Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisPolymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites One-stop reference on important recent research accomplishments in the field of polymer matrix wave-transparent composites Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites: Materials, Properties, and Applications is a unique book that focuses on polymer matrix wave-transparent composites for electromagnetic wave transmission of a certain frequency, discussing various aspects of design, fabrication, structure, properties, measurement methods, and mechanisms, along with practical applications of functional polymer composites in industrial fields ranging from aircraft radomes, to radomes for ground, shipborne, and airborne purposes, to radomes for 5G communication, to printed circuit boards and beyond. Edited by four highly qualified academics and contributed to by well-known experts in the field, Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites includes detailed discussion on sample topics such as: Interface between the reinforced fiber and polymer matrix,

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Book Synopsis'A must read for anyone who buys anything plastic' MICHAEL MOSS, PULITZER PRIZE-WINNING AUTHOR OF SALT, SUGAR, FAT Over the past seventy years, McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Unilever and other consumer goods makers have harnessed single-use plastics to turbocharge their profits. They've poured billions of dollars into convincing us we need disposable diapers, cups, bags, bottles, shampoo sachets and ultra-processed foods. We were never clamouring for any of this. But this shift towards disposability has fundamentally transformed our daily habits. Think of toddlers kept in disposable diapers for far longer than their parents wore cloth, our obsession with bottled water and our insatiable appetite for convenient snacks and coffee. While at first we shaped plastics, somewhere along the way, plastics took over and began shaping us. Like any addiction, our plastic habit has consequences. It is damaging our climate and biodiversity - today, the equivalent of one garbage truck of plastic waste ends up in the ocean every minute - and we are only just starting to understand its effect on our own health. In investigating how we got here, Consumed arms us to make better decisions about where we go next. It is only by understanding this history that we will stop accepting the same failed solutions and demand better from the brands that got us hooked on plastic in the first place.

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Book SynopsisPlastic Bottles: Processing, Recycling, Regulations and Alternatives explores the lifecycle of plastic bottles, from creation to disposal, offering a comprehensive and accessible look at bottle packaging. The book is divided into five parts as follows Part 1: The History of Plastic Bottles Traces the development and integration of plastic bottles into daily life. Covers materials used, labeling, and manufacturing processes in the industry. Part 2: Environmental Impact Examines the limitations of plastic bottles and their environmental consequences. Discusses challenges in recycling and showcases case studies. Highlights advanced recycling technologies and techniques. Part 3: Biopolymers as an Alternative Introduces biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic. Explores types of biopolymers suitable for bottle production. Discusses potential benefits and challenges of biopolymer adoption. Part 4: Regulations and Policies Focuses on global regulatory frameworks for plastic and biopolymer use. Covers Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and its role in waste management. Part 5: Future of Bottle Packaging Looks ahead at developments in sustainable packaging solutions. Discusses innovations in recycling and emerging research trends. Target Audience✠Accessible to students, academics, and industry professionals from both scientific and non-scientific backgrounds.✠Concise and easy-to-read, making it suitable for a wide ranging audience.This book provides a thorough yet compact overview of the plastic and biopolymer bottle packaging industry, offering valuable insights for both academia and industry.

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Book SynopsisThe first volume of the Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Microbial Biosynthesis and Feedstocks focusses on feedstock aspects, enzymology, metabolism and genetic engineering of PHA biosynthesis. It addresses better understanding the mechanisms of PHA biosynthesis in scientific terms and profiting from this understanding in order to enhance PHA biosynthesis in bio-technological terms and in terms of PHA microstructure. It further discusses making PHA competitive for outperforming established petrol-based plastics on industrial scale and obstacles for market penetration of PHA. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this bookCovers the intracellular on-goings in PHA-accumulating bacteriaAssesses diverse feedstocks to be used as carbon source for PHA production including current knowledge on PHA biosynthesis starting from inexpensive waste feedstocksSummarizeTable of Contents1. Monomer-Supplying Enzymes for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis. 2. PHA Granule-Associated Proteins and their Diverse Functions. 3. Genomics of PHA Synthesizing Bacteria. 4. Molecular Basis of Medium-Chain Length-PHA Metabolism of Pseudomonas putida. 5. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Paraburkholderia and Burkholderia species: A Journey from the Genes through Metabolic Routes to their Biotechnological Applications. 6. Genetic Engineering as a Tool for Enhanced PHA Biosynthesis from Inexpensive Substrates. 7. Biosynthesis and Sequence Control of scl-PHA and mcl-PHA. 8. Inexpensive and Waste Raw Materials for PHA Production. 9. Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Crude Glycerol. 10. Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from Vegetable Oils and its By-products by Wild-Type and Recombinant Microbes. 11. Production and Modification of PHA Polymers Produced from Long-Chain Fatty Acid. 12. Converting Petrochemical Plastic to Biodegradable Plastic. 13. Comparing Heterotrophic with Phototrophic PHA Production - Concurring or Complementing Strategies?. 14. Coupling Biogas (CH4) with PHA Biosynthesis. 15. Syngas as a Sustainable Carbon Source for PHA Production.

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Book SynopsisThis second volume of the Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Kinetics, Bioengineering and Industrial Aspects focusses on thermodynamic and mathematical considerations of PHA biosynthesis, bioengineering aspects regarding bioreactor design and downstream processing for PHA recovery from microbial biomass. It covers microbial mixed culture processes and includes a strong industry-focused section with chapters on the economics of PHA production, industrial-scale PHA production from sucrose, next generation industrial biotechnology approaches for PHA production based on novel robust production strains, and holistic techno-economic and sustainability considerations on PHA manufacturing. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this book Provides an insight into microbial thermodynamics to reveal the central domain governing in PHA formation, both aerobically and anaerobically.<Table of Contents1. An Introduction to the Thermodynamics Calculation of PHA Production in Microbes 2. Mathematical Modelling for Advanced PHA Biosynthesis. 3. Interconnection between PHA and Stress Robustness of Bacteria. 4. Linking Salinity to Microbial Biopolyesters Biosynthesis: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Haloarchaea and Halophilic Eubacteria. 5. Role of Different Bioreactor Types and Feeding Regimes in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production. 6. Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Microbial Biomass. 7. Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Mixed Microbial Cultures: The Journey so Far and Challenges Ahead. 8. PHA Production by Microbial Mixed Cultures and Organic Waste of Urban Origin: Pilot Scale Evidences. 9. Production Quality Control of Mixed Culture Poly(3-Hydroxbutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends Using Full-Scale Municipal Activated Sludge and Non-Chlorinated Solvent Extraction. 10. Economics and Industrial Aspects of PHA Production. 11. Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology (NGIB) for PHA Production. 12. PHA Biosynthesis Starting from Sucrose and Materials from Sugar Industry. 13. LCA, Sustainability and Techno-economic Studies for PHA Production.

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Book SynopsisThe field of bio-based plastics has developed significantly in the last 10 years and there is increasing pressure on industries to shift existing materials production from petrochemicals to renewables. Bio-based Plastics presents an up-to-date overview of the basic and applied aspects of bioplastics, focusing primarily on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Emphasizing materials currently in use or with significant potential for future applications, this book looks at the most important biopolymer classes such as polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Detailed consideration is also given to the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability. Topics covered include: Starch CellTrade Review“Most chapters are brief, but generally well supported by citations to the original literature. Useful figures and photographs supplement the text. A detailed table of contents and a useful index allow easy access to information. The book is hardbound and produced to a good quality. An e-book version is available.” (Biotechnology Advances, 1 August 2014) Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Bio-Based Plastics – Introduction 1 Stephan Kabasci 1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Plastics 2 1.2 A Brief History of Bio-Based Plastics 3 1.3 Market for Bio-Based Plastics 5 1.4 Scope of the Book 6 2 Starch 9 Catia Bastioli, Paolo Magistrali, and Sebastia Gestý Garcia 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Starch 10 2.3 Starch-Filled Plastics 13 2.4 Structural Starch Modifications 14 2.4.1 Starch Gelatinization and Retrogradation 14 2.4.2 Starch Jet-Cooking 16 2.4.3 Starch Extrusion Cooking 16 2.4.4 Starch Destructurization in Absence of Synthetic Polymers 17 2.4.5 Starch Destructurization in Presence of Synthetic Polymers 19 2.4.6 Additional Information on Starch Complexation 23 2.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market 27 2.6 Conclusions 28 References 28 3 Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate 35 Johannes Ganster and Hans-Peter Fink 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Raw Materials 36 3.3 Structure 37 3.3.1 Cellulose 37 3.3.2 Cellulose Derivatives 40 3.4 Principles of Cellulose Technology 42 3.4.1 Regenerated Cellulose 43 3.4.2 Organic Cellulose Esters – Cellulose Acetate 46 3.5 Properties and Applications of Cellulose-Based Plastics 52 3.5.1 Fibres 53 3.5.2 Films 54 3.5.3 Moulded Articles 56 3.6 Some Recent Developments 57 3.6.1 Cellulose 57 3.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Mixed Esters 58 3.7 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Materials Based on Chitin and Chitosan 63 Marguerite Rinaudo 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan 64 4.2.1 Chitin: Characteristics and Characterization 64 4.2.2 Chitosan: Preparation and Characterization 66 4.3 Processing of Chitin to Materials and Applications 69 4.3.1 Processing of Chitin and Physical Properties of Materials 69 4.3.2 Applications of Chitin-Based Materials 70 4.4 Chitosan Processing to Materials and Applications 71 4.4.1 Processing of Chitosan 71 4.4.2 Application of Chitosan-Based Materials 74 4.5 Conclusion 77 References 77 5 Lignin Matrix Composites from Natural Resources – ARBOFORMR 89 Helmut N¨agele, J¨urgen Pfitzer, Lars Ziegler, Emilia Regina Inone-Kauffmann, Wilhelm Eckl, and Norbert Eisenreich 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Approaches for Plastics Completely Made from Natural Resources 90 5.3 Formulation of Lignin Matrix Composites (ARBOFORM) 92 5.3.1 Lignin 92 5.3.2 Basic Formulations and Processing of ARBOFORM 95 5.3.3 The Influence of the Fibre Content 97 5.4 Chemical Free Lignin from High Pressure Thermo-Hydrolysis (Aquasolv) 100 5.4.1 Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Lignin Types 100 5.4.2 Lignin Extraction by High-Pressure Hydrothermolysis (HPH) 101 5.4.3 Thermoplastic Processing of Aquasolv Lignin 104 5.5 Functionalizing Lignin Matrix Composites 105 5.5.1 Impact Strength 106 5.5.2 Flame Retardancy 106 5.5.3 Electrical Conductivity with Nanoparticles 106 5.5.4 Pyrolysis to Porous Carbonaceous Structures 108 5.6 Injection Moulding of Parts – Case Studies 109 5.6.1 Loudspeaker Boxes 110 5.6.2 Precision Parts 110 5.6.3 Thin Walled and Decorative Gift Boxes and Toys 111 5.6 Acknowledgements 112 References 112 6 Bioplastics from Lipids 117 Stuart Coles 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Definition and Structure of Lipids 117 6.2.1 Fatty Acids 117 6.2.2 Mono-, Di- and Tri-Substituted Glycerols 118 6.2.3 Phospholipids 118 6.2.4 Other Compounds 119 6.3 Sources and Biosynthesis of Lipids 119 6.3.1 Sources of Lipids 119 6.3.2 Biosynthesis of Lipids 120 6.3.3 Composition of Triglycerides 120 6.4 Extraction of Plant Oils, Triglycerides and their Associated Compounds 120 6.4.1 Seed Cleaning and Preparation 121 6.4.2 Seed Pressing 121 6.4.3 Liquid Extraction 121 6.4.4 Post Extraction Processing 122 6.5 Biopolymers from Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds 122 6.5.1 Generic Triglycerides 122 6.5.2 Common Manipulations of Triglycerides 123 6.5.3 Soybean Oil-Based Bioplastics 125 6.5.4 Castor Oil-Based Bioplastics 126 6.5.5 Linseed Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.6 Other Plant Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.7 Biological Synthesis of Polymers 128 6.6 Applications 128 6.6.1 Mimicking to Reduce R&D Risk 128 6.6.2 Composites 129 6.6.3 Coatings 129 6.6.4 Packaging Materials 130 6.6.5 Foams 130 6.6.6 Biomedical Applications 130 6.6.7 Other Applications 131 6.7 Conclusions 131 References 131 7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Basics, Production and Applications of Microbial Biopolyesters 137 Martin Koller, Anna Salerno, and Gerhart Braunegg 7.1 Microbial PHA Production, Metabolism, and Structure 137 7.1.1 Occurrence of PHAs 137 7.1.2 In Vivo Characteristics and Biological Role of PHAs 139 7.1.3 Structure and Composition of PHAs 140 7.1.4 Metabolic Aspects 141 7.2 Available Raw Materials for PHA Production 143 7.3 Recovery of PHA from Biomass 144 7.3.1 General Aspects of PHA Recovery 144 7.3.2 Direct Extraction of PHA from Biomass 146 7.3.3 Digestion of the non-PHA Cellular Material 147 7.3.4 Disruption of Cells of Osmophilic Microbes in Hypotonic Medium 148 7.4 Different Types of PHA 149 7.4.1 Short Chain Length vs. Medium Chain Length PHAs 149 7.4.2 Enzymatic Background: PHA Synthases 149 7.5 Global PHA Production 151 7.6 Applications of PHAs 152 7.6.1 General 152 7.6.2 Packaging and Commodity Items 152 7.6.3 Medical Applications 154 7.6.4 Application of the Monomeric Building Blocks 155 7.6.5 Smart Materials 156 7.6.6 Controlled Release of Active Agents 156 7.7 Economic Challenges in the Production of PHAs and Attempts to Overcome Them 156 7.7.1 PHA Production as a Holistic Process 156 7.7.2 Substrates as Economic Factor 156 7.7.3 Downstream Processing 157 7.7.4 Process Design 157 7.7.5 Contemporary Attempts to Enhance PHA Production in Terms of Economics and Product Quality 158 7.8 Process Design 160 7.9 Conclusion 162 References 163 8 Poly(Lactic Acid) 171 Hideto Tsuji 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Historical Outline 173 8.3 Synthesis of Monomer 174 8.4 Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid) 176 8.4.1 Homopolymers 176 8.4.2 Linear Copolymers 176 8.5 Processing 178 8.6 Crystallization 178 8.6.1 Crystal Structures 178 8.6.2 Crystalline Morphology 181 8.6.3 Crystallization Behaviour 182 8.7 Physical Properties 182 8.7.1 Mechanical Properties 182 8.7.2 Thermal Properties 186 8.7.3 Permeability 188 8.7.4 Surface Properties 188 8.7.5 Electrical Properties 189 8.7.6 Optical Properties (From Biopolymers) 189 8.8 Hydrolytic Degradation 191 8.8.1 Degradation Mechanism 192 8.8.2 Effects of Surrounding Media 195 8.8.3 Effects of Material Parameters 196 8.9 Thermal Degradation 200 8.10 Biodegradation 203 8.11 Photodegradation 204 8.12 High-Performance Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Materials 206 8.12.1 Nucleating or Crystallization-Accelerating Fillers 206 8.12.2 Composites and Nanocomposites 208 8.12.3 Fibre-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) 211 8.12.4 Stereocomplexation 211 8.13 Applications 212 8.13.1 Alternatives to Petro-Based Polymers 212 8.13.2 Biomedical 213 8.13.3 Environmental Applications 215 8.14 Recycling 217 8.15 Conclusions 218 References 219 9 Other Polyesters from Biomass Derived Monomers 241 Daan S. van Es, Frits van der Klis, Rutger J. I. Knoop, Karin Molenveld, Lolke Sijtsma, and Jacco van Haveren 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Isohexide Polyesters 242 9.2.1 Introduction 242 9.2.2 Semi-Aromatic Homo-Polyesters 244 9.2.3 Semi-Aromatic Co-Polyesters 247 9.2.4 Aliphatic Polyesters 248 9.2.5 Modified Isohexides 250 9.3 Furan-Based Polyesters 251 9.3.1 Introduction 251 9.3.2 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF)-Based Polyesters 253 9.3.3 5-Hydroxymethylfuroic Acid (HMFA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.4 Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.5 Future Outlook 256 9.4 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Copolymers 257 9.4.1 Succinic Acid 257 9.4.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 258 9.4.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 259 9.4.4 PBS Copolymers 259 9.4.5 PBS Biodegradability 260 9.4.6 PBS Processability 260 9.4.7 PBS Blends 260 9.4.8 PBS Markets and Applications 260 9.4.9 Future Outlook 261 9.5 Bio-Based Terephthalates 261 9.5.1 Introduction 261 9.5.2 Bio-Based Diols: Ethylene Glycol, 1,3-Propanediol, 1,4-Butanediol 262 9.5.3 Bio-Based Xylenes, Isophthalic and Terephthalic Acid 263 9.6 Conclusions 267 References 267 10 Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers 275 Benjamin Brehmer 10.1 Introduction 275 10.1.1 What are Polyamides? 275 10.1.2 What is the Polymer Pyramid? 276 10.1.3 Where Do Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers Fit? 277 10.2 Technical Performance of Polyamides 277 10.2.1 How to Differentiate Performance 277 10.2.2 Overview of Current Applications 279 10.2.3 Typical Association of Biopolymers 280 10.3 Chemical Synthesis 281 10.3.1 Castor Bean to Intermediates 281 10.3.2 Undecenoic Acid Route 283 10.3.3 Sebacic Acid Route 283 10.3.4 Decamethylene Diamine Route 284 10.4 Monomer Feedstock Supply Chain 284 10.4.1 Description of Supply Chain 284 10.4.2 Pricing Situation 285 10.5 Producers 287 10.6 Sustainability Aspects 287 10.6.1 Biosourcing 287 10.6.2 Lifecycle Assessments 288 10.6.3 Labelling and Certification 291 10.7 Improvement and Outlook 292 References 293 11 Polyolefin-Based Plastics from Biomass-Derived Monomers 295 R.J. Koopmans 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Polyolefin-Based Plastics 296 11.3 Biomass 299 11.4 Chemicals from Biomass 300 11.5 Chemicals from Biotechnology 302 11.6 Plastics from Biomass 303 11.7 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Petrochemical Technology 303 11.7.1 One-Carbon Building Blocks 304 11.7.2 Two-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.7.3 Three-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.8 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Biotechnology 305 11.9 Bio-Polyethylene and Bio-Polypropylene 306 11.10 Perspective and Outlook 307 References 308 12 Future Trends for Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers: The Case Study of Development and Application of Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers 311 Margarida Casal, Ant´onio M. Cunha, and Raul Machado 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Production of Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers (rPBPs) 312 12.3 The Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers (SELPs) 314 12.3.1 SELPs for Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels for Localized Delivery 317 12.3.2 Mechanical Properties of SELP Hydrogels 319 12.3.3 Spun Fibres 320 12.3.4 Solvent Cast Films 323 12.4 Final Considerations 324 References 325 13 Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics 331 Achim Raschka, Michael Carus, and Stephan Piotrowski 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 First- and Second-Generation Crops: Advantages and Disadvantages 331 13.3 The Amount of Land Needed to Grow Feedstock for Bio-Based Plastics 333 13.4 Productivity and Availability of Arable Land 336 13.5 Research on Feedstock Optimization 338 13.6 Advanced Breeding Technologies and Green Biotechnology 339 13.7 Some Facts about Food Prices and Recent Food Price Increases 341 13.8 Is there Enough Land for Food, Animal Feed, Bioenergy and Industrial Material Use, Including Bio-Based Plastics? 343 References 345 14 The Promise of Bioplastics – Biobased and Biodegradable-Compostable Plastics 347 Ramani Narayan 14.1 Value Proposition for Bio-Based Plastics 348 14.2 Exemplars of Zero or Reduced Material Carbon Footprint – Bio-PE, Bio-PET and PLA 349 14.3 Process Carbon Footprint and LCA 351 14.4 Determination of Bio-Based Carbon Content 352 14.5 End-of-Life Options for Bioplastics – Biodegradability-Compostability 353 14.6 Summary 356 References 356 Index

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Book SynopsisWhen combined with reinforcing agents, plastics can be used for a number of high-temperature applications. Plastics Reinforcement and Industrial Applications provides a detailed discussion on plastics, polymers, and reinforcing agents (including organic and natural biomaterials). Focused specifically on improving the mechanical, thermal, and electrical stability of plastics by combining them with reinforcing agents, this book explains the background of reinforced plastics and describes how they work. The book examines reinforcing agents that include glass fibers, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite, talc, and minerals, and commonly used plastics such as polyamides, polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, and epoxy resins. It also introduces newer plastics such as polyimides, polysulfones, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyether ether ketones. It highlights recent developments in the field that include the use of nanocomposites for manufacTable of ContentsIntroduction. Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Thermal Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Electrical Properties of Reinforced Plastics. Thermal and Thermooxidative Degradation of Reinforced Polymers. Applications of Reinforced Plastics. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the Automobile Industry. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the General Engineering Industry. Applications of Reinforced Plastics in the Aerospace Industry. Radiation Resistance of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics. Unreinforced and Reinforced Fire Retardant Polymers.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding of polymer interactions is important for effective processing of plastics and their blends, mixing with nanoparticles, and understanding of their mechanical and physical (e.g., electrical) properties. This book describes a new physics of interactions in polymers that challenges existing theories, and explains the concept of entanglement in a very different way.Rheology is formulated with different parameters defi ning the physics of dual-phase and cross-dual-phase. The rubbery behavior of thermoplastics is explained quite differently to conventional theory.Rheo-fluidification experiments which are applicable to industry (injection molding, extrusion, sheet forming, etc.) are described and analyzed, including molding under conditions of reduced viscosity (up to several hundred percent). The application of this theory to industry has already been proven by a number of successful derived inventions.

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Book SynopsisWe rely upon plastics for a great many functions in everyday life, from the cases of consumer electronics to disposable cutlery, plastics are versatile and convenient. However, with the supply of fossil fuels from which fossil-based plastics are derived becoming smaller and more expensive the need for alternatives is becoming increasingly apparent. Policy makers, environmentalists and consumers are increasing pressure on plastics manufacturers to look for greener alternatives to fossil-based plastics. Bioplastics are materials that are derived wholly or partially from biomass feedstocks, making them renewable, whilst maintaining the desirable properties of fossil-based plastics. Many, although not all, bioplastics are also more readily degradable than conventional plastics, a property increasingly desired by consumers. A variety of different bioplastics have already been developed and the field continues to grow. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse subjects relating to bioplastics, including materials science, manufacture and processing and social and environmental impacts. It provides a valuable introduction both for those studying plastics at a graduate level and those starting to work in the field.Table of ContentsPlastics and Bioplastics Overview;Polymerization and Synthesis from Biobased Feedstocks;Overview of Bioplastics;Polymer Processing Principles;Biocomposites;Fermentation of Polyesters (PHA and PLA);Bio-based Polyesters;Protein-based Plastics;Starch-based Biopolymer Films;Bio-based Polymers and Resins in Paints and Coatings;End-of-life of Plastics/Bioplastics

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Book SynopsisRheology in Polymer Processing introduces the fundamentals of rheology and rheometry as the basis for modeling and computer-aided design in plastics processing. The logically structured content enables the reader to intelligently use the tools of computer-aided design and modeling of plastics processing, with correct interpretation of the results. The book presents difficult and complex issues of rheology and modeling in an accessible way, with particular emphasis on the practical engineering aspects. The software described in the book allows modeling all the important problems of plastics processing. Particular attention is paid to the extrusion process, which is fundamentally important as a processing technology in mass manufacture of plastic parts, and the basis of compounding processes (blending, filling, granulation, and reinforcement). This book is aimed equally at engineers, researchers, and scientists, as well as intermediate students, for whom it will serve as an ideal course book.Table of ContentsKrzysztof Wilczy?ski is Full Professor at the Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, and head of the Department of Plastics Processing. He holds a Ph.D. and a D.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the Warsaw University of Technology. He was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Akron, and a visiting professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, as well as at the Kyushu Institute of Technology in Kitakyushu, Japan. He has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and several books, focusing on his research interests of rheology and computer modeling for polymer processing.

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Book SynopsisNo matter how far Humanity advanced in its successes the problems of health and death will always exist. However, it is possible to postpone old age and prolong life, and it is performed successfully. In ancient Rome the average age was 15-18 years. Today in Japan it reaches 77-79 years. So what can the science of polymers do in solving this problem? Do high molecular compounds (natural and artificial) possess any reserves for solving this problem? This book discusses the problems of the polymer interaction with biologically active and model media, biodegradation biodetrioration, prognosing the time of reliable exploitation of polymers for medical purposes, polymer application in surgery, etc. Also discussed is the role of kinetics in prognosis of agriculture production quality.

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Book SynopsisThe monograph is of interest to scientists specialising in physical chemistry. The results of research of polyfunctional stabilisers from the point of view of correlation of structure, reactivity and inhibiting efficiency on the basis of general kinetic approach and modern physical, chemical and mathematical methods of identification of mechanisms of their stabilising action, both in modelling liquid-phase systems and solid polymers and their melts are analysed. The method of the comparative estimation of inhibiting properties of the polyfunctional compounds based on semiempirical correlations "structure -- properties" are considered. Aspects of chemistry of high-molecular compounds include the results of research of polymer analogous reactions of polyfunctional stabilisers with liable groups, contained in the composition of polymers at various stages of their ageing. In the final chapters of the monograph the data on ageing and stabilisation of various types of polymers (PO, PVC, heterogeneous chain polymers, rubbers, etc.) are considered, some variants of practical realisation of intramolecular and mix synergism of antioxidising action of polyfunctional stabilisers in polymers are presented. In whole, the book represents the scientific work devoted to the subject of the development of polyfunctional stabilisers, in this work some aspects of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, chemistry of high-molecular compounds, issues of ageing and stabilisation of polymers, practical forecasts for the usage of polyfunctional stabilisers are considered. The above said predetermines the importance of the monograph.

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Book SynopsisDouble hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) constitute a novel class of water-soluble macromolecules with potential utilisation in a wide range of applications. In this book, the current developments in the field of double hydrophilic block copolymers are discussed. In particular, synthetic strategies leading to the preparation of DHBCs are described. Moreover, their aqueous solution behaviour is examined in respect to their ability to self assemblage, due to changes in the solution temperature, and/or pH, as well as due to complexation. This book also reviews the contribution of soluble polymer-supported ligands and isoluble polymer-supported ligands to asymmetric catalysis in various fields by means of nitrogen containing ligands complex with metal as asymmetric catalyst. Furthermore, the authors propose new surfactants or alternative synthetic procedures, and new stabilisation systems for polymeric nanoparticles. Other chapters in this book examine the effects of physical ageing near the surface region of glass polymers, the application of Hindered Amine Stabilisers (HAS) as a state-of-the-art approach to protection of carbon-chain polymers, the molecular self-assembly of block copolymers and recent developments in the field of various amphiphilic block copolymers, and future perspectives in the field of DHBCs regarding general polymer science and nanotechnology issues.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents interesting results in the field of physico-chemical criteria for estimating the efficiency of burn dressings, antimicrobical packaging materials, reinforced materials, nanofibres, natural polymers, conducting polymers and composites, application of electron spin resonance technique for investigation of radical reactions, synthesis of stabilisers for polymers, and the effect of flame retardants on combustion of polymers and processing.

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Book SynopsisStress relaxation describes how polymers relieve stress under constant strain. Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean fashion. This book presents current research in the study of polymer relaxation, including the secondary relaxations in amorphous polymers; nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation approaches; electrochemical relaxation studies of polythiophenes and dielectric relaxation of onion-like carbon based polymer composites.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines polymer nanocomposites filled by inorganic nanofillers. Polymers are considered as nanocomposite matrix only, possessing, as a rule, an invariable structure. In many respects this situation is explained by the absence of a quantitative structural model of polymers amorphous state. This problem becomes particularly important because all structural elements of polymers have sizes of nanometer scale. The development of notions about polymers amorphous state structure within the frameworks of the cluster model of this structure allows to represent amorphous polymer as a quasitwophase system.

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Book SynopsisConducting polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), have been recognized as promising organic semiconductors due to their controllable chemical/electrochemical properties, light weight, low cost, good biocompatibility, facile processability, and adjustable electrical conductivities. This book presents current research in the field of polymers. Topics discussed include resonance raman of polyanilines nanofibers; conducting polymer micro-/nano- structures via template-free method; charge transfer and electrochemical reactions at electrodes modified with pristine and metal-containing films of conducting polymers; and conducting polymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes hybrid nanostructures based bioanalytical sensors.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compiled contribution from experts in the field of natural polymers, and it is organised into two volumes. The purpose of this book is to provide an entire catalogue of natural polymers, beginning with their introduction, mass production, qualitative and quantitative characterisation and leading to their advanced applications in every aspect of life (i.e. from food packaging to biomedical studies such as cancer treatments). Overall, it compiles all abundant natural polymers originating from both plant and animal resources such as cellulose, carrageenan, xanthum gum, chitin, chitosan, etc. The derivatives of these natural polymers in the form of hydrogels, blends and composites are also compiled with their recent societal benefits and applications.

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Book SynopsisPolypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer with a wide variety of applications. Researchers are continually finding new opportunities for the use of polypropylene, as discussed in the five chapters of this book. Chapter One aims to show the feasibility of post-consumer polypropylene recycling to obtain 3D printer filaments and presents some necessary characteristics of the materials used in FDM technology to ensure final parts with good properties. Chapter Two provides an overview of polypropylene nanocomposites, types of nanofiller, and their applications in the industry. Chapter Three explores the potential of polypropylene-based composites as an alternative to conventional radiation shielding materials. Chapter Four reviews polymer monoliths' recent environmental and bioanalytical application in several polypropylene tubes, such as pipette tips, syringe barrels, spin columns, and ink-pen tubes. Lastly, Chapter Five investigates the effects of calcium, aluminium and zinc stearates as pro-oxidant agents on the degradation of polypropylene bags under natural weathering.Table of ContentsPreface; Recycled Polypropylene and Their Sustainable Composite of Polypropylene as Novel 3D Printing Materials and Opportunities for the Circular Economy; Fracture in Polypropylene Nanocomposite; Polypropylene-based Composites: A Better Alternative to Conventional Radiation Shielding Materials; Polypropylene Tubes Efficiently House Polymer Monoliths for Liquid Chromatography and Solid-Phase; Extraction; Investigation of Pro-Oxidant Agents Effects on the Natural Ageing and Biodegredation of Polypropylene Bags; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic theories underlying x-ray and neutron scattering, as well as the various techniques that have been developed for their application to the study of polymers. The two scattering methods are discussed together from the beginning, so as to allow readers to gain a unified view of the scattering phenomena. The book is introductory and may be used as a textbook in polumer science class or for self-study by polymer scientists new in scattering techniques.Trade Review"By presenting the two methods together and emphasizing their similarities, Ryong-Joon Roe has written an introductory textbook that enables readers to become equally familiar with both techniques ... Roe suceeds admirably in giving a balanced and unified presentation of the basic theory underlying both x-ray and neutron scattering" Physics TodayTable of Contents1: Basics of X-ray and Neutron Scattering 1.1: Properties of X-rays and Neutrons 1.2: Scattering and Interference 1.3: Scattering of X-rays 1.4: Scattering of Neutrons 1.5: Auto-correlation Function and Reciprocal Space 1.6: Scattering Due to the Sample as a Whole 1.7: Diffraction by Crystals 2: Experimental Techniques 2.1: Radiation Source 2.2: Monochromatization 2.3: Absorption 2.4: Detectors 2.5: Cameras and Diffractometers 2.6: Multiple Scattering 2.7: Absolute Intensity Calibration 3: Crystalline Polymers 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Lattice Parameters 3.3: Crystal Structure Analysis 3.4: Line Broadening and Crystal Imperfections 3.5: Degree of Crystallinity 3.6: Orientation 4: Amorphous Polymers 4.1: Short Range Order 4.2: Thermal Density Fluctuation 5: Small Angle Scattering 5.1: Model Structures Studied by Small Angle Scattering 5.2: Dilute Particulate System 5.3: Non-particulate Two-phase system 5.4: Fractal Objects 5.5: Periodic System 5.6: Slit Collimation and Desmearing 6: Polymer Blends, Block Copolymers, and Deuterium Labeling 6.1: Polymer Blends 6.2: Block Copolymers 6.3: Deuterium Labeling 7: Methods of Study for Surfaces and Interfaces 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Reflectivity 7.3: Approximate Method 7.4: Examples of Experimental Studies 8: Inelastic Neutron Scattering 8.1: Theory of Inelastic Scattering 8.2: Simple Models of Motions 8.3: Spectrometers 8.4: Examples of Experimental Studies Appendix A: Refresher on Complex Numbers Appendix B: Fourier Transform Appendix C: Reciprocal Lattice Appendix D: Constants and Conversion Factors Glossary of Symbols

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisProvides information on the chemical reaction engineering aspects of polymer production processes. The text focuses on engineering aspects of reactor design and operation and how the properties of polymers are determined by the relationships between chemical kinetics and mechanical design.Table of ContentsUses and applications of polymers. Characterization and properties of polymers. The chemistry of polymer reactor engineering. Reactor engineering design. Reactor operation and control. Processing, treatment and recovery of polymers.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Table of ContentsI. Fundamentals.- Fifteen Years of Ultrafiltration: Problems and Future Promises of an Adolescent Technology.- Production, Specification, and Some Transport Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Ultrafiltration Membranes for Aqueous Feed Solutions.- Chemical and Morphological Effects of Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes.- Practical Aspects in the Development of a Polymer Matrix for Ultrafiltration.- Permeability Parameters of a Novel Polyamide Membrane.- Formation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Membranes Utilizing Stereocomplex Phenomenon.- Advances in Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Technology.- Transport Behavior of Asymmetric Polyamide Flat Sheet Membranes and Hollow-Fine Fibers in Dialysis-Osmosis and Hyperfiltration Experiments.- Separation of Macromolecules by Ultrafiltration: Influence of Protein Adsorption, Protein-Protein Interactions, and Concentration Polarization.- Ultrafiltration in an Unstirred Batch Cell.- II. Ultrafiltration Membrane Formation, Characterization and Concentration Polarization.- Morphology of Skinned Membranes: A Rationale from Phase Separation Phenomena.- Characterization Technique of Straight-Through Porous Membrane.- Flow Rates of Solutions Through Ultrafiltration Membranes Monitored by the Structure of Adsorbed Flexible Polymers.- Protein Ultrafiltration: Theory of Membrane Fouling and Its Treatment with Immobilized Proteases.- Boundary Layer Removal in Ultrafiltration.- Initial Time Stirred Protein Ultrafiltration Studies with Partially Permeable Membranes.- Electrophoretic Techniques for Controlling Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration.- Prediction of Permeate Fluxes in UF/RO Systems.- Demetallation of Chelating Polymers by Diafiltration in the Presence of a Permeable Complexing Agent.- III. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Progress in the Industrial Realizations of Ultrafiltration Processes.- Recent Developments of Membrane Ultrafiltration in the Dairy Industry.- Ultrafiltration of Whole and Skim Milk.- Factors Affecting the Application of Ultrafiltration Membranes in the Dairy Food Industry.- Vegetable Protein Isolates and Concentrates by Ultrafiltration.- Negative Rejections of Cations in the Ultrafiltration of Gelatin and Salt Solutions.- The Application of Ultrafiltration to Fermentation Products.- Concentrating Fruit Juices by Reverse Osmosis.- Surfactant Micelle Enhanced Ultrafiltration.- IV. Industrial Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Thin-Channel Ultrafiltration, Theoretical and Experimental Approaches.- Automated Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration: Pyrogen Removal and Phage Recovery from Water.- Depyrogenation of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.- Ultrafiltration of Prothrombin Complex.- Pyrogen Removal by Ultrafiltration — Applications in the Manufacture of Drugs and U.S.P. Purified Water.- High Flux Cellulosic Membranes and Fibers for Hemofiltration.- V. Biomedical Applications of Ultrafiltration.- Microporous Membrane Filtration for Continuous-Flow Plasmapheresis.- Determination of Graetz Solution Constants in the In-Vitro Hemofiltration of Albumin, Plasma, and Blood.- Ultrafiltration in Patients with Endstage Renal Disease.- Development of Novel Semipermeable Tubular Membranes for a Hybrid Artificial Pancreas.- Liver Tumor Cells Grown on Hollow Fiber Capillaries: A Prototype Liver Assist Device.- Application of Ultrafiltration Techniques to the Production of Human Plasma Protein Solutions for Clinical Use.- Ultrafiltration as an Alternative to Reprecipitation and Lyophilization in Cohn Fractionation.- Production of Protein Hydrolyzates in Ultrafiltration-Enzyme Reactors.- VI. Ultrafiltration Applications in Environmental Problems.- Ultrafiltration — The Membranes, the Process and Its Application to Organic Molecule Fractionation.- Use of Negatively-Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Electrodialysis and Ultrafiltration as a Combined Process.- A Study of the Fouling Phenomenon During Ultrafiltration of Cottage Cheese Whey.- Ultrafiltration/Activated Sludge System — Development of a Predictive Model.- Hyperfiltration for Recycle of 82°C Textile Water Wash.- Application of Acrylonitrile-Copolymer Membrane to Cationic Electro-Deposit Coating.- The Application of Novel Ultrafiltration Membranes to the Concentration of Proteins and Oil Emulsions.- Using Industrial Membrane Systems to Isolate Oilseed Protein Without an Effluent Waste Stream.- Concluding Remarks.- Contributors.

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Book SynopsisThis fully updated edition provides a broad approach to the surface analysis of polymers being of high technological interest. Modern analytical techniques, potential applications and recent advances in instrumental apparatus are discussed. The self-consistent chapters are devoted to spectroscopic and microscopic techniques which represent powerful tools for the characterization of morphology and chemical, physical, mechanical properties of polymer surfaces, interfaces, and thin fi lms. Selection of techniques which can properly address very shallow depth of surfaces, spanning from few angstroms to tens of nanometers Interaction of polymer surfaces with their surroundings is pointed out as a critical issue for specifi c applications

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