Plastics and polymers Books
NY Research Press Handbook of Textile Engineering
£102.60
Larsen and Keller Education Polymer Chemistry
£98.32
Larsen and Keller Education Textile Manufacturing: Processes and Techniques
£99.68
American Book Group Tejidos inteligentes: Los diseños de Hussein Chalayan
£14.24
Elsevier Science Handbook of Polymers for Electronics
£361.25
£121.50
Central West Publishing Pty Ltd Smart and Advanced Developments in Textile Materials
£81.59
De Gruyter Polymer Surface Characterization
Book SynopsisThis fully updated edition provides a broad approach to the surface analysis of polymers being of high technological interest. Modern analytical techniques, potential applications and recent advances in instrumental apparatus are discussed. The self-consistent chapters are devoted to spectroscopic and microscopic techniques which represent powerful tools for the characterization of morphology and chemical, physical, mechanical properties of polymer surfaces, interfaces, and thin fi lms. Selection of techniques which can properly address very shallow depth of surfaces, spanning from few angstroms to tens of nanometers Interaction of polymer surfaces with their surroundings is pointed out as a critical issue for specifi c applications
£71.72
De Gruyter Thermoplastic Elastomers: At a Glance
£56.52
De Gruyter Thermoplastische Elastomere: Im Blickfang
£47.02
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Polymer Electrolytes: Characterization Techniques and Energy Applications
Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of the main characterization techniques of polymer electrolytes and their applications in electrochemical devices Polymer Electrolytes is a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the characterization and applications of polymer electrolytes. The authors ? noted experts on the topic ? discuss the various characterization methods, including impedance spectroscopy and thermal characterization. The authors also provide information on the myriad applications of polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells and electrochromic windows. Over the past three decades, researchers have been developing new polymer electrolytes and assessed their application potential in electrochemical and electrical power generation, storage, and conversion systems. As a result, many new polymer electrolytes have been found, characterized, and applied in electrochemical and electrical devices. This important book: -Reviews polymer electrolytes, a key component in electrochemical power sources, and thus benefits scientists in both academia and industry -Provides an interdisciplinary resource spanning electrochemistry, physical chemistry, and energy applications -Contains detailed and comprehensive information on characterization and applications of polymer electrolytes Written for materials scientists, physical chemists, solid state chemists, electrochemists, and chemists in industry professions, Polymer Electrolytes is an essential resource that explores the key characterization techniques of polymer electrolytes and reveals how they are applied in electrochemical devices. Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polymer Electrolytes: State of the Art 1Masashi Kotobuki 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Solid Polymer Electrolyte 4 1.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte 8 1.4 Composite Polymer Electrolyte 12 1.5 Summary 17 References 17 2 Impedance Spectroscopy in Polymer Electrolyte Characterization 23Mohamed Abdul Careem, Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor, and Abdul K. Arof 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 IS: Principal Operation and Experimental Setup 23 2.2.1 Basic Principles of Impedance Spectroscopy 23 2.2.2 Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) Technique 25 2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity of a Sample 26 2.2.4 Conditions Necessary for IS Measurements 26 2.2.5 Impedance Plots of Simple Circuits 28 2.2.5.1 A Pure Resistance, R 28 2.2.5.2 A Pure Capacitance, C 28 2.2.5.3 R and C Connected in Series 29 2.2.5.4 R and C Connected in Parallel 30 2.2.5.5 Combined Series and Parallel Circuits 31 2.2.5.6 Impedance Spectra of Model Electrolyte Systems 32 2.2.6 Possible Conduction Processes in a Solid Electrolyte 35 2.2.7 Impedance Spectra of Real Systems 36 2.2.7.1 The Constant Phase Element (CPE) 37 2.2.7.2 Equivalent Circuits for Real Systems 37 2.2.7.3 Electrolyte/Electrode (E/E) Interface 39 2.2.7.4 Diffusion Impedance or Mass Transport Impedance 39 2.2.7.5 Warburg Impedance 40 2.2.7.6 Equivalent Circuit Representation of an E/E System 41 2.2.8 Impedance-Related Functions 42 2.2.8.1 Immittance Functions 43 2.2.8.2 Relationships Between Immittance Functions 43 2.2.8.3 Immittance Plots 43 2.2.8.4 Choice Between Immittance Functions 46 2.2.9 Experimental Setup 46 2.2.9.1 Sample and Cell Arrangement 47 2.2.9.2 Other Practical Details and Precautions 48 2.3 IS: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 49 2.3.1 Determination of Bulk Resistance from the Impedance Plots 49 2.3.2 Impedance Data Interpretation and Analysis 50 2.3.2.1 Interpretation of Impedance Data 51 2.3.2.2 Choice of Equivalent Circuits 51 2.3.3 Determination of Transport Parameters from Impedance Data 53 2.3.3.1 Bandara–Mellander (B–M) Method 53 2.3.3.2 Nyquist Plot Fitting Method 57 2.3.4 Some Experimental Results and Analysis 59 2.3.4.1 Conductivity Calculation of Impedance Plots 59 2.3.4.2 Conductivity Determination from Fitting Equivalent Circuit 60 2.3.4.3 Evaluation of Transport Properties using Nyquist Plot Fitting Method 60 2.4 Conclusions 63 References 64 3 Thermal Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes 65Aparna Thankappan, Manuel Stephan, and Sabu Thomas 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 TGA: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 67 3.3 DSC: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 75 3.4 DSC: Experimental Errors and Suggestion for Improvement 82 3.4.1 Transition(s) at 0∘C 83 3.4.2 Apparent Melting at Tg 83 3.4.3 Exothermic Peaks Below Decomposition Temperature While Heating 84 3.4.4 Baseline Shift after Endothermic or Exothermic Peaks 86 3.4.5 Sharp Endothermic Peaks During Exothermic Reactions 86 3.5 DMA: Experimental Data Interpretation and Analysis 87 References 91 4 Energy in a Portable World 93Noor Syuhada Zakuan, Woo Haw Jiunn, and Tan Winie 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 History Development of Mobile Power 94 4.3 Caring for Mobile Power from Birth to Retirement 102 4.3.1 Getting the Most Out of the Primary Batteries 103 4.3.2 Getting the Most Out of the Lead-Acid Batteries 103 4.3.3 Getting the Most Out of the Nickel-Based Batteries 104 4.3.4 Getting the Most Out of the Lithium Ion Batteries 105 4.4 Mobile Power Recycling 106 4.4.1 Recycling Primary Batteries 106 4.4.2 Recycling Rechargeable Batteries 109 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 5 Insight on Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices Applications 113Maria Manuela Silva, Verónica de Zea Bermudez, and Agnieszka Pawlicka 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Theory: Ionic Conductivity 117 5.3 Applications 120 5.3.1 Conventional Batteries and Transient Batteries 120 5.3.2 Fuel Cells 123 5.3.3 Supercapacitors 124 5.3.4 Electrochromic Devices 125 5.3.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 127 5.3.6 Sensors 128 5.3.7 Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells 128 References 129 6 Polymer Electrolyte Application in Electrochemical Devices 137Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf and Abdul K. Arof 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Properties of Polymer Electrolytes (PEs) 137 6.3 Review of Polymer Electrolytes 138 6.3.1 Dry Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) 138 6.3.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 141 6.3.2.1 Ionic Liquid Gel Polymer Electrolytes (ILGPEs) 144 6.3.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Nanomaterials 146 6.4 Application of PEs in Electrochemical Devices 148 6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 148 6.4.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 150 6.4.3 Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 152 6.4.4 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 156 6.4.5 Electrochromic Windows 163 6.4.6 Electrochromic Materials 164 6.4.6.1 Transition Metal Oxides 164 6.5 Challenges and Improvements 167 6.5.1 In Electrolytes 167 6.5.2 In Devices 169 6.5.2.1 DSSCs 169 6.5.2.2 Fuel Cell 170 6.5.2.3 Batteries 171 6.5.2.4 EDLCs 172 6.5.2.5 Electrochromic Windows (ECWs) 172 6.6 Future Aspects 173 6.6.1 Electrochromic Windows 173 6.6.2 Batteries 173 6.6.3 DSSCs 173 6.6.4 Fuel Cells 174 References 175 7 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries and Challenges: Part I 187Shishuo Liang, Wenqi Yan, Minxia Li, Yusong Zhu, Lijun Fu, and Yuping Wu 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Classification of Polymer Electrolytes 188 7.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) 188 7.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 190 7.3 Performance and Improvements 190 7.4 Application and Performance of Polymer Lithium Ion Batteries 194 7.5 Future Trends 195 Acknowledgments 196 References 197 8 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries and Challenges: Part II 201Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf and Abdul K. Arof 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Structure and Operation of Lithium Ion Batteries 202 8.2.1 Anode Materials 204 8.2.2 Cathode Materials 205 8.2.3 Electrolytes 206 8.2.4 Li+ Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes 206 8.3 Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries 207 8.4 Performance Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 216 8.5 Challenges and Improvement 218 8.6 Future Trends 219 References 221 9 Polymer Electrolytes for Supercapacitor and Challenges 231Safir Ahmad Hashmi, Nitish Yadav, and Manoj Kumar Singh 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Principle and Working Process of Supercapacitors 232 9.2.1 Charge Storage Mechanisms in EDLCs 233 9.2.2 Charge Storage Mechanisms in Pseudocapacitors 236 9.2.2.1 Underpotential Deposition 237 9.2.2.2 Redox Pseudocapacitance 237 9.2.2.3 Intercalation Pseudocapacitance 238 9.3 Electrolytes for Supercapacitors 239 9.3.1 Liquid Electrolytes 239 9.3.2 Polymer-Based Electrolytes 241 9.3.2.1 Solvent-Free Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) 242 9.3.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 242 9.3.2.3 Porous Polymer Electrolytes 252 9.4 Performance Characteristics 255 9.4.1 Electrode Characterization 255 9.4.2 Characterization of Supercapacitors 258 9.4.2.1 Electrochemical Characterization Techniques and Important Parameters 258 9.4.2.2 Performance of Polymer Electrolyte-Based Supercapacitors: Some Case Studies 262 9.5 Challenges to Solid-State Supercapacitors and Future Scope of Improvement 284 References 285 10 Polymer Electrolytes for Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) and Challenges 299T.M.W.J. Bandara and J.L. Ratnasekera 10.1 Demand and Supply of Energy 299 10.2 The Sun as a Potential Energy Resource 300 10.3 Advantages of Solar Cells 301 10.4 Photo-Electrochemical Solar Cells 301 10.4.1 General Mechanism of a Photo-Electrochemical Solar Cell 303 10.4.2 Mechanism of a Photo-Electrochemical Solar Cell 304 10.4.3 Semiconductor/Polymer Electrolyte Junction 308 10.4.4 Photo-sensitization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors 308 10.5 Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) 310 10.5.1 Quantum Dots 310 10.5.2 Mechanism of a QDSSC 313 10.5.3 Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) 314 10.5.4 Polymer Electrolytes for QDSSCs 317 10.6 Performances of Different QDSSCs Assemblies Based on Polymer Electrolytes 318 10.6.1 Quasi-Solid-State QDSSCs Based on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Electrolytes 318 10.6.1.1 Hydrogel Electrolyte with Polyacrylamide 318 10.6.2 CdS-Sensitized Cell with PAN and PVDF Electrolytes 319 10.6.3 ZnO-Based Quasi-Solid QDSSCs Sensitized with CdS and CdSe 323 10.6.3.1 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte Preparation 324 10.6.4 Natural Polysaccharide Thin Film-Based Electrolyte for Quasi-Solid State QDSSCs 324 10.6.5 Dextran-Based Hydrogel Polysulfide Electrolyte for Quasi-Solid-State QDSSCs 325 10.6.6 Carbon Dots Enhance Light Harvesting in a Solid-State QDSSC 326 10.6.7 Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Oligomer Gel Electrolytes 326 10.6.8 QDSSCs with Thiolate/Disulfide Redox Couple and Succinonitrile-Based Electrolyte 327 10.6.9 Graphene-Implanted Polyacrylamide Gel Electrolytes for QDSSCs 328 10.6.10 PEO and PVDF-Based Electrolyte for Solid-State Electrolytes for QDSSCs 329 10.6.11 Hydroxystearic Acid-Based Polysulfide Hydrogel Electrolyte for CdS/CdSe QDSSCs 329 10.6.12 QDSSCs Based on a Sodium Polyacrylate Polyelectrolyte 330 10.7 Summary 331 References 334 11 Polymer Electrolytes for Perovskite Solar Cell and Challenges 339Rahul Singh, Hee-Woo Rhee, Bhaskar Bhattacharya, and Pramod K. Singh 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Principle and Working Process of Perovskite Solar Cell 341 11.2.1 Perovskite Materials 342 11.2.2 Perovskite Structure 344 11.2.3 Synthesis of Perovskite 349 11.2.3.1 Solution-Processed Method 349 11.2.3.2 Hot Casting Technique 352 11.2.3.3 Vapor Deposition Method 352 11.2.3.4 Thermal Evaporation Technique 352 11.3 Polymer Electrolyte for Perovskite Solar Cell 354 11.3.1 Device Fabrication 354 11.3.2 Hole Transport Layer 355 11.4 Performance Characteristics 355 11.5 Challenges and Improvement 356 11.6 Future Trends 357 11.7 Conclusion 358 Competing Interests 358 Acknowledgments 358 References 358 12 Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Windows 365Li Na Sim and Agnieszka Pawlicka 12.1 Introduction 365 12.2 Principles and Working Process of Electrochromic Window 366 12.3 Types of Electrochromic Electrodes 367 12.4 Mechanism of ECW 368 12.5 Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Windows 369 12.5.1 Background 369 12.5.2 Criteria of Polymer Electrolytes and Electrochromic Device 369 12.5.3 Types of Polymer Electrolytes Used in ECWs 370 12.5.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) 370 12.5.3.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 374 12.5.3.3 Composite Polymer Electrolyte 383 12.6 Present ECDs Uses/Applications 385 References 385 Index 391
£124.15
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Physics of Polymer Gels
Book SynopsisExplains the correlation between the physical properties and structure of polymer gels This book elucidates in detail the physics of polymer gels and reviews their unique properties that make them attractive for innumerable applications. Geared towards experienced researchers and entrants to the field, it covers rubber elasticity, swelling and shrinking, deformation and fracture of as well as mass transport in polymer gels, enabling the readers to purposefully design polymer gels fit for specific purposes. Divided into two parts, Physics of Polymer Gels starts by explaining the statistical mechanics and scaling of a polymer chains, and that of polymer solutions. It then introduces the structure of polymer gels and explains the rubber elasticity, which predicts the solid-like nature of polymer gels. Next, it describes swelling/deswelling, which can be understood by combining the rubber elasticity and the osmotic pressure of a polymer solution. Large deformation and fracture, and the diffusion of substances in polymer gels, which are essential for practical applications, are also introduced. The last half of the book contains the authors' experimental results using Tetra-PEG gels and provides readers with the opportunity to examine and compare it with the first half in order to understand how to utilize the models to experiments. This title: * Is the first book dedicated to the physics of polymer gels * Describes in detail the properties of polymer gels and their underlying physics, facilitating the development of novel, polymer gel-based applications * Serves as a reference for all relevant polymer gel properties and their underlying physics * Provides a unified treatment of the subject, explaining the physical properties of polymer gels within a common nomenclature framework Physics of Polymer Gels is a must-have book for experienced researchers, such as polymer chemists, materials scientists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and solid-state physicists, as well as for newcomers to the field.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Part I Theories 1 1 Single Polymer Chain 3Takamasa Sakai 1.1 General Features 3 1.1.1 Conformation of a Polymer Chain 3 1.1.2 Coarse-Graining of a Polymer Chain 4 1.1.3 Free Rotation Model 5 1.2 Statistics of a Single Polymer Chain 7 1.2.1 End-to-End Distance of a 1D Random Walk 7 1.2.2 End-to-End Distance of a 3D Random Walk 10 1.2.3 Force Needed to Stretch an Ideal Chain 12 1.3 Scaling of a Single Polymer Chain 15 1.3.1 Stretching of an Ideal Chain 17 1.3.2 Real Chains 18 1.3.3 Stretching of a Real Chain 19 Column 1: Miscible Gels and Immiscible Gels 21 References 22 2 Polymer Solution 23Takamasa Sakai 2.1 Polymer Chains in Solution 23 2.1.1 Chain Swelling in a Good Solvent 23 2.1.2 Existing Conditions of an Ideal Chain and a Real Chain 25 2.2 Effect of Concentration on the Polymer Conformation 26 2.2.1 Overlapping Concentration 26 2.2.2 Semidilute Solution 28 2.2.3 Blobs in Semidilute Solution 29 2.3 Osmotic Pressure of a Polymer Solution 32 2.3.1 Entropy Change in Mixing 33 2.3.3 Basic Equation of Osmotic Pressure 36 2.3.4 Phase Separation of the Polymer Solution 37 2.3.5 Scaling of Osmotic Pressure 40 Column 2: Blob Size of a Polymer Gel 42 References 43 3 Definition of Polymer Gels and Rubber Elasticity 45Takamasa Sakai 3.1 Elasticity of Gels 45 3.2 Definition of Polymer Gels 46 3.2.1 Criterion for Gelation by Rheology 47 3.2.2 Criterion for Gelation by Scattering 48 3.3 Mesh Size of a Polymer Gel 49 3.4 Elastic Modulus 51 3.4.1 Affine Network Model 51 3.4.2 Phantom Network Model 54 3.5 Network Strands and Crosslinks 60 3.5.1 Percolate Network Model 62 3.5.2 Bethe Approximation 63 3.6 Topological Interaction 67 3.7 Sol–Gel Transition 69 3.7.1 Gelation Threshold of Bethe Approximation 69 3.7.2 Gelation Threshold from the Percolation Model 70 3.8 Heterogeneity of Polymer Gels 71 Column 3: Elastic Deformation and Plastic Deformation 73 References 74 4 Swelling and Deswelling 77Takamasa Sakai 4.1 Changes in the Elastic Modulus Due to Swelling/Deswelling 77 4.1.1 Statistical Model for Networks Consisting of Ideal Chains 78 4.1.2 Scaling for Networks Consisting of Nonideal Chains 79 4.1.3 Scaling for Highly Deswollen Networks 82 4.2 Equilibrium Swelling 85 4.2.1 Scaling Prediction of the Equilibrium Swelling 86 4.2.2 Statistical Mechanics of Equilibrium Swelling 87 4.3 Volume Phase Transition 91 4.3.1 Electrically Neutral Gels 91 4.3.2 Electrically Charged Gels 94 4.4 Swelling/Shrinking Kinetics 95 4.5 Degradation of Polymer Gels 102 4.5.1 Degradation by Cleavage of Specific Bonds 102 4.5.2 Degradation by Cleavage of Nonspecific Bonds 104 Column 4: Diffusions of Polymer Network During Swelling 105 References 106 5 Deformation and Fracture 109Takuya Katashima and Takamasa Sakai 5.1 Description of Deformation 109 5.1.1 Displacement Vector 109 5.1.2 Strain Tensor 110 5.1.2.1 Normal Strain 110 5.1.2.2 Shear Strain 111 5.1.3 Principal Direction and Strain 113 5.2 Phenomenological Description of the Strain Energy Density Function 115 5.2.1 Estimation of the Strain Energy Density Function 116 5.3 Molecular Models for the Strain Energy Density Function 120 5.3.1 Neo-Hookean Model 120 5.3.2 Inverse Langevin Model 121 5.4 Scaling for Large Deformation 125 5.5 Fracture Behavior of Polymer Gels 126 5.5.1 Griffith Model 127 5.5.2 Lake–Thomas Model 128 5.6 Mesh Size Estimated from Elastic Modulus and Finite Extensibility 130 Column 5: Linear Viscoelasticity and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity 134 References 134 6 Mass Transport in Polymer Gels 137Xiang Li and Takamasa Sakai 6.1 Thermal Motion and Brownian Motion 137 6.1.1 Diffusion Coefficient and Relaxation Time 138 6.1.2 Diffusion and Migration 139 6.2 Diffusion in Dilute Polymer Solutions 139 6.2.1 Diffusion of a Hard Sphere 139 6.2.2 Rouse Model 140 6.2.3 Zimm Model 141 6.3 Diffusion in Semidilute Polymer Solutions and Polymer Gels 142 6.3.1 Obstruction Model 142 6.3.2 Hydrodynamic Model 144 6.3.3 Free Volume Model 145 6.3.4 Reptation Model 146 6.3.5 Entropic Trapping Model 147 Column 6: Effects of Mesh Sizes on Mass Transport 149 References 149 7 Tetra Gel as a Near-Ideal Polymer Network 153Takamasa Sakai 7.1 Ideal Polymer Network 153 7.2 Tetra-PEG Gel 155 7.3 Structure Tuning of Tetra-PEG Gels 155 References 158 8 Sol-Gel Transition 161Takamasa Sakai 8.1 Determination of Sol–Gel Transition by Rheometry 161 8.2 Phase Diagram 161 8.3 Fractal Dimension at the Critical Point 163 8.4 Critical Behavior of Elastic Modulus 165 8.5 Reaction Kinetics of a Gelling System 166 8.5.1 Hydrolysis Kinetics of Tetra-PEG–OSu 167 8.5.2 Gelation Kinetics of Tetra-PEG Gel 167 References 169 9 Structural Analysis by Light and Neutron Scattering 173Takamasa Sakai and Xiang Li 9.1 Scattering Curves of Tetra-PEG Gels 173 9.2 Scattering Curves of Stretched Tetra-PEG Gels 176 References 177 10 Elastic Modulus 179Takamasa Sakai and Yuki Yoshikawa 10.1 Effect of Connectivity 179 10.2 Effect of the Polymer Concentration and Network Strand Length 180 References 182 11 Large Deformation 183Takamasa Sakai and Takuya Katashima 11.1 Estimation of Strain Energy Density Function 183 11.1.1 Applicability of Neo-Hookean Model 184 11.1.2 Finite Extensibility Effect 185 11.1.3 Coupling Between Different Principal Axes 186 11.1.4 Extended Gent Model 187 11.2 Cross-Coupling 189 11.2.1 Effects of the Fraction of Elastically Effective and Ineffective Chains 190 11.2.2 Effects of Polymer Volume Fraction and Network Strand Length 191 11.2.3 Effect of the Fraction of Guest Chains 193 11.2.4 Conjecture on Origin of Cross-Coupling 196 11.3 Stretchability in Uniaxial Stretching 196 11.3.1 Kuhn Model 197 11.3.2 Effect of Connectivity 197 11.3.3 Effect of Polymer Concentration and Network Strand Length 198 11.3.4 Semiempirical Model Based on Experiments 200 References 201 12 Fracture 205Takamasa Sakai and Takeshi Fujiyabu 12.1 Estimation of Fracture Energy 205 12.2 Conversion-Tuned Tetra-PEG Gels 207 12.3 Effects of Network Concentration and Strand Length 208 12.4 Bimodal Tetra-PEG Gels 209 12.5 Summary 210 References 211 13 Mass Transport 213Takamasa Sakai and Takeshi Fujiyabu 13.1 Diffusion of Water Molecules 213 13.1.1 Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient of Water Molecules 213 13.1.2 Effect of Structural Parameters 214 13.1.3 Applicability of Theoretical Models 215 13.1.4 Effect of Correlation Length on Diffusion 216 13.2 Migration of Water Molecules in Hydrogels 217 13.2.1 Water Permeation Through Hydrogel 217 13.2.2 Effect of Structural Parameters on Friction Coefficient 219 13.2.3 Effect of Correlation Length on Friction Coefficient 220 13.3 Electro-Osmotic Flow in Electrically Charged Gels 221 13.3.1 Electro-Osmosis in an Electrically Balanced System 221 13.3.2 Electro-Osmosis in an Electrically Imbalanced System 222 13.3.3 Sum Rule of Electro-Osmotic Flow and Electrophoretic Motion 224 13.4 Migration of Small Double-Stranded DNAs 225 13.4.1 Electrophoresis of dsDNA in Tetra-PEG Gels and Solutions 225 13.4.2 Semiempirical Model 226 13.4.3 Effect of Correlation Length on Electrophoretic Mobility 228 13.4.4 Interaction Between Elastic Blobs and Contour of dsDNA 229 13.5 Migration of Large Double-Stranded DNAs 229 13.5.1 Electrophoresis of Large dsDNA in Tetra-PEG Gels and Solutions 230 13.5.2 Transition of the Migration Mechanism 231 References 233 14 Osmotic Pressure 235Takamasa Sakai 14.1 Osmotic Pressure of Gels and Prepolymer Solutions 235 14.2 Change in Osmotic Pressure During Gelation 235 14.3 c* Theorem at the Gelation Threshold 237 References 239 15 Swelling 241Takamasa Sakai and Takeshi Fujiyabu 15.1 Elastic Modulus of Swollen and Highly Deswollen Gels 241 15.2 Equilibrium Swelling 243 15.3 Swelling Kinetics 244 15.3.1 Examination of Swelling Equation 244 15.3.2 Cooperative Diffusion Coefficient 245 References 246 16 Degradation 249Takamasa Sakai and Takeshi Fujiyabu 16.1 Cleavage of a Specific Site 249 16.2 Cleavage of Nonspecific Sites 253 16.2.1 Initial Swelling Equilibrium 254 16.2.2 Degradation Behavior of Tetra-PEG Gels 254 16.2.3 A Model for Degradation 255 16.2.4 Estimation of Degradation Rate Constants 257 References 258 17 Control Over Swelling of Injectable Gel 26Takamasa Sakai and Takeshi Fujiyabu 17.1 Nonswellable Gels 261 17.2 Nonosmotic Gel 265 17.3 Oligo-Tetra-PEG Gel 269 References 275 Index 277
£108.25
Astral International Pvt. Ltd. Modern Knitting Technology
£53.92
Independently Published Material Mechanics Explained Intuitively With Nearly Zero Mathematics Volume 2
£15.95
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc Plant Flow Measurement and Control Handbook
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Flow Metering General Discussions: Principles, Types, Selection and Calibration 2. Head Type and Variable Area Flow Metering 3. Open Channel Flow Measurement 4. Positive Displacement Type Flow Metering 5. Velocity and Force Type Flow Meters 6. Mass Flow Meter 7. Slurry Flow Measurement 8. Solid Flow Measurement 9. Multiphase Flow Measurement 10. Special Flow Meters, Flow Gages and Switches 11. Flow Conditioning, Computation and control 12. Flow in Plant Applications Appendix I. Unit conversions and flow regimes II. Material Selection Guide III. Mechanical and piping data IV. Custody transfer V. Safety life cycle discussion VI. Enclosure electrical protection VII. Device Communication
£165.00
Taylor & Francis Inc Mass Spectrometry of Polymers
Book SynopsisMass Spectrometry (MS) has rapidly become an indispensable tool in polymer analysis, and modern MS today complements in many ways the structural data provided by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Infrared (IR) methods. Recent advances have sparked a growing interest in this field and established a need for a summary of progress made and results achieved.Mass Spectrometry of Polymers effectively fills this need. The discussion begins by introducing MS in detail, providing a historical perspective and a review of modern instrumentation and methods. The text then focuses on mathematical concepts and practical algorithms used in some of the major quantitative polymer applications of MS, providing a skillful prologue to polymer characterization techniques. Detailed chapters follow, describing the most relevant applications of MS to the analysis of polymers and the techniques currently employed.Authored by internationally recognized experts from academia and industry, Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is the only state-of-the-art work available that deals systematically with this rapidly emerging discipline, and will be useful to both novices and experienced practitioners in polymer MS.Trade Review" This book is currently the only state-of-the-art work available that systematically review this rapidly emerging discipline, and should be on the bookshelves for both novices and experienced academic and industrial scientists."- Weijie Lu, Department of Physics, Fisk University, Nashville Tennessee "As stated by the editors in the Preface, Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is meant as 'an effort to summarize the current status of the use of mass spectrometry in polymer characterization.' This work admirably achieves the stated goal, with a strong emphasis on the most recent literature describing technique developments and applications in the field of polymer mass spectrometry. The editors have gathers a strong team of contributing authors who are experts in the field of polymer mass spectrometry to contribute individual chapters to this book. …Overall, [this] is an extremely practical book covering the state of the art in polymer mass spectrometry. The contributors and editors are to be commended for producing what is truly a tutorial possessing excellent examples and abundant references. In the Preface, the editors note that they 'trust that the book will be useful to both novices and experienced practitioners in polymer MS.' Unquestionably, they have achieved this objective. Mass Spectrometry of Polymers is highly recommended to anyone engaged in polymer science or in mass spectrometry of polymeric materials."-Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry of Polymers. Polymer Characterization Methods. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Electrospray Ionization (ESI-MS) and On-Line Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). Direct Pyrolysis into the Ion Source (DPMS). Field Ionization (FI-MS) and Field Desorption (FD-MS). Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB-MS). Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Laser Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FT-MS). Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Two-Step Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry.
£237.50
William Andrew Publishing Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics
Book Synopsis
£323.00
Taylor & Francis Inc Advances in Polymer Materials and Technology
Book SynopsisThis book covers recent advancements in the field of polymer science and technology. Frontiers areas, such as polymers based on bio-sources, polymer based ferroelectrics, polymer nanocomposites for capacitors, food packaging and electronic packaging, piezoelectric sensors, polymers from renewable resources, superhydrophobic materials and electrospinning are topics of discussion. The contributors to this book are expert researchers from various academic institutes and industries from around the world.Table of ContentsNovel Polymer Composites. Nano-Polymer Technology. Micro-Macro-Nano Testing and Characterization of Polymers. Specialty Polymers. Bio-Based and Biocompatible Polymer Materials. New Polymer Applications.
£266.00
Taylor & Francis Inc Polymeric Foams
Book SynopsisPolymeric foams are sturdy yet lightweight materials with applications across a variety of industries, from packaging to aerospace. As demand for these materials increase, so does innovation in the development of new processes and products. This book captures the most dynamic advances in processes, technologies, and products related to the polymeric foam market. It describes the latest business trends including new microcellular commercialization, sustainable foam products, and nanofoams. It also discusses novel processes, new and environmentally friendly blowing agents, and the development and usage of various types of foams, including bead and polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyetherimide microcellular, and nanocellular. The book also covers flame-retardant foams, rigid foam composites, and foam sandwich composites and details applications in structural engineering, electronics, and insulation. Authored by leading experts in the field, this book minimizes the gap between research aTrade Review"…not only informative, but thought-provoking. A ‘must-have’ reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products." — Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA"…contains a comprehensive literature selection and very scientific descriptions for current approaches in foaming. Furthermore, the most recent developments in foam technology like foam extrusion and bead foaming of Polylactide (PLA) as well as nanocellular foams are part of the book. In general, the selection of topics is very meaningful and scientifically and technically highly relevant."—Volker Altstädt, University of Bayreuth, Germany"…features a comprehensive introduction…on state-of-the-art developments related to polymer foams and some emerging technologies as well as a future outlook, followed by product developments and material-specific foams and simulation….A "must-have" reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products."—Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin-MadisonTable of ContentsIntroduction. Microcellular Polypropylene Foam. Preparation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Foams Using Supercritical CO2 as Blowing Agent. Formation Mechanism and Tuning for Bimodal Cell Structure in Foams by Synergistic Effect of Temperature Rising and Depressurization with Supercritical CO2. Extrusion Foaming of Polylactide. Innovative PLA Bead Foam Technology. Nanocellular Foams. Rigid Structural Foam and Foam-Cored Sandwich Composites. Microcellular Polyimide Foams: Fabrication and Characterization. Recent Innovations in Thermoplastic Foams. Advanced CAE Technology for Microcellular Injection Molding.
£237.50
Taylor & Francis Inc Lightweight and Sustainable Materials for
Book SynopsisAutomotive manufacturers are required to decrease CO2 emissions and increase fuel economy while assuring driver comfort and safety. In recent years, there has been rapid development in the application of lightweight and sustainable materials in the automotive industry to help meet these criteria. This book provides critical reviews and the latest research results of various lightweight and sustainable materials in automotive applications. It discusses current applications and future trends of lightweight materials in the automotive area. While there are a few books published mainly focusing on automotive applications of metallic lightweight materials, to date there is no available book focusing on a broad spectrum of lightweight materials, including metal, plastic, composites, bio-fiber, bio-polymer, carbon fiber, glass fiber, nanomaterials, rubber materials, and foaming materials, as this work does. The book also includes case studies of commercial lightweight automotiveTrade Review"...covers current applications and future trends relating to this field. The contents are contemporary and relevant, and the authors are highly qualified and well-known names in the field of sustainable composites and biocomposites."—Hom Nath Dhakal, University of Portsmouth, England"Excellent overview of the different lightweight materials and their sustainability. A must for every researcher and user in the automotive applications area."— Daniel Schwendemann, University of Applied Science Eastern Switzerland"...covers current applications and future trends relating to this field. The contents are contemporary and relevant, and the authors are highly qualified and well-known names in the field of sustainable composites and biocomposites."—Hom Nath Dhakal, University of Portsmouth, England"Excellent overview of the different lightweight materials and their sustainability. A must for every researcher and user in the automotive applications area."— Daniel Schwendemann, University of Applied Science Eastern SwitzerlandTable of ContentsNatural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite. Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermosets Composite. Wood Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic and Thermosets Composites. Bio-Based Thermoplastic and Thermosets Polymer. Bio-Based EPDM Rubber and Sustainable EPDM Compounding. Carbon Fiber Composite Materials. Glass Fiber Composite Materials. Lightweight Nanocomposite Materials. Tribology of Aluminum and Aluminum Matrix Composite Materials. Magnesium and Its Alloys. Thermoplastic Foams: An Automotive Perspective. Lightweight Thermosets Foams. Lifecycle Assessment of Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications. Case Studies - Sustainable and Lightweight Automotive Parts via Injection Molding.
£147.25
de Gruyter Heat Sealing in Packaging
£73.62
Hanser Publications Sustainable Packaging Materials: Winning
Book SynopsisSustainable Packaging Materials provides a concise introduction to the principles and practices of packaging sustainability. It addresses the important issues that concern packaging professionals, decision makers, managers, CTOs, legislators, researchers, and students, including the viability and future of recycling, bio- and oxo-degradable materials, and plastics alternatives such as paper, glass, and metal. Also covered are new regulations such as the extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, their consequences as to what materials are likely to be banned, and whether microplastics should be a concern for packaging companies.Written by an experienced professor, educator, author, inventor, and entrepreneur, this book offers uniquely clear answers to these challenges, helping readers to identify packaging materials that are likely to be phased out to meet new regulations, and to find alternatives to benefit their research and businesses. They will also be equipped to follow guidelines on the use of various packaging materials to stay ahead of the demands of the industry, and to make informed choices about packaging materials by considering sustainability, performance, and cost. Furthermore, they will be informed of the emerging packaging trends in both academia and industry, and understand the issues associated with microplastic pollution, and the actions recommended to mitigate these challenges.
£77.40
Hanser Publications A Practical Approach to Scientific Molding
Book SynopsisThis easy-to-understand guide provides the necessary information to implement a scientific molding program. It is a hands-on reference for people on the molding floor, including those previously lacking theoretical background or formal education.The book covers how the injection molding machine prepares the plastic and understanding of plastic flow. The functions of the main machine components are explained and understanding of correct procedures and testing is developed. Each step of the process is clearly explained in a step-by-step manner, and simple examples of important calculations are provided. The practical approach is augmented by useful guides for troubleshooting and machine set-up. An Excel spreadsheet with a process test and a machine performance test is available as bonus material. The 2nd edition has various updates, improvements, and corrections throughout.Table of Contents 1. Injection Unit: Screw 2. Injection Unit: Barrel 3. Clamping Unit 4. Ejectors/Controllers, Human Machine Interface (HMI) 5. Machine Performance Testing 6. Process Development Test 7. Plastic Temperature 8. Plastic Flow 9. Plastic Pressure (Pack/Hold) 10. Cooling 11. Benchmarking the Injection Molding Process 12. Process Troubleshooting 13. What is Important on a Set-Up Sheet? 14. Commonly Used Conversion Factors and Formulas 15. Machine Set-Up 16. Things That Hurt the Bottom Line of a Company 17. Terms and Definitions
£58.65
Hanser Gardner Pubns Composites in Offshore Oil
£96.05
Hanser Publications Polymer Extrusion
Book SynopsisInitially published ""to bridge the gap between theory and practice in extrusion"", this fifth edition of Polymer Extrusion continues to serve the practicing polymer engineer and chemist, providing the theoretical and the practical tools for successful extrusion operations. In its revised and expanded form, it also incorporates the many new developments in extrusion theory and machinery over the last years.Table of Contents Different Types of Extruders Extruder Hardware Instrumentation and Control Fundamental Principles Important Polymer Properties Functional Process Analysis Extruder Screw Design Die Design Twin Screw Extruders Troubleshooting Extruders Modeling and Simulation of the Extrusion Process.
£999.99
Hanser Publications Runner and Gating Design Handbook: Tools for
Book SynopsisThe first book to shed light on the critical role the melt delivery system plays in successful injection molding has received a major update in its 3rd edition. This successful book will give you an immediate leg up by reducing mold commissioning times, increasing productivity, improving customer satisfaction, and achieving quality goals such as Six Sigma.How do you determine the optimum design of your runners and gates; what type of runner system (hot or cold variations) do you use for a specific application; how do you identify molding problems generated by the gate and runner vs. those stemming from other molding issues; what should you consider when selecting a gating location? The “Runner and Gate Design Handbook” will give you the means to get to the bottom of these issues as well as provide specific guidelines for process optimization and troubleshooting.Highlights among the numerous new updates include coverage and analyses of critical shear induced melt variations that are developed in the runners of all injection molds, expanded content on hot runners, and a new subchapter on injection molding process development.
£141.00
Hanser Publications Practical Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Properties
Book SynopsisPractical Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Properties provides a unique overview of rubber rheology from a practical perspective. Written by expert authors with many years of experience in the rubber industry, it focuses on applications of rubber rheology testing to solving industrial problems, rubber compound development, predicting changes in processability in the plant, quality assurance, and research and development. However, basic principles are also covered.Aimed at practitioners in the rubber industry, this book promotes understanding of the material to support efficient production of the high-quality rubber products demanded in today's market. It is also suitable for students and their instructors on rubber courses taught in universities.
£999.99
Hanser Publications Troubleshooting the Extrusion Process: A
Book SynopsisTroubleshooting extrusion problems is one of the most challenging tasks in extrusion operations, requiring a good understanding of the extrusion process and the material properties, good instrumentation, good analysis tools, and a systematic and logical approach. This book addresses all issues crucial in extrusion troubleshooting. Additionally, it includes industrial case studies, richly illustrated with photographs and photomicrographs, used to provide exemplary approaches to efficient problem analysis and problem solving. The interconnectivity between the different relevant knowledge areas such as materials engineering, processing technology, and product development is emphasized.This revised third edition comprises a very significant update, with a great deal of new content, especially focusing on additional case studies as well as new sections on collection and interpretation of extrusion process data, rotational rheometry, the smartphone, how screw design can affect extruder performance, melt temperature variation, recent research on automatic optimization of extruder barrel temperatures, process signal analysis using Fast Fourier Transform, among other topics.
£136.80
Hanser Publications Plastics Industry 4.0: Potentials and
Book SynopsisPlastics Industry 4.0 provides a sophisticated insight into the development of the plastics industry in terms of digitalization and Industry 4.0, i.e. the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The background to these increasingly important topics is discussed along with provision of the prerequisite knowledge regarding process complexity and modeling as well as data acquisition to build the foundation of data driven digital processes. Furthermore, the facets of so-called cyber-physical systems including their key components and interfaces are discussed and illustrated using industrial application as well as scientific use cases. Aimed at decision makers in the plastics industry, engineers in industry, including those in R&D and process and product development, as well as researchers and students in universities, this book provides the inspiration to connect with Plastics Industry 4.0, and thereby stimulate innovation in companies, processes, products, and research.Table of ContentsProf. Christian Hopmann is, since 2011, Director of the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. He studied Mechanical Engineering with a particular focus on Plastics Processing at RWTH Aachen and received his doctoral degree, supervised by Prof. Walter Michaeli, in 2000. In 2005, he started his industrial career at RKW AG Rheinische Kunststoffwerke (today: RKW SE). From January 2010 until April 2011 he was Managing Director of RKW Sweden AB in Helsingborg, Sweden. Mauritius Schmitz is Scientific Director – Digitalisation and Industry 4.0 at the IKV. He is responsible for the research and development in the field of digitalization and Industry 4.0. He is also a Cluster Research Domain Coordinator in the research domain “Production Technology"" of the Cluster of Excellence ""“Internet of Production"".
£999.99
Hanser Publications Polymer Testing
Book SynopsisReliable and meaningful methods of polymer testing are necessary to support the plastics industry, being essential for understanding material and part properties, and evaluating materials for a part design, with important implications for product safety as well as operating conditions and lifetime. This book covers all the most important testing methods, from long-established basic techniques to recent developments, including the latest polymer testing standards. By means of examples for the optimization of materials as well as for the evaluation of part properties, an insight into modern polymer testing and its interdisciplinary character is provided. Included in this third edition is an all-new chapter on the testing of polymer films; additionally, many small updates and corrections have been made throughout the book. Numerous tables and figures are included, providing structures and physico-chemical data. A special section for beginners is dedicated to guiding formulations and test methods. A relatively short section deals with development trends in Europe. Sustainability is a major theme, and it is demonstrated that PVC has a strong potential to develop into a fully sustainable material. Another section deals with the everyday problems in the processing of PVC, such as the formation of specks, photo-effects, and plate-out. Plate-out is a common problem in the processing of PVC but only relatively few publications cover it. The causes, influencing factors, and mechanisms are still poorly understood. This section, unique in the literature, provides assistance in the selection and dosage of raw materials to PVC processor, based on the influencing factors during processing.
£999.99
Hanser Publications Injection Mold Design Handbook
Book SynopsisAn injection mold is the heart of any plastics molding workcell. Understanding the principles of an injection mold design and its importance to a successful plastic part is fundamental to the success of the product. This book helps guide the designer, engineer, project manager, and production manager in making sure that the injection mold to be designed will work as intended. This book will take the reader through the process of conceptualizing and designing an injection mold that will produce the desired plastic part. Since it all starts with the plastic part, the book will first focus on key features and details of the plastic part which are necessary for good mold design. The design of the main components of an injection mold will be discussed and good design practices will be shared. Finally the process of testing and gaining customer acceptance of the mold for production will be detailed. A comprehensive appendix and detailed drawings will provide the required detail for completing a mold design.
£215.10
Hanser Publications Plastics Packaging: Properties, Processing,
Book SynopsisPlastic materials continue to play a vital and growing role in packaging applications. It is thus more important than ever that all involved in the packaging industry command a basic understanding of the properties of the common packaging plastics. This highly regarded book provides just that to students and packaging professionals alike: material properties and how they relate to the chemical structure of the polymers, common processing methods for packaging applications, help with writing specifications, designing, fabricating, testing, and controlling the quality of the plastic material are covered comprehensively. The fourth edition has major revisions in discussions of sustainability, recycling, and design for sustainability. Coverage of biodegradable and biobased plastics is also increased. Discussion of coatings is also expanded. Further updates and enhancements throughout ensure Plastics Packaging remains an indispensable resource for both the packaging expert and the novice.
£136.80
Hanser Publications Injection Molding Advanced Troubleshooting Guide:
Book SynopsisThis highly practical troubleshooting guide solves problems at the machine systematically and quickly. Drawing on a wealth of hands-on experience from the authors, who have built strong reputations in the field, the book is structured by type of problem/solution. Thus, it is an ideal reference to be consulted at the machine. Included is valuable information on robust process windows, cycle time evaluations, scrap savings, and runners/gates with no existing standard in the industry. No other book provides the unique insights found here.
£136.80
Hanser Publications Recycling of Plastics
Book SynopsisPlastics have a very important role to play in energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies of the present and future, but for them to be classified as sustainable materials, there is a great need for practical and economic recycling methods and infrastructure. This book fills the gap for a modern comprehensive technical guide to recycling of plastics, covering the whole value chain from raw materials to recycled materials.All important recycling technologies (mechanical, chemical/feedstock, dissolution) are discussed and compared to each other and alternative disposal methods such as energy recovery and gasification. Collecting, sorting, and purification methods are also covered, as are economic, legal, and political aspects.A strong emphasis is placed on data comparability, e.g. by standardized methods in measuring data. Although this is a challenge to implement, comparing data across technologies, regions, and stakeholders along the value chain yields important benefits. Key instruments for such a target are lifecycle assessments (LCAs), which are calculated in a standard way across the chapters to "calibrate" the messages among the numerous expert co-authors.Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Recycling technologies in overview 3. Value chain (EU, Americas, Asia) 4. Analytics and consumer safety 5. Properties of recycled materials 6. Design for recycling 7. Future developments
£191.70
Hanser Publications Extruder Processing: Comparison of Single- and
Book SynopsisSingle-screw or twin-screw extruder? When the need to produce a homogeneous polymer melt occurs in the industrial environment, both product attributes and equipment cost must be evaluated. For many applications both the single and twin-screw extruder will produce the desired homogeneous melt needed to form the product through an extrusion die. Some applications such as dispersive mixing of solids in a polymer matrix are best accomplished in a twin-screw extruder. On the other hand, applications involving chemical reactions, color concentrate distributive mixing, and in line polymer-polymer distributive mixing can be accomplished with either device.However, for the same production rate, twin-screw extruders are generally more expensive than single-screw extruders with a diameter less than 200 mm. Therefore, a thorough understanding is needed for the concepts of solids conveying, melting, and mixing for the two types of extruders to make appropriate process acquisition decisions. This book covers engineering and technology concepts that should aid the practitioner in comparing these two types of extrusion equipment relative to process requirements.The handbook is intended for newcomers interested in the theoretical and regulatory aspects of validation and for thermal analysis practitioners who have to validate their equipment and methods.Table of Contents Part 1: Validation of Computerized Systems Recent Changes in Regulations and Regulatory Guidance Instrument Qualification, Computerized System Validation and Method Validation Regulatory Requirements for Computerized System Validation Computerized System Validation Writing the User Requirements Specification (URS) Auditing the System Supplier Installation Qualification and Operational Qualification (IQ and OQ) Performance Qualification (PQ) or End User Testing Part 2: Method Validation Measurement Errors and Uncertainty of Measurement Validation of Analytical Procedures and Methods Interlaboratory Studies in Thermal Analysis Method Development Through to SOP Practical Examples Appendix 1: 21 CFR Part 11 and EU GMP Annex 11 Appendix 2: Basic Statistics Appendix 3: Standard Test Methods for Thermal Analysis
£99.90
Hanser Publications PVC Additives: Performance, Chemistry,
Book SynopsisPVC differs in its stabilization compared to other commodity plastics. Various metal compounds are suitable for the stabilization of PVC: lead, tin, calcium, magnesium, zinc, rare earths, and also almost-metal-free systems. These differences are described in the introductory part of this book, with their advantages, possibilities, and problems, from the perspective of the chemist but made understandable for salespeople and technicians.Numerous tables and figures are included, providing structures and physico-chemical data. A special section for beginners is dedicated to guiding formulations and test methods. A relatively short section deals with development trends in Europe. Sustainability is a major theme, and it is demonstrated that PVC has a strong potential to develop into a fully sustainable material.Another section deals with the everyday problems in the processing of PVC, such as the formation of specks, photo-effects, and plate-out. Plate-out is a common problem in the processing of PVC but only relatively few publications cover it. The causes, influencing factors, and mechanisms are still poorly understood. This section, unique in the literature, provides assistance in the selection and dosage of raw materials to PVC processor, based on the influencing factors during processing.
£176.40
Hanser Publications Fundamentals of Fiber Orientation: Description,
Book SynopsisPolymers reinforced with discontinuous fibers have a wide range of important applications such as in automotive parts and business machines. The fl ow that occurs during processing of these materials creates a complex but repeatable pattern of fi ber orientation, which plays a key role in achieving the desirable mechanical properties these materials can offer.The primary focus of this unique book is fiber orientation: how to describe it mathematically, how to measure it experimentally, and how to predict it using models available in commercial software. The book also covers the description, measurement, and modeling of fiber length, another important variable that can be predicted by commercial software. The connection between fiber orientation and mechanical properties is explained, as is the relationship between fiber orientation and rheological properties in the fl uid state. "Fundamentals of Fiber Orientation" focuses on the models used in current engineering practice, but also discusses topics from current research that could transition to engineering practice soon.For practicing engineers, this book teaches the fundamentals needed to understand data, set up meaningful simulations, and interpret results. The book provides a thorough, organized overview of the field, and will also be a valuable resource to those undertaking research in this area. Free MATLAB software implementing the models discussed in the book is provided online.Table of Contents Introduction Describing Fiber Orientation and Fiber Length Measuring Fiber Orientation and Length Flow Orientation of Single Fibers Flow Orientation of Groups of Fibers Suspension Rheology and Flow-Orientation Coupling Fiber Length Degradation during Processing Mechanical Properties and Orientation Current and Future Trends Appendices
£123.20
Hanser Publications Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders - Two Volume Set
Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic, bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book brings much of the content up to date, with an expanded focus on the fundamentals of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion, including functional zones in the extruder, screw elements, material behavior, flow properties, performance behavior, and application of computational fluid dynamics.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.Also derived from the classic bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, the second book focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. It includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.
£252.90
Hanser Publications Molding Simulation: Theory and Practice
Book SynopsisThis practical introductory guide to injection molding simulation is aimed at both practicing engineers and students. It will help the reader to innovate and improve part design and molding processes, essential for efficient manufacturing.A user-friendly, case-study-based approach is applied, enhanced by many illustrations in full color. The book is conceptually divided into three parts:Chapters 1–5 introduce the fundamentals of injection molding, focusing the factors governing molding quality and how molding simulation methodology is developed. As they are essential to molding quality, the rheological, thermodynamic, thermal, mechanical, kinetic properties of plastics are fully elaborated in this part, as well as curing kinetics for thermoset plastics.Chapters 6–11 introduce CAE verification of design, a valuable tool for both part and mold designers toward avoiding molding problems in the design stage and to solve issues encountered in injection molding. This part covers design guidelines of part, gating, runner, and cooling channel systems. Temperature control in hot runner systems, prediction and control of warpage, and fiber orientation are also discussed.Chapters 12–17 introduce research and development in innovative molding, illustrating how CAE is applied to advanced molding techniques, including co-/bi-Injection molding, gas-/water-assisted injection molding, foam injection molding, powder injection molding, resin transfer molding, and integrated circuit packaging.The authors come from the creative simulation team at CoreTech System (Moldex3D), winner of the PPS James L. White Innovation Award 2015. Several CAE case study exercises for execution in the Moldex3D software are included to allow readers to practice what they have learned and test their understanding.In the 2nd edition, the concept of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in injection molding is introduced. In order to integrate molding simulation and injection machines, the workflow of machine response characterization is illustrated. By taking into account the real-world machine response, users can more accurately reflect the real-world manufacturing conditions in simulations. The optimized processing conditions obtained from the simulation can then be directly applied on the shop floor, bridging the gap between simulation and manufacturing. In addition, a new flow-fiber coupling model, i.e., the informed-isotropic (IISO) viscosity developed by Dr. Favaloro and Prof. Pipes of Purdue University, to simulate the anisotropic flow for fiber-reinforced thermoplastics is introduced. The IISO coupling is available to simulate some peculiar, irregular filling patterns for fiber-reinforced melts at high fiber concentrations: the free surface advances faster along the side cavity walls.
£153.90
Hanser Publications Design of Injection Molded Plastic Parts
Book SynopsisThis book creates a new perspective on the design of plastic parts. In many books there is a strong focus on the material, the material properties, and the calculation or dimensioning. What is often not taken into account is that very many plastic components only have to withstand low loads; in very many applications, the focus is on the actual design. This requires a good understanding of the injection molds that must be built to produce the plastic components. Depending on the design of the injection molded component, these molds become more complex and more prone to failure during production.The complex process of manufacturing a plastic part becomes holistically understandable as a link is created between the molder, the mold maker, and the part designer. The focus is on injection molds and therefore on thermoplastics.Everything that is necessary for the design and manufacture of an injection molded component is presented in a simple, extremely practical manner and limited to the essentials. Many descriptive pictures as well as examples based on the demonstration component ""Polyman"" facilitate the understanding enormously.
£65.45
Hanser Publications Energy in Plastics Technology: Theory and
Book SynopsisEnergy in Plastics Technology provides, unlike any other book, the necessary fundamentals for dealing with thermotechnical issues in the processing of plastics, leading to efficient, robust, reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly processes for high-quality products. The following four areas are addressed: - Methodical application of the essential fundamentals to practical problems. The focus is on the formulation of energy balances.- Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, with their manifold implications.- Access to key advanced technical literature, which can be highly theoretical, and forms the basis for advanced simulation methods, is provided.- Analytical approaches for modeling processes (as opposed to numerical simulation methods) are covered, so that the influence of the essential process parameters can be better recognized, and correct results in terms of order of magnitude are obtained with reasonable effort. These simplified considerations provide a valuable support for the preparation of experiments and numerical simulations and their critical evaluation. The fundamentals provided are applied - in exemplary calculation examples - to problems relevant to practice in the most important processing and forming methods. The book is aimed at engineers and students working in plastics technology as well as technicians and plastics technologists.
£176.40
Hanser Publications Training in Plastics Technology
Book SynopsisThis text- and workbook provides a clearly written, comprehensive introduction to the major topics associated with plastics technology, from basic chemistry and processing methods to the problem of waste and the issue of recycling plastics. Guiding questions at the beginning of each lesson help the reader to work through the material in a targeted manner; success checks at the end of each lesson enable the reader to review what he/she has learned. It thus facilitates independent, self-paced learning, meeting the requirements of modern vocational training.
£79.90
Hanser Publications Injection Molds for Beginners
Book SynopsisThis applications-oriented book describes the construction of an injection mold from the ground up. Included are explanations of the individual types of molds, components, and technical terms; design procedures; techniques, tips, and tricks in the construction of an injection mold; and pros and cons of various solutions.Based on a plastic part ("bowl with lid") specially developed for this book, easily understandable text and many illustrative pictures and drawings provide the necessary knowledge for practical implementation. Step by step, the plastic part is modified and enhanced. The technologies and designs that are additionally needed for an injection mold are described by engineering drawings. Maintenance and repair, and essential manufacturing techniques are also discussed.With full-color illustrations, this third edition builds on the success of the previous ones, with significantly expanded coverage of molding simulation, including many new figures, and updates and small corrections throughout the book.
£79.90
Hanser Publications Designing Plastic Parts for Assembly
Book SynopsisFor 30 years, Designing Plastic Parts for Assembly has been the definitive guide for both seasoned part designers and novices to the field, facilitating cost-effective design decisions and ensuring that the plastic parts and products will stand up under use.The detailed yet simplified discussion of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and assembly procedures enables the reader to evaluate plastic materials and design plastic parts with confidence. Good joint design and implementation, the geometry and nature of the component parts, the types of load involved, and other fundamental information necessary for a successful outcome are all included. Throughout, the treatment is practice-oriented and focused on everyday problems and situations.The 10th edition includes an extensive revision of the chapter on welding techniques for plastics, including a new subchapter on hot gas welding. There are also many more minor updates, improvements, and corrections throughout.
£123.20
Taylor & Francis Inc API Polyurethanes Expo 2001
Book SynopsisThis book contains papers presented in various technical sessions at the Polyurethanes Expo 2001 conference held between September 30–October 3, 2001 at Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio.Table of ContentsTechnical Session A—Environmental 1. Coatings Prepared from Polyurethane Soft Foam Recycling Polyol 2. Improved Comfort Factor with Recycled Content by Reformulation of Flexible Slabstock Foams 3. Recent Developments in the Recycling of Flexible PU Foams Back into New PU Foam Product Technical Session B—Automotive Low V.O.C. Emissions 4. Non-VOC Catalysts for HR Molded Foams Used in Automotive Seating Application 5. New Silicone Surfactants for TSI Based HR Molded Foams—Optimization of Bulk Stabilization and Processing Latitude 6. Elimination of Amine Emissions from Polyurethane Foams: Challenges and Opportunitie Technical Session C—Testing 7. Monitoring of Polyurethane Foam Cure 8. Three-Way Thermal Conductivity Instrument Compariso 9. Testing for MDI Emissions from Commercial Boards and Polyurethane Glue 10. Report on the First ASTM Round Robin of Vacuum Panels Technical Session D—Construction 11. The Development of all Water-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foam System for Metal-Faced Continuous Sandwich Panel 12. Alternative Blowing Agent Solutions for Polyisocyanurate Continuous Laminate Metal Panels 13. Processing Gaseous Blown Spray Applied Polyurethane Foam 14. Meeting the Needs of the Future with HFC-245fa and HFC-245fa Blend Technology in the Construction Industry 15. Pour-in-Place Discontinuous Panels Using Pentane Technical Session E—Innovative Polyurethane Solutions for Automotive Applications 16. Automotive, Moulded Visco-Elastic Foam 17. HFC-245fa: An Ideal Blowing Agent for Integral Skin Foam 18. Advances in Polyurethane RRIM for Automotive Exterior 19. Next Generation E-Coat Capable Exterior Body Panel 20. High Performance Structural RIM for Large Composites: Beams, Boxes, and Beyond 21. New PU Cavity Filling Foam for Sound Abatement in Car Body Shel Technical Session F—Fundamentals 22. Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(urethane-urea)s with Soft Segments Consisting of Ultra-Low Monol Content Poly(propylene glycol) with and without Tri(propylene glycol) 23. Exploring Urea Phase Connectivity in Flexible Polyurethane Foams Using Lithium Chloride as a Probe 24. Fundamental Investigation of the Factors That Influence the Properties of Slow Recovery Polyurethane Foam 25. Polyurethane Elastomers with Multiple Chain Extender 26. The Effects of Temperature/Pressure Gradients in the Rigid Polyurethane Foaming Process 27. New DMC Catalysts for Manufacturing Polyols 28. Nano-and Micro-Fillers for Polyurethane Foams: Effect on Density and Mechanical Properties Technical Session G—Automotive Seating Comfort and Durability 29. Benchmarking of Polyurethane Technologies for Automotive Seat Cushions 30. New Comfort MDI Molded Foam for Automotive Seating—A Study of Foam Properties for Riding Comfort Performance 31. A Study of the Influence of Polymer and Cell Structure on Polyurethane Foam Properties for Better Riding Comfort 32. Alternative Methods for Durability Specification 33. Accelerated Aging and Durability Testing of Polyurethane Foams 34. Measurement of High Resiliency Moulded Foam Properties as a Function of Climatic Conditions Technical Session H—Blowing Agents 35. Aging of Polyurethane Foam Insulation in Simulated Refrigerator Panels—Three-Year Results with Third-Generation Blowing Agents 36. Analysis of the Evolution of PIR Foams in the Context of the Phaseout of HCFCs 37. HFC 365mfc-Blown Spray Foams: Market Positioning and Environmental Benefits 38. HFC-134a as a Coblowing Agent with Pentanes Technical Session J—Innovation and New Application in Case 39. New UV-Curable Coatings for Caul Paper Manufacturing 40. A Novel Plasticizer-Free PU Gel Technology for Improved Comfort 41. New Non-Isocyanate Curatives for 2K Solvent-Borne Urethane Coatings 42. The Evaluation of Metal and Tertiary Amine Catalyst in CASE Application 43. RimSpray™: A Unique Method for Applying Polyurethane Foam to Molds and Substrates 44. Investigation of Polyurethane Adhesives for Use in the Apache Aviator NBC Protective Mask Technical Session K—Furnishings 45. Less Temperature-Sensitive LR Slabstock Foam 46. Flame-Retardant and Physical Characteristics of Flexible Hybrid Polyurethane Foam Materials Prepared Utilizing Foam-One Technology 47. A New Generation of Silicone Surfactants Optimized for Liquid Carbon Dioxide Blown Slabstock Foams 48. DBTDL Replacement in High Resilience Slabstock Foams 49. Catalysts and Silicone Surfactants for Reduced VOC Emissions of Polyester Slabstock Foam 50. Novel Polymer Polyol with High Polymer Content and Low Viscosity 51. Flexible Foam Formulating Technology Development via a New Modeling Approach Technical Session L—Appliance 52. HFC-134a: The Other HFC 53. HFC-245fa: Foam Equipment Considerations 54. Development of Amine Catalysts for the Next Generation Blowing Agents 55. Do the Existing Silicone Surfactants Match the Requirements of HFC-245fa-Blown Appliance Sytems? 56. “LinFlex™”, a Proven Success, New-Innovative Refrigerator Cabinet Polyurethane Machinery Poster Session—Case 57. A New Anti-Hydrolysis Ether-Based PU System for Uni-sole Application 58. Investigation of Polyurethane Adhesives for Use in the Apache Aviator NBC Protective Mask 59. Low Gloss, Low Build Up Water Based Release Agents for Elastomers and Microcellular Systems 60. Lower Durometer TDI Elastomers “Plasticizer Free” for Solvent Resistance 61. New Developments in Light and Thermal Stabilisation Packages for Flexible Polyurethane Integral Skin Applications 62. RimSpray™: A Unique Method for Applying Polyurethane Foam to Molds and Substrates Poster Session—Flexible Foam/Automotive 63. Amine Emission Free Catalyst for Polyester Slabstock Flexible Foam 64. DMAMP-80™ A Superior Reactive Amine Catalyst for Polyurethane Foams 65. Effect of Nano and Micro-Silica Fillers on Polyurethane Foam Properties 66. Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Performance of Copolymer Polyols 67. Flexible Polyurethanes Using a Castor Oil Based Polyester Polyol 68. Innovative Polymers for Optimized Release Performance for HR Molded and Flexible Foam 69. New Styrene-AcryloNitrile Polymer Polyols for Cold Cure Moulding Automotive Applications 70. Spray Polyurethane Elastomer for Use in Automotive Dash Insulator Applications 71. Synthesis of PU High Resilience Flexible Foams with Dispersing Liquid Prepared by Polyether Grafting Starch Copolymer 72. Whiplash Countermeasures: SafeGuard™ Poster Session—Fundamentals/Equipment 73. Compatibility Study of Poly bd® Resin with Other Polyols and Property Evaluation of Polyurethanes Perpared Therefrom 74. Dielectric Polarization Measurement with CMD Provides New Insight into the Foaming Process 75. IC Fluid Power for Fluid Measurement and Control 76. Mixing Equipment for the In-Line Addition of Scrap Regrind and Other Fillers into PUR 77. Structures and Properties of Polyurethanes Based on Model Triglycerides 78. Three-Way Thermal Conductivity Instrument Comparison Poster Session—Rigid Foam 79. Amidic Polyols, New Polyhydroxylic Raw Materials for Rigid Polyurethane Foams 80. Diffusion of Gases in Rigid Polyurethane Foam at Different Temperatures 81. Dimethoxymethane as Co-Blowing Agent with HFC134a for Polyurethane Rigid Foams 82. Glycolysis Reactivity of Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Refrigerator 83. HFC-134a as a Coblowing Agent with Pentanes 84. HFEs as New Generation Blowing Agents 85. Hydrocarbon Blown Rigid Foam Formulations and Physical Properties 86. Influence of Expandable Graphite on the Physical-Mechanical Properties and Fire Behaviour of Flame Retarded PIR-PUR Foams 87. Optimization of Flame-Retardants for Rigid PIR Foams: A New Screening Apparatus, and Correlation to Large-Scale Flammability Tests 88. Performance of Non-ODP Rigid Foams in Picnic Coolers 89. Sandwich Panel Lines: Comparison Between Discontinuous and Continuous Process. Advantages Given by the Continuous Production Method Compared to the Manufacture of Panels by Discontinuous Means 90. Solkane ® 365/227 Blown Rigid Foams: Optimized Insulation and Cost Performance 91. The Effective Diffusivity of C 02 and HCFC-141b in PU Foam Prepared with HCFC-141b as Insulating Blowing Agent at 20,25 and 40 C 92. Unique, Enviromentally Friendly Release Agents for MDI Foam Articles
£999.99
Apple Academic Press Inc. Alginates: Versatile Polymers in Biomedical
Book SynopsisThis new volume explores the latest research on the use of alginate as a biopolymer in various biomedical applications and therapeutics. The uses of alginates and modified alginates discussed in this book include tissue regeneration, encapsulation and delivery of drugs, nucleic acid materials, proteins and peptides, genes, herbal therapeutic agents, nutraceuticals, and more. This book also describes the synthesis and characterizations of various alginate and modified alginate systems, such as hydrogels, gels, composites, nanoparticles, scaffolds, etc., used for the biomedical applications and therapeutics. Alginate, a biopolymer of natural origin, is of immense interest for its variety of applications in pharmaceuticals (as medical diagnostic aids) and in materials science. It is the one of the most abundant natural biopolymers and is considered an excellent excipient because of its non-toxic, stable, and biodegradable properties. Several research innovations have been made on applications of alginate in drug delivery and biomedicines. There needs to be a thorough understanding of the synthesis, purification, and characterization of alginates and its derivatives for their utility in healthcare fields, and this volume offers an abundance of information toward that end.Table of Contents1. Alginates: Source, Chemistry, and Properties 2. Recent Advances of Alginates as Material for Biomedical Applications 3. Alginates: Hydrogels, their Chemistry, and Applications 4. Alginate-Based Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application 5. Chemically Modified Alginates for Advanced Biomedical Applications 6. Bionanocomposites of Alginates, their Chemistry, and Applications 7. Alginate and its Applications in Tissue Engineering 8. Alginate-Based Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 9. Alginate Properties, Pharmaceutical and Tissue Engineering Applications 10. Alginate: Drug Delivery and Application 11. Chemical and Physical Modifications of Alginate to Improve their use as Carriers in Delivery Systems 12. Updates on Alginate-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks for Sustained Drug Release 13. Alginate Nanoparticles 14. Alginate-Based Nanocarriers in Modern Therapeutics 15. Alginate-Based Composites in Drug Delivery Applications 16. Hydroxyapatite-Alginate Composites in Drug Delivery 17. Alginate-Based Gastrointestinal Tract Drug Delivery Systems 18. Alginate Hydrogels as a Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery System 19. Alginate Carriers for Treatment of Ocular Diseases 20. Alginate Carriers for Bioactive Substances: Herbal Natural Compounds and Nucleic Acid Materials
£183.35
Chem Tec Publishing,Canada Databook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip
Book SynopsisThe Databook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives contains detailed information on over 300 important additives for polymers — additives which are used to minimize adhesion, aid separation and enhance processing and end-applications for polymers. The variety of additives available makes this databook an invaluable source of information for industry, research, and academia. Each additive is presented with data in the following categories: General Information; Physical Properties; Health and Safety; Ecological Properties; and Use and Performance. The Databook includes a large amount of data, from state, odor, and color to autoignition temperature and probability of biodegradation. Recommendations are given for specific products, processing methods and mold materials, and an assessment is given for each additive's features and benefits, enabling practitioners to select the correct additive for each situation.Table of Contents1 Introduction 2 Information on data fields 3 Antiblocking agents 3.1 Inorganic 3.1.1 Calcium carbonate 3.1.2 Synthetic silica 3.1.3 Synthetic clay (laponite) 3.1.4 Talc 3.1.5 Other 3.2 Organic 3.2.1 Microparticles 3.2.2 Fatty acid amides 3.2.3 Polymers and waxes 3.2.4 Other 4 Release agents 4.1 Fluorocompounds 4.2 Silicone polymers 4.3 Other polymeric compounds 4.4 Other chemical compounds 5 Slip agents 5.1 Acids 5.2 Esters 5.3 Fatty acid amides 5.4 Natural wax and its substitutes 5.5 Salts 5.6 Others
£148.75
Walter de Gruyter Metal and Polymer Micro and Nano Composites
£130.95
