
    • 10.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations
    • 10.3 Shaft Materials
    • 10.4 Shaft Power
    • 10.5 Shaft Loads
    • 10.6 Shaft Stresses
    • 10.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading
    • 10.8 Shaft Design
      • General Considerations
      • Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion
      • Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion
    • 10.9 Shaft Deflection
      • Shafts as Beams
      • Shafts as Torsion Bars
    • 10.10 Keys and Keyways
      • Parallel Keys
      • Tapered Keys
      • Woodruff Keys
      • Stresses in Keys
      • Key Materials
      • Key Design
      • Stress Concentrations in Keyways
    • 10.11 Splines
    • 10.12 Interference Fits
      • Stresses in Interference Fits
      • Stress Concentration in Interference Fits
      • Fretting Corrosion
    • 10.13 Flywheel Design
      • Energy Variation in a Rotating System
      • Determining the Flywheel Inertia
      • Stresses in Flywheels
      • Failure Criteria
    • 10.14 Critical Speeds of Shafts
      • Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams—Rayleigh’s Method
      • Shaft Whirl
      • Torsional Vibration
      • Two Disks on a Common Shaft
      • Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft
      • Controlling Torsional Vibrations
    • 10.15 Couplings
      • Rigid Couplings
      • Compliant Couplings
    • 10.16 Case Study 8B
      • Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor
    • 10.17 Summary
    • 10.18 References
    • 10.19 Problems
  3. Bearings and Lubrication
    • 11.0 Introduction
      • A Caveat
    • 11.1 Lubricants
    • 11.2 Viscosity
    • 11.3 Types of Lubrication
      • Full-Film Lubrication
      • Boundary Lubrication
    • 11.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings
    • 11.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory
      • Petroff’s Equation for No-Load Torque
      • Reynolds’ Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings
      • Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings
    • 11.6 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings
      • Design Load Factor—The Ocvirk Number
      • Design Procedures
    • 11.7 Nonconforming Contacts
    • 11.8 Rolling-element Bearings
      • Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings
      • Types of Rolling-Element Bearings
    • 11.9 Failure of Rolling-element bearings
    • 11.10 S election of Rolling-element bearings
      • Basic Dynamic Load Rating C
      • Modified Bearing Life Rating
      • Basic Static Load Rating C0
      • Combined Radial and Thrust Loads
      • Calculation Procedures
    • 11.11 Bearing Mounting Details
    • 11.12 Special Bearings
    • 11.13 Case Study 10B
    • 11.14 Summary
      • Important Equations Used in This Chapter
    • 11.15 References
    • 11.16 Problems
  4. Spur Gears
    • 12.0 Introduction
    • 12.1 Gear Tooth Theory
      • The Fundamental Law of Gearing
      • The Involute Tooth Form
      • Pressure Angle
      • Gear Mesh Geometry
      • Rack and Pinion
      • Changing Center Distance
      • Backlash
      • Relative Tooth Motion
    • 12.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature
    • 12.3 Interference and Undercutting
      • Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms
    • 12.4 Contact Ratio
    • 12.5 Gear Trains
      • Simple Gear Trains
      • Compound Gear Trains
      • Reverted Compound Trains
      • Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains
    • 12.6 Gear Manufacturing
      • Forming Gear Teeth
      • Machining
      • Roughing Processes
      • Finishing Processes
      • Gear Quality
    • 12.7 Loading on Spur Gears
    • 12.8 Stresses in Spur Gears
      • Bending Stresses
      • Surface Stresses
    • 12.9 Gear Materials
      • Material Strengths
      • Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
      • Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
    • 12.10 Lubrication of Gearing
    • 12.11 Design of Spur Gears
    • 12.12 Case Study 8C
    • 12.13 Summary
    • 12.14 References
    • 12.15 Problems
  5. Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears
    • 13.0 Introduction
    • 13.1 Helical Gears
      • Helical Gear Geometry
      • Helical-Gear Forces
      • Virtual Number of Teeth
      • Contact Ratios
      • Stresses in Helical Gears
    • 13.2 Bevel Gears
      • Bevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature
      • Bevel-Gear Mounting
      • Forces on Bevel Gears
      • Stresses in Bevel Gears
    • 13.3 Wormsets
      • Materials for Wormsets
      • Lubrication in Wormsets
      • Forces in Wormsets
      • Wormset Geometry
      • Rating Methods
      • A Design Procedure for Wormsets
    • 13.4 Case Study 9B
    • 13.5 Summary
    • 13.6 References
    • 13.7 Problems
  6. Spring Design
    • 14.0 Introduction
    • 14.1 Spring Rate
    • 14.2 Spring Configurations
    • 14.3 Spring Materials
      • Spring Wire
      • Flat Spring Stock
    • 14.4 Helical Compression Springs
      • Spring Lengths
      • End Details
      • Active Coils
      • Spring Index
      • Spring Deflection
      • Spring Rate
      • Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils
      • Helical Coil Springs of Nonround Wire
      • Residual Stresses
      • Buckling of Compression Springs
      • Compression-Spring Surge
      • Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs
      • The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire
      • The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire
    • 14.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading
    • 14.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading
    • 14.7 Helical Extension Springs
      • Active Coils in Extension Springs
      • Spring Rate of Extension Springs
      • Spring Index of Extension Springs
      • Coil Preload in Extension Springs
      • Deflection of Extension Springs
      • Coil Stresses in Extension Springs
      • End Stresses in Extension Springs
      • Surging in Extension Springs
      • Material Strengths for Extension Springs
      • Design of Helical Extension Springs
    • 14.8 Helical Torsion Springs
      • Terminology for Torsion Springs
      • Number of Coils in Torsion Springs
      • Deflection of Torsion Springs
      • Spring Rate of Torsion Springs
      • Coil Closure
      • Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs
      • Material Parameters for Torsion Springs
      • Safety Factors for Torsion Springs
      • Designing Helical Torsion Springs
    • 14.9 Belleville Spring Washers
      • Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers
      • Stresses in Belleville Washers
      • Static Loading of Belleville Washers
      • Dynamic Loading
      • Stacking Springs
      • Designing Belleville Springs
    • 14.10 Case Study 10C
    • 14.11 Summary
    • 14.12 References
    • 14.13 Problems
  7. Screws and Fasteners
    • 15.0 Introduction
    • 15.1 Standard Thread Forms
      • Tensile Stress Area
      • Standard Thread Dimensions
    • 15.2 Power Screws
      • Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads
      • Power Screw Application
      • Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis
      • Friction Coefficients
      • Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws
      • Screw Efficiency
      • Ball Screws
    • 15.3 Stresses in Threads
      • Axial Stress
      • Shear Stress
      • Torsional Stress
    • 15.4 Types of Screw Fasteners
      • Classification by Intended Use
      • Classification by Thread Type
      • Classification by Head Style
      • Nuts and Washers
    • 15.5 Manufacturing Fasteners
    • 15.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws
    • 15.7 Preloaded Fasteners in Tension
      • Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading
      • Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading
    • 15.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor
      • Joints With Two Plates of the Same Material
      • Joints With Two Plates of Different Materials
      • Gasketed Joints
    • 15.9 Controlling Preload
      • The Turn-of-the-Nut Method
      • Torque-Limited Fasteners
      • Load-Indicating Washers
      • Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts
    • 15.10 Fasteners in Shear
      • Dowel Pins
      • Centroids of Fastener Groups
      • Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners
    • 15.11 Case Study 8D
    • 15.12 Summary
    • 15.13 References
    • 15.14 Bibliography
    • 15.15 Problems
  8. Weldments
    • 16.0 Introduction
    • 16.1 Welding Processes
      • Types of Welding in Common Use
      • Why Should a Designer Be Concerned with the Welding Process?
    • 16.2 Weld Joints and Weld Types
      • Joint Preparation
      • Weld Specification
    • 16.3 Principles of Weldment Design
    • 16.4 Static Loading of Welds
    • 16.5 Static Strength of Welds
      • Residual Stresses in Welds
      • Direction of Loading
      • Allowable Shear Stress for Statically Loaded Fillet and PJP Welds
    • 16.6 Dynamic Loading of Welds
      • Effect of Mean Stress on Weldment Fatigue Strength
      • Are Correction Factors Needed For Weldment Fatigue Strength?
      • Effect of Weldment Configuration on Fatigue Strength
      • Is There an Endurance Limit for Weldments?
      • Fatigue Failure in Compression Loading?
    • 16.7 Treating a Weld as a Line
    • 16.8 Eccentrically Loaded Weld Patterns
    • 16.9 Design Considerations for Weldments in Machines
    • 16.10 Summary
    • 16.11 References
    • 16.12 Problems
  9. Clutches and Brakes
    • 17.0 Introduction
    • 17.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches
    • 17.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification
    • 17.3 Clutch and Brake Material
    • 17.4 Disk Clutches
      • Uniform Pressure
      • Uniform Wear
    • 17.5 Disk Brakes
    • 17.6 Drum Brakes
      • Short-Shoe External Drum Brakes
      • Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes
      • Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes
    • 17.7 Summary
    • 17.8 References
    • 17.9 Bibliography
    • 17.10 Problems
Appendices
  1. Material Properties
  2. Beam Tables
  3. Stress-Concentration Factors
  4. Answers to Selected Problems

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A Hardback by Robert Norton

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    Publisher: Pearson Education (US)
    Publication Date: 27/04/2020
    ISBN13: 9780135184233, 978-0135184233
    ISBN10: 0135184231
    Also in:
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    Description

    Book Synopsis


    Table of Contents
    Brief Contents PART I: FUNDAMENTALS
    1. Introduction to Design
      • 1.1 Design
        • Machine Design
      • 1.2 A Design Process
      • 1.3 Problem Formulation and Calculation
        • Definition Stage
        • Preliminary Design Stage
        • Detailed Design Stage
        • Documentation Stage
      • 1.4 The Engineering Model
        • Estimation and First-Order Analysis
        • The Engineering Sketch
      • 1.5 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering
        • Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
        • Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
        • Computational Accuracy
      • 1.6 The Engineering Report
      • 1.7 Factors of Safety and Design Codes
        • Factor of Safety
        • Choosing a Safety Factor
        • Design and Safety Codes
      • 1.8 Statistical Considerations
      • 1.9 Units
      • 1.10 Summary
      • 1.11 References
      • 1.12 Web References
      • 1.13 Bibliography
      • 1.14 Problems
    2. Materials and Processes
      • 2.0 Introduction
      • 2.1 Material-Property Definitions
        • The Tensile Test
        • Ductility and Brittleness
        • The Compression Test
        • The Bending Test
        • The Torsion Test
        • Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit
        • Impact Resistance
        • Fracture Toughness
        • Creep and Temperature Effects
      • 2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties
      • 2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy
      • 2.4 Hardness
        • Heat Treatment
        • Surface (Case) Hardening
        • Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials
        • Mechanical Forming and Hardening
      • 2.5 Coatings and Surface Treatments
        • Galvanic Action
        • Electroplating
        • Electroless Plating
        • Anodizing
        • Plasma-Sprayed Coatings
        • Chemical Coatings
      • 2.6 General Properties of Metals
        • Cast Iron
        • Cast Steels
        • Wrought Steels
        • Steel Numbering Systems
        • Aluminum
        • Titanium
        • Magnesium
        • Copper Alloys
      • 2.7 General Properties of Nonmetals
        • Polymers
        • Ceramics
        • Composites
      • 2.8 Selecting Materials
      • 2.9 Summary
      • 2.10 References
      • 2.11 Web References
      • 2.12 Bibliography
      • 2.13 Problems
    3. Kinematics and Load Determination
      • 3.0 Introduction
      • 3.1 Degree of Freedom
      • 3.2 Mechanisms
      • 3.3 Calculating Degree of Freedom (Mobility)
      • 3.4 Common 1-DOF Mechanisms
        • Fourbar Linkage and the Grashof Condition
        • Sixbar Linkage
        • Cam and Follower
      • 3.5 Analyzing Linkage Motion
        • Types of Motion
        • Complex Numbers as Vectors
        • The Vector Loop Equation
      • 3.6 Analyzing the Fourbar Linkage
        • Solving for Position in the Fourbar Linkage
        • Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Linkage
        • Angular Velocity Ratio and Mechanical Advantage
        • Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Linkage
      • 3.7 Analyzing the Fourbar Crank-Slider
        • Solving for Position in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
        • Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
        • Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
        • Other Linkages
      • 3.8 Cam Design and Analysis
        • The Timing Diagram
        • The svaj Diagram
        • Polynomials for the Double-Dwell Case
        • Polynomials for the Single-Dwell Case
        • Pressure Angle
        • Radius of Curvature
      • 3.9 Loading Classes For Force Analysis
      • 3.10 Free-body Diagrams
      • 3.11 Load Analysis
        • Three-Dimensional Analysis
        • Two-Dimensional Analysis
        • Static Load Analysis
      • 3.12 Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies
      • 3.13 Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study
      • 3.14 Dynamic Loading Case Study
      • 3.15 Vibration Loading
        • Natural Frequency
        • Dynamic Forces
      • 3.16 Impact Loading
        • Energy Method
      • 3.17 Beam Loading
        • Shear and Moment
        • Singularity Functions
        • Superposition
      • 3.18 Summary
      • 3.19 References
      • 3.20 Web References
      • 3.21 Bibliography
      • 3.22 Problems
    4. Stress, Strain, and Deflection
      • 4.0 Introduction
      • 4.1 Stress
      • 4.2 Strain
      • 4.3 Principal Stresses
      • 4.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain
        • Plane Stress
        • Plane Strain
      • 4.5 Mohr’s Circles
      • 4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses
      • 4.7 Axial Tension
      • 4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout
        • Direct Shear
        • Direct Bearing
        • Tearout Failure
      • 4.9 Beams and Bending Stresses
        • Beams in Pure Bending
        • Shear Due to Transverse Loading
      • 4.10 Deflection in Beams
        • Deflection by Singularity Functions
        • Statically Indeterminate Beams
      • 4.11 Castigliano’s Method
        • Deflection by Castigliano’s Method
        • Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano’s Method
      • 4.12 Torsion
      • 4.13 Combined Stresses
      • 4.14 Spring Rates
      • 4.15 Stress Concentration Stress Concentration Under Static Loading
        • Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading
        • Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors
        • Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations
      • 4.16 Axial Compression - Columns
        • Slenderness Ratio
        • Short Columns
        • Long Columns
        • End Conditions
        • Intermediate Columns
      • 4.17 Stresses in Cylinders
        • Thick-Walled Cylinders
        • Thin-Walled Cylinders
      • 4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis
      • 4.19 Summary
      • 4.20 References
      • 4.21 Bibliography
      • 4.22 Problems
    5. Static Failure Theories
      • 5.0 Introduction
      • 5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading
        • The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory
        • The Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
        • The Maximum Normal-Stress Theory
        • Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories
      • 5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading
        • Even and Uneven Materials
        • The Coulomb-Mohr Theory
        • The Modified-Mohr Theory
      • 5.3 Fracture Mechanics
        • Fracture-Mechanics Theory
        • Fracture Toughness Kc
      • 5.4 Using The Static Loading Failure Theories
      • 5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis
      • 5.6 Summary
      • 5.7 References
      • 5.8 Bibliography
      • 5.9 Problems
    6. Fatigue Failure Theories
      • 6.0 Introduction
        • History of Fatigue Failure
      • 6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure
        • Crack Initiation Stage
        • Crack Propagation Stage
        • Fracture
      • 6.2 Fatigue-Failure Models
        • Fatigue Regimes
        • The Stress-Life Approach 3
        • The Strain-Life Approach
        • The LEFM Approach
      • 6.3 Machine-Design Considerations
      • 6.4 Fatigue Loads
        • Rotating Machinery Loading
        • Service Equipment Loading
      • 6.5 Measuring Fatigue Failure Criteria
        • Fully Reversed Stresses
        • Combined Mean and Alternating Stress
        • Fracture-Mechanics Criteria
        • Testing Actual Assemblies
      • 6.6 Estimating Fatigue Failure Criteria
        • Estimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength Sf ’ or Endurance Limit Se’
        • Correction Factors—Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit
        • Corrected Fatigue Strength Sf or Corrected Endurance Limit Se
        • Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams
      • 6.7 Notches and Stress Concentrations
        • Notch Sensitivity
      • 6.8 Residual Stresses
      • 6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue
      • 6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses
        • Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading
      • 6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses
        • Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram
        • Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses
        • Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses
        • Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses
      • 6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue
        • Frequency and Phase Relationships
        • Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses
        • Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses
        • Complex Multiaxial Stresses
      • 6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design
      • 6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design
      • 6.15 Summary
      • 6.16 References
      • 6.17 Bibliography
      • 6.18 Problems
    7. Surface Failure
      • 7.0 Introduction
      • 7.1 Surface Geometry
      • 7.2 Mating Surfaces
      • 7.3 Friction
        • Effect of Roughness on Friction
        • Effect of Velocity on Friction
        • Rolling Friction
        • Effect of Lubricant on Friction
      • 7.4 Adhesive Wear
        • The Adhesive-Wear Coefficient
      • 7.5 Abrasive Wear
        • Abrasive Materials
        • Abrasion-Resistant Materials
      • 7.6 Corrosion Wear
        • Corrosion Fatigue
        • Fretting Corrosion
      • 7.7 Surface Fatigue
      • 7.8 Spherical Contact
        • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact
        • Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact
      • 7.9 Cylindrical Contact
        • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
        • Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
      • 7.10 General Contact
        • Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact
        • Stress Distributions in General Contact
      • 7.11 Dynamic Contact Stresses
        • Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses
      • 7.12 Surface Fatigue Failure Models—Dynamic Contact
      • 7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength
      • 7.14 Summary
      • 7.15 References
      • 7.16 Problems
    8. Finite Element Analysis
      • 8.0 Introduction
        • Stress and Strain Computation
      • 8.1 Finite Element Method
      • 8.2 Element Types
        • Element Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF)
        • Element Order
        • H-Elements Versus P-Elements
        • Element Aspect Ratio
      • 8.3 Meshing
        • Mesh Density
        • Mesh Refinement
        • Convergence
      • 8.4 Boundary Conditions
      • 8.5 Applying Loads
      • 8.6 Testing the Model (Verification)
      • 8.7 Modal Analysis
      • 8.8 Case Studies
      • 8.9 Summary
      • 8.10 References
      • 8.11 Bibliography
      • 8.12 Web Resources
      • 8.13 Problems
    PART II: MACHINE DESIGN
    1. Design Case Studies
      • 9.0 Introduction
      • 9.1 Case Study 8—A Portable Air Compressor
      • 9.2 Case Study 9—A Hay-Bale Lifter
      • 9.3 Case Study 10—A Cam-Testing Machine
      • 9.4 Summary
      • 9.5 References
      • 9.6 Design Projects
    2. Shafts, Keys, and Couplings
      • 10.0 Introduction
      • 10.1 Shaft Loads
      • 10.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations
      • 10.3 Shaft Materials
      • 10.4 Shaft Power
      • 10.5 Shaft Loads
      • 10.6 Shaft Stresses
      • 10.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading
      • 10.8 Shaft Design
        • General Considerations
        • Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion
        • Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion
      • 10.9 Shaft Deflection
        • Shafts as Beams
        • Shafts as Torsion Bars
      • 10.10 Keys and Keyways
        • Parallel Keys
        • Tapered Keys
        • Woodruff Keys
        • Stresses in Keys
        • Key Materials
        • Key Design
        • Stress Concentrations in Keyways
      • 10.11 Splines
      • 10.12 Interference Fits
        • Stresses in Interference Fits
        • Stress Concentration in Interference Fits
        • Fretting Corrosion
      • 10.13 Flywheel Design
        • Energy Variation in a Rotating System
        • Determining the Flywheel Inertia
        • Stresses in Flywheels
        • Failure Criteria
      • 10.14 Critical Speeds of Shafts
        • Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams—Rayleigh’s Method
        • Shaft Whirl
        • Torsional Vibration
        • Two Disks on a Common Shaft
        • Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft
        • Controlling Torsional Vibrations
      • 10.15 Couplings
        • Rigid Couplings
        • Compliant Couplings
      • 10.16 Case Study 8B
        • Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor
      • 10.17 Summary
      • 10.18 References
      • 10.19 Problems
    3. Bearings and Lubrication
      • 11.0 Introduction
        • A Caveat
      • 11.1 Lubricants
      • 11.2 Viscosity
      • 11.3 Types of Lubrication
        • Full-Film Lubrication
        • Boundary Lubrication
      • 11.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings
      • 11.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory
        • Petroff’s Equation for No-Load Torque
        • Reynolds’ Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings
        • Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings
      • 11.6 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings
        • Design Load Factor—The Ocvirk Number
        • Design Procedures
      • 11.7 Nonconforming Contacts
      • 11.8 Rolling-element Bearings
        • Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings
        • Types of Rolling-Element Bearings
      • 11.9 Failure of Rolling-element bearings
      • 11.10 S election of Rolling-element bearings
        • Basic Dynamic Load Rating C
        • Modified Bearing Life Rating
        • Basic Static Load Rating C0
        • Combined Radial and Thrust Loads
        • Calculation Procedures
      • 11.11 Bearing Mounting Details
      • 11.12 Special Bearings
      • 11.13 Case Study 10B
      • 11.14 Summary
        • Important Equations Used in This Chapter
      • 11.15 References
      • 11.16 Problems
    4. Spur Gears
      • 12.0 Introduction
      • 12.1 Gear Tooth Theory
        • The Fundamental Law of Gearing
        • The Involute Tooth Form
        • Pressure Angle
        • Gear Mesh Geometry
        • Rack and Pinion
        • Changing Center Distance
        • Backlash
        • Relative Tooth Motion
      • 12.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature
      • 12.3 Interference and Undercutting
        • Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms
      • 12.4 Contact Ratio
      • 12.5 Gear Trains
        • Simple Gear Trains
        • Compound Gear Trains
        • Reverted Compound Trains
        • Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains
      • 12.6 Gear Manufacturing
        • Forming Gear Teeth
        • Machining
        • Roughing Processes
        • Finishing Processes
        • Gear Quality
      • 12.7 Loading on Spur Gears
      • 12.8 Stresses in Spur Gears
        • Bending Stresses
        • Surface Stresses
      • 12.9 Gear Materials
        • Material Strengths
        • Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
        • Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
      • 12.10 Lubrication of Gearing
      • 12.11 Design of Spur Gears
      • 12.12 Case Study 8C
      • 12.13 Summary
      • 12.14 References
      • 12.15 Problems
    5. Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears
      • 13.0 Introduction
      • 13.1 Helical Gears
        • Helical Gear Geometry
        • Helical-Gear Forces
        • Virtual Number of Teeth
        • Contact Ratios
        • Stresses in Helical Gears
      • 13.2 Bevel Gears
        • Bevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature
        • Bevel-Gear Mounting
        • Forces on Bevel Gears
        • Stresses in Bevel Gears
      • 13.3 Wormsets
        • Materials for Wormsets
        • Lubrication in Wormsets
        • Forces in Wormsets
        • Wormset Geometry
        • Rating Methods
        • A Design Procedure for Wormsets
      • 13.4 Case Study 9B
      • 13.5 Summary
      • 13.6 References
      • 13.7 Problems
    6. Spring Design
      • 14.0 Introduction
      • 14.1 Spring Rate
      • 14.2 Spring Configurations
      • 14.3 Spring Materials
        • Spring Wire
        • Flat Spring Stock
      • 14.4 Helical Compression Springs
        • Spring Lengths
        • End Details
        • Active Coils
        • Spring Index
        • Spring Deflection
        • Spring Rate
        • Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils
        • Helical Coil Springs of Nonround Wire
        • Residual Stresses
        • Buckling of Compression Springs
        • Compression-Spring Surge
        • Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs
        • The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire
        • The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire
      • 14.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading
      • 14.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading
      • 14.7 Helical Extension Springs
        • Active Coils in Extension Springs
        • Spring Rate of Extension Springs
        • Spring Index of Extension Springs
        • Coil Preload in Extension Springs
        • Deflection of Extension Springs
        • Coil Stresses in Extension Springs
        • End Stresses in Extension Springs
        • Surging in Extension Springs
        • Material Strengths for Extension Springs
        • Design of Helical Extension Springs
      • 14.8 Helical Torsion Springs
        • Terminology for Torsion Springs
        • Number of Coils in Torsion Springs
        • Deflection of Torsion Springs
        • Spring Rate of Torsion Springs
        • Coil Closure
        • Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs
        • Material Parameters for Torsion Springs
        • Safety Factors for Torsion Springs
        • Designing Helical Torsion Springs
      • 14.9 Belleville Spring Washers
        • Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers
        • Stresses in Belleville Washers
        • Static Loading of Belleville Washers
        • Dynamic Loading
        • Stacking Springs
        • Designing Belleville Springs
      • 14.10 Case Study 10C
      • 14.11 Summary
      • 14.12 References
      • 14.13 Problems
    7. Screws and Fasteners
      • 15.0 Introduction
      • 15.1 Standard Thread Forms
        • Tensile Stress Area
        • Standard Thread Dimensions
      • 15.2 Power Screws
        • Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads
        • Power Screw Application
        • Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis
        • Friction Coefficients
        • Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws
        • Screw Efficiency
        • Ball Screws
      • 15.3 Stresses in Threads
        • Axial Stress
        • Shear Stress
        • Torsional Stress
      • 15.4 Types of Screw Fasteners
        • Classification by Intended Use
        • Classification by Thread Type
        • Classification by Head Style
        • Nuts and Washers
      • 15.5 Manufacturing Fasteners
      • 15.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws
      • 15.7 Preloaded Fasteners in Tension
        • Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading
        • Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading
      • 15.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor
        • Joints With Two Plates of the Same Material
        • Joints With Two Plates of Different Materials
        • Gasketed Joints
      • 15.9 Controlling Preload
        • The Turn-of-the-Nut Method
        • Torque-Limited Fasteners
        • Load-Indicating Washers
        • Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts
      • 15.10 Fasteners in Shear
        • Dowel Pins
        • Centroids of Fastener Groups
        • Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners
      • 15.11 Case Study 8D
      • 15.12 Summary
      • 15.13 References
      • 15.14 Bibliography
      • 15.15 Problems
    8. Weldments
      • 16.0 Introduction
      • 16.1 Welding Processes
        • Types of Welding in Common Use
        • Why Should a Designer Be Concerned with the Welding Process?
      • 16.2 Weld Joints and Weld Types
        • Joint Preparation
        • Weld Specification
      • 16.3 Principles of Weldment Design
      • 16.4 Static Loading of Welds
      • 16.5 Static Strength of Welds
        • Residual Stresses in Welds
        • Direction of Loading
        • Allowable Shear Stress for Statically Loaded Fillet and PJP Welds
      • 16.6 Dynamic Loading of Welds
        • Effect of Mean Stress on Weldment Fatigue Strength
        • Are Correction Factors Needed For Weldment Fatigue Strength?
        • Effect of Weldment Configuration on Fatigue Strength
        • Is There an Endurance Limit for Weldments?
        • Fatigue Failure in Compression Loading?
      • 16.7 Treating a Weld as a Line
      • 16.8 Eccentrically Loaded Weld Patterns
      • 16.9 Design Considerations for Weldments in Machines
      • 16.10 Summary
      • 16.11 References
      • 16.12 Problems
    9. Clutches and Brakes
      • 17.0 Introduction
      • 17.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches
      • 17.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification
      • 17.3 Clutch and Brake Material
      • 17.4 Disk Clutches
        • Uniform Pressure
        • Uniform Wear
      • 17.5 Disk Brakes
      • 17.6 Drum Brakes
        • Short-Shoe External Drum Brakes
        • Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes
        • Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes
      • 17.7 Summary
      • 17.8 References
      • 17.9 Bibliography
      • 17.10 Problems
    Appendices
    1. Material Properties
    2. Beam Tables
    3. Stress-Concentration Factors
    4. Answers to Selected Problems

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