Description

Book Synopsis

This book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power system. The fourth part of the book focuses on HVDC grid integration, in studies, for different time domains of electric power systems. The book concludes by discussing developments of advanced control methods and control devices for enabling DC grids.

  • Presents the technology of the future offshore and HVDC grid
  • Explains how offshore and HVDC grids can be integrated

    Table of Contents
    LIST OF FIGURES xvii
    LIST OF TABLES xxv
    CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
    FOREWORD xxix
    PREFACE xxxi
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv
    ACRONYMS xxxvii
    PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE
    CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3
    Dirk Van Hertem
    1.1 Introduction 3
    1.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3
    1.3 Drivers for Change 5
    1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6
    1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
    1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17
    1.6 Conclusions 22
    CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25
    Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe
    2.1 Introduction 25
    2.2 System Setting 26
    2.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 34
    2.4 Conclusions 40
    PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS
    CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45
    Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem
    3.1 Introduction 45
    3.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 45
    3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51
    3.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 53
    3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53
    3.6 Transmission Lines 72
    3.7 Conclusions 76
    CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79
    Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem
    4.1 Introduction 79
    4.2 Current Technology Limits 79
    4.3 Technical Comparison 82
    4.4 Economic Comparison 87
    4.5 Conclusions 94
    CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
    Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
    5.1 Introduction 97
    5.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 98
    5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99
    5.4 Conclusions 107
    CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109
    Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia,
    Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper
    6.1 Introduction 109
    6.2 AC OWPPs 111
    6.3 DC OWPPs 130
    6.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 135
    6.5 Conclusions 138
    PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDS
    CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143
    Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem
    7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 143
    7.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 152
    7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 155
    7.4 Illustrative Examples 157
    CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171
    Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem
    8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 172
    8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172
    8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176
    8.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 183
    8.5 Substation Configuration 189
    8.6 Conclusions 189
    CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193
    Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos
    9.1 Introduction 193
    9.2 Transmission Grid Planning 194
    9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197
    9.4 Transmission Grid Financing 201
    9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204
    9.6 Transmission Grid Operation 208
    9.7 Conclusions 210
    CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213
    Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez
    10.1 Introduction 213
    10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214
    10.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217
    10.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 223
    10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
    10.6 Ancillary Services 230
    10.7 Grid Codes 235
    10.8 Conclusions 235
    CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239
    Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba
    11.1 Introduction 239
    11.2 System Under Analysis 240
    11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240
    11.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 245
    11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 249
    11.6 Conclusions 254
    PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS
    CHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257
    Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem
    12.1 Introduction 257
    12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257
    12.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 258
    12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262
    12.5 Conclusions 264
    CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
    Jef Beerten
    13.1 Introduction 267
    13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
    13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272
    13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
    13.5 Software Implementation 289
    13.6 Test Case 289
    13.7 Conclusions 290
    CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293
    Johan Rimez
    14.1 Introduction 293
    14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 293
    14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
    14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306
    14.5 Conclusions 313
    CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315
    Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana
    15.1 Introduction 315
    15.2 Basic Control Principles 316
    15.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 318
    15.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 321
    15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324
    15.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 325
    15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326
    15.8 System Power Flow Control 328
    15.9 Conclusions 330
    CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333
    Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
    16.1 Introduction 333
    16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333
    16.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 339
    16.4 Conclusions 343
    CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345
    Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
    17.1 Introduction 345
    17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346
    17.3 DC Grid Protection 361
    17.4 DC Protection Components 366
    17.5 Conclusions 368
    CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371
    Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah
    18.1 Introduction 371
    18.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 375
    18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379
    18.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386
    PART V APPLICATIONS
    CHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391
    Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo
    19.1 Introduction 391
    19.2 Power System Stability 392
    19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 397
    19.4 Conclusions 409
    CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413
    Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
    20.1 Introduction 413
    20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 414
    20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 418
    20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421
    20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 422
    20.6 Conclusions 426
    CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429
    Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu
    21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430
    21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 437
    21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438
    21.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441
    21.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444
    21.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 448
    21.7 Conclusions 450
    CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451
    Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
    22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451
    22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452
    22.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455
    22.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 460
    22.5 Conclusions 469

HVDC Grids

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    A Hardback by Dirk Van Hertem, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Jun Liang

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      Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
      Publication Date: Publication Date: 15/04/2016
      ISBN13: 9781118859155, 978-1118859155
      ISBN10: 1118859154
      Also in:
      Energy, power generation, distribution and storage

      Description

      Book Synopsis

      This book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power system. The fourth part of the book focuses on HVDC grid integration, in studies, for different time domains of electric power systems. The book concludes by discussing developments of advanced control methods and control devices for enabling DC grids.

      • Presents the technology of the future offshore and HVDC grid
      • Explains how offshore and HVDC grids can be integrated

        Table of Contents
        LIST OF FIGURES xvii
        LIST OF TABLES xxv
        CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
        FOREWORD xxix
        PREFACE xxxi
        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxv
        ACRONYMS xxxvii
        PART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURE
        CHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3
        Dirk Van Hertem
        1.1 Introduction 3
        1.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 3
        1.3 Drivers for Change 5
        1.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 6
        1.4 Investments in the Grid 12
        1.5 Towards HVDC Grids 17
        1.6 Conclusions 22
        CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25
        Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe
        2.1 Introduction 25
        2.2 System Setting 26
        2.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 34
        2.4 Conclusions 40
        PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDS
        CHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45
        Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem
        3.1 Introduction 45
        3.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 45
        3.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 51
        3.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 53
        3.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 53
        3.6 Transmission Lines 72
        3.7 Conclusions 76
        CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79
        Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem
        4.1 Introduction 79
        4.2 Current Technology Limits 79
        4.3 Technical Comparison 82
        4.4 Economic Comparison 87
        4.5 Conclusions 94
        CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97
        Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
        5.1 Introduction 97
        5.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 98
        5.3 Wind Turbine Types 99
        5.4 Conclusions 107
        CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109
        Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia,
        Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper
        6.1 Introduction 109
        6.2 AC OWPPs 111
        6.3 DC OWPPs 130
        6.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 135
        6.5 Conclusions 138
        PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDS
        CHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143
        Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem
        7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 143
        7.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 152
        7.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 155
        7.4 Illustrative Examples 157
        CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171
        Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem
        8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 172
        8.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 172
        8.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 176
        8.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 183
        8.5 Substation Configuration 189
        8.6 Conclusions 189
        CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193
        Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos
        9.1 Introduction 193
        9.2 Transmission Grid Planning 194
        9.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 197
        9.4 Transmission Grid Financing 201
        9.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 204
        9.6 Transmission Grid Operation 208
        9.7 Conclusions 210
        CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213
        Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez
        10.1 Introduction 213
        10.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 214
        10.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 217
        10.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 223
        10.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 226
        10.6 Ancillary Services 230
        10.7 Grid Codes 235
        10.8 Conclusions 235
        CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239
        Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba
        11.1 Introduction 239
        11.2 System Under Analysis 240
        11.3 Control and Protection Requirements 240
        11.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 245
        11.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 249
        11.6 Conclusions 254
        PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDS
        CHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257
        Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem
        12.1 Introduction 257
        12.2 Power System Computation Programs 257
        12.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 258
        12.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 262
        12.5 Conclusions 264
        CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267
        Jef Beerten
        13.1 Introduction 267
        13.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 268
        13.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 272
        13.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 279
        13.5 Software Implementation 289
        13.6 Test Case 289
        13.7 Conclusions 290
        CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293
        Johan Rimez
        14.1 Introduction 293
        14.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 293
        14.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 299
        14.4 Adding Security Constraints 306
        14.5 Conclusions 313
        CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315
        Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana
        15.1 Introduction 315
        15.2 Basic Control Principles 316
        15.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 318
        15.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 321
        15.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 324
        15.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 325
        15.7 Converter Inner Current Control 326
        15.8 System Power Flow Control 328
        15.9 Conclusions 330
        CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333
        Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi
        16.1 Introduction 333
        16.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 333
        16.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 339
        16.4 Conclusions 343
        CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345
        Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem
        17.1 Introduction 345
        17.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 346
        17.3 DC Grid Protection 361
        17.4 DC Protection Components 366
        17.5 Conclusions 368
        CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371
        Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah
        18.1 Introduction 371
        18.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 375
        18.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 379
        18.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386
        PART V APPLICATIONS
        CHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391
        Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo
        19.1 Introduction 391
        19.2 Power System Stability 392
        19.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 397
        19.4 Conclusions 409
        CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413
        Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
        20.1 Introduction 413
        20.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 414
        20.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 418
        20.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 421
        20.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 422
        20.6 Conclusions 426
        CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429
        Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu
        21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 430
        21.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 437
        21.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 438
        21.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 441
        21.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 444
        21.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 448
        21.7 Conclusions 450
        CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451
        Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
        22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 451
        22.2 What is the AC Hub? 452
        22.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 455
        22.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 460
        22.5 Conclusions 469

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