Balance of theory, fundamental prin
Table of Contents
Series Preface xiv
Preface xv
About the Companion Website xviii
1 Geothermal Energy Project Considerations 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Renewable/Clean Energy System Analysis 1
1.3 Elements of Renewable/Clean Energy Systems 4
1.4 Geothermal Energy Utilization and Resource Temperature 5
1.5 Geothermal Energy Project History and Development 5
1.6 Chapter Summary 18
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 19
Part I Geothermal Energy – Utilization and Resource Characterization 21
2 Geothermal Process Loads 23
2.1 Overview 23
2.2 Weather Data 24
2.3 Space Heating and Cooling Loads 26
2.4 Hot Water Process Loads 38
2.5 Swimming Pool and Small Pond Heating Loads 40
2.6 Snow-Melting Loads 46
2.7 Chapter Summary 53
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 54
3 Characterizing the Resource 55
3.1 Overview 55
3.2 Origin and Structure of the Earth 56
3.3 Geology and Drilling Basics for Energy Engineers 59
3.4 Earth Temperature Regime and Global Heat Flows: Why is the Center of the Earth Hot? 62
3.5 Shallow Earth Temperatures 64
3.6 The Geothermal Reservoir Concept 66
3.7 Geothermal Site Suitability Analysis 68
3.8 Chapter Summary 79
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 80
Part II Harnessing the Resource 81
4 Groundwater Heat Exchange Systems 83
4.1 Overview 83
4.2 Why Groundwater? 84
4.3 Theoretical Considerations 85
4.4 Practical Considerations 108
4.5 Groundwater Heat Pump Systems 123
4.6 Chapter Summary 134
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 135
5 Borehole Heat Exchangers 138
5.1 Overview of Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHEs) 138
5.2 What is a Borehole Heat Exchanger? 139
5.3 Brief Historical Overview of BHEs 140
5.4 Installation of BHEs 141
5.5 Thermal and Mathematical Considerations for BHEs 142
5.6 Thermal Response Testing 169
5.7 Pressure Considerations for Deep Vertical Boreholes 175
5.8 Special Cases 176
5.9 Chapter Summary 178
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 179
6 Multi-Borehole Heat Exchanger Arrays 181
6.1 Overview 181
6.2 Vertical GHX Design Length Equation and Design Parameters 184
6.3 Vertical GHX Simulation 198
6.4 Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump Systems 199
6.5 Modeling Vertical GHXs with Software Tools 200
6.6 Chapter Summary 216
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 217
7 Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers 219
7.1 Overview 219
7.2 Horizontal GHX Design Length Equation and Design Parameters 221
7.3 Modeling Horizontal GHXs with Software Tools 232
7.4 Simulation of Horizontal GHXs 237
7.5 Earth Tubes 238
7.6 Chapter Summary 244
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 244
8 Surface Water Heat Exchange Systems 246
8.1 Overview 246
8.2 Thermal Processes in Surface Water Bodies 247
8.3 Open-Loop Systems 250
8.4 Closed-Loop Systems 251
8.5 Chapter Summary 266
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 266
9 Opportunistic Heat Sources and Sinks 267
9.1 Overview 267
9.2 Use of Existing Water Wells 267
9.3 Heat Exchange With Building Foundations 268
9.4 Utilization of Infrastructure from Other Energy Sectors 268
9.5 Cascaded Loads and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 271
9.6 Integrated Loads and Load Sharing with Heat Pumps 273
9.7 Chapter Summary 278
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 279
10 Piping and Pumping Systems 280
10.1 Overview 280
10.2 The Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flows 281
10.3 Pipe System Design 286
10.4 Configuring a Closed-Loop Ground Heat Exchanger 289
10.5 Circulating Pumps 298
10.6 Chapter Summary 305
Exercise Problems 305
Part III Geothermal Energy Conversion 307
11 Heat Pumps and Heat Engines: A Thermodynamic Overview 309
11.1 Overview 309
11.2 Fundamental Theory of Operation of Heat Pumps and Heat Engines 309
11.3 The Carnot Cycle 311
11.4 Real-World Considerations: Entropy and Exergy 312
11.5 Practical Heat Engine and Heat Pump Cycles 317
11.6 The Working Fluids: Refrigerants 320
11.7 Chapter Summary 322
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 323
12 Mechanical Vapor Compression Heat Pumps 324
12.1 Overview 324
12.2 The Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle 325
12.3 The Non-Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle 328
12.4 General Source-Sink Configurations 342
12.5 Mechanics of Operation 347
12.6 Transcritical Cycles 366
12.7 Vapor Compression Heat Pump Performance Standards and Manufacturer’s Catalog Data 370
12.8 Chapter Summary 373
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 374
13 Thermally Driven Heat Pumps 376
13.1 Overview 376
13.2 Cycle Basics 377
13.3 Absorption Cycles 378
13.4 Adsorption Cycles 396
13.5 Thermally Driven Heat Pump Performance Standards and Manufacturer’s Catalog Data 397
13.6 Chapter Summary 397
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 398
14 Organic Rankine Cycle (Binary) Geothermal Power Plants 399
14.1 Overview 399
14.2 The Ideal Rankine Cycle 400
14.3 The Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle 402
14.4 Organic Rankine Cycle Performance Modeling 410
14.5 Chapter Summary 416
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 416
Part IV Energy Distribution 419
15 Inside the Building 421
15.1 Overview 421
15.2 Heat Pump Piping Configurations 421
15.3 Hydronic Heating and Cooling Systems 425
15.4 Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems 425
15.5 Ventilation Air and Heat Pumps 426
15.6 Chapter Summary 431
Discussion Questions and Exercise Problems 431
16 Energy Economics and Environmental Impact 433
16.1 Overview 433
16.2 Simple Payback Period and Rate of Return 434
16.3 Time Value of Money 435
16.4 Cost Considerations for Geothermal Energy Systems 437
16.5 Uncertainty in Economic Analyses 439
16.6 Environmental Impact 441
16.7 Chapter Summary 444
Appendix A: Software Used in this Book 445
A.1 The GHX Tool Box 445
A.2 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 445
A.3 Installing and Using the Excel Solver for Optimization Problems 446
What is the Excel Solver? 446
Installing the Excel Solver 446
Using the Excel Solver 446
Appendix B: Hydraulic and Thermal Property Data 448
Appendix C: Solar Utilizability Method 450
Nomenclature 454
References 459
Index 464
