Engineering: Mechanics of solids Books

Book SynopsisFeaturing chapters on physics, structure, sound and design specifics, Technology of the Guitar also includes coverage of historical content, composition of strings and their effects on sound quality, and important designs.Table of Contents1. Guitar Overview.- 2. Basic Physics.- 3. The Structure of the Guitar.- 4. Electronics.- 5. Sound Quality.- 6. Design Specifics for Acoustic Guitars.- 7. Design Specifics for Electric Guitars.- 8. Hardware.- 9. Iconic Guitars.

Read more less

Book SynopsisHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.Table of ContentsHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems. Table of ContentsPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe formalism processing of unbuckled solids mechanics involves several mathematical tools which are to be mastered at the same time. This volume collects the main points which take place in the course of the formalism, so that the user immediately finds what he needs without looking for it. Furthermore, the book contains a methodological formulary to guide the user in his approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1. Vector Calculus 1 1.1. Vector space 1 1.1.1. Definition 1 1.1.2. Vector space – dimension – basis 2 1.1.3. Affine space 3 1.2. Affine space of dimension 3 – free vector 4 1.3. Scalar product a⋅b 5 1.3.1. Properties of the scalar product 6 1.3.2. Scalar square – unit vector 6 1.3.3. Geometric interpretation of the scalar product 7 1.3.4. Solving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = 0 9 1.4. Vector product a ∧ b 9 1.4.1. Definition 9 1.4.2. Geometric interpretation of the vector product 10 1.4.3. Properties of vector product 11 1.4.4. Solving the equation a ∧ x = b 11 1.5. Mixed product (a ,b, c ) 12 1.5.1. Definition 12 1.5.2. Geometric interpretation of the mixed product 12 1.5.3. Properties of the mixed product 13 1.6. Vector calculus in the affine space of dimension 3 15 1.6.1. Orthonormal basis 15 1.6.2. Analytical expression of the scalar product 16 1.6.3. Analytical expression of the vector product 16 1.6.4. Analytical expression of the mixed product 17 1.7. Applications of vector calculus 18 1.7.1. Double vector product 18 1.7.2. Resolving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = b 22 1.7.3. Resolving the equation a ∧ x = b 23 1.7.4. Equality of Lagrange 25 1.7.5. Equations of planes 25 1.7.6. Relations within the triangle 27 1.8. Vectors and basis changes 28 1.8.1. Einstein’s convention 28 1.8.2. Transition table from basis (e) to basis (E) 30 1.8.3. Characterization of the transition table 32 Chatper 2. Torsors and Torsor Calculus 35 2.1. Vector sets 35 2.1.1. Discrete set of vectors 35 2.1.2. Set of vectors defined on a continuum 36 2.2. Introduction to torsors 37 2.2.1. Definition 37 2.2.2. Equivalence of vector families 38 2.3. Algebra torsors 38 2.3.1. Equality of two torsors 38 2.3.2. Linear combination of torsors 39 2.3.3. Null torsors 39 2.3.4. Opposing torsor 40 2.3.5. Product of two torsors 40 2.3.6. Scalar moment of a torsor – equiprojectivity 41 2.3.7. Invariant scalar of a torsor 43 2.4. Characterization and classification of torsors 43 2.4.1. Torsors with a null resultant 43 2.4.2. Torsors with a no-null resultant 45 2.5. Derivation torsors 48 2.5.1. Torsor dependent on a single parameter q 49 2.5.2. Torsor dependent of n parameters qi functions of p 51 2.5.3. Explicitly dependent torsor of n + 1 parameters 52 Chapter 3. Derivation of Vector Functions 55 3.1. Derivative vector: definition and properties 55 3.2. Derivative of a function in a basis 56 3.3. Deriving a vector function of a variable 57 3.3.1. Relations between derivatives of a function in different bases 57 3.3.2. Differential form associated with two bases 63 3.4. Deriving a vector function of two variables 65 3.5. Deriving a vector function of n variables 68 3.6. Explicit intervention of the variable p 70 3.7. Relative rotation rate of a basis relative to another 71 Chapter 4. Vector Functions of One Variable Skew Curves 73 4.1. Vector function of one variable 73 4.2. Tangent at a point M 74 4.3. Unit tangent vector τ ( q) 76 4.4. Main normal vector ( ) q ν 77 4.5. Unit binormal vector ( ) q β 79 4.6. Frenet’s basis 80 4.7. Curvilinear abscissa 81 4.8. Curvature, curvature center and curvature radius 83 4.9. Torsion and torsion radius 84 4.10. Orientation in (λ) of the Frenet basis 87 Chapter 5. Vector Functions of Two Variables Surfaces 91 5.1. Representation of a vector function of two variables 91 5.1.1. Coordinate curves 91 5.1.2. Regular or singular point – tangent plane – unit normal vector 93 5.1.3. Distinctive surfaces 95 5.1.4. Ruled surfaces 101 5.1.5. Area element 110 5.2. General properties of surfaces 111 5.2.1. First quadratic form 111 5.2.2. Darboux–Ribaucour’s trihedral 114 5.2.3. Second quadratic form 119 5.2.4. Meusnier’s theorems 121 5.2.5. Geodesic torsion 123 5.2.6. Prominent curves traced on a surface 125 5.2.7. Directions and principal curvatures of a surface 127 Chapter 6. Vector Function of Three Variables: Volumes 135 6.1. Vector functions of three variables 135 6.1.1. Coordinate surfaces 135 6.1.2. Coordinate curves 136 6.1.3. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 136 6.2. Volume element 137 6.2.1. Definition 137 6.2.2. Applications to traditional coordinate systems 138 6.3. Rotation rate of the local basis 139 6.3.1. Calculation of the partial rotation rate 1δ (λ ,e) 140 6.3.2. Calculation of the rotation rate 143 Chapter 7. Linear Operators 145 7.1. Definition 145 7.2. Intrinsic properties 145 7.3. Algebra of linear operators 147 7.3.1. Unit operator 147 7.3.2. Equality of two linear operators 147 7.3.3. Product of a linear operator by a scalar 147 7.3.4. Sum of two linear operators 148 7.3.5. Multiplying two linear operators 148 7.4. Bilinear form 149 7.5. Quadratic form 150 7.6. Linear operator and basis change 150 7.7. Examples of linear operators 152 7.7.1. Operation f = a ^ F 152 7.7.2. Operation f = a ^ (a ^ F) 152 7.7.3. Operation f = a(b ⋅ F) 153 7.7.4. Operation f = a ^ (F ^ a) 155 7.8. Vector rotation Ru��,a 156 7.8.1. Expression of the vector rotation 156 7.8.2. Quaternion associated with the vector rotation Ru��,a 159 7.8.3. Matrix representation of the vector rotation 160 7.8.4. Basis change and rotation vector 162 Chapter 8. Homogeneity and Dimension 165 8.1. Notion of homogeneity 165 8.2. Dimension 165 8.3. Standard mechanical dimensions 166 8.4. Using dimensional equations 168 Bibliography 171 Index 173

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn important instance of the application of unbuckled solid mechanics is that of its stability and small movements from this situation. The problem expressing goes through the linearization of the movement equations set up in the 3rd volume of this treaty, by their limited development. This book gives and develops the process which leads to the differential linear equations expressing this kind of movement and allowing the study of the equilibrium and the stability of an unbuckled solid.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1 Equilibrium, Stationary Movement and Oscillation of a Free Solid 1 1.1 Expression of the fundamental principle of dynamics for a free solid 1 1.2 Canonical form of the fundamental principle 4 1.2.1 Dynamic resultant 5 1.2.2 Dynamic moment at O s 5 1.2.3 Fundamental principle of dynamics 7 1.3 Equilibrium of the free solid 7 1.3.1 Equations of equilibrium 7 1.3.2 Stability of equilibrium 9 1.4 General equations of small movements of a free solid 9 1.4.1 Reminder of developments limited to the first order 9 1.4.2 Equations of small movements of the free solid 12 1.4.3 Analytical mechanics of free solids 43 1.5 Matrix expression of small movements of a free solid 59 1.5.1 Using vector representation 60 1.5.2 Using analytical mechanics 63 1.5.3 Relative situation of frames at the equilibrium 65 1.6 Stationary movement 67 1.6.1 Cyclic parameters 67 1.6.2 Characterizing a stationary movement 68 1.6.3 Conditions of realization of a stationary movement 69 1.6.4 Neighboring motions and stability of a stationary movement 71 1.6.5 Applications 74 Chapter 2 Solving Equations of Small Movements 75 2.1 Linear differential systems with constant coefficients 75 2.1.1 General periodic solution of the homogeneous system 77 2.1.2 Particular solution to the system 79 2.1.3 Exercise 1 81 2.2 Laplace transformation 87 2.2.1 Definition 87 2.2.2 Linearity of a Laplace transformation 87 2.2.3 Laplace transforms for common functions 88 2.2.4 Functional properties of the Laplace transformation 91 2.2.5 Examples of use of the Laplace transform 93 2.2.6 Applications 96 Chapter 3 Oscillator Studies 115 3.1 Physical nature of oscillatory motion 115 3.2 The single oscillator 116 3.2.1 Definitions 117 3.2.2 Conditions of an oscillatory motion 117 3.2.3 Study of free oscillatory motion 118 3.2.4 Study of forced oscillations 123 3.2.5 Study of a modulated oscillatory signal 126 3.3 Motion of coupled oscillators 129 3.3.1 Coupling of two oscillators 129 3.3.2 Study of free oscillation 129 3.3.3 Applications: problem 6 138 3.4. Oscillatory device of k oscillators – equilibrium and stability 154 3.4.1 Approaching the problem 154 3.4.2 Routh criteria 155 Chapter 4 Gyroscopic Motion 163 4.1 Gyroscopic coupling 163 4.1.1 Composition of the device 163 4.1.2 Velocity-distributing torsor 166 4.1.3 Kinetic energies of all three components 166 4.1.4 Equations of dynamics 167 4.1.5 Equations of analytical mechanics 168 4.1.6 Situations of equilibrium of the gyroscopic device 172 4.1.7 Stability of the stationary movement 173 4.2 Gyroscopic pendulum 177 4.2.1 Composition of the device 177 4.2.2 Velocity-distributing torsors 178 4.2.3 Kinetic energies 179 4.2.4 Lagrange equations 179 4.2.5 Equilibrium and stability 181 4.3 The gyro-compass 184 4.3.1 Composition of the device 184 4.3.2 Fundamental principle of dynamics 186 4.3.3 Equations of analytical mechanics 186 4.3.4 Stationary movement and stability 193 4.3.5 Note for establishing Lagrange equations 199 4.4 Applications: problem 7 – motion stabilizer 199 Bibliography 213 Index 215

Read more less

Book SynopsisChronicling the 11th US–France �Mechanics and physics of solids at macro- and nano-scales� symposium, organized by ICACM (International Center for Applied Computational Mechanics) in Paris, June 2018, this book addresses the breadth of issues raised. It covers a comprehensive range of scientific and technological topics (from elementary plastic events in metals and materials in harsh environments to bio-engineered and bio-mimicking materials), offering a representative perspective on state-of-the-art research and materials. Expounding on the issues related to mesoscale modeling, the first part of the book addresses the representation of plastic deformation at both extremes of the scale – between nano- and macro- levels. The second half of the book examines the mechanics and physics of soft materials, polymers and materials made from fibers or molecular networks.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Part 1. Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Materials 1 Chapter 1. Homogeneous Dislocation Nucleation in Landau Theory of Crystal Plasticity 3Oguz Umut SALMAN and Roberta BAGGIO 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The model 6 1.2.1. Linear stability analysis 9 1.3. Numerical implementation 11 1.4. Simulation results 12 1.4.1. Stress field of a single-edge dislocation 12 1.4.2. Dislocation annihilation 13 1.4.3. Homogeneous nucleation 14 1.5. Conclusion 18 1.6. References 18 Chapter 2. Effects of Rate, Size, and Prior Deformation in Microcrystal Plasticity 25Stefanos PAPANIKOLAOU and Michail TZIMAS 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Model 27 2.3. Effects of loading rates and protocols in crystal plasticity 29 2.4. Size effects in microcrystal plasticity 36 2.5. Unveiling the crystalline prior deformation history using unsupervised machine learning approaches 38 2.6. Predicting the mechanical response of crystalline materials using supervised machine learning 43 2.7. Summary 48 2.8. Acknowledgements 49 2.9. References 49 Chapter 3. Dislocation Dynamics Modeling of the Interaction of Dislocations with Eshelby Inclusions 55Sylvie AUBRY, Sylvain QUEYREAU and Athanasios ARSENLIS 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Review of existing approaches 57 3.2.1. Modeling discrete precipitates with DD simulations 57 3.2.2. Investigation of precipitation strengthening and some related effects 61 3.3. Dislocation dynamics modeling of dislocation interactions with Eshelby inclusions 63 3.3.1. Stress field and forces at dislocation lines 63 3.3.2. Stress at a point induced by an inclusion 64 3.3.3. Force on a dislocation coming from an inclusion 64 3.3.4. Far field interactions induced by an Eshelby inclusion 68 3.3.5. Parallel implementation 68 3.4. DD simulations of the interaction with Eshelby inclusions 69 3.4.1. Eshelby force for a single dislocation and a single inclusion 69 3.4.2. Simulations of bulk crystal plasticity 70 3.5. Conclusion and discussion 77 3.6. Acknowledgments 79 3.7. Appendix: derivation of the Eshelby force 80 3.8. References 82 Chapter 4. Scale Transition in Finite Element Simulations of Hydrogen–Plasticity Interactions 87Yann CHARLES, Hung Tuan NGUYEN, Kevin ARDON and Monique GASPERINI 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Modeling assumptions 92 4.2.1. Crystal plasticity mechanical behavior 92 4.2.2. Hydrogen transport equation 93 4.2.3. Implementation 95 4.2.4. Mechanical parameters 96 4.3. Identification of a trap density function at the crystal scale 97 4.3.1. Geometry, mesh, and boundary conditions applied on the polycrystals 98 4.3.2. Results 100 4.4. Adaptation of the Dadfarnia’s model at the crystal scale 104 4.4.1. Formulation at the polycrystal scale 104 4.4.2. Application to single crystals 106 4.4.3. Boundary and initial conditions 107 4.4.4. Crystal orientations 108 4.4.5. Results 108 4.4.6. Consequences on hydrogen transport through a polycrystalline bar 113 4.5. Conclusion 118 4.6. Appendix: Numbering of the slip systems in the UMAT 118 4.7. References 119 Part 2. Mechanics and Physics of Soft Solids 131 Chapter 5. Compression of Fiber Networks Modeled as a Phase Transition 133Prashant K. PUROHIT 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Experimental observations in compressed fibrin clots and CNT forests 134 5.2.1. Compression of platelet-poor plasma clots and platelet-rich plasma clots 134 5.2.2. Compression of CNT forests coated with alumina 138 5.3. Theoretical model based on continuum theory of phase transitions 141 5.3.1. Compression of PPP and PRP clots 141 5.3.2. Phase transition theory 143 5.3.3. Effect of liquid pumping 145 5.3.4. Application of phase transition model to PPP and PRP clots 146 5.3.5. Predictive capability of our model 148 5.3.6. Application of phase transition model to CNT networks 148 5.4. Conclusion 151 5.5. References 153 Chapter 6. Mechanics of Random Networks of Nanofibers with Inter-Fiber Adhesion 157Catalin R. PICU and Vineet NEGI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Mechanics in the presence of adhesion 160 6.2.1. The adhesive interaction of two fibers 160 6.2.2. Triangle of fiber bundles 163 6.3. Structure of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 165 6.4. Tensile behavior of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 169 6.5. Structure of networks with inter-fiber adhesion and crosslinks 171 6.6. Tensile behavior of crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 173 6.7. Conclusion 179 6.8. References 180 Chapter 7. Surface Effects on Elastic Structures 185Hadrien BENSE, Benoit ROMAN and José BICO 7.1. Introduction 185 7.2. Liquid surface energy 186 7.2.1. Can a liquid deform a solid? 186 7.2.2. Slender structures 187 7.2.3. Wrapping a cylinder 188 7.2.4. Capillary origamis 190 7.3. Dielectric elastomers: a surface effect? 192 7.3.1. Introduction: electrostatic energy of a capacitor as a surface energy 192 7.3.2. Mechanics of dielectric elastomers 194 7.3.3. Buckling experiments 202 7.4. Conclusion 209 7.5. References 210 Chapter 8. Stress-driven Kirigami: From Planar Shapes to 3D Objects 215Alexandre DANESCU, Philippe REGRENY, Pierre CRÉMILIEU and Jean-Louis LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 215 8.2. Bilayer plates with pre-stress 216 8.3. Constant curvature ribbons and geodesic curvature 219 8.3.1. Experimental evidence 220 8.3.2. Geodesic objects 222 8.4. Directional bending of large surfaces 223 8.4.1. Photonic crystals tubes 224 8.4.2. Control the directional bending 225 8.5. Conclusion 227 8.6. References 227 Chapter 9. Modeling the Mechanics of Amorphous Polymer in the Glass Transition 231Hélène MONTES, Aude BELGUISE, Sabine CANTOURNET and François LEQUEUX 9.1. Introduction 231 9.2. Modeling the mechanics of amorphous 233 9.2.1. Input physics 233 9.2.2. Temperature dependence of the intrinsic relaxation times 235 9.2.3. Length scales in the model 236 9.2.4. Numerical implementation 237 9.3. Linear regime in bulk geometry 239 9.3.1. Stress relaxation 239 9.3.2. Numerical predictions versus experiments in the linear regime 240 9.3.3. Role of elastic coupling between domains 241 9.4. Linear regime in confined geometries 244 9.4.1. Apparent linear viscoelasticity in various geometries 244 9.4.2. Comparison of the results of our model with the observation of Tg shift in filled elastomers 247 9.4.3. Role of mechanical coupling in confined geometry 250 9.4.4. Conclusion on the effects of confinement 252 9.5. Nonlinear mechanics 253 9.5.1. Input of nonlinearities 254 9.5.2. Results of the model 255 9.5.3. Role of elastic coupling in the nonlinear regime 256 9.6. Conclusion 257 9.7. Appendix 258 9.8. References 259 List of Authors 263 Index 267

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of the mechanical behavior of concrete, including such features as its elastoplasticity, its compressive and tensile strength, its behavior over time (including creep and shrinkage, cracking and fatigue) as well as modeling techniques and its response to various stimuli. As such, it will be required reading for anyone wishing to increase their knowledge in this area.Table of ContentsForeword xi PART 1. INSTANTANEOUS OR TIME-INDEPENDENT MODELS FOR CONCRETE 1 Chapter 1. Test Techniques and Experimental Characterization 3 Nicolas BURLION 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Experimental specificities related to concrete material 4 1.3. Extensometers and experimental conditions 12 1.4. Behavior of concrete under uniaxial stress: classical tests 21 1.5. Concrete under multiaxial stresses 32 1.6. Conclusions regarding the experimental characterization of the multiaxial behavior of concrete 54 1.7. Bibliography 55 Chapter 2. Modeling the Macroscopic Behavior of Concrete 63 Jean-Marie REYNOUARD, Jean-François GEORGIN, Khalil HAIDAR and Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT 2.1. Introduction 63 2.2. The discrete approach 65 2.3. Continuous approach 71 2.4. Conclusion 106 2.5. Bibliography 115 Chapter 3. Failure and Size Effect of Structural Concrete 121 Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT and Khalil HAIDAR 3.1. Introduction 121 3.2. Probabilistic structural size effect 124 3.3. Deterministic size effect 130 3.4. Fractality and size effect 134 3.5. Size effect and calibration of non-local models 138 3.6. Conclusions 143 3.7. Acknowledgement 145 3.8. Bibliography 145 PART 2. CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING 149 Chapter 4. Cyclic Behavior of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 151 Jean-François DUBÉ 4.1. Characterization tests of the cyclic behavior 151 4.2. Modeling the reinforced concrete cyclic behavior 163 4.3. Modeling of the cyclic behavior of concrete 170 4.4. Conclusions 180 4.5. Bibliography 181 Chapter 5. Cyclic and Dynamic Loading Fatigue of Structural Concrete 185 Jean-François DESTREBECQ 5.1. Introduction 185 5.2. The mechanisms of concrete fatigue 186 5.3. The fatigue strength under uniaxial compression or traction 193 5.4. Extension to Aas-Jakobsen’s formula 197 5.5. Fatigue under multiaxial loading 202 5.6. Fatigue under high-level cyclic loading 207 5.7. Fatigue strength under variable level cyclic loadings 214 5.8. Bibliography 219 Chapter 6. Rate-Dependent Behavior and Modeling for Transient Analyses 225 Fabrice GATUINGT 6.1. Introduction 225 6.2. Experimental behavior 225 6.3. Behavior modeling of concrete in dynamics 240 6.4. Bibliography 261 PART 3. TIME-DEPENDENT RESPONSE OF CONCRETE 265 Chapter 7. Concrete at an Early Age: the Major Parameters 267 Vincent WALLER and Buqan MIAO 7.1. Introduction 267 7.2. Influence of the composition of concrete 267 7.3. Consequences of boundary conditions 282 7.4. Conclusion 290 7.5. Bibliography 290 Chapter 8. Modeling Concrete at Early Age 297 Franz-Josef ULM, Jean-Michel TORRENTI, Benoît BISSONETTE and Jacques MARCHAND 8.1. Introduction 297 8.2. The coupled thermo-chemo-mechanical problem 297 8.3. Data collection and experimental methods 309 8.4. Conclusion 331 8.5. Bibliography 331 Chapter 9. Delayed Effects – Creep and Shrinkage 339 Farid BENBOUDJEMA, Fékri MEFTAH, Grégory HEINFLING, Fabrice LEMAOU and Jean Michel TORRENTI 9.1. Introduction 339 9.2. Definitions and mechanisms 340 9.3. Experimental approach 354 9.4. Delayed response modeling 361 9.5. Codified models 383 9.6. Conclusion 400 9.7. Bibliography 400 Closing Remarks: New Concretes, New Techniques, and Future Models 409 Jean Michel TORRENTI, Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT and Jean-Marie REYNOUARD List of Authors 415 Index 417

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents recent and cutting edge advances in our understanding of key aspects of the response of materials under extreme loads that take place during high velocity impact and penetration. The focus of the content is on the numerous challenges associated with characterization and modeling of complex interactions that occur during these highly dynamic events. The following specific topics, among others, are addressed: characterization of material behavior under extreme loadings (estimate of damage, effects related to moisture contents, large pressures, large strain rates, etc.); measurement of microstructural changes associated with damage and mesoscopic scale modeling; macroscopic modeling, using the framework of the theory of viscoplasticity and damage; modeling and simulation of localization, cracking, and dynamic fragmentation of materials; application to penetration mechanics and trajectory instabilities. The book gathers together selected papers based on work presented as invited lectures at the 2nd US-France symposium held on 28-30 May 2008 in Rocamadour, France. The conference was organized by Eric Buzaud (DGA, Centre d'Études de Gramat) under the auspices of the International Center for Applied Computational Mechanics (ICACM).Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1. Geomaterials Under Extreme Loading: The Natural Case 1 Philippe LAMBERT and Hervé TRUMEL 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Natural impacts 2 1.3. Discussion 27 1.4. Conclusions 32 1.5. Bibliography 33 PART 1. EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION 45 Chapter 2. The Shock Properties of Concrete and Related Materials 47 Kostas TSEMBELIS, David J. CHAPMAN, Christopher H. BRAITHWAITE, John E. FIELD and William G. PROUD 2.1. Introduction 47 2.2. Experimental studies 53 2.3. Conclusion 65 2.4. Acknowledgments 65 2.5. Bibliography 66 Chapter 3. Comparison of Shocked Sapphire and Alumina 69 Geremy KLEISER, Lalit CHHABILDAS and William REINHART 3.1. Abstract 69 3.2. Introduction 70 3.3. Material 71 3.4. Experimental method 72 3.5. Experimental results 73 3.6. Conclusions 84 3.7. Acknowledgments 84 3.8. Bibliography 84 Chapter 4. Observations of Ballistic Impact Damage in Glass Laminate 87 Stephan BLESS 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Transient measurements 88 4.3. Post-test measurements 90 4.4. Multiple impacts 97 4.5. Discussion and summary 97 4.6. Acknowledgments 98 4.7. Bibliography 98 Chapter 5. Experimental Analysis of Concrete Behavior Under High Confinement 101 Xuan Hong VU, Yann MALECOT, Laurent DAUDEVILLE and Eric BUZAUD 5.1. Introduction 101 5.2. Experimental device 102 5.3. Influence of the water/cement ratio 105 5.4. Influence of the coarse aggregate size 106 5.5. Influence of the cement paste volume 113 5.6. Conclusion and future work 116 5.7. Acknowledgment 118 5.8. Bibliography 118 Chapter 6. 3D Imaging and the Split Cylinder Fracture of Cement-Based Composites 121 Eric LANDIS 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Methods and materials 122 6.3. Experiments and analysis 126 6.4. Experimental results 128 6.5. Conclusions 129 6.6. Bibliography 130 Chapter 7. Testing Conditions on Kolsky Bar 131 Weinong CHEN 7.1. Introduction 131 7.2. Kolsky bar 132 7.3. Limitations of the Kolsky bar 133 7.4. Methods for conducting valid Kolsky bar experiments 136 7.5. Conclusions 142 7.6. Bibliography 143 PART 2. MATERIAL MODELING 145 Chapter 8. Experimental Approach and Modeling of the Dynamic Tensile Behavior of a Micro-Concrete 147 Pascal FORQUIN and Benjamin ERZAR 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Experimental device 149 8.3. Data processing 151 8.4. Experimental results 154 8.5. Modeling of the damage process in concrete at high strain-rates (the Denoual, Forquin, Hild model) 158 8.6. Conclusion 172 8.7. Bibliography 175 Chapter 9. Toward Physically-Based Explosive Modeling: Meso-Scale Investigations 179 Hervé TRUMEL, Philippe LAMBERT, Guillaume VIVIER and Yves SADOU 9.1. Introduction 179 9.2. Methodology 181 9.3. The material: microstructure and macroscopic mechanical behavior 182 9.4. Samples from unitary experiments 185 9.5. Analysis of a recovered target 193 9.6. Discussion 198 9.7. Conclusion and future work 204 9.8. Acknowledgments 204 9.9. Bibliography 204 Chapter 10. Coupled Viscoplastic Damage Model for Hypervelocity Impact Induced Damage in Metals and Composites 209 George Z. VOYIADJIS 10.1. Introduction 209 10.2. Theoretical preliminaries for high velocity impact 212 10.3. A coupled rate-dependent (viscoplasticity) continuum damage theory 214 10.4. Computational aspects of the proposed theory 220 10.5. Numerical applications 228 10.6. Conclusions 240 10.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 11. High-Pressure Behavior of Concrete: Experiments and Elastic/Viscoplastic Modeling 247 Martin J. SCHMIDT, Oana CAZACU and Mark L. GREEN 11.1. Introduction 247 11.2. Experimental study 249 11.3. Elastic-viscoplastic model development 254 11.4. Conclusions 263 11.5. Bibliography 264 Chapter 12. The Virtual Penetration Laboratory: New Developments 267 Mark D. ADLEY, Andreas O. FRANK, Kent T. DANIELSON, Stephen A. AKERS, James L. O’DANIEL and Bruce PATTERSON 12.1. Introduction 267 12.2. Constitutive model development 268 12.3. Perforation simulations 278 12.4. Penetration simulations 282 12.5. CSPC penetration resistance equation 284 12.6. Conclusions 287 12.7. Acknowledgment 288 12.8. Bibliography 288 Chapter 13. Description of the Dynamic Fragmentation of Glass with a Meso-Damage Model 291 Xavier BRAJER, François HILD and Stéphane ROUX 13.1. Introduction 291 13.2. Experimental results 292 13.3. Fragmentation analysis 294 13.4. Microcracking analysis 299 13.5. A “meso-damage” approach 302 13.6. Conclusion 306 13.7. Acknowledgments 307 13.8. Bibliography 307 PART 3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 311 Chapter 14. An Approach to Generate Random Localizations in Lagrangian Numerical Simulations 313 Jacques PETIT 14.1. Introduction 313 14.2. Numerical modeling 314 14.3. Electromagnetic compression and its regular use 318 14.4. Numerical simulations without rupture: copper and nickel samples 321 14.5. Numerical simulations with rupture: TA6V4 samples 323 14.6. Conclusion 328 14.7. Bibliography 330 Chapter 15. X-FEM for the Simulation of Dynamic Crack Propagation 333 Alain COMBESCURE 15.1. Energy conservation when a crack propagates: a key issue 333 15.2. Dynamic crack propagation laws 339 15.3. Experiments interpretation 341 15.4. Bibliography 348 Chapter 16. DEM Model of a Rigid Missile Impact on a Thin Concrete Slab 351 Frédéric DONZÉ, Wen-Jie SHIU and Laurent DAUDEVILLE 16.1. Introduction 351 16.2. The DEM model 353 16.3. Modeling of the impact tests 355 16.4. Influence of reinforcement ratio 358 16.5. Influence of the nose shape of missile 361 16.6. Conclusion 365 16.7. Bibliography 365 Chapter 17. The Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) for the Numerical Simulation of Concrete Behavior Subject to Penetration 369 Gianluca CUSATIS 17.1. Introduction 369 17.2. Review of LDPM formulation 371 17.3. Uniaxial compression strength tests 375 17.4. Three-point bending tests 377 17.5. Multiaxial compression strength tests 378 17.6. Hopkinson bar tests 380 17.7. Penetration through reinforced concrete slabs 382 17.8. Closing remark 384 17.9. Acknowledgments 385 17.10. Bibliography 385 Chapter 18. An Improved Contact Algorithm for Multi-Material Continuum Codes 389 Kenneth C. WALLS and David L. LITTLEFIELD 18.1. Introduction 389 18.2. Background 390 18.3. The contact-impact problem 391 18.4. Formulation 395 18.5. Finite element formulation 398 18.6. Calculations 401 18.7. Discussion 405 18.8. Conclusions 410 18.9. Bibliography 412 Chapter 19. Parallel Computing for Non-linear Concrete Modeling 415 Kent DANIELSON, Mark ADLEY and James O’DANIEL 19.1. Introduction 415 19.2. Explicit dynamic finite element analysis 416 19.3. Numerical methodologies 417 19.4. Numerical applications 421 19.5. Concluding remarks 429 19.6. Acknowledgments 430 19.7. Bibliography 431 List of Authors 433 Index 439

Read more less

Book SynopsisToday the fundamentals of solid mechanics may be explained by "numerical" experiments using the finite element method. The explanation is detailed in this book using many examples. After a short review of how the finite element method works (in Chapter 1), Chapter 2 develops some key points of solid mechanics: what is a beam? when and how can a structure be represented by beam elements? what are the basic hypotheses? what kind of information does a beam model provide? A generalized beam element is also presented. Chapter 3 uses the same approach for the discussion on stress concentrations and stress singularities: local effects; influence of geometric discontinuities, such as holes or corners; mesh refinements and/or analytic-numeric approaches. Chapter 4 is devoted to plate modeling: coupling of membrane and bending, folded, stiffened, composite plates. Chapter 5 provides a short presentation of the dynamics of structures with a particular focus on the modal method, the influence of local defaults on the modal response is also analyzed. Commercial software (Ansys) is used to study the examples.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis timely book presents cutting-edge developments by experts in the field on the rapidly developing and scientifically challenging area of full-field measurement techniques used in solid mechanics – including photoelasticity, grid methods, deflectometry, holography, speckle interferometry and digital image correlation. The evaluation of strains and the use of the measurements in subsequent parameter identification techniques to determine material properties are also presented. Since parametric identification techniques require a close coupling of theoretical models and experimental measurements, the book focuses on specific modeling approaches that include finite element model updating, the equilibrium gap method, constitutive equation gap method, virtual field method and reciprocity gap method. In the latter part of the book, the authors discuss two particular applications of selected methods that are of special interest to many investigators: the analysis of localized phenomenon and connections between microstructure and constitutive laws. The final chapter highlights infrared measurements and their use in the mechanics of materials. Written and edited by knowledgeable scientists, experts in their fields, this book will be a valuable resource for all students, faculties and scientists seeking to expand their understanding of an important, growing research areaTable of ContentsForeword xv Michael A. SUTTON Introduction xvii Michel GRÉDIAC and François HILD Chapter 1. Basics of Metrology and Introduction to Techniques 1 André CHRYSOCHOOS and Yves SURREL 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Terminology: international vocabulary of metrology 2 1.2.1. Absolute or differential measurement 2 1.2.2. Main concepts 4 1.3. Spatial aspect 11 1.3.1. Spatial frequency 11 1.3.2. Spatial filtering 16 1.4. Classification of optical measurement techniques 18 1.4.1. White light measurement methods 19 1.4.2. Interference methods 21 1.4.3. Sensitivity vector 23 1.4.4. Synthetic sensitivity vectors 23 1.4.5. The different types of interferometric measurements 24 1.4.6. Holography, digital holography 27 1.4.7. Conclusion 28 1.5. Bibliography 29 Chapter 2. Photoelasticity 31 Fabrice BRÉMAND and Jean-Christophe DUPRÉ 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Concept of light polarization 32 2.3. Birefringence phenomenon 33 2.4. The law of optico-mechanics 34 2.5. Several types of polariscopes 35 2.5.1. Plane polariscope 35 2.5.2. Circular polariscope 38 2.5.3. White light polariscope 40 2.5.4. Photoelastic coating 40 2.6. Measurement of photoelastic constant C 42 2.7. Analysis by image processing 43 2.7.1. Using a plane polariscope 43 2.7.2. Using a circular polariscope 47 2.7.3. Using color images 48 2.8. Post-processing of photoelastic parameters 48 2.8.1. Drawing of isostatics or stress trajectories 48 2.8.2. Particular points 48 2.8.3. Stress separation and integration of the equilibrium equations 49 2.8.4. Comparison between experimentation and numerical modeling 50 2.9. Three-dimensional photoelasticity 50 2.9.1. The method of stress freezing and mechanical slicing 51 2.9.2. Optical slicing 52 2.9.3. Application example 56 2.10. Conclusion 57 2.11. Bibliography 57 Chapter 3. Grid Method, Moiré and Deflectometry 61 Jérôme MOLIMARD and Yves SURREL 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Principle 61 3.3. Surface encoding 63 3.4. Moiré 64 3.5. Phase detection 66 3.5.1. Global extraction procedure 66 3.5.2. Local phase detection: phase shifting 67 3.5.3. Measuring both components of the displacement 70 3.6. Sensitivity to out-of-plane displacements 71 3.7. Grid defects 72 3.8. Large deformation/large strain 73 3.8.1. Explicit method 73 3.8.2. Implicit method 74 3.8.3. Large strain 74 3.9. Fringe projection 75 3.10. Deflectometry 78 3.11. Examples 81 3.11.1. Off-axis tensile test of a unidirectional composite coupon 81 3.11.2. Rigid body displacement 83 3.11.3. SEM measurement 84 3.11.4. Characterization of lens distortion 85 3.12. Conclusion 88 3.13. Bibliography 89 Chapter 4. Digital Holography Methods 93 Pascal PICART and Paul SMIGIELSKI 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Basics of wave optics 94 4.2.1. Light diffraction 95 4.2.2. Interference 96 4.3. Basics of digital holography 97 4.3.1. Recording the hologram 97 4.3.2. Numerical reconstruction with the discrete Fresnel transform 99 4.3.3. Numerical reconstruction using convolution with adjustable magnification 100 4.3.4. Sensitivity vector 101 4.4. Basics of digital holographic interferometry 103 4.4.1. Phase difference 103 4.4.2. Spatial filtering of the phase and phase unwrapping 104 4.5. Digital holographic interferometry with spatial multiplexing 104 4.5.1. Principle 104 4.5.2. Theory 105 4.5.3. Experimental set-up 105 4.5.4. Application to synthetic concrete subjected to three-point bending 107 4.6. Digital color holography applied to three-dimensional measurements 112 4.6.1. Recording digital color holograms 112 4.6.2. Application to composite material subjected to a short beam test 113 4.7. Conclusion 118 4.8. Acknowledgment 119 4.9. Bibliography 119 Chapter 5. Elementary Speckle Interferometry 125 Pierre JACQUOT, Pierre SLANGEN and Dan BORZA 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. What is speckle interferometry? 126 5.2.1. Simplified principle – correlation fringes 128 5.2.2. Speckle field and specklegram statistics in a nutshell 129 5.2.3. Speckle field transformation – small perturbation theory 131 5.2.4. Phase change-deformation law – sensitivity vector 132 5.2.5. Success or failure of experiments – central role of decorrelation 133 5.3. Optical point of view 134 5.4. Mechanical point of view: specific displacement field components 136 5.4.1. Measurement of the out-of-plane component 136 5.4.2. Measurement of the in-plane component [LEE 70] 137 5.4.3. 3C-3D: three components attached to three-dimensional objects 138 5.4.4. Partial derivatives of the displacement – shearography 139 5.4.5. Shape measurement and other considerations 140 5.5. Phase extraction 141 5.5.1. One-image methods 141 5.5.2. Phase-shifting methods 142 5.5.3. Advanced methods 143 5.5.4. Phase unwrapping 144 5.6. Dynamic deformations and vibrations 46 5.7. Setup calibration 148 5.7.1. Specifying the material point in object coordinates 149 5.7.2. Determination of the sensitivity vector 149 5.8. Specifications and limits 150 5.9. Final remarks, outlook and trends 151 5.10. Bibliography 153 Chapter 6. Digital Image Correlation 157 Michel BORNERT, François HILD, Jean-José ORTEU and Stéphane ROUX 6.1. Background 157 6.2. Surface and volume digital image correlation 158 6.2.1. Images 158 6.2.2. Texture of images 159 6.2.3. Guiding principles 161 6.2.4. Correlation coefficients 163 6.2.5. Subpixel interpolation 164 6.2.6. Local approaches 166 6.2.7. Optimization algorithms 168 6.2.8. Global approaches 169 6.3. Errors and uncertainties 172 6.3.1. Main error sources 172 6.3.2. Uncertainty and spatial resolution 173 6.3.3. Noise sensitivity 174 6.4. Stereo-correlation or 3D-DIC 175 6.4.1. The stereovision technique 176 6.4.2. 3D displacement measurement by stereo-correlation 180 6.4.3. Computation of surface strains from 3D displacements 181 6.4.4. Applications 182 6.5. Conclusions 182 6.6. Bibliography 183 Chapter 7. From Displacement to Strain 191 Pierre FEISSEL 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. From measurement to strain 191 7.2.1. Three related steps 191 7.2.2. Framework for the differentiation of displacement measurements 192 7.2.3. The main families of methods for differentiating data 194 7.2.4. Quality of the reconstruction 195 7.3. Differentiation: difficulties illustrated for a one-dimensional example 197 7.3.1. A simple one-dimensional example 197 7.3.2. Finite differences 198 7.3.3. Global least squares – polynomial basis 199 7.3.4. Filtering through a convolution kernel 200 7.4. Approximation methods 203 7.4.1. General presentation 203 7.4.2. Global least squares – Finite element basis 204 7.4.3. Local least squares – polynomial basis 206 7.4.4. Three converging points of view 207 7.5. Behavior of the reconstruction methods 209 7.5.1. Splitting the reconstruction error 209 7.5.2. Estimation of approximation error 210 7.5.3. Estimation of random error 211 7.6. Selection criterion for the filtering parameters 214 7.6.1. Constant signal-to-noise ratio 214 7.6.2. A pragmatic criterion 216 7.7. Taking the time dimension into consideration 218 7.8. Concluding remarks 220 7.9. Bibliography 220 Chapter 8. Introduction to Identification Methods 223 Marc BONNET 8.1. Introduction 223 8.2. Identification and inversion: a conceptual overview 223 8.2.1. Inversion 223 8.2.2. Constitutive parameter identification 230 8.3. Numerical methods based on optimization 232 8.3.1. Gradient-based methods 232 8.3.2. Other methods 236 8.4. Methods specifically designed for full-field measurements: an overview 237 8.4.1. Finite element model updating 237 8.4.2. Constitutive relation error 238 8.4.3. Methods based on equilibrium satisfaction 239 8.4.4. Reciprocity gap 241 8.5. Conclusion 242 8.6. Bibliography 242 Chapter 9. Parameter Identification from Mechanical Field Measurements using Finite Element Model Updating Strategies 247 Emmanuel PAGNACCO, Anne-Sophie CARO-BRETELLE and Patrick IENNY 9.1. Introduction 247 9.2. Finite element method 249 9.2.1. Principles of the method 249 9.2.2. The “direct mechanical problem” and finite element analysis 252 9.3. Updating a finite element model for parameter identification 254 9.3.1. Theory 254 9.3.2. Objective functions and minimization procedure 256 9.3.3. Structural sensitivities 262 9.4. Applications, results and accuracy 264 9.4.1. Full-field measurements for the FEMU method 264 9.4.2. Application to the material behavior 265 9.4.3. Identification accuracy 267 9.5. Conclusion 268 9.6. Bibliography 269 Chapter 10. Constitutive Equation Gap 275 Stéphane PAGANO and Marc BONNET 10.1. Introduction 275 10.2. CEG in the linear elastic case: heterogeneous behavior and full-field measurement 276 10.2.1. First variant: exact enforcement of kinematic measurements 278 10.2.2. Second variant: enforcement of measurements by kinematic penalization 283 10.2.3. Comments 283 10.2.4. Some numerical examples 284 10.3. Extension to elastoplasticity 288 10.3.1. Formulation 288 10.3.2. Numerical method 290 10.4. Formulations based on the Legendre–Fenchel transform 293 10.5. Suitable formulations for dynamics or vibration 295 10.6. Conclusions 297 10.7. Bibliography 298 Chapter 11. The Virtual Fields Method 301 Michel GRÉDIAC, Fabrice PIERRON, Stéphane AVRIL, Evelyne TOUSSAINT and Marco ROSSI 11.1. Introduction 301 11.2. General principle 301 11.3. Constitutive equations depending linearly on the parameters: determination of the virtual fields 303 11.3.1. Introduction 303 11.3.2. Developing the PVW 303 11.3.3. Special virtual fields 305 11.3.4. Virtual fields optimized with respect to measurement noise 307 11.3.5. Virtual fields defined by subdomains 309 11.3.6. Examples 311 11.3.7. Plate bending 313 11.3.8. Large deformations: example of hyperelasticity 319 11.4. Case of constitutive equations that do not linearly depend on the constitutive parameters 321 11.4.1. Introduction 321 11.4.2. Elastoplasticity 321 11.4.3. Hyperelastic behavior 324 11.5. Conclusion 325 11.6. Bibliography 326 Chapter 12. Equilibrium Gap Method 331 Fabien AMIOT, Jean-Noël PÉRIÉ and Stéphane ROUX 12.1. Theoretical basis 331 12.1.1. Homogeneous elastic medium 332 12.1.2. Heterogeneous elastic medium 334 12.1.3. Incremental formulation 334 12.2. Finite difference implementation 335 12.3. Finite element implementation 337 12.4. Application to beam theory: local buckling 340 12.4.1. Application to beam theory 340 12.4.2. Loading identification 342 12.4.3. Identification of a heterogeneous stiffness field 343 12.5. Simultaneous identification of stiffness and loading fields 345 12.6. Spectral sensitivity and reconditioning 347 12.7. Damage 349 12.8. Application to a biaxial test carried out on a composite material 351 12.8.1. Damage modeling 352 12.8.2. Adapted expression of the reconditioned equilibrium gap 354 12.8.3. Application to a biaxial test 355 12.9. Exploitation of measurement uncertainty 358 12.10. Conclusions 359 12.11. Bibliography 360 Chapter 13. Reciprocity Gap Method 363 Stéphane ANDRIEUX, Huy Duong BUI and Andrei CONSTANTINESCU 13.1. Introduction 363 13.2. The reciprocity gap method 365 13.2.1. Definition of the reciprocity gap 367 13.2.2. Fundamental property of the reciprocity gap 367 13.3. Identification of cracks in electrostatics 368 13.3.1. Identification formulas for the plane of the crack(s) 370 13.3.2. Complete identification of cracks 371 13.4. Crack identification in thermoelasticity using displacement measurements 373 13.5. Conclusions and perspectives 377 13.6. Bibliography 378 Chapter 14. Characterization of Localized Phenomena 379 Jacques DESRUES and Julien RÉTHORÉ 14.1. Introduction 379 14.2. Definitions and properties of the localized phenomena being considered 380 14.3. Available methods for the experimental characterization of localized phenomena 386 14.3.1. Direct observation 386 14.3.2. Recording the coordinates of predefined markers 387 14.3.3. False relief photogrammetry 387 14.3.4. Digital image correlation 387 14.3.5. Digital volume correlation 388 14.3.6. X-ray tomography 388 14.4. Localization kinematics: a case study 390 14.4.1. Emergence and development of shear bands in a sand specimen under plane strain revealed by stereophotogrammetry 390 14.4.2. Comparison of stereophotogrammetry and digital image correlation for a biaxial test of a soft clay-rock specimen 391 14.4.3. The contribution of digital volume correlation to the detection of localization in isochoric shearing 393 14.4.4. Characterization of severe discontinuities: stereophotogrammetry and correlation 393 14.4.5. Localization on the grain scale: the contribution of discrete DVC 394 14.4.6. A fatigue crack in steel 395 14.4.7. Piobert–Lüders band in steel 395 14.4.8. Portevin–Le Châtelier band 396 14.5. The use of enriched kinematics 397 14.5.1. Displacement discontinuity 398 14.5.2. Strain discontinuity 399 14.6. Localization of the discontinuity zone 399 14.6.1. The use of strain fields 400 14.6.2. The use of correlation residuals 400 14.7. Identification of fracture parameters 401 14.8. Conclusion 405 14.9. Bibliography 406 Chapter 15. From Microstructure to Constitutive Laws 411 Jérôme CRÉPIN and Stéphane ROUX 15.1. Introduction 411 15.2. General problem 411 15.2.1. How can we appreciate spatial heterogeneity? 411 15.2.2. Phase segmentation 413 15.2.3. Inverse problem 413 15.2.4. Statistical description/morphological model 414 15.2.5. Coupling of identification with an exogenous field 417 15.3. Examples of local field characterization 418 15.3.1. EBSD analysis and orientation imaging microscopy 419 15.4. First example: elastic medium with microstructure 423 15.4.1. Glass wool 423 15.4.2. Identification 426 15.5. Second example: crystal plasticity 427 15.5.1. Multiscale approach for identification of material mechanical behavior 428 15.5.2. Methodology 430 15.5.3. Numerical simulation of mechanical behavior 431 15.6. Conclusions 434 15.7. Bibliography 435 Chapter 16. Thermographic Analysis of Material Behavior 439 Jean-Christophe BATSALE, André CHRYSOCHOOS, Hervé PRON and Bertrand WATTRISSE 16.1. Introduction 439 16.2. Thermomechanical framework 441 16.2.1. Constitutive equations 441 16.2.2. Heat equation 443 16.2.3. Energy balance over a load-unload cycle 444 16.3. Metrological considerations 446 16.3.1. Physics of radiation preliminaries 447 16.3.2. Calibration 448 16.3.3. Thermal noise and thermal drift 452 16.4. Heat diffusion models and identification methods 454 16.4.1. Diffusion equation for thin plates 454 16.4.2. Diffusion equation for straight beams 455 16.4.3. Diffusion equation for a monotherm material volume element 456 16.4.4. Integral transforms and quadrupole method related to thick media 457 16.5. Concluding comments and prospects 463 16.6. Bibliography 464 List of Authors 469 Index 475

Read more less

Book SynopsisCO2 capture and geological storage is seen as the most effective technology to rapidly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Up until now and before proceeding to an industrial development of this technology, laboratory research has been conducted for several years and pilot projects have been launched. So far, these studies have mainly focused on transport and geochemical issues and few studies have been dedicated to the geomechanical issues in CO2 storage facilities. The purpose of this book is to give an overview of the multiphysics processes occurring in CO2 storage facilities, with particular attention given to coupled geomechanical problems.The book is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to transport processes and focuses on the efficiency of the storage complex and the evaluation of possible leakage paths. The second part deals with issues related to reservoir injectivity and the presence of fractures and occurrence of damage. The final part of the book concerns the serviceability and ageing of the geomaterials whose poromechanical properties may be altered by contact with the injected reactive fluid.Table of ContentsPreface xi PART 1. TRANSPORT PROCESSES 1 Chapter 1. Assessing Seal Rock Integrity for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 3 Daniel BROSETA 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Gas breakthrough experiments in water-saturated rocks 6 1.3. Interfacial properties involved in seal rock integrity 9 1.3.1. Brine-gas IFT 9 1.3.2. Wetting behavior 10 1.4. Maximum bottomhole pressure for storage in a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir 12 1.5. Evidences for capillary fracturing in seal rocks 13 1.6. Summary and prospects 14 1.7. Bibliography 15 Chapter 2. Gas Migration through Clay Barriers in the Context of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Numerical Modeling of an In Situ Gas Injection Test 21 Pierre GÉRARD, Jean-Pol RADU, Jean TALANDIER, Rémi de La VAISSIÈRE, Robert CHARLIER and Frédéric COLLIN 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Field experiment description 23 2.3. Boundary value problem 26 2.3.1. 1D and 3D geometry and boundary conditions 26 2.3.2. Hydraulic model 27 2.3.3. Hydraulic parameters 28 2.4. Numerical results 29 2.4.1. 1D modeling 30 2.4.2. 3D modeling 34 2.5. Discussion and conclusions 37 2.6. Bibliography 39 Chapter 3. Upscaling Permeation Properties in Porous Materials from Pore Size Distributions 43 Fadi KHADDOUR, David GRÉGOIRE and Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Assembly of parallel pores 44 3.2.1. Presentation 44 3.2.2. Permeability 45 3.2.3. Case of a sinusoidal multi-modal pore size distribution 47 3.3. Mixed assembly of parallel and series pores 48 3.3.1. Presentation 48 3.3.2. Permeability 49 3.4. Comparisons with experimental results 51 3.4.1. Electrical fracturing tests 51 3.4.2. Measurement of the pore size distribution 53 3.4.3. Model capabilities to predict permeability and comparisons with experiments 54 3.5. Conclusions 55 3.6. Acknowledgments 55 3.7. Bibliography 56 PART 2. FRACTURE, DEFORMATION AND COUPLED EFFECTS 57 Chapter 4. A Non-Local Damage Model for Heterogeneous Rocks – Application to Rock Fracturing Evaluation Under Gas Injection Conditions 59 Darius M. SEYEDI, Nicolas GUY, Serigne SY, Sylvie GRANET and François HILD 4.1. Introduction 60 4.2. A probabilistic non-local model for rock fracturing 61 4.3. Hydromechanical coupling scheme 63 4.4. Application example and results 66 4.4.1. Effect of Weibull modulus 70 4.5. Conclusions and perspectives 70 4.6. Acknowledgments 71 4.7. Bibliography 71 Chapter 5. Caprock Breach: A Potential Threat to Secure Geologic Sequestration of CO2 75 A.P.S. SELVADURAI 5.1. Introduction 75 5.2. Caprock flexure during injection 77 5.2.1. Numerical results for the caprock–geologic media interaction 81 5.3. Fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 85 5.3.1. Numerical results for fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 89 5.4. Concluding remarks 90 5.5. Acknowledgment 91 5.6. Bibliography 91 Chapter 6. Shear Behavior Evolution of a Fault due to Chemical Degradation of Roughness: Application to the Geological Storage of CO2 95 Olivier NOUAILLETAS, Céline PERLOT, Christian LA BORDERIE, Baptiste ROUSSEAU and Gérard BALLIVY 6.1. Introduction 96 6.2. Experimental setup 97 6.3. Roughness and chemical attack 99 6.4. Shear tests 103 6.5. Peak shear strength and peak shear displacement: Barton’s model 107 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 112 6.7. Acknowledgment 113 6.8. Bibliography 113 Chapter 7. CO2 Storage in Coal Seams: Coupling Surface Adsorption and Strain 115 Saeid NIKOOSOKHAN, Laurent BROCHARD, Matthieu VANDAMME, Patrick DANGLA, Roland J.-M. PELLENQ, Brice LECAMPION and Teddy FEN-CHONG 7.1. Introduction 115 7.2. Poromechanical model for coal bed reservoir 116 7.2.1. Physics of adsorption-induced swelling of coal 116 7.2.2. Assumptions of model for coal bed reservoir 118 7.2.3. Case of coal bed reservoir with no adsorption 118 7.2.4. Derivation of constitutive equations for coal bed reservoir with adsorption 120 7.3. Simulations 122 7.3.1. Simulations at the molecular scale: adsorption of carbon dioxide on coal 122 7.3.2. Simulations at the scale of the reservoir 124 7.3.3. Discussion 127 7.4. Conclusions 128 7.5. Bibliography 129 PART 3. AGING AND INTEGRITY 133 Chapter 8. Modeling by Homogenization of the Long-Term Rock Dissolution and Geomechanical Effects 135 Jolanta LEWANDOWSKA 8.1. Introduction 135 8.2. Microstructure and modeling by homogenization 136 8.3. Homogenization of the H-M-T problem 138 8.3.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 138 8.3.2. Asymptotic developments method 142 8.3.3. Solutions 143 8.3.4. Summary of the macroscopic “H-M-T model” 148 8.4. Homogenization of the C-M problem 148 8.4.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 148 8.4.2. Homogenization 150 8.4.3. Summary of the macroscopic “C-M model” 151 8.5. Numerical computations of the time degradation of the macroscopic rigidity tensor 152 8.5.1. Definition of the problem 152 8.5.2. Results and discussion 154 8.6. Conclusions 158 8.7. Acknowledgment 160 8.8. Bibliography 160 Chapter 9. Chemoplastic Modeling of Petroleum Cement Paste under Coupled Conditions 163 Jian Fu SHAO, Y. JIA, Nicholas BURLION, Jeremy SAINT-MARC and Adeline GARNIER 9.1. Introduction 163 9.2. General framework for chemo-mechanical modeling 164 9.2.1. Phenomenological chemistry model 166 9.3. Specific plastic model for petroleum cement paste 169 9.3.1. Elastic behavior 169 9.3.2. Plastic pore collapse model 170 9.3.3. Plastic shearing model 172 9.4. Validation of model 174 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 178 9.6. Bibliography 179 Chapter 10. Reactive Transport Modeling of CO2 Through Cementitious Materials Under Supercritical Boundary Conditions 181 Jitun SHEN, Patrick DANGLA and Mickaël THIERY 10.1. Introduction 181 10.2. Carbonation of cement-based materials 183 10.2.1. Solubility of the supercritical CO2 in the pore solution 183 10.2.2. Chemical reactions 184 10.2.3. Carbonation of CH 185 10.2.4. Carbonation of C-S-H 187 10.2.5. Porosity change 190 10.3. Reactive transport modeling 191 10.3.1. Field equations 191 10.3.2. Transport of the liquid phase 194 10.3.3. Transport of the gas phase 194 10.3.4. Transport of aqueous species 196 10.4. Simulation results and discussion 196 10.4.1. Sandstone-like conditions 197 10.4.2. Limestone-like conditions 198 10.4.3. Study of CO2 concentration and initial porosity 199 10.4.4. Supercritical boundary conditions 201 10.5. Conclusion 204 10.6. Acknowledgment 205 10.7. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Chemo-Poromechanical Study of Wellbore Cement Integrity 209 Jean-Michel PEREIRA and Valérie VALLIN 11.1. Introduction 209 11.2. Poromechanics of cement carbonation in the context of CO2 storage 210 11.2.1. Context and definitions 210 11.2.2. Chemical reactions 214 11.2.3. Chemo-poromechanical behaviour 217 11.2.4. Balance equations 221 11.3. Application to wellbore cement 222 11.3.1. Description of the problem 222 11.3.2. Initial state and boundary conditions 223 11.3.3. Illustrative results 223 11.4. Conclusion 227 11.5. Acknowledgments 227 11.6. Bibliography 227 List of Authors 229 Index 000

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the impact of sustainable masonry on the environment, touting the many benefits of utilizing local and/or low embodied energy materials in the construction of sustainable buildings.Table of ContentsPart 1. Technologies and Construction Process 1. Introduction to Sustainable Masonry. 2. Earth and Stone Materials. 3. Blocks: The Elements of Masonry. 4. Arrangement of Blocks. Part 2. Graphic Statics 5. The Foundations of Graphic Statics. 6. Reduction and Equilibrium of a System of Forces in a Plane. 7. Funicular Polygons. 8. Projective Properties and Duality. Part 3.Yield Design Applied to Masonry 9. Principles of Yield Design. 10. Stability of Curvilinear Masonry. 11. Homogenization and Yield Design of Masonry.

Read more less

Book SynopsisComputational contact mechanics is a broad topic which brings together algorithmic, geometrical, optimization and numerical aspects for a robust, fast and accurate treatment of contact problems. This book covers all the basic ingredients of contact and computational contact mechanics: from efficient contact detection algorithms and classical optimization methods to new developments in contact kinematics and resolution schemes for both sequential and parallel computer architectures. The book is self-contained and intended for people working on the implementation and improvement of contact algorithms in a finite element software. Using a new tensor algebra, the authors introduce some original notions in contact kinematics and extend the classical formulation of contact elements. Some classical and new resolution methods for contact problems and associated ready-to-implement expressions are provided. Contents: 1. Introduction to Computational Contact. 2. Geometry in Contact Mechanics. 3. Contact Detection. 4. Formulation of Contact Problems. 5. Numerical Procedures. 6. Numerical Examples. About the Authors Vladislav A. Yastrebov is a postdoctoral-fellow in Computational Solid Mechanics at MINES ParisTech in France. His work in computational contact mechanics was recognized by the CSMA award and by the Prix Paul Caseau of the French Academy of Technology and Electricité de France.Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Notations xv Chapter 1. Introduction to Computational Contact 1 1.1. Historical remark 5 1.1.1. The augmented Lagrangian method 7 1.2. Basics of the numerical treatment of contact problems 9 1.2.1.Contact detection 9 1.2.2.Contact discretization 10 1.2.3.Contact resolution 13 Chapter 2. Geometry in ContactMechanics 15 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Interaction between contacting surfaces 19 2.2.1.Some notations 19 2.2.2.Normal gap 21 2.2.3.Closest point on a surface 26 2.2.4.Closest point on a curve 28 2.2.5.Shadow-projectionmethod 32 2.2.6.Tangential relative sliding 35 2.3. Variations of geometrical quantities 38 2.3.1.First-ordervariations 38 2.3.2. Second-order variations 40 2.4. Numericalvalidation 42 2.5. Discretized geometry 44 2.5.1. Shape functions andfinite elements 44 2.5.2. Geometryof contact elements 45 2.6. Enrichmentof contactgeometry 51 2.6.1. Derivation of enriched quantities 53 2.6.2. Variations of geometrical quantities 58 2.6.3.Exampleof enrichment 65 2.6.4.Concludingremarks 68 Chapter 3. Contact Detection 71 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2.All-to-all detection 76 3.2.1.Preliminaryphase 76 3.2.2.Detection phase 79 3.3.Bucket sort detection 84 3.3.1.Preliminaryphase 86 3.3.2.Numerical tests 87 3.3.3.Detection phase 90 3.3.4. Multi-face contact elements 91 3.3.5. Improvements 92 3.4. Case of unknown master–slave 93 3.5.Parallel contactdetection 97 3.5.1.General presentation 97 3.5.2. Single detection, multiple resolution approach 97 3.5.3. Multiple detection, multiple resolution approach 99 3.5.4. Scalability test 100 3.6.Conclusion 101 Chapter 4. Formulation of Contact Problems 103 4.1. Contact of a deformable solid with a rigid plane 103 4.1.1.Unilateral contactwith a rigid plane 104 4.1.2. Interpretation of contact conditions 109 4.1.3.Friction 111 4.1.4.An analogywith plastic flow 117 4.1.5. Interpretation of frictional conditions 121 4.2. Contact of a deformable solid with an arbitrary rigid surface 124 4.2.1. Non-penetration condition 125 4.2.2. Hertz–Signorini–Moreau’s contact conditions 129 4.2.3. Interpretation of contact conditions 130 4.2.4. Frictional conditions and their interpretation 132 4.2.5. Example: rheology of a one-dimensional frictional system on a sinusoidal rigid substrate 133 4.3. Contact between deformable solids 135 4.3.1. General formulation and variational inequality 135 4.3.2. Remarks on Coulomb’s frictional law 142 4.4. Variational equality and resolution methods 144 4.5. Penaltymethod 145 4.5.1.Frictionless case 145 4.5.2. Example 148 4.5.3. Nonlinearpenaltyfunctions 151 4.5.4. Frictional case 153 4.6. Method of Lagrange multipliers 157 4.6.1.Frictionless case 158 4.6.2. Frictional case 161 4.6.3. Example 164 4.7. AugmentedLagrangianMethod 170 4.7.1. Introduction 170 4.7.2.Applicationto contact problems 174 4.7.3.Example 183 Chapter 5. Numerical Procedures 189 5.1.Newton’smethod 189 5.1.1. One-dimensional Newton’s method 190 5.1.2. Multidimensional Newton’s method 193 5.1.3. Application to non-differentiable functions 195 5.1.4. Subdifferentials and subgradients 196 5.1.5 GeneralizedNewtonmethod 200 5.2. Returnmappingalgorithm 203 5.3. Finite elementmethod 210 5.3.1. Introduction 211 5.3.2.Contact elements 216 5.3.3. Discretization of the contact interface 219 5.3.4. Virtual work for discretized contact interface 220 5.3.5.Linearizationof equations 223 5.3.6.Example 225 5.4. Residual vectors and tangent matrices for contact elements 225 5.4.1. Penalty method: frictionless case 226 5.4.2. Penalty method: frictional case 228 5.4.3. Augmented Lagrangian method: frictionless case 237 5.4.4. Augmented Lagrangian method: frictional case 240 5.5. Method of partial Dirichlet–Neumann boundary conditions 248 5.5.1. Description of the numerical technique 248 5.5.2.Frictionless case 250 5.5.3.Frictional case 254 5.5.4.Remarks 255 5.6. Technicaldetails 255 5.6.1. Rigidmaster surface 256 5.6.2. Multi-face contact elements and smoothing techniques 257 5.6.3.Heterogeneous friction 260 5.6.4.Short remarks 261 Chapter 6. Numerical Examples 265 6.1.Two dimensionalproblems 265 6.1.1. Indentation by a rigid flat punch 265 6.1.2. Elastic disk embedded in an elastic bored plane 269 6.1.3. Indentation of an elastic rectangle by a circular indenter 272 6.1.4. Axisymmetricdeepcup drawing 274 6.1.5. Shallowironing 278 6.1.6. Axisymmetric post-buckling of a thin-walled cylinder 279 6.2. Three-dimensionalproblems 286 6.2.1. Accordion post-buckling folding of a thin-walled tube 286 6.2.2. Hydrostatic extrusion of a square plate through a circular hole 288 6.2.3. Frictional sliding of a cube on a rigid plane 292 Appendix 1. Vectors, Tensors and s-Structures 297 A1.1. Fundamentals 298 A1.2.Vector space basis 303 A1.2.1. Transformation matrices, covariant and contravariant objects 306 A1.2.2. Gradient operator or Hamilton’s operator 308 A1.3. Sub-basis, vector function of v-scalar argument 311 A1.4.Tensors 314 A1.5.Tensor as a linear operatoron vector space 322 A1.6.S-structures 325 A1.6.1. Formal definition, notations and types 327 A1.6.2.Simple operations 331 A1.6.3. Invariant s-structures 333 A1.6.4. Scalar products of v-vectors 336 A1.6.5. Inversev-vector 341 A1.6.6. Isomorphism of s-space and tensor space 343 A1.6.7. Tensor product of v-vectors 348 A1.7.Reducedformof s-structures 349 Appendix 2. Variations of Geometrical Quantities 353 A2.1.First-ordervariations 353 A2.1.1.Normal projectioncase 354 A2.1.2. Shadow-projection case: infinitely remote emitter 356 A2.1.3. Shadow-projection case: close emitter 361 A2.2. Second-order variations 362 A2.2.1.Normal projectioncase 362 A2.2.2. Shadow-projection case: infinitely remote emitter 369 A2.2.3. Shadow-projection case: close emitter 370 Bibliography 375 Index 387

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom the characterization of materials to accelerated life testing, experimentation with solids and structures is present in all stages of the design of mechanical devices. Sometimes only an experimental model can bring the necessary elements for understanding, the physics under study just being too complex for an efficient numerical model. This book presents the classical tools in the experimental approach to mechanical engineering, as well as the methods that have revolutionized the field over the past 20 years: photomechanics, signal processing, statistical data analysis, design of experiments, uncertainty analysis, etc. Experimental Mechanics of Solids and Structures also replaces mechanical testing in a larger context: firstly, that of the experimental model, with its own hypotheses; then that of the knowledge acquisition process, which is structured and robust; finally, that of a reliable analysis of the results obtained, in a context where uncertainty could be important.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Mechanical Tests 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Measurable quantities 2 1.3 Tensile test 3 1.3.1 Optimal testing conditions 5 1.3.2 Result of a standard tensile test 7 1.3.3 Stiffness of a tensile testing machine 9 1.4 Bending test 10 1.4.1 Test principle 10 1.4.2 Optimal realization conditions 10 1.4.3 Determination of flexural modulus 11 1.4.4 Damage to the structure 13 Chapter 2 A Few Sensors Used in Mechanics 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Strain measurement 15 2.2.1 Principle 15 2.2.2 Gauge factor 16 2.2.3 Description of a gauge 17 2.2.4 Conditioning 19 2.2.5 Multi-gauge assemblies 20 2.2.6 Compensation of bending effects 21 2.2.7 Effect of temperature 22 2.2.8 Measurement of a surface-strain tensor of an object 23 2.2.9 “Measurement” considerations 25 2.3 Displacement measurement 27 2.3.1 Principle 27 2.3.2 Key characteristics 27 2.4 Force measurement 28 2.4.1 Strain gauge load cell 28 2.4.2 Piezoelectric gauge load cell 29 2.5 Acceleration measurement 33 2.5.1 Principle 33 2.5.2 Selection criteria 37 Chapter 3 Optical Full-Field Methods 39 3.1 Overview 39 3.2 Selection of a field optical method 40 3.2.1 Factors governing selection 40 3.2.2 Fringe projection 41 3.2.3 Grid method 45 3.2.4 Digital image correlation 49 3.2.5 Speckle interferometry (ESPI) 53 3.3 Main processing methods of photomechanical results 60 3.3.1 Metrological aspects 60 3.3.2 Correction of target distorsions 62 3.3.3 Denoising in mapping 63 3.3.4 Phase unwrapping 65 3.3.5 Derivation of a displacement map 66 Chapter 4 Basic Tools for Measurement Methods 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Measurement and precision 72 4.2.1 Calibration 72 4.2.2 Tests 75 4.2.3 Evaluating uncertainties 78 4.3 Experimental test plans 88 4.3.1 Preparation 90 4.3.2 Approach 91 4.3.3 Adjusting polynomial models by least squares 92 4.3.4 Linear factorial design without interaction 94 4.3.5 Linear factorial design with interactions 100 w4.3.6 Quadratic design with interactions 104 4.3.7 Variance analysis 107 4.4 Hypothesis tests 109 4.4.1 General principle 109 4.4.2 1st and 2nd order error: a test’s power 110 4.4.3 Choosing a statistical law 112w 4.4.4 Examples 113 4.4.5 Test for model adjustment: a return to ANOVA analysis 114 Chapter 5 Exercises 117 5.1 Multiple-choice questions 117 5.2 Problem: designing a torque meter 118 5.2.1 Mechanical analysis 118 5.2.2 Electrical installation 119 5.2.3 Analyzing uncertainty 120 5.3 Problem: traction test on a composite 121 5.3.1 Sizing a traction test 121 5.3.2 Measuring 121 5.3.3 Photomechanics 122 5.4 Problem: optic fiber Bragg gratings 122 5.4.1 What happens when there is traction on the fiber? 123 5.4.2 What will the effective index become depending on the temperature and strain parameters? 124 5.4.3 Separating temperature and mechanics 124 5.4.4 Analyzing uncertainty 124 5.5 Problem: bending a MEMS micro-sensor 124 5.5.1 Suggesting a mechanical model for this problem 125 5.6 Problem: studying a 4-point bending system 126 5.6.1 Analyzing the device 126 5.6.2 Mechanical analysis 127 5.6.3 Analyzing uncertainties 127 5.6.4 Optical full field methods 127 5.7 Digital pressure tester: statistical tests 128 5.7.1 Discovering the statistical functions library 128 5.7.2 Estimating a confidence interval 128 5.7.3 Calculating a test’s power 128 Conclusion 131 Bibliography 133 Index 141

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on rigorous mathematical formulation and treatment of static problems arising in continuum mechanics of solids at large or small strains, as well as their various evolutionary variants, including thermodynamics. As such, the theory of boundary- or initial-boundary-value problems for linear or quasilinear elliptic, parabolic or hyperbolic partial differential equations is the main underlying mathematical tool, along with the calculus of variations. Modern concepts of these disciplines as weak solutions, polyconvexity, quasiconvexity, nonsimple materials, materials with various rheologies or with internal variables are exploited.This book is accompanied by exercises with solutions, and appendices briefly presenting the basic mathematical concepts and results needed. It serves as an advanced resource and introductory scientific monograph for undergraduate or PhD students in programs such as mathematical modeling, applied mathematics, computational continuum physics and engineering, as well as for professionals working in these fields. Trade Review“Advanced mathematical concepts are presented in a logical and clear manner, making the book accessible to graduate students as well as non-mathematicians working on problems in continuum mechanics of solids. … The book is very well organized and well written. The mathematical results are clearly presented.” (Corina- Stefania Drapaca, Mathematical Reviews, November, 2019)Table of ContentsStatic Problems.- Description of Deformable Stressed Bodies.- Elastic Materials.- Polyconvex Materials: Existence Of Energy-Minimizing Deformations.- General Hyperelastic Materials: Existence/Nonexistence Results.- Linearized Elasticity.- Evolution Problems.- Linear Rheological Models at Small Strains.- Nonlinear Materials with Internal Variables at Small Strains.- Thermodynamics of Selected Materials and Processes.- Evolution at finite Strains.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book reports on findings at the intersection between two related fields, namely coastal hydrography and marine robotics. On one side, it shows how the exploration of the ocean can be performed by autonomous underwater vehicles; on the other side, it shows how some methods from hydrography can be implemented in the localization and navigation of such vehicles, e.g. for target identification or path finding. Partially based on contributions presented at the conference Quantitative Monitoring of Underwater Environment, MOQESM, held on October 11-12, 2016, Brest, France, this book includes carefully revised and extended chapters presented at the conference, together with original papers not related to the event. All in all, it provides readers with a snapshot of current methods for sonar track registration, multi-vehicles control, collective exploration of underwater environments, optimization of propulsion systems, among others. More than that, the book is aimed as source of inspiration and tool to promote further discussions and collaboration between hydrographers, robotic specialists and other related communities.Trade Review“I would definitely recommend it for any underwater vehicle research and development individuals or groups.” (Ron Lewis, Underwater Technology, Vol. 37 (3), 2020)Table of ContentsFrom the Content: Fast Fourier-Based Block-Matching Algorithm for Sonar Tracks Registration in a Multiresolution Framework.- Adaptive Sampling with a Fleet of Autonomous Sailing Boats Using Artificial Potential Fields.- Underwater Robots Equipped with Artificial Electric Sense for the Exploration of Unconventional Aquatic Niches.- Estimating the Trajectory of Low-cost Autonomous Robots Using Interval Analysis: Application to the euRathlon Competition.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is an advanced modern textbook on thermal stresses. It serves a wide range of readers, in particular, graduate and postgraduate students, scientists, researchers in various industrial and government institutes, and engineers working in mechanical, civil, and aerospace engineering. This volume covers diverse areas of applied mathematics, continuum mechanics, stress analysis, and mechanical design. This work treats a number of topics not presented in other books on thermal stresses, for example: theory of coupled and generalized thermoelasticity, finite and boundary element method in generalized thermoelasticity, thermal stresses in functionally graded structures, and thermal expansions of piping systems.The book starts from basic concepts and principles, and these are developed to more advanced levels as the text progresses. Nevertheless, some basic knowledge on the part of the reader is expected in classical mechanics, stress analysis, and mathematics, including vector and cartesian tensor analysis.This 2nd enhanced edition includes a new chapter on Thermally Induced Vibrations. The method of stiffness is added to Chapter 7. The variational principle for the Green-Lindsay and Green-Naghdi models have been added to Chapter 2 and equations of motion and compatibility equations in spherical coordinates to Chapter 3. Additional problems at the end of chapters were added. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Basic Laws of Thermoelasticity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Stresses and Tractions.- 3 Equations of Motion.- 4 Coordinate Transformation. Principal Axes.- 5 Principal Stresses and Stress Invariants.- 6 Displacement and Strain Tensor.- 7 Compatibility Equations. Simply Connected Region.- 8 Compatibility Conditions. Multiply Connected Regions.- 9 Constitutive Laws of Linear Thermoelasticity.- 10 Displacement Formulation of Thermoelasticity.- 11 Stress Formulation of Thermoelasticity.- 12 Two-Dimensional Thermoelasticity.- 13 Michell Conditions.- 14 Problems.- Chapter 2: Thermodynamics of Elastic Continuum.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Thermodynamics Definitions.- 3 First Law of Thermodynamics.- 4 Second Law of Thermodynamics.- 5 Variational Formulation of Thermodynamics.- 6 Thermodynamics of Elastic Continuum.- 7 General Theory of Thermoelasticity.- 8 Free Energy Function of Hookean Materials.- 9 Fourier’s Law and Heat Conduction Equation.- 10 Generalized Thermoelasticity, Second Sound.- 11 Thermoelasticity without Energy Dissipation.- 12 A Unified Generalized Thermoelasticity.- 13 Uniqueness Theorem.- 14 Variational Principle of Thermoelasticity.- 15 Reciprocity Theorem.- 16 Initial and Boundary Conditions.- 17 Problems.- Chapter 3: Basic Problems of Thermoelasticity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Temperature Distribution for Zero Thermal Stress.- 3 Analogy of Thermal Gradient with Body Forces.- 4 General Solution of Thermoelastic Problems.- 5 Solution of Two-Dimensional Navier Equations.- 6 General Solution in Cylindrical Coordinates.- 7 Solution of Problems in Spherical Coordinates.- 8 Problems.- Chapter 4: Heat Conduction Problems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Problems in Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates.- 3 Problems in Cylindrical Coordinates.- 4 Problems in Spherical Coordinates.- 5 Problems.- Chapter 5: Thermal Stresses in Beams.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Thermal Stresses in Beams.- 3 Deflection Equation of Beams.- 4 Boundary Conditions.- 5 Shear Stress in a Beam.- 6 Beams of Rectangular Cross Section.- 7 Transient Stresses in Rectangular Beams.- 8 Beam with Internal Heat Generation.- 9 Bimetallic Beam.- 10 Functionally Graded Beams.- 11 Transient Stresses in FGM Beams.- 12 Thermal Stresses in Thin Curved Beams and Rings.- 13 Deflection of Thin Curved Beams and Rings.- 14 Problems.- Chapter 6: Disks, Cylinders, and Spheres 2591 Introduction.- 2 Cylinders with Radial Temperature Variation.- 3 Thermal Stresses in Disks.- 4 Thick Spheres.- 5 Thermal Stresses in a Rotating Disk.- 6 Non-axisymmetrically Heated Cylinders.- 7 Method of Complex Variables.- 8 Functionally Graded Thick Cylinders.- 9 Axisymmetric Stresses in FGM Cylinders.- 10 Transient Thermal Stresses in Thick Spheres.- 11 Functionally Graded Spheres .- 12 Problems.- Chapter 7: Thermal Expansion in Piping Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Definition of the Elastic Center.- 3 Piping Systems in Two Dimensions.- 4 Piping Systems in Three Dimensions.- 5 Pipelines with Large Radius Elbows.- 6 Stiffness Method.- 7 Rotation Matrix.- 8 Transformation Matrix.- 9 Flexibility Matrix of a Single Member.- 10 Flexibility Matrix of a Branch.- 11 Flexibility Matrix of a Straight Member.- 12 Flexibility Matrix of a Bend Member.- 13 Problems.- Chapter 8: Coupled and Generalized Thermoelasticity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Governing Equations of Coupled Thermoelasticity.- 3 Coupled Thermoelasticity for Infinite Space.- 4 Variable Heat Source.- 5 One-Dimensional Coupled Problem.- 6 Propagation of Discontinuities.- 7 Half-Space Subjected to a Harmonic Temperature.- 8 Coupled Thermoelasticity of Thick Cylinders.- 9 Green–Naghdi Model of a Layer.- 10 Generalized Thermoelasticity of Layers.- 11 Generalized Thermoelasticity in Spheres and Cylinders.- 12 Problems.- Chapter 9: Finite and Boundary Element Methods.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Galerkin Finite Element.- 3 Functionally Graded Layers.- 4 Coupled Thermoelasticity of Thick Spheres.- 5 Generalized Thermoelasticity of FG Spheres.- 6 Generalized Thermoelasticity of FG Disk.- 7 Higher Order Elements.- 8 Functionally Graded Beams.- 9 Thermally Nonlinear GeneralizedThermoelasticity.- 10 Boundary Element Formulation.- Chapter 10: Thermally Induced Vibrations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Thermally Induced Vibrations of Isotropic Beams.- 3 Thermally Induced Vibration of FGM Beams.- 4 Thermally Induced Vibration of Shallow Arches.- Chapter 11: Creep Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Creep of Metals.- 3 Constitutive Equation of Uniaxial Creep.- 4 Creep Relaxation, Linear Rheological Models.- 5 Three-Dimensional Governing Equations.- 6 Creep Potential, General Theory of Creep.- 7 Stress Function for Creep Problems.- 8 Creep Linearization.- 9 Creep Relaxation of Axisymmetric Stresses.- 10 Creep Relaxation of Non-axisymmetric Stresses.- 11 Thermoelastic Creep Relaxation in Beams.12 Problems.- Subject Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNonlinear Structures & Systems, Volume 1: Proceedings of the 37th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2019, the first volume of eight from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Nonlinear Dynamics, including papers on: Nonlinear Reduced-order Modeling Jointed Structures: Identification, Mechanics, Dynamics Experimental Nonlinear Dynamics Nonlinear Model & Modal Interactions Nonlinear Damping Nonlinear Modeling & Simulation Nonlinearity & System Identification

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the principles and applications of vehicle handling dynamics from an advanced perspective in depth. The methods required to analyze and optimize vehicle handling dynamics are presented, including tire compound dynamics, vehicle planar dynamics, vehicle roll dynamics, full vehicle dynamics, and in-wheel motor vehicle dynamics. The provided vehicle dynamic model is capable of investigating drift, sliding, and other over-limit vehicle maneuvers. This is an ideal book for postgraduate and research students and engineers in mechanical, automotive, transportation, and ground vehicle engineering.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Tire Dynamics.- Chapter 2. Vehicle Planar Dynamics.- Chapter 3. Vehicle Roll Dynamics.- Chapter 4. Road Dynamics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book discusses the introduction of isogeometric technology to the boundary element method (BEM) in order to establish an improved link between simulation and computer aided design (CAD) that does not require mesh generation. In the isogeometric BEM, non-uniform rational B-splines replace the Lagrange polynomials used in conventional BEM. This may seem a trivial exercise, but if implemented rigorously, it has profound implications for the programming, resulting in software that is extremely user friendly and efficient. The BEM is ideally suited for linking with CAD, as both rely on the definition of objects by boundary representation. The book shows how the isogeometric philosophy can be implemented and how its benefits can be maximised with a minimum of user effort. Using several examples, ranging from potential problems to elasticity, it demonstrates that the isogeometric approach results in a drastic reduction in the number of unknowns and an increase in the quality of the results. In some cases even exact solutions without refinement are possible. The book also presents a number of practical applications, demonstrating that the development is not only of academic interest. It then elegantly addresses heterogeneous and non-linear problems using isogeometric concepts, and tests them on several examples, including a severely non-linear problem in viscous flow. The book makes a significant contribution towards a seamless integration of CAD and simulation, which eliminates the need for tedious mesh generation and provides high-quality results with minimum user intervention and computing.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The boundary integral equation.- Basis functions, B-splines.- Description of the geometry.- Getting geometry information from CAD programs.- Numerical treatment of integral equations.- Numerical integration.- Steady state potential problems.- Static linear solid mechanics.- Body force effects.- Treatment of inhomogeneities/inclusions.- Material non-linear behaviour.- Applications in geomechanics.- Viscous flow problems.- Time dependent problems.- Summary and outlook.- Appendix A: Fundamental solutions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes the entire process of designing guitars, including the theory and guidelines for implementing it in practice. It discusses areas from acoustics and resonators to new tools and how they assist traditional construction techniques. The book begins by discussing the fundamentals of the sounds of a guitar, strings, and oscillating systems. It then moves on to resonators and acoustics within the guitar, explaining the analysis systems and evaluation methods, and comparing classic and modern techniques. Each area of the guitar is covered, from the soundboard and the back, to the process of closing the instrument. The book concludes with an analysis of historic and modern guitars. This book is of interest to luthiers wanting to advance their practice, guitar players wishing to learn more about their instruments, and academics in engineering and physics curious about the principles of acoustics when applied to musical instruments.Table of ContentsThe Sound.- The String.- Oscillating Systems.- The Resonator Components.- The Resonator as a Global System.- Upper Resonances.- Analysis Systems.- Quality and Evaluation Methods.- The Modern Guitar.- Building and Using the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Frame.- The Back.- Closing the Instrument. Final Tuning.- Analysis of Historic and Modern Guitars

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book gathers the peer-reviewed papers presented at the XXIV Conference of the Italian Association of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, held in Rome, Italy, on September 15-19, 2019 (AIMETA 2019). The conference topics encompass all aspects of general, fluid, solid and structural mechanics, as well as mechanics for machines and mechanical systems, including theoretical, computational and experimental techniques and technological applications. As such the book represents an invaluable, up-to-the-minute tool, providing an essential overview of the most recent advances in the field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 38th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2020, the second volume of eight from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of the Dynamics of Civil Structures, including papers on:Structural VibrationHumans & Structures Innovative Measurement for Structural Applications Smart Structures and Automation Modal Identification of Structural Systems Bridges and Novel Vibration Analysis Sensors and Control

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the mechanics of piezoelectric semiconductor structures where the main electromechanical coupling of interest is the interaction between mechanical fields and semiconduction. This volume stands as the first full book treatment of this multi-physical subject from the mechanics angle. The analysis of piezoelectric semiconductor structures and devices is an emerging and rapidly growing interdisciplinary area involving materials, electronics, and solid mechanics. It has direct applications in the new area of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics. The book is theoretical, beginning with a phenomenological framework and progressing to include solutions to problems fundamental to the theory and application. Dr. Yang illustrates how in piezoelectric semiconductors, mechanical fields interact with semiconduction through the piezoelectrically produced electric fields by mechanical loads. This provides the foundation of piezotronic and piezo-phototronic devices in which semiconduction is induced, affected, manipulated, or controlled by mechanical fields. Also discussing composite structures of piezoelectric dielectrics and nonpiezoelectric semiconductors as well as thermal effects, the book is an ideal basic reference on the topic for researchers.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Macroscopic Theory.- Chapter 2. Exact Solutions.- Chapter 3. Extension of Rods.- Chapter 4. Bending of Beams.- Chapter 5. Extension and Bending of Plates.- Chapter 6. Composite Structures.- Chapter 7. Thermal Effects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book introduces the basic concepts of the finite element method in the static and dynamic analysis of beam, plate, shell and solid structures, discussing how the method works, the characteristics of a finite element approximation and how to avoid the pitfalls of finite element modeling. Presenting the finite element theory as simply as possible, the book allows readers to gain the knowledge required when applying powerful FEA software tools. Further, it describes modeling procedures, especially for reinforced concrete structures, as well as structural dynamics methods, with a particular focus on the seismic analysis of buildings, and explores the modeling of dynamic systems. Featuring numerous illustrative examples, the book allows readers to easily grasp the fundamentals of the finite element theory and to apply the finite element method proficiently.Trade Review“The theory of FEM is presented ‘as simply as possible’ and illustrated with many examples. … The book gives the readers the knowledge required when applying powerful FEM software tools in static or dynamic analysis. … The book is based on the lectures for students of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, and is intended for students as well as for structural engineers.” (V. Leontiev, zbMATH 1502.74004, 2023)Table of ContentsMathematical background.- Basic equations of the theory of elasticity.- Truss and beam structures.- Plate, shell and solid structures.- Dynamic analysis of structures.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties.Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics.“In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.” G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research. “The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.” G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering. “The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.” M. Davies in Materials World. Trade Review“This is a quite comprehensive book with over 700 pages and excellent integration of figures, tables, and equations. … They provide great insights into the relationships between structure and properties that are fundamental to all materials scientists. … the book finds an excellent balance between theory and practical application. … Overall, Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems (Second Edition) by Eric J. Mittemeijer is an invaluable contribution to materials science.” (David P. Cann, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57, 2022)Table of ContentsPreface.- Dedication.- Foreword.- Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Electronic Structure of the Atom; the Periodic Table.- Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding in Solids;with Excursions to Material Properties.- Chapter 4. Crystallography.- Chapter 5. The Crystal Imperfection; Structure Defects.- Chapter 6. Analysis of the Microstructure; Analysis of Structural Imperfection: Light and Electron Microscopical and (X-ray) Diffraction Methods.- Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria.- Chapter 8. Diffusion.- Chapter 9. Phase Transformations: Introduction and Typology.- Chapter 10. Phase Transformations: Kinetics.- Chapter 11. Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth.- Chapter 12. Mechanical Strength of Materials.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume gathers the latest advances and innovations in the field of flow-induced vibration and noise, as presented by leading international researchers at the 3rd International Symposium on Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects (FLINOVIA), which was held in Lyon, France, in September 2019. It explores topics such as turbulent boundary layer-induced vibration and noise, tonal noise, noise due to ingested turbulence, fluid-structure interaction problems, and noise control techniques. The authors’ backgrounds represent a mix of academia, government, and industry, and several papers include applications to important problems for underwater vehicles, aerospace structures and commercial transportation. The book offers a valuable reference guide for all those interested in measurement, modelling, simulation and reproduction of the flow excitation and flow induced structural response.Table of ContentsSource Modeling.- Experimental Techniques.- Analytical Developments.- Numerical Methods.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the essentials of developments in the area of plate structures and presents them so that the readers can obtain a quick understanding and overview of the subject. Several theoretical models are employed for their analysis and design starting from the classical thin plate theory to alternatives obtained by incorporation of appropriate complicating effects or by using fundamentally different assumptions. The book includes pedagogical features like end-of-chapter exercises and worked examples to help students in self-learning. The book is extremely useful for the senior undergraduate and postgraduate students of aerospace engineering and mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsDefinition of a Thin Plate.- Classical Plate Theory.- A Critical Assessment of Classical Plate Theory.- Analysis of Rectangular Plates.- Analysis of Circular Plates.- Shear Deformation Theories.- Variable Thickness Plates.- Plate Buckling due to Non-Uniform Compression.- Non-Linear Flexure and Vibrations.- Post-Buckling Behaviour.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive yet concise presentation of the analysis methods of lightweight engineering in the context of the statics of beam structures and is divided into four sections. Starting from very general remarks on the fundamentals of elasticity theory, the first section also addresses plane problems as well as strength criteria of isotropic materials. The second section is devoted to the analytical treatment of the statics of beam structures, addressing beams under bending, shear and torsion. The third section deals with the work and energy methods in lightweight construction, spanning classical methods and modern computational methods such as the finite element method. Finally, the fourth section addresses more advanced beam models, discussing hybrid structures as well as laminated and sandwich beams, in addition to shear field beams and shear deformable beams. This book is intended for students at technical colleges and universities, as well as for engineers in practice and researchers in engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Theory of elasticity.- Plane problems.- Strength criteria for isotropic materials.- Strength criteria for isotropic materials.- Beams under transverse shear forces.- St. Venant torsion.- Warping torsion.- Work and energy.- Principle of virtual displacements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive coverage of hybrid high-order methods for computational mechanics. The first three chapters offer a gentle introduction to the method and its mathematical foundations for the diffusion problem. The next four chapters address applications of increasing complexity in the field of computational mechanics: linear elasticity, hyperelasticity, wave propagation, contact, friction, and plasticity. The last chapter provides an overview of the main implementation aspects including some examples of Matlab code. The book is primarily intended for graduate students, researchers, and engineers working in related fields of application, and it can also be used as a support for graduate and doctoral lectures.Table of Contents1.Getting Started: Linear Diffusion.- 2.Mathematical Aspects.- 3.Some Variants.- 4.Linear Elasticity and Hyperelasticity.- 5.Elastodynamics.- 6.Contact and Friction.- 7.Plasticity.- 8.Implementaion Aspects.- References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook supports a range of core courses in undergraduate materials and mechanical engineering curricula given at leading universities globally. It presents fundamentals and quantitative analysis of mechanical behavior of materials covering engineering mechanics and materials, deformation behavior, fracture mechanics, and failure design. This book provides a holistic understanding of mechanical behavior of materials, and enables critical thinking through mathematical modeling and problem solving. Each of the 15 chapters first introduces readers to the technologic importance of the topic and provides basic concepts with diagrammatic illustrations; and then its engineering analysis/mathematical modelling along with calculations are presented. Featuring 200 end-of-chapter calculations/worked examples, 120 diagrams, 260 equations on mechanics and materials, the text is ideal for students of mechanical, materials, structural, civil, and aerospace engineering. Table of ContentsPart I: Materials: Deformation, Testing, and Strengthening1) INTRODUCTION2) PHYSICS OF DEFORMATION3) MECHANICAL TESTING AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4) STRENGTHENING MECHNAISMS IN METALS/ALLOYS 5) MATERIALS IN ENGINEERINGPart II: Stresses, Strains, and Deformation Behaviors6) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS AND DEFORMATION MODELS7) ELASTICITY AND VISCOELASTICITY8) COMPLEX/PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS 9) PLASTICITY AND SUPERPLASTICITY – Theory and Applications 10) TORSION IN SHAFTS Part III: Failure, Design, and Composites Behavior11) FAILURE THEORIES AND DESIGN12) FRACTURE MECHNAICS AND DESIGN 13) FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS 14) CREEP BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS 15) MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Read more less