Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisThis book offers an up-to-date, platform-independent introduction to injection molding simulation, which plays a very important role in the design of molds and molded parts as well as process development and optimization. The content is structured and conveyed within an engineering framework. Complicated mathematical derivations are avoided as far as possible.The necessary environment of the injection molding simulation is illuminated alongside, so that the creation of a suitable simulation model, the knowledge of the model-specific limits, and the interpretation of the results are possible. Guidance is also provided regarding the interpretation of results so that they can be better evaluated quantitatively.The book is designed as a textbook and thus is suitable to accompany courses covering injection molding simulation. The content is largely independent of any particular software package; however, introductory practice examples for Autodesk Moldflow Insight and Moldex3D are included as step-by-step instructions.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Flow Metering General Discussions: Principles, Types, Selection and Calibration 2. Head Type and Variable Area Flow Metering 3. Open Channel Flow Measurement 4. Positive Displacement Type Flow Metering 5. Velocity and Force Type Flow Meters 6. Mass Flow Meter 7. Slurry Flow Measurement 8. Solid Flow Measurement 9. Multiphase Flow Measurement 10. Special Flow Meters, Flow Gages and Switches 11. Flow Conditioning, Computation and control 12. Flow in Plant Applications Appendix I. Unit conversions and flow regimes II. Material Selection Guide III. Mechanical and piping data IV. Custody transfer V. Safety life cycle discussion VI. Enclosure electrical protection VII. Device Communication

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Book SynopsisDr. Joel R. Fried is professor and chair of the department of chemical and biomedical engineering at Florida State University. Previously, he was professor and the Wright Brothers Endowed Chair in Nanomaterials at the University of Dayton. He is also professor emeritus of chemical engineering and fellow of the graduate school at the University of Cincinnati, where he directed the Polymer Research Center and led the department of chemical engineering. He holds B.S. degrees in biology and chemical engineering, and an M.E. degree in chemical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He also holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in polymer science and engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.  Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Polymer Science Chapter 2: Polymer Synthesis Chapter 3: Conformation, Solutions, and Molecular Weight Chapter 4: Solid-State Properties Chapter 5: Viscoelasticity and Rubber Elasticity Chapter 6: Polymer Degradation and the Environment Chapter 7: Additives, Blends, Block Copolymers, and Composites Chapter 8: Biopolymers, Natural Polymers, and Fibers Chapter 9: Thermoplastics, Elastomers, and Thermosets Chapter 10: Engineering and Specialty Polymers Chapter 11: Polymer Processing and Rheology Chapter 12: Polymers for Advanced Technologies Chapter 13: Correlations and Simulations in Polymer Science Appendix A: Polymer Abbreviations Appendix B Representative Properties of Some Important Commercial Polymers Appendix C ASTM Standards for Plastics and Rubber Appendix D SI Units and Physical Constants Appendix E Mathematical Relationships Appendix F The Major Elements

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic theories underlying x-ray and neutron scattering, as well as the various techniques that have been developed for their application to the study of polymers. The two scattering methods are discussed together from the beginning, so as to allow readers to gain a unified view of the scattering phenomena. The book is introductory and may be used as a textbook in polumer science class or for self-study by polymer scientists new in scattering techniques.Trade Review"By presenting the two methods together and emphasizing their similarities, Ryong-Joon Roe has written an introductory textbook that enables readers to become equally familiar with both techniques ... Roe suceeds admirably in giving a balanced and unified presentation of the basic theory underlying both x-ray and neutron scattering" Physics TodayTable of Contents1: Basics of X-ray and Neutron Scattering 1.1: Properties of X-rays and Neutrons 1.2: Scattering and Interference 1.3: Scattering of X-rays 1.4: Scattering of Neutrons 1.5: Auto-correlation Function and Reciprocal Space 1.6: Scattering Due to the Sample as a Whole 1.7: Diffraction by Crystals 2: Experimental Techniques 2.1: Radiation Source 2.2: Monochromatization 2.3: Absorption 2.4: Detectors 2.5: Cameras and Diffractometers 2.6: Multiple Scattering 2.7: Absolute Intensity Calibration 3: Crystalline Polymers 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Lattice Parameters 3.3: Crystal Structure Analysis 3.4: Line Broadening and Crystal Imperfections 3.5: Degree of Crystallinity 3.6: Orientation 4: Amorphous Polymers 4.1: Short Range Order 4.2: Thermal Density Fluctuation 5: Small Angle Scattering 5.1: Model Structures Studied by Small Angle Scattering 5.2: Dilute Particulate System 5.3: Non-particulate Two-phase system 5.4: Fractal Objects 5.5: Periodic System 5.6: Slit Collimation and Desmearing 6: Polymer Blends, Block Copolymers, and Deuterium Labeling 6.1: Polymer Blends 6.2: Block Copolymers 6.3: Deuterium Labeling 7: Methods of Study for Surfaces and Interfaces 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Reflectivity 7.3: Approximate Method 7.4: Examples of Experimental Studies 8: Inelastic Neutron Scattering 8.1: Theory of Inelastic Scattering 8.2: Simple Models of Motions 8.3: Spectrometers 8.4: Examples of Experimental Studies Appendix A: Refresher on Complex Numbers Appendix B: Fourier Transform Appendix C: Reciprocal Lattice Appendix D: Constants and Conversion Factors Glossary of Symbols

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Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction 1. Introduction Part II: Resins2. Polyethylene3. Polypropylene 4. Introduction to Bio-Based Polymers the Performance of Multilayer Flexible Packaging 6. Rheology of Molten Polymers Part III: Technologies7. Coextrusion Equipment for Multilayer Flat Films and Sheets8. Multilayer Blown (Tubular) Film Dies 9. Process Engineering 10. Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes11. Machine Direction–Oriented Film Technology12. Oriented Film Technology 13. Polymer Blending for Packaging Applications 14. Water- and Solvent-Based Coating Technology 15. Vacuum Metallizing for Flexible Packaging 16. Web Handling and Winding Part IV: Multilayer Films – Descriptions, Performance Characteristics, Uses, Considerations, Properties 17. PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures18. Multilayer-Oriented Films19. Regulatory Aspects of Food Packaging—A Global Matter

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Book SynopsisFunctionalized polymers are macromolecules to which chemically bound functional groups are attached which can be used as catalysts, reagents, protective groups, etc. Functionalized polymers have low cost, ease of processing and attractive features for functional organic molecules. Chemical reactions for the introduction of functional groups in polymers and the conversion of functional groups in polymers depend on different properties. Such properties are of great importance for functionalization reactions for possible applications of reactive polymers. This book deals with the synthesis and design of various functional polymers, the modification of preformed polymer backbones and their various applications.Trade Review"The emphasis is on chemical synthesis of the functional groups and on various properties and applications. Properties addressed include bio sensitivity, cellulose or protein networks, conjugation, corrosion, electrical capacitance, optical activity, and biodegradability. The chapters, each written by a different author team, cover a broad range of topics from the same viewpoint. The book is well edited: each chapter starts with an introduction and ends with applications, and the overall selection of topics is sufficiently broad to benefit a wide audience. Given the emphasis on chemical synthesis and behavior, there is little focus, for example, on mechanical or adhesion properties. Each chapter has an extensive, up-to-date bibliography and can serve as the starting point for further research in this exciting, modern topic combining chemistry, materials science, and engineering."— J. Lambropoulos, University of Rochester, Choice, November 2022Table of ContentsIntroduction and Future Prospects. Conjugated Polymers. Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymers. Biodegradable Polymers. Functional Pseudo-Proteins. Functional Proteins. Functionalization of Cellulose—Chemical Approach. Functionalized Polymers Processed by 3D Printing. Polyvinylcarbazole Composite Membranes. Elastomeric and Plastomeric Materials. Polyurethane. Biopolymeric Sensors. Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and Their Biomedical Applications. Poly(siloxane)s, Poly(silazane)s and Poly(carbosiloxane)s.

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Book SynopsisEach year 350,000 metric tons of superabsorbent polymers are produced; 95% are used in personal care products such as disposable diapers and feminine napkins, both of which are much thinner because of the introduction of the superabsorbent polymers.Table of ContentsAbsorbency and Superabsorbency (F. Buchholz). Chemistry of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (T. Staples, et al.). Commercial Processes for the Manufacture of Superabsorbent Polymers (A. Graham & L. Wilson). Analysis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymers (S. Cutié, et al.). The Structure and Properties of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (F. Buchholz). Other Superabsorbent Polymer Forms and Types (D. Allan). Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers (F. Buchholz).

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Book SynopsisProvides information on the chemical reaction engineering aspects of polymer production processes. The text focuses on engineering aspects of reactor design and operation and how the properties of polymers are determined by the relationships between chemical kinetics and mechanical design.Table of ContentsUses and applications of polymers. Characterization and properties of polymers. The chemistry of polymer reactor engineering. Reactor engineering design. Reactor operation and control. Processing, treatment and recovery of polymers.

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Book SynopsisExplores the art of prints in collectable and wearable polyester clothing from the 1970's.

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Book SynopsisMass Spectrometry (MS) has rapidly become an indispensable tool in polymer analysis, and modern MS today complements in many ways the structural data provided by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Infrared (IR) methods. Recent advances have sparked a growing interest in this field and established a need for a summary of progress made and results achieved.Mass Spectrometry of Polymers effectively fills this need. The discussion begins by introducing MS in detail, providing a historical perspective and a review of modern instrumentation and methods. The text then focuses on mathematical concepts and practical algorithms used in some of the major quantitative polymer applications of MS, providing a skillful prologue to polymer characterization techniques. Detailed chapters follow, describing the most relevant applications of MS to the analysis of polymers and the techniques currently employed.Authored by internationally recognized experts from academia and industry, Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is the only state-of-the-art work available that deals systematically with this rapidly emerging discipline, and will be useful to both novices and experienced practitioners in polymer MS.Trade Review" This book is currently the only state-of-the-art work available that systematically review this rapidly emerging discipline, and should be on the bookshelves for both novices and experienced academic and industrial scientists."- Weijie Lu, Department of Physics, Fisk University, Nashville Tennessee "As stated by the editors in the Preface, Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is meant as 'an effort to summarize the current status of the use of mass spectrometry in polymer characterization.' This work admirably achieves the stated goal, with a strong emphasis on the most recent literature describing technique developments and applications in the field of polymer mass spectrometry. The editors have gathers a strong team of contributing authors who are experts in the field of polymer mass spectrometry to contribute individual chapters to this book. …Overall, [this] is an extremely practical book covering the state of the art in polymer mass spectrometry. The contributors and editors are to be commended for producing what is truly a tutorial possessing excellent examples and abundant references. In the Preface, the editors note that they 'trust that the book will be useful to both novices and experienced practitioners in polymer MS.' Unquestionably, they have achieved this objective. Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is highly recommended to anyone engaged in polymer science or in mass spectrometry of polymeric materials."-Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry of Polymers. Polymer Characterization Methods. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Electrospray Ionization (ESI-MS) and On-Line Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). Direct Pyrolysis into the Ion Source (DPMS). Field Ionization (FI-MS) and Field Desorption (FD-MS). Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB-MS). Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Laser Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FT-MS). Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Two-Step Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry.

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Book SynopsisKoyanagi presents a concise and practical guide to using a micromechanics approach to predict the strength and durability of unidirectionally aligned continuum carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs).As the use of composite materials in becomes more widespread in various fields, material durability is becoming an increasingly important consideration, particularly with regard to UN Sustainable Development Goals. Using more durable composite materials would help with achieving these goals. Because the failure of composite materials proceeds via the accumulation of micro failures and micro damage, a micromechanics approach is indispensable for estimating precise durability.In this practical guide, Koyanagi describes this approach and explains the precise durability of the composite materials with regard to the time dependence of micro failures. This book first explains the strength and durability of unidirectionally aligned continuum CFRPs. It then individually addresses

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Book SynopsisPlastic Bottles: Processing, Recycling, Regulations and Alternatives explores the lifecycle of plastic bottles, from creation to disposal, offering a comprehensive and accessible look at bottle packaging. The book is divided into five parts as follows Part 1: The History of Plastic Bottles Traces the development and integration of plastic bottles into daily life. Covers materials used, labeling, and manufacturing processes in the industry. Part 2: Environmental Impact Examines the limitations of plastic bottles and their environmental consequences. Discusses challenges in recycling and showcases case studies. Highlights advanced recycling technologies and techniques. Part 3: Biopolymers as an Alternative Introduces biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic. Explores types of biopolymers suitable for bottle production. Discusses potential benefits and challenges of biopolymer adoption. Part 4: Regulations and Policies Focuses on global regulatory frameworks for plastic and biopolymer use. Covers Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and its role in waste management. Part 5: Future of Bottle Packaging Looks ahead at developments in sustainable packaging solutions. Discusses innovations in recycling and emerging research trends. Target Audience✠Accessible to students, academics, and industry professionals from both scientific and non-scientific backgrounds.✠Concise and easy-to-read, making it suitable for a wide ranging audience.This book provides a thorough yet compact overview of the plastic and biopolymer bottle packaging industry, offering valuable insights for both academia and industry.

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Book SynopsisSince their discovery in 1977, the evolution of conducting polymers has revolutionized modern science and technology. These polymers enjoy a special status in the area of materials science yet they are not as popular among young readers or common people when compared to other materials like metals, paper, plastics, rubber, textiles, ceramics and composites like concrete. Most importantly, much of the available literature in the form of papers, specific review articles and books is targeted either at advanced readers (scientists / technologists / engineers / senior academicians) or for those who are already familiar with the topic (doctoral / postdoctoral scholars). For a beginner or even school / college students, such compilations are bit difficult to access / digest. In fact, they need proper introduction to the topic of conducting polymers including their discovery, preparation, properties, applications and societal impact, using suitable examples and already known principles/knoTable of ContentsForeword by Sir Richard Friend xv Preface xvi Part 1: Multiphase Systems: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 1 Conjugated Polymer-based Blends, Copolymers, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 3Parveen Saini 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 7 1.2.1 Classification of CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 8 1.3 CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers (CCPs) 11 1.3.1 Types of CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers 11 1.3.2 Sub-Classification of Linear or Graft BCPs 20 1.4 CPs/ICPs-Based Composites/Nanocomposites/Hybrids 23 1.4.1 Categorization of CPs/ICPs-Based NCs 26 1.5 Interpenetrating/Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN/SIPN) 29 1.6 Synthesis of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCs/HYBs 30 1.6.1 Synthesis of Undoped CPs-Based BLNs 30 1.6.2 Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers-Based Copolymers 39 1.6.3 CPs/ICPs-Based CMPs/NCs 52 1.7 Applications of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCS/HYBs 63 1.7.1 ICP-Based Systems 63 1.7.2 CPs-Based Systems 63 1.8 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgments 80 References 80 2 Progress in Polyaniline Composites with Transition Metal Oxides 119Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović 2.1 Introduction 119 2.2 PANI/Transition Metal Oxide Composites 120 2.2.1 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Copper Group of Transition Metals 121 2.2.2 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Zinc Group of Transition Metals 121 2.2.3 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Scandium Group of Transition Metals 124 2.2.4 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Titanium Group of Transition Metals 126 2.2.5 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Vanadium Group of Transition Metals 131 2.2.6 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Chromium Group of Transition Metals 132 2.2.7 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Manganese Group of Transition Metals 137 2.2.8 PANI Composites with Oxides of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Groups of Transition Metals 140 2.3 Conclusions and Outlook 151 Abbreviations 152 References 153 3 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials-Based Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications 163Anuushka Pal, Parveen Saini, and Sameer Sapra 3.1 Introduction 164 3.2 Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 165 3.2.1 Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 166 3.2.2 Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 167 3.3 Synthetic Approaches for Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 168 3.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 169 3.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 174 3.3.3 Optical Properties 176 3.4 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (CP/QCN) Hybrids 183 3.4.1 Methodologies for Making Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic QCN Hybrids 183 3.4.2 Chemical Methods 184 3.5 Optoelectronic Applications of Hybrids 190 3.5.1 Hybrid Solar Cell 190 3.5.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 201 3.5.3 GQDs/Conjugated-Polymer-Based Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 208 3.6 Outlook and Perspective: Current Challenges and Future Scope/Prospects 210 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 4 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic and Biological Applications 229Tapas Kuila, Yu Dong Sheng, and Naresh Chandra Murmu 4.1 Introduction 230 4.2 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 231 4.2.1 Preparation of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 232 4.2.2 Different Types of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Properties 234 4.2.3 Characterizations of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 252 4.3 Applications of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 263 4.3.1 Optoelectronic Application 263 4.3.2 Biological Applications 268 4.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 270 Acknowledgements 271 References 271 Part 2: Energy Harvesting and Storage Materials 5 Conjugated Polymers-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for Photovoltaics 283Ashish Dubey, Parveen Saini, and Qiquan Qiao 5.1 Introduction 284 5.2 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Cells 284 5.3 OPV Device Architecture and Working Mechanism 287 5.4 Solar Cell Terminologies and Characterization Parameters 290 5.4.1 Air Mass (AM) 290 5.4.2 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 291 5.4.3 Short Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 292 5.4.4 Fill Factor (FF) 292 5.4.5 Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) () 293 5.4.6 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 294 5.5 CPs-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for OPVs 295 5.5.1 Polymer-Fullerene BHJ Blends 296 5.5.2 Organic–Inorganic Composites/Hybrids 303 5.5.3 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites 307 5.5.4 Polymer/Graphene-Based Composites 312 5.6 Conjugated Copolymers for PVs 314 5.6.1 Donor–Acceptor Type Alternating Copolymers 315 5.6.2 Block Copolymers with Built in p-Type Donor and n-Type Acceptor 320 5.7 Conclusions: Current Challenges and Prospects 326 Acknowledgements 327 References 327 6 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 339Qin Yao, Lidong Chen, and Sanyin Qu 6.1 Introduction 340 6.2 Synthesis Methods 346 6.2.1 In Situ Polymerization 346 6.2.2 Solution Mixing 354 6.2.3 Mechanical Mixing 359 6.3 TE Properties of CP/Inorganic Nanocomposites 361 6.3.1 CP/CNT Composite 362 6.3.2 CP/Graphene Composites 368 6.3.3 CP/Metal Composites 371 6.3.4 CP/Metal Compounds Composites 373 6.4 Summary 376 References 377 7 Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries 379Qingsheng Gao, Lichun Yang, and Ning Liu 7.1 Introduction 379 7.2 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic as Cathode Materials 383 7.2.1 LiFePO4 383 7.2.2 MnO2 386 7.2.3 V2O5 393 7.3 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymers/Inorganic as Anode Materials 402 7.3.1 Silicon 402 7.3.2 SnO2 405 7.3.3 Other Conjugated Polymer-Based Anode Materials 410 7.4 Conclusion 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 8 Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 419Peng Liu 8.1 Introduction 419 8.2 Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanocomposites 420 8.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles 421 8.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 421 8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 422 8.2.4 Graphene and Derivatives 427 8.3 Polypyrrole/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 432 8.3.1 Manganese Oxides 432 8.3.2 Titanium Oxides 435 8.3.3 Ruthenium Oxides 436 8.3.4 Other Metal Oxides 436 8.4 Polypyrrole/Clay Nanocomposites 437 8.5 Other Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites 438 8.6 Polypyrrole Ternary Composites 439 8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 443 Acknowledgments 444 References 444 Part 3: Advanced Materials for Environmental Applications 9 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-Based Blends and Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects 451Parveen Saini 9.1 Introduction 451 9.2 Shielding Phenomenon 453 9.2.1 Theoretical Shielding Effectiveness 454 9.2.2 Experimental Shielding Effectiveness 467 9.2.3 Complex Permittivity and Permeability 469 9.2.4 Shielding Materials and Design Considerations 472 9.2.5 Synthesis of ICPs-Based Hybrids (Blends and Composites) 475 9.2.6 Electrical Properties of ICPs-Based Blends and Composites 481 9.2.7 EMI Shielding Performance of ICPs-Loaded Blends and Composites 483 9.2.8 EMI Shielding Performance of ICP-Matrix-Based Composites 492 9.2.9 EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorbing Performance of ICPs/Filler Hybrid-Loaded Polymer Matrix Composites 505 9.3 Conclusions 507 References 508 10 Anticorrosion Coatings Based on Conjugated Polymers 519M. Federica De Riccardis 10.1 Introduction 519 10.2 Basic Concepts of Corrosion 522 10.3 Corrosion Prevention 524 10.4 Corrosion Tests 527 10.4.1 Immersion Tests 528 10.4.2 Cabinet Tests 529 10.4.3 Electrochemical Tests 530 10.5 Conjugated Polymers as Anticorrosion Layers 538 10.6 Conjugated Polymers Nanocomposite as Anticorrosion Layers 552 10.7 Conclusions 574 References 575 11 Conjugated Polymer-Based Composites for Water Purification 581Jiaxing Li, Yongshun Huang, and Dadong Shao 11.1 Introduction 582 11.2 Adsorption Phenomenon 583 11.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 584 11.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics 588 11.2.3 Adsorption Thermodynamics 589 11.3 PANI-Related Composites in Water Purification 591 11.3.1 PANI/Inorganic Composites 592 11.3.2 PANI/Organic Composites 594 11.4 PPy-Related Composites in Water Purification 601 11.4.1 PPy/Inorganic Composites 601 11.4.2 PPy/Organic Composites 602 11.5 Miscellaneous Conjugated Polymer Composites in Water Purification 606 11.6 Conclusion 609 Acknowledgment 609 References 609 Part 4: Sensing and Responsive Materials 12 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Chemical Sensors 621Pradip Kar, Arup Choudhury, and Sushil Kumar Verma 12.1 Introduction 622 12.2 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites as Chemical Receptor 626 12.3 General Methods for Preparation of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 631 12.3.1 Ex-situ Method 632 12.3.2 In-situ Method 642 12.4 Influence of Properties of Conjugated Polymer by Interaction with Nano-Filler 644 12.5 Fabrication of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite Layer/Film for Sensor 647 12.5.1 Electrochemical Deposition 647 12.5.2 Pellet Preparation 648 12.5.3 Dip Coating 649 12.5.4 Spin Coating 651 12.5.5 Drop Coating 652 12.5.6 Film Casting 653 12.5.7 Printing 654 12.5.8 Other Methods 655 12.6 Chemical Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 656 12.6.1 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Organic Nanocomposites 656 12.6.2 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites 658 12.7 Mechanism of Chemical Sensing by Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 670 12.7.1 Strong Chemical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 672 12.7.2 Weak Physical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 674 12.7.3 Weak Physical Interaction with the Nanomaterial 677 12.8 Challenges and Prospects 679 References 681 13 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Biosensors 687Deepshikha Saini 13.1 Introduction 687 13.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 690 13.2.1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 691 13.2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles 694 13.2.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Oxides 696 13.2.4 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins 698 13.2.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Biological Materials 700 13.2.6 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene 702 13.3 Current and Emerging Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites in Biosensors 706 13.3.1 Catalytic Biosensors 707 13.3.2 Bioaffinity Sensor 714 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 719 References 722 14 Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Smart Electrorheological Fluid Applications 731Jianbo Yin and Xiaopeng Zhao 14.1 Introduction 731 14.2 PANI as Filler for ER Fluids 734 14.3 Core/Shell-Structured PANI Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 737 14.3.1 PANI-Coated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 737 14.3.2 PANI-Encapsulated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 743 14.4 Pani-Intercalated Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 747 14.4.1 PANI/Clay Nanocomposites 747 14.4.2 PANI/Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites 750 14.5 Conclusions 752 Acknowledgments 752 References 752 Index 759

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses new developments in an up-to-date, coherent and objective set of chapters by eminent researchers in the area of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It covers, biomaterials such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, hemicelluloses, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Other important topics such as hybrid biocomposites and bionanocomposites of polypropylene, biodegradation study of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites, polypropylene-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications, polypropylene-based carbon nanomaterials reinforced nanocomposites, degradation and flame retardency of polypropylene-based composites and nanocomposites, are covered as well.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Visakh. P. M 1.1 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 1 1.2 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 3 1.3 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 5 1.4 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 6 1.5 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 7 1.6 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 9 1.7 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 10 1.8 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Application 12 1.9 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 13 References 14 2 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 23Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 PP/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 24 2.3 Conclusion 46 References 47 3 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 55Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 PP/Starch Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 57 3.3 Conclusion 79 References 79 4 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 85Xin Wang 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 87 4.3 Conclusion 107 References 108 5 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 113Svetlana Butylina 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 116 5.3 Conclusion 141 References 141 6 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 145S. Butylina and I. Turku 6.1 Biodegradability of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 146 6.2 Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 154 6.3 Conclusions 171 References 171 7 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 177Jian Wang 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Preparation Principles for PP SPCs 180 7.3 Processing Methods and Properties of PP SPCs 187 7.4 Applications 235 7.5 Summary 239 Acknowledgments 242 References 242 8 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 247Amir Ghasemi, Ehsan Pesaran Haji Abbas, Leila Farhang and Reza Bagheri 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Types of Natural Fibers 248 8.3 Processing of PP/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 252 8.4 Characterization and Properties of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 256 8.5 Applications of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 267 8.6 Future Perspectives and the Global Market 274 8.7 Conclusion 275 References 276 9 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Applications 287Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah and Muhammad Rafi Raza 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Method Development 289 9.3 Composite Properties 301 9.4 Applications 305 9.5 The Way Forward 309 References 310 10 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 315Yekta Karaduman and Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman 10.1 Introduction 316 10.2 Natural Fibers 317 10.3 Fiber-Matrix Interface 320 10.4 Interfacial Modification of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 327 10.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 342 References 343 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThe text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. The book provides a broad overview of functional synthetic polymers. Special issues in the text are: Surface functionalization supramolecular polymers, shape memory polymers, foldable polymers, functionalized biopolymers, supercapacitors, photovoltaic issues, lithography, cleaning methods, such as recovery of gold ions olefin/paraffin, separation by polymeric membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, and other related topics.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Basic Issues of Functionalized Polymers 1 2 Methods and Principles of Functionalization 11 3 Technical Applications 95 4 Medical Applications 221 5 Pharmaceutical Applications 247 Index 275

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Book SynopsisExplore the cutting-edge in self-healing polymers and composites In Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites, a pair of distinguished materials scientists delivers an insightful and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. The book discusses how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair, high temperature applications, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. The authors emphasize the integration of existing techniques with novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication. They provide a comprehensive view of this emerging field, allowing new researchers to gather a firm understanding of the framework for creating new materials or applications. Additionally, the book includes: A thorough introduction to the fieTable of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 Basics of self-healing – state of the art 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Adhesive bonding for healing thermosetting materials 1.1.2 Fusion bonding for healing thermoplastic materials 1.1.3 Bioinspired self-healing 1.2 Intrinsic self-healing 1.2.1 Self-healing based on physical interactions 1.2.2 Self-healing based on chemical interactions 1.2.3 Self-healing based on supramolecular interactions 1.3 Extrinsic self-healing 1.3.1 Self-healing in terms of healant loaded pipelines 1.3.2 Self-healing in terms of healant loaded microcapsules 1.4 Insights for future work 1.5 References Chapter 2 Extrinsic self-healing via addition polymerization 2.1 Design and selection of healing system 2.2 Microencapsulation of mercaptan and epoxy by in-situ polymerization 2.2.1 Microencapsulation of mercaptan 2.2.2 Microencapsulation of epoxy 2.3 Filling polymeric tubes with mercaptan and epoxy 2.4 Characterization of self-healing functionality 2.4.1 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of crack due to monotonic fracture 2.4.2 Factors related to performance improvement 2.4.3 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of fatigue crack 2.4.4 Self-healing epoxy/glass fabric composites with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of impact damage 2.4.5 Self-healing epoxy/glass fabric composites with self-pressurized healing system 2.5 Concluding remarks 2.6 References Chapter 3 Extrinsic self-healing via cationic polymerization 3.1 Thermosetting 3.1.1 Microencapsulation of epoxy by UV irradiation-induced interfacial copolymerization 3.1.2 Encapsulation of boron-containing curing agent 3.1.2.1 Loading boron-containing curing agent onto porous media 3.1.2.2 Microencapsulation of boron-containing curing agent via hollow capsules approach 3.1.3 Characterization of self-healing functionality 3.1.3.1 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and (C2H5)2O•BF3-loaded sisal 3.1.3.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant 3.1.4 Preparation of silica walled microcapsules containing SbF5•HOC2H5/HOC2H5 3.1.5 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and SbF5•HOC2H5/HOC2H5-loaded silica capsules 3.1.6 Preparation of silica walled microcapsules containing TfOH 3.1.7 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and TfOH-loaded silica capsules 3.2 Thermoplastics 3.2.1 Preparation of IBH/GMA-loaded microcapsules 3.2.2 Self-healing PS composites filled with IBH/GMA-loaded microcapsules and NaBH4 particles 3.3 Concluding remarks 3.4 References Chapter 4 Extrinsic self-healing via anionic polymerization 4.1 Preparation of epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener 4.1.1 Microencapsulation of epoxy by in-situ condensation 4.1.2 Preparation of imidazole latent hardener 4.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener 4.3 Self-healing epoxy/woven glass fabric composites with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener – healing of interlaminar failure 4.4 Durability of healing ability 4.5 Self-healing epoxy/woven glass fabric composites with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener – healing of impact damage 4.6 Concluding remarks 4.7 References Chapter 5 Extrinsic self-healing via miscellaneous reactions 5.1 Extrinsic self-healing via nucleophilic addition and ring-opening reactions 5.1.1 Microencapsulation of GMA by in-situ polymerization 5.1.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded single-component healant 5.2 Extrinsic self-healing via living polymerization 5.2.1 Preparation of living PMMA and its composites with GMA-loaded microcapsules 5.2.2 Self-healing performance of living PMMA composites filled with GMA-loaded microcapsules 5.2.3 Preparation of GMA-loaded multilayered microcapsules and their PS based composites 5.2.4 Self-healing performance of PS composites filled with GMA-loaded multilayered microcapsules 5.3 Extrinsic self-healing via free radical polymerization 5.3.1 Microencapsulation of styrene and BPO 5.3.2 Self-healing performance of epoxy composites filled with the dual capsules 5.4 Concluding remarks 5.5 References Chapter 6 Intrinsic self-healing via Diels-Alder reaction 6.1 Molecular design and synthesis 6.1.1 Synthesis and characterization of DGFA 6.1.2 Reversibility of DA bonds and crack remendability of DGFA based polymer 6.1.3 Synthesis and characterization of FGE 6.1.4 Reversibility of DA bonds and crack remendability of FGE based polymer 6.2 Blends of DGFA and FGE 6.2.1 Reversibility of DA bonds 6.2.2 Crack remendability of cured DGFA/FGE blends 6.3 Concluding remarks 6.4 References Chapter 7 Intrinsic self-healing via synchronous fission/radical recombination of C-ON bond 7.1 Thermal reversibility of alkoxyamine in polymer solids 7.2 Self-healing crosslinked polystyrene 7.2.1 Synthesis 7.2.2 Characterization 7.3 Self-healing epoxy 7.3.1 Synthesis 7.3.2 Characterization 7.4 Self-healing polymers containing alkoxyamine with oxygen insensitivity and reduced homolysis temperature 7.4.1 Synthesis 7.4.2 Characterization 7.5 Reversible shape memory polyurethane network with intrinsic self-healability of wider crack 7.5.1 Synthesis 7.5.2 Characterization 7.6 Concluding remarks 7.7 References Chapter 8 Intrinsic self-healing via exchange reaction of disulfide bond 8.1 Room-temperature self-healable and remoldable crosslinked polysulfide 8.2 Sunlight driven self-healing polymers containing disulfide bond 8.2.1 Crosslinked polyurethane 8.2.1.1 Bulk polymer 8.2.1.2 Composites with silver nanowires as strain sensor 8.2.2 Commercial silicone elastomer 8.3 Self-healing and reclaiming of vulcanized rubber 8.4 Concluding remarks 8.5 References

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface i 1 General Aspects 1 1.1 Subjects of the Book 1 1.2 Special Issues 2 1.3 Injection Molding 3 1.3.1 Cost Estimation in Injection Molding 3 1.3.2 Cost Prediction Models 4 1.4 Miniature Molding Processes 6 1.5 Computer Determination of Weld Lines in Injection Molding 6 1.6 Extrusion Blow Molding 8 1.6.1 Rapid Thermal Cycling Molding 8 1.6.2 Rapid Heat Cycle Molding 8 1.6.3 Injection Molding: Heating 16 1.7 Microcellular Injection Molding 22 1.8 Mold Cooling 23 1.9 Microcellular Foam Processing System 27 1.9.1 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding 27 1.9.2 Water-Assisted Injection Molding 32 1.10 Molding Machine for Granules 32 1.11 Foam Curing of Footwear 33 1.12 Injection Compression Molding 35 1.13 Hot Press System 35 1.14 Stamper Mold 38 1.14.1 Recoding Media 38 1.14.2 Microscopic Structured Body 39 1.15 Plastic Waste 42 1.15.1 Marine Pollution 43 1.15.2 Human Health Effects 45 1.15.3 Recycling 45 References 57 2 Process Analysis 65 2.1 Concepts and Strategies 66 2.1.1 Chemometrics 67 2.1.2 Safety Risks 68 2.1.3 Feedback Procedures 68 2.2 Linear Systems 68 2.2.1 Simple First-Order Systems 68 2.2.2 Fractional Order Systems 69 2.2.3 Nonlinear Systems and Linearization 69 2.2.4 Characteristics of Systems 75 2.2.5 Controllers and Controller Settings 84 2.3 Twin-Screw Extrusion 91 References 92 3 Examples of Process Analysis 99 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Balance 99 3.1.1 Poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate) 99 3.1.2 Polyester Binder 100 3.2 Injection Molding Technology 101 3.2.1 Module for CAD Modeling of the Part 103 3.2.2 Module forNumerical Simulation of Injection Molding Process 104 3.2.3 Module for Calculation of Parameters of Injection Molding and Mold Design Calculation and Selection 105 3.2.4 Module for Mold Modeling 106 3.2.5 Examples of Testing 107 3.2.6 Molding Air Cooling 108 3.2.7 Cavity Pressure 109 3.2.8 Plastics Extruder Dynamics 110 3.2.9 History of Mathematical Modeling 110 3.2.10 Current Physical Components Concept 112 3.2.11 Process Stages 112 3.2.12 Data Envelopment Analysis 116 3.2.13 Taguchi Method 118 3.2.14 Tait Model 119 3.2.15 Phan-Thien-Tanner Model 121 3.2.16 Product Quality Prognosis 121 3.2.17 Production Predictive Control 122 3.2.18 Parameter Optimization for Energy Saving 123 3.2.19 Multilayer Control System 124 3.2.20 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method 125 3.2.21 Temperature-Dependent Adaptive Control 126 3.2.22 Micro-Injection Molding 128 3.2.23 Immiscible Polymer Blends 131 3.2.24 Resin Injection Molding 133 3.2.25 Foam Injection Molding 137 3.2.26 Self-Optimizing Injection Molding Process 138 3.2.27 Machine Setup 140 3.3 Shrinkage in Injection Molding 146 3.3.1 Factors that Affect the Shrinkage 146 3.3.2 Effect of a Cooling System 147 3.3.3 Influence of Molding Conditions on the Shrinkage and Roundness 148 3.3.4 Shear Viscosity 148 3.3.5 In-Situ Shrinkage Sensor 149 3.3.6 Semicrystalline Polymer 151 3.3.7 Thermoplastic Elastomers 151 3.3.8 Reprocessing of ABS 153 3.3.9 Sequential Simplex Algorithm with Automotive Ventiduct Grid 155 3.3.10 Taguchi, ANOVA, CAE, and Neural Network Methods 156 3.4 Recycling by Extrusion 166 3.4.1 Multiple In-Line Extruders 166 3.4.2 Mixed Post-Consumer Plastic Waste 167 3.4.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 168 3.4.4 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 169 3.4.5 Poly(lactic acid) 169 3.4.6 Expanded Poly(styrene) 169 3.5 Batch Washing of Recycled Films 171 3.5.1 Recycling of Poly(styrene)Waste 171 3.5.2 Textile Finishing 172 3.5.3 Removing Scrap from Containers 173 3.5.4 Adsorption Isotherms and Desorption Rates 175 3.6 Self-Purging Microwave Pyrolysis 176 3.7 Purging and Plasticization in Injection Molding 177 3.7.1 Automatic Purging 177 3.8 Hot Runner Systems 179 3.8.1 Hot Runner Mold with Runner Pipe 180 3.8.2 Hot Runner System in Plastics Molding Tools 183 3.8.3 Manufacturing and Assembling of Hot Runner Systems 184 3.9 Blown Film Extrusion and Thickness Control 185 3.10 Residence Time Distribution for Biomass Pyrolysis 186 3.11 Reactive Extrusion 187 References 187 4 Process Instrumentation 201 4.1 In-Mold Measurement 201 4.2 Temperature 202 4.2.1 Soft Actuator 202 4.2.2 Thermocouples 202 4.2.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 206 4.2.4 Thin Film Miniature Temperature Sensors 214 4.2.5 Neural Networks 214 4.3 Position Transducers 215 4.3.1 Rotary Position Transducer 215 4.3.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 216 4.3.3 Optical Encoders 218 4.3.4 Thickness Gauges 218 4.4 Composition of Matter 222 4.4.1 IR Interferometer for Multilayer Film 222 4.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction 225 4.4.3 Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry 226 4.4.4 Test for Ice Adhesion Strength 226 4.4.5 Piezoelectric Coaxial Filament Sensors 228 4.4.6 Instrumentation for Impact Testing 228 4.4.7 Treatment of Titanium Surfaces 229 4.4.8 Spatial Differentiation of Sub-Micrometer Domains 230 4.5 Medical Issues 231 4.5.1 Endoscopic Plastic Surgical Procedures 231 4.5.2 Medical Catheters 231 4.5.3 Multichannel Plastic Joint 237 4.5.4 Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery 238 4.5.5 Wire-Actuated Universal-Joint Wrists 238 4.5.6 Musculoskeletal Disorders 239 References 240 5 Actuators and Final Control Elements 245 5.1 Servo Valves 245 5.1.1 Nozzle Assembly for a Servo Valve 245 5.2 Servo Motors 248 5.2.1 Hydraulic System 248 5.2.2 Functionally Graded Materials 248 5.3 Solenoid Valves 251 5.3.1 Design Verification Methodology 251 5.3.2 Small Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.3 High-Speed Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.4 Numerical Simulation 252 5.4 Heaters 253 5.4.1 Conduction Heaters 253 5.4.2 Radiant Heaters 255 5.4.3 Heater Controls 255 5.5 Drive Motors and Motor Speed Control for Extrusion 256 5.5.1 Single-Drive Motor 256 5.5.2 Linear Induction Motor 256 5.5.3 Motor Power Consumption in Single-Screw Extrusion 257 5.5.4 Dual Motor Multi-Head 3D Printer 258 References 258 6 Analysis of Melt Processing Systems 261 6.1 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding 261 6.1.1 Case-Based Reasoning Method 261 6.1.2 Knowledge-Based Reasoning Method 264 6.1.3 Rule-Based Reasoning Method 265 6.1.4 Fuzzy Reasoning Method 266 6.2 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding of LCDs 267 6.3 Processing History 267 6.3.1 Flow Defects 267 6.3.2 Biocomposites 269 6.3.3 3D Printing 271 6.3.4 Semiconducting Polymer Blends 272 6.3.5 Van Gurp-Palmen Plot 272 6.3.6 Nanocrystal Composites 273 6.3.7 Melt-Mastication 274 6.3.8 Crystal Nucleation in Nanocomposites 275 6.4 Shear History 276 6.5 Extrusion Product Control 278 6.5.1 Branched Structures 278 6.5.2 Big Area Additive Manufacturing 279 6.5.3 Single-Screw Extrusion Control 280 6.5.4 Blown Film 284 6.5.5 Chill Roll Cast Film 285 6.5.6 Sheet 292 6.5.7 Profiles 294 6.5.8 Pipe and Tubing 297 6.5.9 Automatic Screen Changers 303 6.6 Extrusion Blow Molding Parison Control 306 6.7 Injection Molding 310 6.7.1 Ram Velocity Control 310 6.7.2 Pressure Control 313 6.7.3 Gas-Assisted Control 319 6.7.4 System Diagnostics 322 6.7.5 Statistical Process and Quality Control 328 6.8 Thermoforming 329 6.8.1 Twin Sheet Thermoforming 329 6.8.2 Rotary Thermoforming 330 6.8.3 Process Model for Thermoforming 331 6.9 Rotomolding 332 6.9.1 Polymer Compositions for Rotomolding 334 6.10 Compounders 348 6.10.1 History of Compounding 348 6.10.2 Types of Compounders 348 6.10.3 Special Applications 350 References 352 7 Auxiliary Equipment 363 7.1 Crammer Feeder 363 7.1.1 Crammer Feeder for Extruder 363 7.1.2 Devulcanization of Scrap Rubber 363 7.2 Dryers 364 7.2.1 Drying Temperatures 364 7.2.2 Moisture Content 366 7.2.3 Resin Dryers 366 7.2.4 Pellet Dryers 369 7.3 Pullers 379 7.3.1 Pullers in Extrusion 379 7.3.2 Pullers in Injection Molding 381 7.4 Chillers 384 7.5 Robots 385 References 387 Index 389 Acronyms 389 Chemicals 394 General Index 399

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction: Technical Background 1 S.F. Xavier 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices 3 1.2 Composite Materials 4 1.3 Processing 6 1.3.1 Various Processing Methods 7 1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution 7 1.3.2 Extrusion 8 1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder 8 1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder 11 1.3.3 Injection Molding 19 1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process 21 1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties 23 1.3.4 Compression Molding 25 1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation 27 1.3.5.1 Autoclaving 27 1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement 28 1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process 28 1.3.6.1 Stamping 29 1.3.6.2 Compression Molding 29 1.4 Test Methods 29 1.4.1 Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties 41 1.4.1.C Impact Strength 41 1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (K IC) 44 1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing 48 1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening 51 1.4.3 Electrical Properties 53 1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement 53 1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties 56 1.4.4 Thermal Properties 57 1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R) 57 1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (λ) 57 1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) 60 1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point 63 1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point 65 1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC) 69 1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA) 77 1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA) 77 1.4.6 Optical Properties 79 1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques 81 1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement 83 1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene 85 1.5 Electron Microscopy 86 1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 88 1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 88 1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM 89 1.6 Concluding Remarks 90 References 90 2 Filled Polymer Composites 101 S.F. Xavier 2.1 Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1.1 Introduction 101 2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites 102 2.1.2.1 History of HDPE 102 2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers 103 2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers 117 2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations 117 2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers 118 2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices 124 2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites 125 2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP) 125 2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers 126 2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers 130 2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers 130 2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites 146 2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation 146 2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements 147 2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c ) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C 151 2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C 152 2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation 156 2.1.5.3 Fractography 158 2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion 164 2.2 Table-1: Examples of Thermoplastic Matrices Filled with Different Organic/Inorganic Fillers 167 2.3 Concluding Remarks 174 References 175 3 Short Fiber Reinforced Composites 185 S.F. Xavier 3.1 Basic Concepts 185 3.1.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 185 3.a HDPE 188 3.2 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.3 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 190 3.3.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 190 3.3.1.A Fiber Attributes Affecting Polymer Composite Properties 191 3.3.1.B Source and Morphology of the Cellulosic Fibers 196 3.3.2 HDPE/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 197 3.3.3 HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 200 3.3.4 R-HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 203 3.3.5 HDPE/Short Flax Fiber 206 3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber 208 3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 211 3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO 3 /Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites 212 3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites 215 3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites 216 3.b PP 218 3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement 220 3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites 226 3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 228 3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant 230 3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant) 231 3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 235 3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 239 3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber 243 3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber 247 3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber 255 3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 262 3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 263 3.c PVC 264 3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites 264 3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber 266 3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber 268 3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber 271 3.d PLA 273 3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites 273 3.12.1 History of PLA 273 3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber 274 3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber 278 3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber 284 3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber 289 3.E Nylon 6 292 3.13.1 History of Nylon- 6 292 3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF) 295 3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF) 302 3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 308 3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber) 312 3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites 314 3.f PEEK 316 3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 316 3.14.1 History of PEEK 316 3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites 319 3.14.2.a Structure-Property Relations 319 3.14.2.b Interphase-Morphology 321 3.14.2.c Tribology of PEEK Composites 326 3.14.2.d Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites 328 3.14.2.e Ratcheting Behavior 330 3.14.2.f Bio-Medical Applications 331 3.15 Concluding Remarks 335 References 337 Annexure- 1 367 Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites 367 4 Long Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 S.F. Xavier 4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 4.1 Basic Concepts 369 4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement 372 4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 374 4.A Polypropylene 385 4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement 385 4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP) 392 4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites 394 4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites 397 4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 400 4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber 400 4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber 403 4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber 406 4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber 410 4.B Nylon 6 413 4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 413 4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber 413 4.4.1.A Processing 413 4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement 414 4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber 416 4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography 422 4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures 424 4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon- 6 424 4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process 426 4.c PBT 428 4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites 428 4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber 428 4.d PEEK 436 4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 436 4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber 436 4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 448 4.7 Concluding Remarks 459 References 460 5 Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites 479 S.F. Xavier 5.1 Basic Concepts 480 5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 480 5.a PP 481 5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement 481 5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding 484 5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation 486 5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite 489 5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites - Continuous Process 489 5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites 490 5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes 490 5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding 492 5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 493 5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn 495 5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices 496 5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films 498 5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites 499 5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP 500 5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber 502 5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment 503 5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber 505 5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns) 505 5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber 505 5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber 506 5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers 508 5.B Nylon 6 511 5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 511 5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF) 511 5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion 513 5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process 513 5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement 516 5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 516 5.3.2.1 Continuous Method 516 5.3.3 Carbon Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 Melt (Discontinuous Method) 517 5.3.4 Melt Impregnation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 Composites 520 5.3.5 Three-Dimensional Fabric Composites 522 5.c PPS 523 5.4 Continuous CF Reinforced PPS 523 5.4.1 Ultra-Lightweight Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS Composite Using ‘Spread Tow Technology’ 523 5.d PEEK 527 5.5 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 527 5.5.1 PEEK/Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) 527 5.6 Concluding Remarks 533 References 533 6 Nanocomposites 545 S.F. Xavier 6.1 Basics 546 6.1.1 History of Nanoscience 546 6.1.1.A The Growth of Nanotechnology 547 6.1.1.B Nano Milestones 549 6.1.1.C Some Significant Achievements in Nanotechnology 551 6.1.2 Nanomaterials Used in Polymers 552 6.1.2.A Nanoparticles/Fillers 552 6.1.2.B Nanoflakes 555 6.1.2.C Nanofibers 561 6.2 Nanocomposites: General Principles 566 6.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites by Different Routes 566 6.2.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 576 6.2.2.1 Methods to Achieve Intercalation/Exfoliation 578 6.3 Nanocomposites with Different Polymers 581 6.3.1 LDPE Nanocomposites with Different Nanoparticles 581 6.3.1.A LDPE/Nano Al2 O3 582 6.3.1.B LDPE/Nano MgO 582 6.3.1.C LDPE/Nano TiO2 585 6.3.1.D LDPE/Nano ZnO 586 6.3.1.E LDPE/Treated Nano Cloisite 20A 588 6.3.1.F LDPE/PE-g-MAH/Cv/OMMT 588 6.3.1.G LDPE/LLDPE-g-MAH/Organo Clay 590 6.3.1.H LDPE/LDPE-g-MAH/Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.i PE/Polythiophene/Sol-Gel Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.j LDPE Foams/Nano Silica 595 6.3.2 HDPE Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 597 6.3.2.A HDPE/Nano Ag 597 6.3.2.B HDPE/Nano Au 600 6.3.2.C HDPE/Nano Bentonite 605 6.3.2.D HDPE/Nano CaCO3 607 6.3.2.E HDPE/Nano Cloisite 20A/Nano Cu 609 6.3.2.F HDPE/Nano Copper Oxide 610 6.3.2.G HDPE/Nano Fe3 O 4 612 6.3.2.H HDPE/Nano PbS 614 6.3.2.i HDPE/Nano Silica 617 6.3.2.j HDPE/Nano TiO 2 /Nano CNC 621 6.3.2.K HDPE/Nano ZnO 623 6.3.2.L HDPE/Nano ZrP/Oct 627 6.3.3 PP Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 628 6.3.3.A PP/Nano Ag 628 6.3.3.B PP/Nano Ag/PEG 630 6.3.3.C PP/Nano Ag/γ-Radiation/MMT 634 6.3.3.D PP/Nano Al 2 O 3 637 6.3.3.E PP/Nano γ-Al 2 O 3 -g-PS 638 6.3.3.F PP/Nano BaCO 3 641 6.3.3.G PP/Nano BaSO 4 644 6.3.3.H PP/Nano CaCO 3 645 6.3.3.i PP/Nano CaCO 3 /Nano SiO 2 650 6.3.3.j PP/Nano Cu 652 6.3.3.K PP/Nano Fe 2 O 3 655 6.3.3.L PP/Nano TiO 2 658 6.3.4 PVC Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 659 6.3.4.A PVC/Nano Clay 660 6.3.4.B PVC/(Single Layer) Graphene 665 6.3.4.C PVC/Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG) 668 6.3.4.D PVC/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) 672 6.3.4.E PVC/TiO 2 (In Situ Suspension Polymerization) 676 6.3.4.F PVC/Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles) 680 6.3.4.G PVC/Nano ZrO 2 682 6.3.5 PLA Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 688 6.3.5.A PLA/Nano Ag 688 6.3.5.B PLA/Nano Au 692 6.3.5.C PLA/Nano Cu-Mt 696 6.3.5.D PLA/Nano SiO 2 700 6.3.5.E PLA/Nano-Precipitated CaCO 3 (npcc) 705 6.3.5.F PLA/Nano-TiO 2 707 6.3.5.G PLA/Nano-ZnO 711 6.3.6 PA-6 Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 713 6.3.6.A PA-6/Nano-MMT 713 6.3.6.B PA-6/Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) 723 6.3.7 PEEK Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 725 6.3.7.A PEEK/Graphene for Laser Sintering 725 6.3.7.B PEEK/Graphene/MWCNT for Conducting Filaments 738 6.4 Concluding Remarks 745 References 747 Appendix- 1 786 Nanostructures 786 7 Applications 787 S.F. Xavier 7.1 Basic Concepts 787 7.1.1 History and Growth of Thermoplastic Polymer Composite Applications 787 7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 790 7.2.1 Automotive Applications 790 7.2.1.A Nanocomposites in Automotives 795 7.2.2 Aerospace Applications 799 7.2.3 Marine Applications 801 7.2.4 Military Applications 803 7.2.5 Sports Applications 804 7.3 Construction Applications 804 7.3.1 Repair & Rehabilitation 805 7.3.2 Emergency Seismic Repair 807 7.3.3 Repair & Rehabilitation of Wood Members 808 7.4 Electrical Applications 811 7.4.1 Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 811 7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding 812 7.4.3 Metal-Polymer Composites for AC Applications at High Frequencies 817 7.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites for Electrical Applications 824 7.5 Biomedical Applications 829 7.5.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 829 7.5.2 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 832 7.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites 844 7.6 Tribological Applications 852 7.6.1 Polymer Tribology 853 7.6.2 Influence of Load and Polymer Tg 856 7.6.3 Influence of Reinforcement 856 7.6.4 Influence of Lubricating Additive 857 7.6.5 Influence of Temperature 859 7.6.6 Biomimetics: An Application of Tribology 864 7.7 Concluding Remarks 869 References 870 8 Recycling Polymer Comosites 887 S.F. Xavier 8.1 Environment vs Polymer Waste 887 8.1.1 Polymer Pollution: A Serious Threat 887 8.1.2 Recycling Waste Composite Materials 893 8.1.3 Sustainable Recycling of Polymer Composites 898 8.2 Recycling Filled/Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 899 8.2.1 Recycled Polymer ‘Red Mud’ Composite 899 8.2.2 Recycled HDPE Filled with ‘Waste Mud Solids’ 902 8.2.3 Recycled Wood Polymer Composites 907 8.2.4 Recycled Polymer Composites from Industrial Side-Stream Materials 914 8.2.5 From Recycled Materials to ‘Green Composites’ 918 8.3 Recyclability and Bio-Composites 925 8.3.1 Bio-Composites of PLA 925 8.3.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA/Nano MMT Improves Properties 931 8.3.1.2 Melt Reprocessed PLA/Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites 933 8.3.2 Recyclability of PP/Bagasse Composites 941 8.4 Applications of Recycled Polymer Composites 946 8.4.1 Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Composite Materials 946 8.5 FRPs: Sustainability and Human Health Issues 951 8.5.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 951 8.6 Concluding Remarks 960 References 961 9 Outlook on Future of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 979 S.F. Xavier 9.1 Constituents of Thermoplastic Composites 979 9.1.1 The Matrix 979 9.1.2 Reinforcement 981 9.1.3 Interphase 982 9.2 The Future of Thermoplastic Composites 982 9.2.1 Automotive Sector 982 9.2.2 Aerospace and Defence Sectors 986 9.2.3 Bio-Medical Applications 989 9.2.4 Special Applications 993 9.3 Final Concluding Remarks 997 References 997

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Book SynopsisThe field of bio-based plastics has developed significantly in the last 10 years and there is increasing pressure on industries to shift existing materials production from petrochemicals to renewables. Bio-based Plastics presents an up-to-date overview of the basic and applied aspects of bioplastics, focusing primarily on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Emphasizing materials currently in use or with significant potential for future applications, this book looks at the most important biopolymer classes such as polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Detailed consideration is also given to the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability. Topics covered include: Starch CellTrade Review“Most chapters are brief, but generally well supported by citations to the original literature. Useful figures and photographs supplement the text. A detailed table of contents and a useful index allow easy access to information. The book is hardbound and produced to a good quality. An e-book version is available.” (Biotechnology Advances, 1 August 2014) Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Bio-Based Plastics – Introduction 1 Stephan Kabasci 1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Plastics 2 1.2 A Brief History of Bio-Based Plastics 3 1.3 Market for Bio-Based Plastics 5 1.4 Scope of the Book 6 2 Starch 9 Catia Bastioli, Paolo Magistrali, and Sebastia Gestý Garcia 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Starch 10 2.3 Starch-Filled Plastics 13 2.4 Structural Starch Modifications 14 2.4.1 Starch Gelatinization and Retrogradation 14 2.4.2 Starch Jet-Cooking 16 2.4.3 Starch Extrusion Cooking 16 2.4.4 Starch Destructurization in Absence of Synthetic Polymers 17 2.4.5 Starch Destructurization in Presence of Synthetic Polymers 19 2.4.6 Additional Information on Starch Complexation 23 2.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market 27 2.6 Conclusions 28 References 28 3 Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate 35 Johannes Ganster and Hans-Peter Fink 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Raw Materials 36 3.3 Structure 37 3.3.1 Cellulose 37 3.3.2 Cellulose Derivatives 40 3.4 Principles of Cellulose Technology 42 3.4.1 Regenerated Cellulose 43 3.4.2 Organic Cellulose Esters – Cellulose Acetate 46 3.5 Properties and Applications of Cellulose-Based Plastics 52 3.5.1 Fibres 53 3.5.2 Films 54 3.5.3 Moulded Articles 56 3.6 Some Recent Developments 57 3.6.1 Cellulose 57 3.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Mixed Esters 58 3.7 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Materials Based on Chitin and Chitosan 63 Marguerite Rinaudo 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan 64 4.2.1 Chitin: Characteristics and Characterization 64 4.2.2 Chitosan: Preparation and Characterization 66 4.3 Processing of Chitin to Materials and Applications 69 4.3.1 Processing of Chitin and Physical Properties of Materials 69 4.3.2 Applications of Chitin-Based Materials 70 4.4 Chitosan Processing to Materials and Applications 71 4.4.1 Processing of Chitosan 71 4.4.2 Application of Chitosan-Based Materials 74 4.5 Conclusion 77 References 77 5 Lignin Matrix Composites from Natural Resources – ARBOFORMR 89 Helmut N¨agele, J¨urgen Pfitzer, Lars Ziegler, Emilia Regina Inone-Kauffmann, Wilhelm Eckl, and Norbert Eisenreich 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Approaches for Plastics Completely Made from Natural Resources 90 5.3 Formulation of Lignin Matrix Composites (ARBOFORM) 92 5.3.1 Lignin 92 5.3.2 Basic Formulations and Processing of ARBOFORM 95 5.3.3 The Influence of the Fibre Content 97 5.4 Chemical Free Lignin from High Pressure Thermo-Hydrolysis (Aquasolv) 100 5.4.1 Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Lignin Types 100 5.4.2 Lignin Extraction by High-Pressure Hydrothermolysis (HPH) 101 5.4.3 Thermoplastic Processing of Aquasolv Lignin 104 5.5 Functionalizing Lignin Matrix Composites 105 5.5.1 Impact Strength 106 5.5.2 Flame Retardancy 106 5.5.3 Electrical Conductivity with Nanoparticles 106 5.5.4 Pyrolysis to Porous Carbonaceous Structures 108 5.6 Injection Moulding of Parts – Case Studies 109 5.6.1 Loudspeaker Boxes 110 5.6.2 Precision Parts 110 5.6.3 Thin Walled and Decorative Gift Boxes and Toys 111 5.6 Acknowledgements 112 References 112 6 Bioplastics from Lipids 117 Stuart Coles 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Definition and Structure of Lipids 117 6.2.1 Fatty Acids 117 6.2.2 Mono-, Di- and Tri-Substituted Glycerols 118 6.2.3 Phospholipids 118 6.2.4 Other Compounds 119 6.3 Sources and Biosynthesis of Lipids 119 6.3.1 Sources of Lipids 119 6.3.2 Biosynthesis of Lipids 120 6.3.3 Composition of Triglycerides 120 6.4 Extraction of Plant Oils, Triglycerides and their Associated Compounds 120 6.4.1 Seed Cleaning and Preparation 121 6.4.2 Seed Pressing 121 6.4.3 Liquid Extraction 121 6.4.4 Post Extraction Processing 122 6.5 Biopolymers from Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds 122 6.5.1 Generic Triglycerides 122 6.5.2 Common Manipulations of Triglycerides 123 6.5.3 Soybean Oil-Based Bioplastics 125 6.5.4 Castor Oil-Based Bioplastics 126 6.5.5 Linseed Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.6 Other Plant Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.7 Biological Synthesis of Polymers 128 6.6 Applications 128 6.6.1 Mimicking to Reduce R&D Risk 128 6.6.2 Composites 129 6.6.3 Coatings 129 6.6.4 Packaging Materials 130 6.6.5 Foams 130 6.6.6 Biomedical Applications 130 6.6.7 Other Applications 131 6.7 Conclusions 131 References 131 7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Basics, Production and Applications of Microbial Biopolyesters 137 Martin Koller, Anna Salerno, and Gerhart Braunegg 7.1 Microbial PHA Production, Metabolism, and Structure 137 7.1.1 Occurrence of PHAs 137 7.1.2 In Vivo Characteristics and Biological Role of PHAs 139 7.1.3 Structure and Composition of PHAs 140 7.1.4 Metabolic Aspects 141 7.2 Available Raw Materials for PHA Production 143 7.3 Recovery of PHA from Biomass 144 7.3.1 General Aspects of PHA Recovery 144 7.3.2 Direct Extraction of PHA from Biomass 146 7.3.3 Digestion of the non-PHA Cellular Material 147 7.3.4 Disruption of Cells of Osmophilic Microbes in Hypotonic Medium 148 7.4 Different Types of PHA 149 7.4.1 Short Chain Length vs. Medium Chain Length PHAs 149 7.4.2 Enzymatic Background: PHA Synthases 149 7.5 Global PHA Production 151 7.6 Applications of PHAs 152 7.6.1 General 152 7.6.2 Packaging and Commodity Items 152 7.6.3 Medical Applications 154 7.6.4 Application of the Monomeric Building Blocks 155 7.6.5 Smart Materials 156 7.6.6 Controlled Release of Active Agents 156 7.7 Economic Challenges in the Production of PHAs and Attempts to Overcome Them 156 7.7.1 PHA Production as a Holistic Process 156 7.7.2 Substrates as Economic Factor 156 7.7.3 Downstream Processing 157 7.7.4 Process Design 157 7.7.5 Contemporary Attempts to Enhance PHA Production in Terms of Economics and Product Quality 158 7.8 Process Design 160 7.9 Conclusion 162 References 163 8 Poly(Lactic Acid) 171 Hideto Tsuji 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Historical Outline 173 8.3 Synthesis of Monomer 174 8.4 Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid) 176 8.4.1 Homopolymers 176 8.4.2 Linear Copolymers 176 8.5 Processing 178 8.6 Crystallization 178 8.6.1 Crystal Structures 178 8.6.2 Crystalline Morphology 181 8.6.3 Crystallization Behaviour 182 8.7 Physical Properties 182 8.7.1 Mechanical Properties 182 8.7.2 Thermal Properties 186 8.7.3 Permeability 188 8.7.4 Surface Properties 188 8.7.5 Electrical Properties 189 8.7.6 Optical Properties (From Biopolymers) 189 8.8 Hydrolytic Degradation 191 8.8.1 Degradation Mechanism 192 8.8.2 Effects of Surrounding Media 195 8.8.3 Effects of Material Parameters 196 8.9 Thermal Degradation 200 8.10 Biodegradation 203 8.11 Photodegradation 204 8.12 High-Performance Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Materials 206 8.12.1 Nucleating or Crystallization-Accelerating Fillers 206 8.12.2 Composites and Nanocomposites 208 8.12.3 Fibre-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) 211 8.12.4 Stereocomplexation 211 8.13 Applications 212 8.13.1 Alternatives to Petro-Based Polymers 212 8.13.2 Biomedical 213 8.13.3 Environmental Applications 215 8.14 Recycling 217 8.15 Conclusions 218 References 219 9 Other Polyesters from Biomass Derived Monomers 241 Daan S. van Es, Frits van der Klis, Rutger J. I. Knoop, Karin Molenveld, Lolke Sijtsma, and Jacco van Haveren 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Isohexide Polyesters 242 9.2.1 Introduction 242 9.2.2 Semi-Aromatic Homo-Polyesters 244 9.2.3 Semi-Aromatic Co-Polyesters 247 9.2.4 Aliphatic Polyesters 248 9.2.5 Modified Isohexides 250 9.3 Furan-Based Polyesters 251 9.3.1 Introduction 251 9.3.2 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF)-Based Polyesters 253 9.3.3 5-Hydroxymethylfuroic Acid (HMFA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.4 Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.5 Future Outlook 256 9.4 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Copolymers 257 9.4.1 Succinic Acid 257 9.4.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 258 9.4.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 259 9.4.4 PBS Copolymers 259 9.4.5 PBS Biodegradability 260 9.4.6 PBS Processability 260 9.4.7 PBS Blends 260 9.4.8 PBS Markets and Applications 260 9.4.9 Future Outlook 261 9.5 Bio-Based Terephthalates 261 9.5.1 Introduction 261 9.5.2 Bio-Based Diols: Ethylene Glycol, 1,3-Propanediol, 1,4-Butanediol 262 9.5.3 Bio-Based Xylenes, Isophthalic and Terephthalic Acid 263 9.6 Conclusions 267 References 267 10 Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers 275 Benjamin Brehmer 10.1 Introduction 275 10.1.1 What are Polyamides? 275 10.1.2 What is the Polymer Pyramid? 276 10.1.3 Where Do Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers Fit? 277 10.2 Technical Performance of Polyamides 277 10.2.1 How to Differentiate Performance 277 10.2.2 Overview of Current Applications 279 10.2.3 Typical Association of Biopolymers 280 10.3 Chemical Synthesis 281 10.3.1 Castor Bean to Intermediates 281 10.3.2 Undecenoic Acid Route 283 10.3.3 Sebacic Acid Route 283 10.3.4 Decamethylene Diamine Route 284 10.4 Monomer Feedstock Supply Chain 284 10.4.1 Description of Supply Chain 284 10.4.2 Pricing Situation 285 10.5 Producers 287 10.6 Sustainability Aspects 287 10.6.1 Biosourcing 287 10.6.2 Lifecycle Assessments 288 10.6.3 Labelling and Certification 291 10.7 Improvement and Outlook 292 References 293 11 Polyolefin-Based Plastics from Biomass-Derived Monomers 295 R.J. Koopmans 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Polyolefin-Based Plastics 296 11.3 Biomass 299 11.4 Chemicals from Biomass 300 11.5 Chemicals from Biotechnology 302 11.6 Plastics from Biomass 303 11.7 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Petrochemical Technology 303 11.7.1 One-Carbon Building Blocks 304 11.7.2 Two-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.7.3 Three-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.8 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Biotechnology 305 11.9 Bio-Polyethylene and Bio-Polypropylene 306 11.10 Perspective and Outlook 307 References 308 12 Future Trends for Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers: The Case Study of Development and Application of Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers 311 Margarida Casal, Ant´onio M. Cunha, and Raul Machado 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Production of Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers (rPBPs) 312 12.3 The Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers (SELPs) 314 12.3.1 SELPs for Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels for Localized Delivery 317 12.3.2 Mechanical Properties of SELP Hydrogels 319 12.3.3 Spun Fibres 320 12.3.4 Solvent Cast Films 323 12.4 Final Considerations 324 References 325 13 Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics 331 Achim Raschka, Michael Carus, and Stephan Piotrowski 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 First- and Second-Generation Crops: Advantages and Disadvantages 331 13.3 The Amount of Land Needed to Grow Feedstock for Bio-Based Plastics 333 13.4 Productivity and Availability of Arable Land 336 13.5 Research on Feedstock Optimization 338 13.6 Advanced Breeding Technologies and Green Biotechnology 339 13.7 Some Facts about Food Prices and Recent Food Price Increases 341 13.8 Is there Enough Land for Food, Animal Feed, Bioenergy and Industrial Material Use, Including Bio-Based Plastics? 343 References 345 14 The Promise of Bioplastics – Biobased and Biodegradable-Compostable Plastics 347 Ramani Narayan 14.1 Value Proposition for Bio-Based Plastics 348 14.2 Exemplars of Zero or Reduced Material Carbon Footprint – Bio-PE, Bio-PET and PLA 349 14.3 Process Carbon Footprint and LCA 351 14.4 Determination of Bio-Based Carbon Content 352 14.5 End-of-Life Options for Bioplastics – Biodegradability-Compostability 353 14.6 Summary 356 References 356 Index

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Book SynopsisThe book provides an extensive coverage of conjugated polymer based nano-composite coatings with advanced anti-corrosive properties. The book gives detailed explanation of corrosion testing methods and techniques to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coatings. It includes elaborate discussion on classification of corrosion, electrochemistry of corrosion process, theories explaining the mechanism of corrosion and various corrosion testing standards. Electrochemical studies like open circuit potential (OCP) variation with time, potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and accelerated corrosion testing are highlighted as important tools to extract information about the behavior of coatings under corrosive conditions. The book discusses epoxy-conjugated polymer based novel composite coating formulations, including aniline and o-toluidine, o-anisidine, phenetidine and pentafluoroaniline with appropriate fillers like SiO2, flyash, ZrOTable of ContentsIntroduction to Corrosion. Conducting Polymers. Poly(Aniline-co-Pentafluoroaniline)/SiO2 Composite Based Anticorrosive Coating. Poly(Aniline-co-Pentafluoroaniline)/ZrO2 Nanocomposite Based Anticorrosive Coating. Polypyrrole-Based Composite Coatings. Polypyrrole/Biopolymer Hybrid Coatings. Future Scope and Directions.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, multicomponent polymers have generated much interest due to their excellent properties, unique morphology, and high-end applications. This book focuses on thermal, thermo-mechanical, and dielectric analysis of polymers and multicomponent polymeric systems such as blends, interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPNs), gels, polymer composites, and nanocomposites. Through these analyses, it provides an insight into the stability of polymer systems as a function of time, processing, and usage. Aimed at polymer chemists, physicists, and engineers, it also covers ASTM/ISO and other standards of various measurement techniques for systematic analysis in materials science.Table of ContentsThermal, thermo-mechanical and dielectric analysis of polymers and multicomponent polymeric systems. Theoretical aspects of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Simultaneous Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) / Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis. Application Of Tga And Dta To Polymeric Systems (Neat Polymeric Systems. Applications of TGA and DTA to multicomponent Polymeric systems including blends, IPNs, composites. Multi-physics modeling and simulation of the effective thermal conductivity of polymeric composites. Application of DSC to polymeric systems. Theoretical aspects of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. A Review on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites. Dielectric analysis: main concepts, instrumentation, basic theoretical analysis. Dielectric analysis of different natural and synthetic polymers types. Applications of dielectric analysis (DEA) to multi-component polymeric systems

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Book SynopsisAlmost all synthetic materials over time induce some level of inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, even though the successes of biomaterials science in producing acceptable solutions to the problem of biocompatibility have been remarkable, there remains enormous opportunity for improvement. The goal is the development of intelligent materials that replicate and mimic the ability of tissues and biological materials to adapt and renew. This book describes the synthesis and the analysis of new smart polymeric materials and their practical implications in nanomedicine and biotechnology. It offers a comprehensive overview, gathering recent and innovative research on multiple aspects within the field of smart polymeric materials that offer new perspectives in developing current advanced biotechnologies. The text contains both experimental and theoretical issues that reflect the impact of the materials characteristics in target applications. It deals with recent advances in the desTable of ContentsOpportunities and Challenges in Polymer-Noble Metal Nanocomposites. Advances in Polymer Nanofibers Containing Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Recent Developments on ZnO-Polyurethanes Nanomaterials. Smart Materials with Phosphorus and Nitrogen Functionalities Suitable for Biomedical Engineering. Key Considerations in Designing Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems. Guided Bone Repair Using Synthetic Apatites – Biopolymer Composites. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Biomaterials. Intelligent Amide- and Imide-Based Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. Tailoring Protein-Based Materials for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Inside of the Transport Processes in Biomedical Systems

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Book SynopsisPOLYMER SURFACE MODIFICATION TO ENHANCE ADHESION This unique, comprehensive and groundbreaking book is the first on this important subject. Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion comprises 13 chapters and is divided into two parts: Part 1: Energetic Treatments; and Part 2: Chemical Treatments. Topics covered include atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; corona treatment of polymer surfaces to enhance adhesion; flame surface treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; vacuum UV photo-oxidation of polymer surfaces to enhance adhesion; optimization of adhesion of polymers using photochemical surface modification UV/Ozone surface treatment of polymers to enhance adhesion; adhesion enhancement of polymer surfaces by ion beam treatment; polymer surface modification by charged particles; laser surface modification of polymeric materials; competition in adhesion between polysort and monosort functionalized polyolefinic surf

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Book SynopsisNatural and synthetic water soluble polymers are used in a wide range of familiar industrial and consumer products, including coatings and inks, papers, adhesives, cosmetics and personal care products. They perform a variety of functions without which these products would be significantly more expensive, less effective or both.Table of Contents1 Introduction. 2 Natural thickeners. 3 Acrylic polymers as rheology modifiers for water-based solutions. 4 Gelling agents. 5 Emulsification and encapsulation. 6 Polymeric flocculants. 7 Polymer micelles: amphiphilic block and graft copolymers as polymeric surfactants. 8 Applications of water soluble dendrimers. 9 Preparation, properties and applications of colloidal microgels. 10 Industrial water soluble polymers in packaging

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Book SynopsisPolymers are an example of products-by-process, where the final product properties are mostly determined during manufacture, in the reactor. An understanding of processes occurring in the polymerization reactor is therefore crucial to achieving efficient, consistent, safe, and environmentally friendly production of polymeric materials.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Polymerization Processes. 2. Coordination Polymerization. 3. Free Radical Polymerization. Homogeneous Systems. 4. Free radical polymerization. Heterogeneous systems. 5. Suspension polymerization. 6. Emulsion Plymerization. 7. Step Growth Polymerization. 8. Control of Polymerization Reactors

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Table of ContentsI. Fundamentals.- Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology.- Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafiltration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions.- Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes.- Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration.- Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane.- Formation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Membranes Utilizing Stereocomplex Phenomenon.- Advances in Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Technology.- Transport Behavior of Asymmetric Polyamide Flat Sheet Membranes and Hollow-Fine Fibers in Dialysis-Osmosis and Hyperfiltration Experiments.- Separation of Macromolecules by Ultrafiltration: Influence of Protein Adsorption, Protein-Protein Interactions, and Concentration Polarization.- Ultrafiltration in an Unstirred Batch Cell.- II. Ultrafiltration Membrane Formation, Characterization and Concentration Polarization.- Morphology of Skinned Membranes: A Rationale from Phase Separation Phenomena.- Characterization Technique of Straight-Through Porous Membrane.- Flow Rates of Solutions Through Ultrafiltration Membranes Monitored by the Structure of Adsorbed Flexible Polymers.- Protein Ultrafiltration: Theory of Membrane Fouling and Its Treatment with Immobilized Proteases.- Boundary Layer Removal in Ultrafiltration.- Initial Time Stirred Protein Ultrafiltration Studies with Partially Permeable Membranes.- Electrophoretic Techniques for Controlling Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration.- Prediction of Permeate Fluxes in UF/RO Systems.- Demetallation of Chelating Polymers by Diafiltration in the Presence of a Permeable Complexing Agent.- III. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Progress in the Industrial Realizations of Ultrafiltration Processes.- Recent Developments of Membrane Ultrafiltration in the Dairy Industry.- Ultrafiltration of Whole and Skim Milk.- Factors Affecting the Application of Ultrafiltration Membranes in the Dairy Food Industry.- Vegetable Protein Isolates and Concentrates by Ultrafiltration.- Negative Rejections of Cations in the Ultrafiltration of Gelatin and Salt Solutions.- The Application of Ultrafiltration to Fermentation Products.- Concentrating Fruit Juices by Reverse Osmosis.- Surfactant Micelle Enhanced Ultrafiltration.- IV. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Thin-Channel Ultrafiltration, Theoretical and Experimental Approaches.- Automated Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration: Pyrogen Removal and Phage Recovery from Water.- Depyrogenation of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.- Ultrafiltration of Prothrombin Complex.- Pyrogen Removal by Ultrafiltration — Applications in the Manufacture of Drugs and U.S.P. Purified Water.- High Flux Cellulosic Membranes and Fibers for Hemofiltration.- V. Biomedical Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Microporous Membrane Filtration for Continuous-Flow Plasmapheresis.- Determination of Graetz Solution Constants in the In-Vitro Hemofiltration of Albumin, Plasma, and Blood.- Ultrafiltration in Patients with Endstage Renal Disease.- Development of Novel Semipermeable Tubular Membranes for a Hybrid Artificial Pancreas.- Liver Tumor Cells Grown on Hollow Fiber Capillaries: A Prototype Liver Assist Device.- Application of Ultrafiltration Techniques to the Production of Human Plasma Protein Solutions for Clinical Use.- Ultrafiltration as an Alternative to Reprecipitation and Lyophilization in Cohn Fractionation.- Production of Protein Hydrolyzates in Ultrafiltration-Enzyme Reactors.- VI. Ultrafiltration Applications in Environmental Problems.- Ultrafiltration — The Membranes, the Process and Its Application to Organic Molecule Fractionation.- Use of Negatively-Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Electrodialysis and Ultrafiltration as a Combined Process.- A Study of the Fouling Phenomenon During Ultrafiltration of Cottage Cheese Whey.- Ultrafiltration/Activated Sludge System — Development of a Predictive Model.- Hyperfiltration for Recycle of 82°C Textile Water Wash.- Application of Acrylonitrile-Copolymer Membrane to Cationic Electro-Deposit Coating.- The Application of Novel Ultrafiltration Membranes to the Concentration of Proteins and Oil Emulsions.- Using Industrial Membrane Systems to Isolate Oilseed Protein Without an Effluent Waste Stream.- Concluding Remarks.- Contributors.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers recent advancements in the field of polymer science and technology. Frontiers areas, such as polymers based on bio-sources, polymer based ferroelectrics, polymer nanocomposites for capacitors, food packaging and electronic packaging, piezoelectric sensors, polymers from renewable resources, superhydrophobic materials and electrospinning are topics of discussion. The contributors to this book are expert researchers from various academic institutes and industries from around the world.Table of ContentsNovel Polymer Composites. Nano-Polymer Technology. Micro-Macro-Nano Testing and Characterization of Polymers. Specialty Polymers. Bio-Based and Biocompatible Polymer Materials. New Polymer Applications.

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Book SynopsisPolymeric foams are sturdy yet lightweight materials with applications across a variety of industries, from packaging to aerospace. As demand for these materials increase, so does innovation in the development of new processes and products. This book captures the most dynamic advances in processes, technologies, and products related to the polymeric foam market. It describes the latest business trends including new microcellular commercialization, sustainable foam products, and nanofoams. It also discusses novel processes, new and environmentally friendly blowing agents, and the development and usage of various types of foams, including bead and polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyetherimide microcellular, and nanocellular. The book also covers flame-retardant foams, rigid foam composites, and foam sandwich composites and details applications in structural engineering, electronics, and insulation. Authored by leading experts in the field, this book minimizes the gap between research aTrade Review"…not only informative, but thought-provoking. A ‘must-have’ reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products." — Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA"…contains a comprehensive literature selection and very scientific descriptions for current approaches in foaming. Furthermore, the most recent developments in foam technology like foam extrusion and bead foaming of Polylactide (PLA) as well as nanocellular foams are part of the book. In general, the selection of topics is very meaningful and scientifically and technically highly relevant."—Volker Altstädt, University of Bayreuth, Germany"…features a comprehensive introduction…on state-of-the-art developments related to polymer foams and some emerging technologies as well as a future outlook, followed by product developments and material-specific foams and simulation….A "must-have" reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products."—Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin-MadisonTable of ContentsIntroduction. Microcellular Polypropylene Foam. Preparation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Foams Using Supercritical CO2 as Blowing Agent. Formation Mechanism and Tuning for Bimodal Cell Structure in Foams by Synergistic Effect of Temperature Rising and Depressurization with Supercritical CO2. Extrusion Foaming of Polylactide. Innovative PLA Bead Foam Technology. Nanocellular Foams. Rigid Structural Foam and Foam-Cored Sandwich Composites. Microcellular Polyimide Foams: Fabrication and Characterization. Recent Innovations in Thermoplastic Foams. Advanced CAE Technology for Microcellular Injection Molding.

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Book SynopsisAutomotive manufacturers are required to decrease CO2 emissions and increase fuel economy while assuring driver comfort and safety. In recent years, there has been rapid development in the application of lightweight and sustainable materials in the automotive industry to help meet these criteria. This book provides critical reviews and the latest research results of various lightweight and sustainable materials in automotive applications. It discusses current applications and future trends of lightweight materials in the automotive area. While there are a few books published mainly focusing on automotive applications of metallic lightweight materials, to date there is no available book focusing on a broad spectrum of lightweight materials, including metal, plastic, composites, bio-fiber, bio-polymer, carbon fiber, glass fiber, nanomaterials, rubber materials, and foaming materials, as this work does. The book also includes case studies of commercial lightweight automotiveTrade Review"...covers current applications and future trends relating to this field. The contents are contemporary and relevant, and the authors are highly qualified and well-known names in the field of sustainable composites and biocomposites."—Hom Nath Dhakal, University of Portsmouth, England"Excellent overview of the different lightweight materials and their sustainability. A must for every researcher and user in the automotive applications area."— Daniel Schwendemann, University of Applied Science Eastern Switzerland"...covers current applications and future trends relating to this field. The contents are contemporary and relevant, and the authors are highly qualified and well-known names in the field of sustainable composites and biocomposites."—Hom Nath Dhakal, University of Portsmouth, England"Excellent overview of the different lightweight materials and their sustainability. A must for every researcher and user in the automotive applications area."— Daniel Schwendemann, University of Applied Science Eastern SwitzerlandTable of ContentsNatural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite. Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermosets Composite. Wood Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic and Thermosets Composites. Bio-Based Thermoplastic and Thermosets Polymer. Bio-Based EPDM Rubber and Sustainable EPDM Compounding. Carbon Fiber Composite Materials. Glass Fiber Composite Materials. Lightweight Nanocomposite Materials. Tribology of Aluminum and Aluminum Matrix Composite Materials. Magnesium and Its Alloys. Thermoplastic Foams: An Automotive Perspective. Lightweight Thermosets Foams. Lifecycle Assessment of Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications. Case Studies - Sustainable and Lightweight Automotive Parts via Injection Molding.

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Book SynopsisCellulose Acetate: Properties, Uses and Preparation presents data on thermodynamic characteristics (heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs function) from 4 to 580 K cellulose acetates and cellulose nitrates, as well as the major plasticizers for these polymers, the temperatures of their relaxation and phase transitions, the effect of plasticizers on these characteristics of cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate and the solubility of plasticizers in polymers. Cellulose diacetate has been used in the design of sorption matrices for the fluorescent analysis of polyaromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Thus, the physicochemical properties of cellulose diacetate solutions in a binary acetone-water solvent were analyzed along with the morphological, surface-energy, physicochemical and physicomechanical characteristics of film matrices in comparison with fiber ones. Additionally, the authors examine how the growth of CO2 emissions efforts led to the necessity for green material solutions that fit into a sustainable development policy and low environmental impact. The major barriers to produce cellulose-based products from agricultural residues are the heterogeneity of the raw material, the experimental conditions reproducibility, the heterogeneous phase of the synthesis reaction, the difficulty of purification, the effluent disposal, and the control of the product quality. In the closing study, the authors provide a comprehensive review of electrospun nanofibres from different types of polymers with synthesized montmorillonite clays. Loading activated natural bentonite clay into any type of polymer can improve the adsorption property of electrospun nanofibres, but the bentonite clay must be well dispersed, suspended and loaded to achieve any benefit. This study may pave the way for further use of electrospun nanofibres loaded with clay in a wide variety of environmental and medical applications.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a group of international experts, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the main scientific and technological advances that ensure the continued functionality of cellulosic textile supports. It begins with a discussion on the chemical and physical structure of cotton and its different properties and provides a review of the main vancées regarding textile surface modification. The second chapter is devoted to the use of cotton supports in comfort, and more specifically the importance of the textile structure for the management of heat and mass transfers. These different concepts are discussed from the description of recent models applied in this field of expertise. The third chapter is dedicated to the fire retardant properties of textile substrates, with a more specific focus on textile finishing treatments to improve this type of surface functionality. Finally, the last chapter is oriented towards the chemical grafting of microcapsules from the DOPA, which currently constitutes a possible new application path in the textile field. This book covers a wide range of textile finishing treatments for cotton, allowing the reader to learn about new technologies in this field.

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Book SynopsisPolydimethylsiloxane is a non-conducting, silicone-based elastomer that is of widespread interest due to its flexibility and ease of micromolding for the rapid prototyping of microdevices and systems. Polydimethylsiloxane: Structure and Applications discusses the results of electric investigations of onion-like carbon (OLC)/polydimethysiloxane composites addressing very wide frequency and temperature ranges. Several kinds of devices for the observation of the behaviour of biological cells are discussed: micro-ridges, micro-grooves, micro-markers, and micro-slits, and the methodology to make each morphology by polydimethylsiloxane is described. The authors reviews the main applications of polydimethylsiloxane in urinary tract devices and the associated complications. As new solutions are needed to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on polydimethylsiloxane -based devices, a testing platform is described to evaluate surface performance in both urinary catheters and ureteral stents. Also examined are the properties which make polydimethylsiloxane an excellent candidate for understanding complex biological behaviors, including its transparency for applying optical methods, biocompatibility and nontoxicity, high conformity with cells and other biostructures, gas permeability for the transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and flexibility. In the subsequent study, a hybrid material of titanium dioxide and polydimethylsiloxane is obtained and characterized using a sol-gel and electrospraying method. These results indicate that the hybrid material may be viable as an adsorbent, and that the optimization of the process could reduce both cost and analysis time. In order to further the applications of polydimethylsiloxane, the closing study describes the steps in the fabrication of its plasmonic structure, and also examines the switching effect of the sample.Table of ContentsPreface; Dielectric Properties and Relaxation of Polydimethylsiloxane Composites; Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane: Microstructure of Functional Surface for Observation of Biological Cell Behavior; PDMS in Urinary Tract Devices: Applications, Problems and Potential Solutions; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS): A Promising Material for Biological Applications; Study of TiO2-PDMS as an Adsorbent in Solid Phase Microextraction of Aromatic Compounds; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS): A Favorable Material for Active Plasmonic Applications; Index.

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Book SynopsisNo matter how far Humanity advanced in its successes the problems of health and death will always exist. However, it is possible to postpone old age and prolong life, and it is performed successfully. In ancient Rome the average age was 15-18 years. Today in Japan it reaches 77-79 years. So what can the science of polymers do in solving this problem? Do high molecular compounds (natural and artificial) possess any reserves for solving this problem? This book discusses the problems of the polymer interaction with biologically active and model media, biodegradation biodetrioration, prognosing the time of reliable exploitation of polymers for medical purposes, polymer application in surgery, etc. Also discussed is the role of kinetics in prognosis of agriculture production quality.

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Book SynopsisSustainable Packaging Materials provides a concise introduction to the principles and practices of packaging sustainability. It addresses the important issues that concern packaging professionals, decision makers, managers, CTOs, legislators, researchers, and students, including the viability and future of recycling, bio- and oxo-degradable materials, and plastics alternatives such as paper, glass, and metal. Also covered are new regulations such as the extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, their consequences as to what materials are likely to be banned, and whether microplastics should be a concern for packaging companies.Written by an experienced professor, educator, author, inventor, and entrepreneur, this book offers uniquely clear answers to these challenges, helping readers to identify packaging materials that are likely to be phased out to meet new regulations, and to find alternatives to benefit their research and businesses. They will also be equipped to follow guidelines on the use of various packaging materials to stay ahead of the demands of the industry, and to make informed choices about packaging materials by considering sustainability, performance, and cost. Furthermore, they will be informed of the emerging packaging trends in both academia and industry, and understand the issues associated with microplastic pollution, and the actions recommended to mitigate these challenges.

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Book SynopsisThis easy-to-understand guide provides the necessary information to implement a scientific molding program. It is a hands-on reference for people on the molding floor, including those previously lacking theoretical background or formal education.The book covers how the injection molding machine prepares the plastic and understanding of plastic flow. The functions of the main machine components are explained and understanding of correct procedures and testing is developed. Each step of the process is clearly explained in a step-by-step manner, and simple examples of important calculations are provided. The practical approach is augmented by useful guides for troubleshooting and machine set-up. An Excel spreadsheet with a process test and a machine performance test is available as bonus material. The 2nd edition has various updates, improvements, and corrections throughout.Table of Contents 1. Injection Unit: Screw 2. Injection Unit: Barrel 3. Clamping Unit 4. Ejectors/Controllers, Human Machine Interface (HMI) 5. Machine Performance Testing 6. Process Development Test 7. Plastic Temperature 8. Plastic Flow 9. Plastic Pressure (Pack/Hold) 10. Cooling 11. Benchmarking the Injection Molding Process 12. Process Troubleshooting 13. What is Important on a Set-Up Sheet? 14. Commonly Used Conversion Factors and Formulas 15. Machine Set-Up 16. Things That Hurt the Bottom Line of a Company 17. Terms and Definitions

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Book SynopsisThe Mold-Making Handbook has proven to be an essential resource for the plastics engineer who handles the design and construction of tools for different processing methods, from injection molding and blow molding, to prototyping tools, including their computer-aided design.The present edition has been completely updated with new chapters including micro injection molds, molds for the rubber industry, and rapid prototyping. Separate sections describe the tool materials and various manufacturing and processing methods. Each chapter is self-contained; the proposed synergistic effect is achieved especially when the reader not only reads »his« chapter, but is willing to »look outside the box« of his own specialist field.This handbook is for both the reader who is looking for an introduction to a key area of plastics processing as well as the pronounced specialist to enable quick reading into related technical areas. Written by experts from the industry, the book captures the current state of the technique. The Mold-Making Handbook will prove extremely useful for engineers, designers, processors, technical salesmen, and students interested in all aspects of mold construction.Table of Contents Molds for Various Processing Methods Mold Design Materials for Tool Making Manufacturing and Machining Methods Ordering and Operation of Molds.

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Book SynopsisInitially published ""to bridge the gap between theory and practice in extrusion"", this fifth edition of Polymer Extrusion continues to serve the practicing polymer engineer and chemist, providing the theoretical and the practical tools for successful extrusion operations. In its revised and expanded form, it also incorporates the many new developments in extrusion theory and machinery over the last years.Table of Contents Different Types of Extruders Extruder Hardware Instrumentation and Control Fundamental Principles Important Polymer Properties Functional Process Analysis Extruder Screw Design Die Design Twin Screw Extruders Troubleshooting Extruders Modeling and Simulation of the Extrusion Process.

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Book SynopsisThree-dimensional molded interconnect devices (MIDs) enable mechanical, electronic, optical, thermal and fluidic functions to be integrated into injection-molded components. Function integration on this scale goes hand in hand with a high level of geometrical design freedom and opportunities for miniaturization, plus the associated reduction in weight and savings on product costs. MIDs are made primarily of recyclable thermoplastics, so they are more environmentally compatible than alternatives produced using other available technologies.MIDs are used in virtually every sector of electronics. The many standard applications for MIDs in the automotive industry in particular also drive for further development and research into MID technology. The significance of MID technology is also increasing in medical engineering, IT and telecommunications and in industrial automation, with numerous applications now successfully implemented in all these various fields.This book offers a comprehensive insight into the state of the art in 3D-MID technology along the entire process chain. Individual chapters, moreover, deal with systematics of targeted development of MID parts and explore, with a dozen and more successful series-production applications as examples, the widely diverse fields of application for MID technology.

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of Plastics Handbook provides everything important there is to know about plastics, comprehensively compiled in a compact and well-organized format. From material properties to machines, processing, and applications, the user will find detailed information that allows the successful implementation of new materials and technologies.This concise, competent, modern reference not only explains the basic facts and interrelationships, but also serves as a practical guide for engineers to help them succeed in today's challenging, global industrial world. Searching for specific materials, trade names, properties, or any other information is particularly easy, because the reader also has free access to the electronic version of the book.The fifth edition is comprehensively updated throughout, with an new clearer layout and it is also now in colour.The contents include: Common Acronyms in Plastics Technology Introduction (Economic Significance, Classification, Composition, Effects of Processing on Properties, Modifications of Plastic Materials) Material Properties and Testing Methods Plastic Processing Technologies Plastic Materials Additives, Fillers, and Fibers Material Properties

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Book SynopsisThe widespread use of large scale units for manufacturing blown film, blow-molded articles, flat film, and extruded pipes necessitates troubleshooting on site. This book provides practical computational tools which can be applied easily on the shop floor to obtain quick solutions in these and many other areas of polymer extrusion.

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