Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisDescribing all classes of polymeric foams, including their chemistry, synthesis, commercial production methods, properties, and applications, this handbook is designed to support engineers in their effort to develop practical solutions for industrial design and manufacturing challenges.Since the publication of the previous edition of this book over a decade ago, many of the industry's most pressing problems, including environmentally acceptable blowing agents, combustibility, and solid waste disposal, have been addressed and significant progress has been made. The new edition addresses these developments and also presents several new classes of foam brought to industrial application in recent years.Table of Contents Fundamentals of Foam Formation Cellular Structure and Properties of Foamed Polymers Flexible Polyurethane Foams Rigid Polyurethane Foams Polyisocyanurate Foams RIM and RRIM Foams Polystyrene and Structural Foams Polyolefin Foams PVC Foams Epoxy Foams Latex Foams Silicone Foams Fluoropolymer Foams Wood Composite Foams Phenolic Foams Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Foams Syntactic Polymer Foams Blowing Agents for Polymer Foams.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of the book is to assist the designer in the development of parts that are functional, reliable, manufacturable, and aesthetically pleasing. Since injection molding is the most widely used manufacturing process for the production of plastic parts, a full understanding of the integrated design process presented is essential to achieving economic and functional design goals. Features over 425 drawings and photographs.Table of Contents Introduction tMaterials Manufacturing Considerations for Injection Molded Parts The Design Process and Material Selection Structural Design Considerations Prototyping and Experimental Stress Analysis Assembly of Injection Molded Plastic Parts Conversion Constants.

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Book SynopsisThe articles collected in this publication have previously been published in eight special issues of the Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, in honour of Dr. Allan S. Hoffman, who is known as a pioneer, a leader and a mentor in the field of biomaterials. The papers from renowned scientists from all parts of the world, representing the state-of-the-art in polymeric biomaterials today, have been rearranged into a logical order of sections, each having a distinct focus. The topics covered are: Surface Modification, Characterization and Properties; Protein Adsorption; Blood Interactions; Cell Interactions; Immobilized Cell Receptor Ligands and Immobilized Cells; Immobilized Biomolecules and Synthetic Derivatives of Biomolecules; New Polymers and Applications; Biodegradable Polymers and Drug Delivery; Water-Soluble Biomolecules, Sunthetic Polymers, and their Conjugates; Hydrogels.Table of ContentsPart I: Surface Modification, Characterization, and Properties Part IA: RF Plasma Gas Discharge 1. Molecular surface tailoring of biomaterials via pulsed RF plasma discharges 2. Introduction of amine groups on poly(ethylene) by plasma immobilization of a preadsorbed layer of decylamine hydrochloride 3. A wettability gradient as a tool to study protein adsorption and cell adhesion on polymer surfaces 4. Activity of horseradish peroxide adsorbed on radio frequency glow discharge-treated polymers 5. Patterned neuronal attachment and outgrowth on surface modified, electrically charged fluoropolymer substrates Part IB: Physico-Chemical Modification 6. New biomaterials through surface segregation phenomenon: New quaternary ammonium compounds as antibacterial agents 7. Biomaterials with permanent hydrophilic surfaces and low protein adsorption properties 8. Surface properties of RGD-peptide grafted polyurethane block copolymers: Variable take-off angle and cold-stage ESCA studies 9. Effect of polyurethane surface chemistry on its lipid sorption behavior Part II: Protein Adsorption 10. Residence time effects on monoclonal antibody binding to adsorbed fibrinogen 11. Adsorption behavior of fibrinogen to sulfonated polyethyleneoxide-grafted polyurethane surfaces 12. Effects of branching and molecular weight of surface-bound poly(ethylene oxide) on protein rejection 13. Review Formation of protein multilayers and their competitive replacement based on self-assembled biotinylated phospholipids 14. Identification of proteins adsorbed to hemodialyser membranes from heparinized plasma Part III: Blood Interactions 15. Mechanism of cytoplasmic calcium changes in platelets in contact with polystyrene and poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) surfaces 16. The synthesis of a water soluble complement activating polyacrylic acid-IgG polymer 17. A novel biomaterial: Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyamide multiblock copolymer I. Synthesis and evaluation of blood compatibility 18. Synthesis and non

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Book SynopsisThe development of the principles of electrically conductive polymer composites and the creation of a wide variety of such materials have had a significant influence on modern technology. This volume in the "New Concepts in Polymer Science" series is devoted to various aspects of the structure and properties of electrically conductive polymer composites. This monograph is an attempt to systematize modern ideas on the interconnection of the structure and properties of ECPCs. Specific attention is given to the influence of electric current on kinetics and the direction of chemical interactive processes between such systems and air oxygen. The book also contains a special chapter which is devoted to the practical applications of electrically conductive polymer composites. It should be of use and interest to researchers working in the field.Table of ContentsPart 1 The main principles of the increase of electric conductivity of polymer composites: various types of filler particle distribution in polymer matrix; fractal structure of electrically conductive filler; the formation of electric current path in electrically conductive polymer composites; experimental data on organizational forms of electrically conductive filler particles in a polymer matrix; electric conductivity mechanisms of electrically conductive polymer composites. Part 2 Selection of basic polymer or polymer matrix: the analysis of exploitation conditions and required material properties; polymers most commonly used for processing and article making; electrically conductive polymers; principles of mathematical modelling of ECPC content selection. Part 3 Selection of electrically conductive filler: metal filers - the mechanism of electric conductivity by particles of metal filler; linear dependence of electric conductivity of metal-filled ECPC; manufacture and properties of metal powder; the influence of physical and chemical factors on the distribution of highly dispersed metal particles; compulsory formation of current conductive paths in ECPCs; the influence of metal fillers on ECPC properties; the influence of magnetic field on electric conductivity of ECPCs; methods of increasing electric conductivity ECPCs with carbon graphite fillers; electron self-conductive polymers. Part 4 Estimation of working ability of electrically conductive polymers - the main spheres of ECPC application: the principles of application of ECPCs instead of traditional materials; some spheres of ECPC aplication; electromagnetic radiation sheilding; antistatic articles; heaters; resistors and transducers; assembling of electronic device components; medicinal goods; cables; articles for technical purposes; other articles made from ECPCs.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the ecological aspects of polymer flame retardation. It deals with methods for estimating polymer flammability, the mode of action of modern flame retardants, and ecological concerns of the most used halogenated flame retardants.Table of Contents1. Chapter 1. Some Concepts of Polymer Combustion 2. Chapter 2. General Methods for Testing of Polymer Materials Flammability 3. Chapter 3. Polymer Flame Retardants 4. Chapter 4. Dioxins 5. Chapter 5. New Types of Ecologically Friendly Flame Retardants

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Book SynopsisThis book considers general aspects of the theory of polymers applied in optics. The main factors affecting the light loss in polymeric wave beam guides (PG) are discussed, and the mechanism of light loss in PG is analysed. Polymers applied in fiber optics are classified with reference to methods of fabrication and purification of the materials. Technological aspects of material fabrication are considered together with kinetic aspects of polymerisation. Updated information on polymerisation kinetics of MMA and styrene, and copolymerisation of these monomers with each other is reported. Other topics discussed in the book are heterogeneity of optic copolymers, association between structure and reactivity of monomers, other properties of optic copolymers, and areas of their commercial application. This volume will be of value and interest to anyone working in the field of optic polymers, both in academia and industry.Table of ContentsPreface Introduction Optical properties of polymers and materials based on them. General problems Refractive index. Dispersion of refractive index Optical anisotropy. Birefringence Optical inhomogeneity Numerical aperture Reasons and mechanisms for light losses: Reflection; Scattering; Absorption The lowest (theoretical) limit of losses in PG Light losses in polymeric media modified by substitution of hydrogen atoms by atoms of various elements Polymers for fiber optics. General demands Polymers for core of optical fibers: Polymerizational polymers and copolymers. General problems of their production; Poly(methyl methacrylate) and other polymers of methacrylic acid ethers aEURO the main materials for PG core; Modified poly(methyl methacrylate) as the material for PG core; Polystyrene and styrene copolymers with methyl methacrylate and alkyl methacrylates; Polymers from deuterated monomers Polycondensational polymers; other types of polymers for PG core Nontraditional polymerization polymers for fiber optics Polymers for covers of optical fibers Fluorine-containing polyalkyl(meth)acrylates and ?-fluoro-acrylates Estimation of relative radical-forming ability of monomers of the fluorine methacrylate sequence in radical homopolymerization and copolymerization (in mass) with vinyl monomers and structure of macromolecular chain of copolymers obtained: Kinetics of radical polymerization of fluorine (meth)acrylates in mass; Kinetics of radical copolymerization of fluorine-containing methacrylates with vinyl monomers; relative activity of comonomers, structure of the macrochain and compositional inhomogeneity of copolymers obtained; Determination of absolute rate constants of chain propagation during polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers Study of polymerization of fluorine-containing methacrylates in the presence of some stable radicals Properties of PGs as information transmission channels Transmission bandwidth PG and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Polymeric media with refractive index gradient Classification of the refractive index gradient Measurements of the main parameters of selfocs (metrology of selfocs). Measurements of distribution of the refractive index profile and the absolute value of the refractive index by selfoc radius

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Book SynopsisEach year 350,000 metric tons of superabsorbent polymers are produced; 95% are used in personal care products such as disposable diapers and feminine napkins, both of which are much thinner because of the introduction of the superabsorbent polymers.Table of ContentsAbsorbency and Superabsorbency (F. Buchholz). Chemistry of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (T. Staples, et al.). Commercial Processes for the Manufacture of Superabsorbent Polymers (A. Graham & L. Wilson). Analysis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymers (S. Cutié, et al.). The Structure and Properties of Superabsorbent Polyacrylates (F. Buchholz). Other Superabsorbent Polymer Forms and Types (D. Allan). Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers (F. Buchholz).

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Book SynopsisSince their discovery in 1977, the evolution of conducting polymers has revolutionized modern science and technology. These polymers enjoy a special status in the area of materials science yet they are not as popular among young readers or common people when compared to other materials like metals, paper, plastics, rubber, textiles, ceramics and composites like concrete. Most importantly, much of the available literature in the form of papers, specific review articles and books is targeted either at advanced readers (scientists / technologists / engineers / senior academicians) or for those who are already familiar with the topic (doctoral / postdoctoral scholars). For a beginner or even school / college students, such compilations are bit difficult to access / digest. In fact, they need proper introduction to the topic of conducting polymers including their discovery, preparation, properties, applications and societal impact, using suitable examples and already known principles/knoTable of ContentsForeword by Sir Richard Friend xv Preface xvi Part 1: Multiphase Systems: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 1 Conjugated Polymer-based Blends, Copolymers, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 3Parveen Saini 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 7 1.2.1 Classification of CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 8 1.3 CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers (CCPs) 11 1.3.1 Types of CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers 11 1.3.2 Sub-Classification of Linear or Graft BCPs 20 1.4 CPs/ICPs-Based Composites/Nanocomposites/Hybrids 23 1.4.1 Categorization of CPs/ICPs-Based NCs 26 1.5 Interpenetrating/Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN/SIPN) 29 1.6 Synthesis of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCs/HYBs 30 1.6.1 Synthesis of Undoped CPs-Based BLNs 30 1.6.2 Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers-Based Copolymers 39 1.6.3 CPs/ICPs-Based CMPs/NCs 52 1.7 Applications of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCS/HYBs 63 1.7.1 ICP-Based Systems 63 1.7.2 CPs-Based Systems 63 1.8 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgments 80 References 80 2 Progress in Polyaniline Composites with Transition Metal Oxides 119Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović 2.1 Introduction 119 2.2 PANI/Transition Metal Oxide Composites 120 2.2.1 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Copper Group of Transition Metals 121 2.2.2 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Zinc Group of Transition Metals 121 2.2.3 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Scandium Group of Transition Metals 124 2.2.4 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Titanium Group of Transition Metals 126 2.2.5 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Vanadium Group of Transition Metals 131 2.2.6 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Chromium Group of Transition Metals 132 2.2.7 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Manganese Group of Transition Metals 137 2.2.8 PANI Composites with Oxides of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Groups of Transition Metals 140 2.3 Conclusions and Outlook 151 Abbreviations 152 References 153 3 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials-Based Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications 163Anuushka Pal, Parveen Saini, and Sameer Sapra 3.1 Introduction 164 3.2 Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 165 3.2.1 Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 166 3.2.2 Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 167 3.3 Synthetic Approaches for Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 168 3.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 169 3.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 174 3.3.3 Optical Properties 176 3.4 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (CP/QCN) Hybrids 183 3.4.1 Methodologies for Making Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic QCN Hybrids 183 3.4.2 Chemical Methods 184 3.5 Optoelectronic Applications of Hybrids 190 3.5.1 Hybrid Solar Cell 190 3.5.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 201 3.5.3 GQDs/Conjugated-Polymer-Based Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 208 3.6 Outlook and Perspective: Current Challenges and Future Scope/Prospects 210 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 4 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic and Biological Applications 229Tapas Kuila, Yu Dong Sheng, and Naresh Chandra Murmu 4.1 Introduction 230 4.2 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 231 4.2.1 Preparation of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 232 4.2.2 Different Types of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Properties 234 4.2.3 Characterizations of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 252 4.3 Applications of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 263 4.3.1 Optoelectronic Application 263 4.3.2 Biological Applications 268 4.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 270 Acknowledgements 271 References 271 Part 2: Energy Harvesting and Storage Materials 5 Conjugated Polymers-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for Photovoltaics 283Ashish Dubey, Parveen Saini, and Qiquan Qiao 5.1 Introduction 284 5.2 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Cells 284 5.3 OPV Device Architecture and Working Mechanism 287 5.4 Solar Cell Terminologies and Characterization Parameters 290 5.4.1 Air Mass (AM) 290 5.4.2 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 291 5.4.3 Short Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 292 5.4.4 Fill Factor (FF) 292 5.4.5 Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) () 293 5.4.6 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 294 5.5 CPs-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for OPVs 295 5.5.1 Polymer-Fullerene BHJ Blends 296 5.5.2 Organic–Inorganic Composites/Hybrids 303 5.5.3 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites 307 5.5.4 Polymer/Graphene-Based Composites 312 5.6 Conjugated Copolymers for PVs 314 5.6.1 Donor–Acceptor Type Alternating Copolymers 315 5.6.2 Block Copolymers with Built in p-Type Donor and n-Type Acceptor 320 5.7 Conclusions: Current Challenges and Prospects 326 Acknowledgements 327 References 327 6 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 339Qin Yao, Lidong Chen, and Sanyin Qu 6.1 Introduction 340 6.2 Synthesis Methods 346 6.2.1 In Situ Polymerization 346 6.2.2 Solution Mixing 354 6.2.3 Mechanical Mixing 359 6.3 TE Properties of CP/Inorganic Nanocomposites 361 6.3.1 CP/CNT Composite 362 6.3.2 CP/Graphene Composites 368 6.3.3 CP/Metal Composites 371 6.3.4 CP/Metal Compounds Composites 373 6.4 Summary 376 References 377 7 Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries 379Qingsheng Gao, Lichun Yang, and Ning Liu 7.1 Introduction 379 7.2 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic as Cathode Materials 383 7.2.1 LiFePO4 383 7.2.2 MnO2 386 7.2.3 V2O5 393 7.3 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymers/Inorganic as Anode Materials 402 7.3.1 Silicon 402 7.3.2 SnO2 405 7.3.3 Other Conjugated Polymer-Based Anode Materials 410 7.4 Conclusion 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 8 Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 419Peng Liu 8.1 Introduction 419 8.2 Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanocomposites 420 8.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles 421 8.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 421 8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 422 8.2.4 Graphene and Derivatives 427 8.3 Polypyrrole/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 432 8.3.1 Manganese Oxides 432 8.3.2 Titanium Oxides 435 8.3.3 Ruthenium Oxides 436 8.3.4 Other Metal Oxides 436 8.4 Polypyrrole/Clay Nanocomposites 437 8.5 Other Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites 438 8.6 Polypyrrole Ternary Composites 439 8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 443 Acknowledgments 444 References 444 Part 3: Advanced Materials for Environmental Applications 9 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-Based Blends and Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects 451Parveen Saini 9.1 Introduction 451 9.2 Shielding Phenomenon 453 9.2.1 Theoretical Shielding Effectiveness 454 9.2.2 Experimental Shielding Effectiveness 467 9.2.3 Complex Permittivity and Permeability 469 9.2.4 Shielding Materials and Design Considerations 472 9.2.5 Synthesis of ICPs-Based Hybrids (Blends and Composites) 475 9.2.6 Electrical Properties of ICPs-Based Blends and Composites 481 9.2.7 EMI Shielding Performance of ICPs-Loaded Blends and Composites 483 9.2.8 EMI Shielding Performance of ICP-Matrix-Based Composites 492 9.2.9 EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorbing Performance of ICPs/Filler Hybrid-Loaded Polymer Matrix Composites 505 9.3 Conclusions 507 References 508 10 Anticorrosion Coatings Based on Conjugated Polymers 519M. Federica De Riccardis 10.1 Introduction 519 10.2 Basic Concepts of Corrosion 522 10.3 Corrosion Prevention 524 10.4 Corrosion Tests 527 10.4.1 Immersion Tests 528 10.4.2 Cabinet Tests 529 10.4.3 Electrochemical Tests 530 10.5 Conjugated Polymers as Anticorrosion Layers 538 10.6 Conjugated Polymers Nanocomposite as Anticorrosion Layers 552 10.7 Conclusions 574 References 575 11 Conjugated Polymer-Based Composites for Water Purification 581Jiaxing Li, Yongshun Huang, and Dadong Shao 11.1 Introduction 582 11.2 Adsorption Phenomenon 583 11.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 584 11.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics 588 11.2.3 Adsorption Thermodynamics 589 11.3 PANI-Related Composites in Water Purification 591 11.3.1 PANI/Inorganic Composites 592 11.3.2 PANI/Organic Composites 594 11.4 PPy-Related Composites in Water Purification 601 11.4.1 PPy/Inorganic Composites 601 11.4.2 PPy/Organic Composites 602 11.5 Miscellaneous Conjugated Polymer Composites in Water Purification 606 11.6 Conclusion 609 Acknowledgment 609 References 609 Part 4: Sensing and Responsive Materials 12 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Chemical Sensors 621Pradip Kar, Arup Choudhury, and Sushil Kumar Verma 12.1 Introduction 622 12.2 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites as Chemical Receptor 626 12.3 General Methods for Preparation of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 631 12.3.1 Ex-situ Method 632 12.3.2 In-situ Method 642 12.4 Influence of Properties of Conjugated Polymer by Interaction with Nano-Filler 644 12.5 Fabrication of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite Layer/Film for Sensor 647 12.5.1 Electrochemical Deposition 647 12.5.2 Pellet Preparation 648 12.5.3 Dip Coating 649 12.5.4 Spin Coating 651 12.5.5 Drop Coating 652 12.5.6 Film Casting 653 12.5.7 Printing 654 12.5.8 Other Methods 655 12.6 Chemical Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 656 12.6.1 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Organic Nanocomposites 656 12.6.2 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites 658 12.7 Mechanism of Chemical Sensing by Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 670 12.7.1 Strong Chemical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 672 12.7.2 Weak Physical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 674 12.7.3 Weak Physical Interaction with the Nanomaterial 677 12.8 Challenges and Prospects 679 References 681 13 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Biosensors 687Deepshikha Saini 13.1 Introduction 687 13.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 690 13.2.1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 691 13.2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles 694 13.2.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Oxides 696 13.2.4 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins 698 13.2.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Biological Materials 700 13.2.6 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene 702 13.3 Current and Emerging Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites in Biosensors 706 13.3.1 Catalytic Biosensors 707 13.3.2 Bioaffinity Sensor 714 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 719 References 722 14 Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Smart Electrorheological Fluid Applications 731Jianbo Yin and Xiaopeng Zhao 14.1 Introduction 731 14.2 PANI as Filler for ER Fluids 734 14.3 Core/Shell-Structured PANI Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 737 14.3.1 PANI-Coated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 737 14.3.2 PANI-Encapsulated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 743 14.4 Pani-Intercalated Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 747 14.4.1 PANI/Clay Nanocomposites 747 14.4.2 PANI/Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites 750 14.5 Conclusions 752 Acknowledgments 752 References 752 Index 759

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses new developments in an up-to-date, coherent and objective set of chapters by eminent researchers in the area of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It covers, biomaterials such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, hemicelluloses, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Other important topics such as hybrid biocomposites and bionanocomposites of polypropylene, biodegradation study of polypropylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites, polypropylene-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications, polypropylene-based carbon nanomaterials reinforced nanocomposites, degradation and flame retardency of polypropylene-based composites and nanocomposites, are covered as well.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Visakh. P. M 1.1 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 1 1.2 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 3 1.3 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 5 1.4 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 6 1.5 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 7 1.6 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 9 1.7 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 10 1.8 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Application 12 1.9 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 13 References 14 2 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 23Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 PP/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 24 2.3 Conclusion 46 References 47 3 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 55Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 PP/Starch Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 57 3.3 Conclusion 79 References 79 4 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 85Xin Wang 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 87 4.3 Conclusion 107 References 108 5 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 113Svetlana Butylina 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 116 5.3 Conclusion 141 References 141 6 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 145S. Butylina and I. Turku 6.1 Biodegradability of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 146 6.2 Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 154 6.3 Conclusions 171 References 171 7 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 177Jian Wang 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Preparation Principles for PP SPCs 180 7.3 Processing Methods and Properties of PP SPCs 187 7.4 Applications 235 7.5 Summary 239 Acknowledgments 242 References 242 8 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 247Amir Ghasemi, Ehsan Pesaran Haji Abbas, Leila Farhang and Reza Bagheri 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Types of Natural Fibers 248 8.3 Processing of PP/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 252 8.4 Characterization and Properties of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 256 8.5 Applications of Plant-Based Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 267 8.6 Future Perspectives and the Global Market 274 8.7 Conclusion 275 References 276 9 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method Development, Properties and Applications 287Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah and Muhammad Rafi Raza 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Method Development 289 9.3 Composite Properties 301 9.4 Applications 305 9.5 The Way Forward 309 References 310 10 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 315Yekta Karaduman and Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman 10.1 Introduction 316 10.2 Natural Fibers 317 10.3 Fiber-Matrix Interface 320 10.4 Interfacial Modification of PP-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 327 10.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 342 References 343 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThe text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. The book provides a broad overview of functional synthetic polymers. Special issues in the text are: Surface functionalization supramolecular polymers, shape memory polymers, foldable polymers, functionalized biopolymers, supercapacitors, photovoltaic issues, lithography, cleaning methods, such as recovery of gold ions olefin/paraffin, separation by polymeric membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, and other related topics.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Basic Issues of Functionalized Polymers 1 2 Methods and Principles of Functionalization 11 3 Technical Applications 95 4 Medical Applications 221 5 Pharmaceutical Applications 247 Index 275

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Book SynopsisExplore the cutting-edge in self-healing polymers and composites In Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites, a pair of distinguished materials scientists delivers an insightful and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. The book discusses how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair, high temperature applications, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. The authors emphasize the integration of existing techniques with novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication. They provide a comprehensive view of this emerging field, allowing new researchers to gather a firm understanding of the framework for creating new materials or applications. Additionally, the book includes: A thorough introduction to the fieTable of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 Basics of self-healing – state of the art 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Adhesive bonding for healing thermosetting materials 1.1.2 Fusion bonding for healing thermoplastic materials 1.1.3 Bioinspired self-healing 1.2 Intrinsic self-healing 1.2.1 Self-healing based on physical interactions 1.2.2 Self-healing based on chemical interactions 1.2.3 Self-healing based on supramolecular interactions 1.3 Extrinsic self-healing 1.3.1 Self-healing in terms of healant loaded pipelines 1.3.2 Self-healing in terms of healant loaded microcapsules 1.4 Insights for future work 1.5 References Chapter 2 Extrinsic self-healing via addition polymerization 2.1 Design and selection of healing system 2.2 Microencapsulation of mercaptan and epoxy by in-situ polymerization 2.2.1 Microencapsulation of mercaptan 2.2.2 Microencapsulation of epoxy 2.3 Filling polymeric tubes with mercaptan and epoxy 2.4 Characterization of self-healing functionality 2.4.1 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of crack due to monotonic fracture 2.4.2 Factors related to performance improvement 2.4.3 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of fatigue crack 2.4.4 Self-healing epoxy/glass fabric composites with embedded dual encapsulated healant – healing of impact damage 2.4.5 Self-healing epoxy/glass fabric composites with self-pressurized healing system 2.5 Concluding remarks 2.6 References Chapter 3 Extrinsic self-healing via cationic polymerization 3.1 Thermosetting 3.1.1 Microencapsulation of epoxy by UV irradiation-induced interfacial copolymerization 3.1.2 Encapsulation of boron-containing curing agent 3.1.2.1 Loading boron-containing curing agent onto porous media 3.1.2.2 Microencapsulation of boron-containing curing agent via hollow capsules approach 3.1.3 Characterization of self-healing functionality 3.1.3.1 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and (C2H5)2O•BF3-loaded sisal 3.1.3.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded dual encapsulated healant 3.1.4 Preparation of silica walled microcapsules containing SbF5•HOC2H5/HOC2H5 3.1.5 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and SbF5•HOC2H5/HOC2H5-loaded silica capsules 3.1.6 Preparation of silica walled microcapsules containing TfOH 3.1.7 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and TfOH-loaded silica capsules 3.2 Thermoplastics 3.2.1 Preparation of IBH/GMA-loaded microcapsules 3.2.2 Self-healing PS composites filled with IBH/GMA-loaded microcapsules and NaBH4 particles 3.3 Concluding remarks 3.4 References Chapter 4 Extrinsic self-healing via anionic polymerization 4.1 Preparation of epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener 4.1.1 Microencapsulation of epoxy by in-situ condensation 4.1.2 Preparation of imidazole latent hardener 4.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener 4.3 Self-healing epoxy/woven glass fabric composites with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener – healing of interlaminar failure 4.4 Durability of healing ability 4.5 Self-healing epoxy/woven glass fabric composites with embedded epoxy-loaded microcapsules and latent hardener – healing of impact damage 4.6 Concluding remarks 4.7 References Chapter 5 Extrinsic self-healing via miscellaneous reactions 5.1 Extrinsic self-healing via nucleophilic addition and ring-opening reactions 5.1.1 Microencapsulation of GMA by in-situ polymerization 5.1.2 Self-healing epoxy materials with embedded single-component healant 5.2 Extrinsic self-healing via living polymerization 5.2.1 Preparation of living PMMA and its composites with GMA-loaded microcapsules 5.2.2 Self-healing performance of living PMMA composites filled with GMA-loaded microcapsules 5.2.3 Preparation of GMA-loaded multilayered microcapsules and their PS based composites 5.2.4 Self-healing performance of PS composites filled with GMA-loaded multilayered microcapsules 5.3 Extrinsic self-healing via free radical polymerization 5.3.1 Microencapsulation of styrene and BPO 5.3.2 Self-healing performance of epoxy composites filled with the dual capsules 5.4 Concluding remarks 5.5 References Chapter 6 Intrinsic self-healing via Diels-Alder reaction 6.1 Molecular design and synthesis 6.1.1 Synthesis and characterization of DGFA 6.1.2 Reversibility of DA bonds and crack remendability of DGFA based polymer 6.1.3 Synthesis and characterization of FGE 6.1.4 Reversibility of DA bonds and crack remendability of FGE based polymer 6.2 Blends of DGFA and FGE 6.2.1 Reversibility of DA bonds 6.2.2 Crack remendability of cured DGFA/FGE blends 6.3 Concluding remarks 6.4 References Chapter 7 Intrinsic self-healing via synchronous fission/radical recombination of C-ON bond 7.1 Thermal reversibility of alkoxyamine in polymer solids 7.2 Self-healing crosslinked polystyrene 7.2.1 Synthesis 7.2.2 Characterization 7.3 Self-healing epoxy 7.3.1 Synthesis 7.3.2 Characterization 7.4 Self-healing polymers containing alkoxyamine with oxygen insensitivity and reduced homolysis temperature 7.4.1 Synthesis 7.4.2 Characterization 7.5 Reversible shape memory polyurethane network with intrinsic self-healability of wider crack 7.5.1 Synthesis 7.5.2 Characterization 7.6 Concluding remarks 7.7 References Chapter 8 Intrinsic self-healing via exchange reaction of disulfide bond 8.1 Room-temperature self-healable and remoldable crosslinked polysulfide 8.2 Sunlight driven self-healing polymers containing disulfide bond 8.2.1 Crosslinked polyurethane 8.2.1.1 Bulk polymer 8.2.1.2 Composites with silver nanowires as strain sensor 8.2.2 Commercial silicone elastomer 8.3 Self-healing and reclaiming of vulcanized rubber 8.4 Concluding remarks 8.5 References

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface i 1 General Aspects 1 1.1 Subjects of the Book 1 1.2 Special Issues 2 1.3 Injection Molding 3 1.3.1 Cost Estimation in Injection Molding 3 1.3.2 Cost Prediction Models 4 1.4 Miniature Molding Processes 6 1.5 Computer Determination of Weld Lines in Injection Molding 6 1.6 Extrusion Blow Molding 8 1.6.1 Rapid Thermal Cycling Molding 8 1.6.2 Rapid Heat Cycle Molding 8 1.6.3 Injection Molding: Heating 16 1.7 Microcellular Injection Molding 22 1.8 Mold Cooling 23 1.9 Microcellular Foam Processing System 27 1.9.1 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding 27 1.9.2 Water-Assisted Injection Molding 32 1.10 Molding Machine for Granules 32 1.11 Foam Curing of Footwear 33 1.12 Injection Compression Molding 35 1.13 Hot Press System 35 1.14 Stamper Mold 38 1.14.1 Recoding Media 38 1.14.2 Microscopic Structured Body 39 1.15 Plastic Waste 42 1.15.1 Marine Pollution 43 1.15.2 Human Health Effects 45 1.15.3 Recycling 45 References 57 2 Process Analysis 65 2.1 Concepts and Strategies 66 2.1.1 Chemometrics 67 2.1.2 Safety Risks 68 2.1.3 Feedback Procedures 68 2.2 Linear Systems 68 2.2.1 Simple First-Order Systems 68 2.2.2 Fractional Order Systems 69 2.2.3 Nonlinear Systems and Linearization 69 2.2.4 Characteristics of Systems 75 2.2.5 Controllers and Controller Settings 84 2.3 Twin-Screw Extrusion 91 References 92 3 Examples of Process Analysis 99 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Balance 99 3.1.1 Poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate) 99 3.1.2 Polyester Binder 100 3.2 Injection Molding Technology 101 3.2.1 Module for CAD Modeling of the Part 103 3.2.2 Module forNumerical Simulation of Injection Molding Process 104 3.2.3 Module for Calculation of Parameters of Injection Molding and Mold Design Calculation and Selection 105 3.2.4 Module for Mold Modeling 106 3.2.5 Examples of Testing 107 3.2.6 Molding Air Cooling 108 3.2.7 Cavity Pressure 109 3.2.8 Plastics Extruder Dynamics 110 3.2.9 History of Mathematical Modeling 110 3.2.10 Current Physical Components Concept 112 3.2.11 Process Stages 112 3.2.12 Data Envelopment Analysis 116 3.2.13 Taguchi Method 118 3.2.14 Tait Model 119 3.2.15 Phan-Thien-Tanner Model 121 3.2.16 Product Quality Prognosis 121 3.2.17 Production Predictive Control 122 3.2.18 Parameter Optimization for Energy Saving 123 3.2.19 Multilayer Control System 124 3.2.20 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method 125 3.2.21 Temperature-Dependent Adaptive Control 126 3.2.22 Micro-Injection Molding 128 3.2.23 Immiscible Polymer Blends 131 3.2.24 Resin Injection Molding 133 3.2.25 Foam Injection Molding 137 3.2.26 Self-Optimizing Injection Molding Process 138 3.2.27 Machine Setup 140 3.3 Shrinkage in Injection Molding 146 3.3.1 Factors that Affect the Shrinkage 146 3.3.2 Effect of a Cooling System 147 3.3.3 Influence of Molding Conditions on the Shrinkage and Roundness 148 3.3.4 Shear Viscosity 148 3.3.5 In-Situ Shrinkage Sensor 149 3.3.6 Semicrystalline Polymer 151 3.3.7 Thermoplastic Elastomers 151 3.3.8 Reprocessing of ABS 153 3.3.9 Sequential Simplex Algorithm with Automotive Ventiduct Grid 155 3.3.10 Taguchi, ANOVA, CAE, and Neural Network Methods 156 3.4 Recycling by Extrusion 166 3.4.1 Multiple In-Line Extruders 166 3.4.2 Mixed Post-Consumer Plastic Waste 167 3.4.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 168 3.4.4 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 169 3.4.5 Poly(lactic acid) 169 3.4.6 Expanded Poly(styrene) 169 3.5 Batch Washing of Recycled Films 171 3.5.1 Recycling of Poly(styrene)Waste 171 3.5.2 Textile Finishing 172 3.5.3 Removing Scrap from Containers 173 3.5.4 Adsorption Isotherms and Desorption Rates 175 3.6 Self-Purging Microwave Pyrolysis 176 3.7 Purging and Plasticization in Injection Molding 177 3.7.1 Automatic Purging 177 3.8 Hot Runner Systems 179 3.8.1 Hot Runner Mold with Runner Pipe 180 3.8.2 Hot Runner System in Plastics Molding Tools 183 3.8.3 Manufacturing and Assembling of Hot Runner Systems 184 3.9 Blown Film Extrusion and Thickness Control 185 3.10 Residence Time Distribution for Biomass Pyrolysis 186 3.11 Reactive Extrusion 187 References 187 4 Process Instrumentation 201 4.1 In-Mold Measurement 201 4.2 Temperature 202 4.2.1 Soft Actuator 202 4.2.2 Thermocouples 202 4.2.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 206 4.2.4 Thin Film Miniature Temperature Sensors 214 4.2.5 Neural Networks 214 4.3 Position Transducers 215 4.3.1 Rotary Position Transducer 215 4.3.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 216 4.3.3 Optical Encoders 218 4.3.4 Thickness Gauges 218 4.4 Composition of Matter 222 4.4.1 IR Interferometer for Multilayer Film 222 4.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction 225 4.4.3 Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry 226 4.4.4 Test for Ice Adhesion Strength 226 4.4.5 Piezoelectric Coaxial Filament Sensors 228 4.4.6 Instrumentation for Impact Testing 228 4.4.7 Treatment of Titanium Surfaces 229 4.4.8 Spatial Differentiation of Sub-Micrometer Domains 230 4.5 Medical Issues 231 4.5.1 Endoscopic Plastic Surgical Procedures 231 4.5.2 Medical Catheters 231 4.5.3 Multichannel Plastic Joint 237 4.5.4 Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery 238 4.5.5 Wire-Actuated Universal-Joint Wrists 238 4.5.6 Musculoskeletal Disorders 239 References 240 5 Actuators and Final Control Elements 245 5.1 Servo Valves 245 5.1.1 Nozzle Assembly for a Servo Valve 245 5.2 Servo Motors 248 5.2.1 Hydraulic System 248 5.2.2 Functionally Graded Materials 248 5.3 Solenoid Valves 251 5.3.1 Design Verification Methodology 251 5.3.2 Small Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.3 High-Speed Solenoid Valve 252 5.3.4 Numerical Simulation 252 5.4 Heaters 253 5.4.1 Conduction Heaters 253 5.4.2 Radiant Heaters 255 5.4.3 Heater Controls 255 5.5 Drive Motors and Motor Speed Control for Extrusion 256 5.5.1 Single-Drive Motor 256 5.5.2 Linear Induction Motor 256 5.5.3 Motor Power Consumption in Single-Screw Extrusion 257 5.5.4 Dual Motor Multi-Head 3D Printer 258 References 258 6 Analysis of Melt Processing Systems 261 6.1 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding 261 6.1.1 Case-Based Reasoning Method 261 6.1.2 Knowledge-Based Reasoning Method 264 6.1.3 Rule-Based Reasoning Method 265 6.1.4 Fuzzy Reasoning Method 266 6.2 Process Parameter Determination of Plastic Injection Molding of LCDs 267 6.3 Processing History 267 6.3.1 Flow Defects 267 6.3.2 Biocomposites 269 6.3.3 3D Printing 271 6.3.4 Semiconducting Polymer Blends 272 6.3.5 Van Gurp-Palmen Plot 272 6.3.6 Nanocrystal Composites 273 6.3.7 Melt-Mastication 274 6.3.8 Crystal Nucleation in Nanocomposites 275 6.4 Shear History 276 6.5 Extrusion Product Control 278 6.5.1 Branched Structures 278 6.5.2 Big Area Additive Manufacturing 279 6.5.3 Single-Screw Extrusion Control 280 6.5.4 Blown Film 284 6.5.5 Chill Roll Cast Film 285 6.5.6 Sheet 292 6.5.7 Profiles 294 6.5.8 Pipe and Tubing 297 6.5.9 Automatic Screen Changers 303 6.6 Extrusion Blow Molding Parison Control 306 6.7 Injection Molding 310 6.7.1 Ram Velocity Control 310 6.7.2 Pressure Control 313 6.7.3 Gas-Assisted Control 319 6.7.4 System Diagnostics 322 6.7.5 Statistical Process and Quality Control 328 6.8 Thermoforming 329 6.8.1 Twin Sheet Thermoforming 329 6.8.2 Rotary Thermoforming 330 6.8.3 Process Model for Thermoforming 331 6.9 Rotomolding 332 6.9.1 Polymer Compositions for Rotomolding 334 6.10 Compounders 348 6.10.1 History of Compounding 348 6.10.2 Types of Compounders 348 6.10.3 Special Applications 350 References 352 7 Auxiliary Equipment 363 7.1 Crammer Feeder 363 7.1.1 Crammer Feeder for Extruder 363 7.1.2 Devulcanization of Scrap Rubber 363 7.2 Dryers 364 7.2.1 Drying Temperatures 364 7.2.2 Moisture Content 366 7.2.3 Resin Dryers 366 7.2.4 Pellet Dryers 369 7.3 Pullers 379 7.3.1 Pullers in Extrusion 379 7.3.2 Pullers in Injection Molding 381 7.4 Chillers 384 7.5 Robots 385 References 387 Index 389 Acronyms 389 Chemicals 394 General Index 399

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction: Technical Background 1 S.F. Xavier 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices 3 1.2 Composite Materials 4 1.3 Processing 6 1.3.1 Various Processing Methods 7 1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution 7 1.3.2 Extrusion 8 1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder 8 1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder 11 1.3.3 Injection Molding 19 1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process 21 1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties 23 1.3.4 Compression Molding 25 1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation 27 1.3.5.1 Autoclaving 27 1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement 28 1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process 28 1.3.6.1 Stamping 29 1.3.6.2 Compression Molding 29 1.4 Test Methods 29 1.4.1 Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties 29 1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties 41 1.4.1.C Impact Strength 41 1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (K IC) 44 1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing 48 1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening 51 1.4.3 Electrical Properties 53 1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement 53 1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties 56 1.4.4 Thermal Properties 57 1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R) 57 1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (λ) 57 1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) 60 1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point 63 1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point 65 1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC) 69 1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA) 77 1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA) 77 1.4.6 Optical Properties 79 1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques 81 1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement 83 1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene 85 1.5 Electron Microscopy 86 1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 88 1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 88 1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM 89 1.6 Concluding Remarks 90 References 90 2 Filled Polymer Composites 101 S.F. Xavier 2.1 Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites 101 2.1.1.1 Introduction 101 2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites 102 2.1.2.1 History of HDPE 102 2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers 103 2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers 117 2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations 117 2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers 118 2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices 124 2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites 125 2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP) 125 2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers 126 2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers 130 2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers 130 2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites 146 2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation 146 2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements 147 2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c ) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C 151 2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C 152 2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation 156 2.1.5.3 Fractography 158 2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion 164 2.2 Table-1: Examples of Thermoplastic Matrices Filled with Different Organic/Inorganic Fillers 167 2.3 Concluding Remarks 174 References 175 3 Short Fiber Reinforced Composites 185 S.F. Xavier 3.1 Basic Concepts 185 3.1.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 185 3.a HDPE 188 3.2 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 188 3.3 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites 190 3.3.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties 190 3.3.1.A Fiber Attributes Affecting Polymer Composite Properties 191 3.3.1.B Source and Morphology of the Cellulosic Fibers 196 3.3.2 HDPE/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 197 3.3.3 HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 200 3.3.4 R-HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber 203 3.3.5 HDPE/Short Flax Fiber 206 3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber 208 3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites 210 3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 211 3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO 3 /Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites 212 3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites 214 3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites 215 3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites 216 3.b PP 218 3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 218 3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement 220 3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites 226 3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 228 3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant 230 3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant) 231 3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 235 3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber 239 3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber 243 3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber 247 3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber 255 3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 261 3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites 262 3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites 263 3.c PVC 264 3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites 264 3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber 266 3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber 268 3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber 271 3.d PLA 273 3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites 273 3.12.1 History of PLA 273 3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber 274 3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber 278 3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber 284 3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber 289 3.E Nylon 6 292 3.13.1 History of Nylon- 6 292 3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF) 295 3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF) 302 3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 308 3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber) 312 3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites 314 3.f PEEK 316 3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 316 3.14.1 History of PEEK 316 3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites 319 3.14.2.a Structure-Property Relations 319 3.14.2.b Interphase-Morphology 321 3.14.2.c Tribology of PEEK Composites 326 3.14.2.d Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites 328 3.14.2.e Ratcheting Behavior 330 3.14.2.f Bio-Medical Applications 331 3.15 Concluding Remarks 335 References 337 Annexure- 1 367 Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites 367 4 Long Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 S.F. Xavier 4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites 369 4.1 Basic Concepts 369 4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement 372 4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 374 4.A Polypropylene 385 4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 385 4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement 385 4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP) 392 4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites 394 4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites 397 4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 400 4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber 400 4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber 403 4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber 406 4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber 410 4.B Nylon 6 413 4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 413 4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber 413 4.4.1.A Processing 413 4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement 414 4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber 416 4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography 422 4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures 424 4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon- 6 424 4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process 426 4.c PBT 428 4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites 428 4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber 428 4.d PEEK 436 4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 436 4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber 436 4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber 448 4.7 Concluding Remarks 459 References 460 5 Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites 479 S.F. Xavier 5.1 Basic Concepts 480 5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers 480 5.a PP 481 5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites 481 5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement 481 5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding 484 5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation 486 5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite 489 5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites - Continuous Process 489 5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites 490 5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes 490 5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding 492 5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites 493 5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn 495 5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices 496 5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films 498 5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites 499 5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP 500 5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber 502 5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment 503 5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber 505 5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns) 505 5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber 505 5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber 506 5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers 508 5.B Nylon 6 511 5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites 511 5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF) 511 5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion 513 5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process 513 5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement 516 5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 516 5.3.2.1 Continuous Method 516 5.3.3 Carbon Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 Melt (Discontinuous Method) 517 5.3.4 Melt Impregnation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 Composites 520 5.3.5 Three-Dimensional Fabric Composites 522 5.c PPS 523 5.4 Continuous CF Reinforced PPS 523 5.4.1 Ultra-Lightweight Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS Composite Using ‘Spread Tow Technology’ 523 5.d PEEK 527 5.5 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites 527 5.5.1 PEEK/Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) 527 5.6 Concluding Remarks 533 References 533 6 Nanocomposites 545 S.F. Xavier 6.1 Basics 546 6.1.1 History of Nanoscience 546 6.1.1.A The Growth of Nanotechnology 547 6.1.1.B Nano Milestones 549 6.1.1.C Some Significant Achievements in Nanotechnology 551 6.1.2 Nanomaterials Used in Polymers 552 6.1.2.A Nanoparticles/Fillers 552 6.1.2.B Nanoflakes 555 6.1.2.C Nanofibers 561 6.2 Nanocomposites: General Principles 566 6.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites by Different Routes 566 6.2.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 576 6.2.2.1 Methods to Achieve Intercalation/Exfoliation 578 6.3 Nanocomposites with Different Polymers 581 6.3.1 LDPE Nanocomposites with Different Nanoparticles 581 6.3.1.A LDPE/Nano Al2 O3 582 6.3.1.B LDPE/Nano MgO 582 6.3.1.C LDPE/Nano TiO2 585 6.3.1.D LDPE/Nano ZnO 586 6.3.1.E LDPE/Treated Nano Cloisite 20A 588 6.3.1.F LDPE/PE-g-MAH/Cv/OMMT 588 6.3.1.G LDPE/LLDPE-g-MAH/Organo Clay 590 6.3.1.H LDPE/LDPE-g-MAH/Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.i PE/Polythiophene/Sol-Gel Nano Ag 593 6.3.1.j LDPE Foams/Nano Silica 595 6.3.2 HDPE Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 597 6.3.2.A HDPE/Nano Ag 597 6.3.2.B HDPE/Nano Au 600 6.3.2.C HDPE/Nano Bentonite 605 6.3.2.D HDPE/Nano CaCO3 607 6.3.2.E HDPE/Nano Cloisite 20A/Nano Cu 609 6.3.2.F HDPE/Nano Copper Oxide 610 6.3.2.G HDPE/Nano Fe3 O 4 612 6.3.2.H HDPE/Nano PbS 614 6.3.2.i HDPE/Nano Silica 617 6.3.2.j HDPE/Nano TiO 2 /Nano CNC 621 6.3.2.K HDPE/Nano ZnO 623 6.3.2.L HDPE/Nano ZrP/Oct 627 6.3.3 PP Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 628 6.3.3.A PP/Nano Ag 628 6.3.3.B PP/Nano Ag/PEG 630 6.3.3.C PP/Nano Ag/γ-Radiation/MMT 634 6.3.3.D PP/Nano Al 2 O 3 637 6.3.3.E PP/Nano γ-Al 2 O 3 -g-PS 638 6.3.3.F PP/Nano BaCO 3 641 6.3.3.G PP/Nano BaSO 4 644 6.3.3.H PP/Nano CaCO 3 645 6.3.3.i PP/Nano CaCO 3 /Nano SiO 2 650 6.3.3.j PP/Nano Cu 652 6.3.3.K PP/Nano Fe 2 O 3 655 6.3.3.L PP/Nano TiO 2 658 6.3.4 PVC Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 659 6.3.4.A PVC/Nano Clay 660 6.3.4.B PVC/(Single Layer) Graphene 665 6.3.4.C PVC/Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG) 668 6.3.4.D PVC/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) 672 6.3.4.E PVC/TiO 2 (In Situ Suspension Polymerization) 676 6.3.4.F PVC/Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles) 680 6.3.4.G PVC/Nano ZrO 2 682 6.3.5 PLA Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 688 6.3.5.A PLA/Nano Ag 688 6.3.5.B PLA/Nano Au 692 6.3.5.C PLA/Nano Cu-Mt 696 6.3.5.D PLA/Nano SiO 2 700 6.3.5.E PLA/Nano-Precipitated CaCO 3 (npcc) 705 6.3.5.F PLA/Nano-TiO 2 707 6.3.5.G PLA/Nano-ZnO 711 6.3.6 PA-6 Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 713 6.3.6.A PA-6/Nano-MMT 713 6.3.6.B PA-6/Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) 723 6.3.7 PEEK Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles 725 6.3.7.A PEEK/Graphene for Laser Sintering 725 6.3.7.B PEEK/Graphene/MWCNT for Conducting Filaments 738 6.4 Concluding Remarks 745 References 747 Appendix- 1 786 Nanostructures 786 7 Applications 787 S.F. Xavier 7.1 Basic Concepts 787 7.1.1 History and Growth of Thermoplastic Polymer Composite Applications 787 7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 790 7.2.1 Automotive Applications 790 7.2.1.A Nanocomposites in Automotives 795 7.2.2 Aerospace Applications 799 7.2.3 Marine Applications 801 7.2.4 Military Applications 803 7.2.5 Sports Applications 804 7.3 Construction Applications 804 7.3.1 Repair & Rehabilitation 805 7.3.2 Emergency Seismic Repair 807 7.3.3 Repair & Rehabilitation of Wood Members 808 7.4 Electrical Applications 811 7.4.1 Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 811 7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding 812 7.4.3 Metal-Polymer Composites for AC Applications at High Frequencies 817 7.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites for Electrical Applications 824 7.5 Biomedical Applications 829 7.5.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 829 7.5.2 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 832 7.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites 844 7.6 Tribological Applications 852 7.6.1 Polymer Tribology 853 7.6.2 Influence of Load and Polymer Tg 856 7.6.3 Influence of Reinforcement 856 7.6.4 Influence of Lubricating Additive 857 7.6.5 Influence of Temperature 859 7.6.6 Biomimetics: An Application of Tribology 864 7.7 Concluding Remarks 869 References 870 8 Recycling Polymer Comosites 887 S.F. Xavier 8.1 Environment vs Polymer Waste 887 8.1.1 Polymer Pollution: A Serious Threat 887 8.1.2 Recycling Waste Composite Materials 893 8.1.3 Sustainable Recycling of Polymer Composites 898 8.2 Recycling Filled/Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 899 8.2.1 Recycled Polymer ‘Red Mud’ Composite 899 8.2.2 Recycled HDPE Filled with ‘Waste Mud Solids’ 902 8.2.3 Recycled Wood Polymer Composites 907 8.2.4 Recycled Polymer Composites from Industrial Side-Stream Materials 914 8.2.5 From Recycled Materials to ‘Green Composites’ 918 8.3 Recyclability and Bio-Composites 925 8.3.1 Bio-Composites of PLA 925 8.3.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA/Nano MMT Improves Properties 931 8.3.1.2 Melt Reprocessed PLA/Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites 933 8.3.2 Recyclability of PP/Bagasse Composites 941 8.4 Applications of Recycled Polymer Composites 946 8.4.1 Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Composite Materials 946 8.5 FRPs: Sustainability and Human Health Issues 951 8.5.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 951 8.6 Concluding Remarks 960 References 961 9 Outlook on Future of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 979 S.F. Xavier 9.1 Constituents of Thermoplastic Composites 979 9.1.1 The Matrix 979 9.1.2 Reinforcement 981 9.1.3 Interphase 982 9.2 The Future of Thermoplastic Composites 982 9.2.1 Automotive Sector 982 9.2.2 Aerospace and Defence Sectors 986 9.2.3 Bio-Medical Applications 989 9.2.4 Special Applications 993 9.3 Final Concluding Remarks 997 References 997

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Book SynopsisNatural and synthetic water soluble polymers are used in a wide range of familiar industrial and consumer products, including coatings and inks, papers, adhesives, cosmetics and personal care products. They perform a variety of functions without which these products would be significantly more expensive, less effective or both.Table of Contents1 Introduction. 2 Natural thickeners. 3 Acrylic polymers as rheology modifiers for water-based solutions. 4 Gelling agents. 5 Emulsification and encapsulation. 6 Polymeric flocculants. 7 Polymer micelles: amphiphilic block and graft copolymers as polymeric surfactants. 8 Applications of water soluble dendrimers. 9 Preparation, properties and applications of colloidal microgels. 10 Industrial water soluble polymers in packaging

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Book SynopsisPolymers are an example of products-by-process, where the final product properties are mostly determined during manufacture, in the reactor. An understanding of processes occurring in the polymerization reactor is therefore crucial to achieving efficient, consistent, safe, and environmentally friendly production of polymeric materials.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Polymerization Processes. 2. Coordination Polymerization. 3. Free Radical Polymerization. Homogeneous Systems. 4. Free radical polymerization. Heterogeneous systems. 5. Suspension polymerization. 6. Emulsion Plymerization. 7. Step Growth Polymerization. 8. Control of Polymerization Reactors

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Book SynopsisThe Mold-Making Handbook has proven to be an essential resource for the plastics engineer who handles the design and construction of tools for different processing methods, from injection molding and blow molding, to prototyping tools, including their computer-aided design.The present edition has been completely updated with new chapters including micro injection molds, molds for the rubber industry, and rapid prototyping. Separate sections describe the tool materials and various manufacturing and processing methods. Each chapter is self-contained; the proposed synergistic effect is achieved especially when the reader not only reads »his« chapter, but is willing to »look outside the box« of his own specialist field.This handbook is for both the reader who is looking for an introduction to a key area of plastics processing as well as the pronounced specialist to enable quick reading into related technical areas. Written by experts from the industry, the book captures the current state of the technique. The Mold-Making Handbook will prove extremely useful for engineers, designers, processors, technical salesmen, and students interested in all aspects of mold construction.Table of Contents Molds for Various Processing Methods Mold Design Materials for Tool Making Manufacturing and Machining Methods Ordering and Operation of Molds.

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Book SynopsisThree-dimensional molded interconnect devices (MIDs) enable mechanical, electronic, optical, thermal and fluidic functions to be integrated into injection-molded components. Function integration on this scale goes hand in hand with a high level of geometrical design freedom and opportunities for miniaturization, plus the associated reduction in weight and savings on product costs. MIDs are made primarily of recyclable thermoplastics, so they are more environmentally compatible than alternatives produced using other available technologies.MIDs are used in virtually every sector of electronics. The many standard applications for MIDs in the automotive industry in particular also drive for further development and research into MID technology. The significance of MID technology is also increasing in medical engineering, IT and telecommunications and in industrial automation, with numerous applications now successfully implemented in all these various fields.This book offers a comprehensive insight into the state of the art in 3D-MID technology along the entire process chain. Individual chapters, moreover, deal with systematics of targeted development of MID parts and explore, with a dozen and more successful series-production applications as examples, the widely diverse fields of application for MID technology.

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Book SynopsisThe widespread use of large scale units for manufacturing blown film, blow-molded articles, flat film, and extruded pipes necessitates troubleshooting on site. This book provides practical computational tools which can be applied easily on the shop floor to obtain quick solutions in these and many other areas of polymer extrusion.

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Book SynopsisThis is a practical guide to cost-effective formulating of rubber compounds to achieve optimal processing and performance. It provides a thorough discussion of the principles of rubber compounding, rubber testing, and how various compound changes will affect different properties and test measurements.Rubber compounding is discussed as a series of interdependent systems such as the elastomer system, the filler-oil system, the cure system, among others. A holistic approach is used to show how changes in these different systems will affect specific compound properties.Much attention is given to trade-offs in properties and emphasis is placed on finding the best balance for compound cost, processing properties, and product performance. New in this third edition: new and revised content on recycled rubber, precipitated silica and non-black fillers, and silicone elastomers.

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Book SynopsisThe intent of all technological advancements in the machining universe is to increase productivity and precision with less involvement of the endangered species known as the Machinist. Connectivity, data, and digitization are providing opportunities for significant improvements in modeling, programming, simulation, machine/people productivity, and real-time decision making. Advances in chip technology and processing speeds yield more sophisticated controls. Software enhancements create advanced CAM systems which interpret more complex models and produce higher precision programs.This book demonstrates how to integrate these technological advancements with Lean /Six Sigma, CNC Programming, Quality, and machining best practices to create an agile machining organization capable of winning against competition anywhere in the world.While most publications are written for executives the author has deliberately designed this publication for the entire organization. The role of everyone on the organizational chart or in the shop is discussed and reviewed. The premise of the book is that the demands of global competition on the modern machining organization are so great that success requires a foundation of Leadership, People, Equipment, Quality, IT, robust processes, and all employees executing to yield exceptional quality, delivery, and profits. The author provides the architecture and blueprint for high performance.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

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Book SynopsisYou need reliable initial processing data before setting up an injection molding machine to optimize and stabilize the process if you want to guarantee excellent results. A good set up can save you time and money. This powerful tool will provide you with the most important processing data, such as viscosity, thermal properties, mold temperatures, and suggested heater temperatures for the most commonly used materials in injection molding.Pocket-sized and condensed - yet clear and comprehensive!The PLASTICS POCKET POWER Series was developed with the plastics processor in mind. Its small, 3""X5"" size makes it a convenient resource tool for people to carry with them. These books are practical reference tools that contain all of the pertinent data plastics processors need to overcome the day-to-day challenges they encounter. The unique spiral binding of these books lets the user easily flip through the pages, mark their most-often used pages by keeping them flipped open, and allows the book to lay flat.

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Book SynopsisDie Design for Extrusion of Plastic Tubes and Pipes covers this topic from a uniquely practical perspective. The content draws on the author's over 50 years of experience in the plastics processing industry, most recently as head of the successful extrusion die manufacturing company he established in 1995. His approach is oriented toward solving production problems at the design stage using computer aided techniques for design and simulation of the plastic flow.The book provides a step-by-step guide to extrusion die design, with worked examples to illustrate problem solving. It is shown how important melt flow variables (e.g., pressure drop, shear stress, shear rate, temperature variations, and distribution variations, etc.) of key materials are determined using FEM software. The detailed drawings of complete dies for various applications that are provided constitute a rare and valuable resource. Both mono- and multilayer pipes are covered.Using the proven methods and examples from this book, the reader is well-equipped to understand dies for successful manufacture of tubes and pipes of many types.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.Table of Contents Basic Considerations Project Planning Design of a Simple Die Simulation of Melt Flow Spiral Die Monolayer Die for Tubes 1 mm t6 mm Monolayer Die for Tubes 4 mm t16 mm Monolayer Die for Pipes 50 mm t125 mm Monolayer Die for Pipes 140 mm t315 mm Coextrusion Pipe Dies Coextrusion Die (5 mm t16 mm) Coextrusion Three-Layer Die (20 mm t65 mm) Three-Layer-Plus-Striping Die for 25 mm t110 mm Pipes Materials for Extrusion Dies.

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Book SynopsisA user-friendly reference book and training tool, with all the essentials to understand injection molding of plastics. It is a practical guide to refining and controlling the process, increasing robustness and consistency, increasing productivity and profitability, and reducing costs.This book contains structured information on process definitions and parameters, optimization methods, key points, interpretation of data sheets, among other useful recommendations regarding both technology and design. It also provides analysis of process deviation, defects, incidents, etc. as well as a section dedicated to material selection and comparison.Includes a bonus of downloadable Excel spreadsheets for application to scientific molding, process analysis, and optimization.This book is aimed at injection molding technicians, process engineers, quality engineers, mold designers, part designers, simulation engineers, team leaders, plant managers, and those responsible for purchasing plastic materials.Table of ContentsPlastics.Material Selection.Injection: Machines and Processes.Scientific Molding.Failure Analysis.Reference Material.

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Book SynopsisDiscontinuous long fiber-reinforced polymer structures with local continuous fiber reinforcements represent an important class of lightweight materials with broad design possibilities and various technical applications, eg, in vehicle construction. However, in contrast to continuous fiber-reinforced composites, extensively used in the aircraft industry, there is still a lack of integrated and experimentally proven concepts for manufacture, modeling, and dimensioning of combinations of discontinuously and continuously reinforced polymer structures. This is partly ascribed to the complexity of the manufacturing processes of discontinuously reinforced polymers, heterogeneous, anisotropic, and nonlinear material and structural properties, but also to the resulting bonding problem of both material types.This book addresses these issues, including both continuous and discontinuous fiber processing strategies. Specific design strategies for advanced composite reinforcement are provided with an integrated and holistic approach for composites material selection, product design, and mechanical properties. Characterization, simulation, technology, design, future research, and implementation directions are also included.In the field of application of three-dimensional load-bearing structures, this book provides an excellent foundation for the enhancement of scientific methods and engineers who need an interdisciplinary understanding of process and materials techniques, as well as simulation and product development methods.

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Book SynopsisFrom hardware and materials through processing and properties, a broad coverage of blown film extrusion is presented. A primary objective of this book is to ensure a useful balance of theory and practice. The reader will find the answers to why they encounter certain effects in the blown film process so that they are better able to troubleshoot and improve their operations. At the same time, current practices and equipment are emphasized to keep readers up-to-date with the most productive and efficient technology.The companion computer-based learning tool, The Blown Film Extrusion Simulator, is provided to enhance the reader’s understanding. This software was developed specifi cally to teach blown film extrusion equipment operation and processing principles, and is available for download. Throughout this book, exercises using the simulator are described to complement the methods and principles explained.New in this third edition is a chapter on polymer rheology, with an overview of the rheology of polymer melts and its effect on extruding blown film. Additionally, improvements and corrections have been made throughout the book.Table of Contents Materials for Blown Film. Polymer Rheology. Extrusion Overview. Hardware for Blown Film. Processing. Coextrusion. Film Properties. Troubleshooting.

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Book SynopsisSpecialty thermoplastics command a US$3 billion market worldwide. Their use is proliferating in aerospace and transportation, medical applications including implants, electrical and electronics, textiles and general engineering, and the oil and gas industries. This book provides the key details of all specialty thermoplastics in one volume, uncluttered by information on other commodity and engineering plastics. It covers the spectrum of manufacturing methods, major properties, processing, and applications.The extraordinary resistance of specialty thermoplastics to high temperature, oxidation, hydrolysis, other chemicals, and radiation, as well as outstanding mechanical properties at temperatures from -40 to 300 °C make them attractive materials for challenging applications. R&D scientists will appreciate the coverage here of different polymer structures for specialty plastics and why certain structures are technically and commercially preferred. Plastics engineers and product design engineers are empowered to select the right plastic in the right grade for the desired applications.Guidance on processing of specialty plastics using injection and compression molding, extrusion, and coating is provided, together with a wealth of details regarding applications, including aspects that are not readily visible, such as touch and feel.In addition to users in industry and academic research, this work is also applicable as a textbook for special courses on polymer science and engineering for graduate and undergraduate students.

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Book SynopsisTesting and optimizing the performance of digital products with Siemens NX and Simcenter 3DIn times of Industry 4.0 the digitalization of the value-chain becomes more and more important. The so-called digital twin allows simulations that are very close to reality. This book provides all necessary basics to perform simple as well as complex simulations with NX and Simcenter 3D (former NX CAE). It is aimed at design engineers, CAE engineers and engineering students.The following topics are covered in the book: Motion Simulation (MBD) Design Simulation (FEA, Nastran) Simcenter/Advanced Simulation (FEA, CFD and EM) Management of Calculation and Simulation Data (Teamcenter for Simulation) Starting off with brief theoretical introductions each chapter contains learning tasks of increasing difficulty. Most of them are based on the CAD model of the legendary Opel RAK2. The presented methods are based on NX 12 and Simcenter 3D, the new 3D CAE solution. Revised topics in this edition are Motion Simulation with the LMS solver and post-processing in Simcenter (FEA). The CAD data and calculation results of all exercises can be found online. The exercises can be completed in NX 11, NX 12 and probably later versions.

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Book SynopsisThis is an introductory textbook on polymer science aimed at lecturers/professors, undergraduate and graduate students of polymer science and technology courses as well as engineering (materials, chemical, civil, food, etc.), chemistry, and physics. It is also aimed at engineers and technologists.Each chapter is written starting from simple concepts and progressively getting more complex towards its end, to help the reader decide how deep to go into each topic. Each chapter also presents the solution of many proposed problems, guiding the reader to solve numerically the everyday problems polymer technologists face, by applying theoretical concepts. Additionally, at every chapter’s end there is a list of problems for the reader to check his/her understanding of the topics.The book contains a list of more than 10 experiments to perform in the laboratory, linked to some of the concepts discussed in the book. It also serves as a long-term reference with many figures, diagrams, tables, chemical equations containing frequently needed information. It contains as well an appendix with a long list of chemical structures of the main commercially available polymers.

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Book SynopsisPlastics flammability is a highly important consideration in many industries, including building and construction, mass transportation, electrical and electronic equipment, wire and cable, as well as upholstered furniture and textiles. This comprehensive handbook has been, since its first edition in 1983, unrivalled as the definitive source of information on the reaction of plastics to fire, as well as on the relevant regulations and testing methods. This fourth edition is comprehensively updated throughout, with inclusion of new national and international standards, new technologies and testing procedures, and novel retardants and formulations, reflecting the current state of the art. The book is edited by the internationally renowned consultant Jürgen Troitzsch and by Edith Antonatus, who have assembled leading experts to cover their specialty areas with authority within their respective chapters.

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Book SynopsisThis introductory book covers the entire spectrum of the plastics technology/engineering, from raw material to finished plastic products. It is intended not just for university/college students in plastics technology and other engineering disciplines but also for beginners to the field in general.The interconnectivity between the different relevant knowledge areas of plastics technology, such as materials engineering, processing technology, and product development, is emphasized. A chapter “Plastics and the Environment” is also included, covering a topic (rightly) often of great concern to students and newcomers to the field.Also includes numerous videos, conveniently linked via QR codes, to better demonstrate key processes visually.

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Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. It includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.

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Book SynopsisPrior extrusion books are based on barrel rotation physics—this is the first book that focuses on the actual physics of the process—screw rotation physics. In the first nine chapters, theories and math models are developed. Then, these models are used to solve actual commercial problems in the remainder of the book. Realistic case studies are presented that are unique in that they describe the problem as viewed by a typical plant engineer and provide the actual dimensions of the screws. Overall, there is not a book on the market with this level of detail and disclosure. The new knowledge in this book will be highly useful for production engineers, technical service engineers working with customers, consultants specializing in troubleshooting and process design, and process researchers and designers that are responsible for processes that running at maximum rates and maximum profitability. The second edition is brought up to date with a significant amount of new content, as well as minor improvements and correction of errors throughout.The new content includes transfer lines, percolation theory, fillers, and several more case studies.Table of ContentsGregory A. Campbell, Ph.D., is Chief Technical Officer at Castle Associates, Jonesport, ME. He was previously professor and departmental chair of chemical engineeering at Clarkson University, NY. He formerly directed a research group at GM Research and managed polymer fabrication at Mobil Chemical Research. He is a Fellow and former Extrusion Board Member of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE). Mark Spalding, Ph.D., is a Fellow in the Materials & Parts Processing Group at The Dow Chemical Company, where he has worked since 1985. He has held a number of technical positions in Corporate R&D, Polystyrene R&D, Plastics R&D, and INCLOSIA* Solutions. He is a Fellow and an Honored Service Member of the Society of Plastics Engineers.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a necessary bridge between the values of engineering end-use parameters of polyethylene resins and their scientific molecular and structural characteristics. The main goal is to translate such common parameters, such as the melt index of a resin or the dart impact strength of a film sample, into the universal language of polymer science. After this translation is completed, many facets of the resin properties become transparent and easily explainable.The second edition is brought up to date with coverage of new types of catalysts and polymerization processes, and a new section on PE recycling. The chapter on melt indexes is modified and simplified, that on stress cracking has a significant update, and a new chapter on the nature of LLDPE extractables is added. Contents: Educational Minimum: Manufacture, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins Melt Index and Melt Flow Ratio of Polyethylene Resin Melting Point of Polyethylene Resin Crystallinity Degree and Density of Polyethylene Resins End-Use Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Film End-Use Testing of High Molecular Weight HDPE and MDPE Resins Nature of LLDPE Extractables

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Book SynopsisPlastics production comprises the main process steps ""synthesis (reaction)"", ""preparation/compounding"" at the raw material manufacturer and compounder, and ""processing"" (shaping into semi-finished or finished products). In this handbook, the central middle step, preparation and compounding, is discussed. The preparation tasks include the removal of components, the incorporation of additives, and the change of particle size. Compounding is the incorporation of additives into a polymer or plastic. The process engineering fundamentals and the specific equipment and machines used are described. The specialist authors impart their knowledge from the fields of research, polymer production, and equipment/machine production with applications in plastics technology.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Injection Molds opens up the entire subject of injection mold technology, including numerous special procedures, in a well-grounded and practical way. It is specifically intended for beginners, young professionals, business owners, and engineering students. The chapters are clearly structured and easy to understand. The book is designed so that it provides a complete basic knowledge of injection molds in chronological order as well as day-to-day guidance and advice.The numerous colour figures facilitate a rapid understanding of the content, which is especially helpful to the beginner who wants to learn about injection molds quickly. In the forefront of the description are thermoplastic molds. Divergent processes for thermoset or elastomer molds are explained at the end of each chapter. This book captures the current state of the art, and is written by authors who are specialists in the field. The second edition has been updated and improved throughout.

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Book SynopsisThis book shows the true and often-underestimated market potential of plastics recycling, with analysis from economic, ecological, and technical perspectives. It is aimed at both technical and non-technical readers, including decision makers in material suppliers, plastic product manufacturers, governmental agencies, educators, and anyone with a general interest in plastics recycling.An overview of waste handling systems with a focus on the U.S. market is provided. Different methods of waste handling are compared from both economic and ecological perspectives.Since plastic waste recycling is essential from an ecological point of view, common strategies and new approaches to both increase the recycling rate and improve recycling economically and technically are presented. This includes processing and material properties of recycled plastics.Finally, a worldwide outlook of plastic recycling is provided with analysis of additional worldwide markets, encompassing highly developed, fast-developing, and less developed countries.Bonus HanserPLUS content: all the data and calculations presented in the book are provided as downloadable spreadsheets for the reader’s own analysis and updates.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial processes involving handling of solid raw materials are highly dependent on our understanding of the fundamental characteristics and properties of the starting solid materials, as well as whether or not the related process hardware and operation are properly designed and optimized. This is true of almost all plastics manufacturing processes since particulate solids handling is the most elementary processing step. This book provides a broad understanding of powder technology and the significance of particulate solid characteristics that are applicable to plastics manufacturing processes. It focuses on the particular characteristics of solid materials relevant to plastics manufacturing processes. Applications of engineering principles based on the selected solid characteristics which illustrate the uniqueness of the subject are also included. The useful and practical information within offers engineers solutions to otherwise unclear problems commonly encountered in industry. The selected examples of research investigations provided should also inspire readers to formulate further fundamental as well as applied research studies on the inter- and intra-relationship between powder technology and plastics processing technology.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a structured methodology and scientific basis for engineering injection molds. The topics are presented in a top-down manner, beginning with introductory definitions and the big picture before proceeding to layout and detailed design of molds. The book provides very pragmatic analysis with worked examples that can be readily adapted to real-world product design applications. It will help students and practitioners to understand the inner workings of injection molds and encourage them to think outside the box in developing innovative and highly functional mold designs.Injection molding continues to be a core plastics manufacturing process, but now has competition from additive manufacturing for certain applications, and environmental concerns are in the spotlight. The 3rd edition addresses these issues, in particular with a new chapter on mold manufacturing strategy to provide an overview of the most common machining and additive manufacturing processes with cost and time models to guide the manufacturing strategy; updated and simplified break-even cost models to assist in the mold layout design (number of cavities and type of mold) vs. 3D printing; a new section on environmental concerns include mold design for recycled resins; and updates to the International Tolerance standards, and the new technology and simulation sections.

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Book SynopsisPhase separation in polymer blends has achieved a tremendous techno-commercial importance. Most of the applications of polymer blends, such as tissue engineering, membrane technology, electromagnetic shielding, energy harvesting, structural materials, packaging, smart multiphase polymer coatings, depend on the morphologies developed during processing.This book outlines the fundamental aspects of polymer blend thermodynamics, the state-of-the-art processing techniques for specific polymer blend systems currently in use, and the design and fabrication of multiphasic polymeric materials, which will present a multiplicity of opportunities in the water remediation, packaging, and electronic industries, to mention a few. It emphasizes recent research developments, processing techniques, characterization methods, factors influencing phase separation temperature in phase-separated, including partially miscible, polymer blends, and key research challenges in the development of phase-separated polymers materials.With unique and systematic coverage of the journey from fundamentals to applications in polymer blends, this book is ideal for polymer scientists and engineers, material scientists, researchers, engineers, and under- and post-graduate students who are interested in this exciting field of research. It will help industrial researchers and R&D managers bring advanced phase-separated polymer materials/products to the market.

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Book SynopsisThe new Volume 11B represents the first time the topic of characterization and failure analysis of plastics has been given its own volume in the ASM Handbook series. The volume had its origins in the ASM technical books Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics (2003) and Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 2, Engineering Plastics (1988).Volume 11B contains divisions devoted to polymer science; material selection and design with engineering plastics; chemical, thermal, and physical analysis of plastics; mechanical behavior and testing of plastics; degradation mechanisms of plastics; failure analysis of plastics; and analysis and prevention of plastic product failures.The general principles of failure analysis are presented in the companion ASM Handbook, Volume 11: Failure Analysis and Prevention, which was published in 2021. Its divisions cover the practice of failure analysis, tools and techniques, fatigue and fracture, environmental and corrosion-related failures, wear failures, and distortion.Another companion volume, ASM Handbook, Volume 11A: Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures, also published in 2021. It contains divisions devoted to engineering aspects of failure and prevention, structural life assessment methods, metal manufacturing aspects of failure, and failure analysis of metallic components.Table of ContentsPOLYMER SCIENCE Engineering Plastics: An Introduction Polymer Processing: An Introduction Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Engineering Plastics MATERIAL SELECTION AND DESIGN WITH ENGINEERING PLASTICS Plastic Design Methods Navigating the Plastic Material Selection Process Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods Designing with Plastics Avoiding Plastic Product Failure by Proper Plastic Selection and Design CHEMICAL, THERMAL, AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS Analysis of Polymer Structure Thermal Analysis and Thermal Properties Physical, Chemical and Thermal Analysis of Thermoplastic Resins Characterization of Thermosetting Resins and Polymers Rheological Testing of Polymers Additive and Filler Analysis Effect of Environment on the Performance of Plastics Weathering Testing of Polymeric Materials Flammability Testing of Plastics Electrical Testing and Characterization Optical Testing and Characterization Service Lifetime Assessment of Polymeric Products MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND TESTING OF PLASTICS Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics: An Introduction Viscoelasticity Creep, Stress Relaxation, and Yielding Crazing and Fracture Fracture Mechanics Testing of Plastics Impact Loading and Testing Fatigue and Fracture Mechanisms in Polymers Multiaxial Fatigue Behavior of Thermoplastics and Composites Friction and Wear Testing DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF PLASTICS Thermal Stresses and Physical Aging Environmental Stress Cracking Moisture-Related Degradation Chemical-Related Degradation Photochemical Aging and Weathering of Polymers: The Basics Microbial Degradation of Plastics FAILURE ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS The Failure Analysis Process: An Overview Visual Examination and Photography in Failure Analysis Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis Ultrasonic Nondestructive Analysis Fracture of Plastics Fracture and Fractography of Elastomeric Materials Surface Examination and Analysis of Plastics ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION OF PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURES Design-Related Failures Manufacturing-Related Failures of Plastic Parts Wear Failures of Plastics Wear Failures of Reinforced Polymers Fatigue Failure Creep Failure Mechanisms Accelerated Life Testing and Aging REFERENCE INFORMATION Glossary of Terms Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides understanding of raw materials, manufacturing and biomedical applications of different polymeric and natural composites such as drug delivery, growth factor delivery, orthopedics, dentistry and wound dressing.Table of Contents1 Natural polymers-based biocomposites: State of art, new challenges and opportunities2 Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing and biomedical applications3 Polymeric biocomposites from renewable and sustainable natural resources4 Soy protein based composites and nanocomposites for biomedical applications5 Processing and biomedical application of micro and nanocellulose based polymeric composites6 Polymer/carbon nanocomposites for biomedical applications7 Magnetic polymer nanocomposites: Manufacturing and biomedical applications8 Jackfruit seed starch-based composite beads for controlled drug release9 Biopolymeric-inorganic composites for drug delivery applications10 Polymeric nanocomposites for cancer targeted drug delivery11 Biopolymer-ceramic nanocomposite scaffolds for orthopaedic drug delivery in bone tissue engineering12 Biodegradable polymer-based composites for tissue regeneration13 Natural polymer-based composite wound dressings14 Natural polymer-based composites for delivery of growth factors15 Biopolymer-based nanocomposites in dentistry

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Book SynopsisMechanochemistry has been recently ackwnoledged by IUPAC as one of the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry, answering to the increased demand for clean processes and sustainable reaction conditions. This book focuses on the rediscovery of mechanochemistry for inorganic, organic and organo-metallic materials. Focus on experimental techniques and equipment will show how to implement mechanochemistry as an innovative way to sustainability in academic laboratories. The contents are ideal for researchers starting off in industry and academia, as well as advanced students.

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Book SynopsisMembranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells provides a comprehensive review of novel and state-of-the-art polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) membranes. The author highlights requirements and considerations for a membrane as an integral part of PEMFC and its interactions with other components. It is an indispensible resource for anyone interested in new PEMFC membrane materials and concerned with the development, optimisation and testing of such membranes. Various composite membranes (polymer and non-polymer) are discussed along with analyses of the latest fi ller materials like graphene, ionic liquids, polymeric ionic liquids, nanostructured metal oxides and membrane concepts unfolding in the field of PEMFC. This book provides the latest academic and technical developments in PEMFC membranes with thorough insights into various preparation, characterisation, and testing methods utilised. Factors affecting proton conduction, water adsorption, and transportation behaviour of membranes are also deliberated upon. Provides the latest academic and technical developments in PEMFC membranes. Reviews recent literature on ex situ studies and in situ single-cell and stack tests investigating the durability (chemical, thermomechanical) and degradation of membranes. Surbhi Sharma, MSc, PhD Working on graphene oxide and fuel cells since 2007, she has published about 50 research articles/book chapters and holds a patent. She has also been awarded various research grants.

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Book SynopsisTextile and fibre chemistry form the theoretical basis to understand production and properties of textile based products. In this 2nd edition fundamentals of textile chemistry and theoretical and applicatory aspects of colour chemistry are interconnected to draw detailed picture of chemical reactions occurring during production and modification of textile products. An overview about chemical modification, finishing operations is given to explain how to impart special functionalities into functional products. Examples for technical scale processes and representative machinery used therein give insight into the technical reality of a dyehouse. A new chapter about circularity of textiles highlights the interlinkage between product design, including dyes and finishes, and the requirements to develop future fibre-to-fibre recycling. The work covers all relevant aspects of a textile product from fibre production, coloration, finishing, consumer use and fibre-to-fibre recycling. The content of the book allows a first entry into this multi-disciplinary field. Through its comprehensive character the authors explain the interdependence between textile and fibre processing and aspects of recycling, which makes the work a valuable source of information to design future textiles for circularity.

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