Plastics and polymers Books

Book SynopsisRheology is applied extensively in polymer, chemical, food processing, and related industries. This book combines the basic concepts and applications by presenting a balanced overview of the principles. With simplified analysis of complex problems, the textbook format provides easy understanding for both students and practicing professionals. There is no competing book with such a wide scope, including unique topics such as diffusion, flows about particles, and liquid mixing. This second edition is abundantly updated throughout. Highlights include elongational flow measurements, POM-POM modeling, diffusion and rheology of polymer nanocomposites, new results based on CFD simulations, and much more.

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Book SynopsisThis is an introductory textbook on polymer science aimed at lecturers/professors, undergraduate and graduate students of polymer science and technology courses as well as engineering (materials, chemical, civil, food, etc.), chemistry, and physics. It is also aimed at engineers and technologists.Each chapter is written starting from simple concepts and progressively getting more complex towards its end, to help the reader decide how deep to go into each topic. Each chapter also presents the solution of many proposed problems, guiding the reader to solve numerically the everyday problems polymer technologists face, by applying theoretical concepts. Additionally, at every chapter’s end there is a list of problems for the reader to check his/her understanding of the topics.The book contains a list of more than 10 experiments to perform in the laboratory, linked to some of the concepts discussed in the book. It also serves as a long-term reference with many figures, diagrams, tables, chemical equations containing frequently needed information. It contains as well an appendix with a long list of chemical structures of the main commercially available polymers.

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Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic, bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book brings much of the content up to date, with an expanded focus on the fundamentals of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion, including functional zones in the extruder, screw elements, material behavior, flow properties, performance behavior, and application of computational fluid dynamics.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.

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Book SynopsisThis introductory book covers the entire spectrum of the plastics technology/engineering, from raw material to finished plastic products. It is intended not just for university/college students in plastics technology and other engineering disciplines but also for beginners to the field in general.The interconnectivity between the different relevant knowledge areas of plastics technology, such as materials engineering, processing technology, and product development, is emphasized. A chapter “Plastics and the Environment” is also included, covering a topic (rightly) often of great concern to students and newcomers to the field.Also includes numerous videos, conveniently linked via QR codes, to better demonstrate key processes visually.

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Book SynopsisTroubleshooting extrusion problems is one of the most challenging tasks in extrusion operations, requiring a good understanding of the extrusion process and the material properties, good instrumentation, good analysis tools, and a systematic and logical approach. This book addresses all issues crucial in extrusion troubleshooting. Additionally, it includes industrial case studies, richly illustrated with photographs and photomicrographs, used to provide exemplary approaches to efficient problem analysis and problem solving. The interconnectivity between the different relevant knowledge areas such as materials engineering, processing technology, and product development is emphasized.This revised third edition comprises a very significant update, with a great deal of new content, especially focusing on additional case studies as well as new sections on collection and interpretation of extrusion process data, rotational rheometry, the smartphone, how screw design can affect extruder performance, melt temperature variation, recent research on automatic optimization of extruder barrel temperatures, process signal analysis using Fast Fourier Transform, among other topics.

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Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. It includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.

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Book SynopsisPrior extrusion books are based on barrel rotation physics—this is the first book that focuses on the actual physics of the process—screw rotation physics. In the first nine chapters, theories and math models are developed. Then, these models are used to solve actual commercial problems in the remainder of the book. Realistic case studies are presented that are unique in that they describe the problem as viewed by a typical plant engineer and provide the actual dimensions of the screws. Overall, there is not a book on the market with this level of detail and disclosure. The new knowledge in this book will be highly useful for production engineers, technical service engineers working with customers, consultants specializing in troubleshooting and process design, and process researchers and designers that are responsible for processes that running at maximum rates and maximum profitability. The second edition is brought up to date with a significant amount of new content, as well as minor improvements and correction of errors throughout.The new content includes transfer lines, percolation theory, fillers, and several more case studies.Table of ContentsGregory A. Campbell, Ph.D., is Chief Technical Officer at Castle Associates, Jonesport, ME. He was previously professor and departmental chair of chemical engineeering at Clarkson University, NY. He formerly directed a research group at GM Research and managed polymer fabrication at Mobil Chemical Research. He is a Fellow and former Extrusion Board Member of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE). Mark Spalding, Ph.D., is a Fellow in the Materials & Parts Processing Group at The Dow Chemical Company, where he has worked since 1985. He has held a number of technical positions in Corporate R&D, Polystyrene R&D, Plastics R&D, and INCLOSIA* Solutions. He is a Fellow and an Honored Service Member of the Society of Plastics Engineers.

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Book SynopsisPlastics Industry 4.0 provides a sophisticated insight into the development of the plastics industry in terms of digitalization and Industry 4.0, i.e. the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The background to these increasingly important topics is discussed along with provision of the prerequisite knowledge regarding process complexity and modeling as well as data acquisition to build the foundation of data driven digital processes. Furthermore, the facets of so-called cyber-physical systems including their key components and interfaces are discussed and illustrated using industrial application as well as scientific use cases. Aimed at decision makers in the plastics industry, engineers in industry, including those in R&D and process and product development, as well as researchers and students in universities, this book provides the inspiration to connect with Plastics Industry 4.0, and thereby stimulate innovation in companies, processes, products, and research.Table of ContentsProf. Christian Hopmann is, since 2011, Director of the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. He studied Mechanical Engineering with a particular focus on Plastics Processing at RWTH Aachen and received his doctoral degree, supervised by Prof. Walter Michaeli, in 2000. In 2005, he started his industrial career at RKW AG Rheinische Kunststoffwerke (today: RKW SE). From January 2010 until April 2011 he was Managing Director of RKW Sweden AB in Helsingborg, Sweden. Mauritius Schmitz is Scientific Director – Digitalisation and Industry 4.0 at the IKV. He is responsible for the research and development in the field of digitalization and Industry 4.0. He is also a Cluster Research Domain Coordinator in the research domain “Production Technology"" of the Cluster of Excellence ""“Internet of Production"".

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Book SynopsisReliable and meaningful methods of polymer testing are necessary to support the plastics industry, being essential for understanding material and part properties, and evaluating materials for a part design, with important implications for product safety as well as operating conditions and lifetime. This book covers all the most important testing methods, from long-established basic techniques to recent developments, including the latest polymer testing standards. By means of examples for the optimization of materials as well as for the evaluation of part properties, an insight into modern polymer testing and its interdisciplinary character is provided. Included in this third edition is an all-new chapter on the testing of polymer films; additionally, many small updates and corrections have been made throughout the book. Numerous tables and figures are included, providing structures and physico-chemical data. A special section for beginners is dedicated to guiding formulations and test methods. A relatively short section deals with development trends in Europe. Sustainability is a major theme, and it is demonstrated that PVC has a strong potential to develop into a fully sustainable material. Another section deals with the everyday problems in the processing of PVC, such as the formation of specks, photo-effects, and plate-out. Plate-out is a common problem in the processing of PVC but only relatively few publications cover it. The causes, influencing factors, and mechanisms are still poorly understood. This section, unique in the literature, provides assistance in the selection and dosage of raw materials to PVC processor, based on the influencing factors during processing.

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Book SynopsisPlastic materials continue to play a vital and growing role in packaging applications. It is thus more important than ever that all involved in the packaging industry command a basic understanding of the properties of the common packaging plastics. This highly regarded book provides just that to students and packaging professionals alike: material properties and how they relate to the chemical structure of the polymers, common processing methods for packaging applications, help with writing specifications, designing, fabricating, testing, and controlling the quality of the plastic material are covered comprehensively. The fourth edition has major revisions in discussions of sustainability, recycling, and design for sustainability. Coverage of biodegradable and biobased plastics is also increased. Discussion of coatings is also expanded. Further updates and enhancements throughout ensure Plastics Packaging remains an indispensable resource for both the packaging expert and the novice.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a necessary bridge between the values of engineering end-use parameters of polyethylene resins and their scientific molecular and structural characteristics. The main goal is to translate such common parameters, such as the melt index of a resin or the dart impact strength of a film sample, into the universal language of polymer science. After this translation is completed, many facets of the resin properties become transparent and easily explainable.The second edition is brought up to date with coverage of new types of catalysts and polymerization processes, and a new section on PE recycling. The chapter on melt indexes is modified and simplified, that on stress cracking has a significant update, and a new chapter on the nature of LLDPE extractables is added. Contents: Educational Minimum: Manufacture, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins Melt Index and Melt Flow Ratio of Polyethylene Resin Melting Point of Polyethylene Resin Crystallinity Degree and Density of Polyethylene Resins End-Use Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Film End-Use Testing of High Molecular Weight HDPE and MDPE Resins Nature of LLDPE Extractables

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Book SynopsisThis highly practical troubleshooting guide solves problems at the machine systematically and quickly. Drawing on a wealth of hands-on experience from the authors, who have built strong reputations in the field, the book is structured by type of problem/solution. Thus, it is an ideal reference to be consulted at the machine. Included is valuable information on robust process windows, cycle time evaluations, scrap savings, and runners/gates with no existing standard in the industry. No other book provides the unique insights found here.

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Book SynopsisPlastics production comprises the main process steps ""synthesis (reaction)"", ""preparation/compounding"" at the raw material manufacturer and compounder, and ""processing"" (shaping into semi-finished or finished products). In this handbook, the central middle step, preparation and compounding, is discussed. The preparation tasks include the removal of components, the incorporation of additives, and the change of particle size. Compounding is the incorporation of additives into a polymer or plastic. The process engineering fundamentals and the specific equipment and machines used are described. The specialist authors impart their knowledge from the fields of research, polymer production, and equipment/machine production with applications in plastics technology.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Injection Molds opens up the entire subject of injection mold technology, including numerous special procedures, in a well-grounded and practical way. It is specifically intended for beginners, young professionals, business owners, and engineering students. The chapters are clearly structured and easy to understand. The book is designed so that it provides a complete basic knowledge of injection molds in chronological order as well as day-to-day guidance and advice.The numerous colour figures facilitate a rapid understanding of the content, which is especially helpful to the beginner who wants to learn about injection molds quickly. In the forefront of the description are thermoplastic molds. Divergent processes for thermoset or elastomer molds are explained at the end of each chapter. This book captures the current state of the art, and is written by authors who are specialists in the field. The second edition has been updated and improved throughout.

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Book SynopsisThis book shows the true and often-underestimated market potential of plastics recycling, with analysis from economic, ecological, and technical perspectives. It is aimed at both technical and non-technical readers, including decision makers in material suppliers, plastic product manufacturers, governmental agencies, educators, and anyone with a general interest in plastics recycling.An overview of waste handling systems with a focus on the U.S. market is provided. Different methods of waste handling are compared from both economic and ecological perspectives.Since plastic waste recycling is essential from an ecological point of view, common strategies and new approaches to both increase the recycling rate and improve recycling economically and technically are presented. This includes processing and material properties of recycled plastics.Finally, a worldwide outlook of plastic recycling is provided with analysis of additional worldwide markets, encompassing highly developed, fast-developing, and less developed countries.Bonus HanserPLUS content: all the data and calculations presented in the book are provided as downloadable spreadsheets for the reader’s own analysis and updates.

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Book SynopsisSuccessful coloration of plastics is a challenging exercise, requiring deep understanding of chemical, physical, and technological factors, as well as national and international regulations. Customer and regulatory demands are often very high, concerning toxicity, environmental factors, color specification/matching, stability, and cost, among others. This book enables the reader to identify the right color preparation for a particular product application, accounting for material and design.

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Book SynopsisPlastics have a very important role to play in energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies of the present and future, but for them to be classified as sustainable materials, there is a great need for practical and economic recycling methods and infrastructure. This book fills the gap for a modern comprehensive technical guide to recycling of plastics, covering the whole value chain from raw materials to recycled materials.All important recycling technologies (mechanical, chemical/feedstock, dissolution) are discussed and compared to each other and alternative disposal methods such as energy recovery and gasification. Collecting, sorting, and purification methods are also covered, as are economic, legal, and political aspects.A strong emphasis is placed on data comparability, e.g. by standardized methods in measuring data. Although this is a challenge to implement, comparing data across technologies, regions, and stakeholders along the value chain yields important benefits. Key instruments for such a target are lifecycle assessments (LCAs), which are calculated in a standard way across the chapters to "calibrate" the messages among the numerous expert co-authors.Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Recycling technologies in overview 3. Value chain (EU, Americas, Asia) 4. Analytics and consumer safety 5. Properties of recycled materials 6. Design for recycling 7. Future developments

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Book SynopsisSingle-screw or twin-screw extruder? When the need to produce a homogeneous polymer melt occurs in the industrial environment, both product attributes and equipment cost must be evaluated. For many applications both the single and twin-screw extruder will produce the desired homogeneous melt needed to form the product through an extrusion die. Some applications such as dispersive mixing of solids in a polymer matrix are best accomplished in a twin-screw extruder. On the other hand, applications involving chemical reactions, color concentrate distributive mixing, and in line polymer-polymer distributive mixing can be accomplished with either device.However, for the same production rate, twin-screw extruders are generally more expensive than single-screw extruders with a diameter less than 200 mm. Therefore, a thorough understanding is needed for the concepts of solids conveying, melting, and mixing for the two types of extruders to make appropriate process acquisition decisions. This book covers engineering and technology concepts that should aid the practitioner in comparing these two types of extrusion equipment relative to process requirements.The handbook is intended for newcomers interested in the theoretical and regulatory aspects of validation and for thermal analysis practitioners who have to validate their equipment and methods.Table of Contents Part 1: Validation of Computerized Systems Recent Changes in Regulations and Regulatory Guidance Instrument Qualification, Computerized System Validation and Method Validation Regulatory Requirements for Computerized System Validation Computerized System Validation Writing the User Requirements Specification (URS) Auditing the System Supplier Installation Qualification and Operational Qualification (IQ and OQ) Performance Qualification (PQ) or End User Testing Part 2: Method Validation Measurement Errors and Uncertainty of Measurement Validation of Analytical Procedures and Methods Interlaboratory Studies in Thermal Analysis Method Development Through to SOP Practical Examples Appendix 1: 21 CFR Part 11 and EU GMP Annex 11 Appendix 2: Basic Statistics Appendix 3: Standard Test Methods for Thermal Analysis

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Book SynopsisIndustrial processes involving handling of solid raw materials are highly dependent on our understanding of the fundamental characteristics and properties of the starting solid materials, as well as whether or not the related process hardware and operation are properly designed and optimized. This is true of almost all plastics manufacturing processes since particulate solids handling is the most elementary processing step. This book provides a broad understanding of powder technology and the significance of particulate solid characteristics that are applicable to plastics manufacturing processes. It focuses on the particular characteristics of solid materials relevant to plastics manufacturing processes. Applications of engineering principles based on the selected solid characteristics which illustrate the uniqueness of the subject are also included. The useful and practical information within offers engineers solutions to otherwise unclear problems commonly encountered in industry. The selected examples of research investigations provided should also inspire readers to formulate further fundamental as well as applied research studies on the inter- and intra-relationship between powder technology and plastics processing technology.

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Book SynopsisPVC differs in its stabilization compared to other commodity plastics. Various metal compounds are suitable for the stabilization of PVC: lead, tin, calcium, magnesium, zinc, rare earths, and also almost-metal-free systems. These differences are described in the introductory part of this book, with their advantages, possibilities, and problems, from the perspective of the chemist but made understandable for salespeople and technicians.Numerous tables and figures are included, providing structures and physico-chemical data. A special section for beginners is dedicated to guiding formulations and test methods. A relatively short section deals with development trends in Europe. Sustainability is a major theme, and it is demonstrated that PVC has a strong potential to develop into a fully sustainable material.Another section deals with the everyday problems in the processing of PVC, such as the formation of specks, photo-effects, and plate-out. Plate-out is a common problem in the processing of PVC but only relatively few publications cover it. The causes, influencing factors, and mechanisms are still poorly understood. This section, unique in the literature, provides assistance in the selection and dosage of raw materials to PVC processor, based on the influencing factors during processing.

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Book SynopsisPolymers reinforced with discontinuous fibers have a wide range of important applications such as in automotive parts and business machines. The fl ow that occurs during processing of these materials creates a complex but repeatable pattern of fi ber orientation, which plays a key role in achieving the desirable mechanical properties these materials can offer.The primary focus of this unique book is fiber orientation: how to describe it mathematically, how to measure it experimentally, and how to predict it using models available in commercial software. The book also covers the description, measurement, and modeling of fiber length, another important variable that can be predicted by commercial software. The connection between fiber orientation and mechanical properties is explained, as is the relationship between fiber orientation and rheological properties in the fl uid state. "Fundamentals of Fiber Orientation" focuses on the models used in current engineering practice, but also discusses topics from current research that could transition to engineering practice soon.For practicing engineers, this book teaches the fundamentals needed to understand data, set up meaningful simulations, and interpret results. The book provides a thorough, organized overview of the field, and will also be a valuable resource to those undertaking research in this area. Free MATLAB software implementing the models discussed in the book is provided online.Table of Contents Introduction Describing Fiber Orientation and Fiber Length Measuring Fiber Orientation and Length Flow Orientation of Single Fibers Flow Orientation of Groups of Fibers Suspension Rheology and Flow-Orientation Coupling Fiber Length Degradation during Processing Mechanical Properties and Orientation Current and Future Trends Appendices

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Book SynopsisCo-rotating twin-screw extruders are extensively used for the preparation, compounding, mixing, and processing of plastics, but also in other industry branches, such as in rubber and food processing, and increasingly in the pharmaceutical industry too. Derived from the classic, bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, this book brings much of the content up to date, with an expanded focus on the fundamentals of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion, including functional zones in the extruder, screw elements, material behavior, flow properties, performance behavior, and application of computational fluid dynamics.Co-rotating twin-screw machines usually have modular configurations and are thus quite flexible for adapting to changing tasks and material properties. Well-founded knowledge of machines, processes, and material behavior is required in order to design and operate twin-screw extruders for economically successful operations. With chapters written by many expert authors from industry and academia, this book provides valuable information on applications from a practical perspective, suitable for both beginners and experienced professional engineers.Also derived from the classic bestselling work Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, the second book focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. It includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.

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Book SynopsisThis practical introductory guide to injection molding simulation is aimed at both practicing engineers and students. It will help the reader to innovate and improve part design and molding processes, essential for efficient manufacturing.A user-friendly, case-study-based approach is applied, enhanced by many illustrations in full color. The book is conceptually divided into three parts:Chapters 1–5 introduce the fundamentals of injection molding, focusing the factors governing molding quality and how molding simulation methodology is developed. As they are essential to molding quality, the rheological, thermodynamic, thermal, mechanical, kinetic properties of plastics are fully elaborated in this part, as well as curing kinetics for thermoset plastics.Chapters 6–11 introduce CAE verification of design, a valuable tool for both part and mold designers toward avoiding molding problems in the design stage and to solve issues encountered in injection molding. This part covers design guidelines of part, gating, runner, and cooling channel systems. Temperature control in hot runner systems, prediction and control of warpage, and fiber orientation are also discussed.Chapters 12–17 introduce research and development in innovative molding, illustrating how CAE is applied to advanced molding techniques, including co-/bi-Injection molding, gas-/water-assisted injection molding, foam injection molding, powder injection molding, resin transfer molding, and integrated circuit packaging.The authors come from the creative simulation team at CoreTech System (Moldex3D), winner of the PPS James L. White Innovation Award 2015. Several CAE case study exercises for execution in the Moldex3D software are included to allow readers to practice what they have learned and test their understanding.In the 2nd edition, the concept of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in injection molding is introduced. In order to integrate molding simulation and injection machines, the workflow of machine response characterization is illustrated. By taking into account the real-world machine response, users can more accurately reflect the real-world manufacturing conditions in simulations. The optimized processing conditions obtained from the simulation can then be directly applied on the shop floor, bridging the gap between simulation and manufacturing. In addition, a new flow-fiber coupling model, i.e., the informed-isotropic (IISO) viscosity developed by Dr. Favaloro and Prof. Pipes of Purdue University, to simulate the anisotropic flow for fiber-reinforced thermoplastics is introduced. The IISO coupling is available to simulate some peculiar, irregular filling patterns for fiber-reinforced melts at high fiber concentrations: the free surface advances faster along the side cavity walls.

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Book SynopsisThis book creates a new perspective on the design of plastic parts. In many books there is a strong focus on the material, the material properties, and the calculation or dimensioning. What is often not taken into account is that very many plastic components only have to withstand low loads; in very many applications, the focus is on the actual design. This requires a good understanding of the injection molds that must be built to produce the plastic components. Depending on the design of the injection molded component, these molds become more complex and more prone to failure during production.The complex process of manufacturing a plastic part becomes holistically understandable as a link is created between the molder, the mold maker, and the part designer. The focus is on injection molds and therefore on thermoplastics.Everything that is necessary for the design and manufacture of an injection molded component is presented in a simple, extremely practical manner and limited to the essentials. Many descriptive pictures as well as examples based on the demonstration component ""Polyman"" facilitate the understanding enormously.

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Book SynopsisEnergy in Plastics Technology provides, unlike any other book, the necessary fundamentals for dealing with thermotechnical issues in the processing of plastics, leading to efficient, robust, reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly processes for high-quality products. The following four areas are addressed: - Methodical application of the essential fundamentals to practical problems. The focus is on the formulation of energy balances.- Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, with their manifold implications.- Access to key advanced technical literature, which can be highly theoretical, and forms the basis for advanced simulation methods, is provided.- Analytical approaches for modeling processes (as opposed to numerical simulation methods) are covered, so that the influence of the essential process parameters can be better recognized, and correct results in terms of order of magnitude are obtained with reasonable effort. These simplified considerations provide a valuable support for the preparation of experiments and numerical simulations and their critical evaluation. The fundamentals provided are applied - in exemplary calculation examples - to problems relevant to practice in the most important processing and forming methods. The book is aimed at engineers and students working in plastics technology as well as technicians and plastics technologists.

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Book SynopsisPhase separation in polymer blends has achieved a tremendous techno-commercial importance. Most of the applications of polymer blends, such as tissue engineering, membrane technology, electromagnetic shielding, energy harvesting, structural materials, packaging, smart multiphase polymer coatings, depend on the morphologies developed during processing.This book outlines the fundamental aspects of polymer blend thermodynamics, the state-of-the-art processing techniques for specific polymer blend systems currently in use, and the design and fabrication of multiphasic polymeric materials, which will present a multiplicity of opportunities in the water remediation, packaging, and electronic industries, to mention a few. It emphasizes recent research developments, processing techniques, characterization methods, factors influencing phase separation temperature in phase-separated, including partially miscible, polymer blends, and key research challenges in the development of phase-separated polymers materials.With unique and systematic coverage of the journey from fundamentals to applications in polymer blends, this book is ideal for polymer scientists and engineers, material scientists, researchers, engineers, and under- and post-graduate students who are interested in this exciting field of research. It will help industrial researchers and R&D managers bring advanced phase-separated polymer materials/products to the market.

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Book SynopsisThis text- and workbook provides a clearly written, comprehensive introduction to the major topics associated with plastics technology, from basic chemistry and processing methods to the problem of waste and the issue of recycling plastics. Guiding questions at the beginning of each lesson help the reader to work through the material in a targeted manner; success checks at the end of each lesson enable the reader to review what he/she has learned. It thus facilitates independent, self-paced learning, meeting the requirements of modern vocational training.

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Book SynopsisThis applications-oriented book describes the construction of an injection mold from the ground up. Included are explanations of the individual types of molds, components, and technical terms; design procedures; techniques, tips, and tricks in the construction of an injection mold; and pros and cons of various solutions.Based on a plastic part ("bowl with lid") specially developed for this book, easily understandable text and many illustrative pictures and drawings provide the necessary knowledge for practical implementation. Step by step, the plastic part is modified and enhanced. The technologies and designs that are additionally needed for an injection mold are described by engineering drawings. Maintenance and repair, and essential manufacturing techniques are also discussed.With full-color illustrations, this third edition builds on the success of the previous ones, with significantly expanded coverage of molding simulation, including many new figures, and updates and small corrections throughout the book.

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Book SynopsisFor 30 years, Designing Plastic Parts for Assembly has been the definitive guide for both seasoned part designers and novices to the field, facilitating cost-effective design decisions and ensuring that the plastic parts and products will stand up under use.The detailed yet simplified discussion of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and assembly procedures enables the reader to evaluate plastic materials and design plastic parts with confidence. Good joint design and implementation, the geometry and nature of the component parts, the types of load involved, and other fundamental information necessary for a successful outcome are all included. Throughout, the treatment is practice-oriented and focused on everyday problems and situations.The 10th edition includes an extensive revision of the chapter on welding techniques for plastics, including a new subchapter on hot gas welding. There are also many more minor updates, improvements, and corrections throughout.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains papers presented in various technical sessions at the Polyurethanes Expo 2001 conference held between September 30–October 3, 2001 at Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio.Table of ContentsTechnical Session A—Environmental 1. Coatings Prepared from Polyurethane Soft Foam Recycling Polyol 2. Improved Comfort Factor with Recycled Content by Reformulation of Flexible Slabstock Foams 3. Recent Developments in the Recycling of Flexible PU Foams Back into New PU Foam Product Technical Session B—Automotive Low V.O.C. Emissions 4. Non-VOC Catalysts for HR Molded Foams Used in Automotive Seating Application 5. New Silicone Surfactants for TSI Based HR Molded Foams—Optimization of Bulk Stabilization and Processing Latitude 6. Elimination of Amine Emissions from Polyurethane Foams: Challenges and Opportunitie Technical Session C—Testing 7. Monitoring of Polyurethane Foam Cure 8. Three-Way Thermal Conductivity Instrument Compariso 9. Testing for MDI Emissions from Commercial Boards and Polyurethane Glue 10. Report on the First ASTM Round Robin of Vacuum Panels Technical Session D—Construction 11. The Development of all Water-Blown Polyisocyanurate Foam System for Metal-Faced Continuous Sandwich Panel 12. Alternative Blowing Agent Solutions for Polyisocyanurate Continuous Laminate Metal Panels 13. Processing Gaseous Blown Spray Applied Polyurethane Foam 14. Meeting the Needs of the Future with HFC-245fa and HFC-245fa Blend Technology in the Construction Industry 15. Pour-in-Place Discontinuous Panels Using Pentane Technical Session E—Innovative Polyurethane Solutions for Automotive Applications 16. Automotive, Moulded Visco-Elastic Foam 17. HFC-245fa: An Ideal Blowing Agent for Integral Skin Foam 18. Advances in Polyurethane RRIM for Automotive Exterior 19. Next Generation E-Coat Capable Exterior Body Panel 20. High Performance Structural RIM for Large Composites: Beams, Boxes, and Beyond 21. New PU Cavity Filling Foam for Sound Abatement in Car Body Shel Technical Session F—Fundamentals 22. Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(urethane-urea)s with Soft Segments Consisting of Ultra-Low Monol Content Poly(propylene glycol) with and without Tri(propylene glycol) 23. Exploring Urea Phase Connectivity in Flexible Polyurethane Foams Using Lithium Chloride as a Probe 24. Fundamental Investigation of the Factors That Influence the Properties of Slow Recovery Polyurethane Foam 25. Polyurethane Elastomers with Multiple Chain Extender 26. The Effects of Temperature/Pressure Gradients in the Rigid Polyurethane Foaming Process 27. New DMC Catalysts for Manufacturing Polyols 28. Nano-and Micro-Fillers for Polyurethane Foams: Effect on Density and Mechanical Properties Technical Session G—Automotive Seating Comfort and Durability 29. Benchmarking of Polyurethane Technologies for Automotive Seat Cushions 30. New Comfort MDI Molded Foam for Automotive Seating—A Study of Foam Properties for Riding Comfort Performance 31. A Study of the Influence of Polymer and Cell Structure on Polyurethane Foam Properties for Better Riding Comfort 32. Alternative Methods for Durability Specification 33. Accelerated Aging and Durability Testing of Polyurethane Foams 34. Measurement of High Resiliency Moulded Foam Properties as a Function of Climatic Conditions Technical Session H—Blowing Agents 35. Aging of Polyurethane Foam Insulation in Simulated Refrigerator Panels—Three-Year Results with Third-Generation Blowing Agents 36. Analysis of the Evolution of PIR Foams in the Context of the Phaseout of HCFCs 37. HFC 365mfc-Blown Spray Foams: Market Positioning and Environmental Benefits 38. HFC-134a as a Coblowing Agent with Pentanes Technical Session J—Innovation and New Application in Case 39. New UV-Curable Coatings for Caul Paper Manufacturing 40. A Novel Plasticizer-Free PU Gel Technology for Improved Comfort 41. New Non-Isocyanate Curatives for 2K Solvent-Borne Urethane Coatings 42. The Evaluation of Metal and Tertiary Amine Catalyst in CASE Application 43. RimSpray™: A Unique Method for Applying Polyurethane Foam to Molds and Substrates 44. Investigation of Polyurethane Adhesives for Use in the Apache Aviator NBC Protective Mask Technical Session K—Furnishings 45. Less Temperature-Sensitive LR Slabstock Foam 46. Flame-Retardant and Physical Characteristics of Flexible Hybrid Polyurethane Foam Materials Prepared Utilizing Foam-One Technology 47. A New Generation of Silicone Surfactants Optimized for Liquid Carbon Dioxide Blown Slabstock Foams 48. DBTDL Replacement in High Resilience Slabstock Foams 49. Catalysts and Silicone Surfactants for Reduced VOC Emissions of Polyester Slabstock Foam 50. Novel Polymer Polyol with High Polymer Content and Low Viscosity 51. Flexible Foam Formulating Technology Development via a New Modeling Approach Technical Session L—Appliance 52. HFC-134a: The Other HFC 53. HFC-245fa: Foam Equipment Considerations 54. Development of Amine Catalysts for the Next Generation Blowing Agents 55. Do the Existing Silicone Surfactants Match the Requirements of HFC-245fa-Blown Appliance Sytems? 56. “LinFlex™”, a Proven Success, New-Innovative Refrigerator Cabinet Polyurethane Machinery Poster Session—Case 57. A New Anti-Hydrolysis Ether-Based PU System for Uni-sole Application 58. Investigation of Polyurethane Adhesives for Use in the Apache Aviator NBC Protective Mask 59. Low Gloss, Low Build Up Water Based Release Agents for Elastomers and Microcellular Systems 60. Lower Durometer TDI Elastomers “Plasticizer Free” for Solvent Resistance 61. New Developments in Light and Thermal Stabilisation Packages for Flexible Polyurethane Integral Skin Applications 62. RimSpray™: A Unique Method for Applying Polyurethane Foam to Molds and Substrates Poster Session—Flexible Foam/Automotive 63. Amine Emission Free Catalyst for Polyester Slabstock Flexible Foam 64. DMAMP-80™ A Superior Reactive Amine Catalyst for Polyurethane Foams 65. Effect of Nano and Micro-Silica Fillers on Polyurethane Foam Properties 66. Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Performance of Copolymer Polyols 67. Flexible Polyurethanes Using a Castor Oil Based Polyester Polyol 68. Innovative Polymers for Optimized Release Performance for HR Molded and Flexible Foam 69. New Styrene-AcryloNitrile Polymer Polyols for Cold Cure Moulding Automotive Applications 70. Spray Polyurethane Elastomer for Use in Automotive Dash Insulator Applications 71. Synthesis of PU High Resilience Flexible Foams with Dispersing Liquid Prepared by Polyether Grafting Starch Copolymer 72. Whiplash Countermeasures: SafeGuard™ Poster Session—Fundamentals/Equipment 73. Compatibility Study of Poly bd® Resin with Other Polyols and Property Evaluation of Polyurethanes Perpared Therefrom 74. Dielectric Polarization Measurement with CMD Provides New Insight into the Foaming Process 75. IC Fluid Power for Fluid Measurement and Control 76. Mixing Equipment for the In-Line Addition of Scrap Regrind and Other Fillers into PUR 77. Structures and Properties of Polyurethanes Based on Model Triglycerides 78. Three-Way Thermal Conductivity Instrument Comparison Poster Session—Rigid Foam 79. Amidic Polyols, New Polyhydroxylic Raw Materials for Rigid Polyurethane Foams 80. Diffusion of Gases in Rigid Polyurethane Foam at Different Temperatures 81. Dimethoxymethane as Co-Blowing Agent with HFC134a for Polyurethane Rigid Foams 82. Glycolysis Reactivity of Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Refrigerator 83. HFC-134a as a Coblowing Agent with Pentanes 84. HFEs as New Generation Blowing Agents 85. Hydrocarbon Blown Rigid Foam Formulations and Physical Properties 86. Influence of Expandable Graphite on the Physical-Mechanical Properties and Fire Behaviour of Flame Retarded PIR-PUR Foams 87. Optimization of Flame-Retardants for Rigid PIR Foams: A New Screening Apparatus, and Correlation to Large-Scale Flammability Tests 88. Performance of Non-ODP Rigid Foams in Picnic Coolers 89. Sandwich Panel Lines: Comparison Between Discontinuous and Continuous Process. Advantages Given by the Continuous Production Method Compared to the Manufacture of Panels by Discontinuous Means 90. Solkane ® 365/227 Blown Rigid Foams: Optimized Insulation and Cost Performance 91. The Effective Diffusivity of C 02 and HCFC-141b in PU Foam Prepared with HCFC-141b as Insulating Blowing Agent at 20,25 and 40 C 92. Unique, Enviromentally Friendly Release Agents for MDI Foam Articles

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Book SynopsisProtection of natural biopolymers: proteins (collagen, keratin), carbohydrates (starch, cellulose) and others, is a very acute problem. Numerous fungi, insects and rodents damage raw materials, and finished products both during manufacturing and at storage. To study methods and protection facilities we systematised information on main types of biodestructors and gave numerous examples of synthesis of the most known and active preparations to control insects and other organisms damaging natural polymers in light and food industries. The monograph is written by a group of authors famous for their papers on chemistry of low-molecular bioregulators and means for plant protection.

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Book SynopsisSince the discovery of plastics several decades ago, the widespread consumption of plastic products and their subsequent inappropriate disposal and accumulation have recently generated new societal concerns of waste management due to their inherent slow degradability, high volume increase and low recycling rates, which are negative on the basis of self-sustainability. Regulations imposing waste reduction, reuse and recycling indices and responsibilities, as well as effective collecting system and the development of new, environmentally clean recycling technologies are some of the efforts to achieve the self-sustainability goals. The efficiency of the collection and sorting systems impacts directly on the amount of recycled plastics and on their cleanness and quality, therefore, enlarging their market potential. The development of new recycling technologies is diversified and can be classified into mechanical, chemical and energetic recycling. In mechanical recycling, successful technologies are achieved through the improvement of existing processes using additives, blends with other plastics and alternative processing routes in order to maintain the original properties of the virgin resin and even allowing them to return to the same application as originally intended. Chemical recycling processes to obtain intermediary products for new polymers become feasible due to the cost reduction of the raw materials involved. Lastly, despite the under use of the gross energy potential of the raw materials employed, energetic recycling plants are gaining a proportion of residues whose technological solutions for separation and/or reprocessing are deficient, but which, on the other hand, are voluminous, consequently solving the problem of both residue accumulation in densely populated regions and their respective insufficient energy supplies. In this book, the authors proposed to present an overview of the current state of this whole plastic recycling sector including their recent advances, and highlighting new markets and recent trends on recycling technologies around the world. However, mechanical recycling has been emphasised owing to the experimental and published work of Manrich''s workgroup at the 3R Residues Recycling Center, which has concentrated on studying all the steps in the process of mechanical recycling.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, many researchers have devoted considerable attention to the development of membrane science and technology. Different important types of membranes, such as those for: nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, separation of gases and inorganic membranes, facilitated or liquid membranes, catalytic and conducting membranes, and their applications and processes, such as wastewater purification and bio-processing have been developed. In fact, almost 40 % of the sales from membrane production market are for purifying wastewaters. Hydrogel membranes fulfil many of the important conditions for most of above-mentioned application fields. Therefore, the authors have focused this book on the applications of PVA-based membranes in areas such as for separation membranar processes, fuel cells, sensors, biochemical/medical applications, catalyst or PVA derivatives membranes as gas and vapour barriers.

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Book SynopsisThe monograph is of interest to scientists specialising in physical chemistry. The results of research of polyfunctional stabilisers from the point of view of correlation of structure, reactivity and inhibiting efficiency on the basis of general kinetic approach and modern physical, chemical and mathematical methods of identification of mechanisms of their stabilising action, both in modelling liquid-phase systems and solid polymers and their melts are analysed. The method of the comparative estimation of inhibiting properties of the polyfunctional compounds based on semiempirical correlations "structure -- properties" are considered. Aspects of chemistry of high-molecular compounds include the results of research of polymer analogous reactions of polyfunctional stabilisers with liable groups, contained in the composition of polymers at various stages of their ageing. In the final chapters of the monograph the data on ageing and stabilisation of various types of polymers (PO, PVC, heterogeneous chain polymers, rubbers, etc.) are considered, some variants of practical realisation of intramolecular and mix synergism of antioxidising action of polyfunctional stabilisers in polymers are presented. In whole, the book represents the scientific work devoted to the subject of the development of polyfunctional stabilisers, in this work some aspects of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, chemistry of high-molecular compounds, issues of ageing and stabilisation of polymers, practical forecasts for the usage of polyfunctional stabilisers are considered. The above said predetermines the importance of the monograph.

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Book SynopsisDouble hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) constitute a novel class of water-soluble macromolecules with potential utilisation in a wide range of applications. In this book, the current developments in the field of double hydrophilic block copolymers are discussed. In particular, synthetic strategies leading to the preparation of DHBCs are described. Moreover, their aqueous solution behaviour is examined in respect to their ability to self assemblage, due to changes in the solution temperature, and/or pH, as well as due to complexation. This book also reviews the contribution of soluble polymer-supported ligands and isoluble polymer-supported ligands to asymmetric catalysis in various fields by means of nitrogen containing ligands complex with metal as asymmetric catalyst. Furthermore, the authors propose new surfactants or alternative synthetic procedures, and new stabilisation systems for polymeric nanoparticles. Other chapters in this book examine the effects of physical ageing near the surface region of glass polymers, the application of Hindered Amine Stabilisers (HAS) as a state-of-the-art approach to protection of carbon-chain polymers, the molecular self-assembly of block copolymers and recent developments in the field of various amphiphilic block copolymers, and future perspectives in the field of DHBCs regarding general polymer science and nanotechnology issues.

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Book SynopsisPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. PAHs are one of the most widespread organic pollutants. Their occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic and natural emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production. This book examines recent developments in the field.

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Book SynopsisIn the last several years, polymer composites have been used heavily in the construction sector, such as to repair or design buildings and bridges, strengthen structures and as stand-alone components. About 30% of all polymers produced each year are used in the civil engineering and building industries. In addition to construction, polymer composites are also used in transportation (moulded parts, fuel and gas tanks), aerospace (satellites and aircraft structures), marine, biomedical (dental fixtures, prosthetic devices), electronics and in recreation industries. Such properties associated with polymer composites, in addition to its performance and applications, are continually being researched. Some topics examined in this book include the durability of the base components of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer), specifically designed for civil engineering industry. The most common environmental agents, mostly responsible for the deterioration of the materials performance are also discussed. Furthermore, the interfacial adhesion between nanotubes and polymers and the different strategies to promote adhesion are explored to help readers understand the potential and challenges faced by scientists and engineers regarding the use of carbon nanotubes as a reinforcement phase in nanocomposites. This book also reviews the state-of-the-art of syntactic foams and shape memory polymers. The underlying principle for self-heating is also analyzed. Other chapters examine the processing of polymers into antimicrobial materials using polymer/clay nanotechnology, the various methods of synthesis for polyaniline-based nanoparticle-hybrid materials, and the steps towards understanding the complex relationships between specific factors in the production of plastic composites.

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Book SynopsisIn general, the strength of ceramic materials is influenced by the presence of flaws, originating during the material processing and representing fracture origins to be accordingly a reason of material fracture. In this book, fabrication processes of particle reinforced ceramic are introduced, which provide a useful set of variables for model experimental and theoretical studies. Toughening mechanisms of particle dispersion reinforced ceramic matrix composites are also discussed, and the practice of the composites containing the latest research results are introduced. In addition, the authors discuss the application of the contact and four-point bending tests on monolithic ceramic materials at room temperature to determine the strength of ceramic materials. Other chapters in this book examine fibre reinforced plastics, which are used world-wide in various applications. A novel nanofabrication strategy to develop high dielectric constant nanocomposite is also introduced, as well as a novel approach for systematic investigation of polymer nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents interesting results in the field of physico-chemical criteria for estimating the efficiency of burn dressings, antimicrobical packaging materials, reinforced materials, nanofibres, natural polymers, conducting polymers and composites, application of electron spin resonance technique for investigation of radical reactions, synthesis of stabilisers for polymers, and the effect of flame retardants on combustion of polymers and processing.

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Book SynopsisPolymer nanocomposites revolutionised the research in this field owing to the tremendous improvement in the composite properties at very low filler volume fraction. The surface modification of the filler, generally layered silicate montmorillonite clay, is required to compatibilise the organic and inorganic phases. The inorganic clay was modified conventionally with alkyl ammonium ions and the exfoliated nanocomposites with polar polymers could be formed where the clay could be dispersed at nanometer scale. During the initial phase of nanocomposite developments, only ammonium ions of fixed chain length were exchanged on the clay surface. However, this technology suffered when polyolefins and other non-polar polymers were used owing to the difficulties in dispersion of polar clay in the hydrophobic matrices. At best, only partially exfoliated composites could be formed by using these ammonium modified clays. To circumvent these limitations, two possible routes have been followed. By polarising the polymer matrix (e.g. by addition of compatibilisers or surfactants), one can achieve compatibilisation between the organic-inorganic phases. However, this technology leads to deterioration of nanocomposite properties even though better delamination is achieved. On the other hand, one can also focus on the more efficient modification of the filler surface so that the residual polarity after modification of the surface with conventional ammonium ions is also eliminated. A number of new clay surface modification techniques have been developed in the recent years which help in the generation of more exfoliated polymer nanocomposites. These techniques do not rely on the ion exchange of fixed chain length ammonium ions, but lead to generation/exchange of long and polydisperse polymer chains. These techniques include grafting of polymers to the clay surface, grafting of polymers from the clay surface, controlled living polymerisation from the clay surface, in situ generation of polyolefins from the clay surface and clay surface reactions etc. and form very robust technologies for the complete organophilisation of the clay surface. The generation of thick brushes around the clay surface owing to the better surface modification leads to better coverage of the electrostatic forces binding the clay platelets together and also leads to higher basal plane spacing between them. As a result, the modified platelets are more susceptible to exfoliation when compounded with the polymer matrices.

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Book SynopsisCarbohydrates play an important role in many biological and biochemical processes, including the fertilisation, cell differentiation and maturation, protein folding and degradation. Carbohydrate polymers covers the study and exploitation of carbohydrate polymers which have current or potential industrial application in areas such as food, textiles, paper, wood, adhesives, biodegradables, biorefining, pharmaceuticals, and oil recovery. This book focuses on recent developments on carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) applications in the biomedical, biological and biotechnological fields. Furthermore, polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that are made up chains of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. This book reviews the literature on fibres spun from several polysaccharides and fibre spinning techniques, including both conventional fibre spinning methods and electrospinning. Resulting fibre properties and prospective applications are discussed. This book also reviews research on polysaccharide film-formation and characteristics, analysed mechanical and barrier properties of polysaccharide-based films, summarises applications of polysaccharide films in food products and makes conclusions as to the status of polysaccharide films and their future developmental direction. Other chapters in this book examine the pathways leading to the production of bioactive oligosaccharides that have biotechnological applications. The current progress in the development of marine carbohydrates into nutraceuticals and their applications are explored as well.

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