Applied optics Books

Book SynopsisHow electromagnetic radiation such as light is scattered or absorbed by media is used in many fields as it can provide information on the size, shape, number, and dynamics of particles or objects. It is key to fields as diverse as physical chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, microbiology, astronomy, atmospheric sciences and radar. This is not purely an academic concern, most aerosol mass in the atmosphere, including entrained mineral dust, volcanic ash, and soot consists of particles with irregular shapes and the way they scatter and absorb light has implications for many climate models. One new approach considers the scattering in reciprocal or Q-space. Q-space analysis has been used extensively in the fields of small angle x-ray and neutron scattering but developments in scattering, in general, and light scattering in particular, are relatively recent. This book provides a thorough overview of how particles of any size or shape scatter and absorb light

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Book Synopsis"The increasing commercial use of millimeter wavelengths for remote sensing, communications, and radar systems has driven the need for new low-cost, high performance systems, and with it, the need for quasioptical systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Overview. 1.1 What Is Quasioptics? 1.2 Why Quasioptics Is of Interest. 1.3 Historical Overview. 1.4 Organization of This Book. 1.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 2: Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.1 Derivation of Basic Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.2 Description of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.3 Geometrical Optics Limits of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.4 Higher Order Gaussian Beam Mode Solutions of the Paraxial Wave Equation. 2.5 The Size of Gaussian Beam Modes. 2.6 Gaussian Beam Measurement. 2.7 Inverse Formulas for Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.8 The Paraxial Limit and Improved Solutions to the Wave Equation. 2.9 Alternative Derivation of the Gaussian Beam Propagation Formula. 2.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 3: Gaussian Beam Transformation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ray Matrices and the Complex Beam Parameter. 3.3 Gaussian Beam Transformation by Focusing Elements. 3.4 Mode Matching. 3.5 Complex Beam Parameter and Smith Chart Representation. 3.6 Transformation of Higher Order Gaussian Beam Modes. 3.7 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 4: Gaussian Beam Coupling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Axially Aligned Beams. 4.3 Tilted Beams. 4.4 Offset Beams. 4.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 5: Practical Aspects of Quasioptical Focusing Elements. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Single-Pixel and Imaging Systems. 5.3 The Eikonal Equation. 5.4 Refractive Focusing Elements. 5.5 Zoned Lenses. 5.6 Zone Plate Lenses. 5.7 Metallic Lenses. 5.8 Reflective Focusing Elements. 5.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 6: Gaussian Beams and Antenna Feed Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Illumination. 6.3 Aperture Efficiency. 6.4 Radiation Patterns. 6.5 Extended Sources. 6.6 Defocusing Due to Secondary Motion in Cassegrain Systems. 6.7 Requirements on the Beam Waist. 6.8 Reflection Due to Central Blockage in Cassegrain Systems. 6.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 7: Gaussian Beam Coupling to Radiating Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Expansion in Gaussian Beam Modes: General Considerations. 7.3 Radius of Curvature. 7.4 Beam Radius. 7.5 Beam Waist Location and Complex Amplitudes. 7.6 Gaussian Beam Modes for Feed Elements of Various Types. 7.7 Summary of Fundamental Mode Coupling Coefficients. 7.8 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 8: Frequency-Independent Quasioptical Components. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Path Length Modulators/Delay Lines. 8.3 Polarization Processing Components. 8.4 Polarization Transducers and Wave Plates. 8.5 Quasioptical Hybrids. 8.6 Quasioptical Attenuators and Power Dividers. 8.7 Quasioptical Ferrite Devices. 8.8 Quasioptical Absorbers and Calibration Loads. 8.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 9: Quasioptical Frequency-Selective Components. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Planar Structures. 9.3 Thick Structure: Perforated Plates. 9.4 Interferometers. 9.5 Interferometers of Other Types. 9.6 Layered Dielectrics. 9.7 Multiple-Grid Filters. 9.8 Diffraction Gratings. 9.9 Resonators. 9.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 10: Quasioptical Active Devices. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Bulk Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.3 Quasioptical Planar Arrays. 10.4 Cavity-Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.5 Spatial Power Combining. 10.6 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 11: Quasioptical System Design: Principles and Examples. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Design Methodology and General Guidelines. 11.3 System Design Examples. 11.4 Conclusions. 11.5 Bibliographic Notes. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX. ABOUT THE AUTHOR.

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Book SynopsisThis text covers key mathematical principles and algorithms for nonlinear filters used in image processing. It offers insight into the underlying mathematical and filter design methodologies needed to construct and use nonlinear filters in a variety of applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Logical Image Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Computational Gray-Scale Operators (E. Dougherty & J. Barrera). Translation-Invariant Set Operators (E. Dougherty). Granulometric Filters (E. Dougherty & Y. Chen) Easy Recipes for Morphological Filters (H. Heijmans). Introduction to Connected Operators (H. Heijmans). Representation and Optimization of Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Invariant Signals of Median and Stack Filters (J. Astola & P. Kuosmanen). Binary Polynomial Transforms and Logical Correlation (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Applications of Binary Polynomial Transforms (K. Egiazarian, et al.). Random Sets in View of Image Filtering Applications (I. Molchanov). Index.

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Book SynopsisSince the 1960s, a significant effort has been underway to program computers to see the human face and to develop automated systems for identifying faces and distinguishing them from one another - commonly known as Facial Recognition Technology. This book focuses on the politics of developing and deploying these technologies.Trade ReviewThis work is a fascinating, timely investigation of the cultural practices and institutional priorities surrounding automated face perception technologies -- C. Tappert * Choice *A groundbreaking study. Our Biometric Future considers facial recognition technology through its wide range of political entanglements, such as post-9/11 security measures, the management of urban populations in commercial districts, and self-representation in online social networking sites. Across these contexts, Gates shows how facial recognition's political effects have developed in spite of the fact that the technology does not actually work very well. Written with style and wit, Our Biometric Future will resonate with readers in cultural studies, new media, science and technology studies, and anyone interested in surveillance, privacy and security in contemporary life. -- Jonathan Sterne,McGill University, author of The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound ReproductionGates deftly explores the cultural work performed by facial recognition technologies, and in so doing demonstrates considerable skill in the critical analysis of emergent technologies. This book represents a significant contribution to our understanding about the ongoing elaboration of surveillance society throughout the globe. -- Anne Balsamo,author of Technologies of the Gendered BodyGiven its spotty track record, it's hard to see why facial recognition technology has so quickly become one of the most widely used forms of biometrics (second only to fingerprints). Kelly Gates' Our Biometric Future, a thorough exploration of FRT's relatively short history, provides some clues...[an] impressive book. * London Review of Books *Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 "Self-Motivating Exhilaration": On the Cultural Sources of Computer Communication2 Romanticism and the Machine: The Formation of the Computer Counterculture3 Missing the Net: The 1980s, Microcomputers, and the Rise of Neoliberalism4 Networks and the Social Imagination5 The Moment of Wired6 Open Source, the Expressive Programmer, and the Problem of PropertyConclusion: Capitalism, Passions, Democracy NotesIndex About the Author

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Book SynopsisProviding an introduction to imaging spectrometers, this text first reviews the required background information in optics, radiometry, imaging, spectral sensing and focal plane arrays, then goes on to discuss the principles of these subjects and apply them to specific problems.

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of random processes for image and signal processing. It seeks to reflect the author's increasing appreciation of the profound differences between deterministic and probabilistic scientific epistemology. Topics include canonical representation and transform coding.

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Book SynopsisExamines the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system and its effects on the imageforming process. The text provides equations for determining various aspects of contrast sensitivity, in addition to models that easily can be used for practical applications.Table of ContentsModulation Threshold and Noise; Model for the Spatial Contrast Sensitivity of the Eye; Extension of the Contrast Sensitivity Model to Extra-Foveal Vision; Extension of the Contrast Sensitivity Model to the Temporal Domain; Effect of Nonwhite Spatial Noise on Contrast Sensitivity; Contrast Discrimination Model; Image Quality Measure; Effect of Various Parameters on Image Quality.

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Book SynopsisThe author has expanded the information found in his practical 1995 tutorial. Achromats are covered in more detail, with an updated discussion of beam expanders. Ball lens, gradient optics, and three mirror configurations have been added to the chapter on Special Optical Surfaces and Components.Table of ContentsRadiometric considerations. Basic optics. Primary aberrations. Wave aberrations. Special optical surfaces and components. Design examples. Thermal effects. Optical coatings. Image evaluation. Diamond turning. Appendix A.1: Paraxial ray tracing. Appendix A.2: Spherical aberration of a thin lens.

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Book SynopsisAn integrated mathematical view of the physics and numerical modeling of optical projection lithography that covers the full spectrum of the important concepts. Readers with a good working knowledge of calculus can follow the development, technologists can gather concepts and the equations that result. The casual reader will gain a perspective.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of SPIE offer access to the latest innovations in research and technology and are among the most cited references in patent literature.

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Book SynopsisA compilation of a unique history of the invention of laser guide stars and other contributions to adaptive optics made by the Department of Defense.

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Book SynopsisPresents practical electro-optical applications in the context of the fundamental principles of communication theory, thermodynamics, information theory and propagation theory. Combining systems issues with fundamentals of communications, this is an essential reference for all practising engineers and academic researchers in optical engineering.Trade Review'… a single comprehensive book for anyone having anything to do with the vast field of electro-optics … If you are a scientist or engineer who has to manipulate photons, Fundamentals of Electro-Optic Systems Design belongs on your bookshelf - near the front.' Robert K. Tyson, University of North Carolina, Charlotte'… a must-have reference for the scientist or engineer involved with electro-optical system design.' Tony Tether, former DARPA Director (2001–2009)'… a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of free-space optical communications and Lidar.' Joseph W. Goodman, Stanford University'The material [is] very accessible … clear and well presented.' Ronald Phillips, University of Central Florida'This book offers an exhaustive treatment of free-space electro-optical instrumentation for remote sensing, such as LIDAR, detection techniques and communications in turbulent and turbid media … The core chapters are easy to follow and describe in detail LIDAR, free-space optical communication (including atmosphere absorption and scattering) and the optical thick communication channel. There should be no problem in using this publication as a textbook, because it includes many examples. This comprehensive book will also be a very useful reference for researchers and engineers involved in optical remote sensing and instrumentation.' Silvano Donati, Optics and Photonics News'The first feature of the book which astounds is its compactness. The authors have addressed an astonishing range of topics in a few hundred pages. … The second feature of this book which causes amazement is the breadth of the coverage. Arguably the secret of this success is the fact that the authors are highly accomplished and greatly experienced. This strength enables the authors to make judicious choices of subject matter and have the confidence to convey the essence of each topic in a convincing manner. … The depth and breadth of this volume together with the care that the authors have taken to present their material in a digestible form lead one to strongly recommend this book to as wide an audience as possible.' K. Alan Shore, Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. Genesis of electro-optic systems; 2. Role of electromagnetic theory in electro-optics systems; 3. Photo-detection of electromagnetic radiation; 4. Metrics for evaluating photo-detected radiation; 5. Contrast, visibility and imaging; 6. Signal modulation schemes in optical communications; 7. Forward error correction coding; 8. Modern communications designs for FOC/FSOC applications; 9. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR); 10. Communications in the turbulent channel; 11. Communications in the optical scatter channel.

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Book SynopsisDiscover how mid-infrared and terahertz photonics has been revolutionized in this comprehensive overview of state-of-the art quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Combining real-world examples with expert guidance, it provides a thorough treatment of practical applications, including high-power continuous-wave QCLs, frequency-comb devices, quantum-electronic transport and thermal transport modeling, and beam shaping in QCLs. With a focus on recent developments, such as frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs, grating-outcoupled surface-emitting mid-infrared QCLs, coherent-power scaling of mid-IR and THz QCLs, metasurface-based surface-emitting THz QCLs, self-mixing in QCLs, and THz QCL sources based on difference-frequency generation, it also features detailed theoretical explanations of means for efficiency maximization, design criteria for high-power continuous-wave operation of QCLs, and QCL thermal modeling, enabling you to improve performance of current and future devices. PaTable of ContentsPart I. Bandstructure Engineering, Modeling and State-of-the-art QCLs: 1. Basic physics of intersubband radiative and nonradiative processes Jacob B. Khurgin; 2. State-of-the-art mid-infrared QCLs: elastic scattering, high CW power and coherent-power scaling Dan Botez and Luke J. Mawst; 3. Long wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Alexei Baranov, Michael Bahriz and Roland Teissier; 4. Overview of the state-of-the-art terahertz QCL designs Qi Jie Wang and Yongquan Zeng; 5. Simulating quantum cascade lasers: the challenge to quantum theory Andreas Wacker; 6. Coupled simulation of quantum electronic transport and thermal transport in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers Michelle L. King, Farhad Karimi, Sina Soleimanikahnoj, Suraj Suri, Song Mei, Yanbing Shi, Olafur Jonasson and Irena Knezevic; Part II. Active Research Topics: 7. Quantum cascade laser frequency combs Jérôme_Faist and Giacomo Scalari; 8. Frequency noise and frequency stabilization of QCLs Miriam Serena Vitiello, Luigi Consolino and Paolo De Natale; 9. Distributed-feedback and beam shaping in monolithic terahertz QCLs Yuan Jin and Sushil Kumar; 10. Metasurface based THz quantum-cascade lasers Benjamin S. Williams and Christopher A. Curwen; 11. Terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity difference-frequency generation Mikhail A. Belkin; Part III. Applications: 12. QCL applications in scientific research, commercial, and defense and security markets Jeremy Rowlette, Eric Takeuchi and Timothy Day; 13. QCL-based gas sensing with photoacoustic spectroscopy Vincenzo Spagnolo, Pietro Patimisco, Angelo Sampaolo and Marilena Giglio; 14. Multiheterodyne spectroscopic sensing and applications of mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade laser combs; Gerard Wysocki, Jonas Westberg and Lukasz Sterczewski; 15. Self-mixing in quantum cascade lasers: theory and applications Paul Dean, Jay Keeley, Yah Leng Lim, Karl Bertling, Thomas Taimre, Pierluigi Rubino, Dragan Indjin and Aleksandar Rakic; 16. Applications of terahertz quantum cascade lasers Pierre Gellie; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis concise and accessible book provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental principles of atomic physics at an undergraduate level. Concepts are explained in an intuitive way and the book assumes only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. With a compact format specifically designed for students, the first part of the book covers the key principles of the subject, including the quantum theory of the hydrogen atom, radiative transitions, the shell model of multi-electron atoms, spin-orbit coupling, and the effects of external fields. The second part provides an introduction to the four key applications of atomic physics: lasers, cold atoms, solid-state spectroscopy and astrophysics. This highly pedagogical text includes worked examples and end of chapter problems to allow students to test their knowledge, as well as numerous diagrams of key concepts, making it perfect for undergraduate students looking for a succinct primer on the concepts and applications of atomic physics.Trade Review'Today a thorough understanding of atomic and molecular physics is surely a prerequisite for a career in astrophysics, especially now that the entire electromagnetic spectrum of many astronomical objects may be open to quantitative examination. Given the need for a sound understanding, the question becomes, how are students to develop a serious interest in atomic and molecular physics? This book by Mark Fox deserves consideration for an atomic-physics course taken by physics (and other) students in the second half of their undergraduate career … I welcome this book for its clear exposition of the basic ideas on atomic structure and spectra. … The health of spectroscopic astrophysics demands that young bright minds are brought into the field in every generation. Texts like that by Mark Fox have a crucial role to play in this context.' David L. Lambert, The Observatory'Well-chosen worked examples are liberally sprinkled through all the chapters. This is an invaluable aid to the reader … The text is clear to read and understand, and only a basic understanding of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism is required … The harder mathematical concepts are hidden away in Appendices, so they are still available for the more intrepid reader, but do not spoil the flow of the main text … I would agree that the material is pitched at the second or third year of a UK undergraduate physics course, but it would also be useful for specialists in other fields starting out in the world of atomic physics.' Stephen H. Ashworth, Contemporary Physics'This is a well-constructed book with a great many exercises at the end of each chapter. These exercises are of tremendous value, enabling students to solve a wide variety of problems in the subject. I would recommend this book for anyone who wanted a basic understanding of atomic physics.' Trevor Bailey, Mathematics TodayTable of ContentsPreface; List of symbols; Part I. Fundamental Principles: 1. Preliminary concepts; 2. Hydrogen; 3. Radiative transitions; 4. The shell model and alkali spectra; 5. Angular momentum; 6. Helium and exchange symmetry; 7. Fine structure and nuclear effects; 8. External fields: the Zeeman and Stark effects; Part II. Applications of Atomic Physics: 9. Stimulated emission and lasers; 10. Cold atoms; 11. Atomic physics applied to the solid state; 12. Atomic physics in astronomy; Appendix A. The reduced mass; Appendix B. Mathematical solutions for the hydrogen Schrödinger equation; Appendix C. Helium energy integrals; Appendix D. Perturbation theory of the Stark effect; Appendix E. Laser dynamics; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisNanooptics which describes the interaction of light with matter at the nanoscale, is a topic of great fundamental interest to physicists and engineers and allows the direct observation of quantum mechanical phenomena in action. This self-contained and extensively referenced text describes the underlying theory behind nanodevices operating in the quantum regime for use both in advanced courses and as a reference for researchers in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science. Presenting an extensive theoretical toolset for design and analysis of nanodevices, the authors demonstrate the art of developing approximate quantum models of real nanodevices. The rudimentarymathematical knowledgerequired to master the material iscarefully introduced, with detailed derivations and frequent worked examples allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of the material. More advanced applications are gradually introduced alongside analytical approximations and simplifying asTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Quantum-mechanical framework; 3. Linear response theory; 4. Dissipation and decoherence; 5. Quantum current flow; 6. Quantum tunneling; 7. Quantum noise.

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Book SynopsisBased on a popular article in Laser and Photonics Reviews, this book provides an explanation and overview of the techniques used to model, make, and measure metal nanoparticles, detailing results obtained and what they mean. It covers the properties of coupled metal nanoparticles, the nonlinear optical response of metal nanoparticles, and the phenomena that arise when light-emitting materials are coupled to metal nanoparticles. It also provides an overview of key potential applications and offers explanations of computational and experimental techniques giving readers a solid grounding in the field.Trade Review“The present volume will be very useful for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and advanced undergraduates. The instructors and advisers of such students will benefit from reading this book as well.” (Optics & Photonics News, 8 November 2013)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi I.1 Why All the Excitement? xi I.2 Historical Perspective xiv I.3 Book Outline xvii 1 Modeling: Understanding Metal-Nanoparticle Plasmons 1 1.1 Classical Picture: Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.2 Discrete Plasmon Resonances in Particles 13 1.3 Overview of Numerical Methods 25 1.4 A Model System: Gold Nanorods 31 1.5 Size-Dependent Effects in Small Particles 39 References 46 2 Making: Synthesis and Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 51 2.1 Top-Down: Lithography 52 2.2 Bottom-Up: Colloidal Synthesis 67 2.3 Self-Assembly and Hybrid Methods 76 2.4 Chemical Assembly 86 References 92 3 Measuring: Characterization of Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 97 3.1 Ensemble Optical Measurements 97 3.2 Single-Particle Optical Measurements 102 3.3 Electron Microscopy 125 References 132 4 Coupled Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles 135 4.1 Pairs of Metal Nanoparticles 136 4.2 Understanding Complex Nanostructures Using Coupled Plasmons 149 References 161 5 Nonlinear Optical Response of Metal Nanoparticles 165 5.1 Review of Optical Nonlinearities 166 5.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 170 5.3 Harmonic Generation 187 References 191 6 Coupling Plasmons in Metal Nanoparticles to Emitters 193 6.1 Plasmon-Modified Emission 193 6.2 Plasmon–Emitter Interactions Beyond Emission Enhancement 210 References 225 7 Some Potential Applications of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles 229 7.1 Refractive-Index Sensing and Molecular Detection 229 7.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 233 7.3 Near-Field Microscopy, Photolithography, and Data Storage 239 7.4 Photodetectors and Solar Cells 242 7.5 Optical Tweezers 249 7.6 Optical Metamaterials 254 References 266 Index 271

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Book SynopsisUnmanned systems and robotics technologies have become very popular recently owing to their ability to replace human beings in dangerous, tedious, or repetitious jobs.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Monograph Roadmap 1 1.1.1 Sensing and Control in the Information-Rich World 1 1.1.2 Typical Civilian Application Scenarios 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Sensing and Control Using Unmanned Vehicles 5 1.2 Research Motivations 7 1.2.1 Small Unmanned Aircraft System Design for Remote Sensing 7 1.2.2 State Estimation for Small UAVs 8 1.2.3 Advanced Flight Control for Small UAVs 9 1.2.4 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple UAVs 10 1.2.5 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Actuator and Sensor Networks 11 1.3 Monograph Contributions 11 1.4 Monograph Organization 12 References 12 2 AggieAir: A Low-Cost Unmanned Aircraft System for Remote Sensing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Small UAS Overview 17 2.2.1 Autopilot Hardware 19 2.2.2 Autopilot Software 21 2.2.3 Typical Autopilots for Small UAVs 22 2.3 AggieAir UAS Platform 26 2.3.1 Remote Sensing Requirements 26 2.3.2 AggieAir System Structure 27 2.3.3 Flying-Wing Airframe 30 2.3.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Autopilot 31 2.3.5 OSAM Image Payload Subsystem 32 2.3.6 gRAID Image Georeference Subsystem 36 2.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Design for IMU Integration 39 2.4.1 Hardware Interface Connections 40 2.4.2 Software Interface Design 41 2.5 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol and Tuning 45 2.5.1 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol 45 2.5.2 AggieAir Controller Tuning Procedure 46 2.6 Typical Platforms and Flight Test Results 47 2.6.1 Typical Platforms 47 2.6.2 Flight Test Results 48 2.7 Chapter Summary 50 References 50 3 Attitude Estimation Using Low-Cost IMUs for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 53 3.1 State Estimation Problem Definition 54 3.2 Rigid Body Rotations Basics 55 3.2.1 Frame Definition 55 3.2.2 Rotation Representations 56 3.2.3 Conversion Between Rotation Representations 57 3.2.4 UAV Kinematics 58 3.3 Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Units: Hardware and Sensor Suites 60 3.3.1 IMU Basics and Notations 60 3.3.2 Sensor Packs 61 3.3.3 IMU Categories 63 3.3.4 Example Low-Cost IMUs 63 3.4 Attitude Estimation Using Complementary Filters on SO(3) 65 3.4.1 Passive Complementary Filter 66 3.4.2 Explicit Complementary Filter 66 3.4.3 Flight Test Results 67 3.5 Attitude Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filters 68 3.5.1 General Extended Kalman Filter 68 3.5.2 Quaternion-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.5.3 Euler Angles-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.6 AggieEKF: GPS-Aided Extended Kalman Filter 70 3.7 Chapter Summary 74 References 74 4 Lateral Channel Fractional Order Flight Controller Design for a Small UAV 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Preliminaries of UAV Flight Control 78 4.3 Roll-Channel System Identification and Control 79 4.3.1 System Model 80 4.3.2 Excitation Signal for System Identification 80 4.3.3 Parameter Optimization 81 4.4 Fractional Order Controller Design 81 4.4.1 Fractional Order Operators 81 4.4.2 PIλ Controller Design 82 4.4.3 Fractional Order Controller Implementation 85 4.5 Simulation Results 86 4.5.1 Introduction to Aerosim Simulation Platform 87 4.5.2 Roll-Channel System Identification 87 4.5.3 Fractional-Order PI Controller Design Procedure 89 4.5.4 Integer-Order PID Controller Design 90 4.5.5 Comparison 90 4.6 UAV Flight Testing Results 92 4.6.1 The ChangE UAV Platform 92 4.6.2 System Identification 94 4.6.3 Proportional Controller and Integer Order PI Controller Design 96 4.6.4 Fractional Order PI Controller Design 97 4.6.5 Flight Test Results 98 4.7 Chapter Summary 99 References 99 5 Remote Sensing Using Single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 101 5.1 Motivations for Remote Sensing 102 5.1.1 Water Management and Irrigation Control Requirements 102 5.1.2 Introduction of Remote Sensing 102 5.2 Remote Sensing Using Small UAVs 103 5.2.1 Coverage Control 103 5.2.2 Georeference Problem 105 5.3 Sample Applications for AggieAir UAS 109 5.3.1 Real-Time Surveillance 109 5.3.2 Farmland Coverage 109 5.3.3 Road Surveying 111 5.3.4 Water Area Coverage 112 5.3.5 Riparian Surveillance 112 5.3.6 Remote Data Collection 115 5.3.7 Other Applications 116 5.4 Chapter Summary 119 References 119 6 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 121 6.1 Consensus-Based Formation Control 122 6.1.1 Consensus Algorithms 122 6.1.2 Implementation of Consensus Algorithms 123 6.1.3 MASnet Hardware Platform 123 6.1.4 Experimental Results 125 6.2 Surface Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 129 6.2.1 Problem Definition: Wind Profile Measurement 131 6.2.2 Wind Profile Measurement Using UAVs 133 6.2.3 Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 135 6.2.4 Preliminary Simulation and Experimental Results 136 6.3 Chapter Summary 140 References 140 7 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Sensor and Actuator Networks 143 7.1 Motivation and Background 143 7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Problem Formulation 144 7.3 CVT-Based Dynamical Actuator Motion Scheduling Algorithm 146 7.3.1 Motion Planning for Actuators with the First-Order Dynamics 146 7.3.2 Motion Planning for Actuators with the Second-Order Dynamics 147 7.3.3 Neutralizing Control 147 7.4 Grouping Effect in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 147 7.4.1 Grouping for CVT-Based Diffusion Control 148 7.4.2 Diffusion Control Simulation with Different Group Sizes 148 7.4.3 Grouping Effect Summary 150 7.5 Information Consensus in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 154 7.5.1 Basic Consensus Algorithm 154 7.5.2 Requirements of Diffusion Control 154 7.5.3 Consensus-Based CVT Algorithm 155 7.6 Simulation Results 158 7.7 Chapter Summary 164 References 164 8 Conclusions and Future Research Suggestions 167 8.1 Conclusions 167 8.2 Future Research Suggestions 168 8.2.1 VTOL UAS Design for Civilian Applications 168 8.2.2 Monitoring and Control of Fast-Evolving Processes 169 8.2.3 Other Future Research Suggestions 169 References 170 Appendix 171 A.1 List of Documents for CSOIS Flight Test Protocol 171 A.1.1 Sample CSOIS-OSAM Flight Test Request Form 171 A.1.2 Sample CSOIS-OSAM 48 in. UAV (IR) In-lab Inspection Form 172 A.1.3 Sample Preflight Checklist 172 A.2 IMU/GPS Serial Communication Protocols 173 A.2.1 u-blox GPS Serial Protocol 173 A.2.2 Crossbow MNAV IMU Serial Protocol 173 A.2.3 Microstrain GX2 IMU Serial Protocol 174 A.2.4 Xsens Mti-g IMU Serial Protocol 178 A.3 Paparazzi Autopilot Software Architecture: A Modification Guide 182 A.3.1 Autopilot Software Structure 182 A.3.2 Airborne C Files 183 A.3.3 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Implementation 184 A.3.4 Configuration XML Files 185 A.3.5 Roll-Channel Fractional Order Controller Implementation 189 A.4 DiffMas2D Code Modification Guide 192 A.4.1 Files Description 192 A.4.2 Diffusion Animation Generation 193 A.4.3 Implementation of CVT-Consensus Algorithm 193 References 195 Topic Index 197

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive resource to designing and constructing analog photonic links capable of high RF performance Fundamentals of Microwave Photonics provides a comprehensive description of analog optical links from basic principles to applications. The book is organized into four parts.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Enabling Technological Advances and Benefits of Fiber Optic Links 6 1.2 Analog Versus Digital Fiber Optic Links 13 1.3 Basic Fiber Optic Components 18 1.4 Analog Links Within RF Systems 27 References 28 2 Analog Performance Metrics 33 2.1 The Scattering Matrix 34 2.2 Noise Figure 36 2.3 Dynamic Range 39 2.3.1 Compression Dynamic Range 39 2.3.2 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 43 2.4 Cascade Analysis 52 References 54 3 Sources of Noise in Fiber Optic Links 57 3.1 Basic Concepts 58 3.2 Thermal Noise 62 3.3 Shot Noise 69 3.4 Lasers 74 3.5 Optical Amplifiers 93 3.5.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 94 3.5.2 Raman and Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers 108 3.5.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 112 3.6 Photodetection 113 References 117 4 Distortion in Fiber Optic Links 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Distortion in Electrical-to-Optical Conversion 130 4.3 Optical Amplifier Distortion 134 4.4 Photodetector Distortion 138 4.4.1 Photodetector Distortion Measurement Systems 141 4.4.2 Photodetector Nonlinear Mechanisms 144 References 161 5 Propagation Effects 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Double Rayleigh Scattering 168 5.3 RF Phase in Fiber Optic Links 170 5.4 Chromatic Dispersion 173 5.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 184 5.6 Stimulated Raman Scattering 190 5.7 Cross-Phase Modulation 193 5.8 Four-Wave Mixing 198 5.9 Polarization Effects 200 References 205 6 External Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection 212 6.1 Concept and Link Architectures 213 6.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 216 6.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 233 6.3.1 General Equations 234 6.3.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Equations 242 6.3.3 RIN-Limited Equations 247 6.3.4 Trade Space Analysis 250 6.4 Photodetector Issues and Solutions 251 6.5 Linearization Techniques 260 6.6 Propagation Effects 264 References 270 7 External Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Signal Transfer and Gain 275 7.3 Noise and Performance Metrics 287 7.4 Linearization Techniques 295 7.5 Propagation Effects 299 7.6 Other Techniques for Optical Phase Demodulation 304 References 308 8 Other Analog Optical Modulation Methods 312 8.1 Direct Laser Modulation 313 8.1.1 Direct Intensity Modulation 314 8.1.2 Direct Frequency Modulation 319 8.2 Suppressed Carrier Modulation with a Low Biased MZM 321 8.3 Single-Sideband Modulation 328 8.4 Sampled Analog Optical Links 330 8.4.1 RF Downconversion Via Sampled Analog Optical Links 333 8.4.2 Mitigation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering with Sampled Links 336 8.5 Polarization Modulation 340 References 344 9 High Current Photodetectors 351 9.1 Photodetector Compression 352 9.2 Effects Due to Finite Series Resistance 355 9.3 Thermal Limitations 359 9.4 Space-Charge Effects 365 9.5 Photodetector Power Conversion Efficiency 370 9.6 State of the Art for Power Photodetectors 376 References 378 10 Applications and Trends 383 10.1 Point-to-Point Links 384 10.2 Analog Fiber Optic Delay Lines 393 10.3 Photonic-Based RF Signal Processing 398 10.3.1 Wideband Channelization 399 10.3.2 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 401 10.3.3 Downconversion 404 10.3.4 Phased-Array Beamforming 405 10.4 Photonic Methods for RF Signal Generation 407 10.5 Millimeter-Wave Photonics 415 10.6 Integrated Microwave Photonics 419 References 427 Appendix I Units and Physical Constants 446 Appendix II Electromagnetic Radiation 450 Appendix III Power, Voltage and Current for a Sinusoid 453 Appendix IV Trigonometric Functions 455 Appendix V Fourier Transforms 458 Appendix VI Bessel Functions 460 Index 463

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Book SynopsisThis book provides up-to-date developments, methods, and techniques in the field of GIS and remote sensing and features articles from internationally renowned authorities on three interrelated perspectives of scaling issues: scale in land surface properties, land surface patterns, and land surface processes.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix CONTRIBUTORS xi AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY xv INTRODUCTION 1 1 Characterizing, Measuring, Analyzing, and Modeling Scale in Remote Sensing: An Overview 3 Qihao Weng PART I SCALE, MEASUREMENT, MODELING, AND ANALYSIS 11 2 Scale Issues in Multisensor Image Fusion 13 Manfred Ehlers and Sascha Klonus 3 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Analysis of Landscape Ecological Processes: Current Insights and Trends 34 Dale A. Quattrochi and Jeffrey C. Luvall 4 On the Issue of Scale in Urban Remote Sensing 61 Qihao Weng PART II SCALE IN REMOTE SENSING OF PLANTS AND ECOSYSTEMS 79 5 Change Detection Using Vegetation Indices and Multiplatform Satellite Imagery at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales 81 Edward P. Glenn, Pamela L. Nagler, and Alfredo R. Huete 6 Upscaling with Conditional Cosimulation for Mapping Above-Ground Forest Carbon 108 Guangxing Wang and Maozhen Zhang 7 Estimating Grassland Chlorophyll Content from Leaf to Landscape Level: Bridging the Gap in Spatial Scales 126 Yuhong He PART III SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PROCESSES 139 8 Visualizing Scale-Domain Manifolds: A Multiscale Geo-Object-Based Approach 141 Geoffrey J. Hay 9 Multiscale Segmentation and Classification of Remote Sensing Imagery with Advanced Edge and Scale-Space Features 170 Angelos Tzotsos, Konstantinos Karantzalos, and Demetre Argialas 10 Optimum Scale in Object-Based Image Analysis 197 Jungho Im, Lindi J. Quackenbush, Manqi Li, and Fang Fang PART IV SCALE AND LAND SURFACE PATTERNS 215 11 Scaling Issues in Studying the Relationship Between Landscape Pattern and Land Surface Temperature 217 Hua Liu and Qihao Weng 12 Multiscale Fractal Characteristics of Urban Landscape in Indianapolis, USA 230 Bingqing Liang and Qihao Weng 13 Spatiotemporal Scales of Remote Sensing Precipitation 253 Yang Hong and Yu Zhang PART V NEW FRONTIERS IN EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGY 265 14 Multiscale Approach for Ground Filtering from Lidar Altimetry Measurements 267 JoseeL. Silvan-Cárdenas and Le Wang 15 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing with Emphasis on Land Cover Mapping: From Ground to Satellite Observations 285 George P. Petropoulos, Kiril Manevski, and Toby N. Carlson INDEX 321

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Book SynopsisAmorphous semiconductors are subtances in the amorphous solid state that have the properties of a semiconductor and which are either covalent or tetrahedrally bonded amorphous semiconductors or chelcogenide glasses. Developed from both a theoretical and experimental viewpoint Deals with, amongst others, preparation techniques, structural, optical and electronic properties, and lightinduced phenomena Explores different types of amorphous semiconductorsincluding amorphous silicon, amorphous semiconducting oxides and chalcogenide glasses Applications include solar cells, thin film transistors, sensors, optical memory devices and flat screen devices including televisions Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Aspects of Amorphous Semiconductors 1 1.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 3 1.3 Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors 3 References 3 2 Preparation Techniques 5 2.1 Growth of a‐Si:H Films 5 2.1.1 PECVD Technique 5 2.1.2 HWCVD Technique 6 2.2 Growth of Amorphous Chalcogenides 6 References 8 3 Structural Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Amorphous Chalcogenides 11 3.1 General Aspects 11 3.1.1 Definitions of Crystalline and Noncrystalline 11 3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 12 3.2.1 Raman Scattering 12 3.2.2 Infrared Absorption 13 3.3 Neutron Diffraction 15 3.3.1 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Silicon 17 3.3.2 Diffraction Measurements on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon 18 3.3.3 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Germanium 19 3.3.4 Diffraction Measurements on Amorphous Selenium 19 3.4 Computer Simulations 20 3.4.1 Monte Carlo‐Type Methods for Structure Derivation 20 3.4.2 Atomic Interactions 21 3.4.3 a‐Si Models Constructed by Monte Carlo Simulation 25 3.4.4 Reverse Monte Carlo Methods 26 3.4.5 a‐Si Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 28 3.4.6 a‐Se Model Constructed by RMC Simulation 30 3.4.7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 32 3.4.8 a‐Si Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.9 a‐Si:H Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 34 3.4.10 a‐Se Model Construction by Molecular Dynamics Simulation 35 3.4.11 Car and Parrinello Method 38 References 38 4 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 43 4.1 Bonding Structures 43 4.1.1 Bonding Structures in Column IV Elements 44 4.1.2 Bonding Structures in Column VI Elements 45 4.2 Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors 46 4.3 Fermi Energy of Amorphous Semiconductors 47 4.4 Differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Semiconductors 49 4.5 Charge Distribution in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 49 4.6 Density of States in Pure Amorphous Semiconductors 52 4.7 Dangling Bonds 54 4.8 Doping 57 References 58 5 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Silicon 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Band Tails and Structural Defects 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Band Tails 62 5.2.3 Structural Defects 66 5.3 Recombination Processes 68 5.3.1 Introduction 68 5.3.2 Radiative Recombination 68 5.3.3 Nonradiative Recombination 70 5.3.4 Recombination Processes and Recombination Centers in a‐Si:H 72 5.3.5 Spin‐Dependent Recombination 73 5.4 Electrical Properties 74 5.4.1 DC Conduction 74 5.4.2 AC Conduction 80 5.4.3 Hall Effect 87 5.4.4 Thermoelectric Power 88 5.4.5 Doping Effect 89 5.5 Optical Properties 92 5.5.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 92 5.5.2 Weak Absorption 94 5.5.3 Photoluminescence 96 5.5.4 Frequency‐Resolved Spectroscopy (FRS) 96 5.5.5 Photoconductivity 101 5.5.6 Dispersive Photoconduction 109 5.6 Electron Magnetic Resonance and Spin‐Dependent Properties 112 5.6.1 Introduction 112 5.6.2 Electron Magnetic Resonance 112 5.6.3 Spin‐Dependent Properties 128 5.7 Light‐Induced Phenomena and Light‐Induced Defect Creation 131 5.7.1 Introduction 131 5.7.2 Light‐Induced Phenomena 132 5.7.3 Light‐Induced Defect Creation 134 References 145 6 Electronic and Optical Properties of Amorphous Chalcogenides 157 6.1 Historical Overview of Chalcogenide Glasses 157 6.1.1 Applications 157 6.1.2 Science 158 6.2 Basic Glass Science 159 6.2.1 Glass Formation 159 6.2.2 Glass Transition Temperature 160 6.2.3 Crystallization of Glasses 162 6.3 Electrical Properties 165 6.3.1 Electronic Transport 165 6.3.2 Ionic Transport 170 6.4 Optical Properties 175 6.4.1 Fundamental Optical Absorption 175 6.4.2 Urbach and Weak Absorption Tails 178 6.4.3 Photoluminescence 179 6.4.4 Photoconduction 183 6.5 The Nature of Defects, and Defect Spectroscopy 191 6.5.1 Electron Spin Resonance 196 6.5.2 Optical Absorption 197 6.5.3 Primary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.4 Secondary Photoconductivity 197 6.5.5 Electrophotography 199 6.5.6 Electronic Transport 199 6.6 Light‐Induced Effects in Chalcogenides 200 6.6.1 Electron Spin Resonance 200 6.6.2 Optical Absorption 202 6.6.3 Photoluminescence 203 6.6.4 Photoconductivity 205 6.6.5 Electronic Transport 206 6.6.6 Defect Creation Kinetics 207 6.6.7 Structure‐Related Properties 210 References 218 7 Other Amorphous Material Systems 231 7.1 Amorphous Carbon and Related Materials 231 7.1.1 Basic Structure of a‐C (sp2 Hybrids) 232 7.1.2 Preparation Techniques 233 7.1.3 Brief Review of Structural Studies on Amorphous Carbon 233 7.1.4 Applications 234 7.2 Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 235 7.2.1 Preparation Techniques 235 7.2.2 Optical Properties 236 7.2.3 Electronic Properties 237 7.2.4 Applications 239 7.3 Metal‐Containing Amorphous Chalcogenides 239 7.3.1 Preparation Techniques 240 7.3.2 Structure of Ag‐Chs and Related Physical Properties 240 7.3.3 Photodoping 241 7.3.4 Applications 242 References 242 8 Applications 247 8.1 Devices Using a‐Si:H 247 8.1.1 Photovoltaics 247 8.1.2 Thin‐Film Transistors 248 8.2 Devices Using a‐Chs 249 8.2.1 Phase‐Change Materials 249 8.2.2 Direct X‐ray Image Sensors for Medical Use 257 8.2.3 High‐Gain Avalanche Rushing Amorphous Semiconductor Vidicon 258 8.2.4 Optical Fibers and Waveguides 260 References 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThe basic of the BPM technique in the frequency domain relies on treating the slowly varying envelope of the monochromatic electromagnetic field under paraxial propagation, thus allowing efficient numerical computation in terms of speed and allocated memory. In addition, the BPM based on finite differences is an easy way to implement robust and efficient computer codes. This book presents several approaches for treating the light: wide-angle, scalar approach, semivectorial treatment, and full vectorial treatment of the electromagnetic fields. Also, special topics in BPM cover the simulation of light propagation in anisotropic media, non-linear materials, electro-optic materials, and media with gain/losses, and describe how BPM can deal with strong index discontinuities or waveguide gratings, by introducing the bidirectional-BPM. BPM in the time domain is also described, and the book includes the powerful technique of finite difference time domain method, which fills the gap when theTable of ContentsPreface xii List of Acronyms xiv List of Symbols xvi 1 Electromagnetic Theory of Light 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Waves 21.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.1.2 Wave Equations in Inhomogeneous Media 5 1.1.3 Wave Equations in Homogeneous Media: Refractive Index 6 1.2 Monochromatic Waves 7 1.2.1 Homogeneous Media: Helmholtz’s Equation 9 1.2.2 Light Propagation in Absorbing Media 9 1.2.3 Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media 11 1.2.4 Light Propagation in Second-Order Non-Linear Media 13 1.3 Wave Equation Formulation in Terms of the Transverse Field Components 16 1.3.1 Electric Field Formulation 16 1.3.2 Magnetic Field Formulation 18 1.3.3 Wave Equation in Anisotropic Media 19 1.3.4 Second Order Non-Linear Media 20 References 21 2 The Beam-Propagation Method 22 Introduction 22 2.1 Paraxial Propagation: The Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation (SVEA).Full Vectorial BPM Equations 23 2.2 Semi-Vectorial and Scalar Beam Propagation Equations 29 2.2.1 Scalar Beam Propagation Equation 30 2.3 BPM Based on the Finite Difference Approach 31 2.4 FD-Two-Dimensional Scalar BPM 32 2.5 Von Neumann Analysis of FD-BPM 37 2.5.1 Stability 38 2.5.2 Numerical Dissipation 39 2.5.3 Numerical Dispersion 40 2.6 Boundary Conditions 44 2.6.1 Energy Conservation in the Difference Equations 45 2.6.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs) 47 2.6.3 Transparent Boundary Conditions (TBC) 49 2.6.4 Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs) 51 2.7 Obtaining the Eigenmodes Using BPM 56 2.7.1 The Correlation Function Method 58 2.7.2 The Imaginary Distance Beam Propagation Method 64 References 68 3 Vectorial and Three-Dimensional Beam Propagation Techniques 71 Introduction 71 3.1 Two-Dimensional Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 72 3.1.1 Formulation Based on the Electric Field 72 3.1.2 Formulation Based on the Magnetic Field 81 3.2 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Electric Field 84 3.2.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 88 3.2.2 Scalar Approach 96 3.2.3 Full Vectorial BPM 102 3.3 Three-Dimensional BPM Based on the Magnetic Field 113 3.3.1 Semi-Vectorial Formulation 116 3.3.2 Full Vectorial BPM 120 References 129 4 Special Topics on BPM 130 Introduction 130 4.1 Wide-Angle Beam Propagation Method 130 4.1.1 Formalism of Wide-Angle-BPM Based on Padé Approximants 131 4.1.2 Multi-step Method Applied to Wide-Angle BPM 133 4.1.3 Numerical Implementation of Wide-Angle BPM 135 4.2 Treatment of Discontinuities in BPM 140 4.2.1 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface 140 4.2.2 Implementation Using First-Order Approximation to the Square Root 144 4.3 Bidirectional BPM 148 4.3.1 Formulation of Iterative Bi-BPM 148 4.3.2 Finite-Difference Approach of the Bi-BPM 151 4.3.3 Example of Bidirectional BPM: Index Modulation Waveguide Grating 154 4.4 Active Waveguides 157 4.4.1 Rate Equations in a Three-Level System 158 4.4.2 Optical Attenuation/Amplification 160 4.4.3 Channel Waveguide Optical Amplifier 161 4.5 Second-Order Non-Linear Beam Propagation Techniques 165 4.5.1 Paraxial Approximation of Second-Order Non-Linear Wave Equations 166 4.5.2 Second-Harmonic Generation in Waveguide Structures 169 4.6 BPM in Anisotropic Waveguides 173 4.6.1 TE TM Mode Conversion 175 4.7 Time Domain BPM 177 4.7.1 Time-Domain Beam Propagation Method (TD-BPM) 178 4.7.2 Narrow-Band 1D-TD-BPM 179 4.7.3 Wide-Band 1D-TD-BPM 180 4.7.4 Narrow-Band 2D-TD-BPM 187 4.8 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (FD-TD) 193 4.8.1 Finite-Difference Expressions for Maxwell’s Equations in Three Dimensions 194 4.8.2 Truncation of the Computational Domain 198 4.8.3 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TM Case 199 4.8.4 Setting the Field Source 208 4.8.5 Total-Field/Scattered-Field Formulation 209 4.8.6 Two-Dimensional FDTD: TE Case 212 References 219 5 BPM Analysis of Integrated Photonic Devices 222 Introduction 222 5.1 Curved Waveguides 222 5.2 Tapers: Y-Junctions 228 5.2.1 Taper as Mode-Size Converter 228 5.2.2 Y-Junction as 1 × 2 Power Splitter 230 5.3 Directional Couplers 231 5.3.1 Polarization Beam-Splitter 232 5.3.2 Wavelength Filter 235 5.4 Multimode Interference Devices 237 5.4.1 Multimode Interference Couplers 237 5.4.2 Multimode Interference and Self-Imaging 239 5.4.3 1×N Power Splitter Based on MMI Devices 243 5.4.4 Demultiplexer Based on MMI 244 5.5 Waveguide Gratings 248 5.5.1 Modal Conversion Using Corrugated Waveguide Grating 249 5.5.2 Injecting Light Using Relief Gratings 250 5.5.3 Waveguide Reflector Using Modulation Index Grating 252 5.6 Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexer 257 5.6.1 Description of the AWG Demultiplexer 257 5.6.2 Simulation of the AWG 263 5.7 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer as Intensity Modulator 270 5.8 TE-TM Converters 276 5.8.1 Electro-Optical TE-TM Converter 277 5.8.2 Rib Loaded Waveguide as Polarization Converter 280 5.9 Waveguide Laser 282 5.9.1 Simulation of Waveguide Lasers by Active-BPM 283 5.9.2 Performance of a Nd3+-Doped LiNbO3 Waveguide Laser 286 5.10 SHG Using QPM in Waveguides 293 References 297 Appendix A: Finite Difference Approximations of Derivatives 300 A.1 FD-Approximations of First-Order Derivatives 300 A.2 FD-Approximation of Second-Order Derivatives 301 Appendix B: Tridiagonal System: The Thomas Method Algorithm 304 Reference 306 Appendix C: Correlation and Relative Power between Optical Fields 307 C.1 Correlation between Two Optical Fields 307 C.2 Power Contribution of a Waveguide Mode 307 References 309 Appendix D: Poynting Vector Associated to an Electromagnetic Wave Using the SVE Fields 310 D.1 Poynting Vector in 2D-Structures 310 D.1.1 TE Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 310 D.1.2 TM Propagation in Two-Dimensional Structures 312 D.2 Poynting Vector in 3D-Structures 314 D.2.1 Expression as a Function of the Transverse Electric Field 315 D.2.2 Expression as Function of the Transverse Magnetic Field 319 Reference 322 Appendix E: Finite Difference FV-BPM Based on the Electric Field Using the Scheme Parameter Control 323 E.1 First Component of the First Step 325 E.2 Second Component of the First Step 326 E.3 Second Component of the Second Step 327 E.4 First Component of the Second Step 328 Appendix F: Linear Electro-Optic Effect 330 Reference 332 Appendix G: Electro-Optic Effect in GaAs Crystal 333 References 339 Appendix H: Electro-Optic Effect in LiNbO3 Crystal 340 References 345 Appendix I: Padé Polynomials for Wide-Band TD-BPM 346 Appendix J: Obtaining the Dispersion Relation for a Monomode Waveguide Using FDTD 349 Reference 350 Appendix K: Electric Field Distribution in Coplanar Electrodes 351 K.1 Symmetric Coplanar Strip Configuration 351 K.2 Symmetric Complementary Coplanar Strip Configuration 356 References 359 Appendix L: Three-Dimensional Anisotropic BPM Based on the Electric Field Formulation 360 L.1 Numerical Implementation 365 L.1.1 First Component of the First Step 365 L.1.2 Second Component of the First Step 366 L.1.3 Second Component of the Second Step 367 L.1.4 First Component of the Second Step 368 References 369 Appendix M: Rate Equations in a Four-Level Atomic System 370 References 372 Appendix N: Overlap Integrals Method 373 References 376 Index 377

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