Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisSustainability has become a driver of innovation in the built environment, but the affordability of sustainable building remains a significant challenge. This book takes a critical view of the real cost of green building. It provides readers with a non-biased evaluation based on empirical construction cost data and sheds light on the affordability of sustainable buildings.Chapters are presented in three parts. The first part lays the foundation to demystify the perception of green buildings being expensive to construct by providing empirical evidence that green buildings, even net-zero buildings, are not necessarily more expensive to build than conventional buildings. The second part presents empirical evidence, common misperceptions of a higher green building construction cost are debunked. The author offers a new framework to explain the construction cost drivers and differences of sustainable buildings: the project characteristics and project team characteristics (human faTable of ContentsPart I Looking back and perceptions 1 Introduction 2 Existing research 3 Meta-analysis findings Part II What actual data tells us 4 Data collection and description 5 Data analysis Part III The path forward 6 Comparative case study 7 The path forward

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Book SynopsisLow-carbon transition is a shift from an economy that depends heavily on fossil fuels to a sustainable, low-carbon energy economy. This book analyzes the role of renewables in driving the low-carbon transition in agriculture, explores the circular bio-based economy, and examines policies and strategies designed to facilitate low-carbon transition in agriculture, greenhouse gas mitigation, and adaptation trends in the European Union agriculture sector. It provides new knowledge and understanding about the impact of low-carbon energy transition, emphasizes the key role of renewable energy in a wide range of agricultural activities, and offers alternative sustainable solutions to current practices.Features Discusses a novel approach on low-carbon transition that is not considered by the majority of studies Emphasizes the urgent need to minimize the carbon and environmental footprint of the EU agriculture and food system through low-carbon energy tr

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Book SynopsisThe wind power business has grown from a niche sector within the energy industry to a global industry that attracts substantial investment. In Europe wind has become the biggest source of new power generation capacity, while also successfully competing with the gas, coal and nuclear sectors in China and the US. Wind Power looks at the nations, companies and people fighting for control of one of the world's fastest growing new industries and how we can harness one of the planet's most powerful energy resources. The book examines the challenges the sector faces as it competes for influence and investment with the fossil fuel industry across the globe. Over the course of this volume, Backwell analyses the industry climbers, the investment trends and the technological advancements that will define the future of wind energy. This second edition is revised throughout and contains new material on frontier wind markets and industry consolidation, as well as the cost reductionsTrade Review'Ben Backwell's new book on wind power is a great read, provides the best current overview of the wind industry, how it got to where it is, and what the future challenges are. Highly recomended!' Henrik Stiesdal, Wind Power Pioneer Table of ContentsForewordIntroductionChapter 1. From Maoism to Lear JetsChapter 2. Big industry moves inChapter 3. China shakes the wind industryChapter 4. Emerging powersChapter 5. The offshore frontierChapter 6. After CopenhagenChapter 7. Turbine manufacturers in troubleChapter 8. The Wind Industry Bounces BackChapter 9. Tipping point: Windpower’s iPhone momentChapter 10. Challenges for the wind-turbine industryConclusion

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Book SynopsisThe last decade has seen a huge interest in green organic chemistry, particularly as chemical educators look to green their undergraduate curricula. Detailing published laboratory experiments and proven case studies, this book discusses concrete examples of green organic chemistry teaching approaches from both lecture/seminar and practical perspectives. The experienced contributors address such topics as the elimination of solvents in the organic laboratory, organic reactions under aqueous conditions, organic reactions in non-aqueous media, greener organic reagents, waste management/recycling strategies, and microwave technology as a greener heating tool. This reference allows instructors to directly incorporate material presented in the text into their courses.Encouraging a stimulating organic chemistry experience, the text emphasizes the need for undergraduate education to: Focus on teaching sustainability principles throughout the curriculum BTrade Review"Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."— Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton "[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 "Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."—Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton"[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 Table of ContentsIntroduction to Teaching Green Organic Chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry Lecture Case-Studies. Elimination of Solvents in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory. Organic Reactions under Aqueous Conditions. Organic Reactions in Greener Non-Aqueous Media. Using More Environmentally-Friendly Organic Reagents. Green Organic Reactions under Microwave Heating.

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Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisPeople scratching a living from parched land, women walking miles for scraps of firewood are both familiar images of Africa. But, in many places, people, with the help of governments and aid agencies, are putting the land into good shape, growing more food and creating a healthy cover of trees. This book joins the ?literature of hope? by looking at these advances from the viewpoint of the energy crisis of the poor. This crisis can only be solved by going beyond the narrow confines of energy to consider all the needs of local people and the potential for change. Drawing on a wide range of case histories, the authors describe the gains in farming and forestry ? and woodfuel supply ? that have come about through this broader, people-centered approach. They also write about woodfuel prices, markets and other key elements of survival strategies for the cities. Huge efforts will be needed to recover from the failures of the past, but Leach and Mearns show that important lessons are at last bTable of ContentsAbbreviations Introduction Woodfuel Gaps and the Death of the Forests Where do Woodfuels Come From? Giving Scarcity a Human Face Part I: Rural Areas 1. Trees for Rural People Popular Knowledge and Empowerment Farmer-led Initiatives Supporting Local Initiatives The Economics of Rural Trees New Thinking on Tree Economics 2. Forestry for Land Management Definitions and Types of Agroforestry Options for Agricultural Areas Options for Livestock-keeping Areas A Note of Caution 3. Constrains on Change Household Economics, Labour and Conflicting Needs Tenure and Rights Gender Roles 4. Meeting the Constraints Governments and the Legacy of History Crossing Institutional Bridges Institutional Partnerships Building on Local Organizations New Government Structures The Extension Challenge Towards Project Design 5. Rural Cases 1. Farmer-led Initiatives in Shinyanga, Tanzania 2. Paddocks in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe 3. Building on Indigenous Practices in Turkana, Kenya 4. The Koumpentoum Entente, Senegal 5. Learning together: Forestry Developments in Konso, Ethiopia 6. Research in the Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe 7. Chitemene Shifting Cultivation, Zambia 8. Alley Farming and Dairy Development in Kenya 9. The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme 10. Water Harvesting in Yatenga, Burkina Faso 11. Community Forestry in Northern Sudan 12. The Majia Valley Windbreaks, Niger 13. The HAD0 Project in Kondoa, Tanzania 14. Woodlots or Fuelsticks in Kenya? 15. Agroforestry in Koro village, Mali 16. Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design in Kathama, Kenya 17. The Village Afforestation Programme in Tanzania 18. Agroforestry Outreach in Haiti 19. Co-operative Forest Management in Guesselbodi, Niger 20. Refugee Forestry in Somalia: the 'Step' Plan 21. Putting Trees into Non-tree Projects in Kenya 22. The Naam Movement in Burkina Faso 23. Project Campfire, Zimbabwe 24. Rapid Rural Appraisal in Welo, Ethiopia Part II: Urban Centres 6. Paying the Price Urban Issues and Contexts Goals for Urban Energy Initiatives Soaring Prices? Woodfuel Markets Towards more Efficient Markets 7. Trees for the Cities Taxing and Guarding the Forests Managing the Forests Community Control of the Forests Peri-urban Plantations 8. Fuel Switching and Saving Is the Energy Transition Happening? Fuel Switching and Urban Size Fuel Switching and Income Fuel Prices Fuel Switching versus Fuel Saving Encouraging Fuel Saving Encouraging Fuel Switching Foreign Exchange Constraints? 9. Urban Cases 1. The Firewood Trade in Gaborone, Botswana 2. The Charcoal Trade in Tanzania 3. The Charcoal Business in the Sudan 4. Household Fuel Use and Switching in Dar es Salaam 5. Forest Taxes in Malawi 6. Successful Forest Controls in Rwanda References and Notes

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Book SynopsisGreen chemistry involves designing novel ways to create and synthesize products and implement processes that will eliminate or greatly reduce negative environmental impacts. The Green Chemistry Laboratory Manual for General Chemistry provides educational laboratory materials that challenge students with the customary topics found in a general chemistry laboratory manual, while encouraging them to investigate the practice of green chemistry. Following a consistent format, each lab experiment begins with objectives and prelab questions highlighting important issues that must be understood prior to getting started. This is followed by detailed step-by-step procedures for performing the experiments. Students report specific results in sections designated for data, observations, and calculations. Once each experiment is completed, analysis questions test students' comprehension of the results. Additional questions encourage inquiry-based investigations and further research Trade Review"…a welcome change and direction for enriching the laboratory experience of students."— Colin F. Poole, Wayne State University, in Chromatographia."This book is designed as a laboratory manual ready to be used by students. It’s suitable for late secondary or elementary tertiary-level courses. … experiments highlight a feature also found in other chapters – the links made between chemistry and everyday life. This problem-based approach has to be lauded. Overall, this book provides an introduction to green chemistry and engages students in the process of challenging traditional methods by benchmarking them against the 12 principles of green chemistry."— Thomas Logothetis, for Education in Chemistry, August 2016."…a welcome change and direction for enriching the laboratory experience of students."— Colin F. Poole, Wayne State University, in Chromatographia."This book is designed as a laboratory manual ready to be used by students. It’s suitable for late secondary or elementary tertiary-level courses. … experiments highlight a feature also found in other chapters – the links made between chemistry and everyday life. This problem-based approach has to be lauded. Overall, this book provides an introduction to green chemistry and engages students in the process of challenging traditional methods by benchmarking them against the 12 principles of green chemistry."— Thomas Logothetis, for Education in Chemistry, August 2016.Table of ContentsDetermining the percent of water in epsom salt. Determination of the formula of a copper supplement. Determination of mass and mole relationships in a chemical reaction. Finding ethanol's molar mass using vapor density. Determining molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure. Determining the enthalpy change for solvation reactions. Spectroscopic determination of food dye in popsicles. Separation of food dyes by paper chromatography. What is the best solution to lower a freezing point? Standardization of a sodium hydroxide solution. Determining the amount of acid in ketchup and hot sauce. Using an appropriate indicator for acid-base titrations. Preparation and properties of buffer solutions. Determination of the rate of reaction and its order. Equilibrium constant for ferric ion-salicylic acid complex determination. Determination of amount of ascorbic acid in a vitamin C tablet by redox titration. Qualitative analysis of metal cations and using ion-selective electrodes. How to determine the order of an electrochemical series. Voltaic cells and how batteries are made. Synthesis and chemical analysis of sodium iron (III) EDTA. Analysis of biodiesel synthesized from canola oil.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research in fuel cells which are growing in importance as sources of sustainable energy and are forming part of the changing program of energy resources. Fuel cells provide environmentally friendly, clean and highly efficient energy source for power generation. In order to efficiently utilize the energy from fuel cells, a power conditioning system is required. This book describes the converters'' basic operating principles and analyzes performance for low-voltage, high-power fuel cell applications. Full three-dimensional, multi-phase, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics models of planar and novel tubular-shaped air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell are also presented in detail. Research and review of electrocatalysts such as platinum are presented as well.

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Book SynopsisWith the rapid growth of wind energy worldwide, challenges in the operation and control of wind turbine systems are becoming increasingly important. These affect all parts of the system, and require an integrated approach to optimize safety, cost, integrity and survivability of the system, while retaining the desired performance quality. This book conveys up to date theoretical and practical techniques applicable to the control of wind turbine systems. Topics covered include wave loads on monopole-supported offshore wind turbines; numerical and experimental tools for small wind turbine load analysis; structural control concepts for load reduction of offshore wind turbines; towards farm-level health management of wind turbine systems; data-based approaches to the monitoring of wind turbines; fault diagnostics for electrically operated pitch systems in offshore wind turbines; an emulator prototype design for vibration control of magnetic bearings for wind turbine power generator shafts; condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbine power trains; and robust fuzzy fault tolerant control wind energy systems subject to actuator and sensor faults.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Wave loads on monopile-supported offshore wind turbines: current methods and future challenges Chapter 3: Numerical and experimental tools for small wind turbine load analysis Chapter 4: Structural control concept for load reduction of offshore wind turbines Chapter 5: Advanced control of wind turbine system Chapter 6: Toward farm-level health management of wind turbine systems: status and scope for improvements Chapter 7: Health monitoring of wind turbine: data-based approaches Chapter 8: Fault diagnostics for electrically operated pitch systems in offshore wind turbines Chapter 9: Magnetic bearing for wind turbine power generator shaft: an emulator prototype design for vibration control Chapter 10: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbine power train Chapter 11: Robust fuzzy fault tolerant control wind energy system subject to actuator and sensor faults

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Book SynopsisThis book is divided into two parts. The first covers biomass modification to facilitate the industrial degradation processing and other characteristics of feedstocks. These include reduction in the general recalcitrance of plant cell wall and downstream processing costs. The second focuses on cutting edge technologies for the conversion of lignocelluloses into biofuels and other products. It describes the most up-to-date advances in natural biomass utilization systems, such as wood-feeding termites and animals that efficiently degrade lignocellulosic substrates. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrates cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis, with pentose and hexose fermentation in a single step. This replicates what happens in the digestive systems of animals, such as termites and cows, that effectively degrade lignocellulosic substrates. CBP has the potential to reduce production costs and lower capital investment whilst increasing conversion efficiency. Currently, there are no CBP-enabling micro-organisms suitable for industrial applications. Consequently, this book presents technologies which integrate the lignocellulolytic systems of insects and other animals to advance CBP strategy for cellulosic biofuels. It covers the progress made, and challenges faced, with the utilisation of gene, catalyst, and other unique mechanisms from cellulose-eating animals, as well as cutting-edge technologies developed to reduce the general recalcitrance of feedstocks for processing. This volume makes essential reading for academics and industrial groups concerned with overcoming the challenges inherent in the biological conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction; Part I: Biomass modification to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulose in processing; Chapter 2. Overview of lignocellulose: structure and chemistry; Chapter 3. Advances in the measurement/characterization of biomass structure; Chapter 4. Lignin modification to reduce the recalcitrance of biomass processing ; Chapter 5. Advances in genetic manipulations of plants for production of hydrolysis enzymes used in lignocellulosic bioethanol process; Chapter 6. The diversity of lignocellulosic biomass resources and their evaluations for biofuels and chemicals ; Part II: Biological conversion of biomass from the integration of natural biomass utilization systems; Chapter 7. Technologies to study plant biomass fermentation using the model bacterium Clostridium phytofermentans; Chapter 8. Lignocellulose degradation in termite symbiotic systems; Chapter 9. The functional gene resources from cellulose-feeding insects for novel catalysts; Chapter 10. Biological pre-treatment of biomass by wood-feeding termites; Chapter 11. Lignocellulolytic systems of wood-feeding insects and their potential for viable biofuels ; Chapter 12. Lignocellulolytic wood-feeding Cockroach - a forgotten treasure ; Chapter 13. Reversal design of natural biocatalyst systems for biomass conversion ; Chapter 14. The ruminant animal as a natural biomass conversion platform and a source of bioconversion agents; Chapter 15. Tipula abdominalis, an aquatic insect, provides microorganisms and enzymes with applications to the biofuels industry; Chapter 16. Cloning, Mutation and Over-expression of Lignocellulase Genes ; Chapter 17. Cellulose-dissolving systems and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis; Chapter 18. What we can learn from the natural biomass utilization systems for developing the novel bioreactors; Chapter 19: Techno-economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sugars using Various Pretreatment Technologies

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Book SynopsisThere has been a resurgence of interest in light-induced water splitting as the search for storable carbon neutral energy becomes more urgent. Although the history of the basic idea dates back more than four decades, efficient, economical and stable integrated devices have yet to be realized. In the continuing quest for such devices, the field of photoelectrochemistry is entering a new phase where the extraordinary interdisciplinary of the research and development efforts are opening new avenues. This aspect of current research effort is reflected in the chapters of this book, which encompass present thinking in the various disciplines such as materials science, photo-electrochemistry and interfaces that can contribute to realization of viable solar fuel generators. This book presents a blend of the background science and recent advances in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting, and includes aspects that point towards medium to long term future realization. The content of the book goes beyond the more traditional approaches to the subject by including topics such as novel excitation energy processes that have only been realized so far in advanced photonics. The comprehensive overview of current activities and development horizons provided by the impressive collection of internationally renowned authors therefore represents a unique reflection of current thinking regarding water splitting by light.Table of Contents1 The Potential Contribution of Photoelectrochemistry in the Global Energy Future; 2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Light-Driven Reactions at Semiconductor Electrodes: Principles and Techniques; 3: Structured Materuals for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting; 4: Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cells for Water Splitting; 5: Particulate Oxynitrides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light; 6: Rapid Screening Methods in the Discovery and Investigation of New Photocatalyst Compositions; 7: Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Catalysts: Structural and Electronic Aspects of Transition Metal Based Compounds and Composites; 8: The Group II-Nitride Materials Class: from Preparation to Perspectives in Photoelectrocatalysis; 9: Epitaxial III-V Thin Film Absorbers: Preparation, Efficient InP Photocathodes and Routes to High Efficiency Tandem Structures; 10: Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A First Principles Approach; 11: Electro- and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2: The Homogeneous and Hetereogeneous Worlds Collide?; 12: Key Intermediates in the Hydrogenation and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 13: Novel Approaches to Water Splitting by Solar Photons; 14: Light Harvesting Strategies Inspired by Nature; 15: Electronic Structure and Bonding of Water at Surfaces; 16: New Perspectives and a Review of Progress

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Book SynopsisThis book presents novel research that represents a multidimensional approach to green energy. Each chapter addresses its subject from diverse perspectives, including financial, technological, and social. The results shown also consider various approaches to the collection and processing of data on green energy. The book also reports on analyses of data from official records and databases, as well as the analysis of primary data obtained directly. The book will be of interest to those working in green energy as well as researchers interested in the methods of scientific research.Table of ContentsGreen energy – a review of the definitions and the main directions of development.- Green energy in the political debate.- The role of green energy in the world's economic development.- Green energy and its impact on environmental protection.- The social aspects of the green transformation.- The directions of financing the green energy transformation.- Green energy transformation models – main areas and further directions of development.- The study of disproportions in the area of green energy in EU countries.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a practical framework for the application of big data, cloud, and pervasive and complex systems to sustainable solutions for urban environmental challenges. It covers the technologies, potential, and possible and impact of big data on energy efficiency and the urban environment.The book first introduces key aspects of big data, cloud services, pervasive computing, and mobile technologies from a pragmatic design perspective, including sample open source firmware. Cloud services, mobile and embedded platforms, interfaces, operating system design methods, networking, and middleware are all considered. The authors then explore in detail the framework, design principles, architecture and key components of developing energy systems to support sustainable urban environments. The included case study provides a pathway to improve the eco-efficiency of urban transport, demonstrating how to design an energy efficient next generation urban navigation system by leveraging vast cloud data sets on user-behavior. Ultimately, this resource maps big data’s pivotal intersection with rapid global urbanization along the path to a sustainable future.Table of ContentsPart I Features of Big data Systems.- Big Data Introduction.-Big data Systems landscape/ overview.- Part II Developing Sustainable Big data systems.- The trends of Big data systems.- Platform Architecture.- Reference Architecture.- ISUNS system design (Case Study).- Part III Future Development to Enhance Eco-efficiency.- Potential Applications for Big data systems.- Performance Evaluation.

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Book SynopsisWind Turbines addresses all those professionally involved in research, development, manufacture and operation of wind turbines. It provides a cross-disciplinary overview of modern wind turbine technology and an orientation in the associated technical, economic and environmental fields. It is based on the author's experience gained over decades designing wind energy converters with a major industrial manufacturer and, more recently, in technical consulting and in the planning of large wind park installations, with special attention to economics. The second edition accounts for the emerging concerns over increasing numbers of installed wind turbines. In particular, an important new chapter has been added which deals with offshore wind utilisation. All advanced chapters have been extensively revised and in some cases considerably extendedTrade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“It is a complete yet concise overview and study of the field, its history and all aspects of modern wind turbine technology. Aimed more at scientists and engineers … Hau starts with a list of commonly-used symbols and ends with a detailed chapter on the various facets of turbine economics. … this is a truly comprehensive sourcebook of value to anyone involved in the research, development, manufacture and operation of on- or offshore wind turbines.” (Real Power, Issue 2, 2013)From the reviews of the second edition:"This wide-ranging book, the product of over a quarter century’s experience, will be of use to any physicist with an interest in wind power electricity generation … . Some of its sections could well act as a source for solution by physics undergraduates and for more extended project work in a number of areas … . It would seem an excellent work of reference … to university and college libraries." (Dr D.G.C Jones, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 48 (4), 2007)"Erich Hau’s Wind Turbines attempts to provide a complete but brief overview and study of the field and its history. The book begins with a list of commonly used symbols, a delight for engineering scientists. … In conclusion, this book is well put together … . If one wants a summary introduction to wind turbine issues, this book would suffice." (Ramani Ramakrishnan, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 12 (1), 2007)Table of ContentsWindmills and Windwheels.- Electrical Power from the Wind – The First Attempts.- Basic Concepts of Wind Energy Converters.- Physical Principles of Wind Energy Conversion.- Rotor Aerodynamics.- Loads and Structural Stresses.- Vibrational Characteristics.- Rotor Blades.- Mechanical Drive Train and Nacelle.- Electrical System.- Control Systems and Operational Sequence.- The Tower.- The Wind Resource.- Power Output and Energy Yield.- Environmental Impact.- Commercial Applications of Wind Turbines.- Offshore Wind Energy Utilisation.- Wind Turbine Installation and Operation.- Wind Turbine Costs.- Wind Turbine Economics.

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on a few renewable energy sources, viz. wind energy plus energy from water movement and natural temperature differences that in principle could provide enormous energy resources. Energy from wind has been a rapidly growing source of energy as wind turbines have grown in size and especially as wind turbines have moved offshore. Hydroelectric dams have continued to be used as energy sources particularly in developing countries. Other energy sources using water, including waves and tidal sources, are also discussed in this volume. Finally, the volume discusses differences between deep and surface ocean temperatures plus the extraction of energy from the earth's extremely large energy resource of magma deep below the surface. These latter two energy resources in particular require further development and the current book describes the latest advances coupled with pointing possible paths forward.

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Book SynopsisNow fully revised, this second edition of Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application builds on its highly successful predecessor, now the leading textbook for wind energy degree courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 1 1.1 Modern Wind Turbines 2 1.2 History of Wind Energy 10 References 21 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 24 2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 36 2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 53 2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques 63 2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 65 2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 72 2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 74 2.9 Advanced Topics 84 References 87 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 91 3.1 General Overview 91 3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 92 3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 96 3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 101 3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 115 3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 117 3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 121 3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 124 3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 131 3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 133 3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 138 3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 139 3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 141 3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145 References 153 4 Mechanics and Dynamics 157 4.1 Background 157 4.2 Wind Turbine Loads 158 4.3 General Principles of Mechanics 161 4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 172 4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200 References 202 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 205 5.1 Overview 205 5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 206 5.3 Power Transformers 217 5.4 Electrical Machines 219 5.5 Power Converters 237 5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 246 5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253 References 255 6 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 257 6.1 Overview 257 6.2 Material Fatigue 257 6.3 Wind Turbine Materials 266 6.4 Machine Elements 270 6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276 References 308 7 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 311 7.1 Overview 311 7.2 Design Procedure 312 7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 316 7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 322 7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 325 7.6 Load Scaling Relations 333 7.7 Power Curve Prediction 336 7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 340 7.9 Design Evaluation 345 7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346 References 355 8 Wind Turbine Control 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 364 8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 370 8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 374 8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382 References 404 9 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 407 9.1 General Overview 407 9.2 Wind Turbine Siting 408 9.3 Installation and Operation Issues 416 9.4 Wind Farms 419 9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433 References 446 10 Wind Energy Applications 449 10.1 General Overview 449 10.2 Distributed Generation 450 10.3 Hybrid Power Systems 450 10.4 Offshore Wind Energy 461 10.5 Operation in Severe Climates 478 10.6 Special Purpose Applications 480 10.7 Energy Storage 489 10.8 Fuel Production 497 References 501 11 Wind Energy System Economics 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 506 11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 511 11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 519 11.5 Value of Wind Energy 521 11.6 Economic Analysis Methods 530 11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539 References 543 12 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 549 12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 556 12.4 Wind Turbine Noise 561 12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 573 12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 582 12.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585 References 589 Appendix A Nomenclature 593 A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593 A.2 Chapter 2 593 A.3 Chapter 3 595 A.4 Chapter 4 597 A.5 Chapter 5 601 A.6 Chapter 6 604 A.7 Chapter 7 606 A.8 Chapter 8 607 A.9 Chapter 9 608 A.10 Chapter 10 610 A.11 Chapter 11 612 A.12 Chapter 12 613 A.13 Abbreviations 614 Appendix B Problems 617 B.1 Problem Solving 617 B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617 B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621 B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628 B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632 B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637 B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639 B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642 B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647 B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652 B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656 B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658 Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661 C.1 Overview 661 C.2 Data Analysis 661 C.3 Data Synthesis 671 References 675 Index 677

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed coverage of power converters for renewable energy systems, so that power produced from these systems can be efficiently integrated into the national grid. The authors cover some general concepts in control theory, explaining different types of controller.Trade Review Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Wind Power Development. 1.2 Photovoltaic Power Development. 1.3 The Grid Converter – The Key Element in Grid Integration of WT and PV Systems. 2 Photovoltaic Inverter Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Inverter Structures Derived from H-Bridge Topology. 2.3 Inverter Structures Derived from NPC Topology. 2.4 Typical PV Inverter Structures. 2.5 Three-Phase PV Inverters. 2.6 Control Structures. 2.7 Conclusions and Future Trends. 3 Grid Requirements for PV. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 International Regulations. 3.3 Response to Abnormal Grid Conditions. 3.4 Power Quality. 3.5 Anti-islanding Requirements. 3.6 Summary. 4 Grid Synchronization in Single-Phase Power Converters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Grid Synchronization Techniques for Single-Phase Systems. 4.3 Phase Detection Based on In-Quadrature Signals. 4.4 Some PLLs Based on In-Quadrature Signal Generation. 4.5 Some PLLs Based on Adaptive Filtering. 4.6 The SOGI Frequency-Locked Loop. 4.7 Summary. 5 Islanding Detection. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Nondetection Zone. 5.3 Overview of Islanding Detection Methods. 5.4 Passive Islanding Detection Methods. 5.5 Active Islanding Detection Methods. 5.6 Summary. 6 Grid Converter Structures forWind Turbine Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 WTS Power Configurations. 6.3 Grid Power Converter Topologies. 6.4 WTS Control. 6.5 Summary. 7 Grid Requirements for WT Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Grid Code Evolution. 7.3 Frequency and Voltage Deviation under Normal Operation. 7.4 Active Power Control in Normal Operation. 7.5 Reactive Power Control in Normal Operation. 7.6 Behaviour under Grid Disturbances. 7.7 Discussion of Harmonization of Grid Codes. 7.8 Future Trends. 7.9 Summary. 8 Grid Synchronization in Three-Phase Power Converters. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Three-Phase Voltage Vector under Grid Faults. 8.3 The Synchronous Reference Frame PLL under Unbalanced and Distorted Grid Conditions. 8.4 The Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL (DDSRF-PLL). 8.5 The Double Second-Order Generalized Integrator FLL (DSOGI-FLL). 8.6 Summary. 9 Grid Converter Control for WTS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Model of the Converter. 9.3 AC Voltage and DC Voltage Control. 9.4 Voltage Oriented Control and Direct Power Control. 9.5 Stand-alone, Micro-grid, Droop Control and Grid Supporting. 9.6 Summary. 10 Control of Grid Converters under Grid Faults. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Overview of Control Techniques for Grid-Connected Converters under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions. 10.3 Control Structures for Unbalanced Current Injection. 10.4 Power Control under Unbalanced Grid Conditions. 10.5 Flexible Power Control with Current Limitation. 10.6 Summary. 11 Grid Filter Design. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Filter Topologies. 11.3 Design Considerations. 11.4 Practical Examples of LCL Filters and Grid Interactions. 11.5 Resonance Problem and Damping Solutions. 11.6 Nonlinear Behaviour of the Filter. 11.7 Summary. 12 Grid Current Control. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Current Harmonic Requirements. 12.3 Linear Current Control with Separated Modulation. 12.4 Modulation Techniques. 12.5 Operating Limits of the Current-Controlled Converter. 12.6 Practical Example. 12.7 Summary. Appendix A Space Vector Transformations of Three-Phase Systems. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Symmetrical Components in the Frequency Domain. A.3 Symmetrical Components in the Time Domain. A.4 Components αβ0 on the Stationary Reference Frame. A.5 Components dq0 on the Synchronous Reference Frame. Appendix B Instantaneous Power Theories. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Origin of Power Definitions at the Time Domain for Single-Phase Systems. B.3 Origin of Active Currents in Multiphase Systems. B.4 Instantaneous Calculation of Power Currents in Multiphase Systems. B.5 The p-q Theory. B.6 Generalization of the p-q Theory to Arbitrary Multiphase Systems. B.7 The Modified p-q Theory. B.8 Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Three-Phase Power Systems. B.9 Summary. Appendix C Resonant Controller. C.1 Introduction. C.2 Internal Model Principle. C.3 Equivalence of the PI Controller in the dq Frame and the P+Resonant Controller in the αβ Frame. Index.

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Book SynopsisDistributed power generation is a technology that could help to enable efficient, renewable energy production both in the developed and developing world. It includes all use of small electric power generators, whether located on the utility system, at the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated site not connected to the power grid. Induction generator (IG) is the most commonly used and cheapest technology, compatible with renewable energy resources. Permanent magnet (PM) generators have traditionally been avoided due to high fabrication costs; however, compared with IGs they are more reliable and productive. Distributed Generation thoroughly examines the principles, possibilities and limitations of creating energy with both IGs and PM generators. It takes an electrical engineering approach in the analysis and testing of these generators, and includes diagrams and extensive case study examples to better demonstrate how the integration of energy sources can be accoTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii About the Authors xix 1 Distributed Generation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Reasons for DG 1 1.3 Technical Impacts of DG 3 1.3.1 DG Technologies 3 1.3.2 Thermal Issues 5 1.3.3 Voltage Profile Issues 5 1.3.4 Fault-Level Contributions 7 1.3.5 Harmonics and Interactions with Loads 7 1.3.6 Interactions Between Generating Units 8 1.3.7 Protection Issues 8 1.4 Economic Impact of DG 9 1.5 Barriers to DG Development 10 1.6 Renewable Sources of Energy 11 1.7 Renewable Energy Economics 12 1.8 Interconnection 15 1.8.1 Interconnection Standardization 15 1.8.2 Rate Design 15 1.9 Recommendations and Guidelines for DG Planning 16 1.10 Summary 18 2 Generators 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Synchronous Generator 21 2.2.1 Permanent Magnet Materials 22 2.2.2 Permanent Magnet Generator 23 2.3 Induction Generator 28 2.3.1 Three-Phase IGs and SEIGs 29 2.3.2 Single-Phase IGs and SEIGs 30 2.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 31 2.4.1 Operation 31 2.4.2 Recent Work 33 2.5 Summary 34 3 Three-Phase IG Operating on a Single-Phase Power System 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Phase Balancing using Passive Circuit Elements 41 3.2.1 Analysis of IG with Phase Converters 41 3.2.2 Phase Balancing Schemes 43 3.2.3 Case Study 45 3.2.4 System Power Factor 47 3.2.5 Power and Efficiency 49 3.2.6 Operation with Fixed Phase Converters 50 3.2.7 Summary 51 3.3 Phase Balancing using the Smith Connection 52 3.3.1 Three-Phase IG with the Smith Connection 52 3.3.2 Performance Analysis 54 3.3.3 Balanced Operation 55 3.3.4 Case Study 58 3.3.5 Effect of Phase Balancing Capacitances 61 3.3.6 Dual-Mode Operation 65 3.3.7 Summary 66 3.4 Microcontroller-Based Multi-Mode Control of SMIG 67 3.4.1 Phase Voltage Consideration 67 3.4.2 Control System 67 3.4.3 Practical Implementation 71 3.4.4 Experimental Results 72 3.4.5 Summary 75 3.5 Phase Balancing using a Line Current Injection Method 77 3.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 77 3.5.2 Performance Analysis 78 3.5.3 Balanced Operation 80 3.5.4 Case Study 82 3.5.5 Summary 91 4 Finite Element Analysis of Grid-Connected IG with the Steinmetz Connection 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Steinmetz Connection and Symmetrical Components Analysis 94 4.3 Machine Model 95 4.4 Finite Element Analysis 96 4.4.1 Basic Field Equations 96 4.4.2 Stator Circuit Equations 97 4.4.3 Stator EMFs 99 4.4.4 Rotor Circuit Model 99 4.4.5 Comments on the Proposed Method 102 4.5 Computational Aspects 103 4.6 Case Study 104 4.7 Summary 109 5 SEIGs for Autonomous Power Systems 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Three-Phase SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 111 5.2.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 111 5.2.2 Solution Technique 114 5.2.3 Capacitance Requirement 115 5.2.4 Computed and Experimental Results 117 5.2.5 Capacitance Requirement on Load 121 5.2.6 Summary 123 5.3 SEIG with Asymmetrically Connected Impedances and Excitation Capacitances 123 5.3.1 Circuit Model 124 5.3.2 Performance Analysis 124 5.3.3 Computed and Experimental Results 125 5.3.4 Modified Steinmetz Connection 126 5.3.5 Simplified Steinmetz Connection 133 5.3.6 Summary 135 5.4 Self-regulated SEIG for Single-Phase Loads 136 5.4.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 136 5.4.2 Effect of Series Compensation Capacitance 138 5.4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 143 5.4.4 Effect of Load Power Factor 147 5.4.5 Summary 149 5.5 SEIG with the Smith Connection 150 5.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 150 5.5.2 Performance Analysis 151 5.5.3 Balanced Operation 152 5.5.4 Results and Discussion 153 5.5.5 Summary 159 6 Voltage and Frequency Control of SEIG with Slip-Ring Rotor 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Performance Analysis of SESRIG 162 6.3 Frequency and Voltage Control 165 6.4 Control with Variable Stator Load 166 6.5 Practical Implementation 168 6.5.1 Chopper-Controlled Rotor External Resistance 168 6.5.2 Closed-Loop Control 169 6.5.3 Tuning of PI Controller 170 6.5.4 Dynamic Response 170 6.6 Summary 173 7 PMSGs For Autonomous Power Systems 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Principle and Construction of PMSG with Inset Rotor 175 7.3 Analysis for Unity-Power-Factor Loads 177 7.3.1 Analysis Using the Two-Axis Model 177 7.3.2 Design Considerations 180 7.3.3 Computed Results 182 7.3.4 Experimental Results 183 7.3.5 Summary 184 7.4 A Comprehensive Analysis 185 7.4.1 Basic Equations and Analysis 185 7.4.2 Conditions for Zero Voltage Regulation 188 7.4.3 Extremum Points in the Load Characteristic 190 7.4.4 Power–Load Angle Relationship 191 7.4.5 The Saturated Two-Axis Model 192 7.4.6 Summary 194 7.5 Computation of Synchronous Reactances 194 7.5.1 Analysis Based on FEM 194 7.5.2 Computation of Xd and Xq 196 7.5.3 Computed Results 197 7.5.4 Summary 201 7.6 Analysis using Time-Stepping 2-D FEM 201 7.6.1 Machine Model and Assumptions 201 7.6.2 Coupled Circuit and Field Analysis 202 7.6.3 Magnetic Saturation Consideration 205 7.6.4 Computed Results 207 7.6.5 Experimental Verification 211 7.6.6 Summary 212 8 Conclusions 215 8.1 Accomplishments of the Book 215 8.2 Future Work 217 AppendixA Analysis for IG and SEIG 219 A.1 Symmetrical Components Equations for IG 219 A.2 Positive-Sequence and Negative-Sequence Circuits of IG 220 A.3 Vp and Vn for IG with Dual-Phase Converters 221 A.4 Derivation of Angular Relationship 223 A.5 Input Impedance of SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 224 Appendix B The Method of Hooke and Jeeves 227 AppendixC A Note on the Finite Element Method [1] 229 C.1 Energy Functional and Discretization 229 C.2 Shape Functions 230 C.3 Functional Minimization and Global Assembly 233 Reference 234 AppendixD Technical Data of Experimental Machines 235 D.1 Machine IG1 235 D.2 Machine IG2 236 D.3 Prototype PMSG with Inset Rotor 236 Index 239

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Book Synopsis* Provides practical oriented system analysis and synthesis that is instructional and inspiring for engineers. * Topics cover major power conversion applications that tend to help professionals from a variety of industries. * Includes well designed and class tested homework and project assignments.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Smart Grid Distributed Generation Systems 1 2 Inverter Control Voltage and Current in Distributed Generation Systems 26 3 Parallel Operation of Inverters in Distributed Generation Systems 71 4 Power Converter Topologies for Distributed Generation Systems 105 5 Voltage and Current Control of a Three-Phase Four-Wire Distributed Generation (DG) Inverter in Island Mode 119 6 Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit 179 7 Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems 203 8 PWM Rectifier Control for Three-Phase Distributed Generation System 224 9 MATLAB Simulink Simulation Testbed 234 Appendix A: Simulink Model Dsimservo.Mdl 250 Appendix B: File Ssmode.M 267 Bibliography 293 Index 310

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Book SynopsisRANDOM DATA A TIMELY UPDATE OF THE CLASSIC BOOK ON THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF RANDOM DATA ANALYSIS First published in 1971, Random Data served as an authoritative book on the analysis of experimental physical data for engineering and scientific applications. This Fourth Edition features coverage of new developments in random data management and analysis procedures that are applicable to a broad range of applied fields, from the aerospace and automotive industries to oceanographic and biomedical research. This new edition continues to maintain a balance of classic theory and novel techniques. The authors expand on the treatment of random data analysis theory, including derivations of key relationships in probability and random process theory. The book remains unique in its practical treatment of nonstationary data analysis and nonlinear system analysis, presenting the latest techniques on modern data acquisition, storage, conversion, and qualifiTable of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Glossary of Symbols xix 1. Basic Descriptions and Properties 1 1.1. Deterministic Versus Random Data 1 1.2. Classifications of Deterministic Data 3 1.2.1. Sinusoidal Periodic Data 3 1.2.2. Complex Periodic Data 4 1.2.3. Almost-Periodic Data 6 1.2.4. Transient Nonperiodic Data 7 1.3. Classifications of Random Data 8 1.3.1. Stationary Random Data 9 1.3.2. Ergodic Random Data 11 1.3.3. Nonstationary Random Data 12 1.3.4. Stationary Sample Records 12 1.4. Analysis of Random Data 13 1.4.1. Basic Descriptive Properties 13 1.4.2. Input/Output Relations 19 1.4.3. Error Analysis Criteria 21 1.4.4. Data Analysis Procedures 23 2. Linear Physical Systems 25 2.1. Constant-Parameter Linear Systems 25 2.2. Basic Dynamic Characteristics 26 2.3. Frequency Response Functions 28 2.4. Illustrations of Frequency Response Functions 30 2.4.1. Mechanical Systems 30 2.4.2. Electrical Systems 39 2.4.3. Other Systems 41 2.5. Practical Considerations 41 3. Probability Fundamentals 45 3.1. One Random Variable 45 3.1.1. Probability Density and Distribution Functions 46 3.1.2. Expected Values 49 3.1.3. Change of Variables 50 3.1.4. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 52 3.1.5. Chebyshev’s Inequality 53 3.2. Two Random Variables 54 3.2.1. Expected Values and Correlation Coefficient 55 3.2.2. Distribution for Sum of Two Random Variables 56 3.2.3. Joint Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 57 3.3. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 59 3.3.1. Central Limit Theorem 60 3.3.2. Joint Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 62 3.3.3. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 63 3.3.4. N-Dimensional Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 64 3.4. Rayleigh Distribution 67 3.4.1. Distribution of Envelope and Phase for Narrow Bandwidth Data 67 3.4.2. Distribution of Output Record for Narrow Bandwidth Data 71 3.5. Higher Order Changes of Variables 72 4. Statistical Principles 79 4.1. Sample Values and Parameter Estimation 79 4.2. Important Probability Distribution Functions 82 4.2.1. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 82 4.2.2. Chi-Square Distribution 83 4.2.3. The t Distribution 84 4.2.4. The F Distribution 84 4.3. Sampling Distributions and Illustrations 85 4.3.1. Distribution of Sample Mean with Known Variance 85 4.3.2. Distribution of Sample Variance 86 4.3.3. Distribution of Sample Mean with Unknown Variance 87 4.3.4. Distribution of Ratio of Two Sample Variances 87 4.4. Confidence Intervals 88 4.5. Hypothesis Tests 91 4.5.1. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 94 4.5.2. Nonparametric Trend Test 96 4.6. Correlation and Regression Procedures 99 4.6.1. Linear Correlation Analysis 99 4.6.2. Linear Regression Analysis 102 5. Stationary Random Processes 109 5.1. Basic Concepts 109 5.1.1. Correlation (Covariance) Functions 111 5.1.2. Examples of Autocorrelation Functions 113 5.1.3. Correlation Coefficient Functions 115 5.1.4. Cross-Correlation Function for Time Delay 116 5.2. Spectral Density Functions 118 5.2.1. Spectra via Correlation Functions 118 5.2.2. Spectra via Finite Fourier Transforms 126 5.2.3. Spectra via Filtering–Squaring–Averaging 129 5.2.4. Wavenumber Spectra 132 5.2.5. Coherence Functions 134 5.2.6. Cross-Spectrum for Time Delay 135 5.2.7. Location of Peak Value 137 5.2.8. Uncertainty Relation 138 5.2.9. Uncertainty Principle and Schwartz Inequality 140 5.3. Ergodic and Gaussian Random Processes 142 5.3.1. Ergodic Random Processes 142 5.3.2. Sufficient Condition for Ergodicity 145 5.3.3. Gaussian Random Processes 147 5.3.4. Linear Transformations of Random Processes 149 5.4. Derivative Random Processes 151 5.4.1. Correlation Functions 151 5.4.2. Spectral Density Functions 154 5.5. Level Crossings and Peak Values 155 5.5.1. Expected Number of Level Crossings per Unit Time 155 5.5.2. Peak Probability Functions for Narrow Bandwidth Data 159 5.5.3. Expected Number and Spacing of Positive Peaks 161 5.5.4. Peak Probability Functions for Wide Bandwidth Data 162 5.5.5. Derivations 164 6. Single-Input/Output Relationships 173 6.1. Single-Input/Single-Output Models 173 6.1.1. Correlation and Spectral Relations 173 6.1.2. Ordinary Coherence Functions 180 6.1.3. Models with Extraneous Noise 183 6.1.4. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 187 6.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Models 190 6.2.1. Single-Input/Two-Output Model 191 6.2.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Model 192 6.2.3. Removal of Extraneous Noise 194 7. Multiple-Input/Output Relationships 201 7.1. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 201 7.1.1. General Relationships 202 7.1.2. General Case of Arbitrary Inputs 205 7.1.3. Special Case of Mutually Uncorrelated Inputs 206 7.2. Two-Input/One-Output Models 207 7.2.1. Basic Relationships 207 7.2.2. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 210 7.2.3. Ordinary and Multiple Coherence Functions 212 7.2.4. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 213 7.2.5. Partial Coherence Functions 219 7.3. General and Conditioned Multiple-Input Models 221 7.3.1. Conditioned Fourier Transforms 223 7.3.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 224 7.3.3. Optimum Systems for Conditioned Inputs 225 7.3.4. Algorithm for Conditioned Spectra 226 7.3.5. Optimum Systems for Original Inputs 229 7.3.6. Partial and Multiple Coherence Functions 231 7.4. Modified Procedure to Solve Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 232 7.4.1. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 234 7.4.2. Formulas for Three-Input/Single-Output Models 235 7.5. Matrix Formulas for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Models 237 7.5.1. Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Model 238 7.5.2. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Model 241 7.5.3. Model with Output Noise 243 7.5.4. Single-Input/Single-Output Model 245 8. Statistical Errors in Basic Estimates 249 8.1. Definition of Errors 249 8.2. Mean and Mean Square Value Estimates 252 8.2.1. Mean Value Estimates 252 8.2.2. Mean Square Value Estimates 256 8.2.3. Variance Estimates 260 8.3. Probability Density Function Estimates 261 8.3.1. Bias of the Estimate 263 8.3.2. Variance of the Estimate 264 8.3.3. Normalized rms Error 265 8.3.4. Joint Probability Density Function Estimates 265 8.4. Correlation Function Estimates 266 8.4.1. Bandwidth-Limited Gaussian White Noise 269 8.4.2. Noise-to-Signal Considerations 270 8.4.3. Location Estimates of Peak Correlation Values 271 8.5. Autospectral Density Function Estimates 273 8.5.1. Bias of the Estimate 274 8.5.2. Variance of the Estimate 278 8.5.3. Normalized rms Error 278 8.5.4. Estimates from Finite Fourier Transforms 280 8.5.5. Test for Equivalence of Autospectra 282 8.6. Record Length Requirements 284 9. Statistical Errors in Advanced Estimates 289 9.1. Cross-Spectral Density Function Estimates 289 9.1.1. Variance Formulas 292 9.1.2. Covariance Formulas 293 9.1.3. Phase Angle Estimates 297 9.2. Single-Input/Output Model Estimates 298 9.2.1. Bias in Frequency Response Function Estimates 300 9.2.2. Coherent Output Spectrum Estimates 303 9.2.3. Coherence Function Estimates 305 9.2.4. Gain Factor Estimates 308 9.2.5. Phase Factor Estimates 310 9.3. Multiple-Input/Output Model Estimates 312 10. Data Acquisition and Processing 317 10.1. Data Acquisition 318 10.1.1. Transducer and Signal Conditioning 318 10.1.2. Data Transmission 321 10.1.3. Calibration 322 10.1.4. Dynamic Range 324 10.2. Data Conversion 326 10.2.1. Analog-to-Digital Converters 326 10.2.2. Sampling Theorems for Random Records 328 10.2.3. Sampling Rates and Aliasing Errors 330 10.2.4. Quantization and Other Errors 333 10.2.5. Data Storage 335 10.3. Data Qualification 335 10.3.1. Data Classification 336 10.3.2. Data Validation 340 10.3.3. Data Editing 345 10.4. Data Analysis Procedures 349 10.4.1. Procedure for Analyzing Individual Records 349 10.4.2. Procedure for Analyzing Multiple Records 351 11. Data Analysis 359 11.1. Data Preparation 359 11.1.1. Data Standardization 360 11.1.2. Trend Removal 361 11.1.3. Digital Filtering 363 11.2. Fourier Series and Fast Fourier Transforms 366 11.2.1. Standard Fourier Series Procedure 366 11.2.2. Fast Fourier Transforms 368 11.2.3. Cooley–Tukey Procedure 374 11.2.4. Procedures for Real-Valued Records 376 11.2.5. Further Related Formulas 377 11.2.6. Other Algorithms 378 11.3. Probability Density Functions 379 11.4. Autocorrelation Functions 381 11.4.1. Autocorrelation Estimates via Direct Computations 381 11.4.2. Autocorrelation Estimates via FFT Computations 381 11.5. Autospectral Density Functions 386 11.5.1. Autospectra Estimates by Ensemble Averaging 386 11.5.2. Side-Lobe Leakage Suppression Procedures 388 11.5.3. Recommended Computational Steps for Ensemble-Averaged Estimates 395 11.5.4. Zoom Transform Procedures 396 11.5.5. Autospectra Estimates by Frequency Averaging 399 11.5.6. Other Spectral Analysis Procedures 403 11.6. Joint Record Functions 404 11.6.1. Joint Probability Density Functions 404 11.6.2. Cross-Correlation Functions 405 11.6.3. Cross-Spectral Density Functions 406 11.6.4. Frequency Response Functions 407 11.6.5. Unit Impulse Response (Weighting) Functions 408 11.6.6. Ordinary Coherence Functions 408 11.7. Multiple-Input/Output Functions 408 11.7.1. Fourier Transforms and Spectral Functions 409 11.7.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 409 11.7.3. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 411 11.7.4. Functions in Modified Procedure 414 12. Nonstationary Data Analysis 417 12.1. Classes of Nonstationary Data 417 12.2. Probability Structure of Nonstationary Data 419 12.2.1. Higher Order Probability Functions 420 12.2.2. Time-Averaged Probability Functions 421 12.3. Nonstationary Mean Values 422 12.3.1. Independent Samples 424 12.3.2. Correlated Samples 425 12.3.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 427 12.4. Nonstationary Mean Square Values 429 12.4.1. Independent Samples 429 12.4.2. Correlated Samples 431 12.4.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 432 12.5. Correlation Structure of Nonstationary Data 436 12.5.1. Double-Time Correlation Functions 436 12.5.2. Alternative Double-Time Correlation Functions 437 12.5.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 439 12.6. Spectral Structure of Nonstationary Data 442 12.6.1. Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 443 12.6.2. Alternative Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 445 12.6.3. Frequency Time Spectral Functions 449 12.6.4. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 456 12.7. Input/Output Relations for Nonstationary Data 462 12.7.1. Nonstationary Input and Time-Varying Linear System 463 12.7.2. Results for Special Cases 464 12.7.3. Frequency–Time Spectral Input/Output Relations 465 12.7.4. Energy Spectral Input/Output Relations 467 13. The Hilbert Transform 473 13.1. Hilbert Transforms for General Records 473 13.1.1. Computation of Hilbert Transforms 476 13.1.2. Examples of Hilbert Transforms 477 13.1.3. Properties of Hilbert Transforms 478 13.1.4. Relation to Physically Realizable Systems 480 13.2. Hilbert Transforms for Correlation Functions 484 13.2.1. Correlation and Envelope Definitions 484 13.2.2. Hilbert Transform Relations 486 13.2.3. Analytic Signals for Correlation Functions 486 13.2.4. Nondispersive Propagation Problems 489 13.2.5. Dispersive Propagation Problems 495 13.3. Envelope Detection Followed by Correlation 498 14. Nonlinear System Analysis 505 14.1. Zero-Memory and Finite-Memory Nonlinear Systems 505 14.2. Square-Law and Cubic Nonlinear Models 507 14.3. Volterra Nonlinear Models 509 14.4. SI/SO Models with Parallel Linear and Nonlinear Systems 510 14.5. SI/SO Models with Nonlinear Feedback 512 14.6. Recommended Nonlinear Models and Techniques 514 14.7. Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 515 14.7.1. Analysis for SDOF Linear System 516 14.7.2. Analysis for Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 518 14.8. Nonlinear Drift Force Model 520 14.8.1. Basic Formulas for Proposed Model 521 14.8.2. Spectral Decomposition Problem 523 14.8.3. System Identification Problem 524 Bibliography 527 Appendix A: Statistical Tables 533 Appendix B: Definitions for Random Data Analysis 545 List of Figures 557 List of Tables 565 List of Examples 567 Answers to Problems in Random Data 571 Index 599

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Book SynopsisWith the widespread use of EHV equipment in winter environments, winter flashovers at air temperature close to melting point have become a critical design constraint.Trade Review"This is one of the most authoritative reference books available on the subject of insulator flashover under icing and contaminated conditions. It also provides a good introduction to high voltage surface breakdown, insulation coordination, and environmental electrochemistry. It is indispensable reading for those responsible for designing reliable power systems exposed to environmental icing and contamination." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2011) "Readers who finish this well-written book will be prepared to understand and face a sizeable fraction of the current problems involved in learning to correct icing and pollution problems in electrical line insulation. The book provides clear insight on how they can best position themselves for coping with situations that arise in icing ad polluted environments." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Scope and Objectives. 1.2. Power System Reliability. 1.3. The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved? 1.4. Organization of the Book. 1.5. Précis. 2. INSULATORS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS. 2.1. Terminology for Insulators. 2.2. Classification of Insulators. 2.3. Insulator Construction. 2.4. Electrical Stresses on Insulators. 2.5. Environmental Stresses on Insulators. 2.6. Mechanical Stresses. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OF INSULATORS. 3.1. Pollution: What It Is. 3.2. Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators. 3.3. Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits. 3.4. Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution. 3.5. Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity. 3.6. Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density. 3.7. Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces. 3.8. Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion. 3.9. Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation. 3.10. Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation. 4. INSULATOR ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 4.1. Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions. 4.2. Air Gap Breakdown. 4.3. Breakdown of Polluted Insulators. 4.4. Outdoor Exposure Test Methods. 4.5. Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers. 4.6. Salt-Fog Test. 4.7. Clean-Fog Test Method. 4.8. Other Test Procedures. 4.9. Salt-Fog Test Results. 4.10. Clean-Fog Test Results. 4.11. Effects of Insulator Parameters. 4.12. Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density. 4.13. Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests. 4.14. Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover. 5. CONTAMINATION FLASHOVER MODELS. 5.1. General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges. 5.2. Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces. 5.3. Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces. 5.4. Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer. 5.5. dc Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.6. ac Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.7. Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover. 5.8. Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling. 6. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 6.1. Monitoring for Maintenance. 6.2. Cleaning of Insulators. 6.3. Coating of Insulators. 6.4. Adding Accessories. 6.5. Adding More Insulators. 6.6. Changing to Improved Designs. 6.7. Changing to Semiconducting Glaze. 6.8. Changing to Polymer Insulators. 7. ICING FLASHOVERS. 7.1. Terminology for Ice. 7.2. Ice Morphology. 7.3. Electrical Characteristics of Ice. 7.4. Ice Flashover Experience. 7.5. Ice Flashover Processes. 7.6. Icing Test Methods. 7.7. Ice Flashover Test Results. 7.8. Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers. 7.9. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators. 7.10. Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces. 7.11. Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling. 8. SNOW FLASHOVERS. 8.1. Terminology for Snow. 8.2. Snow Morphology. 8.3. Snow Electrical Characteristics. 8.4. Snow Flashover Experience. 8.5. Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods. 8.6. Snow Flashover Test Results. 8.7 Empirical Model for Snow Flashover. 8.8. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators. 8.9. Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover. 8.10. Case Studies of Snow Flashover. 9. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS. 9.1. Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing. 9.2. Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing. 9.3. Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing. 9.4. Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime. 9.5. Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing. 10. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR ICING AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS. 10.1. The Insulation Coordination Process. 10.2. Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods. 10.3. IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.4. IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.5. CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination. 10.6. Characteristics of Winter Pollution. 10.7. Winter Fog Events. 10.8. Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events. 10.9. Snow Climatology. 10.10. Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.11. Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.12. Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.13. Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.14. Case Studies. APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL. APPENDIX B: STANDARD CORRECTIONS FOR HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE. APPENDIX C: TERMS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisReliable power distribution systems are essential to maintain a functioning society. This book covers the fundamentals of reliability analysis as they apply to the planning and design of utility, industrial, and commercial electric power distribution systems.Trade Review“Using numerous examples and case studies, they thoroughly describe the determination of failure rates and associated outage timing for various systems including the radial, primary selective, and secondary selective versions.” (Electrical Apparatus, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Reliability Assessment of Power Systems. 1.3 Organization of the Chapters. 1.4 Conclusions. References. 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS. 2.1 Concept of Frequency. 2.2 Important Parameters of Frequency Distribution. 2.3 Theory of Probability. 2.4 Probability Distribution Model. 2.5 Sampling Theory. 2.6 Statistical Decision Making. 2.7 Conclusions. References. 3 RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES. 3.1 Failure Rate Model. 3.2 Concept of Reliability of Population. 3.3 Mean Time to Failures. 3.4 Reliability of Complex Systems. 3.5 Standby System Modeling. 3.6 Concepts of Availability and Dependability. 3.7 Reliability Measurement. 3.8 Conclusions. References. 4 APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE RELIABILITY MODELS. 4.1 Equipment Failure Mechanism. 4.2 Availability of Equipment. 4.3 Oil Circuit Recloser (OCR) Maintenance Issues. 4.4 Distribution Pole Maintenance Practices. 4.5 Procedures for Ground Testing. 4.6 Insulators Maintenance. 4.7 Customer Service Outages. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concept of Interest and Equivalent. 5.3 Common Terms. 5.4 Formulas for Computing Interest. 5.5 Annual Cost. 5.6 Present Value (PV) Concept. 5.7 Theory of Rate of Return. 5.8 Cost–Benefit Analysis Approach. 5.9 Financial Risk Assessment. 5.10 Conclusions. References. 6 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 State Enumeration Methodologies. 6.3 Network Reduction Methods. 6.4 Bayes. Theorem in Reliability. 6.5 Construction of Fault Tree Diagram. 6.6 The Application of Conditional Probability Theory to System Operating Configurations. 6.7 Conclusions. References. 7 DESIGNING RELIABILITY INTO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Example 1: Simple Radial Distribution System. 7.3 Example 2: Reliability Analysis of a Primary Selective System to the 13.8 kV Utility Supply. 7.4 Example 3: A Primary Selective System to the Load Side of a 13.8 kV Circuit Breaker. 7.5 Example 4: Primary Selective System to the Primary of the Transformer. 7.6 Example 5: A Secondary Selective System. 7.7 Example 6: A Simple Radial System with Spares. 7.8 Example 7: A Simple Radial System with Cogeneration. 7.9 Reliability Evaluation of Miscellaneous System Configurations. 7.10 Conclusions. References. 8 ZONE BRANCH RELIABILITY METHODOLOGY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Zone Branch Concepts. 8.3 Industrial System Study. 8.4 Application of Zone Branch Methodology: Case Studies. .4.5 Case 5: Design .E.—Dual Supply Primary Selective. 8.4.6 Case 6: Design .F.—Double Bus/Double Breaker Radial. 8.4.7 Case 7: Design .G.—Double Bus/Double Breaker Loop. 8.4.8 Case 8: Design .H.—Double Bus/Breaker Primary Selective. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9 EQUIPMENT OUTAGE STATISTICS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Interruption Data Collection Scheme. 9.3 Typical Distribution Equipment Outage Statistics. 9.4 Conclusions. References. 10 HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Automatic Outage Management System. 10.3 Historical Assessment. 10.4 Crew Center-Level Analysis. 10.5 Development of a Composite Index for Reliability Performance Analysis at the Circuit Level. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 DETERMINISTIC CRITERIA. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Current Distribution Planning and Design Criteria. 11.3 Reliability Cost Versus Reliability Benefit Trade-Offs in Distribution System Planning. 11.4 Alternative Feed Requirements for Overhead Distribution Systems. 11.5 Examples of Deterministic Planning Guidelines for Alternative Feed Requirements. 11.6 Value-Based Alternative Feeder Requirements Planning. 11.7 Conclusions. References. 12 IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION STANDARDS. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Relevant Issues and Factors in Establishing Distribution Reliability Standards. 12.3 Performance Indices at Different System Levels of a Utility. 12.4 Performance Indices for Different Utility Types. 12.5 Conclusions. References. 13 STANDARDS FOR REREGULATED DISTRIBUTION UTILITY. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Cost of Service Regulation versus Performance-Based Regulation. 13.3 A Reward/Penalty Structure in the Performance-Based Rates. 13.4 Historical SAIFI and SAIDI Data and their Distributions. 13.5 Computation of System Risks Based on Historical Reliability Indices. 13.6 Cause Contributions to SAIFI and SAIDI Indices. 13.7 Conclusions. References. 14 CUSTOMER INTERRUPTION COST MODELS FOR LOAD POINT RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Customer Interruption Cost. 14.3 Series and Parallel System Model Equations. 14.4 Dedicated Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration. 14.5 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers. 14.6 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Manual Sectionalizing. 14.7 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple Customers with Automatic Sectionalizing. 14.8 Distribution System Looped Radial Feeders. 14.9 Conclusions. References. 15 VALUE-BASED PREDICTIVE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Value-Based Reliability Planning. 15.3 Distribution System Configuration Characteristics. 15.4 Case Studies. 15.5 Illustrative Example System Problem and Its Reliability Calculations. 15.6 Conclusions. References. 16 ISOLATION AND RESTORATION PROCEDURES. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Distribution System Characteristics. 16.3 Case Studies. 16.4 Major Substation Outages. 16.5 Summary of Load Point Interruption Costs. 16.6 Conclusions. References. 17 MESHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Value-Based Reliability Assessment in a Deregulated Environment. 17.3 The Characteristics of the Illustrative Urban Distribution System. 17.4 Discussion of Results. 17.5 Feeder and Transformer Loading Levels. 17.6 Bus and Feeder Tie Analysis. 17.7 Maintenance. 17.8 Feeders with Nonfused (Lateral) Three-Phase Branches. 17.9 Feeder Tie Placement. 17.10 Finding Optimum Section Length. 17.11 Feeder and Transformer Loading. 17.12 Feeder Tie Cost Calculation. 17.13 Effects of Tie Maintenance. 17.14 Additional Ties for Feeders with Three-Phase Branches. 17.15 Conclusions. References. 18 RADIAL FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ANALYSIS. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Predictive Feeder Reliability Analysis. 18.3 Reliability Data and Assumptions. 18.4 Reliability Assessment for an Illustrative Distribution Feeder. 18.5 Alternative Improvement Options Analysis. 18.6 Summary of the Illustrative Feeder Reliability Performance Improvement Alternatives. 18.7 Conclusions. References. 19 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Problem Definition. 19.3 Illustrative Distribution System Configuration Characteristics. 19.4 Reliability Assessment Model. 19.5 Discussion of Results. 19.6 Conclusions. References. 20 MODELS FOR SPARE EQUIPMENT. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Development of Probabilistic Models for Determining Optimal Number of Transformer Spares. 20.3 Optimal Transformer Spares for Illustrative 72 kV Distribution Transformer Systems. 20.4 Conclusions. References. 21 VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES AT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SITES. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard 446—IEEE Orange Book. 21.3 IEEE Standard 493-2007—IEEE Gold Book. 21.4 Frequency of Voltage Sags. 21.5 Example Voltage Sag Problem: Voltage Sag Analysis of Utility and Industrial Distribution Systems. 21.6 Frequency and Duration of Voltage Sags and Surges at Industrial Sites: Canadian National Power Quality Survey. 21.7 Scatter Plots of Voltage Sag Levels as a Function of Duration. 21.8 Scatter Plots of Voltage Surge Levels as a Function of Duration. 21.9 Primary and Secondary Voltage Sages Statistical Characteristics. 21.10 Primary and Secondary Voltage Surges Statistical Characteristics. 21.11 Conclusions. References. SELECTED PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on challenges to the billion-ton renewable fuels vision, this book discusses the technological and business developments needed to industrialize biofuels on a global scale. Technological issues addressed include fermentation and downstream processing technologies, as compared to current industrial practice and process economics.Trade Review"The Physical quality of Wiley's books is never in doubt, and this volume is no different. It proclaims itself as ‘a valuable handbook for scientists and policy makers working in the biofuels industry,' a fairly true assertion." (Enagri eMagazine, July 2010) Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Contributors. PART I STRUCTURE OF THE BIOEVERGY BUSINESS. 1 Characteristics of Biofuels and Renewable Fuel Standards (Alan C. Hansen, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis, and Chia fon F. Lee). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Molecular Structure. 1.3 Physical Properties. 1.4 Chemical Properties. 1.5 Biofuel Standards. 1.6 Perspective. References. 2 The Global Demand for Biofuels: Technologies, Markets and Policies (Jürgen Scheffran). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Motivation and Potential of Renewable Fuels. 2.3 Renewable Fuels in the Transportation Sector. 2.4 Status and Potential of Major Biofuels. 2.5 Biofuel Policies and Markets in Selected Countries. 2.6 Perspective. References. 3 Biofuel Demand Realization (Stephen R. Hughes and Nasib Qureshi). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Availability of Renewable Resources to Realize Biofuel Demand. 3.3 Technology Improvements to Enhance Biofuel Production Economics. 3.4 US Regulatory Requirements for Organisms Engineered to Meet Biofuel Demand. 3.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Advanced Biorefineries for the Production of Fuel Ethanol (Stephen R. Hughes, William Gibbons, and Scott Kohl). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Ethanol Production Plants Using Sugar Feedstocks. 4.3 Dedicated Dry-Grind and Dry-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants. 4.4 Dedicated Wet-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants. 4.5 Dedicated Cellulosic Ethanol Production Plants. 4.6 Advanced Combined Biorefineries. 4.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. PART II DIESEL FROM BIOMASS. 5 Biomass Liquefaction and Gasification (Nicolaus Dahmen, Edmund Henrich, Andrea Kruse, and Klaus Raffelt). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Direct Liquefaction. 5.3 Biosynfuels from Biosyngas. 5.4 Perspective. References. 6 Diesel from Syngas (Yong-Wang Li, Jian Xu, and Yong Yang). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis. 6.3 Historical Development of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Process. 6.4 Modern Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Processes. 6.5 Economics. 6.6 Perspective. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils (Jon Van Gerpen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuels. 7.3 Renewable Diesel. 7.4 Properties. 7.5 Biodiesel Production. 7.6 Transesteritication. 7.7 Biodiesel Purification. 7.8 Perspective. References. 8 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds (Michael Huesemann, G. Roesjadi, John Benemann, and F. Blaine Metting). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Biofuels from Microalgae: Products, Processes, and Limitations. 8.3 Biofuels from Seaweeds: Products, Processes, and Limitations. 8.4 Perspective. References. PART III ETHANOL AND BUTANOL. 9 Improvements in Corn to Ethanol Production Technology Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vijay Singh, David B. Johnston, Kent D. Rausch, and M.E. Tumbleson). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Current Industrial Ethanol Production Technology. 9.3 Granular Starch Hydrolysis. 9.4 Corn Fractionation. 9.5 Simultaneous SSF and Distillation. 9.6 Dynamic Control of SSF Processes. 9.7 Cost of Ethanol. 9.8 Perspective. References. 10 Advanced Technologies for Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification Using Novel Enzymes (Margret E. Berg Miller, Jennifer M. Brulc, Edward A. Bayer, Raphael Lamed, Harry J. Flint, and Bryan A. White). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Substrate. 10.3 Glycosyl Hydrolases. 10.4 The Cellulosome Concept. 10.5 New Approaches for the Identification of Novel Glycoside Hydrolases. 10.6 Perspective. References. 11 Mass Balances and Analytical Methods for Biomass Pretreatment Experiments (Bruce S. Dien). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential Ethanol Yield. 11.3 Pretreatment. 11.4 Enzymatic Extraction of Sugars. 11.5 Fermentation of Pretreated Hydrolysates to Ethanol. 11.6 Feedstock and Process Integration. 11.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 12 Biomass Conversion Inhibitors and In Situ Detoxification (Z. Lewis Liu and Hans P. Blaschek). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Inhibitory Compounds Derived from Biomass Pretreatment. 12.3 Inhibitory Effects. 12.4 Removal of Inhibitors. 12.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Strain Development. 12.6 Inhibitor Conversion Pathways. 12.7 Molecular Mechanisms of In Situ Detoxification. 12.8 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 13 Fuel Ethanol Production From Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts (Grant Stanley and Barbel Hahn-Hägerdal). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing and Ethanol Production. 13.3 Pentose-Fermenting S. cerevisiae Strains. 13.4 Lignocellulose Fermentation and Ethanol Inhibition. 13.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 14 Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Other Organisms (Siqing Liu). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Desired Biocatalysts for Biomass to Bioethanol. 14.3 Gram-Negative Bacteria. 14.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria. 14.5 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 15 Advanced Fermentation Technologies (Masayuki Inui, Alain A. Vertès and Hideaki Yukawa). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Batch Processes. 15.3 Fed-Batch Processes. 15.4 Continuous Processes. 15.5 Immobilized Cell Systems. 15.6 Growth-Arrested Process. 15.7 Integrated Bioprocesses. 15.8 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP). 15.9 Perspective. References. 16 Advanced Product Recovery Technologies (Thaddeus C Ezeji and Yebo Li). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Membrane Separation. 16.3 Advanced Technologies for Biofuel Recovery: Industrially Relevant Processes. 16.4 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 17 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation (Nasib Qureshi and Hans P. Blaschek). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Substrates, Cultures, and Traditional Technologies. 17.3 Agricultural Residues as Substrates for the Future. 17.4 Butanol-Producing Microbial Cultures. 17.5 Regulation of Butanol Production and Microbial Genetics. 17.6 Novel Fermentation Technologies. 17.7 Novel Product Recovery Technologies. 17.8 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Substrates in Integrated Systems. 17.9 Integrated or Consolidated Processes. 17.10 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. PART IV: HYDROGEN, METHANE, AND METHANOL. 18 Hydrogen Generation by Microbial Cultures (Anja Hemschemeier, Katrin Müllner, Thilo Rühle, and Thomas Happe). 18.1. Introduction: Why Biological Hydrogen Production? 18.2. Biological Hydrogen Production. 18.3. Metabolic Basics for Hydrogen Production: Fermentation and Photosynthesis. 18.4. H2 Production in Application: Cases in Point. 18.5. Perspective. References. 19 Engineering Photosynthesis for H2 Production from H2O: Cyanobacteria as Design Organisms (Nadine Waschewski, Gábor Bernát, and Matthias Rögner). 19.1 The Basic Idea: Why Hydrogen from Water? 19.2 Realization: Three Mutually Supporting Strategies. 19.3 The Biological Strategy: How to Design a Hydrogen-Producing (Cyano-) Bacterial Cell. 19.4 Engineering the Environment of the Cells: Reactor Design. 19.5 How Much Can We Expect? The Limit of Natural Systems. 19.6 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel (Zhongtang Yu, Mark Morrison, and Floyd L. Schanbacher). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 The Microbes and Metabolisms Underpinning Biomethanation. 20.3 Potential Feedstocks Used for Methane Biogas Production. 20.4 Biomethanation Technologies for Production of Methane Biogas. 20.5 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Fuel. 20.6 Perspective. 20.7 Concluding Remarks. 20.8 Disclaimer. References. 21 Methanol Production and Utilization (Gregory A. Dolan). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Biomass Gasification: Mature and Immature. 21.3 Feedstocks: Diverse and Plentiful. 21.4 Biomethanol: ICEs, FFVs, and FCVs. 21.5 Case Study: Waste Wood Biorefinery. 21.6 Case Study: Two-Step Thermochemical Conversion Process. 21.7 Case Study: Mobile Methanol Machine. 21.8 Case Study: Scandinavia Leading the Way with Black Liquor Methanol Production. 21.9 Case Study: Methanol Fermentation through Anaerobic Digestion. References. PART V PERSPECTIVES. 22 Enhancing Primary Raw Materials for Biofuels (Takahisa Hayashi, Rumi Kaida, Nobutaka Mitsuda, Masaru Ohme-Takagi, Nobuyuki Nishikuba, Shin-ichiro Kidou, and Kouki Yoshida). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 In-Fibril Modification. 22.3 In-Wall Modifications. 22.4 In-Planta Modifications. 22.5 In-CRES-T Modification. 22.6 A Catalogue of Gene Families for Glycan Synthases and Hydrolases. 22.7 Perspective. Acknowledgments. References. 23 Axes of Development in Chemical and Process Engineering for Converting Biomass to Energy (Alain A. Vertés). 23.1 Global Outlook. 23.2 Enhancement of Raw Material Biomass. 23.3 Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. 23.4 Chemical Engineering Development. 23.5 Perspective. References. 24 Financing Strategies for Industrial-Scale Biofuel Production and Technology Development Start-Ups (Alain A. Vertés and Sarit Soccary Ben Yochanan). 24.1 Background: The Financial Environment. 24.2 Biofuels Project: Steps in Value Creation and Required Funding at Each Stage. 24.3 Governmental Incentives to Support the Nascent Biofuel and Biomaterial Industry. 24.4 Perspective: What is the Best Funding Source for Each Step in a Company’s Development? References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSystem reliability, availability and robustness are often not well understood by system architects, engineers and developers. They often don''t understand what drives customer''s availability expectations, how to frame verifiable availability/robustness requirements, how to manage and budget availability/robustness, how to methodically architect and design systems that meet robustness requirements, and so on. The book takes a very pragmatic approach of framing reliability and robustness as a functional aspect of a system so that architects, designers, developers and testers can address it as a concrete, functional attribute of a system, rather than an abstract, non-functional notion.Trade Review"Thus, I highly recommend this book to undergraduate students and junior researchers entering the reliability studies field. Though experts may not find the book to be very interesting, they will likely find it useful as a basis for lecturing, and as a good source of insightful, fundamental ideas." (Computing Reviews, 16 May 2011) "The book takes a very pragmatic approach of framing reliability and robustness as a functional aspect of a system so that architects, designers, developers and testers can address it as a concrete, functional attribute of a system, rather than an abstract, non-functional notion." (Forums Digital Media Net, 16 March 2011) Table of ContentsFigures. Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. PART ONE RELIABILITY BASICS. 1 Reliability and Availability Concepts. 1.1 Reliability and Availability. 1.2 Faults, Errors and Failures. 1.3 Error Severity. 1.4 Failure Recovery. 1.5 Highly Available Systems. 1.6 Quantifying Availability. 1.7 Outage Attributability. 1.8 Hardware Reliability. 1.9 Software Reliability. 1.10 Problems. 1.11 For Further Study. 2 System Basics. 2.1 Hardware and Software. 2.2 External Entities. 2.3 System Management. 2.4 System Outages. 2.5 Service Quality. 2.6 Total Cost of Ownership. 2.7 Problems. 3 What Can Go Wrong. 3.1 Failures in the Real World. 3.2 Eight-Ingredient Framework. 3.3 Mapping Ingredients to Error Categories. 3.4 Applying Error Categories. 3.5 Error Category: Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) Hardware. 3.6 Error Category: Programming Errors. 3.7 Error Category: Data Error. 3.8 Error Category: Redundancy. 3.9 Error Category: System Power. 3.10 Error Category: Network. 3.11 Error Category: Application Protocol. 3.12 Error Category: Procedures. 3.13 Summary. 3.14 Problems. 3.15 For Further Study. PART TWO RELIABILITY CONCEPTS. 4 Failure Containment and Redundancy. 4.1 Units of Design. 4.2 Failure Recovery Groups. 4.3 Redundancy. 4.4 Summary. 4.5 Problems. 4.6 For Further Study. 5 Robust Design Principles. 5.1 Robust Design Principles. 5.2 Robust Protocols. 5.3 Robust Concurrency Controls. 5.4 Overload Control. 5.5 Process, Resource and Throughput Monitoring. 5.6 Data Auditing. 5.7 Fault Correlation. 5.8 Failed Error Detection, Isolation or Recovery. 5.9 Geographic Redundancy. 5.10 Security, Availability and System Robustness. 5.11 Procedural Considerations. 5.12 Problems. 5.13 For Further Study. 6 Error Detection. 6.1 Detecting Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) Hardware Faults. 6.2 Detecting Programming and Data Faults. 6.3 Detecting Redundancy Failures. 6.4 Detecting Power Failures. 6.5 Detecting Networking Failures. 6.6 Detecting Application Protocol Failures. 6.7 Detecting Procedural Failures. 6.8 Problems. For Further Study. 7 Analyzing and Modeling Reliability and Robustness. 7.1 Reliability Block Diagrams. 7.2 Qualitative Model of Redundancy. 7.3 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. 7.4 Availability Modeling. 7.5 Planned Downtime. 7.6 Problems. 7.7 For Further Study. PART THREE DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY. 8 Reliability Requirements. 8.1 Background. 8.2 Defining Service Outages. 8.3 Service Availability Requirements. 8.4 Detailed Service Availability Requirements. 8.5 Service Reliability Requirements. 8.6 Triangulating Reliability Requirements. 8.7 Problems. 9 Reliability Analysis. 9.1 Step 1: Enumerate Recoverable Modules. 9.2 Step 2: Construct Reliability Block Diagrams. 9.3 Step 3: Characterize Impact of Recovery. 9.4 Step 4: Characterize Impact of Procedures. 9.5 Step 5: Audit Adequacy of Automatic Failure Detection and Recovery. 9.6 Step 6: Consider Failures of Robustness Mechanisms. 9.7 Step 7: Prioritizing Gaps. 9.8 Reliability of Sourced Modules and Components. 9.9 Problems. 10 Reliability Budgeting and Modeling. 10.1 Downtime Categories. 10.2 Service Downtime Budget. 10.3 Availability Modeling. 10.4 Update Downtime Budget. 10.5 Robustness Latency Budgets. 10.6 Problems. 11 Robustness and Stability Testing. 11.1 Robustness Testing. 11.2 Context of Robustness Testing. 11.3 Factoring Robustness Testing. 11.4 Robustness Testing in the Development Process. 11.5 Robustness Testing Techniques. 11.6 Selecting Robustness Test Cases. 11.7 Analyzing Robustness Test Results. 11.8 Stability Testing. 11.9 Release Criteria. 11.10 Problems. 12 Closing the Loop. 12.1 Analyzing Field Outage Events. 12.2 Reliability Roadmapping. 12.3 Problems. 13 Design for Reliability Case Study. 13.1 System Context. 13.2 System Reliability Requirements. 13.3 Reliability Analysis. 13.4 Downtime Budgeting. 13.5 Availability Modeling. 13.6 Reliability Roadmap. 13.7 Robustness Testing. 13.8 Stability Testing. 13.9 Reliability Review. 13.10 Reliability Report. 13.11 Release Criteria. 13.12 Field Data Analysis. 14 Conclusion. 14.1 Overview of Design for Reliability. 14.2 Concluding Remarks. 14.3 Problems. 15 Appendix: Assessing Design for Reliability Diligence. 15.1 Assessment Methodology. 15.2 Reliability Requirements. 15.3 Reliability Analysis. 15.4 Reliability Modeling and Budgeting. 15.5 Robustness Testing. 15.6 Stability Testing. 15.7 Release Criteria. 15.8 Field Availability. 15.9 Reliability Roadmap. 15.10 Hardware Reliability. Abbreviations. References. Photo Credits. About the Author. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a complete overview of low energy cooling systems for buildings. An excellent data source on cooling performance for a wide range of sustainable energy technologies, such as energy reduction and thermal protection. It will appeal to a wide audience of engineers.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Energy Demand of Buildings. 1.1 Residential Buildings. 1.1.1 Heating Energy. 1.1.2 Domestic Hot Water. 1.1.3 Electricity Consumption. 1.2 Office Buildings. 1.2.1 Heating Energy. 1.2.2 Electricity Consumption. 1.2.3 Air Conditioning. 1.3 Conclusions. 2 Façades and Summer Performance of Buildings. 2.1 Review of Façade Systems and Energy Performance. 2.1.1 Single Façades. 2.1.2 Double Façades. 2.1.3 Modelling of Ventilated Façades. 2.2 Experimental Results on Total Energy Transmittance. 2.2.1 Laboratory Experiments. 2.2.2 Building Experiments. 2.3 Cooling Loads through Ventilation Gains. 2.3.1 Double Façade Experiments. 2.3.2 Parameter Study Using Simulation. 2.4 Energy Production from Active Façades. 2.4.1 Thermal and Electrical Energy Balance of the Façade. 2.5 Conclusions on Façade Performance. 3 Passive Cooling Strategies. 3.1 Building Description and Cooling Concepts. 3.1.1 Lamparter Building, Weilheim. 3.1.2 Rehabilitated Office Building in Tübingen. 3.1.3 Low-energy Office Building in Freiburg. 3.2 Passive Night Ventilation Results. 3.2.1 Internal Loads and Temperature Levels. 3.2.2 Air Changes and Thermal Building Performance. 3.2.3 Simulation of Passive Cooling Potential. 3.2.4 Active Night Ventilation. 3.3 Summary of Passive Cooling. 4 Geothermal Cooling. 4.1 Earth Heat Exchanger Performance. 4.1.1 Earth to Air Heat Exchanger in a Passive Standard Office Building. 4.1.2 Performance of Horizontal Earth Brine to Air Heat Exchanger in the ebök Building. 4.1.3 Performance of Vertical Earth Brine to Air Heat Exchanger in the SIC Building. 4.1.4 Modelling of Geothermal Heat Exchangers. 4.1.5 Conclusions on Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Cooling. 5 Active Thermal Cooling Technologies. 5.1 Absorption Cooling. 5.1.1 Absorption Cycles. 5.1.2 Solar Cooling with Absorption Chillers. 5.2 Desiccant Cooling. 5.2.1 Desiccant Cooling System in the Mataró Public Library. 5.2.2 Desiccant Cooling System in the Althengstett Factory. 5.2.3 Monitoring Results in Mataró. 5.2.4 Monitoring Results in Althengstett. 5.2.5 Simulation of Solar-Powered Desiccant Cooling Systems. 5.2.6 Cost Analysis. 5.2.7 Summary of Desiccant Cooling Plant Performance. 5.3 New Developments in Low-Power Chillers. 5.3.1 Development of a Diffusion–Absorption Chiller. 5.3.2 Liquid Desiccant Systems. 6 Sustainable Building Operation Using Simulation. 6.1 Simulation of Solar Cooling Systems. 6.1.1 Component and System Models. 6.1.2 Building Cooling Load Characteristics. 6.1.3 System Simulation Results. 6.1.4 Influence of Dynamic Building Cooling Loads. 6.1.5 Economic Analysis. 6.1.6 Summary of Solar Cooling Simulation Results. 6.2 Online Simulation of Buildings. 6.2.1 Functions and Innovations in Building Management Systems. 6.2.2 Communication Infrastructure for the Implementation of Model-Based Control Systems. 6.2.3 Building Online Simulation in the POLYCITY Project. 6.3 Online Simulation of Renewable Energy Plants. 6.3.1 Photovoltaic System Simulation. 6.3.2 Communication Strategies for Simulation-Based Remote Monitoring. 6.3.3 Online Simulation for the Commissioning and Operation of Photovoltaic Power Plants. 6.3.4 Summary of Renewable Energy Plant Online Simulation. 7 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFirst book focusing on tidal stream power systems Reviews the tidal resources around the world Complete analysis of tidal stream power systems Includes historical information on tidal science and biographical information on major figures Concentrates on engineering physical geography rather than engineering specifics.Table of ContentsPreface. Website contents. Origin of online images. Copyright acknowledgements. Symbols. Part I Theory. 1 History of tidal and turbine science. 1.1 Introduction. Part 1 Tidal science. 1.2 Antiquity: Aristotle and Ptolemy. 1.3 Middle Ages: Copernicus to Galileo. 1.4 Isaac Newton and the equilibrium theory. 1.5 Measurement after Moray. 1.6 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Laplace to Kelvin. 1.7 Tide-predicting machines. 1.8 Tidal currents. Part 2 Turbine science. 1.9 Antiquity: the Romans and Chinese. 1.10 Middle Ages: the Syrians and Agricola. 1.11 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Smeaton to Kaplan. 1.12 Modern turbines. 1.13 Summary. 1.14 Bibliography. 2 Tidal hydraulics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Elementary fluid flow. 2.3 Hydraulic power. 2.4 Turbulence and the Reynolds number. 2.5 Critical flow and the Froude number. 2.6 Bernoulli’s equation. 2.7 von Kármán’s equation. 2.8 Properties of the Airy wave. 2.9 Tides in estuaries. 2.10 Harmonic prediction of tidal currents. 2.11 Turbulent characteristics of tidal currents. 2.12 Redundancy and intermittency. 2.13 Summary. 2.14 Bibliography. 3 Principles of tidal power devices. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Tidal wheels, mills, and barrages. 3.3 Efficiency, capacity factor, and solidity ratio. 3.4 Hydraulic processes, Part I: Tidal stream power. 3.5 Hydraulic processes, Part II: Ducts and diffusers. 3.6 Turbine processes, Part I: Drag and lift forces. 3.7 Turbine processes, Part II: Shaft power. 3.8 Electrical processes, Part I: Overview and generators. 3.9 Electrical processes, Part II: Cabling and grid connection. 3.10 Categories of turbines. 3.11 Horizontal-axis devices. 3.12 Vertical-axis devices (crossflow turbines). 3.13 Summary. 3.14 Bibliography. 4 Tidal power technologies. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Blue Energy. 4.3 Clean Current. 4.4 Engineering Business. 4.5 Gorlov helical turbine. 4.6 Hammerfest Strøm. 4.7 Lunar Energy. 4.8 Marine Current Turbines. 4.9 Neptune Renewable Energy. 4.10 OpenHydro. 4.11 Ponte di Archimede (Kobold). 4.12 Pulse Generation. 4.13 SeaPower. 4.14 SMD Hydrovision. 4.15 Underwater electric kite. 4.16 Verdant Power. 4.17 Other proposals. 4.18 Early-stage proposals. 4.19 Bibliography. 5 Modelling tidal stream power. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Global tidal streams. 5.3 Tidal datum and tidal heights. 5.4 British Admiralty tidal diamonds. 5.5 Harmonic decomposition. 5.6 STEM display screen. 5.7 Running STEM. 5.8 Case study at Flat Holm in the Bristol Channel. 5.9 Case study at Hull St Andrews in the Humber Estuary. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 Bibliography. Part II Practice. 6 Economics and finance. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Renewable Energy Business. 6.3 Costs. 6.4 Revenue. 6.5 Economic result. 6.6 Conclusions. 6.7 Bibliography. 7 North-west Europe. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Geography of north-west Europe. 7.3 Oceanography of north-west Europe. 7.4 Mediterranean. 7.5 Spain and Portugal. 7.6 France. 7.7 Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. 7.8 Denmark and Norway. 7.9 United Kingdom. 7.10 The estuaries. 7.11 Bibliography. 7.12 Appendix: STEM outputs for north-west Europe. 8 North America. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Geography of North America. 8.3 Oceanography of North America. 8.4 East coast of Canada. 8.5 East coast of the United States. 8.6 West coast of Canada. 8.7 West coast of the United States. 8.8 Bibliography. 8.9 Appendix. 9 Australia and New Zealand. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Timor Sea. 9.3 Arafura Sea. 9.4 Coral Sea. 9.5 Bass Strait. 9.6 New Zealand. 9.7 Bibliography. 9.8 Appendix: STEM outputs for Australia and New Zealand. 10 Rest of the world. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Barents Sea. 10.3 Western South Atlantic. 10.4 Western Indian Ocean. 10.5 East Arabian Sea. 10.6 Indonesia and the Java Sea. 10.7 East China and Yellow Seas. 10.8 Bibliography. 10.9 Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique book that describes the practical processes necessary to achieve failure free equipment performance, for quality and reliability engineers, design, manufacturing process and environmental test engineers. This book studies the essential requirements for successful product life cycle management. It identifies key contributors to failure in product life cycle management and particular emphasis is placed upon the importance of thorough Manufacturing Process Capability reviews for both in-house and outsourced manufacturing strategies. The readers? attention is also drawn to the many hazards to which a new product is exposed from the commencement of manufacture through to end of life disposal. Revolutionary in focus, as it describes how to achieve failure free performance rather than how to predict an acceptable performance failure rate (reliability technology rather than reliability engineering) Author has over 40 years experience in the field, and Table of ContentsForeword by Michael Pecht. Series Editor’s Preface. Preface. About the Author. Acknowledgements. 1 The Origins and Evolution of Quality and Reliability. 1.1 Sixty Years of Evolving Electronic Equipment Technology. 1.2 Manufacturing Processes – From Manual Skills to Automation. 1.3 Soldering Systems. 1.4 Component Placement Machines. 1.5 Automatic Test Equipment. 1.6 Lean Manufacturing. 1.7 Outsourcing. 1.8 Electronic System Reliability – Folklore versus Reality. 1.9 The ‘Bathtub’ Curve. 1.10 The Truth about Arrhenius. 1.11 The Demise of MIL-HDBK-217. 1.12 The Benefits of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Products. 1.13 The MoD SMART Procurement Initiative. 1.14 Why do Items Fail? 1.15 The Importance of Understanding Physics of Failure (PoF). Summary and Questions. References. 2 Product Lifecycle Management. 2.1 Overview. 2.2 Project Management. 2.3 Project Initiation. 2.4 Project Planning. 2.5 Project Execution. 2.6 Project Closure. 2.7 A Process Capability Maturity Model. 2.8 When and How to Define The Distribution Strategy. 2.9 Transfer of Design to Manufacturing – The High-Risk Phase. 2.10 Outsourcing – Understanding and Minimising the Risks. 2.11 How Product Reliability is Increasingly Threatened in the Twenty-First Century. Summary and Questions. References. 3 The Physics of Failure. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Background. 3.3 Potential Failure Mechanisms in Materials and Components. 3.4 Techniques for Failure Analysis of Components and Assemblies. 3.5 Transition from Tin-Lead to Lead-Free Soldering. 3.6 High-Temperature Electronics and Extreme-Temperature Electronics. 3.7 Some Illustrations of Failure Mechanisms. Summary and Questions. References. 4 Heat Transfer – Theory and Practice. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Conduction. 4.3 Convection. 4.4 Radiation. 4.5 Thermal Management. 4.6 Principles of Temperature Measurement. 4.7 Temperature Cycling and Thermal Shock. Summary and Questions. References. 5 Shock and Vibration – Theory and Practice. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Sources of Shock Pulses in the Real Environment. 5.3 Response of Electronic Equipment to Shock Pulses. 5.4 Shock Testing. 5.5 Product Shock Fragility. 5.6 Shock and Vibration Isolation Techniques. 5.7 Sources of Vibration in the Real Environment. 5.8 Response of Electronic Equipment to Vibration. 5.9 Vibration Testing . 5.10 Vibration-Test Fixtures. Summary and Questions. References. 6 Achieving Environmental-Test Realism. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Environmental-Testing Objectives. 6.3 Environmental-Test Specifications and Standards. 6.4 Quality Standards. 6.5 The Role of the Test Technician. 6.6 Mechanical Testing. 6.7 Climatic Testing. 6.8 Chemical and Biological Testing. 6.9 Combined Environment Testing. 6.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility. 6.11 Avoiding Misinterpretation of Test Standards and Specifications. Summary and Questions. References. 7 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Design. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 Robust Design and Quality Loss Function. 7.3 Six Sigma Quality. 7.4 Concept, Parameter and Tolerance Design. 7.5 Understanding Product Whole Lifecycle Environment. 7.6 Defining User Requirement for Failure-Free Operation. 7.7 Component Anatomy, Materials and Mechanical Architecture. 7.8 Design for Testability. 7.9 Design for Manufacturability. 7.10 Define Product Distribution Strategy. Summary and Questions. References. 8 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Development. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Understanding and Achieving Test Realism. 8.3 Qualification Testing. 8.4 Stress Margin Analysis and Functional Performance Stability. 8.5 Premature Failure Stimulation. 8.6 Accelerated Ageing vs. Accelerated Life Testing. 8.7 Design and Proving of Distribution Packaging. Summary and Questions. References. 9 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Manufacturing. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Manufacturing Planning. 9.3 Manufacturing Process Capability. 9.4 Manufacturing Process Management and Control. 9.5 Non-invasive Inspection Techniques. 9.6 Manufacturing Handling Procedures. 9.7 Lead-Free Soldering – A True Perspective. 9.8 Conformal Coating. 9.9 Production Reliability Acceptance Testing. Summary and Questions. References. 10 Environmental-Stress Screening. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 The Origins of ESS. 10.3 Thermal-Stress Screening. 10.4 Developing a Thermal-Stress Screen. 10.5 Vibration-Stress Screening. 10.6 Developing a Vibration-Stress Screen. 10.7 Combined Environment-Stress Screening. 10.8 Other Stress Screening Methodologies. 10.9 Estimating Product Life Consumed by Stress Screening. 10.10 An Environmental-Stress Screening Case Study. Summary and Questions. References. 11 Some Worked Examples. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Thermal Expansion Stresses Generated within a PTH Due to Temperature Cycling. 11.3 Shear Tear-Out Stresses in Through-Hole Solder Joints. 11.4 Axial Forces on a Through-Hole Component Lead Wire. 11.5 SMC QFP – Solder-Joint Shear Stresses. 11.6 Frequency and Peak Half-Amplitude Displacement Calculations. 11.7 Random Vibration – Converting G2/Hz to GRMS. 11.8 Accelerated Ageing – Temperature Cycling and Vibration. 11.9 Stress Screening – Production Vibration Fixture Design. References. Appendix 1: Physical Properties of Materials. Appendix 2: Unit Conversion Tables. Index.

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Book SynopsisSeparation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries. This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries. Topics covered include: EqTable of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xxiii PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Overview of Biomass Conversion Processes and Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries 3 Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Biochemical conversion biorefineries 4 1.3 Thermo-chemical and other chemical conversion biorefineries 8 1.4 Integrated lignocellulose biorefineries 14 1.5 Separation and purification processes 15 1.6 Summary 27 References 28 PART II EQUILIBRIUM-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 37 2 Distillation 39 Zhigang Lei and Biaohua Chen 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Ordinary distillation 40 2.3 Azeotropic distillation 45 2.4 Extractive distillation 48 2.5 Molecular distillation 54 2.6 Comparisons of different distillation processes 55 2.7 Conclusions and future trends 58 Acknowledgement 58 References 58 3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) 61 Jianguo Zhang and Bo Hu 3.1 Introduction to LLE: Literature review and recent developments 61 3.2 Fundamental principles of LLE 62 3.3 Categories of LLE design 65 3.4 Equipment for the LLE process 67 3.5 Applications in biorefineries 70 3.6 The future development of LLE for the biorefinery setting 74 References 75 4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 79 Casimiro Mantell, Lourdes Casas, Miguel Rodríguez and Enrique Martínez de la Ossa 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Principles of supercritical fluids 81 4.3 Market and industrial needs 83 4.4 Design and modeling of the process 84 4.4.1 Film theory 88 4.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 89 4.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 93 4.7 Conclusions and future trends 96 References 96 PART III AFFINITY-BASED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 101 5 Adsorption 103 Saravanan Venkatesan 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Essential principles of adsorption 104 5.3 Adsorbent selection criteria 110 5.4 Commercial and new adsorbents and their properties 111 5.5 Adsorption separation processes 116 5.6 Adsorber modeling 123 5.7 Application of adsorption in biorefineries 124 5.8 A case study: Recovery of 1-butanol from ABE fermentation broth using TSA 136 5.9 Research needs and prospects 142 5.10 Conclusions 143 Acknowledgement 143 References 143 6 Ion Exchange 149 M. Berrios, J. A. Siles, M. A. Martín and A. Martín 6.1 Introduction 149 6.1.1 Ion exchangers: Operational conditions—sorbent selection 150 6.2 Essential principles 151 6.3 Ion-exchange market and industrial needs 153 6.4 Commercial ion-exchange resins 154 6.5 Specific examples in biorefineries 156 6.6 Conclusions and future trends 164 References 164 7 Simulated Moving-Bed Technology for Biorefinery Applications 167 Chim Yong Chin and Nien-Hwa Linda Wang 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Essential SMB design principles and tools 171 7.3 Simulated moving-bed technology in biorefineries 191 7.4 Conclusions and future trends 197 References 197 PART IV MEMBRANE SEPARATION 203 8 Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration 205 Ann-Sofi Jönsson 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Membrane plant design 207 8.3 Economic considerations 210 8.4 Process design 213 8.5 Operating parameters 216 8.6 Diafiltration 222 8.7 Fouling and cleaning 224 8.8 Conclusions and future trends 226 References 226 9 Nanofiltration 233 Mika Mänttäri, Bart Van der Bruggen and Marianne Nyström 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Nanofiltration market and industrial needs 235 9.3 Fundamental principles 236 9.4 Design and simulation 238 9.5 Membrane materials and properties 241 9.6 Commercial nanofiltration membranes 245 9.7 Nanofiltration examples in biorefineries 246 9.8 Conclusions and challenges 256 References 256 10 Membrane Pervaporation 259 Yan Wang, Natalia Widjojo, Panu Sukitpaneenit and Tai-Shung Chung 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Membrane pervaporation market and industrial needs 260 10.3 Fundamental principles 261 10.4 Design principles of the pervaporation membrane 265 10.5 Pervaporation in the current integrated biorefinery system 283 10.6 Conclusions and future trends 288 Acknowledgements 289 References 289 11 Membrane Distillation 301 M. A. Izquierdo-Gil 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Membrane distillation market and industrial needs 304 11.3 Basic principles of membrane distillation 308 11.4 Design and simulation 313 11.5 Examples in biorefineries 315 11.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 317 11.7 Comparisons with other membrane-separation technologies 319 11.8 Conclusions and future trends 321 References 322 PART V SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATIONS 327 12 Filtration-Based Separations in the Biorefinery 329 Bhavin V. Bhayani and Bandaru V. Ramarao 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Biorefinery 330 12.3 Solid–liquid separations in the biorefinery 335 12.4 Introduction to cake filtration 336 12.5 Basics of cake filtration 336 12.6 Designing a dead-end filtration 340 12.7 Model development 346 12.8 Conclusions 348 References 348 13 Solid–Liquid Extraction in Biorefinery 351 Zurina Zainal Abidin, Dayang Radiah Awang Biak, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff and Mohd Yusof Harun 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Principles of solid–liquid extraction 352 13.3 State of the art technology 356 13.4 Design and modeling of SLE process 357 13.5 Industrial extractors 363 13.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 368 13.7 Conclusions 371 References 371 PART VI HYBRID/INTEGRATED REACTION-SEPARATION SYSTEMS—PROCESS INTENSIFICATION 375 14 Membrane Bioreactors for Biofuel Production 377 Sara M. Badenes, Frederico Castelo Ferreira and Joaquim M. S. Cabral 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Basic principles 381 14.2.1 Biofuels: Production principles and biological systems 381 14.3 Examples of membrane bioreactors for biofuel production 390 14.4 Conclusions and future trends 403 References 404 15 Extraction-Fermentation Hybrid (Extractive Fermentation) 409 Shang-Tian Yang and Congcong Lu 15.1 Introduction 409 15.2 The market and industrial needs 410 15.3 Basic principles of extractive fermentation 412 15.4 Separation technologies for integrated fermentation product recovery 413 15.5 Examples in biorefineries 426 15.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 428 15.7 Conclusions and future trends 431 References 431 16 Reactive Distillation for the Biorefinery 439 Aspi K. Kolah, Carl T. Lira and Dennis J. Miller 16.1 Introduction 439 16.2 Column internals for reactive distillation 441 16.3 Simulation of reactive distillation systems 446 16.4 Reactive distillation for the biorefinery 451 16.5 Recently commercialized reactive distillation processes for the biorefinery 458 16.6 Conclusions 458 References 459 17 Reactive Absorption 467 Anton A. Kiss and Costin Sorin Bildea 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Market and industrial needs 468 17.3 Basic principles of reactive absorption 468 17.4 Modelling, design and simulation 469 17.5 Case study: Biodiesel production by catalytic reactive absorption 470 17.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 482 17.7 Conclusions and future trends 482 References 482 PART VII CASE STUDIES OF SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN BIOREFINERIES 485 18 Cellulosic Bioethanol Production 487 Mats Galbe, Ola Wallberg and Guido Zacchi 18.1 Introduction: The market and industrial needs 487 18.2 Separation procedures and their integration within a bioethanol plant 488 18.3 Importance and challenges of separation processes 490 18.4 Pilot and demonstration scale 498 18.5 Conclusions and future trends 500 References 500 19 Dehydration of Ethanol using Pressure Swing Adsorption 503 Marian Simo 19.1 Introduction 503 19.2 Ethanol dehydration process using pressure swing adsorption 504 19.3 Future trends and industrial challenges 510 19.4 Conclusions 511 References 511 20 Separation and Purification of Lignocellulose Hydrolyzates 513 G. Peter van Walsum 20.1 Introduction 513 20.2 The market and industrial needs 516 20.3 Operation variables and conditions 517 20.4 The hydrolyzates detoxification and separation processes 519 20.5 Separation performances and results 524 20.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 525 20.7 Conclusions 527 References 527 21 Case Studies of Separation in Biorefineries—Extraction of Algae Oil from Microalgae 533 Michael Cooney 21.1 Introduction 533 21.2 The market and industrial needs 534 21.3 The algae oil extraction process 539 21.4 Extraction 540 21.5 Separation performance and results 546 21.6 Economic importance and industrial challenges 548 21.7 Conclusions and future trends 549 References 550 22 Separation Processes in Biopolymer Production 555 Sanjay P. Kamble, Prashant P. Barve, Imran Rahman and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni 22.1 Introduction 555 22.2 The market and industrial needs 556 22.3 Lactic acid recovery processes 559 22.4 Separation performance and results of autocatalytic counter current reactive distillation of lactic acid with methanol and hydrolysis of methyl lactate into highly pure lactic acid using 3-CSTRs in series 561 22.5 Economic importance and industrial challenges 564 22.6 Conclusions and future trends 565 Acknowledgements 566 References 566 Index 569

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how developing solutions with heuristic tools offers two major advantages: shortened development time and more robust systems. It begins with an overview of modern heuristic techniques and goes on to cover specific applications of heuristic approaches to power system problems, such as security assessment, optimal power flow, power system scheduling and operational planning, power generation expansion planning, reactive power planning, transmission and distribution planning, network reconfiguration, power system control, and hybrid systems of heuristic methods.Trade ReviewThis text provides excellent, expert level, treatment of a very important systems engineering topic that will benefit students and practicing engineers. (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 3rd Quarter, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xxi Contributors xxvii Part 1 Theory of Modern Heuristic Optimization 1 1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 3 David B. Fogel 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Advantages of Evolutionary Computation 4 1.2.1 Conceptual Simplicity 4 1.2.2 Broad Applicability 6 1.2.3 Outperform Classic Methods on Real Problems 7 1.2.4 Potential to Use Knowledge and Hybridize with Other Methods 8 1.2.5 Parallelism 8 1.2.6 Robust to Dynamic Changes 9 1.2.7 Capability for Self-Optimization 10 1.2.8 Able to Solve Problems That Have No Known Solutions 11 1.3 Current Developments 12 1.3.1 Review of Some Historical Theory in Evolutionary Computation 12 1.3.2 No Free Lunch Theorem 12 1.3.3 Computational Equivalence of Representations 14 1.3.4 Schema Theorem in the Presence of Random Variation 16 1.3.5 Two-Armed Bandits and the Optimal Allocation of Trials 17 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms 25 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva and Djalma M. Falcao 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Modern Heuristic Search Techniques 25 2.3 Introduction to GAs 27 2.4 Encoding 28 2.5 Fitness Function 30 2.5.1 Premature Convergence 32 2.5.2 Slow Finishing 32 2.6 Basic Operators 33 2.6.1 Selection 33 2.6.2 Crossover 36 2.6.3 Mutation 38 2.6.4 Control Parameters Estimation 38 2.7 Niching Methods 38 2.8 Parallel Genetic Algorithms 39 2.9 Final Comments 40 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 Fundamentals of Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming 43 Vladimiro Miranda 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Evolution Strategies 46 3.2.1 The General (µ, κ, λ, ρ) Evolution Strategies Scheme 47 3.2.2 Some More Basic Concepts 50 3.2.3 The Early (1 + 1)ES and the 1/5 Rule 51 3.2.4 Focusing on the Optimum 53 3.2.5 The (1, λ)ES and σSA Self-Adaptation 54 3.2.6 How to Choose a Value for the Learning Parameter? 56 3.2.7 The (µ, l)ES as an Extension of (1, λ)ES 57 3.2.8 Self-Adaptation in (µ, λ)ES 58 3.3 Evolutionary Programming 60 3.3.1 The (µ + λ) Bridge to ES 60 3.3.2 A Scheme for Evolutionary Programming 61 3.3.3 Other Evolutionary Programming Variants 63 3.4 Common Features 63 3.4.1 Enhancing the Mutation Process 63 3.4.2 Recombination as a Major Factor 65 3.4.3 Handling Constraints 67 3.4.4 Starting Point 67 3.4.5 Fitness Function 67 3.4.6 Computing 68 3.5 Conclusions 68 References 69 4 Fundamentals of Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques 71 Yoshikazu Fukuyama 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Basic Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.1 Background of Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.2 Original PSO 72 4.3 Variations of Particle Swarm Optimization 76 4.3.1 Discrete PSO 76 4.3.2 PSO for MINLPs 77 4.3.3 Constriction Factor Approach (CFA) 77 4.3.4 Hybrid PSO (HPSO) 78 4.3.5 Lbest Model 79 4.3.6 Adaptive PSO (APSO) 79 4.3.7 Evolutionary PSO (EPSO) 81 4.4 Research Areas and Applications 82 4.5 Conclusions 83 References 83 5 Fundamentals of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 89 Yong-Hua Song, Haiyan Lu, Kwang Y. Lee, and I. K. Yu 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Ant Colony Search Algorithm 90 5.2.1 Behavior of Real Ants 90 5.2.2 Ant Colony Algorithms 91 5.2.3 Major Characteristics of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 98 5.3 Conclusions 99 References 99 6 Fundamentals of Tabu Search 101 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 6.1 Introduction 101 6.1.1 Overview of the Tabu Search Approach 101 6.1.2 Problem Formulation 103 6.1.3 Coding and Representation 104 6.1.4 Neighborhood Structure 105 6.1.5 Characterization of the Neighborhood 108 6.2 Functions and Strategies in Tabu Search 110 6.2.1 Recency-Based Tabu Search 110 6.2.2 Basic Tabu Search Algorithm 112 6.2.3 The Use of Long-Term Memory in Tabu Search 115 6.3 Applications of Tabu Search 119 6.4 Conclusions 120 References 120 7 Fundamentals of Simulated Annealing 123 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Basic Principles 125 7.2.1 Metropolis Algorithm 125 7.2.2 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 126 7.3 Cooling Schedule 127 7.3.1 Determination of the Initial Temperature T0 128 7.3.2 Determination of Nk 129 7.3.3 Determination of Cooling Rate 130 7.3.4 Stopping Criterion 130 7.4 SA Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem 131 7.4.1 Problem Coding 131 7.4.2 Evaluation of the Cost Function 132 7.4.3 Cooling Schedule 133 7.4.4 Comments on the Results for the TSP 134 7.5 SA for Transmission Network Expansion Problem 134 7.5.1 Problem Coding 136 7.5.2 Determination of the Initial Solution 136 7.5.3 Neighborhood Structure 138 7.5.4 Variation of the Objective Function 139 7.5.5 Cooling Schedule 140 7.6 Parallel Simulated Annealing 140 7.6.1 Division Algorithm 141 7.6.2 Clustering Algorithm 142 7.7 Applications of Simulated Annealing 143 7.8 Conclusions 144 References 144 8 Fuzzy Systems 147 Germano Lambert-Torres 8.1 Motivation and Definitions 147 8.1.1 Introduction 147 8.1.2 Typical Actions in Fuzzy Systems 148 8.2 Integration of Fuzzy Systems with Evolutionary Techniques 150 8.2.1 Integration Types of Hybrid Systems 150 8.2.2 Hybrid Systems in Evolutionary Techniques 151 8.2.3 Evolutionary Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic 152 8.3 An Illustrative Example of a Hybrid System 152 8.3.1 Parking Conditions 153 8.3.2 Creation of the Fuzzy Control 154 8.3.3 First Simulations 156 8.3.4 Problem Presentation 156 8.3.5 Genetic Training Modulus Description 158 8.3.6 The Option to Define the Starting Positions 158 8.3.7 The Option Genetic Training 158 8.3.8 Tests 163 8.4 Conclusions 167 References 168 9 Differential Evolution, an Alternative Approach to Evolutionary Algorithm 171 Kit Po Wong and ZhaoYang Dong 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Evolutionary Algorithms 172 9.2.1 Basic EAs 172 9.2.2 Virtual Population-Based Acceleration Techniques 174 9.3 Differential Evolution 176 9.3.1 Function Optimization Formulation 176 9.3.2 DE Fundamentals 177 9.4 Key Operators for Differential Evolution 181 9.4.1 Encoding 181 9.4.2 Mutation 181 9.4.3 Crossover 183 9.4.4 Other Operators 183 9.5 An Optimization Example 184 9.6 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 10 Pareto Multiobjective Optimization 189 Patrick N. Ngatchou, Anahita Zarei, Warren L. J. Fox, and Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Basic Principles 190 10.2.1 Generic Formulation of MO Problems 191 10.2.2 Pareto Optimality Concepts 191 10.2.3 Objectives of Multiobjective Optimization 193 10.3 Solution Approaches 194 10.3.1 Classic Methods 194 10.3.2 Intelligent Methods 196 10.4 Performance Analysis 202 10.4.1 Objective of Performance Assessment 202 10.4.2 Comparison Methodologies 203 10.5 Conclusions 205 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 11 Trust-Tech Paradigm for Computing High-Quality Optimal Solutions: Method and Theory 209 Hsiao-Dong Chiang and Jaewook Lee 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Problem Preliminaries 210 11.3 A Trust-Tech Paradigm 213 11.3.1 Phase I 213 11.3.2 Phase II 214 11.4 Theoretical Analysis of Trust-Tech Method 218 11.5 A Numerical Trust-Tech Method 221 11.5.1 Computing Another Local Optimal Solution 222 11.5.2 Computing Tier-One Local Optimal Solutions 223 11.5.3 Computing Tier-N Solutions 224 11.6 Hybrid Trust-Tech Methods 225 11.7 Numerical Schemes 227 11.8 Numerical Studies 228 11.9 Conclusions Remarks 231 References 232 Part 2 Selected Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization In Power Systems 235 12 Overview of Applications in Power Systems 237 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva, Djalma M. Falcão, and Kwang Y. Lee 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Optimization 237 12.3 Power System Applications 238 12.4 Model Identification 239 12.4.1 Dynamic Load Modeling 239 12.4.2 Short-Term Load Forecasting 240 12.4.3 Neural Network Training 241 12.5 Control 242 12.5.1 Examples 243 12.6 Distribution System Applications 244 12.6.1 Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction 245 12.6.2 Optimal Protection and Switching Devices Placement 246 12.6.3 Prioritizing Investments in Distribution Networks 247 12.7 Conclusions 249 References 250 13 Application of Evolutionary Technique to Power System Vulnerability Assessment 261 Mingoo Kim, Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, Robert J. Marks, and Ioannis N. Kassabalidis 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Vulnerability Assessment and Control 263 13.3 Vulnerability Assessment Challenges 264 13.3.1 Complexity of Power System 264 13.3.2 VA On-line Speed 265 13.3.3 Feature Selection 265 13.3.4 Vulnerability Border 270 13.3.5 Selection of Vulnerability Index 276 13.4 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Applications to System Planning 285Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada, Youngjae Jeon, Kwang Y. Lee, Vladimiro Miranda, Alcir J. Monticelli, Koichi Nara, Jong-Bae Park, Rubén Romero, and Yong-Hua Song 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Generation Expansion 286 14.2.1 A Coding Strategy for an Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP 288 14.2.2 Fitness Function 288 14.2.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population 289 14.2.4 Stochastic Crossover Elitism and Mutation 291 14.2.5 Numerical Examples 292 14.2.6 Parameters for GEP and IGA 293 14.2.7 Numerical Results 295 14.3 Transmission Network Expansion 297 14.3.1 Overview of Static Transmission Network Planning 297 14.3.2 Solution Techniques for the Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 300 14.3.3 Coding, Problem Representation, and Test Systems 302 14.3.4 Complexity of the Test Systems 304 14.3.5 Simulated Annealing 306 14.3.6 Genetic Algorithms in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 307 14.3.7 Tabu Search in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 309 14.3.8 Hybrid TS/GA/SA Algorithm in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 310 14.3.9 Comments on the Performance of Meta-heuristic Methods in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 311 14.4 Distribution Network Expansion 311 14.4.1 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: A Complete GA Model 312 14.4.2 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: An Efficient GA Application 316 14.4.3 Application of TS to the Design of Distribution Networks in FRIENDS 317 14.5 Reactive Power Planning at Generation–Transmission Level 320 14.5.1 Benders Decomposition of the Reactive Power Planning Problem 321 14.5.2 Solution Algorithm 323 14.5.3 Results for the IEEE 30-Bus System 324 14.6 Reactive Power Planning at Distribution Level 326 14.6.1 Modeling Chromosome Repair Using an Analytical Model 326 14.6.2 Evolutionary Programming/Evolution Strategies Under Test 327 14.7 Conclusions 330 References 330 15 Applications to Power System Scheduling 337 Koay Chin Aik, Loi Lei Lai, Kwang Y. Lee, Haiyan Lu, Jong-Bae Park, Yong-Hua Song, Dipti Srinivasan, John G. Vlachogiannis, and I. K. Yu 15.1 Introduction 337 15.2 Economic Dispatch 337 15.2.1 Economic Dispatch Problem 337 15.2.2 GA Implementation to ED 339 15.2.3 PSO Implementation to ED 346 15.2.4 Numerical Example 348 15.2.5 Summary 354 15.3 Maintenance Scheduling 354 15.3.1 Maintenance Scheduling Problem 354 15.3.2 GA, PSO, and ES Implementation 355 15.3.3 Simulation Results 365 15.3.4 Summary 366 15.4 Cogeneration Scheduling 366 15.4.1 Cogeneration Scheduling Problem 367 15.4.2 IGA Implementation 370 15.4.3 Case Study 373 15.4.4 Summary 374 15.4.5 Nomenclature 379 15.5 Short-Term Generation Scheduling of Thermal Units 380 15.5.1 Short-Term Generation Scheduling Problem 380 15.5.2 ACSA Implementation 382 15.5.3 Experimental results 385 15.6 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.1 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.2 Heuristic Ant Colony Search Algorithm Implementation 386 15.6.3 Test Examples 390 15.6.4 Summary 399 References 399 16 Power System Controls 403 Yoshikazu Fukuyama, Hamid Ghezelayagh, Kwang Y. Lee, Chen-Ching Liu, Yong-Hua Song, and Ying Xiao 16.1 Introduction 403 16.2 Power System Controls: Particle Swarm Technique 404 16.2.1 Problem Formulation of VVC 405 16.2.2 Expansion of PSO for MINLP 406 16.2.3 Voltage Security Assessment 407 16.2.4 VVC Using PSO 408 16.2.5 Numerical Examples 409 16.2.6 Summary 416 16.3 Power Plant Controller Design with GA 417 16.3.1 Overview of the GA 417 16.3.2 The Boiler-Turbine Model 419 16.3.3 The GA Control System Design 420 16.3.4 GA Design Results 423 16.4 Evolutionary Programming Optimizer and Application in Intelligent Predictive Control 427 16.4.1 Structure of the Intelligent Predictive Controller 428 16.4.2 Power Plant Model 430 16.4.3 Control Input Optimization 431 16.4.4 Self-Organized Neuro-Fuzzy Identifier 435 16.4.5 Rule Generation and Tuning 438 16.4.6 Controller Implementation 442 16.4.7 Summary 444 16.5 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based MO Approach to FACTS Control 444 16.5.1 Review of MO Optimization Techniques 446 16.5.2 Formulated MO Optimization Model 449 16.5.3 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 450 16.5.4 Proposed Interactive DWCP Method 453 16.5.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with Worst Compromise Displacement 455 16.5.6 Implementation 457 16.5.7 Numerical Results 457 16.5.8 Summary 462 References 464 17 Genetic Algorithms for Solving Optimal Power Flow Problems 471 Loi Lei Lai and Nidul Sinha 17.1 Introduction 471 17.2 Genetic Algorithms 473 17.2.1 Terms Used in GA 473 17.3 Load Flow Problem 478 17.4 Optimal Power Flow Problem 483 17.4.1 Application Examples 485 17.5 OPF with FACTS Devices 488 17.5.1 FACTS Model 492 17.5.2 Problem Formulation 495 17.5.3 Numerical Results 496 17.6 Conclusions 499 References 499 18 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based Multiobjective Approach to FACTS Control 501 Ying Xiao, Yong-Hua Song, and Chen-Ching Liu 18.1 Introduction 501 18.2 Review of Multiobjective Optimization Techniques 503 18.2.1 Weighting Method 503 18.2.2 Goal Programming 504 18.2.3 1-Constraint Method 504 18.2.4 Compromise Programming 504 18.2.5 Fuzzy Set Theory Applications 505 18.2.6 Genetic Algorithm 505 18.2.7 Interactive Procedure 506 18.3 Formulated MO Optimization Model 506 18.3.1 Formulated MO Optimization Model for FACTS Control 507 18.3.2 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 508 18.4 Proposed Interactive Displaced Worst Compromise Programming Method 511 18.4.1 Applied Fuzzy CP 511 18.4.2 Operation Cost Minimization 512 18.4.3 Local Power Flow Control 512 18.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with WC Displacement 513 18.5.1 Phase 1: Model Formulation 513 18.5.2 Phase 2: Noninferior Solution Calculation 514 18.5.3 Phase 3: Scenario Evaluation 514 18.6 Implementation 516 18.7 Numerical Results 516 18.8 Conclusions 521 References 521 19 Hybrid Systems 525 Vladimiro Miranda 19.1 Introduction 525 19.2 Capacitor Sizing and Location and Analytical Sensitivities 527 19.2.1 From Darwin to Lamarck: Three Models 528 19.2.2 Building a Lamarckian Acquisition of Improvements 529 19.2.3 Analysis of a Didactic Example 531 19.3 Unit Commitment Fuzzy Sets and Cleverer Chromosomes 538 19.3.1 The Deceptive Characteristics of Unit Commitment Problems 538 19.3.2 Similarity Between the Capacitor Placement and the Unit Commitment Problems 539 19.3.3 The Need for Cleverer Chromosomes 540 19.3.4 A Biological Touch: The Chromosome as a Program 541 19.3.5 A Real-World Example: The CARE Model in Crete Greece 542 19.3.6 Fitness Evaluation: Reliability (Spinning Reserve as a Fuzzy Constraint) 547 19.3.7 Illustrative Results 547 19.4 Voltage/Var Control and Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks with an Evolutionary Self-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm: EPSO 550 19.4.1 Justifying a Hybrid Approach 550 19.4.2 The Principles of EPSO: Reproduction and Movement Rule 551 19.4.3 Mutating Strategic Parameters 552 19.4.4 The Merits of EPSO 553 19.4.5 Experiencing with EPSO: Basic EPSO Model 554 19.4.6 EPSO in Test Functions 554 19.4.7 EPSO in Loss Reduction and Voltage/VAR Control: Definition of the Problem 557 19.4.8 Applying EPSO in the Management of Networks with Distributed Generation 558 19.5 Conclusions 559 References 560 Index 563

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Book SynopsisThis work provides coverage of the relationship between the design and cost issues of large wind turbines. Using simple principles of engineering science, the authors develop a model for quantifying the weight and cost of variable machine sizes, enabling quantitative comparisons to be made.Trade Review"This is a necessary book for all libraries supporting realistic engineering design for commercial development. Moreover many individuals will wish to have it on their shelves for reference and stimulation..." (Wind Engineering, 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Glossary of Symbols. Development of Large Wind Turbines. Wind Turbine Technology and Design Concepts. Design Factors Affecting Weight and Costs. Modelling of Wind Turbine Weight and Costs. Weight and Costs of Different Turbine Concepts. Economic Prospects of Large Wind Turbines. Offshore Developments. Index.

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Book SynopsisStatistical Intervals is a guide for practitioners and researchers--providing a detailed, comprehensive, modernized treatment of this important subject. With numerous examples, it presents and differentiates in an easy-to-apply manner the use of confidence intervals (e.g.Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition iii Preface to First Edition vii Acknowledgments x 1 Introduction, Basic Concepts, and Assumptions 1 1.1 Statistical Inference 2 1.2 Different Types of Statistical Intervals: An Overview 2 1.3 The Assumption of Sample Data 3 1.4 The Central Role of Practical Assumptions Concerning Representative Data 4 1.5 Enumerative Versus Analytic Studies 5 1.6 Basic Assumptions for Enumerative Studies 7 1.7 Considerations in the Conduct of Analytic Studies 10 1.8 Convenience and Judgment Samples 11 1.9 Sampling People 12 1.10 Infinite Population Assumptions 13 1.11 Practical Assumptions: Overview 14 1.12 Practical Assumptions: Further Example 14 1.13 Planning the Study 17 1.14 The Role of Statistical Distributions 17 1.15 The Interpretation of Statistical Intervals 18 1.16 Statistical Intervals and Big Data 19 1.17 Comment Concerning Subsequent Discussion 19 2 Overview of Different Types of Statistical Intervals 21 2.1 Choice of a Statistical Interval 21 2.2 Confidence Intervals 23 2.3 Prediction Intervals 24 2.4 Statistical Tolerance Intervals 26 2.5 Which Statistical Interval Do I Use? 27 2.6 Choosing a Confidence Level 28 2.7 Two-Sided Statistical Intervals Versus One-Sided Statistical Bounds 29 2.8 The Advantage of Using Confidence Intervals Instead of Significance Tests 30 2.9 Simultaneous Statistical Intervals 31 3 Constructing Statistical Intervals Assuming a Normal Distribution Using Simple Tabulations 33 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Circuit Pack Voltage Output Example 35 3.3 Two-Sided Statistical Intervals 36 3.4 One-Sided Statistical Bounds 38 4 Methods for Calculating Statistical Intervals for a Normal Distribution 43 4.1 Notation 44 4.2 Confidence Interval for the Mean of a Normal Distribution 45 4.3 Confidence Interval for the Standard Deviation of a Normal Distribution 45 4.4 Confidence Interval for a Normal Distribution Quantile 46 4.5 Confidence Interval for the Distribution Proportion Less (Greater) Than a Specified Value 47 4.6 Statistical Tolerance Intervals 48 4.7 Prediction Interval to Contain a Single Future Observation or the Mean of m Future Observations 50 4.8 Prediction Interval to Contain at least k of m Future Observations 51 4.9 Prediction Interval to Contain the Standard Deviation of m Future Observations 52 4.10 The Assumption of a Normal Distribution 53 4.11 Assessing Distribution Normality and Dealing with Nonnormality 54 4.12 Data Transformations and Inferences from Transformed Data 57 4.13 Statistical Intervals for Linear Regression Analysis 60 4.14 Statistical Intervals for Comparing Populations and Processes 62 5 Distribution-Free Statistical Intervals 65 5.1 Introduction 66 5.2 Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals and One-Sided Confidence Bounds for a Quantile 68 5.3 Distribution-Free Tolerance Intervals and Bounds to Contain a Specified Proportion of a Distribution 78 5.4 Prediction Intervals to Contain a Specified Ordered Observation in a Future Sample 81 5.5 Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals and Bounds to Contain at Least k of m Future Observations 84 6 Statistical Intervals for a Binomial Distribution 89 6.1 Introduction to Binomial Distribution Statistical Intervals 90 6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Actual Proportion Nonconforming in the Sampled Distribution 92 6.3 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Nonconforming Units in a Finite Population 102 6.4 Confidence Intervals for the Probability that the Number of Nonconforming Units in a Sample is Less than or Equal to (or Greater than) a Specified Number 104 6.5 Confidence Intervals for the Quantile of the Distribution of the Number of Nonconforming Units 105 6.6 Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds for the Distribution of the Number of Nonconforming Units 107 6.7 Prediction Intervals for the Number Nonconforming in a Future Sample 108 7 Statistical Intervals for a Poisson Distribution 115 7.1 Introduction 116 7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Event-Occurrence Rate of a Poisson Distribution 117 7.3 Confidence Intervals for the Probability that the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure is Less than or Equal to (or Greater than) a Specified Number 124 7.4 Confidence Intervals for the Quantile of the Distribution of the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure 125 7.5 Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds for the Distribution of the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure 127 7.6 Prediction Intervals for the Number of Events in a Future Amount of Exposure 128 8 Sample Size Requirements for Confidence Intervals on Distribution Parameters 135 8.1 Basic Requirements for Sample Size Determination 136 8.2 Sample Size for a Confidence Interval for a Normal Distribution Mean 137 8.3 Sample Size to Estimate a Normal Distribution Standard Deviation 141 8.4 Sample Size to Estimate a Normal Distribution Quantile 143 8.5 Sample Size to Estimate a Binomial Proportion 143 8.6 Sample Size to Estimate a Poisson Occurrence Rate 144 9 Sample Size Requirements for Tolerance Intervals, Tolerance Bounds, and Related Demonstration Tests 148 9.1 Sample Size for Normal Distribution Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds148 9.2 Sample Size to Pass a One-Sided Demonstration Test Based on Normally Distributed Measurements 150 9.3 Minimum Sample Size For Distribution-Free Two-Sided Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds 152 9.4 Sample Size for Controlling the Precision of Two-Sided Distribution-Free Tolerance In-tervals and One-Sided Distribution-Free Tolerance Bounds 153 9.5 Sample Size to Demonstrate that a Binomial Proportion Exceeds (is Exceeded by) a Specified Value 154 10 Sample Size Requirements for Prediction Intervals 164 10.1 Prediction Interval Width: The Basic Idea 164 10.2 Sample Size for a Normal Distribution Prediction Interval 165 10.3 Sample Size for Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals for k of m Future Observations 170 11 Basic Case Studies 172 11.1 Demonstration that the Operating Temperature of Most Manufactured Devices will not Exceed a Specified Value 173 11.2 Forecasting Future Demand for Spare Parts 177 11.3 Estimating the Probability of Passing an Environmental Emissions Test 180 11.4 Planning a Demonstration Test to Verify that a Radar System has a Satisfactory Prob-ability of Detection 182 11.5 Estimating the Probability of Exceeding a Regulatory Limit 184 11.6 Estimating the Reliability of a Circuit Board 189 11.7 Using Sample Results to Estimate the Probability that a Demonstration Test will be Successful 191 11.8 Estimating the Proportion within Specifications for a Two-Variable Problem 194 11.9 Determining the Minimum Sample Size for a Demonstration Test 195 12 Likelihood-Based Statistical Intervals 197 12.1 Introduction to Likelihood-Based Inference 198 12.2 Likelihood Function and Maximum Likelihood Estimation 200 12.3 Likelihood-Based Confidence Intervals for Single-Parameter Distributions 203 12.4 Likelihood-Based Estimation Methods for Location-Scale and Log-Location-Scale Distri-butions 206 12.5 Likelihood-Based Confidence Intervals for Parameters and Scalar Functions of Parameters212 12.6 Wald-Approximation Confidence Intervals 216 12.7 Some Other Likelihood-Based Statistical Intervals 224 13 Nonparametric Bootstrap Statistical Intervals 226 13.1 Introduction 227 13.2 Nonparametric Methods for Generating Bootstrap Samples and Obtaining Bootstrap Estimates 227 13.3 Bootstrap Operational Considerations 231 13.4 Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Interval Methods 233 14 Parametric Bootstrap and Other Simulation-Based Statistical Intervals 245 14.1 Introduction 246 14.2 Parametric Bootstrap Samples and Bootstrap Estimates 247 14.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Based on Pivotal Quantities 250 14.4 Generalized Pivotal Quantities 253 14.5 Simulation-Based Tolerance Intervals for Location-Scale or Log-Location-Scale Distribu-tions 258 14.6 Simulation-Based Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Prediction Bounds for k of m Fu-ture Observations from Location-Scale or Log-Location-Scale Distributions 260 14.7 Other Simulation and Bootstrap Methods and Application to Other Distributions and Models 263 15 Introduction to Bayesian Statistical Intervals 270 15.1 Bayesian Inference: Overview 271 15.2 Bayesian Inference: an Illustrative Example 274 15.3 More About Specification of a Prior Distribution 283 15.4 Implementing Bayesian Analyses Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation 286 15.5 Bayesian Tolerance and Prediction Intervals 291 16 Bayesian Statistical Intervals for the Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distributions 297 16.1 Bayesian Intervals for the Binomial Distribution 298 16.2 Bayesian Intervals for the Poisson Distribution 306 16.3 Bayesian Intervals for the Normal Distribution 311 17 Statistical Intervals for Bayesian Hierarchical Models 321 17.1 Bayesian Hierarchical Models and Random Effects 322 17.2 Normal Distribution Hierarchical Models 323 17.3 Binomial Distribution Hierarchical Models 325 17.4 Poisson Distribution Hierarchical Models 328 17.5 Longitudinal Repeated Measures Models 329 18 Advanced Case Studies 335 18.1 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Defective Integrated Circuits 336 18.2 Confidence Intervals for Components of Variance in a Measurement Process 339 18.3 Tolerance Interval to Characterize the Distribution of Process Output in the Presence of Measurement Error 344 18.4 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Product Conforming to a Two-Sided Specification345 18.5 Confidence Interval for the Treatment Effect in a Marketing Campaign 348 18.6 Confidence Interval for the Probability of Detection with Limited Hit-Miss Data 349 18.7 Using Prior Information to Estimate the Service-Life Distribution of a Rocket Motor 353 Epilogue 357 A Notation and Acronyms 360 B Generic Definition of Statistical Intervals and Formulas for Computing Coverage Probabilities 367 B.1 Introduction 367 B.2 Two-sided Confidence Intervals and One-sided Confidence Bounds for Distribution Pa-rameters or a Function of Parameters 368 B.3 Two Sided Control-the-Center Tolerance Intervals to Contain at Least a Specified Pro-portion of a Distribution 371 B.4 Two Sided Tolerance Intervals to Control Both Tails of a Distribution 374 B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Bounds 377 B.6 Two-sided Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Prediction Bounds for Future Observations378 B.7 Two-Sided Simultaneous Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Simultaneous Prediction Bounds 381 B.8 Calibration of Statistical Intervals 383 C Useful Probability Distributions 384 C.1 Probability Distribution and R Computations 384 C.2 Important Characteristics of Random Variables 385 C.3 Continuous Distributions 388 C.4 Discrete Distributions 398 D General Results from Statistical Theory and Some Methods Used to Construct Sta-tistical Intervals 404 D.1 cdfs and pdfs of Functions of Random Variables 405 D.2 Statistical Error Propagation—The Delta Method 409 D.3 Likelihood and Fisher Information Matrices 410 D.4 Convergence in Distribution 413 D.5 Outline of General ML Theory 415 D.6 The CDF pivotal method for constructing confidence intervals 419 D.7 Bonferroni approximate statistical intervals 424 E Pivotal Methods for Constructing Parametric Statistical Intervals 427 E.1 General definition and examples of pivotal quantities 428 E.2 Pivotal Quantities for the Normal Distribution 428 E.3 Confidence intervals for a Normal Distribution Based on Pivotal Quantities 429 E.4 Confidence Intervals for Two Normal Distributions Based on Pivotal Quantities 432 E.5 Tolerance Intervals for a Normal Distribution Based on Pivotal Quantities 432 E.6 Normal Distribution Prediction Intervals Based on Pivotal Quantities 434 E.7 Pivotal Quantities for Log-Location-Scale Distributions 436 F Generalized Pivotal Quantities 440 F.1 Definition of Generalized Pivotal Quantities 440 F.2 A Substitution Method to Obtain GPQs 441 F.3 Examples of GPQs for Functions of Location-Scale Distribution Parameters 441 F.4 Conditions for Exact Intervals Derived from GPQs 443 G Distribution-Free Intervals Based on Order Statistics 446 G.1 Basic Statistical Results Used in this Appendix 446 G.2 Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals and Bounds for a Distribution Quantile 447 G.3 Distribution-Free Tolerance Intervals to Contain a Given Proportion of a Distribution 448 G.4 Distribution-Free Prediction Interval to Contain a Specified Ordered Observation From a Future Sample 449 G.5 Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals and Bounds to Contain at Least k of m Future Observations From a Future Sample 451 H Basic Results from Bayesian Inference Models 455 H.1 Basic Statistical Results Used in this Appendix 455 H.2 Bayes’ Theorem 456 H.3 Conjugate Prior Distributions 456 H.4 Jeffreys Prior Distributions 459 H.5 Posterior Predictive Distributions 463 H.6 Posterior Predictive Distributions Based on Jeffreys Prior Distributions 465 I Probability of Successful Demonstration 468 I.1 Demonstration Tests Based on a Normal Distribution Assumption 468 I.2 Distribution-Free Demonstration Tests 469 J Tables 471 References 508 Subject Index 525

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Book SynopsisOffers a foundation for understanding and implementing methods for reducing the environmental impact of the different forms of transportation - road, rail, air, and sea, and of both people and goods, including raw, as well as toxic, materials. This book presents practical and analytic techniques enhancing the integrity of transportation vehicles.Table of ContentsContributors Preface 1. The Economic and Environmental Footprints of Transportation (Lester B. Lave and Michael W. Griffin) 2. Public Transportation and the Environment (Michael D. Meyer) 3. Transportation and Air Quality (Mohan M. Venigalla) 4. The Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the U.S. (Mark A. Dulucchi) 5. Traffic Congestion Management (Nagui M. Rouphail) 6. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Design and Performance (Andrew Burke) 7. Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles (Amin M. Motlagh, Mohammad Abuhaiba, Mohammad H. Elahinia, and Walter Olson) 8. Biofuels for Transportation (Aaron Smith, Cesar Granda, and Mark Holtzapple) 9. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure (Gerardo W. Flintsch) 10. Pavement and Bridge Management and Maintenance (Sue McNeil) 11. Impacts of the Aviation Sector on the Environment Index.

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Book SynopsisNick Lambert is co-founder and director of NLA, a Blue Economy solutions company, which specializes in the Blue Economy and tech innovation in associated domains. He advises corporates on a wide range of marine and maritime issues, and regularly hosts and delivers keynote speeches at high-profile conferences.Andy Hamflett is co-founder and director of NLA and a journalist, researcher and innovation expert on new technologies. He leads innovative research projects that explore the emerging potential of Big Data for social impact. Jonathan Turner is co-founder and director of NLA and specializes in customer-focused organizational process design, lean methodology and performance measurement through analytical skills and practical use of data.Trade Review"Revealing and insightful, this book shares inspiring examples of innovations applied across a broad spectrum of Blue Economy sectors. These ideas are real and impactful and underline the importance of technology and creativity as an enabler for sustainable environments and economic growth." * David Loosley, Chief Executive, The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology *"A fascinating guide to how technology will shape the future of the Blue Economy, this book is essential reading for those looking to understand how the smart use of our oceans can support sustainable development." * Professor Dickon Howell, Director, Howell Marine Consulting, UK *"This book presents a compelling overview of the impressive range of technology innovation underpinning progress in sectors as diverse as sustainable fisheries, ocean tourism, smart port cities, shipping and seabed mapping. Start-ups and tech developers in all sectors could learn from the up-to-the-minute case studies presented in this thoroughly researched and well written book." * Tony Hughes, Dealmaker, Global Entrepreneur Programme – the UK’s Department for International Trade *"Here, at last, is a book that sets out the scale of challenges and opportunities that our oceans present, by three authors bringing enormous knowledge to the domain. The Blue Economy is so much more diverse than the traditional marine and maritime sectors, and this book is a must-read for anyone interested to understand where the Blue Economy is heading." * Dr. Jonathan Williams, CEO, Marine South East, UK *"The breadth of innovation across the blue economy is extraordinary. Andy, Nick and Jonathan have explored, sector by sector, to reveal insights and applications that are revolutionising industries and opening doors for new commercial opportunities in the seas and oceans." * Aidan Thorn, Maritime Innovation Expert *Table of Contents Chapter - 01: An introduction to the blue economy; Chapter - 02: Shipping; Chapter - 03: Ports and harbours; Chapter - 04: Offshore renewables; Chapter - 05: The cruise industry; Chapter - 06: Maritime surveillance; Chapter - 07: Aquaculture; Chapter - 08: Hydrography and bathymetry; Chapter - 09: Ocean observation; Chapter - 10: Sustainable fisheries; Chapter - 11: Subsea monitoring; Chapter - 12: Safety of life at sea; Chapter - 13: Conclusion

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Book SynopsisChelsea Schelly uses ethnographic research, participant observation, and numerous in-depth interviews to examine four alternative U.S. communities where individuals use electricity, water, heat, waste, food, and transportation technologies that differ markedly from those used by the vast majority of modern American residential dwellers. Trade Review"Dwelling in Resistance accomplishes the difficult task of being extremely informative and intellectual while at the same time remaining down to earth, lively, and amusing. Schelly provides a welcome addition to the literature on social practices, technology studies, and community studies in this engaging work." -- Debbie Kasper * Associate Professor of Environmental Studies and Sociology, Hiram College *"This theoretically and empirically rich book illuminates technological systems that are often invisible, yet fundamentally shape everyday practices and ideas. In showing us how people live with alternative technologies, Schelly also generates deep insights into those who do not." -- John M. Meyer * author of Engaging the Everyday: Environmental Social Criticism and the Resonance Dilemma *New Books Network interview with Chelsea Schelly * New Books Network *Table of Contents1 What Does it Mean to Dwell in Resistance? 2 What “Normal” Dwelling Looks Like: The History of Home Technologies 3 Custodians of the Earth, Witnesses to Transition: The Story of the Farm 4 The Abundance of the Commons: Twin Oaks and the Plentitude Ethic 5 Individualism and Symbiosis: The Dance at Dancing Rabbit 6 Self-Sufficiency as Social Justice: The Case of Earthship Biotecture 7 Dwelling in Resistance Appendix: Reflections and Lessons on Method Acknowledgements References Index

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Book SynopsisRecent concerns about energy security in the US have drawn greater attention to agriculture's role as a producer and consumer of energy. Agriculturally-derived energy sources such as ethanol, biodiesel, biomass, and windpower presently supply between 0.3% and 0.5% of the energy consumed in the US. Organized into two parts, the first section of this book examines agriculture's role as a producer and consumer of energy, the integration of biomass energy into the US energy systems, a policy overview, and outlooks for energy production and consumption. The second section is a compendium of current research including the economic viability of ethanol and biodiesel; energy conservation and efficiency in agriculture; new methods and technologies; and environmental impacts and considerations.Table of ContentsPart I: Survey of Current Knowledge 1.1: Energy and Agriculture at the Crossroads of a New Future 1.2: Agriculture as a Producer of Energy 1.3: Energy Consumption in US Agriculture 1.4: Energy Systems Integration: Fitting Biomass Energy from Agriculture into US Energy Systems 1.5: US Oil and Gas Markets: A Scenario for Future Strong Inter-fuel Competition Part II: Current Research about Agriculture and Energy Section 1: The Economics of Ethanol and Biodiesel from Grain 2.1.1: Dry-Grind Ethanol Plant Economics and Sensitivity 2.1.2: An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of the Expansion in the US Production of Ethanol from Maize and Biodiesel from Soyabeans on Major Agricultural Variables, 2005-2015 2.1.3: Ethanol Policies, Programs and Production in Canada Section 2: The Economics of Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Sources 2.2.1: Economic Analysis of Alternative Lignocellulosic Sources for Ethanol Production 2.2.2: The Supply of Maize Stover in the Midwestern United States 2.2.3: Economic Modelling of a Lignocellulosic Biomass Biorefining Industry 2.2.4: Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production from Maize Stover in Selected Midwestern States Section 3: Energy Conservation and Efficiency in Agriculture 2.3.1: Livestock Watering with Renewable Energy Systems 2.3.2: Trends in US Poultry Housing for Energy Conservation Section 4: New Methods and Technologies 2.4.1: Experiences Co-firing Grasses in Existing Coal-fired Power Plants 2.4.2: Animal Waste as a Source of Renewable Energy 2.4.3: Development of Genetically Engineered Stress Tolerant Ethanologenic Yeasts using Integrated Functional Genomics for Effective Biomass Conversion to Ethanol 2.4.4: Case Studies of Rural Electric Cooperatives’ Experiences with Bioenergy Section 5: Environmental Impacts and Considerations 2.5.1: Potential for Biofuel-based Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation: Rationale and Potential 2.5.2: Life Cycle Assessment of Integrated Biorefinery-Cropping Systems: All Biomass is Local 3: Glossary

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsStatistical Methods for Reliability Data i Preface to the Second Edition iii Preface to First Edition viii Acknowledgments xii 1 Reliability Concepts and an Introduction to Reliability Data 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Examples of Reliability Data 3 1.3 General Models for Reliability Data 11 1.4 Models for Time to Event Versus Models for Recurrences in a Sequence of Events 13 1.5 Strategy for Data Collection, Modeling, and Analysis 15 2 Models, Censoring, and Likelihood for Failure-Time Data 19 2.1 Models for Continuous Failure-Time Processes 19 2.2 Models for Discrete Data from a Continuous Process 25 2.3 Censoring 27 2.4 Likelihood 28 3 Nonparametric Estimation for Failure-Time Data 37 3.1 Estimation from Complete Data 38 3.2 Estimation from Singly-Censored Interval Data 38 3.3 Basic Ideas of Statistical Inference 40 3.4 Confidence Intervals from Complete or Singly-Censored Data 41 3.5 Estimation from Multiply-Censored Data 43 3.6 Pointwise Confidence Intervals from Multiply-Censored Data 45 3.7 Estimation from Multiply-Censored Data with Exact Failures 47 3.8 Nonparametric Simultaneous Confidence Bands 49 3.9 Arbitrary Censoring 52 4 Some Parametric Distributions Used in Reliability Applications 60 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Quantities of Interest in Reliability Applications 61 4.3 Location-Scale and Log-Location-Scale Distributions 62 4.4 Exponential Distribution 63 4.5 Normal Distribution 64 4.6 Lognormal Distribution 65 4.7 Smallest Extreme Value Distribution 67 4.8 Weibull Distribution 68 4.9 Largest Extreme Value Distribution 70 4.10 Frechet Distribution 71 4.11 Logistic Distribution 73 4.12 Loglogistic Distribution 74 4.13 Generalized Gamma Distribution 75 4.14 Distributions with a Threshold Parameter 76 4.15 Other Methods of Deriving Failure-Time Distributions 78 4.16 Parameters and Parameterization 80 4.17 Generating Pseudorandom Observations from a Specified Distribution 80 5 System Reliability Concepts and Methods 87 5.1 Non-Repairable System Reliability Metrics 88 5.2 Series Systems 88 5.3 Parallel Systems 91 5.4 Series-Parallel Systems 93 5.5 Other System Structures 94 5.6 Multistate System Reliability Models 96 6 Probability Plotting 102 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Linearizing Location-Scale-Based Distributions 103 6.3 Graphical Goodness of Fit 105 6.4 Probability Plotting Positions 106 6.5 Notes on the Application of Probability Plotting 111 7 Parametric Likelihood Fitting Concepts: Exponential Distribution 119 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Parametric Likelihood 122 7.3 Likelihood Confidence Intervals for θ 123 7.4 Wald (Normal-Approximation) Confidence Intervals for θ 125 7.5 Confidence Intervals for Functions of θ 126 7.6 Comparison of Confidence Interval Procedures 127 7.7 Likelihood for Exact Failure Times 128 7.8 Effect of Sample Size on Confidence Interval Width and the Likelihood Shape 130 7.9 Exponential Distribution Inferences with No Failures 131 8 Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Log-Location-Scale Distributions 138 8.1 Likelihood Definition 139 8.2 Likelihood Confidence Regions and Intervals 142 8.3 Wald Confidence Intervals 146 8.4 The ML Estimate May Not Go Through the Points 151 8.5 Estimation with a Given Shape Parameter 152 9 Parametric Bootstrap and Other Simulation-Based Confidence Interval Methods 164 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Methods for Generating Bootstrap Samples and Obtaining Bootstrap Estimates 165 9.3 Bootstrap Confidence Interval Methods 171 9.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Based on Pivotal Quantities 176 9.5 Confidence Intervals Based on Generalized Pivotal Quantities 181 10 An Introduction to Bayesian Statistical Methods for Reliability 189 10.1 Bayesian Inference: Overview 190 10.2 Bayesian Inference: an Illustrative Example 194 10.3 More About Prior Information and Specification of a Prior Distribution 202 10.4 Implementing Bayesian Analyses Using MCMC Simulation 205 10.5 Using Prior Information to Estimate the Service-Life Distribution of a Rocket Motor 210 11 Special Parametric Models 219 11.1 Extending ML Methods 219 11.2 Fitting the Generalized Gamma Distribution 220 11.3 Fitting the Birnbaum–Saunders Distribution 223 11.4 The Limited Failure Population Model 225 11.5 Truncated Data and Truncated Distributions 227 11.6 Fitting Distributions that Have a Threshold Parameter 232 12 Comparing Failure-Time Distributions 243 12.1 Background and Motivation 243 12.2 Nonparametric Comparisons 244 12.3 Parametric Comparison of Two Groups by Fitting Separate Distributions 247 12.4 Parametric Comparison of Two Groups by Fitting Separate Distributions With Equal σ values 248 12.5 Parametric Comparison of More than Two Groups 250 13 Planning Life Tests for Estimation 261 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Simple Formulas to Determine the Needed Sample Size 263 13.3 Use of Simulation in Test Planning 267 13.4 Approximate Variance of ML Estimators and Computing Variance Factors 274 13.5 Variance Factors for (Log-)Location-Scale Distributions 275 13.6 Some Extensions 278 14 Planning Reliability Demonstration Tests 282 14.1 Introduction to Demonstration Testing 282 14.2 Finding the Required Sample Size n or Test-Length Factor k 284 14.3 Probability of Successful Demonstration 288 15 Prediction of Failure Times and the Number of Future Field Failures 293 15.1 Basic Concepts of Statistical Prediction 294 15.2 Probability Prediction Intervals (_ Known) 295 15.3 Statistical Prediction Intervals (_ Estimated) 296 15.4 Plug-In Prediction and Calibration 297 15.5 Computing and Using Predictive Distributions 301 15.6 Prediction of the Number of Future Failures from a Single Group of Units in the Field 304 15.7 Predicting the Number of Future Failures from Multiple Groups of Units in the Field with Staggered Entry into the Field 307 15.8 Bayesian Prediction Methods 311 15.9 Choosing a Distribution for Making Predictions 313 16 Analysis of Data with More than One Failure Mode 321 16.1 An Introduction to Multiple Failure Modes 321 16.2 Model for Multiple Failure Modes Data 323 16.3 Competing-Risk Estimation 324 16.4 The Effect of Eliminating a Failure Mode 328 16.5 Subdistribution Functions and Prediction for Individual Failure Modes 331 16.6 More About the Non-Identifiability of Dependence Among Failure Modes 332 17 Failure-Time Regression Analysis 340 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 Simple Linear Regression Models 342 17.3 Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Regression Models 345 17.4 Regression Model with Quadratic μ and Nonconstant σ 347 17.5 Checking Model Assumptions 351 17.6 Empirical Regression Models and Sensitivity Analysis 354 17.7 Models with Two or More Explanatory Variables 359 18 Analysis of Accelerated Life Test Data 369 18.1 Introduction to Accelerated Life Tests 369 18.2 Overview of ALT Data Analysis Methods 371 18.3 Temperature-Accelerated Life Tests 372 18.4 Bayesian Analysis of a Temperature-Accelerated Life Test 380 18.5 Voltage-Accelerated Life Test 381 19 More Topics on Accelerated Life Testing 396 19.1 ALTs with Interval-Censored Data 396 19.2 ALTs with Two Accelerating Variables 401 19.3 Multifactor Experiments with a Single Accelerating Variable 405 19.4 Practical Suggestions for Drawing Conclusions from ALT Data 409 19.5 Pitfalls of Accelerated Life Testing 410 19.6 Other Kinds of Accelerated Tests 412 20 Degradation Modeling and Destructive Degradation Data Analysis 421 20.1 Degradation Reliability Data and Degradation Path Models: Introduction and Background422 20.2 Description and Mechanistic Motivation for Degradation Path Models 423 20.3 Models Relating Degradation and Failure 427 20.4 DDT Background, Motivating Examples, and Estimation 427 20.5 Failure-Time Distributions Induced from DDT Models and Failure-Time Inferences 431 20.6 ADDT Model Building 433 20.7 Fitting an Acceleration Model to ADDT Data 435 20.8 ADDT Failure-Time Inferences 437 20.9 ADDT Analysis Using an Informative Prior Distribution 438 20.10 An ADDT with an Asymptotic Model 439 21 Repeated-Measures Degradation Modeling and Analysis 448 21.1 RMDT Models and Data 448 21.2 RMDT Parameter Estimation 451 21.3 The Relationship Between Degradation and Failure-Time for RMDT Models 454 21.4 Estimation of a Failure-Time cdf from RMDT Data 457 21.5 Models for ARMDT Data 458 21.6 ARMDT Estimation 459 21.7 ARMDT with Multiple Accelerating Variables 462 22 Analysis of Repairable System and Other Recurrent Events Data 469 22.1 Introduction 469 22.2 Nonparametric Estimation of the MCF 471 22.3 Comparison of Two Samples of Recurrent Events Data 474 22.4 Recurrent Events Data with Multiple Event Types 475 23 Case Studies and Further Applications 481 23.1 Analysis of Hard Drive Field Data 481 23.2 Reliability in the Presence of Stress-Strength Interference 484 23.3 Predicting Field Failures with a Limited Failure Population 487 23.4 Analysis of Accelerated Life Test Data When There is a Batch Effect 494 Epilogue 499 A Notation and Acronyms 503 B Other Useful Distributions and Probability Distribution Computations 509 B.1 Important Characteristics of Distribution Functions 509 B.2 Distributions and R Computations 511 B.3 Continuous Distributions 511 B.4 Discrete Distributions 519 B.4.1 Binomial Distribution 519 C Some Results from Statistical Theory 522 C.1 The cdfs and pdfs of Functions of Random Variables 522 C.2 Statistical Error Propagation—The Delta Method 527 C.3 Likelihood and Fisher Information Matrices 528 C.4 Regularity Conditions 529 C.5 Convergence in Distribution 530 C.6 Convergence in Probability 531 C.7 Outline of General ML Theory 532 C.8 Inference with Zero or Few Failures 534 C.9 The Bonferroni Inequality 536 D Tables 538 References 549

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Book SynopsisSustainable Energy Conversion for Electricity and Coproducts Comprehensive and a fundamental approach to the study of sustainable fuel conversion for the generation of electricity and for coproducing synthetic fuels and chemicals Both electricity and chemicals are critical to maintain our modern way of life; however, environmental impacts have to be factored in to sustain this type of lifestyle. Sustainable Energy Conversion for Electricity and Coproducts provides a unified, comprehensive, and a fundamental approach to the study of sustainable fuel conversion in order to generate electricity and optionally coproduce synthetic fuels and chemicals. The book starts with an introduction to energy systems and describes the various forms of energy sources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass, and other renewables and nuclear. Their distribution is discussed in order to emphasize the uneven availability and finiteness of some of these resources. Each topic in Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Book xiv About the Author xv 1 Introduction to Energy Systems 1 1.1 Energy Sources and Distribution of Resources 2 1.1.1 Fossil Fuels 2 1.1.2 Nuclear 16 1.1.3 Renewables 17 1.2 Energy and the Environment 21 1.2.1 Criteria and Other Air Pollutants 22 1.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Capture, and Storage 26 1.2.3 Water Usage 28 1.3 Holistic Approach 29 1.3.1 Supply Chain and Life Cycle Assessment 29 1.4 Conclusions 31 References 31 2 Thermodynamics 33 2.1 First Law 34 2.1.1 Application to a Combustor 36 2.1.2 Efficiency Based on First Law 45 2.2 Second Law 46 2.2.1 Quality Destruction and Entropy Generation 51 2.2.2 Second Law Analysis 53 2.2.3 First and Second Law Efficiencies 57 2.3 Combustion and Gibbs Free Energy Minimization 58 2.4 Nonideal Behavior 60 2.4.1 Gas Phase 60 2.4.2 Vapor–Liquid Phases 62 References 64 3 Fluid Flow Equipment 66 3.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 66 3.1.1 Flow Regimes 67 3.1.2 Extended Bernoulli Equation 68 3.2 Single-Phase Incompressible Flow 69 3.2.1 Pressure Drop in Pipes 69 3.2.2 Pressure Drop in Fittings 70 3.3 Single-Phase Compressible Flow 71 3.3.1 Pressure Drop in Pipes and Fittings 72 3.3.2 Choked Flow 72 3.4 Two-Phase Fluid Flow 72 3.4.1 Gas–Liquid Flow Regimes 73 3.4.2 Pressure Drop in Pipes and Fittings 74 3.4.3 Droplet Separation 74 3.5 Solid Fluid Systems 77 3.5.1 Flow Regimes 77 3.5.2 Pressure Drop 78 3.5.3 Pneumatic Conveying 80 3.6 Fluid Velocity in Pipes 80 3.7 Turbomachinery 81 3.7.1 Pumps 81 3.7.2 Compressors 90 3.7.3 Fans and Blowers 97 3.7.4 Expansion Turbines 98 References 99 4 Heat Transfer Equipment 101 4.1 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 101 4.1.1 Conduction 102 4.1.2 Convection 103 4.1.3 Radiation 112 4.2 Heat Exchange Equipment 117 4.2.1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 118 4.2.2 Plate Heat Exchangers 124 4.2.3 Air-Cooled Exchangers 127 4.2.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) 128 4.2.5 Boilers and Fired Heaters 129 References 130 5 Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction Equipment 131 5.1 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer 131 5.1.1 Molecular Diffusion 132 5.1.2 Convective Transport 133 5.1.3 Adsorption 134 5.2 Gas–Liquid Systems 135 5.2.1 Types of Mass Transfer Operations 135 5.2.2 Types of Columns 144 5.2.3 Column Sizing 146 5.2.4 Column Diameter and Pressure Drop 157 5.3 Fluid–Solid Systems 159 5.3.1 Adsorbers 159 5.3.2 Catalytic Reactors 162 References 167 6 Prime Movers 169 6.1 Gas Turbines 170 6.1.1 Principles of Operation 171 6.1.2 Combustor and Air Emissions 176 6.1.3 Start-Up and Load Control 177 6.1.4 Performance Characteristics 177 6.1.5 Fuel Types 179 6.1.6 Technology Developments 182 6.2 Steam Turbines 185 6.2.1 Principles of Operation 185 6.2.2 Load Control 186 6.2.3 Performance Characteristics 187 6.2.4 Technology Developments 189 6.3 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 190 6.3.1 Principles of Operation 190 6.3.2 Air Emissions 193 6.3.3 Start-up 193 6.3.4 Performance Characteristics 194 6.3.5 Fuel Types 194 6.4 Hydraulic Turbines 195 6.4.1 Process Industry Applications 195 6.4.2 Hydroelectric Power Plant Applications 196 References 196 7 Systems Analysis 198 7.1 Design Basis 198 7.1.1 Fuel or Feedstock Specifications 200 7.1.2 Mode of Heat Rejection 200 7.1.3 Ambient Conditions 200 7.1.4 Other Site-Specific Considerations 201 7.1.5 Environmental Emissions Criteria 202 7.1.6 Capacity Factor 203 7.1.7 Off-Design Requirements 204 7.2 System Configuration 205 7.3 Exergy and Pinch Analyses 207 7.3.1 Exergy Analysis 207 7.3.2 Pinch Analysis 208 7.4 Process Flow Diagrams 212 7.5 Dynamic Simulation and Process Control 215 7.5.1 Dynamic Simulation 215 7.5.2 Automatic Process Control 219 7.6 Cost Estimation and Economics 220 7.6.1 Total Plant Cost 220 7.6.2 Economic Analysis 225 7.7 Life Cycle Assessment 227 References 228 8 Rankine Cycle Systems 230 8.1 Basic Rankine Cycle 231 8.2 Addition of Superheating 233 8.3 Addition of Reheat 236 8.4 Addition of Economizer and Regenerative Feedwater Heating 238 8.5 Supercritical Rankine Cycle 241 8.6 The Steam Cycle 241 8.7 Coal-Fired Power Generation 244 8.7.1 Coal-Fired Boilers 244 8.7.2 Emissions and Control 245 8.7.3 Description of a Large Supercritical Steam Rankine Cycle 251 8.8 Plant-Derived Biomass-Fired Power Generation 255 8.8.1 Feedstock Characteristics 255 8.8.2 Biomass-Fired Boilers 256 8.8.3 Cofiring Biomass in Coal-Fired Boilers 256 8.8.4 Emissions 257 8.9 Municipal Solid Waste Fired Power Generation 258 8.9.1 MSW-Fired Boilers 258 8.9.2 Emissions Control 259 8.10 Low-Temperature Cycles 260 8.10.1 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 260 References 262 9 Brayton–Rankine Combined Cycle Systems 264 9.1 Combined Cycle 264 9.1.1 Gas Turbine Cycles for Combined Cycles 265 9.1.2 Steam Cycles for Combined Cycles 266 9.2 Natural Gas-Fueled Plants 267 9.2.1 Description of a Large Combined Cycle 267 9.2.2 No X Control 272 9.2.3 CO and Volatile Organic Compounds Control 272 9.2.4 CO 2 Emissions Control 273 9.2.5 Characteristics of Combined Cycles 276 9.3 Coal and Biomass Fueled Plants 279 9.3.1 Gasification 280 9.3.2 Gasifier Feedstocks 282 9.3.3 Key Technologies in IGCC Systems 283 9.3.4 Description of an IGCC 287 9.3.5 Advantages of an IGCC 291 9.3.6 Economies of Scale and Biomass Gasification 291 9.4 Indirectly Fired Cycle 291 References 294 10 Coproduction and Cogeneration 296 10.1 Types of Coproducts and Synergy in Coproduction 297 10.2 Syngas Generation for Coproduction 298 10.2.1 Gasifiers 298 10.2.2 Reformers 299 10.2.3 Shift Reactors 300 10.3 Syngas Conversion to Some Key Coproducts 302 10.3.1 Methanol 302 10.3.2 Urea 305 10.3.3 Fischer–Tropsch Liquids 309 10.4 Hydrogen Coproduction from Coal and Biomass 315 10.4.1 Current Technology Plant 315 10.4.2 Advanced Technology Plant 318 10.5 Combined Heat and Power 322 10.5.1 LiBr Absorption Refrigeration 325 References 328 11 Advanced Systems 330 11.1 High Temperature Membrane Separators 330 11.1.1 Ceramic Membranes 331 11.1.2 Application of Membranes to Air Separation 333 11.1.3 Application of Membranes to H 2 Separation 334 11.2 Fuel Cells 334 11.2.1 Basic Electrochemistry and Transport Phenomena 337 11.2.2 Real Fuel Cell Behavior 339 11.2.3 Overall Cell Performance 342 11.2.4 A Fuel Cell Power Generation System 345 11.2.5 Major Fuel Cell Type Characteristics 347 11.2.6 Hybrid Cycles 351 11.2.7 A Coal-Fueled Hybrid System 354 11.3 Chemical Looping 354 11.4 Magnetohydrodynamics 356 References 357 12 Renewables and Nuclear 359 12.1 Wind 360 12.1.1 Wind Resources and Plant Siting 361 12.1.2 Key Equipment 363 12.1.3 Economics 364 12.1.4 Environmental Issues 365 12.2 Solar 365 12.2.1 Solar Resources and Plant Siting 366 12.2.2 Key Equipment 366 12.2.3 Economics 368 12.2.4 Environmental Issues 369 12.3 Geothermal 371 12.3.1 Geothermal Resources and Plant Siting 371 12.3.2 Key Equipment 372 12.3.3 Economics 376 12.3.4 Environmental Issues 377 12.4 Nuclear 378 12.4.1 Nuclear Fuel Resources and Plant Siting 379 12.4.2 Key Equipment 380 12.4.3 Economics 381 12.4.4 Environmental Issues 382 12.5 Electric Grid Stability and Dependence on Fossil Fuels 383 12.5.1 Super and Micro Grids 385 References 385 Appendix: Acronyms and Abbreviations, Symbols and Units 387 Index 396

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Book SynopsisBiorenewable Resources: Engineering New Products from Agriculture, 2nd Edition will provide comprehensive coverage of engineering systems that convert agricultural crops and residues into bioenergy and biobased products. This edition is thoroughly updated and revised to better serve the needs of the professional and research fields working with biorenewable resource development and production. Biorenewable resources is a rapidly growing field that forms at the interface between agricultural and plant sciences and process engineering. Biorenewable Resources will be an indispensable reference for anyone working in the production of biomass or biorenewable resources.Table of ContentsPREFACE vii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 11 3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 43 4 THE BIORENEWABLE RESOURCE BASE 75 5 PRODUCTION OF BIORENEWABLE RESOURCES 103 6 PRODUCTS FROM BIORENEWABLE RESOURCES 137 7 BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF CARBOHYDRATE-RICH BIOMASS 171 8 THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 195 9 PROCESSING OF OLEAGINOUS BIOMASS 237 10 PROCESSING OF BIORENEWABLE RESOURCES INTO NATURAL FIBERS 251 11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BIOECONOMY 261 12 ECONOMICS OF BIORENEWABLE RESOURCES 287 13 BIORENEWABLE POLICY 327 Appendix A DESCRIPTIONS OF BIORENEWABLE RESOURCES 341 Appendix B CONVERSION FACTORS 367 INDEX 369

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Book SynopsisA practical, step-by-step guide to designing world-class, high availability systems using both classical and DFSS reliability techniques Whether designing telecom, aerospace, automotive, medical, financial, or public safety systems, every engineer aims for the utmost reliability and availability in the systems he, or she, designs. But between the dream of world-class performance and reality falls the shadow of complexities that can bedevil even the most rigorous design process. While there are an array of robust predictive engineering tools, there has been no single-source guide to understanding and using them . . . until now. Offering a case-based approach to designing, predicting, and deploying world-class high-availability systems from the ground up, this book brings together the best classical and DFSS reliability techniques. Although it focuses on technical aspects, this guide considers the business and market constraints that require that systems be designTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Initial Considerations for Reliability Design 3 2.1 The Challenge 3 2.2 Initial Data Collection 3 2.3 Where Do We Get MTBF Information? 5 2.4 MTTR and Identifying Failures 6 2.5 Summary 7 3. A Game of Dice: An Introduction to Probability 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 A Game of Dice 10 3.3 Mutually Exclusive and Independent Events 10 3.4 Dice Paradox Problem and Conditional Probability 15 3.5 Flip a Coin 21 3.6 Dice Paradox Revisited 23 3.7 Probabilities for Multiple Dice Throws 24 3.8 Conditional Probability Revisited 27 3.9 Summary 29 4. Discrete Random Variables 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Random Variables 31 4.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 33 4.4 Bernoulli Distribution 34 4.5 Geometric Distribution 35 4.6 Binomial Coeffi cients 38 4.7 Binomial Distribution 40 4.8 Poisson Distribution 43 4.9 Negative Binomial Random Variable 48 4.10 Summary 50 5. Continuous Random Variables 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Uniform Random Variables 52 5.3 Exponential Random Variables 53 5.4 Weibull Random Variables 54 5.5 Gamma Random Variables 55 5.6 Chi-Square Random Variables 59 5.7 Normal Random Variables 59 5.8 Relationship between Random Variables 60 5.9 Summary 61 6. Random Processes 62 6.1 Introduction 62 6.2 Markov Process 63 6.3 Poisson Process 63 6.4 Deriving the Poisson Distribution 64 6.5 Poisson Interarrival Times 69 6.6 Summary 71 7. Modeling and Reliability Basics 72 7.1 Introduction 72 7.2 Modeling 75 7.3 Failure Probability and Failure Density 77 7.4 Unreliability, F(t) 78 7.5 Reliability, R(t) 79 7.6 MTTF 79 7.7 MTBF 79 7.8 Repairable System 80 7.9 Nonrepairable System 80 7.10 MTTR 80 7.11 Failure Rate 81 7.12 Maintainability 81 7.13 Operability 81 7.14 Availability 82 7.15 Unavailability 84 7.16 Five 9s Availability 85 7.17 Downtime 85 7.18 Constant Failure Rate Model 85 7.19 Conditional Failure Rate 88 7.20 Bayes’s Theorem 94 7.21 Reliability Block Diagrams 98 7.22 Summary 107 8. Discrete-Time Markov Analysis 110 8.1 Introduction 110 8.2 Markov Process Defined 112 8.3 Dynamic Modeling 116 8.4 Discrete Time Markov Chains 116 8.5 Absorbing Markov Chains 123 8.6 Nonrepairable Reliability Models 129 8.7 Summary 140 9. Continuous-Time Markov Systems 141 9.1 Introduction 141 9.2 Continuous-Time Markov Processes 141 9.3 Two-State Derivation 143 9.4 Steps to Create a Markov Reliability Model 147 9.5 Asymptotic Behavior (Steady-State Behavior) 148 9.6 Limitations of Markov Modeling 154 9.7 Markov Reward Models 154 9.8 Summary 155 10. Markov Analysis: Nonrepairable Systems 156 10.1 Introduction 156 10.2 One Component, No Repair 156 10.3 Nonrepairable Systems: Parallel System with No Repair 165 10.4 Series System with No Repair: Two Identical Components 172 10.5 Parallel System with Partial Repair: Identical Components 176 10.6 Parallel System with No Repair: Nonidentical Components 183 10.7 Summary 192 11. Markov Analysis: Repairable Systems 193 11.1 Repairable Systems 193 11.2 One Component with Repair 194 11.3 Parallel System with Repair: Identical Component Failure and Repair Rates 204 11.4 Parallel System with Repair: Different Failure and Repair Rates 217 11.5 Summary 239 12. Analyzing Confidence Levels 240 12.1 Introduction 240 12.2 pdf of a Squared Normal Random Variable 240 12.3 pdf of the Sum of Two Random Variables 243 12.4 pdf of the Sum of Two Gamma Random Variables 245 12.5 pdf of the Sum of n Gamma Random Variables 246 12.6 Goodness-of-Fit Test Using Chi-Square 249 12.7 Confidence Levels 257 12.8 Summary 264 13. Estimating Reliability Parameters 266 13.1 Introduction 266 13.2 Bayes’ Estimation 268 13.3 Example of Estimating Hardware MTBF 273 13.4 Estimating Software MTBF 273 13.5 Revising Initial MTBF Estimates and Tradeoffs 274 13.6 Summary 277 14. Six Sigma Tools for Predictive Engineering 278 14.1 Introduction 278 14.2 Gathering Voice of Customer (VOC) 279 14.3 Processing Voice of Customer 281 14.4 Kano Analysis 282 14.5 Analysis of Technical Risks 284 14.6 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) or House of Quality 284 14.7 Program Level Transparency of Critical Parameters 287 14.8 Mapping DFSS Techniques to Critical Parameters 287 14.9 Critical Parameter Management (CPM) 287 14.10 First Principles Modeling 289 14.11 Design of Experiments (DOE) 289 14.12 Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) 289 14.13 Fault Tree Analysis 290 14.14 Pugh Matrix 290 14.15 Monte Carlo Simulation 291 14.16 Commercial DFSS Tools 291 14.17 Mathematical Prediction of System Capability instead of “Gut Feel” 293 14.18 Visualizing System Behavior Early in the Life Cycle 297 14.19 Critical Parameter Scorecard 297 14.20 Applying DFSS in Third-Party Intensive Programs 298 14.21 Summary 300 15. Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 302 15.1 Introduction 302 15.2 What Is Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (DFMEA)? 302 15.3 Definitions 303 15.4 Business Case for DFMEA 303 15.5 Why Conduct DFMEA? 305 15.6 When to Perform DFMEA 305 15.7 Applicability of DFMEA 306 15.8 DFMEA Template 306 15.9 DFMEA Life Cycle 312 15.10 The DFMEA Team 324 15.11 DFMEA Advantages and Disadvantages 327 15.12 Limitations of DFMEA 328 15.13 DFMEAs, FTAs, and Reliability Analysis 328 15.14 Summary 330 16. Fault Tree Analysis 331 16.1 What Is Fault Tree Analysis? 331 16.2 Events 332 16.3 Logic Gates 333 16.4 Creating a Fault Tree 335 16.5 Fault Tree Limitations 339 16.6 Summary 339 17. Monte Carlo Simulation Models 340 17.1 Introduction 340 17.2 System Behavior over Mission Time 344 17.3 Reliability Parameter Analysis 344 17.4 A Worked Example 348 17.5 Component and System Failure Times Using Monte Carlo Simulations 359 17.6 Limitations of Using Nontime-Based Monte Carlo Simulations 361 17.7 Summary 365 18. Updating Reliability Estimates: Case Study 367 18.1 Introduction 367 18.2 Overview of the Base Station Controller—Data Only (BSC-DO) System 367 18.3 Downtime Calculation 368 18.4 Calculating Availability from Field Data Only 371 18.5 Assumptions Behind Using the Chi-Square Methodology 372 18.6 Fault Tree Updates from Field Data 372 18.7 Summary 376 19. Fault Management Architectures 377 19.1 Introduction 377 19.2 Faults, Errors, and Failures 378 19.3 Fault Management Design 381 19.4 Repair versus Recovery 382 19.5 Design Considerations for Reliability Modeling 383 19.6 Architecture Techniques to Improve Availability 383 19.7 Redundancy Schemes 384 19.8 Summary 395 20 Application of DFMEA to Real-Life Example 397 20.1 Introduction 397 20.2 Cage Failover Architecture Description 397 20.3 Cage Failover DFMEA Example 399 20.4 DFMEA Scorecard 401 20.5 Lessons Learned 402 20.6 Summary 403 21. Application of FTA to Real-Life Example 404 21.1 Introduction 404 21.2 Calculating Availability Using Fault Tree Analysis 404 21.3 Building the Basic Events 405 21.4 Building the Fault Tree 406 21.5 Steps for Creating and Estimating the Availability Using FTA 408 21.6 Summary 416 22. Complex High Availability System Analysis 420 22.1 Introduction 420 22.2 Markov Analysis of the Hardware Components 420 22.3 Building a Fault Tree from the Hardware Markov Model 427 22.4 Markov Analysis of the Software Components 427 22.5 Markov Analysis of the Combined Hardware and Software Components 433 22.6 Techniques for Simplifying Markov Analysis 437 22.7 Summary 446 References 447 Index 450

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Book SynopsisAssesses the engineering of renewable sources for commercial power generation and discusses the safety, operation, and control aspects of nuclear electric power From an expert who advised the European Commission and UK government in the aftermath of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl comes a book that contains experienced engineering assessments of the options for replacing the existing, aged, fossil-fired power stations with renewable, gas-fired, or nuclear plants. From geothermal, solar, and wind to tidal and hydro generation, Nuclear Electric Power: Safety, Operation, and Control Aspects assesses the engineering of renewable sources for commercial power generation and discusses the important aspects of the design, operation, and safety of nuclear stations. Nuclear Electric Power offers: Novel, practical engineering assessments for geothermal, hydro, solar, tidal, and wind generation in terms of the available data on cost, safetyTable of ContentsPreface ix Glossary xiii Principal Nomenclature xv 1. Energy Sources, Grid Compatibility, Economics, and the Environment 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Geothermal Energy 3 1.3 Hydroelectricity 5 1.4 Solar Energy 7 1.5 Tidal Energy 8 1.6 Wind Energy 13 1.7 Fossil-Fired Power Generation 17 1.8 Nuclear Generation and Reactor Choice 20 1.9 A Prologue 30 2. Adequacy of Linear Models and Nuclear Reactor Dynamics 34 2.1 Linear Models, Stability, and Nyquist Theorems 34 2.2 Mathematical Descriptions of a Neutron Population 44 2.3 A Point Model of Reactor Kinetics 45 2.4 Temperature and Other Operational Feedback Effects 49 2.5 Reactor Control, its Stable Period and Re-equilibrium 51 3. Some Power Station and Grid Control Problems 56 3.1 Steam Drum Water-Level Control 56 3.2 Flow Stability in Parallel Boiling Channels 59 3.3 Grid Power Systems and Frequency Control 63 3.4 Grid Disconnection for a Nuclear Station with Functioning “Scram” 71 4. Some Aspects of Nuclear Accidents and Their Mitigation 79 4.1 Reactor Accident Classification by Probabilities 79 4.2 Hazards from an Atmospheric Release of Fission Products 82 4.3 Mathematical Risk, Event Trees, and Human Attitudes 84 4.4 The Farmer-Beattie Siting Criterion 87 4.5 Examples of Potential Severe Accidents in Fast Reactors and PWRs with their Consequences 93 5. Molten Fuel Coolant Interactions: Analyses and Experiments 101 5.1 A History and a Mixing Analysis 101 5.2 Coarse Mixtures and Contact Modes in Severe Nuclear Accidents 105 5.3 Some Physics of a Vapor Film and its Interface 110 5.4 Heat Transfer from Contiguous Melt 115 5.5 Mass Transfer at a Liquid–Vapor Interface and the Condensation Coefficient 121 5.6 Kinetics, Heat Diffusion, a Triggering Simulation, and Reactor Safety 124 5.7 Melt Fragmentation, Heat Transfer, Debris Sizes, and MFCI Yield 131 5.8 Features of the Bubex Code and an MFTF Simulation 140 6. Primary Containment Integrity and Impact Studies 148 6.1 Primary Containment Integrity 148 6.2 The Pi-Theorem, Scale Models, and Replicas 155 6.3 Experimental Impact Facilities 160 6.4 Computational Techniques and an Aircraft Impact 165 7. Natural Circulation, Passive Safety Systems, and Debris-Bed Cooling 173 7.1 Natural Convection in Nuclear Plants 173 7.2 Passive Safety Systems for Water Reactors 179 7.3 Core Debris-Bed Cooling in Water Reactors 181 7.4 An Epilogue 186 References 192 Index 207

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Book SynopsisAs naturally occurring and abundant sources of non-fossil carbon, lignin and lignans offer exciting possibilities as a source of commercially valuable products, moving away from petrochemical-based feedstocks in favour of renewable raw materials. Lignin can be used directly in fields such as agriculture, livestock, soil rehabilitation, bioremediation and the polymer industry, or it can be chemically modified for the fabrication of specialty and high-value chemicals such as resins, adhesives, fuels and greases. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials presents a multidisciplinary overview of the state-of-the-art and future prospects of lignin and lignans. The book discusses the origin, structure, function and applications of both types of compounds, describing the main resources and values of these products as carbon raw materials. Topics covered include: Structure and physicochemical propertiesLignin detection methodsBiosynthesis of ligninTable of ContentsSeries PrefacePreface xiiiAcronyms xviiList of Symbols xxiPart One Introduction 11 Background and overview 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Lignin: economical aspects and sustainability 41.3 Structure of the book 5References 8Part Two What is lignin? 92 Structure and physicochemical properties 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Monolignols, the basis of a complex architecture 122.3 Chemical classification of lignins 152.4 Lignin linkages 192.5 Structural models of native lignin 222.6 Lignin-carbohydrate complex 372.7 Physical and chemical properties of lignins 44References 483 Detection and determination 533.1 Introduction 533.2 The detection of lignin (colour-forming reactions) 533.3 Determination of lignin 593.4 Direct methods for the determination of lignin 613.5 Indirect methods for the determination of lignin 653.6 Comparison of the different determination methods 72References 754 Biosynthesis of lignin 814.1 Introduction 814.2 The biological function of lignins 824.3 The shikimic acid pathway 824.4 The phenylpropanoid pathway 854.5 The biosynthesis of lignin precursors (the monolignol specific pathway) 864.6 The dehydrogenation of the precursors 924.7 Peroxidases and laccases 924.8 The radical polymerisation 954.9 The lignin-cabohydrate connectivity 1094.10 Location of lignins (cell walls lignification) 1114.11 Lignins from hybrids 1124.12 Differences between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm lignins 115References 119Part Three Sources and Characterization of Lignin 1275 Isolation of lignins 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 Methods for lignin isolation from wood and grass for laboratory purposes 1305.3 Commercial lignins 143References 1546 Functional and spectroscopic characterization of lignins 1616.1 Introduction 1616.2 Elemental analysis and empirical formula 1616.3 Determination of molecular weight 1636.4 Functional group analyses 1676.5 Frequencies of functional groups and linkage types in lignins 1766.6 Characterization by spectroscopic methods 1826.7 Raman spectroscopy 186References 1957 Chemical characterization and modification of lignins 2077.1 Introduction 2077.2 Characterization by chemical degradation methods 2077.3 Other chemical transformations of lignins 2387.4 Other chemical modifications of lignins 2477.5 Thermolysis (pyrolysis) 2497.6 Biochemical transformations of lignins 250References 252Part Four Lignins Applications 2678 Applications of modified and unmodified lignins 2698.1 Introduction 2698.2 Lignin as fuel 2728.3 Lignin as a binder 2738.4 Lignin as chelant agent 2758.5 Lignin in biosciences and medicine 2768.6 Lignin in agriculture 2788.7 Polymers with unmodified lignin 2798.8 Other applications of unmodified lignins 2888.9 New polymeric materials derived from modified lignins and related biomass derivatives 2948.10 Polymers derived from chemicals obtainable from lignin decomposition 3048.11 Other applications of modified lignins 305References 3089 High-value chemical products 3139.1 Introduction 3139.2 Gasification: syngas from lignin 3159.3 Thermolysis of lignin 3169.4 Hydrodeoxygenation (hydrogenolysis) 3179.5 Hydrothermal hydrolysis 3199.6 Chemical depolymerisation 3219.7 Oxidative transformation of lignin 3249.8 High-value chemicals from lignin 328References 335Part Five Lignans 33910 Structure and chemical properties of lignans 34110.1 Introduction 34110.2 Structure and classification of lignans 34110.3 Nomenclature of lignans 34610.4 Lignan occurrence in plants 34910.5 Methods of isolation of lignans from plants 35410.6 Structure determination of lignans 35610.7 The chemical synthesis of lignans 357References 38711 Biological properties of lignans 40111.1 Introduction 40111.2 Biosynthesis of lignans 40211.3 Metabolism of lignans 41311.4 Plant physiology and plant defence 41811.5 Podophyllotoxin 42211.6 Biological activity of different lignan structures 435References 466Part Six Outcome and Challenges 49112 Summary, conclusions, and perspectives on lignin chemistry 49312.1 Sources of lignin 49312.2 On the structure of lignin 49412.3 Biosynthesis and biological function 49512.4 Applications of lignin 49512.5 Lignans 49712.6 Perspectives 498References 499General index 500Author index 501

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Book SynopsisA concise and accessible introduction to the topical issue of biomass utilization. Presents an overview of the use of biorenewable resources in the 21st century for the manufacture of chemical products, materials and energy.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Series Preface xiii Preface xv 1 The Biorefinery Concept: An Integrated Approach 1James Clark and Fabien Deswarte 1.1 Sustainability for the Twenty-First Century 1 1.2 Renewable Resources: Nature and Availability 2 1.3 The Challenge of Waste 4 1.3.1 Waste Policy and Waste Valorisation 6 1.3.2 The Food Supply Chain Waste Opportunity 7 1.3.3 Case Study: Citrus Waste 8 1.4 Green Chemistry 9 1.5 The Biorefinery Concept 11 1.5.1 Definition 11 1.5.2 Different Types of Biorefinery 12 1.5.3 Challenges and Opportunities 20 1.5.4 Biorefinery Size 24 1.6 Conclusions 24 1.7 Acknowledgement 25 References 25 2 Biomass as a Feedstock 31Thomas M. Attard, Andrew J. Hunt, Avtar S. Matharu, Joseph A. Houghton and Igor Polikarpov 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 32 2.3 Food Supply Chain Waste 40 2.4 Mango Waste: A Case Study 44 2.5 Concluding Remarks 46 References 47 3 Pretreatment and Thermochemical and Biological Processing of Biomass 53Wan Chi Lam, Tsz Him Kwan, Vitaliy L. Budarin, Egid B. Mubofu, Jiajun Fan and Carol Sze Ki Lin 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Biomass Pretreatments 54 3.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment of Biomass 54 3.2.2 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 57 3.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment of Biomass 60 3.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Biomass Treatment 63 3.2.5 Biological Pretreatment 65 3.2.6 Summary 66 3.3 Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 66 3.3.1 Direct Liquefaction 66 3.3.2 Direct Combustion 70 3.3.3 Gasification 72 3.3.4 Pyrolysis 73 3.3.5 Torrefaction 74 3.4 Biological Processing 78 3.4.1 Fermentation 78 3.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 79 3.5 Summary 83 References 83 4 Platform Molecules 89Thomas J. Farmer and Mark Mascal 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Fossil-Derived Base Chemicals 91 4.3 Definition of a Platform Molecule 93 4.4 Where Platform Molecules Come From 96 4.4.1 Saccharides 97 4.4.2 Lignin 103 4.4.3 Protein 105 4.4.4 Extracts 109 4.5 Process Technologies: Biomass to Platform Molecules 114 4.6 Bio-Derived v. Fossil-Derived: Changing Downstream Chemistry 117 4.7 List of Platform Molecules 119 4.8 Example Platform Molecules 130 4.8.1 Synthesis Gas Platform: Thermal Treatment 130 4.8.2 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural: Chemical-Catalytic Treatment 133 4.8.3 n-Butanol (Biobutanol): Biological Treatment 135 4.8.4 Triglyceride Platform: Extraction 137 4.9 Conclusion 142 References 143 5 Monomers and Resulting Polymers from Biomass 157James A. Bergman and Michael R. Kessler 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Polymers from Vegetable Oils 159 5.2.1 Isolation of Vegetable Oil 163 5.2.2 Thermosets of Vegetable Oils and Comonomers 163 5.2.3 Epoxidized and Acrylated Epoxidized Vegetable Oil 164 5.2.4 Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oil 165 5.2.5 Polyesters 167 5.2.6 Polyamides 168 5.2.7 Vegetable Oil Conclusion 168 5.3 Furan Chemistry 169 5.3.1 Production of Furfural and HMF 169 5.3.2 Second-Generation Derivatives 171 5.3.3 Addition Polymerizations 171 5.3.4 Furfuryl Alcohol 172 5.3.5 Polyesters 172 5.3.6 Polyamides 173 5.3.7 Other Polymers 175 5.3.8 Furan Conclusion 176 5.4 Terpenes 176 5.4.1 Production of Turpentine 177 5.4.2 Cationic Polymerization of Pinenes 178 5.4.3 Copolymerization of Pinenes 178 5.4.4 Polymerization of Non-Pinene Terpenes 179 5.4.5 Terpenoids 180 5.4.6 Terpene Conclusion 181 5.5 Rosin 181 5.5.1 Production and Chemistry of Rosin 181 5.5.2 Epoxy Resins from Rosin 183 5.5.3 Polyesters and Polyurethanes from Rosin 184 5.5.4 Thermoplastic Polymers from Rosin: Controlled Radical Techniques 184 5.5.5 Rosin Conclusion 185 5.6 The Potential of Tannins 186 5.6.1 Recent Work with Tannin Polycondensation 187 5.6.2 Tannins Conclusion 189 5.7 Alpha-Hydroxy Acids 189 5.7.1 Production of PLA 190 5.7.2 Properties of PLA 192 5.7.3 Applications of PLA 193 5.8 Conclusion 193 References 193 6 Bio-based Materials 205Antoine Rouilly and Carlos Vaca-Garcia 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Wood and Natural Fibres 206 6.2.1 Molecular Constitution 206 6.2.2 Hierarchical Structure of Wood and Timber 208 6.2.3 Plant Fibres 214 6.3 Isolated and Modified Biopolymers as Biomaterials 219 6.3.1 Cellulose 220 6.3.2 Cellulose Derivatives 224 6.3.3 Starch 228 6.3.4 Starch Derivatives 230 6.3.5 Chitin and Chitosan 230 6.3.6 Proteins 231 6.4 Agromaterials, Blends and Composites 236 6.4.1 Agromaterials 236 6.4.2 Blends of Synthetic Polymers and Starch 239 6.4.3 Composites with Natural Fibres 240 6.4.4 Wood-Based Boards 243 6.4.5 Materials for Construction 244 6.5 Conclusion 245 References 245 7 Biomass-Based Energy Production 249Mehrdad Arshadi and Anita Sellstedt 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Physical Upgrading Processes 250 7.2.1 Refinement of Biomass into Solid Fuels 250 7.2.2 Wood Powder 250 7.2.3 Briquette Production 251 7.2.4 Pellet Production 252 7.2.5 Storage of Solid Biomass 255 7.2.6 Torrefaction Technology 256 7.3 Microbiological Processes 257 7.3.1 Organisms and Processes 257 7.3.2 Hydrogen Production 257 7.3.3 Classification of Hydrogen-Forming Processes 258 7.3.4 Butanol Production Using Bacteria as Biocatalysts 259 7.3.5 Microbiological Ethanol Production 260 7.3.6 Production of Biodiesel from Plants and Algae 262 7.3.7 Biogas Production 263 7.4 Thermochemical Processes 265 7.4.1 Thermal Processing Equipment 266 7.4.2 Gasification 269 7.4.3 Pyrolysis 271 7.4.4 Liquefaction 272 7.4.5 Combustion 273 7.5 Chemical Processes 274 7.5.1 Dimethyl Ether (DME) 274 7.5.2 Biodiesel 274 7.6 Primary Alcohols 276 7.6.1 Methanol 276 7.6.2 Ethanol 277 7.6.3 Butanol 280 7.7 Conclusions 280 References 281 8 Policies and Strategies for Delivering a Sustainable Bioeconomy: A European Perspective 285David Turley 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Drivers for Change 287 8.3 The Starting Point: Strategies for Change 288 8.4 Direct Measures 289 8.4.1 Integrated Development 290 8.4.2 Policy Mechanisms 291 8.4.3 Preferential Purchasing Policies 293 8.5 Supporting Measures 294 8.5.1 Supply-Side Drivers 294 8.5.2 Demand-Side Drivers 297 8.6 Bioeconomy Definitions 298 8.6.1 Biobased Content 298 8.6.2 Biodegradability 301 8.6.3 Composting Standards 302 8.6.4 Material Recycling 303 8.7 Life-Cycle Analysis 303 8.8 Ecolabels 304 8.9 Concluding Remarks 307 References 308 Index 311

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Book SynopsisPraise for the Third Edition: This new third edition has been substantially rewritten and updated with new topics and material, new examples and exercises, and to more fully illustrate modern applications of RSM. - Zentralblatt Math Featuring a substantial revision, the Fourth Edition of Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments presents updated coverage on the underlying theory and applications of response surface methodology (RSM). Providing the assumptions and conditions necessary to successfully apply RSM in modern applications, the new edition covers classical and modern response surface designs in order to present a clear connection between the designs and analyses in RSM. With multiple revised sections with new topics and expanded coverage, Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, Fourth EditionTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Response Surface Methodology, 1 1.1.1 Approximating Response Functions, 2 1.1.2 The Sequential Nature of RSM, 7 1.1.3 Objectives and Typical Applications of RSM, 9 1.1.4 RSM and the Philosophy of Quality Improvement, 11 1.2 Product Design and Formulation (Mixture Problems), 11 1.3 Robust Design and Process Robustness Studies, 12 1.4 Useful References on RSM, 12 2 Building Empirical Models 13 2.1 Linear Regression Models, 13 2.2 Estimation of the Parameters in Linear Regression Models, 14 2.3 Properties of the Least Squares Estimators and Estimation of 𝜎2, 22 2.4 Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression, 24 2.4.1 Test for Significance of Regression, 24 2.4.2 Tests on Individual Regression Coefficients and Groups of Coefficients, 27 2.5 Confidence Intervals in Multiple Regression, 31 2.5.1 Confidence Intervals on the Individual Regression Coefficients β, 32 2.5.2 A Joint Confidence Region on the Regression Coefficients β, 32 2.5.3 Confidence Interval on the Mean Response, 33 2.6 Prediction of New Response Observations, 35 2.7 Model Adequacy Checking, 36 2.7.1 Residual Analysis, 36 2.7.2 Scaling Residuals, 38 2.7.3 Influence Diagnostics, 42 2.7.4 Testing for Lack of Fit, 43 2.8 Fitting a Second-Order Model, 47 2.9 Qualitative Regressor Variables, 55 2.10 Transformation of the Response Variable, 61 Exercises, 66 3 Two-Level Factorial Designs 81 3.1 Introduction, 81 3.2 The 22 Design, 82 3.3 The 23 Design, 94 3.4 The General 2k Design, 103 3.5 A Single Replicate of the 2k Design, 108 3.6 2k Designs are Optimal Designs, 125 3.7 The Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design, 130 3.8 Blocking in the 2k Factorial Design, 135 3.8.1 Blocking in the Replicated Design, 135 3.8.2 Confounding in the 2k Design, 137 3.9 Split-Plot Designs, 141 Exercises, 146 4 Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs 161 4.1 Introduction, 161 4.2 The One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design, 162 4.3 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k Design, 174 4.4 The General 2k−p Fractional Factorial Design, 184 4.5 Resolution III Designs, 188 4.6 Resolution IV and V Designs, 197 4.7 Alias Structures in Fractional Factorial and Other Designs, 198 4.8 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs, 200 4.8.1 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 6, 7, and 8 Factors in 16 Runs, 203 4.8.2 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 9 Through 14 Factors in 16 Runs, 209 4.8.3 Analysis of Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs, 213 4.9 Fractional Factorial Split-Plot Designs, 216 4.10 Summary, 219 Exercises, 220 5 Process Improvement with Steepest Ascent 233 5.1 Determining the Path of Steepest Ascent, 234 5.1.1 Development of the Procedure, 234 5.1.2 Practical Application of the Method of Steepest Ascent, 237 5.2 Consideration of Interaction and Curvature, 241 5.2.1 What About a Second Phase?, 244 5.2.2 What Happens Following Steepest Ascent?, 244 5.3 Effect of Scale (Choosing Range of Factors), 245 5.4 Confidence Region for Direction of Steepest Ascent, 247 5.5 Steepest Ascent Subject to a Linear Constraint, 250 5.6 Steepest Ascent in a Split-Plot Experiment, 254 Exercises, 262 6 The Analysis of Second-Order Response Surfaces 273 6.1 Second-Order Response Surface, 273 6.2 Second-Order Approximating Function, 274 6.2.1 The Nature of the Second-Order Function and Second-Order Surface, 274 6.2.2 Illustration of Second-Order Response Surfaces, 276 6.3 A Formal Analytical Approach to the Second-Order Model, 277 6.3.1 Location of the Stationary Point, 278 6.3.2 Nature of the Stationary Point (Canonical Analysis), 278 6.3.3 Ridge Systems, 282 6.3.4 Role of Contour Plots, 286 6.4 Ridge Analysis of the Response Surface, 289 6.4.1 Benefits of Ridge Analysis, 290 6.4.2 Mathematical Development of Ridge Analysis, 291 6.5 Sampling Properties of Response Surface Results, 296 6.5.1 Standard Error of Predicted Response, 296 6.5.2 Confidence Region on the Location of the Stationary Point, 299 6.5.3 Use and Computation of the Confidence Region on the Location of the Stationary Point, 300 6.5.4 Confidence Intervals on Eigenvalues in Canonical Analysis, 304 6.6 Further Comments Concerning Response Surface Analysis, 307 Exercises, 307 7 Multiple Response Optimization 325 7.1 Balancing Multiple Objectives, 325 7.2 Strategies for Multiple Response Optimization, 338 7.2.1 Overlaying Contour Plots, 339 7.2.2 Constrained Optimization, 340 7.2.3 Desirability Functions, 341 7.2.4 Pareto Front Optimization, 343 7.2.5 Other Options for Optimization, 349 7.3 A Sequential Process for Optimization—DMRCS, 350 7.4 Incorporating Uncertainty of Response Predictions into Optimization, 352 Exercises, 357 8 Design of Experiments for Fitting Response Surfaces—I 369 8.1 Desirable Properties of Response Surface Designs, 369 8.2 Operability Region, Region of Interest, and Metrics for Desirable Properties, 371 8.2.1 Metrics for Desirable Properties, 372 8.2.2 Model Inadequacy and Model Bias, 373 8.3 Design of Experiments for First-Order Models and First-Order Models with Interactions, 375 8.3.1 The First-Order Orthogonal Design, 376 8.3.2 Orthogonal Designs for Models Containing Interaction, 378 8.3.3 Other First-Order Orthogonal Designs—The Simplex Design, 381 8.3.4 Definitive Screening Designs, 385 8.3.5 Another Variance Property—Prediction Variance, 389 8.4 Designs for Fitting Second-Order Models, 393 8.4.1 The Class of Central Composite Designs, 393 8.4.2 Design Moments and Property of Rotatability, 399 8.4.3 Rotatability and the CCD, 403 8.4.4 More on Prediction Variance—Scaled, Unscaled, and Estimated, 406 8.4.5 The Face-Centered Cube in Cuboidal Regions, 408 8.4.6 Choosing between Spherical and Cuboidal Regions, 411 8.4.7 The Box–Behnken Design, 413 8.4.8 Definitive Screening Designs for Fitting Second-Order Models, 417 8.4.9 Orthogonal Blocking in Second-Order Designs, 422 Exercises, 434 9 Experimental Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces—II 451 9.1 Designs that Require a Relatively Small Run Size, 452 9.1.1 The Hoke Designs, 452 9.1.2 Koshal Design, 454 9.1.3 Hybrid Designs, 455 9.1.4 The Small Composite Design, 458 9.1.5 Some Saturated or Near-Saturated Cuboidal Designs, 462 9.1.6 Equiradial Designs, 463 9.2 General Criteria for Constructing, Evaluating, and Comparing Designed Experiments, 465 9.2.1 Practical Design Optimality, 467 9.2.2 Use of Design Efficiencies for Comparison of Standard Second-Order Designs, 474 9.2.3 Graphical Procedure for Evaluating the Prediction Capability of an RSM Design, 477 9.3 Computer-Generated Designs in RSM, 488 9.3.1 Important Relationship Between Prediction Variance and Design Augmentation for D-Optimality, 491 9.3.2 Algorithms for Computer-Generated Designs, 494 9.3.3 Comparison of D-, G-, and I-Optimal Designs, 497 9.3.4 Illustrations Involving Computer-Generated Design, 499 9.3.5 Computer-Generated Designs Involving Qualitative Variables, 508 9.4 Multiple Objective Computer-Generated Designs for RSM, 517 9.4.1 Pareto Front Optimization for Selecting a Design, 518 9.4.2 Pareto Aggregating Point Exchange Algorithm, 519 9.4.3 Using DMRCS for Design Optimization, 520 9.5 Some Final Comments Concerning Design Optimality and Computer-Generated Design, 525 Exercises, 527 10 Advanced Topics in Response Surface Methodology 543 10.1 Effects of Model Bias on the Fitted Model and Design, 543 10.2 A Design Criterion Involving Bias and Variance, 547 10.2.1 The Case of a First-Order Fitted Model and Cuboidal Region, 550 10.2.2 Minimum Bias Designs for a Spherical Region of Interest, 556 10.2.3 Simultaneous Consideration of Bias and Variance, 558 10.2.4 How Important Is Bias?, 558 10.3 Errors in Control of Design Levels, 560 10.4 Experiments with Computer Models, 563 10.4.1 Design for Computer Experiments, 567 10.4.2 Analysis for Computer Experiments, 570 10.4.3 Combining Information from Physical and Computer Experiments, 574 10.5 Minimum Bias Estimation of Response Surface Models, 575 10.6 Neural Networks, 579 10.7 Split-Plot Designs for Second-Order Models, 581 10.8 RSM for Non-Normal Responses—Generalized Linear Models, 591 10.8.1 Model Framework: The Link Function, 592 10.8.2 The Canonical Link Function, 593 10.8.3 Estimation of Model Coefficients, 593 10.8.4 Properties of Model Coefficients, 595 10.8.5 Model Deviance, 595 10.8.6 Overdispersion, 597 10.8.7 Examples, 598 10.8.8 Diagnostic Plots and Other Aspects of the GLM, 605 Exercises, 609 11 Robust Parameter Design and Process Robustness Studies 619 11.1 Introduction, 619 11.2 What is Parameter Design?, 619 11.2.1 Examples of Noise Variables, 620 11.2.2 An Example of Robust Product Design, 621 11.3 The Taguchi Approach, 622 11.3.1 Crossed Array Designs and Signal-to-Noise Ratios, 622 11.3.2 Analysis Methods, 625 11.3.3 Further Comments, 630 11.4 The Response Surface Approach, 631 11.4.1 The Role of the Control × Noise Interaction, 631 11.4.2 A Model Containing Both Control and Noise Variables, 635 11.4.3 Generalization of Mean and Variance Modeling, 638 11.4.4 Analysis Procedures Associated with the Two Response Surfaces, 642 11.4.5 Estimation of the Process Variance, 651 11.4.6 Direct Variance Modeling, 655 11.4.7 Use of Generalized Linear Models, 657 11.5 Experimental Designs For RPD and Process Robustness Studies, 661 11.5.1 Combined Array Designs, 661 11.5.2 Second-Order Designs, 663 11.5.3 Other Aspects of Design, 665 11.6 Dispersion Effects in Highly Fractionated Designs, 672 11.6.1 The Use of Residuals, 673 11.6.2 Further Diagnostic Information from Residuals, 674 11.6.3 Further Comments Concerning Variance Modeling, 680 Exercises, 684 12 Experiments with Mixtures 693 12.1 Introduction, 693 12.2 Simplex Designs and Canonical Mixture Polynomials, 696 12.2.1 Simplex Lattice Designs, 696 12.2.2 The Simplex-Centroid Design and Its Associated Polynomial, 704 12.2.3 Augmentation of Simplex Designs with Axial Runs, 707 12.3 Response Trace Plots, 716 12.4 Reparameterizing Canonical Mixture Models to Contain A Constant Term (𝛽0), 716 Exercises, 720 13 Other Mixture Design and Analysis Techniques 731 13.1 Constraints on the Component Proportions, 731 13.1.1 Lower-Bound Constraints on the Component Proportions, 732 13.1.2 Upper-Bound Constraints on the Component Proportions, 743 13.1.3 Active Upper- and Lower-Bound Constraints, 747 13.1.4 Multicomponent Constraints, 758 13.2 Mixture Experiments Using Ratios of Components, 759 13.3 Process Variables in Mixture Experiments, 763 13.3.1 Mixture-Process Model and Design Basics, 763 13.3.2 Split-Plot Designs for Mixture-Process Experiments, 767 13.3.3 Robust Parameter Designs for Mixture-Process Experiments, 778 13.4 Screening Mixture Components, 783 Exercises, 785 Appendix 1 Moment Matrix of a Rotatable Design 797 Appendix 2 Rotatability of a Second-Order Equiradial Design 803 References 807 Index 821

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