Engineering: Mechanics of solids Books

Book SynopsisThin shells are three-dimensional structures with a dimension (the thickness) small with respect to the two others.Such thin structures are widely used in automobileandaviation industries,or in civil engineering, because they provide animportantsti?ness, due to theircurvature,with a small weight. Fig. 0.1. Airbus A380 Fig. 0.2. Hemispherical roof (Marseille, France) One ofthechallenges is often to reduce the weight (andconsequently the thickness)oftheshells, preservingtheirsti?ness.So that it is essential to have 1 accuratemodelsforthinandevenverythinshells ,andtobeabletocomputethe displacements resultingfromagivenloading.In particular, singularities leading to fractures in some cases must be absolutely predicted a priori and ofcourse avoided (see Fig.0.3 forexample). Since the pioneeringmodels of Novozhilov-Donnell [81] and Koiter [65][66], numerous works havebeen devoted to establish linear and non linear elastic shell model usingdirect orsurfacic approaches [18][25][100]. More recently, the asymptoticmethods [87] havebeen used, to try tojustify rigorously, fromthe three-dimensional equations, the shell models obtained by direct approaches - lying onapriori assumption, andto construct new models [54][55]. This way, 1 Very thin shells are present in certain domains of industry, as plastic ?lms for pa- aging or for electronics, streched sails, or even very thin metal sheets obtained by drawing. E. Sanchez-Palencia et al.: Singular Problems in Shell Theory, LNACM 54, pp. 1-11.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book under review is devoted to a mathematically rigorous study of singularities in linear elastic shell theory which appear for very small thickness. … This well-written book is a reader-friendly and good organized research work in the field of mathematical theory of shells. It can be recommended to highly-qualified experts in this field.” (Igor Andrianov, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1208, 2011)Table of ContentsGeometric Formalism of Shell Theory.- Singularities and Boundary Layers in Thin Elastic Shell Theory.- Anisotropic Error Estimates in the Layers.- Numerical Simulation with Anisotropic Adaptive Mesh.- Singularities of Parabolic Inhibited Shells.- Singularities of Hyperbolic Inhibited Shells.- Singularities of Elliptic Well-Inhibited Shells.- Generalities on Boundary Conditions for Equations and Systems: Introduction to Sensitive Problems.- Numerical Simulations for Sensitive Shells.- Examples of Non-inhibited Shell Problems (Non-geometrically Rigid Problems).

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to bridge the gap between the traditional Geomechanics and Numerical Geotechnical Modelling with applications in science and practice. Geomechanics is rarely taught within the rigorous context of Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, while when it comes to Numerical Modelling, commercially available finite elements or finite differences software utilize constitutive relationships within the rigorous framework. As a result, young scientists and engineers have to learn the challenging subject of constitutive modelling from a program manual and often end up with using unrealistic models which violate the Laws of Thermodynamics. The book is introductory, by no means does it claim any completeness and state of the art in such a dynamically developing field as numerical and constitutive modelling of soils. The author gives basic understanding of conventional continuum mechanics approaches to constitutive modelling, which can serve as a foundation for exploring more advanced theories. A considerable effort has been invested here into the clarity and brevity of the presentation. A special feature of this book is in exploring thermomechanical consistency of all presented constitutive models in a simple and systematic manner.Table of ContentsPart I Introduction to Continuum Mechanics.- Part II Constitutive modelling of reversible soil behavior.- Part III Constitutive modelling of irreversible soil behavior.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThe simplest way to formulate the basic equations of continuum mech- ics and the constitutive or evolutional equations of various materials is to restrict ourselves to rectangular cartesian coordinates. However, solving p- ticular problems, for instance in Chapter 5, it may be preferable to work in terms of more suitable coordinate systems and their associated bases. The- fore, Chapter 2 is also concerned with the standard techniques of tensor an- ysis in general coordinate systems. Creep mechanics is a part of continuum mechanics, like elasticity or pl- ticity. Therefore, some basic equations of continuum mechanics are put - gether in Chapter 3. These equations can apply equally to all materials and they are insuf?cient to describe the mechanical behavior of any particular material. Thus, we need additional equations characterizing the individual material and its reaction under creep condition according to Chapter 4, which is subdivided into three parts: the primary, the secondary, and the tertiary creep behavior of isotropic and anisotropic materials. The creep behavior of a thick-walled tube subjected to internal pressure is discussed in Chapter 5. The tube is partly plastic and partly elastic at time zero. The investigation is based upon the usual assumptions of incompre- ibility and zero axial creep. The creep deformations are considered to be of such magnitude that the use of ?nite-strain theory is necessary. The inner and outer radius, the stress distributions as functions of time, and the cre- failure time are calculated.Table of ContentsTensor Notation.- Some Basic Equations of Continuum Mechanics.- Creep Behavior of Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials; Constitutive Equations.- Creep Behavior of Thick-Walled Tubes.- The Creep Potential Hypothesis in Comparison with the Tensor Function Theory.- Damage Mechanics.- Tensorial Generalization of Uniaxial Creep Laws to Multiaxial States of Stress.- Viscous Fluids.- Memory Fluids.- Viscoelastic Materials.- Viscoplastic Materials.- Creep and Damage Experiments.- Creep Curve.

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Book SynopsisA straightforward introduction to basic concepts and methodologies for digital photoelasticity, providing a foundation on which future researchers and students can develop their own ideas. The book thus promotes research into the formulation of problems in digital photoelasticity and the application of these techniques to industries. In one volume it provides data acquisition by DIP techniques, its analysis by statistical techniques, and its presentation by computer graphics plus the use of rapid prototyping technologies to speed up the entire process. The book not only presents the various techniques but also provides the relevant time-tested software codes. Exercises designed to support and extend the treatment are found at the end of each chapter.Trade ReviewExcerpts from the Reviews of the book on Digital Photoelasticity(Pattern I) The author has produced a first class text book that should find widespread use among students, researchers, and design engineers in many branches of engineering….. Applied Mechanics Reviews 55(4) B69-B71 JUL 2002 The book is accompanied by a CD-ROM of the C source code of the programs referred to in the text along with some photoelasticity simulations and some hardware-specific code. The text is supported by ample end-of-chapter tutorial questions….. Strain 38 85-86 2002 Bible of digital photoelasticity., 17 February, 2001 Not only beginners and students but also researchers, engineers and inspectors should read this book as a bible of photoelasticity. http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540667954/qid%3D1050727743/202-1368056-3855028 ….This is the first monograph in its field and forms a useful contribution… Meas. Sci. Technol. 11 (December 2000) 1826-1827Table of Contents1 Transmission Photoelasticity.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Physical Principle Used in Photoelasticity.- 1.3 Nature of Light.- 1.4 Polarization.- 1.5 Passage of Light Through Isotropic Media.- 1.6 Passage of Light Through a Crystalline Medium.- 1.7 Light Ellipse.- 1.8 Retardation Plates and Wave Plates.- 1.9 Stress-Optic Law.- 1.10 Plane Polariscope.- 1.10.1 Analysis by Trigonometric Resolution.- 1.11 Jones Calculus.- 1.11.1 Rotation Matrix.- 1.11.2 Retardation Matrix.- 1.11.3 Representation of a Retarder.- 1.11.4 Polarizer.- 1.11.5 Quarter-Wave Plate.- 1.12 Analysis of Plane Polariscope by Jones Calculus.- 1.13 Circular Polariscope.- 1.14 Use of White Light.- 1.15 Determination of Isoclinic and Isochromatic Fringe Order at a Point.- 1.15.1 Ordering of Isoclinics.- 1.15.2 Ordering of Isochromatics.- 1.16 Tardy’s Method of Compensation.- 1.17 Calibration of Photoelastic Model Materials.- 1.17.1 Stress Field in a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 1.17.2 Conventional Method.- 1.17.3 Sampled Linear Least Squares Method.- Need for a better methodology.- Use of whole field data to evaluate material fringe value.- 1.17.4 Theoretical Reconstruction of Fringe Patterns.- 1.18 Further Comments on Fringe Ordering.- 1.18.1 Properties of Isochromatic Fringe Field.- 1.18.2 Properties of Isoclinic Fringe Field.- 1.18.3 Use of Fringe Field Properties to Identify Fringe Ordering.- 1.18.4 Role of Principles of Solid Mechanics in Fringe Ordering.- 1.19 Determination of the Sign of the Boundary Stresses.- 1.20 Resolving the Ambiguity on the Principal Stress Direction.- 1.21 Introduction to Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity and Integrated Photoelasticity.- 1.21.1 Conventional Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 1.21.2 Principle of Optical Equivalence.- 1.22 Model to Prototype Relations.- 1.23 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 2 Reflection Photoelasticity.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Reflection Polariscope.- 2.3 Stress and Strain-Optic Relations for Coatings.- 2.4 Coating and Specimen Stresses.- 2.5 Correction Factors for Photoelastic Coatings.- 2.6 Poisson’s Ratio Mismatch.- 2.7 Coating Materials.- 2.8 Bonding the Coating.- 2.9 Selection of the Coating Thickness.- 2.10 Calibration of the Coating Material.- 2.11 Data Collection and Analysis.- 2.12 Application of Photoelastic Coatings.- 2.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 3 Digital Image Processing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Image Sampling and Quantization.- 3.2.1 Pictures as Functions.- 3.2.2 Uniform Sampling and Quantization.- 3.3 Video Standards.- 3.4 Image Sensors.- 3.5 Image Display.- 3.6 Image Perception.- 3.7 Image Storage.- 3.8 Some Basic Relationships and Mathematical Operations Between Pixels.- 3.8.1 Neighbours of a Pixel.- 3.8.2 Arithmetic and Logic Operations.- 3.8.3 Neighbourhood Oriented Operations.- 3.9 Basic Steps in Image Processing.- 3.10 Typical Image Processing Systems for Digital Photoelasticity.- 3.11 Software Structure and Design.- 3.12 Image Acquisition.- 3.13 Tools for Image Understanding.- 3.13.1 Pseudo Colouring.- 3.13.2 Histogram.- 3.13.3 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Intensity Plots.- 3.14 Filtering in Spatial Domain.- 3.14.1 Low Pass Spatial Filtering.- 3.14.2 Median Filtering.- 3.15 Image Enhancement.- 3.15.1 Contrast Stretching.- 3.15.2 Histogram Equalisation.- 3.16 Image Segmentation.- 3.16.1 Thresholding.- Global thresholding.- Semi thresholding.- Dynamic thresholding.- 3.16.2 Edge Detection.- Edge detection by convolution filters.- Edge detection by non-convolution filters.- Edge detection by thresholding.- 3.17 Morphological Filters.- 3.18 Further Discussions on Image Sensors.- 3.18.1 Operation of CCD Arrays.- 3.18.2 Interline Transfer CCD.- 3.18.3 Linearity and Dynamic Range.- 3.18.4 Sources of Noise.- 3.19 Digitisation of the Camera Video Signal.- 3.20 Resolution of an Image Processing System.- 3.21 Gamma Compensation.- Exercises.- References.- 4 Fringe Multiplication, Fringe Thinning and Fringe Clustering.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Fringe Multiplication.- 4.3 Half Fringe Photoelasticity (HFP).- 4.4 DIP Methods for Fringe Thinning.- 4.5 Algorithms Based on Considering the Fringe Patterns as a Binary Image.- 4.6 Mask-Based Algorithms for Skeleton Extraction Using Intensity Variation within a Fringe.- 4.7 Global Identification of Fringe Skeletons Based on Intensity Variation.- 4.7.1 Edge Detection.- 4.7.2 Fringe Skeletonization.- Row-Wise scanning algorithm.- Algorithm for fringe skeleton extraction for arbitrarily shaped fringes.- 4.7.3 Applications of the Algorithm to Actual Experimental Conditions.- 4.8 Further Improvements on the Global Thinning Algorithm.- 4.9 Performance Evaluation of Various Fringe Thinning Algorithms.- 4.9.1 Comparison of the Skeleton Extraction.- Computer generated test images.- Images recorded from actual experimental situations.- 4.9.2 Comparison of the Computational Effort.- 4.10 Use of Tiling to Improve Information in Stress Concentration Zones.- 4.11 Fringe Tracing Algorithm.- 4.12 Ordering of Fringes.- 4.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 5 Phase Shifting, Polarization Stepping and Fourier Transform Methods.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Early Attempts for Automated Polariscopes.- 5.3 Phase Shifting in Photoelasticity.- 5.4 Intensity of Light Transmitted for a Generic Arrangement of a Plane Polariscope.- 5.5 Intensity of Light Transmitted for a Generic Arrangement of a Circular Polariscope.- 5.6 Evaluation of Fractional Fringe Order along an Isoclinic Contour.- 5.7 Whole Field Evaluation of Photoelastic Data by Using a Plane Polariscope.- 5.8 Whole Field Evaluation of Photoelastic Data by Using a Circular Polariscope.- 5.8.1 The Generic Procedure.- 5.8.2 Calculation and Representation of Whole Field Data.- 5.8.3 Parameters Affecting the Generation of Phase Map and its Solution.- Influence of local oscillations of isoclinic parameter on fractional retardation calculation.- Importance of isoclinic parameter representing either ?1 or ?2 direction over the domain.- Ambiguity in experimentally evaluating the isoclinic parameter.- Interactive approach to obtain a good phase map.- 5.9 Error Sources and Methods to Minimise Their Influence.- 5.9.1 Influence of Error in Measuring Intensities.- 5.9.2 Errors Due to Mismatch of Quarter-Wave Plates.- 5.10 Evaluation of Isoclinic Value by Phase Shifting Technique.- 5.10.1 Use of Two Loads to Get Continuous Isoclinic Contours.- 5.10.2 Use of Multiple Wavelengths to Get Continuous Isoclinic Contours.- 5.11 Polarization Stepping for Isoclinic Determination.- 5.12 Fourier Transform Methods for Photoelastic Data Acquisition.- 5.12.1 Use of Carrier Fringes.- 5.12.2 Use of Multiple Polarization Stepped Images.- 5.12.3 Use of Load Stepping.- 5.13 Comparative Evaluation of Phase Shifting, Polarization Stepping and Fourier Transform Techniques.- 5.14 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 6 Phase Unwrapping and Optically Enhanced Tiling in Digital Photoelasticity.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Boundary Detection.- 6.3 Noise Removal in Phase Maps.- 6.4 Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping.- 6.5 Representation of the Unwrapped Phase.- 6.5.1 Three-Dimensional Plots.- 6.5.2 Total Fringe Order Viewing on the Image.- 6.6 Parameters Affecting Phase Unwrapping.- 6.6.1 Influence of the Selection of the Phase Unwrapping Threshold.- 6.6.2 Influence of the Location of the Primary Seed Point.- 6.7 Use of Tiling Procedure for Phase Unwrapping.- 6.8 Digital Magnification of High Fringe Density Zones.- 6.8.1 Replication.- 6.8.2 Linear Interpolation.- 6.8.3 Higher Order Interpolation.- 6.9 Optically Enhanced Tiling (OET).- 6.10 Cementing of a Tile.- 6.11 OET Applied to a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 6.12 OET Applied to a Ring Under Diametral Compression.- 6.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 7 Colour Image Processing Techniques.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Colour Models.- 7.2.1 RGB Model.- 7.2.2 HSI Model.- 7.3 Colour Image Processing Systems.- 7.3.1 Hardware.- Transmission Photoelasticity.- Reflection Photoelasticity.- 7.3.2 Software.- 7.4 Typical Spectral Response of a Colour Camera.- 7.5 Intensity of Light Transmitted in White Light for Various Polariscope Arrangements.- 7.6 Three Fringe Photoelasticity (TFP).- 7.6.1 Calibration.- 7.6.2 Methodology.- 7.6.3 Application to the Problem of a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 7.7 Green Image Plane as a Green Filter.- 7.8 Phase Shifting in Colour Domain.- 7.8.1 Transmission Photoelasticity.- 7.8.2 Reflection Photoelasticity.- 7.9 Spectral Content Analysis (SCA).- 7.10 Digital Spectral Content Analysis (DSCA).- 7.11 Hybrid Techniques.- 7.11.1 Polarization Stepping in Colour Domain.- 7.12 Tricolour Photoelastic Method.- 7.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 8 Evaluation of Contact Stress Parameters and Fracture Parameters.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Basic Data Required and its Digital Acquisition.- 8.2.1 Conversion of Pixel Co-ordinates to Model Co-ordinates.- 8.2.2 Rotational Transformation.- 8.3 Stresses in Terms of Contact Length and Geometrical and Elastic Properties of the Bodies in Contact.- 8.4 Evaluation of Contact Stress Parameters by Least Squares Analysis.- 8.4.1 Validation for Hertzian and Non-Hertzian Contact.- 8.5 Developments in the Description of the Stress Field Equations in the Neighbourhood of a Crack-tip.- 8.5.1 Mode-I Stress Field Equations.- 8.5.2 Mixed-Mode (Combination of Mode-I and Mode-II) Stress Field Equations.- 8.5.3 Equivalence Between the Multi-Parameter Stress Field Equations.- 8.6 Developments in SIF Evaluation Methodology.- 8.7 Evaluation of Mixed-Mode Stress Field Parameters Using Least Squares Technique.- 8.8 Experimental Validation of the Methodology.- 8.8.1 Mode-I Loading.- 8.8.2 Mixed-Mode Loading.- 8.9 Contact Stress and Fracture Analysis of a Spur Gear.- 8.9.1 Loading Frame Design.- 8.9.2 Evaluation of Contact Parameters.- Measurement of radius of curvature at the point of contact.- Experimental results.- 8.9.3 Evaluation of Fracture Parameters.- 8.10 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 9 Stress Separation Techniques.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Oblique Incidence Method.- 9.2.1 Secondary Principal Stresses.- 9.2.2 The Methodology.- 9.3 Shear Difference Technique.- 9.3.1 Conventional Method.- 9.3.2 Improvement by Tesar.- 9.4 Survey of Numerical Methods.- 9.4.1 Integration of Compatibility Condition.- Finite difference approach.- 9.4.2 Integration of Stress Difference Equations.- 9.4.3 Least Squares Method.- 9.4.4 Hybrid Techniques.- 9.4.5 Methods Using Only Isochromatic Data.- 9.5 Stress Separation by Combined Phase Shifting and FEM.- 9.5.1 Finite Element Formulation.- 9.5.2 Meaningful Discretization of the Domain.- 9.5.3 Plotting of Fringe Contours from FE Results.- 9.5.4 Influence of Error in Fringe Data.- 9.5.5 Application of the Technique to the Problem of Plate with a Hole.- 9.6 Use of Integrated Photoelasticity Concepts for Stress Separation.- 9.6.1 Least Squares Algorithm.- 9.6.2 Design of the Loading Frame.- 9.6.3 Application to the Problem of Disc under Diametral Compression.- 9.7 Stress Separation in Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 9.8 Stress Separation in Reflection Photoelasticity.- 9.8 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 10 Fusion of Digital Photoelasticity, Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Technologies.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Difficulties in Conventional Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 10.3 Rapid Prototyping in Model Making.- 10.3.1 Software Issues in RP.- 10.3.2 Stereolithography Process.- 10.3.3 Solid Ground Curing.- 10.3.4 Fused Deposition Modelling.- 10.4 Direct Analysis of RP Models by Photoelastic Coatings.- 10.4.1 Experimental Results.- 10.4.2 Analysis of the Results.- Evaluation of Young’s modulus by tensile test.- Study on the seepage of the adhesive.- Numerical simulation of fringe patterns.- 10.4.3 Recommendations.- 10.5 Direct Use of RP Models for Transmission Photoelastic Analysis.- 10.6 Rapid Tooling for Model Making.- 10.6.1 Basic Steps in Rapid Tooling.- 10.6.2 Digital Photoelastic Characterisation of the Process.- 10.7 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 11 Recent Developments and Future Trends.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Evaluation of Characteristic Parameters.- 11.2.1 Srinath and Keshavan’s Method.- 11.2.2 Whole Field Determination of Characteristic Parameters by Phase Shifting.- Development of relevant equations.- Experimental evaluation of characteristic parameters.- Whole field theoretical evaluation of characteristic parameters.- 11.3 Tensorial Tomography.- 11.4 Developments in DIP Hardware.- 11.5 Developments in DIP Software.- 11.5.1 Development of a Device Independent Software.- Selection of software features.- FRN_DAT software.- An application.- 11.5.2 Future Possibility.- 11.6 Digital Dynamic Photoelasticity.- 11.6.1 Classification of High, Very-high and Ultra-high-speed Photography.- 11.6.2 Classical Methods for High-speed Photography.- 11.6.3 Digital Dynamic Recording.- 11.7 Application to Composites.- 11.7.1 Photo-Orthotropic Elasticity Theories.- Stress-Optic law.- Strain-Optic law.- 11.7.2 Calibration of Photo-Orthotropic Composites.- 11.7.3 Influence of Residual Birefringence.- 11.7.4 Separation of Stresses in Photo-Orthotropic Elasticity.- 11.7.5 Application of Digital Photoelasticity to Composites.- 11.8 Closure.- Exercises.- References.

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Book SynopsisBuilding on the previous volume “Vibrations of Rotating Machinery - Volume 1. Basic Rotordynamics: Introduction to Practical Vibration Analysis,” this book is intended for all practical designers and maintenance experts who are responsible for the reliable manufacturing and operation of rotating machinery. It opens with the dynamics of oil film bearings and their influences on unbalance, vibration resonance and the stability of rotor whirl motion. Subsequently, the book introduces readers to vibration diagnosis techniques for traditional ball bearings and active vibration control from magnetic bearings. Case studies on vibration problems and troubleshooting in industrial turbo machines are then presented and explained, showing rotor designers how to eliminate instability and modify resonance characteristics. Torsional vibration and other coupled vibration phenomena are discussed, and vibration measurement techniques and related signal processing procedures for vibration diagnosis are provided. Our latest three topics are included, covering: (a) the importance of the modeling order reduction (MOR) technique; (b) the approximate evaluation for oil-wheel/whip instability; and (c) a systematic method for shafting-blading coupled vibration analyses. In closing, a 100-question trial test is supplied as an example of the certification of vibration experts based on the ISO standard.Table of ContentsBasics of plain bearings.- Unbalance vibration of a rotor in plain bearings.- Stability of a rotor in plain bearings.- Vibration due to rolling bearings.- Vibration in active magnetic bearing rotor systems.- Case studies of forced vibration problems.- Case studies of self-excited vibration problems.- Torsional vibration and related coupled vibration.- Signal processing for rotor vibration diagnosis.- Trial examination for vibration expert certification.- Rotor vibration analysis program: MyROT.

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Book SynopsisThis book opens with an explanation of the vibrations of a single degree-of-freedom (dof) system for all beginners. Subsequently, vibration analysis of multi-dof systems is explained by modal analysis. Mode synthesis modeling is then introduced for system reduction, which aids understanding in a simplified manner of how complicated rotors behave. Rotor balancing techniques are offered for rigid and flexible rotors through several examples. Consideration of gyroscopic influences on the rotordynamics is then provided and vibration evaluation of a rotor-bearing system is emphasized in terms of forward and backward whirl rotor motions through eigenvalue (natural frequency and damping ratio) analysis. In addition to these rotordynamics concerning rotating shaft vibration measured in a stationary reference frame, blade vibrations are analyzed with Coriolis forces expressed in a rotating reference frame. Other phenomena that may be assessed in stationary and rotating reference frames include stability characteristics due to rotor internal damping and instabilities due to asymmetric shaft stiffness and thermal unbalance behavior.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single degree-of-freedom rotor.- Modal analysis for multi degree-of-freedom rotor.- Mode synthesis and related modeling.- Unbalance vibration and balancing.- Gyroscopic effects on rotor vibrations.- Approximate eigenvalue evaluation of a rotor-bearing system.- Vibration evaluation using open-loop characteristics.- Transformation from inertial coordinate to rotating coordinate frames of reference.- Vibration of blade and impeller systems.- Basic topics on rotor stability.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes behavior of crystalline solids primarily via methods of modern continuum mechanics. Emphasis is given to geometrically nonlinear descriptions, i.e., finite deformations.Primary topics include anisotropic crystal elasticity, plasticity, and methods for representing effects of defects in the solid on the material's mechanical response. Defects include crystal dislocations, point defects, twins, voids or pores, and micro-cracks. Thermoelastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric behaviors are addressed. Traditional and higher-order gradient theories of mechanical behavior of crystalline solids are discussed. Differential-geometric representations of kinematics of finite deformations and lattice defect distributions are presented. Multi-scale modeling concepts are described in the context of elastic and plastic material behavior. Representative substances towards which modeling techniques may be applied are single- and poly- crystalline metals and alloys, ceramics, and minerals.This book is intended for use by scientists and engineers involved in advanced constitutive modeling of nonlinear mechanical behavior of solid crystalline materials. Knowledge of fundamentals of continuum mechanics and tensor calculus is a prerequisite for accessing much of the text. This book could be used as supplemental material for graduate courses on continuum mechanics, elasticity, plasticity, micromechanics, or dislocation mechanics, for students in various disciplines of engineering, materials science, applied mathematics, and condensed matter physics.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book is a mathematical introduction to the thermodynamics of nonlinear mechanics of crystals and generally to continuum mechanics. … The book ends with references which are very large … . The book seems to be a very good work on the subject, and can be recommended to all those interested in the mechanics of crystals.” (N. D. Cristescu, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1209, 2011)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Mathematical foundations.- Kinematics of Crystalline Solids.- Thermomechanics of Crystalline Solids.- Thermoelasticity.- Elastoplasticity.- Residual Deformation from Lattice Defects.- Mechanical Twinning in Crystal Plasticity.- Generalized Inelasticity.- Dielectrics and piezoelectricity.- Chrystal Symmetries and Elastic Constants.- Lattice Statics and Dynamics.- Discrete Defects in Linear Elasticity.- SI Units and Fundamental Constants.- Kinematic Derivations.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text addresses the modeling of vibrating systems with the perspective of finding the model of minimum complexity which accounts for the physics of the phenomena at play. The first half of the book (Ch.1-6) deals with the dynamics of discrete and continuous mechanical systems; the classical approach emphasizes the use of Lagrange's equations. The second half of the book (Ch.7-12) deals with more advanced topics, rarely encountered in the existing literature: seismic excitation, random vibration (including fatigue), rotor dynamics, vibration isolation and dynamic vibration absorbers; the final chapter is an introduction to active control of vibrations. The first part of this text may be used as a one semester course for 3rd year students in Mechanical, Aerospace or Civil Engineering. The second part of the text is intended for graduate classes. A set of problems is provided at the end of every chapter. The author has a 35 years experience in various aspects of Structural dynamics, both in industry (nuclear and aerospace) and in academia; he was one of the pioneers in the field of active structures. He is the author of several books on random vibration, active structures and structural control.Table of ContentsPreface1 Single degree-of-freedom linear oscillator2 Multiple degree-of-freedom systems3 Lagrangian dynamics4 Continuous systems5 Rayleigh-Ritz method6 Finite elements7 Seismic excitation8 Random vibration9 Peak factor & random fatigue10 Rotor dynamics11 Vibration alleviation|12 Introduction to active vibration controlReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisThis is the second edition of the valuable reference source for numerical simulations of contact mechanics suitable for many fields. These include civil engineering, car design, aeronautics, metal forming, or biomechanics. For this second edition, illustrative simplified examples and new discretisation schemes and adaptive procedures for coupled problems are added. This book is at the cutting edge of an area of significant and growing interest in computational mechanics. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "The book is not simply a monograph reviewing the author’s distinguished research career, but a true textbook covering the research of the major players in computational contact mechanics over the last 25 years and offers an extensive list of references. … If I were given the opportunity to teach an advanced special topics course on finite element methods, I wouldn’t hesitate to use this book. For a researcher … the text provides an excellent review." (David J. Benson, SIAM Review, Vol. 49 (2), 2007)Table of Contentsto Contact Mechanics.- Continuum Solid Mechanics and Weak Forms.- Contact Kinematics.- Constitutive Equations for Contact Interfaces.- Contact Boundary Value Problem and Weak Form.- Discretization of the Continuum.- Discretization, Small Deformation Contact.- Discretization, Large Deformation Contact.- Solution Algorithms.- Thermo-mechanical Contact.- Beam Contact.- Computation of Critical Points with Contact Constraints.- Adaptive Finite Element Methods for Contact Problems.

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Book SynopsisMit diesem Buch üben Sie wichtige Formeln und Aufgaben der technischen Mechanik Dieses Buch enthält die wichtigsten Formeln und zahlreiche Aufgaben und Lösungsbeispiele zu ausgewählten Teilgebieten der technischen Mechanik. Im Mittelpunkt dieses Werks stehen:• Hydromechanik• numerische Methoden• Elemente der höheren MechanikMit seinem ausgeprägten Fokus auf Aufgaben und Formeln wird dieses Werk zur idealen Ergänzung zum Lehrbuch „Technische Mechanik 4“ und eignet sich gleichzeitig als Nachschlagewerk zur vertiefenden Auseinandersetzung mit der technischen Mechanik. Die von den Autoren zusammengestellten Aufgaben überzeugen durch Klarheit und Verständlichkeit und ermöglichen es Ihnen, den jeweiligen Lösungsweg eigenständig zu finden.Sieben verschiedene Fachgebiete stehen im FokusDas Buch und die enthaltenen Formeln und Aufgaben widmen sich den folgenden sieben Stoffgebieten der technischen Mechanik:1. Hydromechanik2. Grundlagen der Elastizitätstheorie3. Statik spezieller Tragwerke4. Schwingungen kontinuierlicher Systeme5. Stabilität elastischer Strukturen6. Viskoelastizität und Plastizität 7. Numerische Methoden der MechanikÜberarbeitete Auflage – ideal für IngenieurstudentenDie einzelnen Kapitel des Buchs sind durchgängig gleich aufgebaut. Zunächst geben Ihnen die Autoren einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Formeln des jeweiligen Teilgebiets. Das Verhältnis der einzelnen Bezugsgrößen zueinander wird mit Hilfe von zahlreichen detaillierten Abbildungen und Tabellen erläutert. Dadurch sind Sie in der Lage, selbstständig Grundgleichungen zu erstellen. Nach der Theorie folgt in jedem Kapitel schließlich der Aufgabenteil inklusive ausführlicher Lösungen. So können Sie bereits Gelerntes auffrischen und schnelle Lernerfolge erzielen. Nach dem großen Erfolg der 2. Auflage handelt es sich bei dem vorliegenden Buch um eine redaktionell überarbeitete und umfassend ergänzte Neuauflage. Mit den zahlreichen Formeln und Aufgaben zur technischen Mechanik eignet es sich insbesondere für Ingenieurstudenten aller Fachrichtungen an Universitäten oder Fachhochschulen.Table of ContentsHydromechanik.- Grundlagen der Elastizitätstheorie.- Statik spezieller Tragwerke.- Schwingungen kontinuierlicher Systeme.- Einführung in die Stabilitätstheorie.- Viskoelastizität und Plastizität.- Numerische Methoden in der Mechanik.

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehr- und Übungsbuch vermittelt an Praxisbeispielen und selbsterklärenden Abbildungen sehr effektiv die wesentlichen Grundlagen der Dynamik. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Kinematik und Kinetik geradliniger, ebener und räumlicher Bewegungen sowie freie und erzwungene Schwingungen. Ausgewählte Übungsbeispiele und Klausuraufgaben ermöglichen ideal das erfolgreiche Selbststudium. In der aktuellen Auflage wurden vier neue Klausuraufgaben mit Lösungen aufgenommen.Table of ContentsFragestellungen der Dynamik.- Bewegungen, ihre Ursachen und Folgen.- Kinematik geradliniger, ebener und räumlicher Bewegungen.- Newtonsche Grundgleichungen.- Impulssatz.- Drallsatz.- Arbeits- und Energiesatz.- Bewegungen eines Massenpunktsystems.- Translation, Rotation und allgemeine Bewegungen eines starren Körpers.- Freie ungedämpfte und gedämpfte Schwingungen.- Ungedämpfte und gedämpfte erzwungene Schwingungen.- Klausuraufgaben.

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehr- und Übungsbuch vermittelt durch Praxisbeispiele anschaulich und anwendungsnah die wesentlichen Grundlagen der Festigkeitslehre. Es beschäftigt sich insbesondere mit Spannungen und Verzerrungen von verformbaren Körpern. Durchgerechnete Übungsbeispiele, ausgewählte Klausuraufgaben und viele selbsterklärende Abbildungen ermöglichen das erfolgreiche Selbststudium. In der aktuellen Auflage wurde die Anzahl der Klausuraufgaben erhöht.Table of ContentsFragestellungen der Festigkeitslehre.- Grundprinzipien einer Festigkeitsbetrachtung.- Spannungen, Verzerrungen, Stoffgesetze.- Stäbe und Stabsysteme.- Biegung von Balken und balkenartigen Tragwerken.- Schubbeanspruchungen.- Torsion von Wellen und Tragstrukturen.- Mehrachsige und überlagerte Beanspruchungen.- Stabilitätsprobleme bei Stäben und Balken.- Energiemethoden.- Klausuraufgaben.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise introduction to soft matter modelling, together with an up-to-date review of the continuum mechanical description of soft and biological materials, from the basics to the latest scientific materials. It also includes multi-physics descriptions, such as chemo-, thermo-, and electro-mechanical coupling. The new edition includes a new chapter on fractures as well as numerous corrections, clarifications and new solutions. Based on a graduate course taught for the past few years at Technion, it presents original explanations for a number of standard materials, and features detailed examples to complement all topics discussed.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisTeil I Theoretischer Hintergrund der bruchmechanischen Gewichtsfunktionsmethoden.- Standardisierte analytische Gewichtsfunktionsmethode auf der Grundlage von Rissöffnungsverschiebungen.- Analyse und Diskussion von Gewichtsfunktionsmethoden auf der Grundlage von mehreren Referenzlastfällen.- Genauigkeitsnachweise verschiedener Gewichtsfunktionen und Methodenbewertungen.- Teil II Gewichtungsfunktionen und Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für verschiedene Rissgeometrien.- Mittelriss(e) in einem zusammenhängenden Bereich.- Randriss(e) in einem zusammenhängenden Bereich.- Randriss(e) in einem mehrfach zusammenhängenden Bereich.- Gewichtungsfunktionsmethode und Anwendungen auf orthotropes Verbundmaterial.- Gewichtungsfunktionsmethode und Bruchanalyse für Platten mit mehreren Rissen.- Analytische Wägefunktionen und Mischmodus-Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für Modus-II-Risse.- Wägefunktionen für dreidimensionale Rissprobleme.- Teil III Verschiedene ingenieurtechnische Anwendungen von Wägefunktionsmethoden.- Wägefunktionsanalyse von Rissproblemen mit thermischen/residualen Spannungen.- Berechnung von Rissöffnungsverschiebungen/-flächen mit Wägefunktionsmethoden.- Analyse von Überbrückungs-, Kohäsionsmodell- und Rissöffnungsspannungen mit Wägefunktionsmethoden.- Wägefunktionen und Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für komplexe Rissgeometrien.- Anwendung von Wägefunktionsmethoden auf die Analyse von Schäden an mehreren Stellen.- Bestimmung von ungerissenen Spannungen mit der inversen Wägefunktionsmethode.- Anhang.

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Book SynopsisPart A Solid Mechanics Topics Chap.  1 Analytical Mechanics of Solids.- Chap. 2 Materials Science for the Experimental Mechanist.- Chap. 3 Polymers and Viscoelasticity.- Chap. 4 Composite Materials.- Chap. 5 Fracture Mechanics.- Chap. 6 Active Materials.- Chap. 7 Biological Soft Tissues.- Chap. 8 Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites.- Chap. 9 MEMS and NEMS.- Chap. 10 Hybrid Methods. Chap. 11 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data.Part B Contact Methods Chap. 12 Electrical Resistance Strain Gages.- Chap. 13 Extensometers.- Chap. 14 Fiber Strain Gages.- Chap. 15 Residual Stress Measurement.- Chap. 16 Nanoindentation.- Chap. 17 Atomic Force Microscopy.Part C Noncontact Methods Chap. 18 Basics of Optics.- Chap. 19 Image Analysis and Processing.- Chap. 20 Digital Image Correlation.- Chap. 21 Geometric Moiré.- Chap. 22 Moiré Interferometry.- Chap. 23 Speckle Methods.- Chap. 24Table of ContentsPart A Solid Mechanics Topics Part A presents topics that fall within the purview of solid mechanics. The first five chapters cover familiar ground, but the next four present new material systems along with the new topics of MEMS and NEMS. The last two chapters describe methods of interpreting the results of tests.Chap. 1 Analytical Mechanics of Solids Chap. 2 Materials Science for the Experimental Mechanist Chap. 3 Polymers and ViscoelasticityChap. 4 Composite MaterialsChap. 5 Fracture MechanicsChap. 6 Active MaterialsChap. 7 Biological Soft Tissues Chap. 8 Ionic Polymer-Metal CompositesChap. 9 MEMS and NEMSChap. 10 Hybrid MethodsChap. 11 Statistical Analysis of Experimental DataPart B Contact Methods Part B starts with three practical chapters on the ‘backbones’ of experimental solid mechanics – strain gages and extensometers – followed by another mainstay – residual stress measurement. Nanoindentation is becoming more widely used for material property determination as is atomic force microscopy.Chap. 12 Electrical Resistance Strain GagesChap. 13 ExtensometersChap. 14 Fiber Strain GagesChap. 15 Residual Stress MeasurementChap. 16 NanoindentationChap. 17 Atomic Force MicroscopyPart C Noncontact Methods Part C is an overview of the rich field of optical methods in the first eight chapters ranging from modern versions of established such as photoelasticity to newer ones based on image analysis. Non-contacting methods at other wavelengths are described in the last three chapters.Chap. 18 Basics of OpticsChap. 19 Image Analysis and ProcessingChap. 20 Digital Image CorrelationChap. 21 Geometric MoiréChap. 22 Moiré InterferometryChap. 23 Speckle MethodsChap. 24 HolographyChap. 25 PhotoelasticityChap. 26 Thermoelastic Stress AnalysisChap. 27 Photoacoustic Characterization of MaterialsChap. 28 X-Ray Stress AnalysisPart D ApplicationsPart D presents applications of the methods and topics of the three previous parts to selected topics – all of which are new and important areas of modern technology. These are examples that demonstrate the breadth and depth of experimental solid mechanics.Chap. 29 Optical MethodsChap. 30 Mechanical Testing at the Micro/Nano ScaleChap. 31 Biological Tissue TestingChap. 32 Biomedical Devices and Biologically Inspired MaterialsChap. 33 High Strain Rate and Impact TestingChap. 34 Delamination MechanicsChap. 35 Structural Testing ApplicationsChap. 36 Electronic PackagingAbout the Authors.- Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe Duffing Equation: Nonlinear Oscillators and their Behaviour brings together the results of a wealth of disseminated research literature on the Duffing equation, a key engineering model with a vast number of applications in science and engineering, summarizing the findings of this research.Trade Review"The book is a very well written and tightly edited exposition, not only of Duffing equations, but also of the general behavior of nonlinear oscillators. The book is likely to be of interest and use to students, engineers, and researchers in the ongoing studies of nonlinear phenomena. The book cites over 340 references." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Background: On Georg Duffing and the Duffing Equation (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical perspective. 1.3 A brief biography of Georg Duffing. 1.4 The work of Georg Duffing. 1.5 Contents of Duffing's book. 1.6 Research inspired by Duffing’s work. 1.7 Some other books on nonlinear dynamics. 1.8 Overview of this book. References. 2 Examples of Physical Systems Described by the Duffing Equation (Michael J. Brennan and Ivana Kovacic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nonlinear stiffness. 2.3 The pendulum. 2.4 Example of geometrical nonlinearity. 2.5 A system consisting of the pendulum and nonlinear stiffness. 2.6 Snap-through mechanism. 2.7 Nonlinear isolator. 2.8 Large deflection of a beam with nonlinear stiffness. 2.9 Beam with nonlinear stiffness due to inplane tension. 2.10 Nonlinear cable vibrations. 2.11 Nonlinear electrical circuit. 2.12 Summary. References. 3 Free Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Viscous Damping (Hiroshi Yabuno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fixed points and their stability. 3.3 Local bifurcation analysis. 3.4 Global analysis for softening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.5 Global analysis for hardening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Analysis Techniques for the Various Forms of the Duffing Equation (Livija Cveticanin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exact solution for free oscillations of the Duffing equation with cubic nonlinearity. 4.3 The elliptic harmonic balance method. 4.4 The elliptic Galerkin method. 4.5 The straightforward expansion method. 4.6 The elliptic Lindstedt–Poincaré method. 4.7 Averaging methods. 4.8 Elliptic homotopy methods. 4.9 Summary. References. Appendix AI: Jacob elliptic function and elliptic integrals. Appendix 4AII: The best L2 norm approximation. 5 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Linear Viscous Damping (Tamas Kalmar-Nagy and Balakumar Balachandran). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Free and forced responses of the linear oscillator. 5.3 Amplitude and phase responses of the Duffing oscillator. 5.4 Periodic solutions, Poincare sections, and bifurcations. 5.5 Global dynamics. 5.6 Summary. References. 6 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Different Damping Mechanisms (Asok Kumar Mallik). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of nonlinear characteristics. 6.3 Harmonically excited Duffing oscillator with generalised damping. 6.4 Viscous damping. 6.5 Nonlinear damping in a hardening system. 6.6 Nonlinear damping in a softening system. 6.7 Nonlinear damping in a double-well potential oscillator. 6.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Forced Harmonic Vibration in a Duffing Oscillator with Negative Linear Stiffness and Linear Viscous Damping (Stefano Lenci and Giuseppe Rega). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Literature survey. 7.3 Dynamics of conservative and nonconservative systems. 7.4 Nonlinear periodic oscillations. 7.5 Transition to complex response. 7.6 Nonclassical analyses. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Forced Harmonic Vibration of an Asymmetric Duffing Oscillator (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Models of the systems under consideration. 8.3 Regular response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.4 Regular response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.5 Chaotic response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.6 Chaotic response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.7 Summary. References. Appendix Translation of Sections from Duffing's Original Book (Keith Worden and Heather Worden). Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhysical Mechanics of Porous Solids addresses the physics and mechanics of deformable porous materials, whose porous space is filled by one or several fluid mixtures interacting with the solid matrix.Table of ContentsForeword 1 The Strange World of Porous Solids 2 Fluid Mixtures 2.1 Chemical potential 2.2 Gibbs-Duhem Equality 2.3 Ideal Mixtures 2.4 Regular Solutions 3 The Deformable Porous Solid 3.1 Strain 3.2 Stress 3.3 Strain Work 3.4 From Solids to Porous Solids 4 The Saturated Poroelastic Solid 4.1 The Poroelastic Solid 4.2 Filling the Porous Solid 4.3 The Thermoporoelastic Solid 4.4 The Poroviscoelastic Solid 5 Fluid Transport and Deformation 5.1 Transport Laws 5.2 Coupling the Deformation and the Flow 5.3 Consolidation of a Soil Layer 6 Surface Energy and Capillarity 6.1 Physics and Mechanics of Interfaces 6.2 Capillarity in Porous Solids 6.3 Transport in Unsaturated Porous Solids 7 The Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.1 Interface Stress as a Pre-Stress 7.2 Energy Balance for the Unsaturated Porous Solid 7.3 The Linear Unsaturated Poroelastic Solid 7.4 Extending Linear Unsaturated Poroelasticity 8 Uncon.ned Phase Transition 8.1 Chemical Potential and Phase Transition 8.2 Liquid-Vapor Transition 8.3 Liquid-Solid Transition 8.4 Gas bubble formation 8.5 Surface Energy and Phase Transition 9 Phase Transition in Porous Solids 9.1 In-Pore Phase Transition 9.2 Kinetics and Mechanics of Drying 9.3 Mechanics of Con.ned Crystallization 10 The Poroplastic Solid 10.1 Basic Concepts of Plasticity 10.2 From Plasticity to Poroplasticity 10.3 From material to structure 11 By Way of Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis revised text emphasizes the principles of the physics of flight. The increased importance of automatic control (AFCS) is reflected in an expanded chapter on this subject that prepares students for work with stability augmentation, autopilots and guidance systems.Table of ContentsStatic Stability and Control 1. Static Stability and Control 2. General Equations of Unsteady Motion. The Stability Derivatives. Stability of Uncontrolled Motion. Response to Actuation of the Controls-Open Loop. Closed-Loop Control. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference provides a modern treatment of the topic focusing on the core skills needed by practising engineers. It develops concepts in diffusion field theory and presents a few of its applications, then focuses on key solid-state principles needed to apply diffusion theory to real materials.Table of ContentsFIELD THEORY. Laws of Diffusion. Diffusion in Generalized Media. Solutions to the Linear Diffusion Equation. Diffusion Couple. Diffusion Point Sources in Higher Dimensions. Generalized Sources. Diffusion-Reaction. Linear Flow in Finite Systems. Spherical Bodies. Steady-State Diffusion. Inverse Methods. SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES. Random Walks and Diffusion. Structure and Diffusion. Correlation Effects in Diffusion. Vacancy-Assisted Diffusion. Diffusion in Dilute Alloys. Kirkendall Effect. Influence of Solution Ideality. Diffusional Anelasticity. Field-Assisted Diffusion. Multiparticle Diffusion: Capillary Effects. Population Dynamics. Multicomponent Diffusion. Multicomponent Diffusion: Profiler Program. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn-depth reference for solid material thermodynamics Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves material science. Volume 1 covers the statistical and classical thermodynamics of solids, including enthalpy, entropy, energy exchange, and more. In-depth examination of property relationships includes chemical potentials, heat capacity, compressibility, magnetism, and others, while further exploration of equilibrium states and electrochemistry provide the essential information necessary to work with solid materials in theoretical and practical applications. Extensive appendices provide essential formulas and reference lists for current, volume, pressure, energy, and more.Table of ContentsFirst Law. Second Law. Property Relationships. Equilibrium. Chemical Equilibrium. Electrochemistry. Solutions. Phase Rule. Phase Diagrams. Statistical Thermodynamics. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisClear explanation of reaction kinetics for liquids, gases, and solids Thermodynamics of Materials provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and others whose work involves materials science. Volume 2 reviews macroscopic thermodynamics before moving on to the more complex behavior of defects and interfaces. The kinetics of liquids and gases are explored through discussion of evaporation, diffusion, and molecular movement, while solids are explored through in-depth explanations of nucleation, spinodal decomposition, and reaction kinetics. Concise, with clearly-defined equations and constants, this guide is an invaluable reference for both theoretical and practical applications.Table of ContentsThermodynamics: Review. Statistical Thermodynamics. Defects in Solids. Surfaces and Interfaces. Diffusion. Transformations. Reaction Kinetics. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic, modern introduction to solid mechanics that is carefully motivated by realistic Engineering applications.Trade Review"...The book is clearly laid out, well illustrated and the quality of reproduction is excellent...highly recommended..." (Materials World, September 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. PART A: BASIC CONCEPTS. 1 Introductory Concepts of Solid Mechanics. 2 Internal Forces and Stress. 3 Deformation and Strain. 4 Behaviour of Materials: Constitutive Equations. 5 Summary of Basic Results and Further Idealisations: Solutions using the "Mechanics-of-Materials" Approach. PART B: APPLICATIONS TO SIMPLE ELEMENTS. 6 Axial Loadings. 7 Torsion of Circular Cylindrical Rods: Coulomb Torsion. 8 Symmetric Bending of Beams - Basic Relations and Stresses. 9 Symmetric Bending of Beams: Deflections, Fundamental Solutions and Superposition. 10 Thin-Wall Pressure Vessels: Thin Shells Under Pressure. 11 Stability and Instability of Rods under Axial Compression: Beam-Columns and Tie-Rods. 12 Torsion of Elastic Members of Arbitrary Cross-Section: de Saint Venant Torsion. 13 General Bending Theory of Beams. PART C: ENERGY METHODS AND VIRTUAL WORK. 14 Basic Energy Theorems, Principles of Virtual Work and their Application to Structural Mechanics. 15 Stability of Mechanical Systems by Energy Considerations: Approximate Methods. Appendix A: Properties of Areas. Appendix B: Some Mathematical Relations. Appendix C: The Membrane Equation. Appendix D: Material Properties. Appendix E: Table of Structural Properties. Appendix F: Reactions, Deflections and Slopes of Selected Beams. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical behaviour of solid polymers. Extensively revised and updated throughout, the second edition now includes new material on mechanical relaxations and anisotropy, composites modelling, non-linear viscoelasticity, yield behaviour and fracture of tough polymers. The accessible approach of the book has been retained with each chapter designed to be self contained and the theory and applications of the subject carefully introduced where appropriate. The latest developments in the field are included alongside worked examples, mathematical appendices and an extensive reference. * Fully revised and updated throughout to include all the latest developments in the field * Worked examples at the end of the chapter * An invaluable resource for students of materials science, chemistry, physics or engineering studying polymer scienceTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference presents the latest techniques for numerical analysis of forming operations. This is the perfect tool for those who wish to investigate new analytical methods for forming.Table of ContentsThe Tensile Test and Basic Material Behavior. Tensors, Matrices, Notation. Stress. Strain. Standard Mechanical Principles. Elasticity. Plasticity. Crystal-Based Plasticity. Friction. Classical Forming Analysis. Index.

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Book SynopsisAddresses fundamentals and advanced topics relevant to the behavior of materials under in-service conditions such as impact, shock, stress and high-strain rate deformations. Deals extensively with materials from a microstructure perspective which is the future direction of research today.Table of ContentsDynamic Deformation and Waves. Elastic Waves. Plastic Waves. Shock Waves. Shock Waves: Equations of State. Differential Form of Conservation Equations and Numerical Solutionsto More Complex Problems. Shock Wave Attenuation, Interaction, and Reflection. Shock Wave-Induced Phase Transformations and ChemicalChanges. Explosive-Material Interactions. Detonation. Experimental Techniques: Diagnostic Tools. Experimental Techniques: Methods to Produce DynamicDeformation. Plastic Deformation at High Strain Rates. Plastic Deformation in Shock Waves. Shear Bands (Thermoplastic Shear Instabilities). Dynamic Fracture. Applications. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of the transient stability problem, its physical description and formulation. Discusses methods for transient stability analysis, sensitivity assessment and control. Considers conventional and non-conventional techniques including direct and artificial intelligence, system theory, load modeling, evaluation of machine parameters, saturation effects and pattern recognition approaches. Features practical examples and simulation results.Table of ContentsSynchronous Machines--Mathematical Description. Modeling of Power Systems for Stability Studies. Conventional Methods of Analysis. Lyapunov-Like Direct Methods. Extended Equal-Area Criterion. Decision Tree Transient Stability Method. Composite Electromechanical Distance Method. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to describe the methods leading to mechanical and numerical modelling of the linear vibrations of elastic structures coupled with internal fluids (sloshing, hydroelasticity and structural acoustics). It is characteristic of the problems under consideration that they are multidisciplinary involving structural and fluid representation and related numerical aspects. The problems are solved by direct resolution of the coupled systems by finite element methods and modal reduction procedures using the eigenmodes of ?elementary subsystems?. The numerical methods described in this book have applications in various engineering disciplines such as the automotive and aerospace industries, civil engineering, nuclear engineering and bioengineering.Table of ContentsVibrations of Elastic Structures. Linearized Equations of Small Movements of Inviscid Fluids. Sloshing Modes. Sloshing Under Surface Tension. Hydroelastic Vibrations. Hydroelastic Vibrations Under Gravity. Acoustic Cavity Modes. Structural-Acoustic Vibrations. Modal Reduction in Fluid-Structure Interaction. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamentals of continuum mechanics as they apply to the analysis of plastic flow in metal forming. The basic theory behind flow mechanics is explained in detail before it is applied in a variety of machine-tool design situations.Table of ContentsMetal-forming Operations. Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Velocity Field. Further Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Strain-rateField. Kinetics of Deformable Bodies--Stokes' Principle of PowerExpended. Plastic Flow of Mises Materials. Accounting for Work-hardening. Index.

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Book SynopsisBeginning with the basics of probability and an overview of stochastic process, this book goes on to explore their engineering applications: random vibration and system analysis. It addresses extreme conditions such as distribution of large vibration peaks, probabilities of exceeding certain limits, and fatigue.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Probability Calculus with Applications. The Basic Theory of Stochastic Processes. Random Excitation and Response of Simple Linear Systems. Random Excursions and Failure Probabilities. Random Excitation and Response of Multiple and Continuous Systems. Some Fundamental Stochastic Processes. Fourier Analysis and Data Processing. Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Analysis. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume in the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, covers recent developments in classical areas of ergodic theory, including the asymptotic properties of measurable dynamical systems, spectral theory, entropy, ergodic theorems, joinings, isomorphism theory, recurrence, nonsingular systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ergodic Theory Ergodic Theory: Basic Examples and Constructions Ergodicity and Mixing Properties Ergodic Theory: Recurrence Ergodic Theorems Spectral Theory of Dynamical Systems Joinings in Ergodic Theory Entropy in Ergodic Theory Isomorphism Theory in Ergodic Theory Dynamical Systems of Probabilistic Origin: Gaussian and Poisson Systems Ergodic Theory: Non-singular Transformations Sarnak’s Conjecture from the Ergodic Theory Point of View Smooth Ergodic Theory Ergodic and spectral theory of area-preserving flows on surfaces Pressure and Equilibrium States in Ergodic Theory Parallels Between Topological Dynamics and Ergodic Theory Symbolic Dynamics Operator ergodic theory Dynamical Systems and C-algebras The complexity and the structure and classification of Dynamical Systems Ergodic Theory: Interactions with Combinatorics and Number Theory Ergodic Theory on Homogeneous Spaces and Metric Number Theory Ergodic Theory: Rigidity Chaos and Ergodic Theory Ergodic Theory: Fractal Geometry

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. This textbook takes a unique integrated approach designed to appeal to both science and engineering students. Review of 1st edition an extremely wide-ranging, useful book that is accessible to anyone with a firm grasp of high school sciencethis is an outstanding and affordable resource for the lifelong learner or current student. Choice, 2005 The book provides an introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids that acts as a foundation to courses in materials science, engineering, chemistry, and physics. It is equally accessible to both engineers and scientists, through its more scientific approach, whilst still covering the material essential to engineers. This edition contains new sections on the use of computing methods to solve materials problems and has been thoroughly updated to include the many developments and advances made in thTrade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543

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Book SynopsisHailed by the reviews as an extremely wide-ranging, useful book, this book provides a modern introduction to the chemistry and physics of solids. It offers a unique integrated approach, equally accessible to scientists and engineers.Trade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix PART 1 STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 1 1 The electron structure of atoms 3 1.1 The hydrogen atom 3 1.1.1 The quantum mechanical description 3 1.1.2 The energy of the electron 4 1.1.3 Electron orbitals 5 1.1.4 Orbital shapes 5 1.2 Many-electron atoms 7 1.2.1 The orbital approximation 7 1.2.2 Electron spin and electron configuration 7 1.2.3 The periodic table 9 1.3 Atomic energy levels 11 1.3.1 Spectra and energy levels 11 1.3.2 Terms and term symbols 11 1.3.3 Levels 13 1.3.4 Electronic energy level calculations 14 Further reading 15 Problems and exercises 16 2 Chemical bonding 19 2.1 Ionic bonding 19 2.1.1 Ions 19 2.1.2 Ionic size and shape 20 2.1.3 Lattice energies 21 2.1.4 Atomistic simulation 23 2.2 Covalent bonding 24 2.2.1 Valence bond theory 24 2.2.2 Molecular orbital theory 30 2.3 Metallic bonding and energy bands 35 2.3.1 Molecular orbitals and energy bands 36 2.3.2 The free electron gas 37 2.3.3 Energy bands 40 2.3.4 Properties of metals 41 2.3.5 Bands in ionic and covalent solids 43 2.3.6 Computation of properties 44 Further reading 45 Problems and exercises 46 3 States of aggregation 49 3.1 Weak chemical bonds 49 3.2 Macrostructures, microstructures and nanostructures 52 3.2.1 Structures and scale 52 3.2.2 Crystalline solids 52 3.2.3 Quasicrystals 53 3.2.4 Non-crystalline solids 54 3.2.5 Partly crystalline solids 55 3.2.6 Nanoparticles and nanostructures 55 3.3 The development of microstructures 57 3.3.1 Solidification 58 3.3.2 Processing 58 3.4 Point defects 60 3.4.1 Point defects in crystals of elements 60 3.4.2 Solid solutions 61 3.4.3 Schottky defects 62 3.4.4 Frenkel defects 63 3.4.5 Non-stoichiometric compounds 64 3.4.6 Point defect notation 66 3.5 Linear, planar and volume defects 68 3.5.1 Edge dislocations 68 3.5.2 Screw dislocations 69 3.5.3 Partial and mixed dislocations 69 3.5.4 Planar defects 69 3.5.5 Volume defects: precipitates 70 Further reading 73 Problems and exercises 73 4 Phase diagrams 77 4.1 Phases and phase diagrams 77 4.1.1 One-component (unary) systems 77 4.1.2 The phase rule for one-component (unary) systems 79 4.2 Binary phase diagrams 80 4.2.1 Two-component (binary) systems 80 4.2.2 The phase rule for two-component (binary) systems 81 4.2.3 Simple binary diagrams: nickel–copper as an example 81 4.2.4 Binary systems containing a eutectic point: tin–lead as an example 83 4.2.5 Intermediate phases and melting 87 4.3 The iron–carbon system near to iron 88 4.3.1 The iron–carbon phase diagram 88 4.3.2 Steels and cast irons 89 4.3.3 Invariant points 89 4.4 Ternary systems 90 4.5 Calculation of phase diagrams: CALPHAD 93 Further reading 94 Problems and exercises 94 5 Crystallography and crystal structures 101 5.1 Crystallography 101 5.1.1 Crystal lattices 101 5.1.2 Crystal systems and crystal structures 102 5.1.3 Symmetry and crystal classes 104 5.1.4 Crystal planes and Miller indices 106 5.1.5 Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices 109 5.1.6 Directions 110 5.1.7 Crystal geometry and the reciprocal lattice 112 5.2 The determination of crystal structures 114 5.2.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction 114 5.2.2 Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification 115 5.2.3 Neutron diffraction 118 5.2.4 Electron diffraction 118 5.3 Crystal structures 118 5.3.1 Unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature 118 5.3.2 The density of a crystal 119 5.3.3 The cubic close-packed (A1) structure 121 5.3.4 The body-centred cubic (A2) structure 121 5.3.5 The hexagonal (A3) structure 122 5.3.6 The diamond (A4) structure 122 5.3.7 The graphite (A9) structure 123 5.3.8 The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, B1) structure 123 5.3.9 The spinel (H11) structure 125 5.4 Structural relationships 126 5.4.1 Sphere packing 126 5.4.2 Ionic structures in terms of anion packing 128 5.4.3 Polyhedral representations 129 Further reading 131 Problems and exercises 131 PART 2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS 137 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites 139 6.1 Metals 139 6.1.1 The crystal structures of pure metals 140 6.1.2 Metallic radii 141 6.1.3 Alloy solid solutions 142 6.1.4 Metallic glasses 145 6.1.5 The principal properties of metals 146 6.2 Ceramics 147 6.2.1 Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics 147 6.2.2 Some non-silicate ceramics 149 6.2.3 The preparation and processing of ceramics 152 6.2.4 The principal properties of ceramics 154 6.3 Silicate glasses 154 6.3.1 Bonding and structure of silicate glasses 155 6.3.2 Glass deformation 157 6.3.3 Strengthened glass 159 6.3.4 Glass-ceramics 160 6.4 Polymers 161 6.4.1 Polymer formation 162 6.4.2 Microstructures of polymers 165 6.4.3 Production of polymers 170 6.4.4 Elastomers 173 6.4.5 The principal properties of polymers 175 6.5 Composite materials 177 6.5.1 Fibre-reinforced plastics 177 6.5.2 Metal-matrix composites 177 6.5.3 Ceramic-matrix composites 178 6.5.4 Cement and concrete 178 Further reading 181 Problems and exercises 182 PART 3 REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 189 7 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 191 7.1 Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion 191 7.2 Non-steady-state diffusion 194 7.3 Steady-state diffusion 195 7.4 Temperature variation of diffusion coefficient 195 7.5 The effect of impurities 196 7.6 Random walk diffusion 197 7.7 Diffusion in solids 198 7.8 Self-diffusion in one dimension 199 7.9 Self-diffusion in crystals 201 7.10 The Arrhenius equation and point defects 202 7.11 Correlation factors for self-diffusion 204 7.12 Ionic conductivity 205 7.12.1 Ionic conductivity in solids 205 7.12.2 The relationship between ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient 208 Further reading 209 Problems and exercises 209 8 Phase transformations and reactions 213 8.1 Sintering 213 8.1.1 Sintering and reaction 213 8.1.2 The driving force for sintering 215 8.1.3 The kinetics of neck growth 216 8.2 First-order and second-order phase transitions 216 8.2.1 First-order phase transitions 217 8.2.2 Second-order transitions 217 8.3 Displacive and reconstructive transitions 218 8.3.1 Displacive transitions 218 8.3.2 Reconstructive transitions 219 8.4 Order–disorder transitions 221 8.4.1 Positional ordering 221 8.4.2 Orientational ordering 222 8.5 Martensitic transformations 223 8.5.1 The austenite–martensite transition 223 8.5.2 Martensitic transformations in zirconia 226 8.5.3 Martensitic transitions in Ni–Ti alloys 227 8.5.4 Shape-memory alloys 228 8.6 Phase diagrams and microstructures 230 8.6.1 Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys 230 8.6.2 Non-equilibrium solidification and coring 230 8.6.3 Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point 231 8.6.4 Equilibrium heat treatment of steel in the Fe–C phase diagram 233 8.7 High-temperature oxidation of metals 236 8.7.1 Direct corrosion 236 8.7.2 The rate of oxidation 236 8.7.3 Oxide film microstructure 237 8.7.4 Film growth via diffusion 238 8.7.5 Alloys 239 8.8 Solid-state reactions 240 8.8.1 Spinel formation 240 8.8.2 The kinetics of spinel formation 241 Further reading 242 Problems and exercises 242 9 Oxidation and reduction 247 9.1 Galvanic cells 247 9.1.1 Cell basics 247 9.1.2 Standard electrode potentials 249 9.1.3 Cell potential and Gibbs energy 250 9.1.4 Concentration dependence 251 9.2 Chemical analysis using galvanic cells 251 9.2.1 pH meters 251 9.2.2 Ion selective electrodes 253 9.2.3 Oxygen sensors 254 9.3 Batteries 255 9.3.1 ‘Dry’ and alkaline primary batteries 255 9.3.2 Lithium-ion primary batteries 256 9.3.3 The lead–acid secondary battery 257 9.3.4 Lithium-ion secondary batteries 257 9.3.5 Lithium–air batteries 259 9.3.6 Fuel cells 260 9.4 Corrosion 262 9.4.1 The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids 262 9.4.2 Dissimilar metal corrosion 264 9.4.3 Single metal electrochemical corrosion 265 9.5 Electrolysis 266 9.5.1 Electrolytic cells 267 9.5.2 Electroplating 267 9.5.3 The amount of product produced during electrolysis 268 9.5.4 The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the FFC Cambridge Process 269 9.6 Pourbaix diagrams 270 9.6.1 Passivation, corrosion and leaching 270 9.6.2 The stability field of water 270 9.6.3 Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2þ and M3þ 271 9.6.4 Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion 273 Further reading 274 Problems and exercises 275 PART 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 279 10 Mechanical properties of solids 281 10.1 Strength and hardness 281 10.1.1 Strength 281 10.1.2 Stress and strain 282 10.1.3 Stress–strain curves 283 10.1.4 Toughness and stiffness 286 10.1.5 Superelasticity 286 10.1.6 Hardness 287 10.2 Elastic moduli 289 10.2.1 Young’s modulus (the modulus of elasticity) (E or Y) 289 10.2.2 Poisson’s ratio (n) 291 10.2.3 The longitudinal or axial modulus (L or M) 292 10.2.4 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or m) 292 10.2.5 The bulk modulus, K or B 293 10.2.6 The Lame modulus (l) 293 10.2.7 Relationships between the elastic moduli 293 10.2.8 Ultrasonic waves in elastic solids 293 10.3 Deformation and fracture 295 10.3.1 Brittle fracture 295 10.3.2 Plastic deformation of metals 298 10.3.3 Dislocation movement and plastic deformation 298 10.3.4 Brittle and ductile materials 301 10.3.5 Plastic deformation of polymers 302 10.3.6 Fracture following plastic deformation 302 10.3.7 Strengthening 304 10.3.8 Computation of deformation and fracture 306 10.4 Time-dependent properties 307 10.4.1 Fatigue 307 10.4.2 Creep 308 10.5 Nanoscale properties 312 10.5.1 Solid lubricants 312 10.5.2 Auxetic materials 313 10.5.3 Thin films and nanowires 315 10.6 Composite materials 317 10.6.1 Young’s modulus of large particle composites 317 10.6.2 Young’s modulus of fibre-reinforced composites 318 10.6.3 Young’s modulus of a two-phase system 319 Further reading 320 Problems and exercises 321 11 Insulating solids 327 11.1 Dielectrics 327 11.1.1 Relative permittivity and polarisation 327 11.1.2 Polarisability 329 11.1.3 Polarisability and relative permittivity 330 11.1.4 The frequency dependence of polarisability and relative permittivity 331 11.1.5 The relative permittivity of crystals 332 11.2 Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics 333 11.2.1 The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 333 11.2.2 Crystal symmetry and the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects 335 11.2.3 Piezoelectric mechanisms 336 11.2.4 Quartz oscillators 337 11.2.5 Piezoelectric polymers 338 11.3 Ferroelectrics 340 11.3.1 Ferroelectric crystals 340 11.3.2 Hysteresis and domain growth in ferroelectric crystals 341 11.3.3 Antiferroelectrics 344 11.3.4 The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 344 11.3.5 Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds 345 11.3.6 Ferroelectricity due to polar groups 347 11.3.7 Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations 348 11.3.8 Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids 349 11.3.9 Doping and modification of properties 349 11.3.10 Relaxor ferroelectrics 351 11.3.11 Ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films and superlattices 352 11.3.12 Flexoelectricity in ferroelectrics 353 Further reading 354 Problems and exercises 355 12 Magnetic solids 361 12.1 Magnetic materials 361 12.1.1 Characterisation of magnetic materials 361 12.1.2 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic flux 362 12.1.3 Atomic magnetism 363 12.1.4 Overview of magnetic materials 365 12.2 Paramagnetic materials 368 12.2.1 The magnetic moment of paramagnetic atoms and ions 368 12.2.2 High and low spin: crystal field effects 369 12.2.3 Temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility 371 12.2.4 Pauli paramagnetism 373 12.3 Ferromagnetic materials 374 12.3.1 Ferromagnetism 374 12.3.2 Exchange energy 376 12.3.3 Domains 378 12.3.4 Hysteresis 380 12.3.5 Hard and soft magnetic materials 380 12.4 Antiferromagnetic materials and superexchange 381 12.5 Ferrimagnetic materials 382 12.5.1 Cubic spinel ferrites 382 12.5.2 Garnet structure ferrites 383 12.5.3 Hexagonal ferrites 383 12.5.4 Double exchange 384 12.6 Nanostructures 385 12.6.1 Small particles and data recording 385 12.6.2 Superparamagnetism and thin films 386 12.6.3 Superlattices 386 12.6.4 Photoinduced magnetism 387 12.7 Magnetic defects 389 12.7.1 Magnetic defects in semiconductors 389 12.7.2 Charge and spin states in cobaltites and manganites 390 Further reading 393 Problems and exercises 393 13 Electronic conductivity in solids 399 13.1 Metals 399 13.1.1 Metals, semiconductors and insulators 399 13.1.2 Electron drift in an electric field 401 13.1.3 Electronic conductivity 402 13.1.4 Resistivity 404 13.2 Semiconductors 405 13.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 405 13.2.2 Band gap measurement 407 13.2.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 408 13.2.4 Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors 409 13.2.5 Characterisation 411 13.2.6 The p-n junction diode 413 13.3 Metal–insulator transitions 416 13.3.1 Metals and insulators 416 13.3.2 Electron–electron repulsion 417 13.3.3 Modification of insulators 418 13.3.4 Transparent conducting oxides 419 13.4 Conducting polymers 420 13.5 Nanostructures and quantum confinement of electrons 423 13.5.1 Quantum wells 424 13.5.2 Quantum wires and quantum dots 425 13.6 Superconductivity 426 13.6.1 Superconductors 426 13.6.2 The effect of magnetic fields 427 13.6.3 The effect of current 428 13.6.4 The nature of superconductivity 428 13.6.5 Josephson junctions 430 13.6.6 Cuprate high-temperature superconductors 430 Further reading 438 Problems and exercises 438 14 Optical aspects of solids 445 14.1 Light 445 14.1.1 Light waves 445 14.1.2 Photons 447 14.2 Sources of light 449 14.2.1 Incandescence 449 14.2.2 Luminescence and phosphors 450 14.2.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 453 14.2.4 Solid-state lasers 454 14.3 Colour and appearance 460 14.3.1 Luminous solids 460 14.3.2 Non-luminous solids 460 14.3.3 Attenuation 461 14.4 Refraction and dispersion 462 14.4.1 Refraction 462 14.4.2 Refractive index and structure 464 14.4.3 The refractive index of metals and semiconductors 465 14.4.4 Dispersion 465 14.5 Reflection 466 14.5.1 Reflection from a surface 466 14.5.2 Reflection from a single thin film 467 14.5.3 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.4 The colour of a single thin film in air 469 14.5.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate 470 14.5.6 Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings 471 14.5.7 Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors 471 14.6 Scattering 472 14.6.1 Rayleigh scattering 472 14.6.2 Mie scattering 475 14.7 Diffraction 475 14.7.1 Diffraction by an aperture 475 14.7.2 Diffraction gratings 476 14.7.3 Diffraction from crystal-like structures 477 14.7.4 Photonic crystals 478 14.8 Fibre optics 479 14.8.1 Optical communications 479 14.8.2 Attenuation in glass fibres 479 14.8.3 Dispersion and optical fibre design 480 14.8.4 Optical amplification 482 14.9 Energy conversion 483 14.9.1 Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells 483 14.9.2 Dye sensitized solar cells 485 14.10 Nanostructures 486 14.10.1 The optical properties of quantum wells 486 14.10.2 The optical properties of nanoparticles 487 Further reading 489 Problems and exercises 489 15 Thermal properties 495 15.1 Heat capacity 495 15.1.1 The heat capacity of a solid 495 15.1.2 Classical theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.3 Quantum theory of heat capacity 496 15.1.4 Heat capacity at phase transitions 497 15.2 Thermal conductivity 498 15.2.1 Heat transfer 498 15.2.2 Thermal conductivity of solids 498 15.2.3 Thermal conductivity and microstructure 500 15.3 Expansion and contraction 501 15.3.1 Thermal expansion 501 15.3.2 Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials 502 15.3.3 Thermal contraction 503 15.3.4 Zero thermal contraction materials 505 15.4 Thermoelectric effects 506 15.4.1 Thermoelectric coefficients 506 15.4.2 Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers 508 15.4.3 The Seebeck coefficient of solids containing point defect populations 509 15.4.4 Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration 509 15.5 The magnetocaloric effect 512 15.5.1 The magnetocaloric effect and adiabatic cooling 512 15.5.2 The giant magnetocaloric effect 513 Further reading 514 Problems and exercises 514 PART 5 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 517 16 Radioactivity and nuclear reactions 519 16.1 Radioactivity 519 16.1.1 Naturally occurring radioactive elements 519 16.1.2 Isotopes and nuclides 520 16.1.3 Nuclear equations 520 16.1.4 Radioactive series 521 16.1.5 Nuclear stability 523 16.2 Artificial radioactive atoms 524 16.2.1 Transuranic elements 524 16.2.2 Artificial radioactivity in light elements 527 16.3 Nuclear decay 527 16.3.1 The rate of nuclear decay 527 16.3.2 Radioactive dating 529 16.4 Nuclear energy 531 16.4.1 The binding energy of nuclides 531 16.4.2 Nuclear fission 532 16.4.3 Thermal reactors for power generation 533 16.4.4 Fuel for space exploration 535 16.4.5 Fast breeder reactors 535 16.4.6 Fusion 535 16.4.7 Solar cycles 536 16.5 Nuclear waste 536 16.5.1 Nuclear accidents 537 16.5.2 The storage of nuclear waste 537 Further reading 538 Problems and exercises 539 Subject Index 543

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Book Synopsis1. Introduction to structural analysis by the Finite Element Method. 2. 1D finite elements for axially loaded rods. 3. Advanced 1D rod elements and requirements for the numerical solution. 4. 2D solids. Linear triangular and rectangular elements. 5. 2D solids. Higher order elements. Shape functions and isoparametric formulation. 6. Axisymmetric solids. 7. Three dimensional solids. 8. Bending of slender beams. Euler-Bemouilli theory. 9. Thick/slender beams. Timoshenko theory. 10. Thin plates. Kirchhoffs theory. 11. Thick/thin plates. Reissner-Mindlin theory. 12. Analysis of shells using flat elements. 13. Axisymmetric shells. 14. Analysis of arbitrary shape shells using degenerate solid elements. 15. Three-dimensional rods and shell stiffness. 16. Prismatic structures. Finite strip and finite prism methods. 17. Miscellaneous: inclined supports, displacements, constrains, nodal condensation error estimation and mesh adaptivity etc. 18. Pre and post-processing. Mesh generation and visuTable of Contents1. Introduction to structural analysis by the Finite Element Method. 2. 1D finite elements for axially loaded rods. 3. Advanced 1D rod elements and requirements for the numerical solution. 4. 2D solids. Linear triangular and rectangular elements. 5. 2D solids. Higher order elements. Shape functions and isoparametric formulation. 6. Axisymmetric solids. 7. Three dimensional solids. 8. Bending of slender beams. Euler-Bemouilli theory. 9. Thick/slender beams. Timoshenko theory. 10. Thin plates. Kirchhoffs theory. 11. Thick/thin plates. Reissner-Mindlin theory. 12. Analysis of shells using flat elements. 13. Axisymmetric shells. 14. Analysis of arbitrary shape shells using degenerate solid elements. 15. Three-dimensional rods and shell stiffness. 16. Prismatic structures. Finite strip and finite prism methods. 17. Miscellaneous: inclined supports, displacements, constrains, nodal condensation error estimation and mesh adaptivity etc. 18. Pre and post-processing. Mesh generation and visualization of computer results. 19. Introduction to FEM programming.

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Book SynopsisHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.Table of ContentsHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.

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Book SynopsisPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems. Table of ContentsPreliminary concepts.- Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure.- Finite Element Analysis for Nonlinear Elastic Systems.- Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems.- Finite Element Analysis for Contact Problems.

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Book SynopsisThe formalism processing of unbuckled solids mechanics involves several mathematical tools which are to be mastered at the same time. This volume collects the main points which take place in the course of the formalism, so that the user immediately finds what he needs without looking for it. Furthermore, the book contains a methodological formulary to guide the user in his approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1. Vector Calculus 1 1.1. Vector space 1 1.1.1. Definition 1 1.1.2. Vector space – dimension – basis 2 1.1.3. Affine space 3 1.2. Affine space of dimension 3 – free vector 4 1.3. Scalar product a⋅b 5 1.3.1. Properties of the scalar product 6 1.3.2. Scalar square – unit vector 6 1.3.3. Geometric interpretation of the scalar product 7 1.3.4. Solving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = 0 9 1.4. Vector product a ∧ b 9 1.4.1. Definition 9 1.4.2. Geometric interpretation of the vector product 10 1.4.3. Properties of vector product 11 1.4.4. Solving the equation a ∧ x = b 11 1.5. Mixed product (a ,b, c ) 12 1.5.1. Definition 12 1.5.2. Geometric interpretation of the mixed product 12 1.5.3. Properties of the mixed product 13 1.6. Vector calculus in the affine space of dimension 3 15 1.6.1. Orthonormal basis 15 1.6.2. Analytical expression of the scalar product 16 1.6.3. Analytical expression of the vector product 16 1.6.4. Analytical expression of the mixed product 17 1.7. Applications of vector calculus 18 1.7.1. Double vector product 18 1.7.2. Resolving the equation a�� ⋅ x�� = b 22 1.7.3. Resolving the equation a ∧ x = b 23 1.7.4. Equality of Lagrange 25 1.7.5. Equations of planes 25 1.7.6. Relations within the triangle 27 1.8. Vectors and basis changes 28 1.8.1. Einstein’s convention 28 1.8.2. Transition table from basis (e) to basis (E) 30 1.8.3. Characterization of the transition table 32 Chatper 2. Torsors and Torsor Calculus 35 2.1. Vector sets 35 2.1.1. Discrete set of vectors 35 2.1.2. Set of vectors defined on a continuum 36 2.2. Introduction to torsors 37 2.2.1. Definition 37 2.2.2. Equivalence of vector families 38 2.3. Algebra torsors 38 2.3.1. Equality of two torsors 38 2.3.2. Linear combination of torsors 39 2.3.3. Null torsors 39 2.3.4. Opposing torsor 40 2.3.5. Product of two torsors 40 2.3.6. Scalar moment of a torsor – equiprojectivity 41 2.3.7. Invariant scalar of a torsor 43 2.4. Characterization and classification of torsors 43 2.4.1. Torsors with a null resultant 43 2.4.2. Torsors with a no-null resultant 45 2.5. Derivation torsors 48 2.5.1. Torsor dependent on a single parameter q 49 2.5.2. Torsor dependent of n parameters qi functions of p 51 2.5.3. Explicitly dependent torsor of n + 1 parameters 52 Chapter 3. Derivation of Vector Functions 55 3.1. Derivative vector: definition and properties 55 3.2. Derivative of a function in a basis 56 3.3. Deriving a vector function of a variable 57 3.3.1. Relations between derivatives of a function in different bases 57 3.3.2. Differential form associated with two bases 63 3.4. Deriving a vector function of two variables 65 3.5. Deriving a vector function of n variables 68 3.6. Explicit intervention of the variable p 70 3.7. Relative rotation rate of a basis relative to another 71 Chapter 4. Vector Functions of One Variable Skew Curves 73 4.1. Vector function of one variable 73 4.2. Tangent at a point M 74 4.3. Unit tangent vector τ ( q) 76 4.4. Main normal vector ( ) q ν 77 4.5. Unit binormal vector ( ) q β 79 4.6. Frenet’s basis 80 4.7. Curvilinear abscissa 81 4.8. Curvature, curvature center and curvature radius 83 4.9. Torsion and torsion radius 84 4.10. Orientation in (λ) of the Frenet basis 87 Chapter 5. Vector Functions of Two Variables Surfaces 91 5.1. Representation of a vector function of two variables 91 5.1.1. Coordinate curves 91 5.1.2. Regular or singular point – tangent plane – unit normal vector 93 5.1.3. Distinctive surfaces 95 5.1.4. Ruled surfaces 101 5.1.5. Area element 110 5.2. General properties of surfaces 111 5.2.1. First quadratic form 111 5.2.2. Darboux–Ribaucour’s trihedral 114 5.2.3. Second quadratic form 119 5.2.4. Meusnier’s theorems 121 5.2.5. Geodesic torsion 123 5.2.6. Prominent curves traced on a surface 125 5.2.7. Directions and principal curvatures of a surface 127 Chapter 6. Vector Function of Three Variables: Volumes 135 6.1. Vector functions of three variables 135 6.1.1. Coordinate surfaces 135 6.1.2. Coordinate curves 136 6.1.3. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 136 6.2. Volume element 137 6.2.1. Definition 137 6.2.2. Applications to traditional coordinate systems 138 6.3. Rotation rate of the local basis 139 6.3.1. Calculation of the partial rotation rate 1δ (λ ,e) 140 6.3.2. Calculation of the rotation rate 143 Chapter 7. Linear Operators 145 7.1. Definition 145 7.2. Intrinsic properties 145 7.3. Algebra of linear operators 147 7.3.1. Unit operator 147 7.3.2. Equality of two linear operators 147 7.3.3. Product of a linear operator by a scalar 147 7.3.4. Sum of two linear operators 148 7.3.5. Multiplying two linear operators 148 7.4. Bilinear form 149 7.5. Quadratic form 150 7.6. Linear operator and basis change 150 7.7. Examples of linear operators 152 7.7.1. Operation f = a ^ F 152 7.7.2. Operation f = a ^ (a ^ F) 152 7.7.3. Operation f = a(b ⋅ F) 153 7.7.4. Operation f = a ^ (F ^ a) 155 7.8. Vector rotation Ru��,a 156 7.8.1. Expression of the vector rotation 156 7.8.2. Quaternion associated with the vector rotation Ru��,a 159 7.8.3. Matrix representation of the vector rotation 160 7.8.4. Basis change and rotation vector 162 Chapter 8. Homogeneity and Dimension 165 8.1. Notion of homogeneity 165 8.2. Dimension 165 8.3. Standard mechanical dimensions 166 8.4. Using dimensional equations 168 Bibliography 171 Index 173

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Book SynopsisChronicling the 11th US–France �Mechanics and physics of solids at macro- and nano-scales� symposium, organized by ICACM (International Center for Applied Computational Mechanics) in Paris, June 2018, this book addresses the breadth of issues raised. It covers a comprehensive range of scientific and technological topics (from elementary plastic events in metals and materials in harsh environments to bio-engineered and bio-mimicking materials), offering a representative perspective on state-of-the-art research and materials. Expounding on the issues related to mesoscale modeling, the first part of the book addresses the representation of plastic deformation at both extremes of the scale – between nano- and macro- levels. The second half of the book examines the mechanics and physics of soft materials, polymers and materials made from fibers or molecular networks.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Part 1. Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Materials 1 Chapter 1. Homogeneous Dislocation Nucleation in Landau Theory of Crystal Plasticity 3Oguz Umut SALMAN and Roberta BAGGIO 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The model 6 1.2.1. Linear stability analysis 9 1.3. Numerical implementation 11 1.4. Simulation results 12 1.4.1. Stress field of a single-edge dislocation 12 1.4.2. Dislocation annihilation 13 1.4.3. Homogeneous nucleation 14 1.5. Conclusion 18 1.6. References 18 Chapter 2. Effects of Rate, Size, and Prior Deformation in Microcrystal Plasticity 25Stefanos PAPANIKOLAOU and Michail TZIMAS 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Model 27 2.3. Effects of loading rates and protocols in crystal plasticity 29 2.4. Size effects in microcrystal plasticity 36 2.5. Unveiling the crystalline prior deformation history using unsupervised machine learning approaches 38 2.6. Predicting the mechanical response of crystalline materials using supervised machine learning 43 2.7. Summary 48 2.8. Acknowledgements 49 2.9. References 49 Chapter 3. Dislocation Dynamics Modeling of the Interaction of Dislocations with Eshelby Inclusions 55Sylvie AUBRY, Sylvain QUEYREAU and Athanasios ARSENLIS 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Review of existing approaches 57 3.2.1. Modeling discrete precipitates with DD simulations 57 3.2.2. Investigation of precipitation strengthening and some related effects 61 3.3. Dislocation dynamics modeling of dislocation interactions with Eshelby inclusions 63 3.3.1. Stress field and forces at dislocation lines 63 3.3.2. Stress at a point induced by an inclusion 64 3.3.3. Force on a dislocation coming from an inclusion 64 3.3.4. Far field interactions induced by an Eshelby inclusion 68 3.3.5. Parallel implementation 68 3.4. DD simulations of the interaction with Eshelby inclusions 69 3.4.1. Eshelby force for a single dislocation and a single inclusion 69 3.4.2. Simulations of bulk crystal plasticity 70 3.5. Conclusion and discussion 77 3.6. Acknowledgments 79 3.7. Appendix: derivation of the Eshelby force 80 3.8. References 82 Chapter 4. Scale Transition in Finite Element Simulations of Hydrogen–Plasticity Interactions 87Yann CHARLES, Hung Tuan NGUYEN, Kevin ARDON and Monique GASPERINI 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Modeling assumptions 92 4.2.1. Crystal plasticity mechanical behavior 92 4.2.2. Hydrogen transport equation 93 4.2.3. Implementation 95 4.2.4. Mechanical parameters 96 4.3. Identification of a trap density function at the crystal scale 97 4.3.1. Geometry, mesh, and boundary conditions applied on the polycrystals 98 4.3.2. Results 100 4.4. Adaptation of the Dadfarnia’s model at the crystal scale 104 4.4.1. Formulation at the polycrystal scale 104 4.4.2. Application to single crystals 106 4.4.3. Boundary and initial conditions 107 4.4.4. Crystal orientations 108 4.4.5. Results 108 4.4.6. Consequences on hydrogen transport through a polycrystalline bar 113 4.5. Conclusion 118 4.6. Appendix: Numbering of the slip systems in the UMAT 118 4.7. References 119 Part 2. Mechanics and Physics of Soft Solids 131 Chapter 5. Compression of Fiber Networks Modeled as a Phase Transition 133Prashant K. PUROHIT 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Experimental observations in compressed fibrin clots and CNT forests 134 5.2.1. Compression of platelet-poor plasma clots and platelet-rich plasma clots 134 5.2.2. Compression of CNT forests coated with alumina 138 5.3. Theoretical model based on continuum theory of phase transitions 141 5.3.1. Compression of PPP and PRP clots 141 5.3.2. Phase transition theory 143 5.3.3. Effect of liquid pumping 145 5.3.4. Application of phase transition model to PPP and PRP clots 146 5.3.5. Predictive capability of our model 148 5.3.6. Application of phase transition model to CNT networks 148 5.4. Conclusion 151 5.5. References 153 Chapter 6. Mechanics of Random Networks of Nanofibers with Inter-Fiber Adhesion 157Catalin R. PICU and Vineet NEGI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Mechanics in the presence of adhesion 160 6.2.1. The adhesive interaction of two fibers 160 6.2.2. Triangle of fiber bundles 163 6.3. Structure of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 165 6.4. Tensile behavior of non-crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 169 6.5. Structure of networks with inter-fiber adhesion and crosslinks 171 6.6. Tensile behavior of crosslinked networks with inter-fiber adhesion 173 6.7. Conclusion 179 6.8. References 180 Chapter 7. Surface Effects on Elastic Structures 185Hadrien BENSE, Benoit ROMAN and José BICO 7.1. Introduction 185 7.2. Liquid surface energy 186 7.2.1. Can a liquid deform a solid? 186 7.2.2. Slender structures 187 7.2.3. Wrapping a cylinder 188 7.2.4. Capillary origamis 190 7.3. Dielectric elastomers: a surface effect? 192 7.3.1. Introduction: electrostatic energy of a capacitor as a surface energy 192 7.3.2. Mechanics of dielectric elastomers 194 7.3.3. Buckling experiments 202 7.4. Conclusion 209 7.5. References 210 Chapter 8. Stress-driven Kirigami: From Planar Shapes to 3D Objects 215Alexandre DANESCU, Philippe REGRENY, Pierre CRÉMILIEU and Jean-Louis LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 215 8.2. Bilayer plates with pre-stress 216 8.3. Constant curvature ribbons and geodesic curvature 219 8.3.1. Experimental evidence 220 8.3.2. Geodesic objects 222 8.4. Directional bending of large surfaces 223 8.4.1. Photonic crystals tubes 224 8.4.2. Control the directional bending 225 8.5. Conclusion 227 8.6. References 227 Chapter 9. Modeling the Mechanics of Amorphous Polymer in the Glass Transition 231Hélène MONTES, Aude BELGUISE, Sabine CANTOURNET and François LEQUEUX 9.1. Introduction 231 9.2. Modeling the mechanics of amorphous 233 9.2.1. Input physics 233 9.2.2. Temperature dependence of the intrinsic relaxation times 235 9.2.3. Length scales in the model 236 9.2.4. Numerical implementation 237 9.3. Linear regime in bulk geometry 239 9.3.1. Stress relaxation 239 9.3.2. Numerical predictions versus experiments in the linear regime 240 9.3.3. Role of elastic coupling between domains 241 9.4. Linear regime in confined geometries 244 9.4.1. Apparent linear viscoelasticity in various geometries 244 9.4.2. Comparison of the results of our model with the observation of Tg shift in filled elastomers 247 9.4.3. Role of mechanical coupling in confined geometry 250 9.4.4. Conclusion on the effects of confinement 252 9.5. Nonlinear mechanics 253 9.5.1. Input of nonlinearities 254 9.5.2. Results of the model 255 9.5.3. Role of elastic coupling in the nonlinear regime 256 9.6. Conclusion 257 9.7. Appendix 258 9.8. References 259 List of Authors 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisThis title provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of the mechanical behavior of concrete, including such features as its elastoplasticity, its compressive and tensile strength, its behavior over time (including creep and shrinkage, cracking and fatigue) as well as modeling techniques and its response to various stimuli. As such, it will be required reading for anyone wishing to increase their knowledge in this area.Table of ContentsForeword xi PART 1. INSTANTANEOUS OR TIME-INDEPENDENT MODELS FOR CONCRETE 1 Chapter 1. Test Techniques and Experimental Characterization 3 Nicolas BURLION 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Experimental specificities related to concrete material 4 1.3. Extensometers and experimental conditions 12 1.4. Behavior of concrete under uniaxial stress: classical tests 21 1.5. Concrete under multiaxial stresses 32 1.6. Conclusions regarding the experimental characterization of the multiaxial behavior of concrete 54 1.7. Bibliography 55 Chapter 2. Modeling the Macroscopic Behavior of Concrete 63 Jean-Marie REYNOUARD, Jean-François GEORGIN, Khalil HAIDAR and Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT 2.1. Introduction 63 2.2. The discrete approach 65 2.3. Continuous approach 71 2.4. Conclusion 106 2.5. Bibliography 115 Chapter 3. Failure and Size Effect of Structural Concrete 121 Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT and Khalil HAIDAR 3.1. Introduction 121 3.2. Probabilistic structural size effect 124 3.3. Deterministic size effect 130 3.4. Fractality and size effect 134 3.5. Size effect and calibration of non-local models 138 3.6. Conclusions 143 3.7. Acknowledgement 145 3.8. Bibliography 145 PART 2. CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING 149 Chapter 4. Cyclic Behavior of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 151 Jean-François DUBÉ 4.1. Characterization tests of the cyclic behavior 151 4.2. Modeling the reinforced concrete cyclic behavior 163 4.3. Modeling of the cyclic behavior of concrete 170 4.4. Conclusions 180 4.5. Bibliography 181 Chapter 5. Cyclic and Dynamic Loading Fatigue of Structural Concrete 185 Jean-François DESTREBECQ 5.1. Introduction 185 5.2. The mechanisms of concrete fatigue 186 5.3. The fatigue strength under uniaxial compression or traction 193 5.4. Extension to Aas-Jakobsen’s formula 197 5.5. Fatigue under multiaxial loading 202 5.6. Fatigue under high-level cyclic loading 207 5.7. Fatigue strength under variable level cyclic loadings 214 5.8. Bibliography 219 Chapter 6. Rate-Dependent Behavior and Modeling for Transient Analyses 225 Fabrice GATUINGT 6.1. Introduction 225 6.2. Experimental behavior 225 6.3. Behavior modeling of concrete in dynamics 240 6.4. Bibliography 261 PART 3. TIME-DEPENDENT RESPONSE OF CONCRETE 265 Chapter 7. Concrete at an Early Age: the Major Parameters 267 Vincent WALLER and Buqan MIAO 7.1. Introduction 267 7.2. Influence of the composition of concrete 267 7.3. Consequences of boundary conditions 282 7.4. Conclusion 290 7.5. Bibliography 290 Chapter 8. Modeling Concrete at Early Age 297 Franz-Josef ULM, Jean-Michel TORRENTI, Benoît BISSONETTE and Jacques MARCHAND 8.1. Introduction 297 8.2. The coupled thermo-chemo-mechanical problem 297 8.3. Data collection and experimental methods 309 8.4. Conclusion 331 8.5. Bibliography 331 Chapter 9. Delayed Effects – Creep and Shrinkage 339 Farid BENBOUDJEMA, Fékri MEFTAH, Grégory HEINFLING, Fabrice LEMAOU and Jean Michel TORRENTI 9.1. Introduction 339 9.2. Definitions and mechanisms 340 9.3. Experimental approach 354 9.4. Delayed response modeling 361 9.5. Codified models 383 9.6. Conclusion 400 9.7. Bibliography 400 Closing Remarks: New Concretes, New Techniques, and Future Models 409 Jean Michel TORRENTI, Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT and Jean-Marie REYNOUARD List of Authors 415 Index 417

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Book SynopsisCO2 capture and geological storage is seen as the most effective technology to rapidly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Up until now and before proceeding to an industrial development of this technology, laboratory research has been conducted for several years and pilot projects have been launched. So far, these studies have mainly focused on transport and geochemical issues and few studies have been dedicated to the geomechanical issues in CO2 storage facilities. The purpose of this book is to give an overview of the multiphysics processes occurring in CO2 storage facilities, with particular attention given to coupled geomechanical problems.The book is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to transport processes and focuses on the efficiency of the storage complex and the evaluation of possible leakage paths. The second part deals with issues related to reservoir injectivity and the presence of fractures and occurrence of damage. The final part of the book concerns the serviceability and ageing of the geomaterials whose poromechanical properties may be altered by contact with the injected reactive fluid.Table of ContentsPreface xi PART 1. TRANSPORT PROCESSES 1 Chapter 1. Assessing Seal Rock Integrity for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 3 Daniel BROSETA 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Gas breakthrough experiments in water-saturated rocks 6 1.3. Interfacial properties involved in seal rock integrity 9 1.3.1. Brine-gas IFT 9 1.3.2. Wetting behavior 10 1.4. Maximum bottomhole pressure for storage in a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir 12 1.5. Evidences for capillary fracturing in seal rocks 13 1.6. Summary and prospects 14 1.7. Bibliography 15 Chapter 2. Gas Migration through Clay Barriers in the Context of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Numerical Modeling of an In Situ Gas Injection Test 21 Pierre GÉRARD, Jean-Pol RADU, Jean TALANDIER, Rémi de La VAISSIÈRE, Robert CHARLIER and Frédéric COLLIN 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Field experiment description 23 2.3. Boundary value problem 26 2.3.1. 1D and 3D geometry and boundary conditions 26 2.3.2. Hydraulic model 27 2.3.3. Hydraulic parameters 28 2.4. Numerical results 29 2.4.1. 1D modeling 30 2.4.2. 3D modeling 34 2.5. Discussion and conclusions 37 2.6. Bibliography 39 Chapter 3. Upscaling Permeation Properties in Porous Materials from Pore Size Distributions 43 Fadi KHADDOUR, David GRÉGOIRE and Gilles PIJAUDIER-CABOT 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Assembly of parallel pores 44 3.2.1. Presentation 44 3.2.2. Permeability 45 3.2.3. Case of a sinusoidal multi-modal pore size distribution 47 3.3. Mixed assembly of parallel and series pores 48 3.3.1. Presentation 48 3.3.2. Permeability 49 3.4. Comparisons with experimental results 51 3.4.1. Electrical fracturing tests 51 3.4.2. Measurement of the pore size distribution 53 3.4.3. Model capabilities to predict permeability and comparisons with experiments 54 3.5. Conclusions 55 3.6. Acknowledgments 55 3.7. Bibliography 56 PART 2. FRACTURE, DEFORMATION AND COUPLED EFFECTS 57 Chapter 4. A Non-Local Damage Model for Heterogeneous Rocks – Application to Rock Fracturing Evaluation Under Gas Injection Conditions 59 Darius M. SEYEDI, Nicolas GUY, Serigne SY, Sylvie GRANET and François HILD 4.1. Introduction 60 4.2. A probabilistic non-local model for rock fracturing 61 4.3. Hydromechanical coupling scheme 63 4.4. Application example and results 66 4.4.1. Effect of Weibull modulus 70 4.5. Conclusions and perspectives 70 4.6. Acknowledgments 71 4.7. Bibliography 71 Chapter 5. Caprock Breach: A Potential Threat to Secure Geologic Sequestration of CO2 75 A.P.S. SELVADURAI 5.1. Introduction 75 5.2. Caprock flexure during injection 77 5.2.1. Numerical results for the caprock–geologic media interaction 81 5.3. Fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 85 5.3.1. Numerical results for fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 89 5.4. Concluding remarks 90 5.5. Acknowledgment 91 5.6. Bibliography 91 Chapter 6. Shear Behavior Evolution of a Fault due to Chemical Degradation of Roughness: Application to the Geological Storage of CO2 95 Olivier NOUAILLETAS, Céline PERLOT, Christian LA BORDERIE, Baptiste ROUSSEAU and Gérard BALLIVY 6.1. Introduction 96 6.2. Experimental setup 97 6.3. Roughness and chemical attack 99 6.4. Shear tests 103 6.5. Peak shear strength and peak shear displacement: Barton’s model 107 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 112 6.7. Acknowledgment 113 6.8. Bibliography 113 Chapter 7. CO2 Storage in Coal Seams: Coupling Surface Adsorption and Strain 115 Saeid NIKOOSOKHAN, Laurent BROCHARD, Matthieu VANDAMME, Patrick DANGLA, Roland J.-M. PELLENQ, Brice LECAMPION and Teddy FEN-CHONG 7.1. Introduction 115 7.2. Poromechanical model for coal bed reservoir 116 7.2.1. Physics of adsorption-induced swelling of coal 116 7.2.2. Assumptions of model for coal bed reservoir 118 7.2.3. Case of coal bed reservoir with no adsorption 118 7.2.4. Derivation of constitutive equations for coal bed reservoir with adsorption 120 7.3. Simulations 122 7.3.1. Simulations at the molecular scale: adsorption of carbon dioxide on coal 122 7.3.2. Simulations at the scale of the reservoir 124 7.3.3. Discussion 127 7.4. Conclusions 128 7.5. Bibliography 129 PART 3. AGING AND INTEGRITY 133 Chapter 8. Modeling by Homogenization of the Long-Term Rock Dissolution and Geomechanical Effects 135 Jolanta LEWANDOWSKA 8.1. Introduction 135 8.2. Microstructure and modeling by homogenization 136 8.3. Homogenization of the H-M-T problem 138 8.3.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 138 8.3.2. Asymptotic developments method 142 8.3.3. Solutions 143 8.3.4. Summary of the macroscopic “H-M-T model” 148 8.4. Homogenization of the C-M problem 148 8.4.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 148 8.4.2. Homogenization 150 8.4.3. Summary of the macroscopic “C-M model” 151 8.5. Numerical computations of the time degradation of the macroscopic rigidity tensor 152 8.5.1. Definition of the problem 152 8.5.2. Results and discussion 154 8.6. Conclusions 158 8.7. Acknowledgment 160 8.8. Bibliography 160 Chapter 9. Chemoplastic Modeling of Petroleum Cement Paste under Coupled Conditions 163 Jian Fu SHAO, Y. JIA, Nicholas BURLION, Jeremy SAINT-MARC and Adeline GARNIER 9.1. Introduction 163 9.2. General framework for chemo-mechanical modeling 164 9.2.1. Phenomenological chemistry model 166 9.3. Specific plastic model for petroleum cement paste 169 9.3.1. Elastic behavior 169 9.3.2. Plastic pore collapse model 170 9.3.3. Plastic shearing model 172 9.4. Validation of model 174 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 178 9.6. Bibliography 179 Chapter 10. Reactive Transport Modeling of CO2 Through Cementitious Materials Under Supercritical Boundary Conditions 181 Jitun SHEN, Patrick DANGLA and Mickaël THIERY 10.1. Introduction 181 10.2. Carbonation of cement-based materials 183 10.2.1. Solubility of the supercritical CO2 in the pore solution 183 10.2.2. Chemical reactions 184 10.2.3. Carbonation of CH 185 10.2.4. Carbonation of C-S-H 187 10.2.5. Porosity change 190 10.3. Reactive transport modeling 191 10.3.1. Field equations 191 10.3.2. Transport of the liquid phase 194 10.3.3. Transport of the gas phase 194 10.3.4. Transport of aqueous species 196 10.4. Simulation results and discussion 196 10.4.1. Sandstone-like conditions 197 10.4.2. Limestone-like conditions 198 10.4.3. Study of CO2 concentration and initial porosity 199 10.4.4. Supercritical boundary conditions 201 10.5. Conclusion 204 10.6. Acknowledgment 205 10.7. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Chemo-Poromechanical Study of Wellbore Cement Integrity 209 Jean-Michel PEREIRA and Valérie VALLIN 11.1. Introduction 209 11.2. Poromechanics of cement carbonation in the context of CO2 storage 210 11.2.1. Context and definitions 210 11.2.2. Chemical reactions 214 11.2.3. Chemo-poromechanical behaviour 217 11.2.4. Balance equations 221 11.3. Application to wellbore cement 222 11.3.1. Description of the problem 222 11.3.2. Initial state and boundary conditions 223 11.3.3. Illustrative results 223 11.4. Conclusion 227 11.5. Acknowledgments 227 11.6. Bibliography 227 List of Authors 229 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the impact of sustainable masonry on the environment, touting the many benefits of utilizing local and/or low embodied energy materials in the construction of sustainable buildings.Table of ContentsPart 1. Technologies and Construction Process 1. Introduction to Sustainable Masonry. 2. Earth and Stone Materials. 3. Blocks: The Elements of Masonry. 4. Arrangement of Blocks. Part 2. Graphic Statics 5. The Foundations of Graphic Statics. 6. Reduction and Equilibrium of a System of Forces in a Plane. 7. Funicular Polygons. 8. Projective Properties and Duality. Part 3.Yield Design Applied to Masonry 9. Principles of Yield Design. 10. Stability of Curvilinear Masonry. 11. Homogenization and Yield Design of Masonry.

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Book SynopsisFrom the characterization of materials to accelerated life testing, experimentation with solids and structures is present in all stages of the design of mechanical devices. Sometimes only an experimental model can bring the necessary elements for understanding, the physics under study just being too complex for an efficient numerical model. This book presents the classical tools in the experimental approach to mechanical engineering, as well as the methods that have revolutionized the field over the past 20 years: photomechanics, signal processing, statistical data analysis, design of experiments, uncertainty analysis, etc. Experimental Mechanics of Solids and Structures also replaces mechanical testing in a larger context: firstly, that of the experimental model, with its own hypotheses; then that of the knowledge acquisition process, which is structured and robust; finally, that of a reliable analysis of the results obtained, in a context where uncertainty could be important.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Mechanical Tests 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Measurable quantities 2 1.3 Tensile test 3 1.3.1 Optimal testing conditions 5 1.3.2 Result of a standard tensile test 7 1.3.3 Stiffness of a tensile testing machine 9 1.4 Bending test 10 1.4.1 Test principle 10 1.4.2 Optimal realization conditions 10 1.4.3 Determination of flexural modulus 11 1.4.4 Damage to the structure 13 Chapter 2 A Few Sensors Used in Mechanics 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Strain measurement 15 2.2.1 Principle 15 2.2.2 Gauge factor 16 2.2.3 Description of a gauge 17 2.2.4 Conditioning 19 2.2.5 Multi-gauge assemblies 20 2.2.6 Compensation of bending effects 21 2.2.7 Effect of temperature 22 2.2.8 Measurement of a surface-strain tensor of an object 23 2.2.9 “Measurement” considerations 25 2.3 Displacement measurement 27 2.3.1 Principle 27 2.3.2 Key characteristics 27 2.4 Force measurement 28 2.4.1 Strain gauge load cell 28 2.4.2 Piezoelectric gauge load cell 29 2.5 Acceleration measurement 33 2.5.1 Principle 33 2.5.2 Selection criteria 37 Chapter 3 Optical Full-Field Methods 39 3.1 Overview 39 3.2 Selection of a field optical method 40 3.2.1 Factors governing selection 40 3.2.2 Fringe projection 41 3.2.3 Grid method 45 3.2.4 Digital image correlation 49 3.2.5 Speckle interferometry (ESPI) 53 3.3 Main processing methods of photomechanical results 60 3.3.1 Metrological aspects 60 3.3.2 Correction of target distorsions 62 3.3.3 Denoising in mapping 63 3.3.4 Phase unwrapping 65 3.3.5 Derivation of a displacement map 66 Chapter 4 Basic Tools for Measurement Methods 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Measurement and precision 72 4.2.1 Calibration 72 4.2.2 Tests 75 4.2.3 Evaluating uncertainties 78 4.3 Experimental test plans 88 4.3.1 Preparation 90 4.3.2 Approach 91 4.3.3 Adjusting polynomial models by least squares 92 4.3.4 Linear factorial design without interaction 94 4.3.5 Linear factorial design with interactions 100 w4.3.6 Quadratic design with interactions 104 4.3.7 Variance analysis 107 4.4 Hypothesis tests 109 4.4.1 General principle 109 4.4.2 1st and 2nd order error: a test’s power 110 4.4.3 Choosing a statistical law 112w 4.4.4 Examples 113 4.4.5 Test for model adjustment: a return to ANOVA analysis 114 Chapter 5 Exercises 117 5.1 Multiple-choice questions 117 5.2 Problem: designing a torque meter 118 5.2.1 Mechanical analysis 118 5.2.2 Electrical installation 119 5.2.3 Analyzing uncertainty 120 5.3 Problem: traction test on a composite 121 5.3.1 Sizing a traction test 121 5.3.2 Measuring 121 5.3.3 Photomechanics 122 5.4 Problem: optic fiber Bragg gratings 122 5.4.1 What happens when there is traction on the fiber? 123 5.4.2 What will the effective index become depending on the temperature and strain parameters? 124 5.4.3 Separating temperature and mechanics 124 5.4.4 Analyzing uncertainty 124 5.5 Problem: bending a MEMS micro-sensor 124 5.5.1 Suggesting a mechanical model for this problem 125 5.6 Problem: studying a 4-point bending system 126 5.6.1 Analyzing the device 126 5.6.2 Mechanical analysis 127 5.6.3 Analyzing uncertainties 127 5.6.4 Optical full field methods 127 5.7 Digital pressure tester: statistical tests 128 5.7.1 Discovering the statistical functions library 128 5.7.2 Estimating a confidence interval 128 5.7.3 Calculating a test’s power 128 Conclusion 131 Bibliography 133 Index 141

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Book SynopsisThe primary purpose of this book is to introduce risk and reliability concept into structural design.A structure should be designed taking into account safety, reliability, and economy. Reliability is the probability of successful function, and risk is the potential for unwanted negative consequence of an event. In structural engineering, risk analysis involves the investigation of the probability of rare events. Risk analyses are typically made on the basis of information, which is subject to uncertainty. These uncertainties may be divided into inherent or natural variability. The objective of a structural design is the assurance of successful performance over the useful life of structures or engineering systems.The primary purpose of this book is to introduce risk and reliability concept into structural design. It will cover and review reliability theory and risk analysis to solve structural engineering problems. The book was formed from the easy to the difficult and complicated concepts. Content was written from the basic concepts of uncertainties, structural safety analysis, structural reliability under repeated load, and fatigue reliability. Based on the introduction of failure modes and bounds theory, structural system reliability theory is subsequently discussed. Numerical formulation and examples are provided to enhance the study efficiency of students, engineers, and researchers.This book is suitable for adoption as a textbook or a reference book in a structural reliability analysis course. Furthermore, this book also provides a theoretical foundation for better understanding of the structural safety assessment.

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Book SynopsisThis corrected version of the landmark 1981 textbook introduces the physical principles and theoretical basis of acoustics with deep mathematical rigor, concentrating on concepts and points of view that have proven useful in applications such as noise control, underwater sound, architectural acoustics, audio engineering, nondestructive testing, remote sensing, and medical ultrasonics.Since its publication, this text has been used as part of numerous acoustics-related courses across the world, and continues to be used widely today. During its writing, the book was fine-tuned according to insights gleaned from a broad range of classroom settings. Its careful design supports students in their pursuit of a firm foundation while allowing flexibility in course structure. The book can easily be used in single-term or full-year graduate courses and includes problems and answers. This rigorous and essential text is a must-have for any practicing or aspiring acoustician.Table of ContentsPreface List of Symbols Chapter 1 The Wave Theory of Sound 1-1 A Little History 1-2 The Conservation of Mass 1-3 Euler's Equation of Motion for a Fluid 1-4 Pressure-Density Relations 1-5 Equations of Linear Acoustics 1-6 The Wave Equation 1-7 Plane Traveling Waves 1-8 Waves of Constant Frequency 1-9 Speed of Sound and Ambient Density 1-10 Adiabatic versus Isothermal Sound Speeds 1-11 Acoustic Energy, Intensity, and Source Power 1-12 Spherical Waves Problems Chapter 2 Quantitative Measures of Sound 2-1 Frequency Content of Sounds 2-2 Proportional Frequency Bands 2-3 Levels and the Decibel 2-4 Frequency Weighting and Filters 2-5 Combining of Levels 2-6 Mutually Incoherent Sound Sources 2-7 Fourier Series and Long-Duration Sounds 2-8 Transient Waveforms 2-9 Transfer Functions 2-10 Stationary Ergodic Processes 2-11 Bias and Variance Problems Chapter 3 Reflection, Transmission, and Excitation of Plane Waves 3-1 Boundary Conditions at Impenetrable Surfaces 3-2 Plane-Wave Reflection at a Flat Rigid Surface 3-3 Specific Acoustic Impedance 3-4 Radiation of Sound by a Vibrating Piston within a Tube 3-5 Sound Radiation by Traveling Flexural Waves 3-6 Reflection and Transmission at an Interlace between Two Fluids 3-7 Multilayer Transmission and Reflection 3-8 Transmission through Thin Solid Slabs, Plates, and Blankets Problems Chapter 4 Radiation from Vibrating Bodies 4-1 Radially Oscillating Sphere 4-2 Transversely Oscillating Rigid Sphere 4-3 Monopoles and Green's Functions 4-4 Dipoles and Quadrupoles 4-5 Uniqueness of Solutions of Acoustic Boundary-Value Problems 4-6 The Kirchhoff-Helmholtz Integral Theorem 4-7 Sound Radiation from Small Vibrating Bodies 4-8 Radiation from a Circular Disk 4-9 Reciprocity in Acoustics 4-10 Transducers and Reciprocity Problems Chapter 5 Radiation from Sources Near and on Solid Surfaces 5-1 Sources near Plane Rigid Boundaries 5-2 Sources Mounted on Walls: The Rayleigh Integral; Fresnel-Kirchhoff Theory of Diffraction by an Aperture 5-3 Low-Frequency Radiation from Sources Mounted on Walls 5-4 Radiation Impedance of Baffled-Piston Radiators 5-5 Far-Field Radiation from Localized Wall Vibrations 5-6 Transient Solution for Baffled Circular Piston 5-7 Field on and near the Symmetry Axis 5-8 Transition to the Far Field Problems Chapter 6 Room Acoustics 6-1 The Sabine-Franklin-Jaeger Theory of Reverberant Rooms 6-2 Some Modifications 6-3 Applications of the Sabine-Franklin-Jaeger Theory 6-4 Coupled Rooms and Large Enclosures 6-5 The Modal Theory of Room Acoustics 6-6 High-Frequency Approximations 6-7 Statistical Aspects of Room Acoustics 6-8 Spatial Correlations in Diffuse Sound Fields Problems Chapter 7 Low-Frequency Models of Sound Transmission 7-1 Guided Waves 7-2 Lumped-Parameter Models 7-3 Guidelines for Selecting Lumped-Parameter Models 7-4 Helmholtz Resonators and Other Examples 7-5 Orifices 7-6 Estimation of Acoustic Inertances and End Corrections 7-7 Mufflers and Acoustic Filters 7-8 Homs Problems Chapter 8 Ray Acoustics 8-1 Wavefronts, Rays, and Fermat's Principle 8-2 Rectilinear Sound Propagation 8-3 Refraction in Inhomogeneous Media 8-4 Rays in Stratified Media 8-5 Amplitude Variation along Rays 8-6 Wave Amplitudes in Moving Media 8-7 Source above an Interface 8-8 Reflection from Curved Surfaces Problems Chapter 9 Scattering and Diffraction 9-1 Basic Scattering Concepts 9-2 Monostatic and Bistatic Scattering-Measurement Configurations 9-3 The Doppler Effect 9-4 Acoustic Fields near Caustics 9-5 Shadow Zones and Creeping Waves 9-6 Source or Listener on the Edge of a Wedge 9-7 Contour-Integral Solution for Diffraction by a Wedge 9-8 Geometrical-Acoustic and Diffracted-Wave Contributions for the Wedge Problem 9-9 Applications of Wedge-Diffraction Theory Problems Chapter 10 Effects of Viscosity and Other Dissipative Processes 10-1 The Navier-Stokes-Fourier Model 10-2 Linear Acoustic Equations and Energy Dissipation 10-3 Vorticity, Entropy, and Acoustic Modes 10-4 Acoustic Boundary-Layer Theory 10-5 Attenuation and Dispersion in Ducts and Thin Tubes 10-6 Viscosity Effects on Sound Radiation 10-7 Relaxation Processes 10-8 Absorption of Sound Problems Chapter 11 Nonlinear Effects in Sound Propagation 11-1 Nonlinear Steepening 11-2 Generation of Harmonics 11-3 Weak-Shock Theory 11-4 N Waves and Anomalous Energy Dissipation 11-5 Evolution of Sawtooth Waveforms 11-6 Nonlinear Dissipative Waves 11-7 Transition to Old Age 11-8 Nonlinear Effects in Converging and Diverging Waves 11-9 N Waves in Inhomogeneous Media; Spherical Waves 11-10 Ballistic Shocks; Sonic Booms Problems Indexes Name Index Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the entire process of designing guitars, including the theory and guidelines for implementing it in practice. It discusses areas from acoustics and resonators to new tools and how they assist traditional construction techniques. The book begins by discussing the fundamentals of the sounds of a guitar, strings, and oscillating systems. It then moves on to resonators and acoustics within the guitar, explaining the analysis systems and evaluation methods, and comparing classic and modern techniques. Each area of the guitar is covered, from the soundboard and the back, to the process of closing the instrument. The book concludes with an analysis of historic and modern guitars. This book is of interest to luthiers wanting to advance their practice, guitar players wishing to learn more about their instruments, and academics in engineering and physics curious about the principles of acoustics when applied to musical instruments.Table of ContentsThe Sound.- The String.- Oscillating Systems.- The Resonator Components.- The Resonator as a Global System.- Upper Resonances.- Analysis Systems.- Quality and Evaluation Methods.- The Modern Guitar.- Building and Using the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Mould.- The Soundboard on the Frame.- The Back.- Closing the Instrument. Final Tuning.- Analysis of Historic and Modern Guitars

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the peer-reviewed papers presented at the XXIV Conference of the Italian Association of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, held in Rome, Italy, on September 15-19, 2019 (AIMETA 2019). The conference topics encompass all aspects of general, fluid, solid and structural mechanics, as well as mechanics for machines and mechanical systems, including theoretical, computational and experimental techniques and technological applications. As such the book represents an invaluable, up-to-the-minute tool, providing an essential overview of the most recent advances in the field.

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