Applied optics Books
SPIE Press EUV Lithography
Book SynopsisExtreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the principal lithography technology—beyond the current 193-nm-based optical lithography—aiming to manufacture computer chips, and recent progress has been made on several fronts: EUV light sources, scanners, optics, contamination control, masks and mask handling, and resists. This book covers the fundamental and latest status of all aspects of EUVL used in the field.Since 2008, when SPIE Press published the first edition of EUVL Lithography, much progress has taken place in the development of EUVL as the choice technology for next-generation lithography. In 2008, EUVL was a prime contender to replace 193-nm-based optical lithography in leading-edge computer chip making, but not everyone was convinced at that point. Switching from 193-nm to 13.5-nm wavelengths was a much bigger jump than the industry had attempted before. It brought several difficult challenges in all areas of lithography—light source, scanner, mask, mask handling, optics, optics metrology, resist, computation, materials, and optics contamination. These challenges have been effectively resolved, and several leading-edge chipmakers have announced dates, starting in 2018, for inserting EUVL into high-volume manufacturing.This comprehensive volume comprises contributions from the world’s leading EUVL researchers and provides the critical information needed by practitioners and those wanting an introduction to the field. Interest in EUVL technology continues to increase, and this volume provides the foundation required for understanding and applying this exciting technology. This book is intended for people involved in one or more aspects of EUVL, as well as for students, who will find this text equally valuable.
£95.20
SPIE Press Introduction to Optics: Lectures in Optics
Book SynopsisThis first volume of the series Lectures in Optics introduces the simplest optical phenomena and the simplest optical instruments. Among these phenomena, rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction dominate the optical effects in nature and are essential to understanding the function of simple optical devices. Introduction to Optics presents the arguments relating to the nature of light and its propagation, the basic interactions between light and matter, and the energy aspect of light in relation to the quantitative measurement of visible radiation (photometry). It covers the fundamental laws governing reflection and refraction, as well as their applications in prisms and atmospheric phenomena. Simple optical instruments such as the pinhole camera, the human eye, the microscope, the telescope, and the photographic camera are covered. The text is accompanied by copious diagrams and striking photographs whose visual appeal entices readers to delve into the concepts. This book is suitable for various levels of instruction, from high school upper-level STEM classes to entry-level college optics 101 courses. Practice examples throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the presented material.Table of Contents The Nature of Light Photometry Reflection & Refraction Simple Optical Instruments Microscopes and Telescopes The Photographic Camera
£68.80
SPIE Press Geometrical Optics: Lectures in Optics (Volume 2)
Book SynopsisThis second volume of the series Lectures in Optics develops a thorough presentation of geometrical optics effects. The book begins by discussing refraction and reflection off single surfaces, both flat and spherical. Presented next are the essential building elements, optical power and beam vergence, which are paramount in imaging because the incident vergence is added to the element’s power to produce the vergence leaving the optical element. Imaging definitions and formulation are covered next, followed by the power configurations and imaging arrangements possible with a single element, a single lens, and a mirror for real and virtual objects. Next, two more parameters are introduced: the extent of an element along the optical axis (thick lenses and lens systems) and the extent of an element perpendicular to the optical axis (stops and pupils). The way image quality is affected by the transverse restriction of light is then discussed, including resolution and image blur. Finally, the book introduces the concepts of optical aberrations as a consequence of a violation of the paraxial approximations. This book is suitable for all Geometrical Optics courses at college, graduate school, or professional school levels, such as physics, engineering, visual science, or optometry programs. Comprehensive practice examples, exercises, and quizzes throughout the chapters reinforce an understanding of the covered material.Table of Contents Refraction at a Spherical Interface Lens Refraction and Power Imaging Definitions Imaging with Lenses Imaging with Mirrors Thick Lenses and Lens Systems Finite Transverse Optics Optical Aberrations
£999.99
SPIE Press Designing Optics Using CODE V
Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how to design an optical system using Synopsis CODE VR, a full-featured optical design program that has a command line interface. The complete design process (from lens definition to the description and evaluation of lens errors on to the improvement of lens performance) will be developed and illustrated using the program. This text is not a user’s manual for CODE V. Rather, it starts with a single lens to demonstrate the laws of optics and illustrates the basic optical errors (aberrations). Then, through a series of examples, demonstrations, and exercises, readers can follow each step in the design process using the CODE V commands to analyze and optimize the system for the lens to perform according to specifications. The text is organized to help readers (1) reproduce each step of the process including the plots for evaluating lens performance and (2) understand its significance in producing a final design.
£60.00
SPIE Press Wave Optics: Lectures in Optics (Volume 3)
Book SynopsisThis third volume of the series Lectures in Optics provides a comprehensive presentation of the wave optics effects. The arguments underlying the concept of light—as either a wave or a particle—were part of the greatest revolution in physics, which, in the early 20th century, bore modern quantum and atomic optics. These fundamental advances set the stage for a crucial outcome, the laser. Many aspects of optics are strongly dependent on light’s wave nature, including polarization (owing to the vector nature of light), absorption and dispersion (owing to the complex nature of the refractive index and the quantum nature of the photon), as well as interference and diffraction. The latter two effects are perhaps the greatest manifestations of the wave nature of light and provide an excellent demonstration of the power and simplicity of Fourier optics. After covering all of these effects in detail, Wave Optics introduces the concepts involved in laser light and its applications, engaging a historical and didactic approach.This book is suitable for advanced levels of Wave Optics courses in physics and engineering curricula, graduate programs, and professional programs, including optometric education. Each chapter ends with a simple yet adequate summary of the main points, aiming to reinforce an understanding of the covered material. Selfassessment is facilitated by ample practice examples, exercises, and quizzes.Table of Contents Light and Electromagnetism Polarization Dispersion and Absorption Interference Diffraction Principles of Lasers
£999.99
SPIE Press Survey Telescope Optics
Book SynopsisSurvey investigations, with the end goal of monitoring the entire celestial sphere, have become a priority in astronomy. This book is the first monograph devoted to wide-field telescopes, intended to bridge the gap between astronomers and professional opticians. It emphasizes the deep connection between classical and new telescopes, as well as the continuity of ideas underlying the development of telescope construction. The contents are presented in the simplest form to promote a clear understanding of new designs; descriptions of optical systems are accompanied by extensive graphic information provided by Zemax. Both exact modern optimization and the theory of aberrations are used in explanations, with the former given priority.
£51.20
SPIE Press Optical Architectures for Augmented-, Virtual-,
Book SynopsisThis book is a timely review of the various optical architectures, display technologies, and building blocks for modern consumer, enterprise, and defense head-mounted displays for various applications, including smart glasses, smart eyewear, and virtual-reality, augmented-reality, and mixed-reality headsets. Special attention is paid to the facets of the human perception system and the need for a human-centric optical design process that allows for the most comfortable headset that does not compromise the user’s experience. Major challenges--from wearability and visual comfort to sensory and display immersion--must be overcome to meet market analyst expectations, and the book reviews the most appropriate optical technologies to address such challenges, as well as the latest product implementations.Table of Contents 1 Introduction Word of Caution for the Rigorous Optical Engineer 2 Maturity Levels of the AR/VR/MR/Smart-Glasses Markets 3 The Emergence of MR as the Next Computing Platform 3.1 Today's Mixed-Reality Check 4 Keys to the Ultimate MR Experience 4.1 Wearable, Vestibular, Visual, and Social Comfort 4.2 Display Immersion 4.3 Presence 5 Human Factors 5.1 The Human Visual System 5.1.1 Line of sight and optical axis 5.1.2 Lateral and longitudinal chromatic aberrations 5.1.3 Visual acuity 5.1.4 Stereo acuity and stereo disparity 5.1.5 Eye model 5.1.6 Specifics of the human-vision FOV 5.2 Adapting Display Hardware to the Human Visual System 5.3 Perceived Angular Resolution, FOV, and Color Uniformity 6 Optical Specifications Driving AR/VR Architecture and Technology Choices 6.1 Display System 6.2 Eyebox 6.3 Eye Relief and Vertex Distance 6.4 Reconciling the Eye Box and Eye Relief 6.5 Field of View 6.6 Pupil Swim 6.7 Display Immersion 6.8 Stereo Overlap 6.9 Brightness: Luminance and Illuminance 6.10 Eye Safety Regulations 6.11 Angular Resolution 6.12 Foveated Rendering and Optical Foveation 7 Functional Optical Building Blocks of an MR Headset 7.1 Display Engine 7.1.1 Panel display systems 7.1.2 Increasing the angular resolution in the time domain 7.1.3 Parasitic display effects: screen door, aliasing, motion blur, and Mura effects 7.1.4 Scanning display systems 7.1.5 Diffractive display systems 7.2 Display Illumination Architectures 7.3 Display Engine Optical Architectures 7.4 Combiner Optics and Exit Pupil Expansion 8 Invariants in HMD Optical Systems, and Strategies to Overcome Them 8.1 Mechanical IPD Adjustment 8.2 Pupil Expansion 8.3 Exit Pupil Replication 8.4 Gaze-Contingent Exit Pupil Steering 8.5 Exit Pupil Tiling 8.6 Gaze-Contingent Collimation Lens Movement 8.7 Exit Pupil Switching 9 Roadmap for VR Headset Optics 9.1 Hardware Architecture Migration 9.2 Display Technology Migration 9.3 Optical Technology Migration 10 Digital See-Through VR Headsets 11 Free-Space Combiners 11.1 Flat Half-Tone Combiners 11.2 Single Large Curved-Visor Combiners 11.3 Air Birdbath Combiners 11.4 Cemented Birdbath–Prism Combiners 11.5 See-Around Prim Combiners 11.6 Single Reflector Combiners for Smart Glasses 11.7 Off-Axis Multiple Reflectors Combiners 11.8 Hybrid Optical Element Combiners 11.9 Pupil Expansion Schemes in MEMS-Based Free-Space Combiners 11.10 Summary of Free-Space Combiner Architectures 11.11 Compact, Wide-FOV See-Through Shell Displays 12 Freeform TIR Prism Combiners 12.1 Single-TIR-Bounce Prism Combiners 12.2 Multiple-TIR-Bounce Prism Combiners 13 Manufacturing Techniques for Free-Space Combiner Optics 13.1 Ophthalmic Lens Manufacturing 13.2 Freeform Diamond Turning and Injection Molding 13.3 UV Casting Process 13.4 Additive Manufacturing of Optical Elements 13.5 Surface Figures for Lens Parts Used in AR Imaging 14 Waveguide Combiners 14.1 Curved Waveguide Combiners and Single Exit Pupil 14.2 Continuum from Flat to Curved Waveguides and Extractor Mirrors 14.3 One-Dimensional Eyebox Expansion 14.4 Two-Dimensional Eyebox Expansion 14.5 Display Engine Requirements for 1D or 2D EPE Waveguides 14.6 Choosing the Right Waveguide Coupler Technology 14.6.1 Refractive/reflective coupler elements 14.6.2 Diffractive/holographic coupler elements 14.6.3 Achromatic coupler technologies 14.6.4 Summary of waveguide coupler technologies 15 Design and Modeling of Optical Waveguide Combiners 15.1 Waveguide Coupler Design, Optimization, and Modeling 15.1.1 Coupler/light interaction model 15.1.2 Increasing FOV by using the illumination spectrum 15.1.3 Increasing FOV by optimizing grating coupler parameters 15.1.4 Using dynamic couplers to increase waveguide combiner functionality 15.2 High-Level Waveguide-Combiner Design 15.2.1 Choosing the waveguide coupler layout architecture 15.2.2 Building a uniform eyebox 15.2.3 Spectral spread compensation in diffractive waveguide combiners 15.2.4 Field spread in waveguide combiners 15.2.5 Focus spread in waveguide combiners 15.2.6 Polarization conversion in diffractive waveguide combiners 15.2.7 Propagating full-color images in the waveguide combiner over a maximum FOV 15.2.8 Waveguide-coupler lateral geometries 15.2.9 Reducing the number of plates for full-color display over the maximum allowed FOV 16 Manufacturing Techniques for Waveguide Combiners 16.1 Wafer-Scale Micro- and Nano-Optics Origination 16.1.1 Interference lithography 16.1.2 Multilevel, direct-write, and grayscale optical lithography 16.1.3 Proportional ion beam etching 16.2 Wafer-Scale Optics Mass Replication 17 Smart Contact Lenses and Beyond 17.1 From VR Headsets to Smart Eyewear and Intra-ocular Lenses 17.2 Contact Lens Sensor Architectures 17.3 Contact Lens Display Architectures 17.4 Smart Contact Lens Fabrication Techniques 17.5 Smart Contact Lens Challenges 18 Vergence-Accommodation Conflict Mitigation 18.1 VAC Mismatch in Fixed-Focus Immersive Displays 18.1.1 Focus rivalry and VAC 18.2 Management of VAC for Comfortable 3D Visual Experience 18.2.1 Stereo disparity and the horopter circle 18.3 Arm's-Length Display Interactions 18.4 Focus Tuning through Display or Lens Movement 18.5 Focus Tuning with Micro-Lens Arrays 18.6 Binary Focus Switch 18.7 Varifocal and Multifocal Display Architectures 18.8 Pin Light Arrays for NTE Display 18.9 Retinal Scan Displays for NTE Display 18.10 Light Field Displays 18.11 Digital Holographic Displays for NTE Display 19 Occlusions 19.1 Hologram Occlusion 19.2 Pixel Occlusion, or ""Hard-Edge Occlusion"" 19.3 Pixelated Dimming, or ""Soft-Edge Occlusion"" 20 Peripheral Display Architectures 21 Vision Prescription Integration 21.1 Refraction Correction for Audio-Only Smart Glasses 21.2 Refraction Correction in VR Headsets 21.3 Refraction Correction in Monocular Smart Eyewear 21.4 Refraction Correction in Binocular AR Headsets 21.5 Super Vision in See-Through Mode 22 Sensor Fusion in MR Headsets 22.1 Sensors for Spatial Mapping 22.2.1 Stereo cameras 22.2.2 Structured-light sensors 22.2.3 Time-of-flight sensors 22.3 Head Trackers and 6DOF 22.4 Motion-to-Photon Latency and Late-Stage Reprojection 22.5 SLAM and Spatial Anchors 22.6 Eye, Gaze, Pupil, and Vergence Trackers 22.7 Hand-Gesture Sensors 22.8 Other Critical Hardware Requirements Conclusion
£999.99
SPIE Press Discovering Light: Fun Experiments with Optics
Book SynopsisThis book is published in cooperation with the OSA Foundation and CSIC.Light is an element that draws together many areas of human knowledge: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, engineering, and art. Moreover, optical phenomena and the technologies based on them are widespread in our daily lives. However, it can be difficult to understand or explain these phenomena. What is light? Where are optics and photonics present in our lives and in nature? What lies behind different optical phenomena? What is an optical instrument? How does the eye resemble an optical instrument? How can we explain human vision?This book, written by a group of young scientists, answers these questions and many more to help you to get to know the exciting world of optics and photonics. It is intended for the general public, with an emphasis on students at all levels of secondary education. A variety of easy-to-follow experiments related to different optical phenomena and technologies are presented. All of them are preceded by an explanation of the concepts and accompanied by numerous illustrations and curiosities. All of it is meant for you to have fun with optics and photonics!Table of Contents What is light? Lights sources and detectors Optical instruments The human eye: a biological camera Light in nature Light-based technologies
£22.46
SPIE Press Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography
Book SynopsisThis book covers the many aspects of lithographic technology that needed to be addressed in order to make EUV lithography ready for high-volume manufacturing: exposure tools, light sources, masks, resists, process control, metrology, and computational lithography. Lithography costs, which have often influenced the areas of technical focus, are discussed. Potential improvements to current EUV technology and extensions to future nodes are also covered. Each topic is approached from the perspective of a practicing lithographer in a wafer fab, in either manufacturing or development, and there are many references at the end of each chapter.Table of Contents Introduction Sources of EUV Light EUV Exposure Systems EUV Masks EUV Resists Computational Lithography for EUV Process Control for EUV Lithography Metrology for EUV Lithography EUV Lithography Costs Extending EUV Lithography
£999.99
SPIE Press Elements of Optical and Laser Beam Scanning:
Book SynopsisThis book provides mathematical analyses of scanning devices in optical and laser systems to yield results with higher accuracy than those obtained by geometrical imaging an object with a movable mirror or prism. Topics include the laws of reflection and refraction and the mathematical preliminaries of analytical raytracing; mirror-scanning devices with one axis of rotation (conic-section scanning) and with two axes of rotation (gimbaled mirror and galvanometric scanners in cascade for 2D scanning); and Risley-prism-based beam-steering systems. Readers should have a foundation in vector operation and calculus, and a reasonable knowledge of elementary optics and lasers.Table of Contents Introduction One-Mirror and One-Axis Scanning Devices Scan Field of Rotating Reflective Polygons Differential Geometry of the Ruled Surfaces Optically Produced by Mirror Scanning Devices Two-Mirror and Two-Axis Scanning Systems of Different Configurations Gimbaled Mirror for Two-Dimensional Beam-Steering Exact and Approximate Solutions for Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Forward and Inverse Solutions for Two-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Inverse Solutions for Three-Element Risley-Prism-Based Beam-Steering Systems in Different Configurations Error Sources and Their Influence on the Performance of Risley-Prism-Based Beam Steering Systems
£91.20
SPIE Press Review of Optical Manufacturing 2000 to 2020
Book SynopsisThis book summarizes some of the critical changes that have impacted optical system manufacturing from 2000 to 2020. It evaluates new manufacturing techniques with growing popularity and identifies future trends. The chapters provide a snapshot of the field that conveys the basics of current manufacturing capabilities and promising new techniques. Other topics reviewed include optical materials, optical fabrication, metrology, optical coatings, infrared optical systems, polymer optics, fiber optics, diffractive- and micro-structured optics, and illumination optics. This book is suitable for beginner optical engineers learning about the optics industry and for advanced professionals staying up-to-date with various subfields of optics.Table of Contents Introduction Optical Materials Optical Fabrication Metrology Optical Coatings Infared Optical Systems Polymer Optics Optical Fibers and Optical Fiber Assemblies Diffractive- and Micro-structured Optics Illumination Optics
£999.99
SPIE Press Designing Illumination Optics
Book SynopsisThis tutorial is written to help engineers tasked with designing illumination optics determine where to start, which methods and approaches to use, and how to gain insight into the nature of the problem at hand. Good illumination design uses patterns from both non-imaging optics (such as compound parabolic concentrators) and imaging optics (such as lenses), often in combination, to produce optimal solutions. These chapters provide readers with a toolbox consisting of a coherent theoretical background, a description of important optical elements and their function, and several design methods. Typical examples are described to illustrate how an experienced optical designer approaches problems, plays with concepts, and arrives at solutions.Table of Contents Preparation Illumination Design Process Illumination Design Method Design Patterns: Building Blocks for Illumination Systems
£48.00
SPIE Press Light Propagation through Biological Tissue and
Book SynopsisThis second edition is completely revised and improved and contains eight new chapters and six new appendixes. In addition to the theoretical background on light propagation through diffusive media, this update also provides new didactical material, including: A comprehensive statistical approach to the photon penetration depth in diffusive media. An introduction to anomalous transport. An anisotropic transport approach within the framework of diffusion theory. An introduction to the invariance properties of radiative transfer in non-absorbing media. A heuristic explanation of ballistic photon propagation. An expanded description of core Monte Carlo simulation methods. A series of new analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for new geometries. Some original solutions in the time domain of the diffusion equation in the presence of Raman and fluorescence interactions. New MATLAB® codes of the presented solutions. A revised and enlarged set of numerical Monte Carlo results for verification of the presented solutions. An augmented bibliography covering the field of tissue optics. Although the theoretical and computational tools provided in this book have their primary use in the field of biomedical optics, there are many other applications in which they can be used, including, for example, analysis of agricultural products, study of forest canopies or clouds, and quality control of industrial food, plastic materials, or pharmaceutical products, among many others.
£73.60
SPIE Press Seeing the Light: Optics Without Equations
Book SynopsisSeeing the Light: Optics Without Equations is written for nonscientists and explains the concepts of light, waves, photons, refraction, reflection, diffraction, etc., without using equations. This book will be useful as background information for any course in optics, for those who need a basic understanding of optics for their research or other activities, and for the curious. It is divided into five sections: Basic Concepts is followed by Optics in Nature, where the familiar phenomena we observe every day are explained without math. Next is Optical Components, which covers prisms and mirrors, followed by Optical Instruments, which includes instruments ranging from simple otoscopes to intercontinental ballistic missiles to clear air turbulence detectors. A final section on Experiments describes seminal experiments such as those that proved relativity and the wave and photon natures of light. Technical appendices are included for readers who want to dig into the math.Table of Contents Optical Phenomena Optics in Nature Components Optical Instruments Optical Experiments
£64.00
SPIE Press Microscope Design Vol 2: Practice
Book SynopsisThis book describes the practice of building modern light microscopes, their components, and nodes, based on optical design methodology. Examples of practical applications of this approach are presented, including numerous real design parameters of systems. Original concepts in the construction of existing and new microscope systems are provided to give readers a foundation for microscope design. Full-color micrographs illustrate the high level of image quality found in current systems.
£127.20
SPIE Press Photon Sources for Lithography and Metrology
Book SynopsisPhoton sources enable the extension of lithography and metrology technologies forcontinued scaling of circuit elements and therefore are the key drivers for the extensionof Moore's law. This comprehensive, 28-chapter volume is the authoritative referenceon photon source technology and includes contributions from leading researchers andsuppliers in the photon source field. It is intended to meet the needs of bothpractitioners of the technology and readers seeking a thorough introduction to EUVphoton sources and their applications.Topics include a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth explanation of photons sourcerequirements, fundamental atomic data and theoretical models of EUV sources basedon discharge-produced plasmas (DPPs) and laser-produced plasmas (LPPs), a descriptionof prominent DPP and LPP designs, and other technologies for producing EUV radiationat 13.5 nm. Additionally, this volume contains detailed descriptions of 193-nm excimerlasers, UV lamps, and laser-driven plasma sources for UV photons, all of which powermany current lithography and metrology tools. CO2 lasers and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers, usedfor pre-pulse in Sn LPP EUV sources, are also covered.Alternative photon sources for 13.5-nm lithography and metrology, such as highharmonicgeneration (HHG) and synchrotrons, along with their usage as a metrologytool, are discussed; and potential future photon sources such as free-electron lasers(FELs), solid-state 2-?m thulium lasers, and 1-?m Nd-YAG lasers are described.Additional topics include EUV source metrology, plasma diagnostics of EUV plasmas,grazing and normal incidence collector optics for plasma sources, debris mitigation, andmechanisms of component erosion in EUV sources.Table of Contents Introduction and Overview Fundamentals and Modeling High-Volume Manufacturing Sources Collector Optics and Metrology Lasers Other Sources for Lithography and Metrology
£140.00
SPIE Press Use of Smartphones in Optical Experimentation
Book SynopsisUse of Smartphones in Optical Experimentation shows how smartphone-based optical labs can be designed and realized. The book presents demonstrations of fundamental geometric and physical optical principles, including the law of reflection, the law of refraction, image formation equations, dispersion, Beer's law, polarization, Fresnel's equations, optical rotation, diffraction, interference, and blackbody radiation. Many practical applications—how to design a monochromator and a spectrometer, use the Gaussian beam of a laser, measure the colors of LED lights, and estimate the temperature of an incandescent lamp or the Sun—are also included. The experimental designs provided in this book represent only a hint of the power of leveraging the technological capability of smartphones and other low-cost materials to create a physics lab.Table of Contents Smartphones and Their Optical Sensors Experimental Data Analysis Law of Reflection Law of Refraction Image Formation Linear Polarization Fresnel Equations Brewster's Angle Optical Rotation Thin Film Interference Wedge Interference Diffraction from Gratings Structural Coloration of Butterfly Wings and Peacock Feathers Optical Rangefinder Based on Gaussian Beam of Lasers Monochromator Optical Spectrometers Dispersion Beer's Law Optical spectra of Incandescent Lightbulbs and LEDs Blackbody Radiation of the Sun Example Course Instructions for Smartphone-based Optical Labs
£999.99
SPIE Press Chemistry and Lithography, Volume 2: Chemistry in
Book SynopsisThis volume explores the chemical basis of lithography, with the goal of deconstructing lithography into its essential chemical principles and to situate its various aspects in specific fields of chemistry. It is organized in five parts, comprising: lithographic process chemistry, lithographic materials chemistry, lithographic photo- and radiation chemistry, chemistry of lithographic imaging mechanisms, and lithographic process-induced chemistry.With the successful implementation of EUV lithography in manufacturing at the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes, patterning challenges have shifted from resolution to mostly noise and sensitivity. This is a regime where the resist suffers from increased stochastic variation and the attendant effects of shot noise—a consequence of the discrete nature of photons, which, at very low number per exposure pixel, show increased variability in the response of the resist relative to its mean. Noise in this instance is the natural variation in lithographic pattern placement, shape, and size. It causes line edge roughness, line width variation, and stochastic defects.Ultimately, these patterning issues have their origin in the materials used in lithography. Chemistry underpins the essence, functions, and properties of these materials. We therefore examine in the second volume of the present edition the role of stochastics in EUV lithography in far greater detail than we did in the first edition. Equally significant, the book develops a chemistry and lithography interaction matrix, which is used as a device to explore how various aspects and practices of photolithography (or optical lithography), electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, EUV lithography, imprint lithography, directed self-assembly lithography, and proximal probe lithography derive from established chemical principles and phenomena.Table of Contents Lithographic Process Chemistry Lithographic Materials Chemistry Lithographic Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Chemistry of Lithographic Imaging Mechanisms Lithographic-Process-Induced Chemistry
£95.20
SPIE Press Fundamentals of Optics: An Introductory Course
Book SynopsisThis book presents a simple yet elegant introduction to classical optics focused primarily on establishing fundamental concepts for students new to the field. With examples demonstrating the use of optics in a wide range of practical applications, it reflects the pedagogical approach used by Prof. Mejía-Barbosa to teach his Fundamentals of Optics course at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. This book will prove useful for undergraduate and graduate students of physics, optical science and engineering, and any other related science or engineering discipline that deals with optics at some level. Readers are invited to study the fundamental principles of optics and find pleasure in learning about this fascinating and vibrant field.Trade ReviewPolarizationInterferenceDiffractionTable of Contents Geometrical Optics
£44.00
SPIE Press Simulating Speckle with Python
Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Python. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents Introduction First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology
£35.66
SPIE Press The Vertically Integrated HgCdTe Photodiode
£32.30
SPIE Press Optical Glass
Book SynopsisFor more than 400 years, optical glass has provided mankind with a window into both the hidden microcosm and vast outer cosmos of the known universe, transforming philosophy, science, and engineering through its visage and, thus, shaping modern civilization. Its high transmittance, homogeneity, and precisely defined light refraction properties are the preconditions for highly resolved true-color imaging, making it an intrinsic component of technology in general. From consumer products, such as cameras and binoculars, to microscopes and telescopes - the most essential tools of research in many fields - the role of optical glass is integral to the very foundations of modern science and industry.In contrast to its fundamental importance, there is often a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of optical glass by engineers and designers, causing misunderstandings in purchasing and fabrication, and ultimately limiting the potential and application of this dynamic material. This book will serve as an invaluable resource of technical information, including the index of refraction and its dependence on wavelength (dispersion), optical homogeneity and transmittance (presented together with restrictions imposed by the manufacturing processes and chemical resistance), as well as mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Measurement methods with their achievable accuracy are given, along with a wide scope of overview diagrams illustrating properties and main uses, as well as diagrams ranking optical glass types with respect to their properties. The wide scope and lucid organization of this volume will prove to be highly valuable across a wide range of design, engineering, and purchasing applications within the many fields dependent on this incredible material.
£49.60
SPIE Press Optics for Technicians
Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to optics and optical fabrication that provides technicians with simple explanations supported by illustrations and diagrams. Detailed examples and calculations are also included.The behaviour and performance of optical elements as individual components and as members of complete systems are discussed and evaluated. Further topics include the manufacturing, testing, and mounting of optical elements; two-element systems; optical coatings; and aberrations.
£56.10
SPIE Press Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics,
Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 1: Light - Tissue Interaction features eleven chapters, five of which focus on the fundamental physics of light propagation in turbid media such as biological tissues. The six following chapters introduce near-infrared techniques for the optical study of tissues and provide a snapshot of current applications and developments in this dynamic and exciting field. Topics include the scattering of light in disperse systems, the optics of blood, tissue phantoms, a comparison between time-resolved and continuous-wave methods, and optoacoustics.
£102.40
SPIE Press Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics,
Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition of the Handbook in 2002, optical methods for biomedical diagnostics have developed in many well-established directions, and new trends have also appeared. To encompass all current methods, the text has been updated and expanded into two volumes.Volume 2: Methods begins by describing the basic principles and diagnostic applications of optical techniques based on detecting and processing the scattering, fluorescence, FT IR, and Raman spectroscopic signals from various tissues, with an emphasis on blood, epithelial tissues, and human skin. The second half of the volume discusses specific imaging technologies, such as Doppler, laser speckle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.
£102.00
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology
Book SynopsisOptics is a science which covers a very large domain and is experiencing indisputable growth. It has enabled the development of a considerable number of instruments, the optical component or methodology of which is often the essential part of portent systems. This book sets out show how optical physical phenomena such as lasers – the basis of instruments of measurement – are involved in the fields of biology and medicine. Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology and Medicine details instruments and measurement systems using optical methods in the visible and near-infrared, as well as their applications in biology and medicine, through looking at confocal laser scanning microscopy, the basis of instruments performing in biological and medical analysis today, and flow cytometry, an instrument which measures at high speed the parameters of a cell passing in front of one or more laser beams. The authors also discuss optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is an optical imaging technique using non-contact infrared light, the therapeutic applications of lasers, where they are used for analysis and care, and the major contributions of plasmon propagation in the field of life sciences through instrumental developments, focusing on propagating surface plasmons (PSP) and localized plasmons (LP). Contents: 1. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Thomas Olivier and Baptiste Moine. 2. Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension, Odile Sabido. 3. Optical Coherence Tomography, Claude Boccara and Arnaud Dubois. 4. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers, Geneviève Bourg-Heckly and Serge Mordon. 5. Plasmonics, Emmanuel Fort. About the Authors Jean-Pierre Goure is Emeritus Professor of optics at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France, and was previously director of the UMR 5516 laboratory linked with CNRS. He is the author of more than 100 publications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, instrumentation, sensors, optical fiber and optical communications. He was also previously deputy director in engineering science at CNRS and a member of several scientific associations such as the French Optical Society and the European Optical Society.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 1 Thomas OLIVIER and Baptiste MOINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Context and framework of chapter 1 1.1.2. From wide-field microscopy to confocal microscopy 3 1.2. Principle and implementation 6 1.2.1. General principle 7 1.2.2. Axial and lateral resolution in confocal microscopy 9 1.2.3. Some notions of fluorescence 21 1.2.4. Main elements of a confocal scanning laser microscope 25 1.3. Applications in biology, potential and limitations 40 1.3.1. Basic elements of biology for the neophyte 41 1.3.2. Fluorescent labeling 43 1.3.3. Practical implementation of confocal microscopy 46 1.4. Related and derived techniques 62 1.4.1. Advanced contrast modes: FRAP, FLIP, FLIM, FRET, etc. 62 1.4.2. The contribution of nonlinear contrast modes 66 1.4.3. Recent major advances: overcoming the diffraction limit 72 1.5. Bibliography 74 Chapter 2 Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension 79 Odile SABIDO 2.1. History of FCM 79 2.2. Components of the cytometer: fluidics, optics and signal processing 80 2.2.1. Fluidics 81 2.2.2. Optics 81 2.2.3. Signal processing 83 2.3. Experimentation strategy 83 2.3.1. Visualizations of the spectra 84 2.3.2. Compensation of fluorescences 84 2.3.3. Checking the optical bench 84 2.3.4. Presentation of parameters A/H/W 85 2.3.5. Graphical presentation 85 2.4. Types of platform for FCM 87 2.4.1. Clinical platform 87 2.4.2. Research platform 87 2.5. Principle of cell sorting 88 2.6. Analyzed parameters 90 2.6.1. Light scattering 90 2.6.2. Fluorochromes 90 2.7. Applications in biology 93 2.7.1. Clinical 93 2.7.2. Research 93 2.7.3. Environment 94 2.7.4. Plant biology 94 2.7.5. Industrial microbiology 94 2.8. Complementarities of the FCM with the other cytometries, confocal and dynamic 95 2.9. Cytometry on beads, LUMINEXTM type 95 2.10. Scientific societies 96 2.11. Websites to visit 96 2.12. Bibliography 97 2.13. Reference books 99 Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography 101 Claude BOCCARA and Arnaud DUBOIS 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. Principles of OCT 102 3.3. Frequency-domain OCT 104 3.4. Spatial resolution 106 3.5. Applications of OCT 107 3.5.1. Ophtalmology 107 3.5.2. Internal medicine 107 3.5.3. Other fields of application 108 3.6. Extensions of OCT 109 3.7. Full-field OCT 110 3.7.1. Principle 110 3.7.2. Spatial resolution 111 3.7.3. Dynamics and sensitivity 113 3.7.4. Operating speed 113 3.7.5. Applications 114 3.8. Conclusion 119 3.9. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4 Therapeutic Applications of Lasers 125 Geneviève BOURG-HECKLY and Serge MORDON 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Interaction of light with biological tissues 127 4.2.1. Optical parameters characterizing light radiation 127 4.2.2. The three types of interaction between a light beam and a biological tissue 131 4.2.3. Penetration of light in biological tissues 151 4.3. Therapeutic effects of lasers 155 4.3.1. Thermal effect 156 4.3.2. Photoablative effect 167 4.3.3. Photochemical or photodynamic effect 168 4.3.4. The electromechanical effect 174 4.4. Conclusion 175 4.5. For more information 175 4.6. Bibliography 176 Chapter 5 Plasmonics 179 Emmanuel FORT 5.1. Propagating surface plasmons 180 5.1.1. Theoretical reminders and definitions 180 5.1.2. Surface plasmon resonance sensors 185 5.1.3. Units and sensitivity of SPR sensors 189 5.1.4. Other SPR configurations 190 5.1.5. SPR imaging 191 5.1.6. Surface plasmons coupled fluorescence 194 5.2. Localized surface plasmons 201 5.2.1. Theoretical reminders 201 5.2.2. Detection of plasmonic nanoprobes 203 5.3. Conclusion 210 5.4. Bibliography 211 List of Authors 217 Index 219
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Dispersion Engineering for Integrated
Book SynopsisThis book shows how dispersion engineering in two dimensional dielectric photonic crystals can provide new effects for the precise control of light propagation for integrated nanophotonics.Dispersion engineering in regular and graded photonic crystals to promote anomalous refraction effects is studied from the concepts to experimental demonstration via nanofabrication considerations. Self collimation, ultra and negative refraction, second harmonic generation, mirage and invisibility effects which lead to an unprecedented control of light propagation at the (sub-)wavelength scale for the field of integrated nanophotonics are detailed and commented upon.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. Two-Dimensional Dielectric Photonic Crystals 1 1.1. Context 1 1.2. Concepts: photonic band structures and equi-frequency curves 2 1.2.1. Basic concepts on electromagnetic waves in 2D PhCs 3 1.2.2. Dispersion surfaces, equi-frequency curves and group velocity 6 1.3. Fundamental dispersion effects 8 1.3.1. The construction line method 8 1.3.2. A beam propagation model 9 1.3.3. The self-collimation effect 12 1.3.4. Mesoscopic self-collimation of light 14 1.3.5. The superprism effect 18 1.3.6. Negative refraction and -1 effective index in photonic crystals and metamaterials 20 1.4. From concepts to reality 26 1.4.1. 2D½ prototype design 27 1.4.2. Thick substrate versus membrane approach 27 1.4.3. 2D patterning and prototype designs 29 1.4.4. The 3D reality 34 1.5. Conclusion 35 CHAPTER 2. Flat Lenses 37 2.1. Context 37 2.2. Negative refraction based flat lenses 38 2.2.1. Effective parameters 38 2.2.2. A 2D photonic crystal based flat lens: dimensioning 42 2.2.3. Experiments 51 2.3. Gradient index lenses 56 2.3.1. GRIN lens concept 56 2.3.2. Negative index based GRIN lens (the hole case) 57 2.3.3. Positive index based GRIN lens (the pillar case) 59 2.3.4. Experimental evaluation of GRIN lenses 60 2.4. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER 3. Towards Transform Optics Based Devices 63 3.1. Context 63 3.2. From transform Optics to Hamiltonian optics 64 3.2.1. Transform Optics 64 3.2.2. Conformal mapping 69 3.2.3. Hamiltonian optics 70 3.3. 1D graded photonic crystals 72 3.3.1. D graded photonic crystals 75 3.4. Cloaking devices 78 3.4.1. A brief overview of optical cloaking 79 3.4.2. A III-V based photonic crystal carpet: design and fabrication 81 3.4.3. A III-V based photonic crystal carpet: evaluation and discussion 83 3.5. Conclusion 85 CONCLUSION 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 INDEX 105
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ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Nanowires 1:
Book SynopsisGaN and ZnO nanowires can by grown using a wide variety of methods from physical vapor deposition to wet chemistry for optical devices. This book starts by presenting the similarities and differences between GaN and ZnO materials, as well as the assets and current limitations of nanowires for their use in optical devices, including feasibility and perspectives. It then focuses on the nucleation and growth mechanismsof ZnO and GaN nanowires, grown by various chemical and physical methods. Finally, it describes the formation of nanowire heterostructures applied to optical devices.Table of ContentsPreface xi Part 1 GaN and ZnO Nanowires: Low-Dimensionality Effects 1 Chapter 1 Quantum and Optical Confinement 3 Le Si Dang Chapter 2 Stress Relaxation in Nanowires with Heterostructures 25 Frank Glas Chapter 3 Surface-Related Optical Properties of GaN-Based Nanowires 59 Pierre Lefebvre Chapter 4 Surface Related Optical Properties of ZnO Nanowires 81 Tobias Voss and Jürgen Gutowski Chapter 5 Doping and Transport 99 Julien Pernot, Fabrice Donatini and Pierre Tchoulfian Chapter 6 Microstructure of Group III-N Nanowires 125 Achim Trampert, Xiang Kong, Esperanza Luna, Javier Grandal and Bernd Jenichen Part 2 Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms of GaN and ZnO Nanowires 157 Chapter 7 Ni Collector-Induced Growth of GaN Nanowire on C-Plane Sapphere by Plama-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy 159 Caroline Chèze Chapter 8 Self-Induced Growth of GaN Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 177 Vincent Consonni Chapter 9 Selective Area Growth of GaN Nanowires by Plama-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy 215 Miguel A Sanchez-Garcia, steven Albert, Ana M. Bengoechea-Encabo, Francesca Barbagini and Enrique Calleja Chapter 10 Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Growth of GaN Nanorods 245 Joël Eymery Chapter 11 Metal-Organic Chemical Vaport Deposition Growth of ZnO Nanowires 265 Vincent Sallet Chapter 12 Pulsed-Laser Deposition of ZnO Nanowires 303 Christoph Peter Dietrich and Marius Grundmann Chapter 13 Preparation of ZnO Nanorods and Nanowires by Wet Chemistry 325 Thierry Pauporté List of Authors 379
£137.66
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Haptic Feedback Teleoperation of Optical Tweezers
Book SynopsisThe authors of this book provide the first review of haptic optical tweezers, a new technique which brings together force feedback teleoperation and optical tweezers. This technique allows users to explore the microworld by sensing and exerting piconewton-scale forces with trapped microspheres. The design of optical tweezers for high-quality haptic feedback is challenging, given the requirements for very high sensitivity and dynamic stability. The concept, design process and specification of optical tweezers reviewed throughout this book focus on those intended for haptic teleoperation. The authors provide two new specific designs as well as the current state of the art. Furthermore, the remaining important issues are identified for further developments. Haptic optical tweezers will soon become an invaluable tool for force feedback micromanipulation of biological samples and nano- and micro-assembly parts.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO HAPTIC OPTICAL TWEEZERS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A dexterous experimental platform 3 1.2.1. A dexterous micromanipulation technique 3 1.2.2. A dexterous user interaction for micromanipulation 5 1.2.3. Pioneering works 8 1.3. Interactive optical tweezers 10 1.3.1. Displacement techniques 10 1.3.2. Impact of the laser deflection 14 1.3.3. Measurement techniques 16 1.4. Specific designs for haptic interactions 21 1.4.1. Temporal sharing 22 1.4.2. Spatial sharing 24 1.5. Discussion 26 1.6. Conclusion 29 1.7. Bibliography 30 CHAPTER 2. HIGH-SPEED VISION: FROM FRAME-BASED TO EVENT-BASED 45 2.1. High-speed cameras 45 2.1.1. Image data acquisition 46 2.1.2. Image data transmission 48 2.1.3. Image data processing 51 2.2. Silicon retinas 52 2.2.1. Neuromorphic engineering 52 2.2.2. Dynamic vision sensor (DVS) 54 2.2.3. Asynchronous time-based image sensor 57 2.3. The advantages of asynchronous event-based vision 59 2.3.1. Frame-based methodology 59 2.3.2. Event-based acquisition 60 2.3.3. Event-based processing 62 2.4. The fundamentals of event-based computation 64 2.5. State of the art of silicon retina applications 67 2.6. High-speed vision in robotics 70 2.6.1. Examples 71 2.6.2. Difficulties 74 2.7. Necessity of high-speed vision in microrobotics 76 2.7.1. Automatic control of a microrobot 76 2.7.2. Teleoperated micromanipulation 77 2.7.3. Two concrete applications 80 2.8. Bibliography 85 CHAPTER 3. ASYNCHRONOUS EVENT-BASED 2D MICROSPHERE TRACKING 93 3.1. Reliable haptic optical tweezers 93 3.2. State of the art of high-speed microparticle tracking 95 3.2.1. Position detection devices 96 3.2.2. Candidate algorithms 98 3.3. Microsphere tracking using DVS 101 3.3.1. Event-based continuous Hough transform 101 3.3.2. Multiple microsphere tracking 103 3.3.3. Brownian motion detection 108 3.4. 2D haptic feedback micromanipulation with optical tweezers 112 3.4.1. Strategy of haptic coupling with optical tweezer 113 3.4.2. Haptic feedback optical tweezer system setup 114 3.4.3. First experiments on force sensing in the microworld 117 3.4.4. A comparison of frame-based and event-based vision in micromanipulation 121 3.5. Conclusions 124 3.6. Bibliography 125 CHAPTER 4. ASYNCHRONOUS EVENT-BASED 3D MICROSPHERE TRACKING 129 4.1. 3D sphere tracking methods 130 4.1.1. Defocus 131 4.1.2. Intensity average on frame-based images 133 4.1.3. Polarity integration 135 4.1.4. Extension of continuous Hough transform 137 4.1.5. Robust circle fitting 139 4.1.6. Summary of different methods 143 4.2. 3D haptic feedback teleoperation of optical tweezers 144 4.2.1. Configuration and method 144 4.2.2. Z-axis force feedback 147 4.3. Haptic feedback on multitrap optical tweezers 149 4.3.1. Time multiplexing multitrapping by galvanometer 149 4.3.2. Events-trap correspondence 152 4.3.3. Multitrap experimental results 154 4.3.4. Marketability 158 4.4. Piezoelectric microgripper tracking for stable haptic feedback 160 4.4.1. System setup 161 4.4.2. Vision system 164 4.4.3. Haptic coupling strategy 167 4.4.4. Experimental results 170 4.4.5. Interest to industry 177 4.5. Conclusions 177 4.6. Bibliography 178 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 181 INDEX 187
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Nanometer-scale Defect Detection Using Polarized
Book SynopsisThis book describes the methods used to detect material defects at the nanoscale. The authors present different theories, polarization states and interactions of light with matter, in particular optical techniques using polarized light. Combining experimental techniques of polarized light analysis with techniques based on theoretical or statistical models to study faults or buried interfaces of mechatronic systems, the authors define the range of validity of measurements of carbon nanotube properties. The combination of theory and pratical methods presented throughout this book provide the reader with an insight into the current understanding of physicochemical processes affecting the properties of materials at the nanoscale.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Uncertainties 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The reliability based design approach 2 1.2.1. The MC method 2 1.2.2. The perturbation method 3 1.2.3. The polynomial chaos method 7 1.3. The design of experiments method 9 1.3.1. Principle 9 1.3.2. The Taguchi method 10 1.4. The set approach 14 1.4.1. The method of intervals 15 1.4.2. Fuzzy logic based method 18 1.5. Principal component analysis 20 1.5.1. Description of the process 21 1.5.2. Mathematical roots 22 1.5.3. Interpretation of results 22 1.6. Conclusions 23 Chapter 2. Reliability-based Design Optimization 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Deterministic design optimization 26 2.3. Reliability analysis 27 2.3.1. Optimal conditions 30 2.4. Reliability-based design optimization 31 2.4.1. The objective function 31 2.4.2. Total cost consideration 32 2.4.3. The design variables 33 2.4.4. Response of a system by RBDO 33 2.4.5. Limit states 33 2.4.6. Solution techniques 33 2.5. Application: optimization of materials of an electronic circuit board 34 2.5.1. Optimization problem 36 2.5.2. Optimization and uncertainties 39 2.5.3. Results analysis 43 2.6. Conclusions 44 Chapter 3. The Wave–Particle Nature of Light 47 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. The optical wave theory of light according to Huyghens and Fresnel 49 3.2.1. The three postulates of wave optics 49 3.2.2. Luminous power and energy 51 3.2.3. The monochromatic wave 51 3.3. The electromagnetic wave according to Maxwell’s theory 52 3.3.1. The Maxwell equations 52 3.3.2. The wave equation according to the Coulomb’s gauge 56 3.3.3. The wave equation according to the Lorenz’s gauge 57 3.4. The quantum theory of light 57 3.4.1. The annihilation and creation operators of the harmonic oscillator 57 3.4.2. The quantization of the electromagnetic field and the potential vector 61 3.4.3. Field modes in the second quantization 66 Chapter 4. The Polarization States of Light 71 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. The polarization of light by the matrix method 73 4.2.1. The Jones representation of polarization 76 4.2.2. The Stokes and Muller representation of polarization 81 4.3. Other methods to represent polarization 86 4.3.1. The Poincaré description of polarization 86 4.3.2. The quantum description of polarization 88 4.4. Conclusions 93 Chapter 5. Interaction of Light and Matter 95 5.1. Introduction 95 5.2. Classical models 97 5.2.1. The Drude model 103 5.2.2. The Sellmeir and Lorentz models 105 5.3. Quantum models for light and matter 111 5.3.1. The quantum description of matter 111 5.3.2. Jaynes–Cummings model 118 5.4. Semiclassical models 123 5.4.1. Tauc–Lorentz model 127 5.4.2. Cody–Lorentz model 130 5.5. Conclusions 130 Chapter 6. Experimentation and Theoretical Models 133 6.1. Introduction 134 6.2. The laser source of polarized light 135 6.2.1. Principle of operation of a laser 136 6.2.2. The specificities of light from a laser 141 6.3. Laser-induced fluorescence 143 6.3.1. Principle of the method 143 6.3.2. Description of the experimental setup 145 6.4. The DR method 145 6.4.1. Principle of the method 146 6.4.2. Description of the experimental setup 148 6.5. Theoretical model for the analysis of the experimental results 149 6.5.1. Radiative relaxation 152 6.5.2. Non-radiative relaxation 153 6.5.3. The theoretical model of induced fluorescence 160 6.5.4. The theoretical model of the thermal energy transfer 163 6.6. Conclusions 170 Chapter 7. Defects in a Heterogeneous Medium 173 7.1. Introduction 173 7.2. Experimental setup 175 7.2.1. Pump laser 176 7.2.2. Probe laser 176 7.2.3. Detection system 177 7.2.4. Sample preparation setup 180 7.3. Application to a model system 182 7.3.1. Inert noble gas matrix 182 7.3.2. Molecular system trapped in an inert matrix 184 7.3.3. Experimental results for the induced fluorescence 188 7.3.4. Experimental results for the double resonance 198 7.4. Analysis by means of theoretical models 203 7.4.1. Determination of experimental time constants 203 7.4.2. Theoretical model for the induced fluorescence 209 7.4.3. Theoretical model for the DR 214 7.5. Conclusions 216 Chapter 8. Defects at the Interfaces 219 8.1. Measurement techniques by ellipsometry 219 8.1.1. The extinction measurement technique 222 8.1.2. The measurement by rotating optical component technique 223 8.1.3. The PM measurement technique 224 8.2. Analysis of results by inverse method 225 8.2.1. The simplex method 232 8.2.2. The LM method 234 8.2.3. The quasi-Newton BFGS method 237 8.3. Characterization of encapsulating material interfaces of mechatronic assemblies 237 8.3.1. Coating materials studied and experimental protocol 239 8.3.2. Study of bulk coatings 241 8.3.3. Study of defects at the interfaces 244 8.3.4. Results analysis 251 8.4. Conclusions 253 Chapter 9. Application to Nanomaterials 255 9.1. Introduction 255 9.2. Mechanical properties of SWCNT structures by MEF 256 9.2.1. Young's modulus of SWCNT structures 258 9.2.2. Shear modulus of SWCNT structures 259 9.2.3. Conclusion on the modeling results 260 9.3. Characterization of the elastic properties of SWCNT thin films 260 9.3.1. Preparation of SWCNT structures 261 9.3.2. Nanoindentation 262 9.3.3. Experimental results 263 9.4. Bilinear model of thin film SWCNT structure 265 9.4.1. SWCNT thin film structure 266 9.4.2. Numerical models of thin film SWCNT structures 268 9.4.3. Numerical results 269 9.5. Conclusions 274 Bibliography 275 Index 293
£125.06
Springer International Publishing AG Springer Series in Light Scattering: Volume 9:
Book SynopsisThe book is aimed at description of recent progress in studies of light extinction, absorption, and scattering in turbid media. In particular, light scattering/oceanic optics/planetary optics research communities are greatly benefit from the publication of this book.Table of ContentsExtinction of electromagnetic waves by bounded targets: local and far-field definitions, measurements, generalizations and paradoxes.- Light scattering by large densely packed clusters of particles.- The volume scattering function of particles in the oceans.- Light backscattering by atmospheric particles: from laboratory to field experiments.- Local optical properties of turbid media and their influence on radiative transfer processes.- The study of planetary surface materials using reflectance spectroscopy.
£98.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Unbegrenzte Lichtmikroskopie: Über Auflösung und
Book SynopsisRolf T. Borlinghaus erläutert die Ursachen für die klassische Begrenzung der Lichtmikroskopie und beleuchtet die neuen Super-Hochauflösungstechniken. Dies ist besonders aktuell, da der Nobelpreis 2014 für Chemie für die Entwicklung von Technologien vergeben wurde, die es nun ermöglichen, mit Lichtmikroskopen feinere Details aufzulösen, als es die klassische Theorie einschränkend vorhersagt. Diese neuen Methoden stellen aber nicht das bisherige Weltbild der Optik in Frage, vielmehr nutzen sie ganz andere Phänomene, um mittels klassischer Optik Positionsbestimmungen von Molekülen durchzuführen. Das ist theoretisch beliebig genau möglich.Trade Review“... Sehr empfehlens-wert für alle, die sich aus beruflichen oder privaten Gründen über Lichtmikroskopie und ihre heutige Möglichkeiten und Verfahren informieren möchten. ...“ (Karl Schäfer, in: Amazon.de,15.September 2015)Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Was ist Auflösung?.- Mikroskopische Glühwürmchen.- Ortung auf molekularer Ebene.- Weniger ist mehr.- RESOLFT.- Zusammenfassung.
£11.77
Springer Spektrum Licht in Der Welt Der Nanotechnologie: Ein
Book Synopsis
£11.77
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Development and Characterization of a
Book SynopsisThis Open Access book discusses an extension to low-coherence interferometry by dispersion-encoding. The approach is theoretically designed and implemented for applications such as surface profilometry, polymeric cross-linking estimation and the determination of thin-film layer thicknesses. During a characterization, it was shown that an axial measurement range of 79.91 µm with an axial resolution of 0.1 nm is achievable. Simultaneously, profiles of up to 1.5 mm in length were obtained in a scan-free manner. This marked a significant improvement in relation to the state-of-the-art in terms of dynamic range. Also, the axial and lateral measurement range were decoupled partially while functional parameters such as surface roughness were estimated. The characterization of the degree of polymeric cross-linking was performed as a function of the refractive index. It was acquired in a spatially-resolved manner with a resolution of 3.36 x 10-5. This was achieved by the development of a novel mathematical analysis approach.Table of Contents1 Introduction and motivation.- 2 Related works and basic considerations.- 3 Surface profilometry.- 4 Polymer characterization.- 5 Thin-film characterization.- 6 Conclusion.
£33.24
Springer Verlag, Singapore Computational Optical Imaging
Book SynopsisThis book highlights a comprehensive introduction to the principles and calculation methods of computational optical imaging. Integrating optical imaging and computing technology to achieve significant performance improvements, computational optical imaging has become an active research field in optics.
£107.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging
Fully updated throughout and with several new chapters, this second edition of Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging guides advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, computer science, mathematics and engineering through the principles of linear inverse problems, in addition to methods of their approximate solution and their practical applications in imaging. This second edition contains new chapters on edge-preserving and sparsity-enforcing regularization in addition to maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian regularization for Poisson data.The level of mathematical treatment is kept as low as possible to make the book suitable for a wide range of students from different backgrounds, with readers needing just a rudimentary understanding of analysis, geometry, linear algebra, probability theory, and Fourier analysis. The authors concentrate on presenting easily implementable and fast solution algorithms, and this second edition
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Introduction to Inverse Problems in Imaging
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques
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Cambridge University Press Basics of Holography
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Cambridge University Press Optical Solitons Theory and Experiment 10 Cambridge Studies in Modern Optics Series Number 10
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Cambridge University Press Particle Field Holography
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Cambridge University Press Design Issues in Optical Processing
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Cambridge University Press Glasses for Photonics
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Cambridge University Press Theoretical Problems in Cavity Nonlinear Optics
Book SynopsisThe scientific and technological importance of lasers has generated great interest in the field of cavity nonlinear optics. This book provides a thorough description of this subject in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout, the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance.Trade Review'This book provides a thorough description of the field in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. Throughout the emphasis is on deriving analytical results and highlighting their physical significance … The book stresses the connections between theoretical work and actual experimental results and will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, nonlinear optics, and laser physics.' K. Welker, OptikTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Reduction of the Maxwell–Schrödinger equations; 2. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation I; 3. Parameter swept across a steady bifurcation II; 4. Optical bistability: constant input; 5. Optical bistability: variable input; 6. Multimode optical bistability; 7. Free running multimode lasers; 8. Antiphase dynamics; 9. Laser stability; 10. Second harmonic generation; 11. Saturable absorbers; 12. Transverse effects in optical bistability.
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Cambridge University Press AtomField Interactions and Dressed Atoms
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Cambridge University Press Affine Analysis of Image Sequences
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Cambridge University Press DiodeLaser Arrays 14 Cambridge Studies in Modern Optics Series Number 14
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Cambridge University Press Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy 37 Cambridge Astrophysics Series Number 37
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