Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

Book SynopsisMaintaining a stable level of power quality in the distribution network is a growing challenge due to increased use of power electronics converters in domestic, commercial and industrial sectors. Power quality deterioration is manifested in increased losses; poor utilization of distribution systems; mal-operation of sensitive equipment and disturbances to nearby consumers, protective devices, and communication systems. However, as the energy-saving benefits will result in increased AC power processed through power electronics converters, there is a compelling need for improved understanding of mitigation techniques for power quality problems. This timely book comprehensively identifies, classifies, analyses and quantifies all associated power quality problems, including the direct integration of renewable energy sources in the distribution system, and systematically delivers mitigation techniques to overcome these problems. Key features: Emphasis on in-depth leTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xiv 1 Power Quality: An Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 State of the Art on Power Quality 2 1.3 Classification of Power Quality Problems 3 1.4 Causes of Power Quality Problems 4 1.5 Effects of Power Quality Problems on Users 4 1.6 Classification of Mitigation Techniques for Power Quality Problems 6 1.7 Literature and Resource Material on Power Quality 6 1.8 Summary 7 1.9 Review Questions 8 References 8 2 Power Quality Standards and Monitoring 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 State of the Art on Power Quality Standards and Monitoring 11 2.3 Power Quality Terminologies 12 2.4 Power Quality Definitions 15 2.5 Power Quality Standards 16 2.6 Power Quality Monitoring 18 2.7 Numerical Examples 20 2.8 Summary 39 2.9 Review Questions 39 2.10 Numerical Problems 40 2.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 43 References 46 3 Passive Shunt and Series Compensation 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 State of the Art on Passive Shunt and Series Compensators 48 3.3 Classification of Passive Shunt and Series Compensators 49 3.4 Principle of Operation of Passive Shunt and Series Compensators 51 3.5 Analysis and Design of Passive Shunt Compensators 51 3.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Passive Shunt and Series Compensators 62 3.7 Numerical Examples 63 3.8 Summary 85 3.9 Review Questions 85 3.10 Numerical Problems 87 3.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 89 References 93 4 Active Shunt Compensation 96 4.1 Introduction 96 4.2 State of the Art on DSTATCOMs 96 4.3 Classification of DSTATCOMs 97 4.4 Principle of Operation and Control of DSTATCOMs 108 4.5 Analysis and Design of DSTATCOMs 133 4.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of DSTATCOMs 136 4.7 Numerical Examples 141 4.8 Summary 158 4.9 Review Questions 158 4.10 Numerical Problems 159 4.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 162 References 167 5 Active Series Compensation 170 5.1 Introduction 170 5.2 State of the Art on Active Series Compensators 171 5.3 Classification of Active Series Compensators 171 5.4 Principle of Operation and Control of Active Series Compensators 178 5.5 Analysis and Design of Active Series Compensators 183 5.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Active Series Compensators 185 5.7 Numerical Examples 190 5.8 Summary 216 5.9 Review Questions 217 5.10 Numerical Problems 218 5.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 220 References 226 6 Unified Power Quality Compensators 229 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 State of the Art on Unified Power Quality Compensators 230 6.3 Classification of Unified Power Quality Compensators 231 6.4 Principle of Operation and Control of Unified Power Quality Compensators 237 6.5 Analysis and Design of Unified Power Quality Compensators 246 6.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of UPQCs 249 6.7 Numerical Examples 252 6.8 Summary 292 6.9 Review Questions 292 6.10 Numerical Problems 293 6.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 297 References 303 7 Loads That Cause Power Quality Problems 306 7.1 Introduction 306 7.2 State of the Art on Nonlinear Loads 307 7.3 Classification of Nonlinear Loads 308 7.4 Power Quality Problems Caused by Nonlinear Loads 313 7.5 Analysis of Nonlinear Loads 314 7.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Nonlinear Loads 314 7.7 Numerical Examples 314 7.8 Summary 327 7.9 Review Questions 328 7.10 Numerical Problems 329 7.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 330 References 334 8 Passive Power Filters 337 8.1 Introduction 337 8.2 State of the Art on Passive Power Filters 338 8.3 Classification of Passive Filters 338 8.4 Principle of Operation of Passive Power Filters 344 8.5 Analysis and Design of Passive Power Filters 349 8.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Passive Power Filters 350 8.7 Limitations of Passive Filters 353 8.8 Parallel Resonance of Passive Filters with the Supply System and Its Mitigation 355 8.9 Numerical Examples 360 8.10 Summary 387 8.11 Review Questions 387 8.12 Numerical Problems 388 8.13 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 391 References 395 9 Shunt Active Power Filters 397 9.1 Introduction 397 9.2 State of the Art on Shunt Active Power Filters 398 9.3 Classification of Shunt Active Power Filters 398 9.4 Principle of Operation and Control of Shunt Active Power Filters 405 9.5 Analysis and Design of Shunt Active Power Filters 413 9.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Shunt Active Power Filters 417 9.7 Numerical Examples 421 9.8 Summary 438 9.9 Review Questions 438 9.10 Numerical Problems 439 9.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 442 References 447 10 Series Active Power Filters 452 10.1 Introduction 452 10.2 State of the Art on Series Active Power Filters 453 10.3 Classification of Series Active Power Filters 453 10.4 Principle of Operation and Control of Series Active Power Filters 456 10.5 Analysis and Design of Series Active Power Filters 462 10.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Series Active Power Filters 465 10.7 Numerical Examples 467 10.8 Summary 492 10.9 Review Questions 492 10.10 Numerical Problems 493 10.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 496 References 501 11 Hybrid Power Filters 504 11.1 Introduction 504 11.2 State of the Art on Hybrid Power Filters 505 11.3 Classification of Hybrid Power Filters 506 11.4 Principle of Operation and Control of Hybrid Power Filters 519 11.5 Analysis and Design of Hybrid Power Filters 527 11.6 Modeling, Simulation, and Performance of Hybrid Power Filters 528 11.7 Numerical Examples 534 11.8 Summary 559 11.9 Review Questions 559 11.10 Numerical Problems 561 11.11 Computer Simulation-Based Problems 563 References 569 Index 579

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Book SynopsisPraised for its visual appeal, conversational style and clear explanation of complex ideas with minimal mathematics, Electricity from Sunlight has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect advances in the global PV market, economics and installed capacity. Key features of the 2nd edition include: A timely update of the advances of photovoltaics (PV), with major new material on grid-connected systems. More in-depth treatment of PV scientific principles, solar cells, modules, and systems. Up-to-date coverage of the PV market including conversion efficiencies and the expansion of grid-friendly power plants. End-of-chapter problems with solutions manual available to instructors via companion website. Additional end-of-chapter questions and answers to support students through guided self-study. New chapters on manufacturing processes and on materials and other resources availability. New large-scale PV section covering the growthTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgment to the First Edition xix Acknowledgment to the Second Edition xxiii About the Companion Website xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy and Sustainable Development 1 1.2 The Sun, Earth, and Renewable Energy 2 1.3 The Solar Resource 6 1.4 The Magic of Photovoltaics 11 1.5 A Piece of History 13 1.6 Coming Up to Date 17 Appendix 1.A Energy Units and Conversions 22 CO2 Emissions per Fuel Type 22 CO2 Emissions in Transportation 23 Self]Assessment Questions 23 Problems 24 Answers to Questions 25 References 25 2 Solar Cells 27 2.1 Setting the Scene 27 2.2 Crystalline Silicon 30 2.2.1 The Ideal Crystal 30 2.2.2 The p–n Junction 32 2.2.3 Monocrystalline Silicon 35 2.2.3.1 Photons in Action 35 2.2.3.2 Generating Power 37 2.2.3.3 Sunlight, Silicon, and Quantum Mechanics 41 2.2.3.4 Refining the Design 45 2.2.4 Multicrystalline Silicon 51 2.3 Second]Generation Photovoltaics 52 2.3.1 Amorphous and Thin]Film Silicon 53 2.3.2 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 57 2.3.3 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 60 2.4 Cell Efficiency and Module Cost 61 2.5 Third]Generation Solar Cells 64 2.5.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Multi]Junctions 65 2.5.2 Dye]Sensitized Cells 67 2.5.3 Organic Solar Cells 69 2.5.4 Perovskites 72 Self]Assessment Questions 73 Problems 75 Answers to Questions 76 References 77 3 PV Modules and Arrays 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Electrical Performance 82 3.2.1 Connecting Cells and Modules 82 3.2.2 Module Parameters 85 3.3 Capturing Sunlight 88 3.3.1 Aligning the Array 92 3.3.2 Sunshine and Shadow 98 3.4 One]Axis Tracking 101 3.5 Concentration and Two]Axis Tracking 102 Appendix 3.A 107 3.A.1 Converting Global Horizontal Irradiation Data to Tilted and Sun]Tracking Surfaces 107 3.A.1.1 Solar Data Collection 108 3.A.1.2 Calculation of Extraterrestrial Radiation 108 3.A.1.3 Determining the Diffuse and the Direct Components of the Global Horizontal Irradiation 110 3.A.1.4 Using a Model to Calculate the Energy Incident on the Inclined Surface per Time Increment 111 3.A.1.5 Comparisons of Different Configurations 114 Self]Assessment Questions 114 Problems 115 Answers to Questions 119 References 120 4 Grid]Connected PV Systems 121 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 From DC to AC 122 4.3 Completing the System 128 4.4 Building]Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 130 4.4.1 Engineering and Architecture 130 4.4.2 PV Outside, PV Inside 132 4.5 The Growth of Global PV Markets 140 4.6 Current Status of the PV Industry 144 4.7 Large PV Power Plants 145 4.7.1 Commercial and Industrial Installations 147 4.7.2 Utility]Scale PV 147 4.8 PV Grid Connection and Integration 155 4.8.1 The Electricity Grid 155 4.8.2 Grid]Friendly PV Power Plants 157 4.9 Electricity Markets and Types of Power Generators 160 4.10 The Variability Challenge and Solutions 164 4.10.1 Long]Distance Transmission Lines 167 4.10.2 Grid Flexibility 168 4.11 Energy Storage 170 4.11.1 Power]Quality Storage Technologies 171 4.11.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 171 4.11.1.2 Electric Double]Layer Capacitors 172 4.11.1.3 Flywheels 173 4.11.2 Bridging Power 173 4.11.2.1 Lead]Acid Batteries 173 4.11.2.2 Lithium]Ion Batteries 175 4.11.2.3 Flow Batteries 176 4.11.3. Energy Management Storage Technologies 178 4.11.3.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 178 4.11.3.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage 179 Self]Assessment Questions 182 Problems 183 Answers to Questions 184 References 185 5 Stand]Alone PV Systems 187 5.1 Remote and Independent 187 5.2 System Components 189 5.2.1 Batteries 189 5.2.2 Charge Controllers 193 5.2.3 Inverters 198 5.3 Hybrid Systems 202 5.4 System Sizing 204 5.4.1 Assessing the Problem 204 5.4.2 PV Arrays and Battery Banks 207 5.5 Applications 211 5.5.1 PV in Space 212 5.5.2 Island Electricity 215 5.5.3 PV Water Pumping 219 5.5.4 Solar]Enabled Water Desalination 223 5.5.5 Solar]Powered Boats 225 5.5.6 Far and Wide 230 Self]Assessment Questions 233 Problems 234 Answers to Questions 235 References 235 6 Photovoltaic Manufacturing 237 6.1 Production of Crystalline Si Solar Cells 237 6.1.1 Production of Metallurgical Silicon 237 6.1.2 Production of Polysilicon (Silicon Purification) 238 6.1.3 Production of Crystalline Silicon 243 6.1.3.1 Single]Crystal Silicon 244 6.1.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon 245 6.1.4 Ingot Wafering 246 6.1.5 Doping/Forming the p–n Junction 248 6.1.6 Cleaning Etch 249 6.1.7 Surface Texturing to Reduce Reflection 249 6.1.8 Antireflection Coatings and Fire]Through Contacts 249 6.1.9 Edge Isolation 249 6.1.10 Rear Contact 249 6.1.11 Encapsulation 249 6.2 Opportunities and Challenges in Si PV Manufacturing 250 6.3 Thin]Film PV Manufacturing 253 6.3.1 CIGS Thin]Film Manufacturing 254 6.3.1.1 Co]evaporation 257 6.3.1.2 Metal Selenization/Sulfurization 257 6.3.1.3 Non]Vacuum Particle or Solution Processing 258 6.3.2 CdTe PV Manufacturing 258 Self]Assessment Questions 261 Problems 262 Answers to Questions 263 References 263 7 PV Growth and Sustainability 265 7.1 Affordability 266 7.1.1 Costs and Markets 266 7.1.2 Financial Incentives 272 7.1.2.1 Capital Grants 272 7.1.2.2 Special Tariffs 274 7.1.2.3 Financing Options 275 7.1.2.4 Renewable Portfolio Standards 276 7.1.2.5 Carbon Fees/Programs 276 7.1.3 Rural Electrification 279 7.1.4 External Costs and Benefits 283 7.1.5 Policy Recommendations for Further Growing Solar Energy 284 7.1.5.1 R&D Funding 284 7.1.5.2 Solar Financing Flexibility 284 7.2 Resource Availability 285 7.2.1 Raw Materials 285 7.2.2 Land Use 290 7.2.3 Water Use 293 7.3 Life]Cycle Environmental Impacts 295 7.3.1 Life]Cycle Analysis 295 7.3.2 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in PV Manufacturing 306 7.3.3 Recycling Programs 311 7.4 The Growth of PV is Sustainable and Greatly Needed 315 Self]Assessment Questions 316 Problems 316 Answers to Questions 317 References 318 Index 321

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive text covering all aspects of wave and tidal energy Wave and Tidal Energy provides a comprehensive and self-contained review of the developing marine renewable energy sector, drawing from the latest research and from the experience of device testing.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xviii Foreword xx Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction 1Deborah Greaves and Gregorio Iglesias 1.1 Background 1 1.2 History of Wave and Tidal Energy 3 1.3 Unknowns and Challenges Remaining for Wave and Tidal Energy 5 1.4 Synopsis 11 References 12 2 The Marine Resource 15Gregorio Iglesias 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The Wave Resource 15 2.3 The Tidal Stream Resource 31 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 3 Wave Energy Technology 52Deborah Greaves 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Fundamentals 56 3.3 Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Conversion 64 3.4 Classification of Wave Energy Converters 73 3.5 Oscillating Water Columns 76 3.6 Overtopping Systems 83 3.7 Oscillating Bodies 85 3.8 Other Technologies 95 3.9 The Wave Energy Array 95 References 97 4 Tidal Energy Technology 105Tim O’Doherty, Daphne M. O’Doherty and Allan Mason]Jones 4.1 General Introduction 105 4.2 Location of Operation 105 4.3 Environmental Impacts 106 4.4 Tides 107 4.5 Tidal Range Generation 108 4.6 Tidal Stream 111 4.7 Types of Devices 126 4.8 Oscillating Hydrofoils 129 4.9 Venturi Effect Devices 130 4.10 Other Devices 130 4.11 Computational Fluid Dynamics 132 4.12 Security, Installation and Maintenance 138 4.13 Worked Examples 141 References 146 5 Device Design 151Lars Johanning, Sam D. Weller, Phillip R. Thies, Brian Holmes and John Griffiths 5.1 Standards and Certification in Marine Energy 151 5.2 Reliability 161 5.3 Moorings and Anchors 169 5.4 Foundations 178 References 185 6 Power Systems 191Andrew R. Plummer, Andrew J. Hillis and Carlos Perez]Collazo 6.1 Introduction to Power Take]Off Systems 191 6.2 Electrical Generators 194 6.3 Turbines for WEC Power Take]Off 200 6.4 Hydraulic Power Transmission Systems 206 6.5 Hydraulic PTO Designs for WECs 212 6.6 Direct Mechanical Power Take]Off 214 6.7 Control for Maximum Energy Capture 215 6.8 Electrical Infrastructure and Grid Integration 221 6.9 Summary of Challenges for PTO Design and Development 229 References 230 7 Physical Modelling 233Martyn Hann and Carlos Perez]Collazo 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Device Development and Test Planning 234 7.3 Scaling and Similitude 234 7.3.1 Scaling MRE Devices 239 7.3.2 Common Problems Scaling MRE Devices 240 7.4 Model Design and Construction 241 7.5 Fixing and Mooring 247 7.6 Instrumentation 248 7.7 Model Calibration 258 7.8 Modelling the Environment 264 7.9 Test Facilities 271 7.10 Recommended Tests 274 References 283 8 Numerical Modelling 289Thomas Vyzikas and Deborah Greaves 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Review of Hydrodynamics 292 8.3 Numerical Modelling Techniques 310 8.4 Numerical Modelling of Water Waves 325 8.5 Commonly Used Open]Source Software 331 8.6 Applicability of Numerical Models in MRE 346 References 351 9 Environmental Effects 364Gregorio Iglesias, Javier Abanades Tercero, Teresa Simas, Inês Machado and Erica Cruz 9.1 Introduction364 9.2 Wave Farm Effects on the Wave Field 364 9.3 Wave Farm Effects on Coastal Processes 391 9.4 Tidal Stream Farm Effects on Hydrodynamics and Sedimentary Processes 414 9.5 Marine Biota 415 9.6 The Environmental Impact Assessment 425 References 443 10 Consenting and Legal Aspects 455Anne Marie O’Hagan 10.1 Introduction 455 10.2 International Law 456 10.3 Regional Law 462 10.4 EU Law and Policy 464 10.5 National Consenting Systems 478 10.6 Gaps and Opportunities 499 Acknowledgement 504 References 504 11 The Economics of Wave and Tidal Energy 513Gregorio Iglesias, Sharay Astariz and Angela Vazquez 11.1 Individual Costs 513 11.2 Levelised Cost 518 11.3 Externalities 522 References 526 12 Project Development 533Paul Vigars, Kwangsoo Lee, Sungwon Shin, Boel Ekergard, Mats Leijon, Yago Torre]Enciso, Dorleta Marina and Deborah Greaves 12.1 Introduction 533 12.2 Alstom Ocean Energy OCEADE™ Tidal Stream Turbine: The Route to Commercial Readiness 533 12.3 Seabased Wave Energy Converter 544 12.4 Lake Sihwa Tidal Power Plant, Korea 549 12.5 Mutriku Wave Power Plant 563 References 584 13 Regional Activities 587Deborah Greaves, Carlos Perez]Collazo, Curran Crawford, Bradley Buckham, Vanesa Magar, Francisco Acuña, Sungwon Shin, Hongda Shi and Chenyu 13.1 Europe 587 13.2 North America 601 13.3 Latin America 616 13.4 Asia]Pacific 626 13.5 China 630 References 647 Epilogue: The Future of Wave and Tidal Energy 659Deborah Greaves Index 662

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Book SynopsisComprehensive reference covering the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines As the demand for green energy increases the offshore wind power industry is expanding at a rapid pace around the world. Design of Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines is a comprehensive reference which covers the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines, and includes examples and case studies. It provides an overview of a wind farm and a wind turbine structure, and examines the different types of loads on the offshore wind turbine structure. Foundation design considerations and the necessary calculations are also covered. The geotechnical site investigation and soil behavior/soil structure interaction are discussed, and the final chapter takes a case study of a wind turbine and demonstrates how to carry out step by step calculations. Key features: New, important subject to the industry. Includes calculations and case studies. Accompanied by a website hosting software and data fileTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xv 1 Overview of a Wind Farm and Wind Turbine Structure 1 1.1 Harvesting Wind Energy 1 1.2 Current Scenario 2 1.2.1 Case Study: Fukushima Nuclear Plant and Near-Shore Wind Farms during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 5 1.2.2 Why Did the Wind Farms Survive? 6 1.3 Components of Wind Turbine Installation 8 1.3.1 Betz Law: A Note on Cp 11 1.4 Control Actions of Wind Turbine and Other Details 11 1.4.1 Power Curves for a Turbine 14 1.4.2 What Are the Requirements of a Foundation Engineer from the Turbine Specification? 15 1.4.3 Classification of Turbines 15 1.5 Foundation Types 16 1.5.1 Gravity-Based Foundation System 18 1.5.1.1 Suction Caissons or Suction Buckets 19 1.5.1.2 Case Study: Use of Bucket Foundation in the Qidong Sea (Jiangsu Province, China) 22 1.5.1.3 Dogger Bank Met Mast Supported on Suction Caisson 22 1.5.2 Pile Foundations 22 1.5.3 Seabed Frame or Jacket Supported on Pile or Caissons 23 1.5.4 Floating Turbine System 25 1.6 Foundations in the Future 27 1.6.1 Scaled Model Tests 33 1.6.2 Case Study of a Model Tests for Initial TRL Level (3–4) 34 1.7 On the Choice of Foundations for a Site 35 1.8 General Arrangement of a Wind Farm 36 1.8.1 Site Layout, Spacing of Turbines, and Geology of the Site 37 1.8.2 Economy of Scales for Foundation 40 1.9 General Consideration for Site Selection 42 1.10 Development of Wind Farms and the Input Required for Designing Foundations 44 1.11 Rochdale Envelope Approach to Foundation Design (United Kingdom Approach) 46 1.12 Offshore Oil and Gas Fixed Platform and Offshore Wind Turbine Structure 48 1.13 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 50 2 Loads on the Foundations 51 2.1 Dynamic Sensitivity of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures 51 2.2 Target Natural Frequency of a Wind Turbine Structure 53 2.3 Construction of Wind Spectrum 58 2.3.1 Kaimal Spectrum 60 2.4 Construction of Wave Spectrum 61 2.4.1 Method to Estimate Fetch 63 2.4.2 Sea Characteristics for Walney Site 63 2.4.3 Walney 1Wind Farm Example 63 2.5 Load Transfer from Superstructure to the Foundation 64 2.6 Estimation of Loads on a Monopile-Supported Wind Turbine Structure 66 2.6.1 Load Cases for Foundation Design 67 2.6.2 Wind Load 70 2.6.2.1 Comparisons with Measured Data 72 2.6.2.2 Spectral Density of Mudline Bending Moment 76 2.6.3 Wave Load 76 2.6.4 1P Loading 79 2.6.5 Blade Passage Loads (2P/3P) 80 2.6.6 Vertical (Deadweight) Load 81 2.7 Order of Magnitude Calculations of Loads 81 2.7.1 Application of Estimations of 1P Loading 82 2.7.2 Calculation for 3P Loading 82 2.7.3 Typical Moment on a Monopile Foundation for Different-Rated Power Turbines 84 2.8 Target Natural Frequency for Heavier and Higher-Rated Turbines 85 2.9 Current Loads 86 2.10 Other Loads 87 2.11 Earthquake Loads 87 2.11.1 Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA) 90 2.11.2 Criteria for Selection of Earthquake Records 91 2.11.2.1 Method 1: Direct Use of Strong Motion Record 91 2.11.2.2 Method 2: Scaling of Strong Motion Record to Expected Peak Bedrock Acceleration 91 2.11.2.3 Method 3: Intelligent Scaling or Code Specified Spectrum Compatible Motion 91 2.11.3 Site Response Analysis (SRA) 93 2.11.4 Liquefaction 94 2.11.5 Analysis of the Foundation 95 2.12 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 101 3 Considerations for Foundation Design and the Necessary Calculations 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Modes of Vibrations of Wind Turbine Structures 104 3.2.1 Sway-Bending Modes of Vibration 105 3.2.1.1 Example Numerical Application of Modes of Vibration of Jacket Systems 106 3.2.1.2 Estimation of Natural Frequency of Monopile-Supported Strctures 106 3.2.2 Rocking Modes of Vibration 109 3.2.3 Comparison of Modes of Vibration of Monopile/Mono-Caisson and Multiple Modes of Vibration 115 3.2.4 Why Rocking Must Be Avoided 116 3.3 Effect of Resonance: A Study of an Equivalent Problem 117 3.3.1 Observed Resonance in German North Sea Wind Turbines 119 3.3.2 Damping of Structural Vibrations of Offshore Wind Turbines 119 3.4 Allowable Rotation and Deflection of a Wind Turbine Structure 120 3.4.1 Current Limits on the Rotation at Mudline Level 120 3.5 Internationals Standards and Codes of Practices 122 3.6 Definition of Limit States 124 3.6.1 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 124 3.6.2 Serviceability Limit State (SLS) 125 3.6.3 Fatigue Limit State (FLS) 126 3.6.4 Accidental Limit States (ALS) 126 3.7 Other Design Considerations Affecting the Limit States 126 3.7.1 Scour 127 3.7.2 Corrosion 129 3.7.3 Marine Growth 129 3.8 Grouted Connection Considerations for Monopile Type Foundations 129 3.9 Design Consideration for Jacket-Supported Foundations 130 3.10 Design Considerations for Floating Turbines 131 3.11 Seismic Design 132 3.12 Installation, Decommission, and Robustness 132 3.12.1 Installation of Foundations 132 3.12.1.1 Pile Drivability Analysis 133 3.12.1.2 Predicting the Increase in Soil Resistance at the Time of Driving (SRD) Due to Delays (Contingency Planning) 134 3.12.1.3 Buckling Considerations in Pile Design 134 3.12.2 Installation of Suction Caissons 138 3.12.2.1 First Stage 138 3.12.2.2 Second Stage 138 3.12.3 Assembly of Blades 138 3.12.4 Decommissioning 139 3.13 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 141 3.13.1 Monopiles 142 3.13.2 Jacket on Flexible Piles 146 3.13.3 Jackets on Suction Caissons 146 4 Geotechnical Site Investigation and Soil Behaviour under Cyclic Loading 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Hazards that Needs Identification Through Site Investigation 148 4.2.1 Integrated Ground Models 148 4.2.2 Site Information Necessary for Foundation Design 149 4.2.3 Definition of Optimised Site Characterisation 151 4.3 Examples of Offshore Ground Profiles 151 4.3.1 Offshore Ground Profile from North Sea 151 4.3.2 Ground Profiles from Chinese Development 152 4.4 Overview of Ground Investigation 157 4.4.1 Geological Study 157 4.4.2 Geophysical Survey 157 4.4.3 Geotechnical Survey 158 4.5 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 160 4.6 Minimum Site Investigation for Foundation Design 164 4.7 Laboratory Testing 164 4.7.1 Standard/Routine Laboratory Testing 165 4.7.2 Advanced Soil Testing for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications 165 4.7.2.1 Cyclic Triaxial Test 166 4.7.2.2 Cyclic Simple Shear Apparatus 170 4.7.2.3 Resonant Column Tests 172 4.7.2.4 Test on Intermediate Soils 174 4.8 Behaviour of Soils under Cyclic Loads and Advanced Soil Testing 174 4.8.1 Classification of Soil Dynamics Problems 175 4.8.2 Important Characteristics of Soil Behaviour 177 4.9 Typical Soil Properties for Preliminary Design 179 4.9.1 Stiffness of Soil from Laboratory Tests 179 4.9.2 Practical Guidance for Cyclic Design for Clayey Soil 181 4.9.3 Application to Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations 183 4.10 Case Study: Extreme Wind and Wave Loading Condition in Chinese Waters 184 4.10.1 Typhoon-Related Damage in the Zhejiang Province 186 4.10.2 Wave Conditions 187 5 Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) 191 5.1 Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) for Offshore Wind Turbines 192 5.1.1 Discussion on Wind–Wave Misalignment and the Importance of Load Directionality 193 5.2 Field Observations of SSI and Lessons from Small-Scale Laboratory Tests 195 5.2.1 Change in Natural Frequency of the Whole System 195 5.2.2 Modes of Vibration with Two Closely Spaced Natural Frequencies 195 5.2.3 Variation of Natural Frequency with Wind Speed 196 5.2.4 Observed Resonance 197 5.3 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Calculation Methods 197 5.3.1 ULS Calculations for Shallow Foundations for Fixed Structures 197 5.3.1.1 Converting (V, M, H) Loading into (V, H) Loading Through Effective Area Approach 200 5.3.1.2 Yield Surface Approach for Bearing Capacity 200 5.3.1.3 Hyper Plasticity Models 201 5.3.2 ULS Calculations for Suction Caisson Foundation 201 5.3.2.1 Vertical Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations 202 5.3.2.2 Tensile Capacity of Suction Caissons 203 5.3.2.3 Horizontal Capacity of Suction Caissons 203 5.3.2.4 Moment Capacity of Suction Caissons 204 5.3.2.5 Centre of Rotation 206 5.3.2.6 Caisson Wall Thickness 207 5.3.3 ULS Calculations for Pile Design 207 5.3.3.1 Axial Pile Capacity (Geotechnical) 208 5.3.3.2 Axial Capacity of the Pile (Structural) 211 5.3.3.3 Structural Sections of the Pile 212 5.3.3.4 Lateral Pile Capacity 214 5.4 Methods of Analysis for SLS, Natural Frequency Estimate, and FLS 216 5.4.1 Simplified Method of Analysis 216 5.4.2 Methodology for Fatigue Life Estimation 223 5.4.3 Closed-Form Solution for Obtaining Foundation Stiffness of Monopiles and Caissons 223 5.4.3.1 Closed-Form Solution for Piles (Rigid Piles or Monopiles) 224 5.4.3.2 Closed-Form Solutions for Suction Caissons 227 5.4.3.3 Vertical Stiffness of Foundations (Kv) 228 5.4.4 Standard Method of Analysis (Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) or p-y Method 228 5.4.4.1 Advantage of p-y Method, and Why This Method Works 230 5.4.4.2 API Recommended p-y Curves for Standard Soils 231 5.4.4.3 p-y Curves for Sand Based on API 232 5.4.4.4 p-y Curves for Clay 232 5.4.4.5 Cyclic p-y Curves for Soft Clay 235 5.4.4.6 Modified Matlock Method 236 5.4.4.7 ASIDE: Note on the API Cyclic p-y Curves 237 5.4.4.8 Why API p-y Curves Are Not Strictly Applicable 237 5.4.4.9 References for p-y Curves for Different Types of Soils 238 5.4.4.10 What Are the Requirements of p-y Curves for Offshore Wind Turbines? 238 5.4.4.11 Scaling Methods for Construction of p-y Curves 238 5.4.4.12 p-y Curves for Partially Liquefied Soils 240 5.4.4.13 p-y Curves for Liquefied Soils Based on the Scaling Method 241 5.4.5 Advanced Methods of Analysis 241 5.4.5.1 Obtaining KL, KR, and KLR from Finite Element Results 243 5.5 Long-Term Performance Prediction for Monopile Foundations 245 5.5.1 Estimation of Soil Strain around the Foundation 247 5.5.2 Numerical Example of Strains in the Soil around the Pile 15 Wind Turbines 249 5.6 Estimating the Number of Cycles of Loading over the Lifetime 253 5.6.1 Calculation of the Number of Wave Cycles 256 5.6.1.1 Sub-step 1. Obtain 50-Year Significant Wave Height 256 5.6.1.2 Sub-step 2. Calculate the Corresponding Range of Wave Periods 257 5.6.1.3 Sub-step 3. Calculate the Number of Waves in a Three-Hour Period 257 5.6.1.4 Sub-step 4. Calculate the Ratio of the Maximum Wave Height to the Significant Wave Height 257 5.6.1.5 Sub-step 5. Calculate the Range of Wave Periods Corresponding to the Maximum Wave Height 257 5.7 Methodologies for Long-Term Rotation Estimation 258 5.7.1 Simple Power Law Expression Proposed by Little and Briaud (1988) 259 5.7.2 Degradation Calculation Method Proposed by Long and Vanneste (1994) 260 5.7.3 Logarithmic Method Proposed by Lin and Liao (1999) 260 5.7.4 Stiffness Degradation Method Proposed by Achmus et al. (2009) 261 5.7.5 Accumulated Rotation Method Proposed by Leblanc et al. (2010) 261 5.7.6 Load Case Scenarios Conducted by Cuéllar (2011) 262 5.8 Theory for Estimating Natural Frequency of the Whole System 262 5.8.1 Model of the Rotor-Nacelle Assembly 263 5.8.2 Modelling the Tower 263 5.8.3 Euler-Bernoulli Beam – Equation of Motion and Boundary Conditions 264 5.8.4 Timoshenko Beam Formulation 264 5.8.5 Natural Frequency versus Foundation Stiffness Curves 266 5.8.6 Understanding Micromechanics of SSI 268 6 Simplified Hand Calculations 273 6.1 Flow Chart of a Typical Design Process 273 6.2 Target Frequency Estimation 274 6.3 Stiffness of a Monopile and Its Application 276 6.3.1 Comparison with SAP 2000 Analysis 287 6.4 Stiffness of a Mono-Suction Caisson 287 6.5 Mudline Moment Spectra for Monopile Supported Wind Turbine 291 6.6 Example for Monopile Design 299 Appendix A Natural Frequency of a Cantilever Beam with Variable Cross Section 333 Appendix B Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation 337 Appendix C Tower Idealisation 341 Appendix D Guidance on Estimating the Vertical Stiffness of Foundations 345 Appendix E Lateral Stiffness KL of Piles 347 Appendix F Lateral Stiffness KL of Suction Caissons 349 Bibliography 351 Index 369

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Book SynopsisPresents an overview on the different aspects of the energy value chain and discusses the issues that future energy is facing This book covers energy and the energy policy choices which face society. The book presents easy-to-grasp information and analysis, and includes statistical data for energy production, consumption and simple formulas. Among the aspects considered are: science, technology, economics and the impact on health and the environment. In this new edition two new chapters have been added: The first new chapter deals with unconventional fossil fuels, a resource which has become very important from the economical point of view, especially in the United States. The second new chapter presents the applications of nanotechnology in the energy domain. Provides a global vision of available and potential energy sources Discusses advantages and drawbacks to help prepare current and future generations to use energy differently IncludTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv 1. We Need Energy 1 1.1. Generalities 1 1.1.1. Primary and Secondary Energy 1 1.1.2. Energy Units 3 1.1.3. Power 5 1.1.4. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics 5 1.1.5. Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics 6 1.1.6. Exergy 7 1.1.7. Going Back to the Past 7 1.1.8. Humans and Energy 8 1.2. Always More! 9 1.2.1. Why do we Need More Energy? 10 1.2.2. Energy Sources we Use 13 1.2.3. Security of Supply 18 1.2.4. Environmental Concerns 24 2. Oil and Natural Gas 26 2.1. Genesis of Oil and Natural Gas 27 2.2. Recovering Oil and Gas 30 2.3. Peak Oil 32 2.4. Reserves 34 2.4.1. Crude Oil Reserves 35 2.4.2. Natural Gas Reserves 36 2.5. Properties of Hydrocarbons 38 2.6. Oil Fields 40 2.7. Prices 41 2.8. Consumption 44 2.9. Electricity Generation 46 2.10. Impact on Environment 49 2.11. Conclusion 52 3. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources 53 3.1. Hydrocarbon Formation 53 3.2. Offshore Hydrocarbons 55 3.3. Unconventional Hydrocarbons 58 3.4. Unconventional Oils 59 3.4.1. Unconventional Oils Contained in Reservoirs 59 3.4.2. Unconventional Oils Contained in Source Rock 60 3.5. Unconventional Gases 61 3.5.1. Unconventional Gases Contained in Reservoirs 61 3.5.2. Unconventional Gases Contained in Source Rocks 62 3.6. Methane Hydrates 69 3.7. Conclusion 70 4. Coal: Fossil Fuel of the Future 71 4.1. Genesis of Coal 72 4.2. Rank of Coals 73 4.3. Classification of Coals 73 4.4. Peat 76 4.5. Use of Coal 78 4.6. Coal Reserves 78 4.7. Production and Consumption 82 4.8. Electricity Production 86 4.9. Coal Combustion for Power Generation 87 4.9.1. Advanced Pulverized Coal Combustion 88 4.9.2. Fluidized‐Bed Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure 88 4.9.3. Pressurized Fluidized‐Bed Combustion 88 4.10. Combined Heat and Power Generation 88 4.11. Integrated Gasification Combined–Cycle Power Plants 89 4.12. Coal‐to‐Liquid Technologies 90 4.13. Direct Coal Liquefaction 90 4.14. Indirect Coal Liquefaction 91 4.15. Direct or Indirect CTL Technology? 92 4.16. Carbon Capture and Sequestration 93 4.16.1. Capture 93 4.16.2. Transport 97 4.16.3. Sequestration 97 4.16.4. Cost 100 4.17. Coal Pit Accidents 100 4.18. Environmental Impacts 101 4.19. Conclusion 102 5. Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Effect 103 5.1. Greenhouse Effect 104 5.2. Greenhouse Gases 107 5.3. Weather and Climate 111 5.4. Natural Change of Climate 112 5.5. Anthropogenic Emissions 112 5.6. Water and Aerosols 115 5.7. Global Warming Potentials 116 5.8. Increase of Average Temperature 117 5.9. Model Predictions 118 5.10. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 119 5.11. Consequences 126 5.12. Other Impacts on Ocean 126 5.13. Factor 4 128 5.14. Kyoto Protocol 129 5.15. Conclusion 131 6. Energy from Water 133 6.1. Hydropower 133 6.1.1. Hydropower: Important Source of Electricity 134 6.1.2. Dams and Diversions 137 6.1.3. Head and Flow 139 6.1.4. Turbines 140 6.1.5. Small‐Scale Hydropower 142 6.1.6. Environmental Concerns 144 6.1.7. Costs 144 6.2. Energy from the Ocean 145 6.2.1. Offshore Wind Energy 147 6.2.2. Wave Energy 147 6.2.3. Tidal Energy 151 6.2.4. Marine Current Energy 153 6.2.5. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 154 6.2.6. Osmotic Energy 155 7. Biomass 157 7.1. Producing Biomass 159 7.2. An Old Energy Resource 161 7.3. Electricity Production 162 7.4. Technologies 164 7.4.1. Direct Combustion Technologies 164 7.4.2. Cofiring Technologies 165 7.4.3. Biomass Gasification 165 7.4.4. Anaerobic Digestion 166 7.4.5. Pyrolysis 166 7.5. Heat Production 167 7.6. Biomass for Cooking 168 7.7. Environmental Impact 169 7.8. Market Share 170 7.9. Biofuels 172 7.9.1. First‐Generation Biofuels 174 7.9.2. Second‐Generation Biofuels 181 7.9.3. Third‐Generation Biofuels 182 7.10. From Well to Wheels 182 7.11. Conclusion 183 8. Solar Energy 184 8.1. Solar Energy: A Huge Potential 185 8.2. Thermal Solar Energy 186 8.2.1. Producing Hot Water for Domestic Purposes 186 8.2.2. Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Using Solar Energy 189 8.2.3. The Solar Cooker 190 8.3. Concentrated Solar Power Plants 191 8.3.1. Parabolic Troughs 191 8.3.2. Power Towers 193 8.3.3. Parabolic Dish Collectors 194 8.4. Solar Chimneys or Towers 194 8.5. Photovoltaic Systems 196 8.5.1. Market Dominated by Silicon 197 8.5.2. Other Photovoltaic Technologies 198 8.5.3. Applications 199 8.6. Electricity Storage 204 8.7. Economy and Environment 205 8.8. Conclusion 205 9. Geothermal Energy 207 9.1. Available in Many Places 210 9.2. Different Uses 212 9.3. Technologies 212 9.4. Geothermal Energy in the World 216 9.5. Conclusion 219 10. Wind Energy 220 10.1. Already A Long History 220 10.2. From Theory to Practice 222 10.3. Development of Wind Power 224 10.4. Offshore Wind Turbines 232 10.5. Conclusion 233 11. Nuclear Energy 234 11.1. Basics of Nuclear Energy 234 11.1.1. Atoms and Nuclei 235 11.1.2. Radioactivity 236 11.1.3. Energy and Mass 238 11.1.4. Fission 240 11.1.5. Fissile and Fertile 241 11.1.6. Chain Reaction 242 11.1.7. Critical Mass 244 11.1.8. Nuclear Reactors 245 11.1.9. Natural Nuclear Reactors: Oklo 246 11.1.10. Conclusion 247 11.2. Uses of Nuclear Energy 247 11.2.1. Different Technologies 248 11.2.2. Selection Process 251 11.2.3. Why Nuclear Energy? 253 11.2.4. Uranium Resources 254 11.2.5. Fuel Cycles 257 11.2.6. Safety 260 11.2.7. Nuclear Waste 263 11.2.8. Conclusion 265 11.3. Thermonuclear Fusion 266 11.3.1. Nuclei: Concentrated Sources of Energy 266 11.3.2. The Sun 267 11.3.3. Fusion of Light Nuclei 268 11.3.4. Difficulties 268 11.3.5. A Bit of History 269 11.3.6. Thermonuclear Fusion in Tokamaks 269 11.3.7. ITER: New Step Toward Mastering Fusion 270 11.3.8. About Fuel Reserves 271 11.3.9. Longer Term Possibilities 271 11.3.10. Safety and Waste Issues 272 11.3.11. Conclusion 272 Appendix 273 12. Electricity: Smart Use of Energy 274 12.1. Rapid Development 275 12.2. Energy Sources for Electricity Production 279 12.3. No Unique Solution 281 12.4. From Mechanical Energy to Consumer 286 12.5. Impact on Environment 288 12.6. Cost 289 12.7. Conclusion 290 13. Weak Point of Energy Supply Chain 292 13.1. Electricity Storage 294 13.1.1. Characteristics of Electricity Storage 296 13.1.2. Large‐Quantity Storage Technologies 297 13.1.3. Electrochemical Batteries 303 13.1.4. Supercapacitors 315 13.1.5. Flywheels 317 13.2. Thermal Energy Storage 318 13.2.1. Basic Heat Storage 320 13.2.2. Sensible Heat Storage 320 13.2.3. Phase Change Materials 320 13.2.4. Thermochemical and Thermophysical Energy Storage 322 13.2.5. Applications of Thermal Energy Storage 323 13.2.6. Underground Energy Storage 324 13.2.7. Conclusion 326 14. Transportation 327 14.1. Short History of Transportation 327 14.2. Energy and Transportation 329 14.3. Road Transportation 331 14.4. Ship Transportation 336 14.5. Air Transport 337 14.6. Car Dynamics 339 14.7. Fuels for Road Transportation 340 14.8. Co2 Emissions 343 14.9. Hybrid Vehicles 354 14.10. Electric Vehicles 356 14.11. Conclusion 358 15. Housing 359 15.1. Importance of Housing 359 15.2. Toward More Efficient Housing 363 15.3. Different Regions, Different Solutions 367 15.4. Bioclimatic Architecture 369 15.5. Insulation 370 15.6. Glazing 374 15.7. Lighting 376 15.8. Ventilation 379 15.9. Water 380 15.10. Energy Use in a Household 382 15.11. Heat Pumps 384 15.12. Impact on Environment 387 15.13. Conclusion 390 16. Smart Energy Consumption 391 16.1. Housing 392 16.2. Improving the Way we Consume Energy 393 16.3. Cogeneration 394 16.4. Standby Consumption 396 16.5. Lighting 401 16.6. Transportation 402 16.6.1. Technology 404 16.6.2. Individuals 405 16.7. Conclusion 407 17. Hydrogen 409 17.1. From Production To Distribution 409 17.1.1. Properties 409 17.1.2. Production 411 17.1.3. Storage 420 17.1.4. Hydrogen Transport and Distribution 425 17.1.5. Conclusion 428 17.2. Hydrogen: Energetic Applications 428 17.2.1. Fundamentals of Fuel Cells 428 17.2.2. Different Types of Fuel Cells 431 17.2.3. Transportation 439 17.2.4. Direct Use of Hydrogen 446 17.2.5. Direct Combined Heat and Power 447 17.2.6. Hydrogen and Portable Devices 448 17.2.7. Hydrogen Safety 449 17.2.8. Conclusion 450 18. Nanotechnology and Energy 452 18.1. What is New at the Nanoscale? 452 18.1.1. Surface Effects Prevail 453 18.1.2. Quantum Effects 453 18.2. Nanotechnology and Energy Production 456 18.2.1. Fossil Fuels 457 18.2.2. Syngas 458 18.3. New Energy Technologies 459 18.3.1. Solar Energy 460 18.3.2. Wind Energy 462 18.3.3. Hydrogen 462 18.3.4. Fuel Cells 462 18.3.5. Batteries 463 18.3.6. Thermoelectricity 464 18.3.7. Electrical Distribution 464 18.4. Nanotechnology and Housing 464 18.4.1. Construction Engineering 464 18.4.2. Insulation 465 18.4.3. Lighting 466 18.4.4. Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning 468 18.4.5. Surface Materials 468 18.5. Nanotechnology and Transportation 468 18.5.1. Bodywork 469 18.5.2. Interior of the Car 470 18.5.3. Tires 470 18.5.4. Powertrain 471 18.5.5. Electronics 471 18.5.6. Outlook in the Automotive Sector 471 18.6. Conclusion 472 19. Conclusion 474 Exercises 480 Solutions 490 Bibliography 500 Index 505

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a starting point for software professionals to apply artificial neural networks for software reliability prediction without having analyst capability and expertise in various ANN architectures and their optimization. Artificial neural network (ANN) has proven to be a universal approximator for any non-linear continuous function with arbitrary accuracy. This book presents how to apply ANN to measure various software reliability indicators: number of failures in a given time, time between successive failures, fault-prone modules and development efforts. The application of machine learning algorithm i.e. artificial neural networks application in software reliability prediction during testing phase as well as early phases of software development process are presented. Applications of artificial neural network for the above purposes are discussed with experimental results in this book so that practitioners can easily use ANN models for predicting software reliability iTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xv Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Software Reliability Prediction and Its Limitation 6 1.2 Overview of the Book 8 1.2.1 Predicting Cumulative Number of Software Failures in a Given Time 9 1.2.2 Predicting Time Between Successive Software Failures 11 1.2.3 Predicting Software Fault-Prone Modules 13 1.2.4 Predicting Software Development Efforts 15 1.3 Organization of the Book 17 2 Software Reliability Modelling 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Software Reliability Models 20 2.2.1 Classification of Existing Models 21 2.2.2 Software Reliability Growth Models 25 2.2.3 Early Software Reliability Prediction Models 27 2.2.4 Architecture based Software Reliability Prediction Models 29 2.2.5 Bayesian Models 31 2.3 Techniques used for Software Reliability Modelling 31 2.3.1 Statistical Modelling Techniques 31 2.3.2 Regression Analysis 35 2.3.3 Fuzzy Logic 37 2.3.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Model for Early Fault Prediction 38 2.3.3.2 Prediction and Ranking of Fault-prone Software Modules using Fuzzy Logic 39 2.3.4 Support Vector Machine 40 2.3.4.1 SVM for Cumulative Number of Failures Prediction 41 2.3.5 Genetic Programming 45 2.3.6 Particle Swarm Optimization 49 2.3.7 Time Series Approach 50 2.3.8 Naive Bayes 51 2.3.9 Artificial Neural Network 52 2.4 Importance of Artificial Neural Network in Software Reliability Modelling 54 2.4.1 Cumulative Number of Software Failures Prediction 55 2.4.2 Time Between Successive Software Failures Prediction 58 2.4.3 Software Fault-Prone Module Prediction 60 2.4.4 Software Development Efforts Prediction 64 2.5 Observations 67 2.6 Objectives of the Book 70 3 Prediction of Cumulative Number of Software Failures 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 ANN Model 76 3.2.1 Artificial Neural Network Model with Exponential Encoding 77 3.2.2 Artificial Neural Network Model with Logarithmic Encoding 77 3.2.3 System Architecture 78 3.2.4 Performance Measures 80 3.3 Experiments 81 3.3.1 Effect of Different Encoding Parameter 82 3.3.2 Effect of Different Encoding Function 83 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Hidden Neurons 86 3.4 ANN-PSO Model 88 3.4.1 ANN Architecture 89 3.4.2 Weight and Bias Estimation Through PSO 91 3.5 Experimental Results 93 3.6 Performance Comparison 94 4 Prediction of Time Between Successive Software Failures 103 4.1 Time Series Approach in ANN 105 4.2 ANN Model 106 4.3 ANN- PSO Model 113 4.4 Results and Discussion 116 4.4.1 Results of ANN Model 116 4.4.2 Results of ANN-PSO Model 121 4.4.3 Comparison 125 5 Identification of Software Fault-Prone Modules 131 5.1 Research Background 133 5.1.1 Software Quality Metrics Affecting Fault-Proneness 134 5.1.2 Dimension Reduction Techniques 135 5.2 ANN Model 137 5.2.1 SA-ANN Approach 139 5.2.1.1 Logarithmic Scaling Function 139 5.2.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis on Trained ANN 140 5.2.2 PCA-ANN Approach 142 5.3 ANN-PSO Model 145 5.4 Discussion of Results 148 5.4.1 Results of ANN Model 149 5.4.1.1 SA-ANN Approach Results 149 5.4.1.2 PCA-ANN Approach Results 152 5.4.1.3 Comparison Results of ANN Model 155 5.4.2 Results of ANN-PSO Model 162 5.4.2.1 Reduced Data Set 162 5.4.2.2 Comparison Results of ANN-PSO Model 163 6 Prediction of Software Development Efforts 175 6.1 Need for Development Efforts Prediction 178 6.2 Efforts Multipliers Affecting Development Efforts 178 6.3 Artificial Neural Network Application for Development Efforts Prediction 179 6.3.1 Additional Input Scaling Layer ANN Architecture 181 6.3.2 ANN-PSO Model 183 6.3.3 ANN-PSO-PCA Model 186 6.3.4 ANN-PSO-PCA-GA Model 188 6.3.4.1 Chromosome Design and Fitness Function 189 6.3.4.2 System Architecture of ANN-PSOPCA-GA Model 190 6.4 Performance Analysis on Data Sets 192 6.4.1 COCOMO Data Set 194 6.4.2 NASA Data Set 202 6.4.3 Desharnais Data Set 206 6.4.4 Albrecht Data Set 209 7 Recent Trends in Software Reliability 215 References 219 Appendix Failure Count Data Set 231 Appendix Time Between Failure Data Set 235 Appendix CM1 Data Set 241 Appendix COCOMO 63 Data Set 283 Index 289

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Book SynopsisENABLES READERS TO UNDERSTAND THE METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TO SUCCESSFULLY CONDUCT LIFE TESTING TO IMPROVE PRODUCT RELIABILITY This book illustrates how experimental design and life testing can be used to understand product reliability in order to enable reliability improvements. The book is divided into four sections. The first section focuses on statistical distributions and methods for modeling reliability data. The second section provides an overview of design of experiments including response surface methodology and optimal designs. The third section describes regression models for reliability analysis focused on lifetime data. This section provides the methods for how data collected in a designed experiment can be properly analyzed. The final section of the book pulls together all of the prior sections with customized experiments that are uniquely suited for reliability testing. Throughout the text, there is a focus on reliability applications and methods. It addresses bothTable of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xv Part I Reliability 1 1 Reliability Concepts 3 1.1 Definitions of Reliability 3 1.2 Concepts for Lifetimes 4 1.3 Censoring 10 Problems 14 2 Lifetime Distributions 17 2.1 The Exponential Distribution 17 2.2 The Weibull Distribution 22 2.3 The Gamma Distribution 25 2.4 The Lognormal Distribution 28 2.5 Log Location and Scale Distributions 30 2.5.1 The Smallest Extreme Value Distribution 31 2.5.2 The Logistic and Log-Logistic Distributions 33 Problems 35 3 Inference for Parameters of Life Distributions 39 3.1 Nonparametric Estimation of the Survival Function 39 3.1.1 Confidence Bounds for the Survival Function 42 3.1.2 Estimating the Hazard Function 44 3.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 46 3.2.1 Censoring Contributions to Likelihoods 46 3.3 Inference for the Exponential Distribution 50 3.3.1 Type II Censoring 50 3.3.2 Type I Censoring 54 3.3.3 Arbitrary Censoring 55 3.3.4 Large Sample Approximations 56 3.4 Inference for the Weibull 58 3.5 The SEV Distribution 59 3.6 Inference for Other Models 60 3.6.1 Inference for the GAM(θ, α) Distribution 61 3.6.2 Inference for the Log Normal Distribution 61 3.6.3 Inference for the GGAM(θ, κ, α) Distribution 62 3.7 Bayesian Inference 67 3.a Kaplan–Meier Estimate of the Survival Function 80 3.a.1 The Metropolis–Hastings Algorithm 82 Problems 83 Part II Design of Experiments 89 4 Fundamentals of Experimental Design 91 4.1 Introduction to Experimental Design 91 4.2 A Brief History of Experimental Design 93 4.3 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 95 4.4 Introduction to Factorial Experiments 101 4.4.1 An Example 103 4.4.2 The Analysis of Variance for a Two-Factor Factorial 105 4.5 The 2k Factorial Design 114 4.5.1 The 22 Factorial Design 115 4.5.2 The 23 Factorial Design 119 4.5.3 A Singe Replicate of the 2k Design 124 4.5.4 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 129 4.5.5 Adding Center Runs to a 2k Design 133 4.6 Fractional Factorial Designs 135 4.6.1 A General Method for Finding the Alias Relationships in Fractional Factorial Designs 142 4.6.2 De-aliasing Effects 145 Problems 147 5 Further Principles of Experimental Design 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Response Surface Methods and Designs 157 5.3 Optimization Techniques in Response Surface Methodology 160 5.4 Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 165 5.4.1 Classical Response Surface Designs 165 5.4.2 Definitive Screening Designs 171 5.4.3 Optimal Designs in RSM 175 Problems 176 Part III Regression Models for Reliability Studies 185 6 Parametric Regression Models 187 6.1 Introduction to Failure-Time Regression 187 6.2 Regression Models with Transformations 188 6.2.1 Estimation and Confidence Intervals for Transformed Data 189 6.3 Generalized Linear Models 198 6.4 Incorporating Censoring in Regression Models 205 6.4.1 Parameter Estimation for Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Models 205 6.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Method for Log-Location Scale Distributions 206 6.4.3 Inference for Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Models 207 6.4.4 Location Scale and Log-Location Scale Regression Models 208 6.5 Weibull Regression 208 6.6 Nonconstant Shape Parameter 228 6.7 Exponential Regression 233 6.8 The Scale-Accelerated Failure-Time Model 234 6.9 Checking Model Assumptions 236 6.9.1 Residual Analysis 237 6.9.2 Distribution Selection 243 Problems 245 7 Semi-parametric Regression Models 249 7.1 The Proportional Hazards Model 249 7.2 The Cox Proportional Hazards Model 251 7.3 Inference for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model 255 7.4 Checking Assumptions for the Cox PH Model 264 Problems 265 Part IV Experimental Design for Reliability Studies 269 8 Design of Single-Testing-Condition Reliability Experiments 271 8.1 Life Testing 272 8.1.1 Life Test Planning with Exponential Distribution 273 8.1.1.1 Type II Censoring 273 8.1.1.2 Type I Censoring 274 8.1.1.3 Large Sample Approximation 275 8.1.1.4 Planning Tests to Demonstrate a Lifetime Percentile 276 8.1.1.5 Zero Failures 279 8.1.2 Life Test Planning for Other Lifetime Distributions 281 8.1.3 Operating Characteristic Curves 282 8.2 Accelerated Life Testing 286 8.2.1 Acceleration Factor 287 8.2.2 Physical Acceleration Models 288 8.2.2.1 Arrhenius Model 288 8.2.2.2 Eyring Model 289 8.2.2.3 Peck Model 290 8.2.2.4 Inverse Power Model 290 8.2.2.5 Coffin–Manson Model 290 8.2.3 Relationship Between Physical Acceleration Models and Statistical Models 291 8.2.4 Planning Single-Stress-Level ALTs 292 Problems 294 9 Design of Multi-Factor and Multi-Level Reliability Experiments 297 9.1 Implications of Design for Reliability 298 9.2 Statistical Acceleration Models 299 9.2.1 Lifetime Regression Model 299 9.2.2 Proportional Hazards Model 303 9.2.3 Generalized Linear Model 306 9.2.4 Converting PH Model with Right Censoring to GLM 309 9.3 Planning ALTs with Multiple Stress Factors at Multiple Stress Levels 311 9.3.1 Optimal Test Plans 313 9.3.2 Locality of Optimal ALT Plans 318 9.3.3 Comparing Optimal ALT Plans 319 9.4 Bayesian Design for GLM 322 9.5 Reliability Experiments with Design and Manufacturing Process Variables 326 Problems 336 A The Survival Package in R 339 B Design of Experiments using JMP 351 C The Expected Fisher Information Matrix 357 C.1 Lognormal Distribution 359 C.2 Weibull Distribution 359 C.3 Lognormal Distribution 361 C.4 Weibull Distribution 362 D Data Sets 363 E Distributions Used in Life Testing 375 Bibliography 381 Index 387

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Software Fault Localization A comprehensive analysis of fault localization techniques and strategies In Handbook of Software Fault Localization: Foundations and Advances, distinguished computer scientists Prof. W. Eric Wong and Prof. T.H. Tse deliver a robust treatment of up-to-date techniques, tools, and essential issues in software fault localization. The authors offer collective discussions of fault localization strategies with an emphasis on the most important features of each approach. The book also explores critical aspects of software fault localization, like multiple bugs, successful and failed test cases, coincidental correctness, faults introduced by missing code, the combination of several fault localization techniques, ties within fault localization rankings, concurrency bugs, spreadsheet fault localization, and theoretical studies on fault localization. Readers will benefit from the authors' straightforward discussions of how to aTable of ContentsEditor Biographies xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Software Fault Localization: an Overview of Research, Techniques, and Tools 1 W. Eric Wong, Ruizhi Gao, Yihao Li, Rui Abreu, Franz Wotawa, and Dongcheng li 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Traditional Fault Localization Techniques 14 1.2.1 Program Logging 14 1.2.2 Assertions 14 1.2.3 Breakpoints 14 1.2.4 Profiling 15 1.3 Advanced Fault Localization Techniques 15 1.3.1 Slicing-Based Techniques 15 1.3.2 Program Spectrum-Based Techniques 20 1.3.2.1 Notation 20 1.3.2.2 Techniques 21 1.3.2.3 Issues and Concerns 27 1.3.3 Statistics-Based Techniques 30 1.3.4 Program State-Based Techniques 32 1.3.5 Machine Learning-Based Techniques 34 1.3.6 Data Mining-Based Techniques 36 1.3.7 Model-Based Techniques 37 1.3.8 Additional Techniques 41 1.3.9 Distribution of Papers in Our Repository 45 1.4 Subject Programs 47 1.5 Evaluation Metrics 50 1.6 Software Fault Localization Tools 53 1.7 Critical Aspects 58 1.7.1 Fault Localization with Multiple Bugs 58 1.7.2 Inputs, Outputs, and Impact of Test Cases 60 1.7.3 Coincidental Correctness 63 1.7.4 Faults Introduced by Missing Code 64 1.7.5 Combination of Multiple Fault Localization Techniques 65 1.7.6 Ties Within Fault Localization Rankings 67 1.7.7 Fault Localization for Concurrency Bugs 67 1.7.8 Spreadsheet Fault Localization 68 1.7.9 Theoretical Studies 70 1.8 Conclusion 71 Notes 73 References 73 2 Traditional Techniques for Software Fault Localization 119 Yihao Li, Linghuan Hu, W. Eric Wong, Vidroha Debroy, and Dongcheng li 2.1 Program Logging 119 2.2 Assertions 121 2.3 Breakpoints 124 2.4 Profiling 125 2.5 Discussion 128 2.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 3 Slicing-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 135 W. Eric Wong, Hira Agrawal, and Xiangyu Zhang 3.1 Introduction 135 3.2 Static Slicing-Based Fault Localization 136 3.2.1 Introduction 136 3.2.2 Program Slicing Combined with Equivalence Analysis 137 3.2.3 Further Application 138 3.3 Dynamic Slicing-Based Fault Localization 138 3.3.1 Dynamic Slicing and Backtracking Techniques 144 3.3.2 Dynamic Slicing and Model-Based Techniques 145 3.3.3 Critical Slicing 148 3.3.3.1 Relationships Between Critical Slices (CS) and Exact Dynamic Program Slices (DPS) 149 3.3.3.2 Relationship Between Critical Slices and Executed Static Program Slices 150 3.3.3.3 Construction Cost 150 3.3.4 Multiple-Points Dynamic Slicing 151 3.3.4.1 BwS of an Erroneous Computed Value 152 3.3.4.2 FwS of Failure-Inducing Input Difference 152 3.3.4.3 BiS of a Critical Predicate 154 3.3.4.4 MPSs: Dynamic Chops 157 3.3.5 Execution Indexing 158 3.3.5.1 Concepts 159 3.3.5.2 Structural Indexing 161 3.3.6 Dual Slicing to Locate Concurrency Bugs 165 3.3.6.1 Trace Comparison 165 3.3.6.2 Dual Slicing 168 3.3.7 Comparative Causality: a Causal Inference Model Based on Dual Slicing 173 3.3.7.1 Property One: Relevance 174 3.3.7.2 Property Two: Sufficiency 175 3.3.8 Implicit Dependences to Locate Execution Omission Errors 177 3.3.9 Other Dynamic Slicing-Based Techniques 179 3.4 Execution Slicing-Based Fault Localization 179 3.4.1 Fault Localization Using Execution Dice 179 3.4.2 A Family of Fault Localization Heuristics Based on Execution Slicing 181 3.4.2.1 Heuristic I 182 3.4.2.2 Heuristic II 183 3.4.2.3 Heuristic III 185 3.4.3 Effective Fault Localization Based on Execution Slices and Inter-block Data Dependence 188 3.4.3.1 Augmenting a Bad D(1) 189 3.4.3.2 Refining a Good D(1) 190 3.4.3.3 An Incremental Debugging Strategy 191 3.4.4 Other Execution Slicing-Based Techniques in Software Fault Localization 193 3.5 Discussions 193 3.6 Conclusion 194 Notes 195 References 195 4 Spectrum-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 201 W. Eric Wong, Hua Jie Lee, Ruizhi Gao, and Lee Naish 4.1 Introduction 201 4.2 Background and Notation 203 4.2.1 Similarity Coefficient-Based Fault Localization 204 4.2.2 An Example of Using Similarity Coefficient to Compute Suspiciousness 205 4.3 Insights of Some Spectra-Based Metrics 210 4.4 Equivalence Metrics 212 4.4.1 Applicability of the Equivalence Relation to Other Fault Localization Techniques 217 4.4.2 Applicability Beyond Fault Localization 218 4.5 Selecting a Good Suspiciousness Function (Metric) 219 4.5.1 Cost of Using a Metric 219 4.5.2 Optimality for Programs with a Single Bug 220 4.5.3 Optimality for Programs with Deterministic Bugs 221 4.6 Using Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.1 Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.2 Refinement of Spectra-Based Metrics 227 4.7 Empirical Evaluation Studies of SBFL Metrics 232 4.7.1 The Construction of D ∗ 234 4.7.2 An Illustrative Example 235 4.7.3 A Case Study Using D ∗ 237 4.7.3.1 Subject Programs 237 4.7.3.2 Fault Localization Techniques Used in Comparisons 238 4.7.3.3 Evaluation Metrics and Criteria 239 4.7.3.4 Statement with Same Suspiciousness Values 240 4.7.3.5 Results 241 4.7.3.6 Effectiveness of D ∗ with Different Values of ∗ 247 4.7.3.7 D ∗ Versus Other Fault Localization Techniques 248 4.7.3.8 Programs with Multiple Bugs 251 4.7.3.9 Discussion 255 4.8 Conclusion 261 Notes 262 References 263 5 Statistics-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 271 Zhenyu Zhang and W. Eric Wong 5.1 Introduction 271 5.1.1 Tarantula 272 5.1.2 How It Works 272 5.2 Working with Statements 274 5.2.1 Techniques Under the Same Problem Settings 275 5.2.2 Statistical Variances 275 5.3 Working with Non-statements 283 5.3.1 Predicate: a Popular Trend 283 5.3.2 BPEL: a Sample Application 285 5.4 Purifying the Input 286 5.4.1 Coincidental Correctness Issue 286 5.4.2 Class Balance Consideration 287 5.5 Reinterpreting the Output 288 5.5.1 Revealing Fault Number 288 5.5.2 Noise Reduction 291 Notes 292 References 293 6 Machine Learning-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 297 W. Eric Wong 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 BP Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 298 6.2.1 Fault Localization with a BP Neural Network 298 6.2.2 Reduce the Number of Candidate Suspicious Statements 302 6.3 RBF Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 304 6.3.1 RBF Neural Networks 304 6.3.2 Methodology 305 6.3.2.1 Fault Localization Using an RBF Neural Network 306 6.3.2.2 Training of the RBF Neural Network 307 6.3.2.3 Definition of a Weighted Bit-Comparison-Based Dissimilarity 309 6.4 C4.5 Decision Tree-Based Fault Localization 309 6.4.1 Category-Partition for Rule Induction 309 6.4.2 Rule Induction Algorithms 310 6.4.3 Statement Ranking Strategies 310 6.4.3.1 Revisiting Tarantula 310 6.4.3.2 Ranking Statements Based on C4.5 Rules 312 6.5 Applying Simulated Annealing with Statement Pruning for an SBFL Formula 314 6.6 Conclusion 317 Notes 317 References 317 7 Data Mining-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 321 Peggy Cellier, Mireille Ducassé, Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux, and W. Eric Wong 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Formal Concept Analysis and Association Rules 324 7.2.1 Formal Concept Analysis 325 7.2.2 Association Rules 327 7.3 Data Mining for Fault Localization 329 7.3.1 Failure Rules 329 7.3.2 Failure Lattice 331 7.4 The Failure Lattice for Multiple Faults 336 7.4.1 Dependencies Between Faults 336 7.4.2 Example 341 7.5 Discussion 342 7.5.1 The Structure of the Execution Traces 342 7.5.2 Union Model 343 7.5.3 Intersection Model 343 7.5.4 Nearest Neighbor 343 7.5.5 Delta Debugging 344 7.5.6 From the Trace Context to the Failure Context 344 7.5.7 The Structure of Association Rules 345 7.5.8 Multiple Faults 345 7.6 Fault Localization Using N-gram Analysis 346 7.6.1 Background 347 7.6.1.1 Execution Sequence 347 7.6.1.2 N-gram Analysis 347 7.6.1.3 Linear Execution Blocks 349 7.6.1.4 Association Rule Mining 349 7.6.2 Methodology 350 7.6.3 Conclusion 353 7.7 Fault Localization for GUI Software Using N-gram Analysis 353 7.7.1 Background 354 7.7.1.1 Representation of the GUI and Its Operations 354 7.7.1.2 Event Handler 356 7.7.1.3 N-gram 356 7.7.2 Association Rule Mining 357 7.7.3 Methodology 357 7.7.3.1 General Approach 358 7.7.3.2 N-gram Fault Localization Algorithm 358 7.8 Conclusion 360 Notes 361 References 361 8 Information Retrieval-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 365 Xin Xia and David Lo 8.1 Introduction 365 8.2 General IR-Based Fault Localization Process 368 8.3 Fundamental Information Retrieval Techniques for Software Fault Localization 369 8.3.1 Vector Space Model 369 8.3.2 Topic Modeling 370 8.3.3 Word Embedding 371 8.4 Evaluation Metrics 372 8.4.1 Top-k Prediction Accuracy 372 8.4.2 Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) 373 8.4.3 Mean Average Precision (MAP) 373 8.5 Techniques for Different Scenarios 374 8.5.1 Text of Current Bug Report Only 374 8.5.1.1 VSM Variants 374 8.5.1.2 Topic Modeling 375 8.5.2 Text and History 376 8.5.2.1 VSM Variants 376 8.5.2.2 Topic Modeling 378 8.5.2.3 Deep Learning 378 8.5.3 Text and Stack/Execution Traces 379 8.6 Empirical Studies 380 8.7 Miscellaneous 383 8.8 Conclusion 385 Notes 385 References 386 9 Model-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 393 Birgit Hofer, Franz Wotawa, Wolfgang Mayer, and Markus Stumptner 9.1 Introduction 393 9.2 Basic Definitions and Algorithms 395 9.2.1 Algorithms for MBD 401 9.3 Modeling for MBD 404 9.3.1 The Value-Based Model 405 9.3.2 The Dependency-Based Model 409 9.3.3 Approximation Models for Debugging 413 9.3.4 Other Modeling Approaches 416 9.4 Application Areas 417 9.5 Hybrid Approaches 418 9.6 Conclusions 419 Notes 420 References 420 10 Software Fault Localization in Spreadsheets 425 Birgit Hofer and Franz Wotawa 10.1 Motivation 425 10.2 Definition of the Spreadsheet Language 427 10.3 Cones 430 10.4 Spectrum-Based Fault Localization 431 10.5 Model-Based Spreadsheet Debugging 435 10.6 Repair Approaches 440 10.7 Checking Approaches 443 10.8 Testing 445 10.9 Conclusion 446 Notes 446 References 447 11 Theoretical Aspects of Software Fault Localization 451 Xiaoyuan Xie and W. Eric Wong 11.1 Introduction 451 11.2 A Model-Based Hybrid Analysis 452 11.2.1 The Model Program Segment 452 11.2.2 Important Findings 454 11.2.3 Discussion 454 11.3 A Set-Based Pure Theoretical Framework 455 11.3.1 Definitions and Theorems 455 11.3.2 Evaluation 457 11.3.3 The Maximality Among All Investigated Formulas 461 11.4 A Generalized Study 462 11.4.1 Spectral Coordinate for SBFL 462 11.4.2 Generalized Maximal and Greatest Formula in F 464 11.5 About the Assumptions 465 11.5.1 Omission Fault and 100% Coverage 465 11.5.2 Tie-Breaking Scheme 467 11.5.3 Multiple Faults 467 11.5.4 Some Plausible Causes for the Inconsistence Between Empirical and Theoretical Analyses 468 Notes 469 References 470 12 Software Fault Localization for Programs with Multiple Bugs 473 Ruizhi Gao, W. Eric Wong, and Rui Abreu 12.1 Introduction 473 12.2 One-Bug-at-a-Time 474 12.3 Two Techniques Proposed by Jones et al. 475 12.3.1 J1: Clustering Based on Profiles and Fault Localization Results 476 12.3.1.1 Clustering Profile-Based Behavior Models 476 12.3.1.2 Using Fault Localization to Stop Clustering 478 12.3.1.3 Using Fault Localization Clustering to Refine Clusters 479 12.3.2 J2: Clustering Based on Fault Localization Results 480 12.4 Localization of Multiple Bugs Using Algorithms from Integer Linear Programming 481 12.5 MSeer: an Advanced Fault Localization Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 483 12.5.1 MSeer 485 12.5.1.1 Representation of Failed Test Cases 485 12.5.1.2 Revised Kendall tau Distance 486 12.5.1.3 Clustering 488 12.5.1.4 MSeer: a Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 494 12.5.2 A Running Example 496 12.5.3 Case Studies 499 12.5.3.1 Subject Programs and Data Collections 499 12.5.3.2 Evaluation of Effectiveness and Efficiency 501 12.5.3.3 Results 503 12.5.4 Discussions 510 12.5.4.1 Using Different Fault Localization Techniques 510 12.5.4.2 Apply MSeer to Programs with a Single Bug 510 12.5.4.3 Distance Metrics 512 12.5.4.4 The Importance of Estimating the Number of Clusters and Assigning Initial Medoids 514 12.6 Spectrum-Based Reasoning for Fault Localization 514 12.6.1 Barinel 515 12.6.2 Results 517 12.7 Other Studies 518 12.8 Conclusion 520 Notes 521 References 522 13 Emerging Aspects of Software Fault Localization 529 T.H. Tse, David Lo, Alex Gorce, Michael Perscheid, Robert Hirschfeld, and W. Eric Wong 13.1 Introduction 529 13.2 Application of the Scientific Method to Fault Localization 530 13.2.1 Scientific Debugging 531 13.2.2 Identifying and Assigning Bug Reports to Developers 532 13.2.3 Using Debuggers in Fault Localization 534 13.2.4 Conclusion 538 13.3 Fault Localization in the Absence of Test Oracles by Semi-proving of Metamorphic Relations 538 13.3.1 Metamorphic Testing and Metamorphic Relations 539 13.3.2 The Semi-proving Methodology 541 13.3.2.1 Semi-proving by Symbolic Evaluation 541 13.3.2.2 Semi-proving as a Fault Localization Technique 542 13.3.3 The Need to Go Beyond Symbolic Evaluation 543 13.3.4 Initial Empirical Study 543 13.3.5 Detailed Illustrative Examples 544 13.3.5.1 Fault Localization Example Related to Predicate Statement 544 13.3.5.2 Fault Localization Example Related to Faulty Statement 548 13.3.5.3 Fault Localization Example Related to Missing Path 552 13.3.5.4 Fault Localization Example Related to Loop 556 13.3.6 Comparisons with Related Work 558 13.3.7 Conclusion 560 13.4 Automated Prediction of Fault Localization Effectiveness 560 13.4.1 Overview of PEFA 561 13.4.2 Model Learning 564 13.4.3 Effectiveness Prediction 564 13.4.4 Conclusion 564 13.5 Integrating Fault Localization into Automated Test Generation Tools 565 13.5.1 Localization in the Context of Automated Test Generation 566 13.5.2 Automated Test Generation Tools Supporting Localization 567 13.5.3 Antifragile Tests and Localization 568 13.5.4 Conclusion 568 Notes 569 References 569 Index 581

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Reliability Engineering A complete revision of the classic text on reliability engineering, written by an expanded author team with increased industry perspective Introduction to Reliability Engineering provides a thorough and well-balanced overview of the fundamental aspects of reliability engineering and describes the role of probability and statistical analysis in predicting and evaluating reliability in a range of engineering applications. Covering both foundational theory and real-world practice, this classic textbook helps students of any engineering discipline understand key probability concepts, random variables and their use in reliability, Weibull analysis, system safety analysis, reliability and environmental stress testing, redundancy, failure interactions, and more. Extensively revised to meet the needs of today's students, the Third Edition fully reflects current industrial practices and provides a wealth of new examples and Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reliability Defined 1.2 Performance, Cost and Reliability 1.3 Quality, Reliability and Safety Linkage 1.4 Quality, Reliability and Safety Engineering Tasks 1.5 Preview 2 PROBABILITY AND DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Probability Concepts Sample Space Outcome Event Probability Axioms More than two events Combinations and Permutations 2.3 Discrete Random Variables Properties of Discrete Variables The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution Confidence Intervals Motivation for Confidence Intervals Introduction to Confidence Intervals Binomial Confidence Intervals Cumulative sums of the Poisson Distribution (Thorndike Chart) 3 Exponential Distribution and Reliability Basics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Reliability Characterization Basic definitions The Bathtub curve 3.3 Constant Failure Rate model The Exponential Distribution Demand failures Time determinations 3.4 Time Dependent Failure rates 3.5 Component Failures and Failure Modes Failure mode rates Component counts 3.6 Replacements 3.7 Redundancy Active and Standby Redundancy Active Parallel Standby Parallel Constant Failure Rate Models 3.8 Redundancy limitations Common-mode failures Load sharing Switching & Standby failures Cool, Warm and Hot Standby 3.9 Multiply Redundant Systems 1/N Active Redundancy 1/N Standby Redundancy m/N Active Redundancy 3.10 Redundancy Allocation High and Low level redundancy Fail-safe and Fail-to-Danger Voting Systems 3.11 Redundancy in Complex Configurations Serial-Parallel configurations Linked configurations 4 Continuous Distributions- Part 1 Normal & Related Distributions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of Continuous Random variables Probability Distribution Functions Characteristics of a Probability Distribution Sample Statistics Transformation of Variables 4.3 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function 4.4 Uniform Distribution 4.5 Normal and Related Distributions The Normal Distribution Central Limit Theorem The Central Limit Theorem in Practice The Log Normal Distribution Log Normal Distribution from a Physics of Failure Perspective 4.6 Confidence Intervals Point & Interval Estimates Estimate of the Mean Normal & Lognormal parameters 5 Continuous Distributions- Part 2 Weibull & Extreme Value Distributions 5.1 Introduction The “weakest link” theory from a Physics of Failure point of view Uses of Weibull and Extreme Value Distributions Other Considerations Age parameters and sample sizes Engineering Changes, Maintenance Plan Evaluation and Risk Prediction Weibulls with cusps or curves System Weibulls No failure Weibulls Small sample Weibulls 5.2 Statistics of the Weibull Distribution Weibull “Mathematics” The Weibull Probability Plot Probability Plotting Points—Median Ranks How to do a “Weibull Analysis” Weibull plots and their estimates of b, h The 3-Parameter Weibull didn’t work, what are my choices? The data has a “dogleg” bend or cusp when plotted on Weibull paper. Steep Weibull slopes (β’s) may hide problems. Low Time Failures and close Serial numbers---Batch problems Maximum Likelihood Estimates of β and η Weibayes Analysis Weibayes background Weibull Analysis with failure times only and unknown times on remaining population Shifting Weibull Procedure Confidence bounds and the Weibull Distribution Arbitrary Censored Data The Weibull Distribution in a System of Independent failure modes 5.3 Extreme Value Distributions Smallest & Largest Extreme Value distributions Extreme Value and Weibull Distribution Point Estimates & Confidence Intervals 5.4 Introduction to Risk analysis Risk Analysis “Mathematics” Supplement 1- Weibull derived from weakest link theory Supplement 2: Comparing two distributions using Supersmith™ 6 RELIABILITY TESTING 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attribute Testing (Binomial Testing) The Classical Success Run Zero Failure Attribute Tests Non-ZERO Failure Attribute Tests 6.3 Constant Failure Rate Estimates Censoring on the Right MTTF Estimates Confidence Intervals 6.4 Weibull Substantiation and Reliability Testing Zero-Failure Test Plans for Substantiation Testing Weibull Zero-Failure test Plans for Reliability Testing Designing the Test Plan Total Test Time Why not Simply Test to Failure? 6.5 How to Reduce Test Time Run (simultaneously) more test samples than you intend to fail Sudden Death Testing Sequential Testing 6.6 Normal & Lognormal Reliability Testing 6.7 Accelerated Life Testing Compressed Time Testing Advanced Stress Testing-Linear & Acceleration Models Linear Model Stress testing Advanced Stress Testing – Acceleration Models The Arrhenius Model The Inverse Power Law Model Other Acceleration Models 6.8 Reliability Enhancement Procedures Reliability Growth Modeling & Testing Calculation of Reliability Growth parameters Goodness of Fit tests for Reliability Growth Models Environmental Stress Screening What “Screens” are used for ESS? Thermal cycling Random Vibration Other Screens Highly Accelerated Life Tests Highly Accelerated Stress Screening Supplement 1 Substantiation Testing: Characteristic Life multipliers for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 2 Substantiation Testing Tables for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 3 CRITICAL VALUES FOR CRAMER-VON MISES GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST Supplement 4 Other Reliability Growth Models Supplement 5 Chi-Square Table 7 Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) – Design & Process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Functional FMEA 7.3 Design FMEA Design FMEA Procedure 7.4 Process FMEA(PFMEA) 7.5 FMEA Summary FMEA Outputs FMEA Pitfalls that can be prevented Supplement 1 Shortcut tables for stalled FMEA Teams Supplement 2 Future changes in FMEA Approaches Supplement 3 DFMEA and PFMEA Forms 8 LOADS, CAPACITY, AND RELIABILITY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reliability with a Single Loading Load Application Definitions 8.3 Reliability and Safety Factors Normal Distributions Lognormal Distributions Combined Distributions 8.4 Repetitive Loading Loading Variability Variable Capacity 8.5 The Bathtub Curve—Reconsidered Single Failure Modes Combined Failure Modes Supplement 1: The Dirac Delta Distribution 9 MAINTAINED SYSTEMS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Preventive Maintenance Idealized Maintenance Imperfect Maintenance Redundant Components 9.3 Corrective Maintenance Availability Maintainability 9.4 Repair: Revealed Failures Constant Repair Rates Constant Repair Times 9.5 Testing and Repair: Unrevealed Failures Idealized Periodic Tests Real Periodic Tests 9.6 System Availability Revealed Failures Unrevealed Failures 10 FAILURE INTERACTIONS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Markov Analysis Two Independent Components Load-Sharing Systems 10.3 Reliability with Standby Systems Idealized System Failures in the Standby State Switching Failures Primary System Repair 10.4 Multicomponent Systems Multicomponent Markov Formulations Combinations of Subsystems 10.5 Availability Standby Redundancy Shared Repair Crews Markov Availability-Advantages & Disadvantages 11 SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Product and Equipment Hazards 11.3 Human Error Routine Operations Emergency Operations 11.4 Methods of Analysis Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) Event Trees 11.5 Fault Trees Fault-Tree Construction Nomenclature Fault Classification Fault Tree Examples Direct Evaluation of Fault Trees Qualitative Evaluation Quantitative Evaluation Fault-Tree Evaluation by Cut Sets Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis 11.6 Reliability/Safety Risk Analysis APPENDICES A USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS B BINOMIAL CONFIDENCE CHARTS C STANDARD NORMAL CDF D NONPARAMETRIC METHODS AND PROBABILITY PLOTTING D1 Introduction D2 Nonparametric Methods for Probability Plotting D3 Parametric Methods D4 Goodness-of-Fit Supplement 1 Further Details of Weibull Probability plotting Supplement 2 Median Rank adjustment for SUSPENDED TEST ITEMS Supplement 3 Generating a Probability Plot in MINITAB ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES INDEX

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Book SynopsisSOLAR FUELS In this book, you will have the opportunity to have comprehensive knowledge about the use of energy from the sun, which is our source of life, by converting it into different chemical fuels as well as catching up with the latest technology. The most important obstacle to solar meeting all our energy needs is that solar energy is not always accessible and, therefore, cannot be used when needed. Consequently, the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which has become increasingly important in recent years, is a groundbreaking topic in the field of renewable energy. This type of chemical energy is called solar fuel. Hydrogen, methanol, methane, and carbon monoxide are among the solar fuels, which can be produced via solar-thermal, artificial photosynthesis, photocatalytic or photoelectrochemical routes. Solar Fuels compiles the objectives related to the new semiconductor materials and manufacturing techniques for solar fuel generation. Chapters are written by distinTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 1 1 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3 Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter 1.1 Introduction 4 1.1.1 Hydrogen via Solar Thermolysis 7 1.1.2 Hydrogen via Solar Thermochemical Cycles 8 1.1.3 Thermodynamics 13 1.1.4 Economics 16 1.2 Theoretical Methods 17 1.2.1 Oxygen Vacancy Formation Energy 18 1.2.2 Standard Entropy of Oxygen Vacancy Formation 22 1.2.3 Stability 24 1.2.4 Structure 25 1.2.5 Kinetics 26 1.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 26 1.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 30 1.5 Materials Design Directions 33 1.5.1 Enthalpy Engineering 33 1.5.2 Entropy Engineering 37 1.5.3 Stability Engineering 41 1.6 Conclusions 42 Acknowledgments 42 Appendices 43 Appendix A. Equilibrium Composition for Solar Thermolysis 43 Appendix B. Equilibrium Composition of Ceria 44 References 46 2 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65 Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin 2.1 Introduction 66 2.1.1 Sustainable Strategies to Address Climate Change 66 2.1.2 Circular Economy 66 2.1.3 Sustainable Solar Recycling of Metal Fuels 68 2.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 69 2.2.1 Stabilized Metal-Fuel Flame 70 2.2.2 Combustion Engineering 71 2.2.3 Designing Metal-Fueled Engines 72 2.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 75 2.3.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Oxides Reduction 75 2.3.2 Effect of Some Parameters on the Reduction Yield 77 2.3.2.1 Carbon-Reducing Agent 77 2.3.2.2 Catalysts and Additives 78 2.3.2.3 Mechanical Milling 78 2.3.2.4 CO Partial Pressure 79 2.3.2.5 Carrier Gas 79 2.3.2.6 Fast Preheating 79 2.3.2.7 Progressive Heating 80 2.3.3 Reverse Reoxidation of the Produced Metal Powders 80 2.3.4 Reduction of Oxides Using Concentrated Solar Power 81 2.3.5 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Magnesia 83 2.3.6 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Alumina 86 2.4 Conclusions 89 Acknowledgments 90 References 90 3 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97 Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. Naterer Nomenclature 98 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 System Description 108 3.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 113 3.3.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses 113 3.3.2 Economic Analysis 116 3.3.3 Multiobjective Optimization (MOO) Algorithm 120 3.4 Results and Discussion 121 3.5 Conclusions 130 References 131 4 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3O4 137 Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Materials and Methods 141 4.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 142 4.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co3O4143 4.4.1 Red/Ox Characteristics of Co3O4 Measured by Temperature-Programmed Analysis 145 4.4.2 The Role of Pt as a Reduction Promoter of Co3O4 147 4.4.3 A Critical Analysis of the Solar Thermochemical Cycles of Water Splitting 149 4.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3O4 151 4.5.1 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects During Red/Ox Processes 152 4.5.2 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Co3O4 152 4.6 Conclusions 157 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 161 5 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163 Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 165 5.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 167 5.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 168 5.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 171 5.5.1 Generation of Hydrogen in Scenedesmus obliquus 171 5.5.2 Production of Hydrogen in Chlorella vulgaris 174 5.5.3 Generation of Hydrogen in Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 175 5.6 Concluding Remarks 177 Acknowledgments 177 References 177 6 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185 Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed 6.1 Introduction 186 6.2 C−H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 189 6.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C−H Activation 190 6.4 C−C Functionalization 192 6.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 194 6.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 197 6.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 199 6.8 Conclusion 199 References 200 Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 205 7 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207 Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao 7.1 Introduction 208 7.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 209 7.2.1 Preparation of Graphene (Oxide) 209 7.2.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 210 7.2.2.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 211 7.2.2.2 Sol-Gel Method 212 7.2.2.3 In Situ Growth Method 212 7.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 214 7.3.1 SEM, TEM, and HRTEM 214 7.3.2 X-Ray Techniques: XPS, XRD, XANES, XAFS, and EXAFS 215 7.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 217 7.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 218 7.3.5 Other Technologies 219 7.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 220 7.4.1 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 223 7.4.2 Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 229 7.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 235 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 8 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247 Ashween Virdee and John Andresen 8.1 Introduction 248 8.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 248 8.2.1 Photocatalytic Systems 249 8.2.1.1 Slurry Photoreactor 252 8.2.1.2 Fixed Bed Photoreactor 254 8.2.1.3 Twin Photoreactor (Membrane Photoreactor) 256 8.2.1.4 Microreactor 259 8.2.2 Electrochemical System 260 8.2.2.1 Co2 Electrochemical Reactors 263 8.2.3 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Systems 267 8.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 272 8.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 274 8.5 Conclusions 276 References 277 Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 285 9 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287 Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 289 9.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 290 9.3.1 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Fuel 290 9.3.2 Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Production 291 9.3.3 Photocatalytic Dye/Pollutant Degradation 292 9.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 292 9.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 294 9.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 295 9.6.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods 295 9.6.2 Sol-Gel Methods 300 9.6.3 Wet Chemical and Solution Methods 303 9.6.4 Vapor Phase Deposition Methods 305 9.6.5 Electrospinning Methods 306 9.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 307 9.7.1 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BiFeO3 Nanostructures and Thin Films 307 9.7.2 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LaFeO3 Nanostructures 311 9.7.3 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BaTiO3 Nanostructures 314 9.7.4 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of SrTiO3 Nanostructures 317 9.7.5 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of YFeO3 Nanostructures 319 9.7.6 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of KNbO3 Nanostructures 319 9.7.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of NaNbO3 Nanostructures 322 9.7.8 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LiNbO3 Nanostructures 323 9.7.9 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of PbTiO3 Nanostructures 323 9.7.10 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of ZnSnO3 Nanostructures 325 9.8 Conclusion and Perspective 327 References 329 10 Solar‐Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341 Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi 10.1 Introduction 342 10.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 343 10.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 348 10.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 352 10.4.1 PVE Systems Based on Si PV Cells 353 10.4.2 PVE Systems Based on Group III-V Compound PV Cells 354 10.4.3 PVE Systems Based on Chalcogenide PV Cells 356 10.4.4 PVE Systems Based on Perovskite PV Cells 358 10.4.5 PVE Systems Based on Organic Heterojunction PV Cells 359 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 361 References 361 11 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375 Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu 11.1 Introduction 376 11.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 378 11.2.1 Metal and Non-Metal Cocatalysts 379 11.2.2 Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 380 11.2.3 Metal Sulfides 381 11.2.4 Metal Phosphides and Carbides 382 11.2.5 Molecular Cocatalysts 383 11.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 384 11.3.1 Intrinsic Properties of Cocatalysts 384 11.3.2 Interfacial Coupling of Cocatalysts With Host Semiconductors 388 11.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 393 11.5 Conclusion 395 Acknowledgments 396 References 396 Index 411

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Book SynopsisQUALITY PLANNING AND ASSURANCE Discover the most crucial aspects of quality systems planning critical to manufacturing and service success In Quality Planning and Assurance: Principles, Approaches, and Methods for Product and Service Development, accomplished engineer Dr. Herman Tang delivers an incisive presentation of the principles of quality systems planning. The book begins with an introduction to the meaning of the word quality before moving on to review the principles of quality strategy and policy management. The author then offers a detailed discussion of customer needs and the corresponding quality planning tasks in design phases, as well as a treatment of the design processes necessary to ensure product or service quality. Readers will enjoy explorations of advanced topics related to proactive approaches to quality management, like failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). They???ll discover discussions of issues like supplier quality manTable of ContentsForewords xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction to Quality Planning 1 1.1 Quality Definitions 1 1.1.1 Meaning of Quality 1 1.1.2 End-customer Centricity 3 1.1.3 Dimensions of Product and Service Quality 6 1.1.4 Discussion of Service Quality 10 1.2 Quality System 13 1.2.1 Quality Management System 13 1.2.2 Discussion of QMS 17 1.2.3 Quality Target Setting 19 1.2.4 Cost of Quality 22 1.3 Quality Planning 25 1.3.1 Planning Process Overview 25 1.3.2 Considerations in Quality Planning 29 1.3.3 Quality-planning Guideline (APQP) 31 1.3.4 Service Quality Planning 35 Summary 36 Exercises 37 References 38 2 Strategy Development for Quality 43 2.1 Strategic Management 43 2.1.1 Overview of Strategic Management 43 2.1.2 Hoshin Planning Management 48 2.1.3 Implementation Considerations 52 2.2 Risk Management and Analysis 56 2.2.1 Risk Management Overview 56 2.2.2 Risks and Treatments 59 2.2.3 Risk Evaluation 61 2.2.4 Event Tree, Fault Tree, and Bowtie Analysis 64 2.3 Pull and Push Strategies 68 2.3.1 Pull or Push 68 2.3.2 Innovation-push 70 2.3.3 Challenges to Pull and Push 72 Summary 73 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Customer-centric Planning 81 3.1 Goal: Design for Customer 81 3.1.1 Customer-driven Development 81 3.1.2 Product/Process Characteristics 85 3.2 Quality Category to Customer 89 3.2.1 Must-be Quality and Attractive Quality 89 3.2.2 Kano Model 92 3.3 Quality Function Deployment 95 3.3.1 Principle of QFD 95 3.3.2 QFD Applications 98 3.3.3 More Discussion of QFD 100 3.4 Affective Engineering 103 3.4.1 Introduction to Affective Engineering 103 3.4.2 Discussion of AE 106 3.4.3 Applications of AE 108 Summary 110 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Quality Assurance by Design 119 4.1 Design Review Process 119 4.1.1 Introduction to Design Review 119 4.1.2 Design Review Based on Failure Mode 122 4.1.3 Design Review Applications 124 4.2 Design Verification and Validation 125 4.2.1 Prototype Processes 125 4.2.2 Processes of Verification and Validation 128 4.2.3 Discussion of Verification and Validation 131 4.3 Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.1 Principle of Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.2 Considerations to CE 136 4.4 Variation Considerations 139 4.4.1 Recognition of Variation 139 4.4.2 Target Setting with Variation 141 4.4.3 Propagation of Variation 143 4.4.4 Quality and Variation 146 Summary 149 Exercises 150 References 151 5 Proactive Approaches: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Control Plan 157 5.1 Understanding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.1 Principle of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.2 FMEA Development 162 5.1.3 Parameters in FMEA 164 5.2 Pre- and Post-work of FMEA 168 5.2.1 Pre-FMEA Analysis 168 5.2.2 FMEA Follow-up 172 5.3 Implementation of FMEA 176 5.3.1 Considerations in FMEA 176 5.3.2 Applications of FMEA 179 5.4 Control Plan 183 5.4.1 Basics of Control Plan 183 5.4.2 Considerations in Control Plan 186 5.4.3 Applications of Control Plan 188 Summary 190 Exercises 191 References 193 6 Supplier Quality Management and Production Part Approval Process 197 6.1 Introduction to Supplier Quality 197 6.1.1 Supplier Quality Overview 197 6.1.2 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 200 6.2 PPAP Standardized Guideline 205 6.2.1 Concept of PPAP 205 6.2.2 PPAP Elements 208 6.2.3 PPAP Packages 211 6.3 PPAP Elements in a Package 213 6.3.1 Essential Element (Level 1) 213 6.3.2 Level 2 Elements 215 6.3.3 Level 3 Elements 217 6.3.4 Unique Requirements (Levels 4 and 5) 219 6.4 Supplier Quality Assurance 220 6.4.1 PPAP Preparation and Approval 220 6.4.2 Customer and Supplier Teamwork 222 6.4.3 Supplier Quality to Service 227 Summary 229 Exercises 230 References 232 7 Special Analyses and Processes 235 7.1 Measurement System Analysis 235 7.1.1 Measurement System 235 7.1.2 Analysis in MSA 239 7.2 Process Capability Study 244 7.2.1 Principle of Process Capability 244 7.2.2 Process Capability Assessment 247 7.2.3 Production Tryout 249 7.3 Change Management in Development 253 7.3.1 Process of Change Management 253 7.3.2 Considerations in Change Management 256 7.3.3 Advancement of Change Management 259 7.4 Quality System Auditing 260 7.4.1 Roles and Processes of Quality Auditing 260 7.4.2 Types of Quality Audit and Preparation 263 7.4.3 Considerations in Quality Auditing 264 Summary 267 Exercises 269 References 270 8 Quality Management Tools 275 8.1 Problem-solving Process 275 8.1.1 Plan–Do–Check–Act Approach 275 8.1.2 8D Approach 281 8.1.3 Approaches and Tools 286 8.2 Seven Basic Tools 290 8.2.1 Cause-and-effect Diagram 290 8.2.2 Check Sheet 291 8.2.3 Histogram 292 8.2.4 Pareto Chart 294 8.2.5 Scatter Diagram 295 8.2.6 Control Charts 296 8.2.7 Stratification Analysis 298 8.3 Seven Additional Tools 299 8.3.1 Affinity Diagram 299 8.3.2 Relation Diagram 300 8.3.3 Tree Diagram 304 8.3.4 Matrix Chart (Diagram) 305 8.3.5 Network Diagram 306 8.3.6 Prioritization Matrix 308 8.3.7 Process Decision Program Chart 309 Summary 310 Exercises 311 References 313 Acronyms and Glossary 317 Epilogue 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES With the goal of accelerating the growth of green energy utilization for the sustainability of life on earth, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, goes into the practical applications that can be utilized across multiple disciplines and industries, for both the engineer and the student. Green energy resources are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices for sustainable energy conversion. Due to the energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs, and social issues, green energy resources are being researched, developed, and funded more than ever before. Researchers are facing numerous challenges, but there are new opportunities waiting for green energy resource utilization within the context of environmental and economic sustainability. Efficient energy conversion from solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and others are paramount to this overall mission and the success of Table of ContentsPreface 1. Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized BedSourav Ganguli, Prabhansu and Malay Kr. Karmakar 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mathematical Model 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 2. Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan for Sustainable GrowthHemani Paliwal, Vikramaditya Dave and Sujeet Kumar 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Renewable Energy in India 2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan 2.4 Government Initiatives 2.5 Major Achievements 2.6 Environment Effects 2.7 Conclusion 3. Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges and OpportunitiesJ. N. Roy, Uday Shankar and Ajaykumar Chaurasiya 3.1 Background 3.2 Electricity Access in India 3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy Framework of India 3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System 3.5 Conclusion 4. Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Protection ApplicationsMohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Photocatalysis 4.3 Electrocatalysis 4.4 Supercapacitors 4.5 Conclusions 5. Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction, Working Principle, and Current DevelopmentHirendra Das and Pranayee Datta 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect) 5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells 5.4 Materials for QDSSCs 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 6. Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar StillsSubbarama Kousik Suraparaju and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World 6.3 Significance of Solar Energy -- Indian Scenario 6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy 6.5 Solar Still 6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield in Passive Solar Still 6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity 6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods 6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 7. Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large Windfarms to GridR. Mahalakshmi and K.C. Sindhu Thampatty 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Survey 7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs 7.4 Modeling of System Components 7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance 7.6 Hardware Implementation 7.7 Conclusion 8. Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy ConversionMusademba Downmore, Chihobo Chido H. and Garahwa Zvikomborero 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hydrothermal Processing 8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal Processing (HTP) 8.4 Bio-Methanation Process 8.5 Integrating AD-HTP 8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion 8.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion 8.8 Conclusion 9. Renewable Energy Policies and Standards for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles in IndiaPrateek Srivastava, Shashank Vyas and Nilesh B. Hadiya 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure of the Indian Power System 9.3 Status of RE in India 9.4 Legal Aspects of Electricity and Consumer Rights in India 9.5 Policies, Programs, and Standards Related to Energy Storage and EVs 9.6 Electricity Market-Related Developments for Accommodating More RE 9.7 Conclusion 10. Durable Catalyst Support for PEFC ApplicationP. Dhanasekaran, S. Vinod Selvaganesh and Santoshkumar D. Bhat 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of Fuel Cells and Operating Principle 10.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) 10.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability 10.5 Effect of TiO2 Based Catalysts/Supports for H2-PEFC and DMFC 10.6 Variable Phase of TiO2 Supported Pt Towards Fuel Cell Application 10.7 Influence of Doping in TiO2 Towards ORR 10.8 Influence of Morphology Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction 10.9 Effect of Titania-Carbon Composite Supported Pt Electrocatalyst for PEFC 10.10 PEFC Stack Operation and Durability Studies with Alternate Catalyst Support 10.11 Summary and Way Forward 11. Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: Future of Renewable Energy ResearchDevi Renuka K., Santoshkumar D. Bhat and Sreekuttan M. Unni 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principle of URFC 11.3 Classification of URFCs 11.4 Case Studies on URFCs 11.5 Conclusion 12. Energy Storage for Distributed Energy ResourcesUdaya Bhasker Manthati, Srinivas Punna and Arunkumar C. R. 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 12.3 Power Electronic Interface 12.4 Control of Different HESS Configurations 12.5 Battery Modeling Techniques 12.6 Applications 12.7 Challenges and Future of ESSs 12.8 Conclusions 13. Comprehensive Analysis on DC-Microgrid Application for Remote ElectrificationYugal Kishor, C.H. Kamesh Rao and R.N. Patel 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Background of DC-muG 13.3 DC-μG Architectures 13.4 DC-μG Voltage Polarity 13.5 Single Bus DC-μG 13.6 Radial Architecture of DC-μG 13.7 Ladder Type DC-μG 13.8 Topological Overview of DC-DC Converters 13.9 DC-μG Control Schemes 13.10 Key Challenges and Direction of Future Research 13.11 Conclusions 14. Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air HeaterTabish Alam and Karmveer 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Solar Air Heater (SAH) 14.3 Performance Evaluation of a SAH 14.4 Collector Performance Testing and Prediction 14.5 Performance Enhancement Methods of Solar Air Collector 14.6 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance 14.7 Prediction of Net Effective Efficiency of Conical Protrusion Ribs on Absorber of SAH: A Case Study 14.8 Conclusions 15. Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Load Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrid with Renewable Energy SourcesS. Anbarasi, K. Punitha, S. Krishnaveni and R. Aruna 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources 15.3 Control Strategy for LFC in Micro Grid 15.4 Simulation Results and Discussions: Case Study 15.5 Summary and Future Scope 16. Analysis of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction MachineResmi R. 16.1 Introduction 16.2 A Study on BDFIM 16.3 FEM Analysis of BDFIM Performance 16.4 Fabrication of BDFIM 16.5 Testing of Prototype BDFIM as Motor 16.6 Testing of BDFIM as a Generator 16.7 Conclusion 17. SMC Augmented Droop Control Scheme for Improved Small Signal Stability of Inverter Dominated MicrogridBinu Krishnan U. and Mija S. J. 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Small Signal Model of Droop Controlled MG System 17.3 Droop Controller with SMC 17.4 Conclusion 18. Energy Scenarios Due to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak in HondurasJuan F. Reyez-Meza, Juan G. Elvir-Hernandez, Wilfredo C. Flores, Harold R. Chamorro, Jacobo Aguillon-Garcia, Vijay K. Sood, Kyri Baker, Ameena Al-Sumaiti, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt and Wilmar Martinez 18.1 Introduction 18.2 SPB (Southern Pine Beetle) 18.3 Implementation of Methodology 18.4 Scenario Taking Into Consideration the Energy Demand Conclusions References Appendix Index

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisINTEGRATED GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS This first volume in a two-volume set presents the state of the art for the concepts, practical applications, and future of renewable energy and how to move closer to true sustainability. Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in every country worldwide. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as an important set of growth industries for most governments. World agencies, including the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage these emerging technologies. This book will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering technologies. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their applications. Although the applications are updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and this book will provide a useful platform for those advancing the subject Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Green Economy and the Future in a Post-Pandemic World 1 Luke Gerard Christie and Deepa Cherian 1.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 1.2 The Need to Question How we Do Business and the Evolution of Green Policies 3 1.3 The Shift from Fossil Fuels to Nuclear Energy for a Cleaner, Sustainable Environment 4 1.4 Significance of Emergent Technologies in the Reduction of Global Warming and Climate Change 6 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 2 Home Automation System Using Internet of Things for Real-Time Power Analysis and Control of Devices 11 Richik Ray, Rishita Shanker, V. Anantha Krishnan, O.V. Gnana Swathika and C. Vaithilingam 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Methodology 14 2.3 Design Specifications 15 2.3.1 Components Required 15 2.3.2 Circuit Diagram and Working 18 2.3.3 Blynk GUI (Graphical User Interface) for Smartphone 19 2.3.4 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Design 20 2.4 Results and Discussion 20 2.4.1 Prototype Design Completion 20 2.4.2 Testing and Observations 22 2.4.3 Future Prospects 23 2.5 Conclusion 24 References 25 3 Energy Generation from Secondary Li-Ion Batteries to Economical Na-Ion Batteries 27 R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Li-Ion Battery 29 3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 33 3.4 Conclusion 40 References 41 4 Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell 45 R. Rajapriya and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Operating Principle 48 4.2.1 Types of Fuel Cells 49 4.3 Why Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell? 50 4.3.1 Electrolyte 52 4.3.2 Catalyst Layer (At the Cathode & Anode) 52 4.3.3 Bipolar Plate (Cathode & Anode) 52 4.4 Hydrogen as an Energy-Vector in a Long-Term Fuel Cell 53 4.5 Application 55 4.6 Conclusion 56 References 57 5 IoT and Machine Learning–Based Energy-Efficient Smart Buildings 61 Aaron Biju, Gautum Subhash V.P., Menon Adarsh Sivadas, Thejus R. Krishnan, Abhijith R. Nair, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Methodology 63 5.3 Design Specifications 65 5.3.1 NodeMCU 65 5.3.2 Relay 65 5.3.3 Firebase 66 5.3.4 Raspberry Pi 66 5.3.5 Camera 66 5.4 Results 66 5.5 Conclusion 69 References 69 6 IOT-Based Smart Metering 71 Parth Bhargav, Umar Ansari, Fahad Nishat and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 72 6.1 Introduction 72 6.1.1 Motivation 72 6.1.2 Objectives 73 6.2 Methodology 73 6.2.1 Advent of Smart Meter 73 6.2.2 Modules 77 6.2.3 Energy Meter 77 6.2.4 Wi-Fi Module 78 6.2.5 Arduino UNO 78 6.2.6 Back End 78 6.3 Design of IOT-Based Smart Meter 81 6.3.1 Energy Meter 81 6.3.2 Arduino UNO 82 6.3.3 Wi-Fi Module 83 6.3.4 Calculations 84 6.3.5 Units 84 6.4 Results and Discussion 84 6.4.1 Working 84 6.4.2 Readings Captured in the Excel Sheet 85 6.4.3 Predication Using Statistical Analytics 86 6.4.4 Quantitative Analytics 86 6.4.5 Predication of Missing Data 87 6.4.6 Hardware Output 87 6.5 Conclusion 88 References 89 7 IoT-Based Home Automation and Power Consumption Analysis 93 K. Trinath Raja, Challa Ravi Teja, K. Madhu Priya and Berlin Hency V. 7.1 Introduction 94 7.2 Literature Review 94 7.3 IoT (Internet of Things) 96 7.4 Architecture 96 7.5 Software 97 7.5.1 IFTTT 97 7.5.2 ThingSpeak 97 7.5.3 Google Assistant 98 7.6 Hardware 98 7.6.1 DHT Sensor 98 7.6.2 Motor 98 7.6.3 NodeMCU 99 7.6.4 Gas Sensor 99 7.7 Implementation, Testing and Results 99 7.8 Conclusion 102 References 103 8 Advanced Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems 105 Maheedhar and Deepa T. 8.1 Introduction 106 8.2 Combined Heat and Power 107 8.2.1 Stirling Engines 107 8.2.2 Turbines 108 8.2.3 Fuel Cell 110 8.2.4 Chillers 112 8.2.5 PV/T System 113 8.3 Economic Aspects 114 8.4 Conclusion 115 References 116 9 A Study to Enhance the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) Process Using Organic Base 119 M.J.A. Prince and Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Materials and Methods 121 9.3 Similarity Study of NA in the Saline Water Containing Cations Having a Valency of 2 122 9.4 Results and Discussion 123 9.4.1 Alkalinity Contributed by NA for Intensifying the IFT Characteristics 123 9.4.2 Interfacial Tension Properties 124 9.4.3 The Similarity of NA + Polymer 124 9.4.4 Traits of Adsorption 125 9.4.5 Economics 125 9.4.6 Regular NA Injection Recommendation 125 9.5 Conclusions 126 References 126 10 Flexible Metamaterials for Energy Harvesting Applications 129 K.A. Karthigeyan, E. Manikandan, E. Papanasam and S. Radha 10.1 Introduction 130 10.2 Metamaterials 131 10.2.1 Energy Harvesting Using Metamaterials 132 10.2.2 Solar Energy Harvesting 132 10.2.2.1 Numerical Setup 133 10.2.3 Acoustic Energy Harvesting 135 10.2.4 RF Energy Harvesting 137 10.3 Summary and Challenges 138 References 138 11 Smart Robotic Arm 141 Rangit Ray, Koustav Das, Akash Adhikary, Akash Pandey, Ananthakrishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 141 11.1 Introduction 142 11.1.1 Motivation 142 11.1.2 Objectives 143 11.1.3 Scope of the Work 143 11.1.4 Organization 143 11.2 Design of Robotic Arm with a Bot 144 11.2.1 Design Approach 144 11.2.1.1 Codes and Standards 144 11.2.1.2 Realistic Constraints 144 11.2.2 Design Specifications 149 11.3 Project Demonstration 152 11.3.1 Introduction 152 11.3.2 Analytical Results 153 11.3.3 Simulation Results 153 11.3.4 Hardware Results 154 11.4 Conclusion 155 11.4.1 Cost Analysis 155 11.4.2 Scope of Work 155 11.4.3 Summary 155 References 156 12 Energy Technologies and Pricing Policies: Case Study 157 Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 12.1 Introduction 157 12.2 Literature Review 159 12.3 Non-Linear Pricing 161 12.4 Agricultural Water Demand 162 12.5 Priced Inputs and Unpriced Resources 163 12.6 Proposed Set Up on Paper 164 12.7 Empirical Model 167 12.8 Identification Strategy 168 12.9 Data 170 12.10 Empirical Results 171 12.11 Counterfactual Simulation A 173 12.12 Counterfactual Simulation B 174 12.13 Counterfactual Simulation: Costs of Reduced Groundwater Demand 176 12.14 Conclusion 180 References 181 13 Energy Availability and Resource Management: Case Study 185 Shanmugha S. and Milind Shrinivas Dangate 13.1 Introduction 185 13.2 Literature Review 187 13.3 Study Area 189 13.3.1 Producer Survey 192 13.4 Empirical Model of Adoption 193 13.5 Material and Methods 196 13.6 Results 198 13.7 Conclusion 203 References 204 14 Energy-Efficient Dough Rolling Machine 207 Nerella Venkata Sai Charan, Abhishek Antony Mathew, Adnan Ahamad Syed, Nallavelli Preetham Reddy, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 14.1 Introduction 208 14.2 Methodology 208 14.3 Specifications 210 14.3.1 Motor 210 14.3.2 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 210 14.3.3 Speed Reduction 211 14.3.4 Coupler 212 14.3.5 Main Base Structure 212 14.3.6 Rotating Platform and Rollers 212 14.3.7 Rotating Platform 213 14.3.8 Rollers 213 14.4 Result and Discussion 215 14.5 Conclusion 215 References 215 15 Peak Load Management System Using Node-Red Software Considering Peak Load Analysis 217 Mohit Sharan, Prantika Das, Harsh Gupta, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, P. Balamurugan and D. Subbulekshmi 15.1 Introduction 218 15.2 Methodology 219 15.2.1 Peak Demand and Load Profile 219 15.2.2 Need of Peak Load Management (PLM) 220 15.2.3 Data Analysis 220 15.2.4 Need to Flatten the Load Curve 221 15.2.5 Current Observations 221 15.2.6 Equations 221 15.3 Model Specifications 221 15.4 Features of UI Interface 225 15.4.1 App Prototype 225 15.5 Conclusions 227 Bibliography 227 16 An Overview on the Energy Economics Associated with the Energy Industry 229 Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman and M.J.A. Prince 16.1 Time Value of Money 230 16.1.1 Present Value of an Asset 230 16.1.2 Future Value of an Investment 230 16.1.3 Rule of 72 231 16.2 Classification of Cost 232 16.2.1 Fixed Cost of an Asset (FCA) 232 16.2.2 Variable Cost of a Plant (VCP) 232 16.2.3 Total Cost of a Plant (TCP) 232 16.2.4 Break-Even Location (BEL) 232 16.3 Economic Specification 233 16.3.1 Return on Cost (ROC) 233 16.3.2 Payback Span 233 16.3.3 Net Present Worth 233 16.3.4 Discounted Money Flow (DMF) 234 16.3.5 Internal Charge of Returns (ICR) 234 16.4 Analysis 234 16.4.1 Incremental Analysis (IA) 234 16.4.1.1 Pertinent Cost (PC) 234 16.4.1.2 Non-Pertinent Cost (NPC) 235 16.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis (SA) 235 16.4.3 Replacement Analysis (RA) 237 16.5 Conclusion 239 Bibliography 240 17 IoT-Based Unified Child Monitoring and Security System 241 A.R. Mirunalini, Shwetha. S., R. Priyanka and Berlin Hency V. 17.1 Introduction 242 17.2 Literature Review 243 17.3 Proposed System 247 17.3.1 Block Diagram 247 17.3.2 Design Approach 249 17.3.3 Software Analysis 249 17.3.4 Hardware Analysis 252 17.3.4.1 Experimental Setup 253 17.4 Result and Analysis 256 17.5 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 259 17.5.1 Conclusion and Inference 259 17.5.2 Future Enhancement 260 References 260 18 IoT-Based Plant Health Monitoring System Using CNN and Image Processing 263 Anindita Banerjee, Ekta Lal and Berlin Hency V. 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Literature Survey 265 18.3 Data Analysis 268 18.3.1 Convolutional Neural Network 268 18.3.2 Phases of the Model 269 18.3.3 Proposed Architecture 269 18.4 Proposed Methodology 271 18.4.1 System Module and Structure 271 18.4.2 System Design and Methods 272 18.4.3 Plant Disease Detection and Classification 272 18.4.3.1 Dataset Used 272 18.4.3.2 Preprocessing and Labelling Methods 273 18.4.3.3 Procedure of Augmentation 273 18.4.3.4 Training Using CNN 273 18.4.3.5 Analysis 275 18.4.3.6 Final Polishing of Results 275 18.4.4 Hardware and Software Instruments 275 18.5 Results and Discussion 275 18.6 Conclusion 286 References 286 19 IoT-Based Self-Checkout Stores Using Face Mask Detection 291 Shreya M., R. Nandita, Seshan Rajaraman and Berlin Hency V. 19.1 Introduction 292 19.2 Literature Review 292 19.2.1 Self-Checkout Stores 292 19.2.2 Face Mask Detection 293 19.3 Convolution Neural Network 295 19.4 Architecture 298 19.5 Hardware Requirements 299 19.5.1 PIR Sensor 299 19.5.2 LCD 299 19.5.3 Arduino UNO 299 19.5.4 Piezo Sensor 299 19.5.5 Potentiometer 300 19.5.6 Led 300 19.5.7 Raspberry Pi 300 19.6 Software 300 19.6.1 Jupyter Notebook 300 19.6.2 TinkerCAD 300 19.7 Implementation 300 19.7.1 Building and Training the Model 301 19.7.2 Testing The Model 302 19.8 Results and Discussions 303 19.9 Conclusion 306 References 306 20 IoT-Based Color Fault Detection Using TCS 3200 in Textile Industry 309 T. Kalavathidevi, S. Umadevi, S. Ramesh, D. Renukadevi and S. Revathi 20.1 Introduction 310 20.2 Literature Survey 311 20.3 Methodology 313 20.3.1 Sensor 314 20.3.2 Microcontroller 315 20.3.3 NodeMCU and Wi-Fi Module 317 20.3.4 Servomotor 317 20.3.5 IoT-Based Data Monitoring 318 20.3.6 IR Sensor 318 20.3.7 Proximity Sensor 319 20.3.8 Blynk 319 20.4 Experimental Setup 321 20.5 Results and Discussion 322 20.6 Conclusion 324 References 324 21 Energy Management System for Smart Buildings 327 Shivangi Shukla, V. Jayashree Nivedhitha, Akshitha Shankar, P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika 21.1 Introduction 328 21.2 Literature Survey 328 21.3 Modules of the Project 331 21.3.1 Data Collection for Accurate Energy Prediction 331 21.3.2 ML Prediction 332 21.3.3 Web Server 332 21.3.4 Hardware Description and Implementation 332 21.4 Design of Smart Energy Management System 334 21.4.1 Design Approach 334 21.4.1.1 ML Algorithm 334 21.4.1.2 EMS Algorithm 334 21.4.2 Design Specifications 336 21.5 Result & Analysis 337 21.5.1 Introduction 337 21.5.2 ML Model Results 337 21.5.3 Web Page Results 337 21.5.4 Hardware Results 339 21.6 Conclusion 346 References 346 22 Mobile EV Charging Stations for Scalability of EV in the Indian Automobile Sector 349 Mohit Sharan, Ameesh K. Singh, Harsh Gupta, Apurv Malhotra, Muskan Karira, O.V. Gnana Swathika and Anantha Krishnan V. 22.1 Introduction 350 22.2 Methodology 350 22.2.1 Design Specifications 351 22.2.2 Block Diagrams 356 22.3 Result 357 22.4 Conclusions 358 Bibliography 358 About the Editors 361 Index 363

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Book SynopsisReliability Analysis Using MINITAB and Python Complete overview of the theory and fundamentals of Reliability Analysis applied with Minitab and Python tools Reliability Analysis Using Minitab and Python expertly applies Minitab and Python programs to the field of reliability engineering, presenting basic concepts and explaining step-by-step how to implement statistical distributions and reliability analysis methods using the two programming languages. The textbook enables readers to effectively use software to efficiently process massive amounts of data while also reducing human error. Examples and case studies as well as exercises and questions are included throughout to enable a smooth learning experience. Excel files containing the sample data and Minitab and Python example files are also provided. Students who have basic knowledge of probability and statistics will find this textbook highly approachable. Nonetheless, it also covers material on basic statistics at the beginning, soTable of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Reliability Concepts 1 1.1.1 Reliability in Our Lives 1 1.1.2 History of Reliability 2 1.1.3 Definition of Reliability 2 1.1.4 Quality and Reliability 3 1.1.5 The Importance of Reliability 4 1.2 Failure Concepts 5 1.2.1 Definition of Failure 5 1.2.2 Causes of Failure 5 1.2.3 Types of Failure Time 7 1.2.4 The Reliability Bathtub Curve 12 1.3 Summary 16 2 Basic Concepts of Probability 19 2.1 Probability 19 2.1.1 The Importance of Probability in Reliability 20 2.2 Joint Probability with Independence 20 2.3 Union Probability 21 2.4 Conditional Probability 22 2.5 Joint Probability with Dependence 22 2.6 Mutually Exclusive Events 23 2.7 Complement Rule 24 2.8 Total Probability 24 2.9 Bayes’ Rule 25 2.10 Summary 26 3 Lifetime Distributions 29 3.1 Probability Distributions 29 3.1.1 Random Variables 29 3.2 Discrete Probability Distribution 30 3.3 Continuous Probability Distribution 32 3.3.1 Reliability Concepts 33 3.3.2 Failure Rate 35 3.4 Exponential Distribution 37 3.4.1 Exponential Lack of Memory Property 40 3.4.2 Excel Practice 41 3.4.3 Minitab Practice 41 3.4.4 Python Practice 43 3.5 Weibull Distribution 46 3.5.1 Excel Practice 52 3.5.2 Minitab Practice 52 3.5.3 Python Practice 53 3.6 Normal Distribution 54 3.6.1 Excel Practice 60 3.6.2 Minitab Practice 60 3.6.3 Python Practice 62 3.7 Lognormal Distribution 63 3.7.1 Excel Practice 66 3.7.2 Minitab Practice 66 3.7.3 Python Practice 68 3.8 Summary 70 4 Reliability Data Plotting 77 4.1 Straight Line Properties 77 4.2 Least Squares Fit 79 4.2.1 Excel Practice 81 4.2.2 Minitab Practice 82 4.2.3 Python Practice 82 4.3 Linear Rectification 84 4.4 Exponential Distribution Plotting 84 4.4.1 Excel Practice 92 4.4.2 Minitab Practice 92 4.4.3 Python Practice 94 4.5 Weibull Distribution Plotting 96 4.5.1 Minitab Practice 99 4.5.2 Python Practice 100 4.6 Normal Distribution Plotting 103 4.6.1 Minitab Practice 105 4.6.2 Python Practice 105 4.7 Lognormal Distribution Plotting 106 4.7.1 Minitab Practice 108 4.7.2 Python Practice 110 4.8 Summary 111 5 Accelerated Life Testing 115 5.1 Accelerated Testing Theory 115 5.2 Exponential Distribution Acceleration 117 5.3 Weibull Distribution Acceleration 118 5.3.1 Minitab Practice 119 5.3.2 Python Practice 120 5.4 Arrhenius Model 123 5.4.1 Minitab Practice 125 5.4.2 Python Practice 127 5.5 Summary 129 6 System Failure Modeling 131 6.1 Reliability Block Diagram 131 6.2 Series System Model 132 6.3 Parallel System Model 135 6.4 Combined Serial–Parallel System Model 138 6.5 k-out-of-n System Model 140 6.6 Minimal Paths and Minimal Cuts 142 6.7 Summary 148 7 Repairable Systems 151 7.1 Corrective Maintenance 151 7.2 Preventive Maintenance 152 7.3 Mean Time between Failures 152 7.4 Mean Time to Repair 153 7.5 Availability 153 7.5.1 Inherent Availability 153 7.5.2 Achieved Availability 154 7.5.3 Operational Availability 155 7.5.4 System Availability 156 7.6 Maintainability 156 7.7 Preventive Maintenance Scheduling 157 7.7.1 Python Practice 160 7.8 Summary 161 8 Case Studies 165 8.1 Parametric Reliability Analysis 165 8.1.1 Description of Case Study 166 8.1.2 Minitab Practice 166 8.1.3 Python Practice 177 8.2 Nonparametric Reliability Analysis 184 8.2.1 Description of Case Study 184 8.2.2 Minitab Practice 185 8.2.3 Python Practice 189 8.3 Driverless Car Failure Data Analysis 190 8.3.1 Description of Case Study 190 8.3.2 Minitab Practice 193 8.3.3 Python Practice 199 8.4 Warranty Analysis 202 8.4.1 Description of Case Study 202 8.4.2 Minitab Practice 204 8.5 Stress–Strength Interference Analysis 210 8.5.1 Description of Case Study 210 8.5.2 Minitab Practice 211 8.5.3 Python Practice 213 8.6 Summary 214 Index 219

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book presents a detailed account of research and recent developments in the field of green energetic materials, including pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Green Energetic Materials 1 Tore Brinck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials 2 1.3 Green Propellants in Civil Space Travel 5 1.3.1 Green Oxidizers to Replace Ammonium Perchlorate 6 1.3.2 Green Liquid Propellants to Replace Hydrazine 8 1.3.3 Electric Propulsion 10 1.4 Conclusions 10 References 11 2 Theoretical Design of Green Energetic Materials: Predicting Stability, Detection, and Synthesis and Performance 15 Tore Brinck and Martin Rahm 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Computational Methods 17 2.3 Green Propellant Components 20 2.3.1 Trinitramide 20 2.3.2 Energetic Anions Rich in Oxygen and Nitrogen 24 2.3.3 The Pentazolate Anion and its Oxy-Derivatives 27 2.3.4 Tetrahedral N4 33 2.4 Conclusions 38 References 39 3 Some Perspectives on Sensitivity to Initiation of Detonation 45 Peter Politzer and Jane S. Murray 3.1 Energetic Materials and Green Chemistry 45 3.2 Sensitivity: Some Background 46 3.3 Sensitivity Relationships 47 3.4 Sensitivity: Some Relevant Factors 48 3.4.1 Amino Substituents 48 3.4.2 Layered (Graphite-Like) Crystal Lattice 49 3.4.3 Free Space in the Crystal Lattice 50 3.4.4 Weak Trigger Bonds 50 3.4.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potentials 51 3.5 Summary 56 Acknowledgments 56 References 57 4 Advances Toward the Development of “Green” Pyrotechnics 63 Jesse J. Sabatini 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 The Foundation of “Green” Pyrotechnics 65 4.3 Development of Perchlorate-Free Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.1 Perchlorate-Free Illuminating Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.2 Perchlorate-Free Simulators 72 4.4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Pyrotechnic Formulations 75 4.4.1 Barium-Free Green-Light Emitting Illuminants 76 4.4.2 Barium-Free Incendiary Compositions 78 4.4.3 Lead-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 80 4.4.4 Chromium-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 82 4.5 Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds from Pyrotechnic Formulations 83 4.5.1 Chlorine-Free Illuminating Compositions 83 4.6 Environmentally Friendly Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.1 Environmentally Friendly Colored Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.2 Environmentally Friendly White Smoke Compositions 88 4.7 Conclusions 93 Acknowledgments 94 Abbreviations 95 References 97 5 Green Primary Explosives 103 Karl D. Oyler 5.1 Introduction 103 5.1.1 What is a Primary Explosive? 104 5.1.2 The Case for Green Primary Explosives 107 5.1.3 Legacy Primary Explosives 108 5.2 Green Primary Explosive Candidates 110 5.2.1 Inorganic Compounds 111 5.2.2 Organic-Based Compounds 116 5.3 Conclusions 125 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 6 Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 133 Thomas M. Klap€otke and J€org Stierstorfer 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Rationale for the Investigation of Tetrazole N-oxides 133 6.3 Synthetic Strategies for the Formation of Tetrazole N-oxides 136 6.3.1 HOF CH3CN 136 6.3.2 Oxone1 137 6.3.3 CF3COOH/H2O2 138 6.3.4 Cyclization of Azido-Oximes 139 6.4 Recent Examples of Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 139 6.4.1 Tetrazole N-oxides 140 6.4.2 Bis(tetrazole-N-oxides) 150 6.4.3 5,50-Azoxytetrazolates 164 6.4.4 Bis(tetrazole)dihydrotetrazine and bis(tetrazole)tetrazine N-oxides 170 6.5 Conclusion 173 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 7 Green Propellants Based on Dinitramide Salts: Mastering Stability and Chemical Compatibility Issues 179 Martin Rahm and Tore Brinck 7.1 The Promises and Problems of Dinitramide Salts 179 7.2 Understanding Dinitramide Decomposition 181 7.2.1 The Dinitramide Anion 182 7.2.2 Dinitraminic Acid 184 7.2.3 Dinitramide Salts 185 7.3 Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of ADN and KDN 189 7.4 Anomalous Solid-State Decomposition 192 7.5 Dinitramide Chemistry 194 7.5.1 Compatibility and Reactivity of ADN 194 7.5.2 Dinitramides in Synthesis 196 7.6 Dinitramide Stabilization 198 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 201 8 Binder Materials for Green Propellants 205 Carina Elds€ater and Eva Malmstr€om 8.1 Binder Properties 209 8.2 Inert Polymers for Binders 210 8.2.1 Polybutadiene 210 8.2.2 Polyethers 212 8.2.3 Polyesters and Polycarbonates 213 8.3 Energetic Polymers 215 8.3.1 Nitrocellulose 215 8.3.2 Poly(glycidyl azide) 216 8.3.3 Poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane) 220 8.3.4 Poly(glycidyl nitrate) 221 8.3.5 Poly[3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane] 222 8.4 Energetic Plasticisers 223 8.5 Outlook for Design of New Green Binder Systems 223 8.5.1 Architecture of the Binder Polymer 224 8.5.2 Chemical Composition and Crosslinking Chemistries 225 References 226 9 The Development of Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies for Energetic Materials 235 David E. Chavez 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Explosives 236 9.2.1 Sustainable Manufacturing of Explosives 236 9.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Materials for Initiation 240 9.2.3 Synthesis of Explosive Precursors 244 9.3 Pyrotechnics 246 9.3.1 Commercial Pyrotechnics Manufacturing 246 9.3.2 Military Pyrotechnics 248 9.4 Propellants 249 9.4.1 The “Green Missile” Program 249 9.4.2 Other Rocket Propellant Efforts 250 9.4.3 Gun Propellants 251 9.5 Formulation 253 9.6 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 254 Abbreviations and Acronyms 255 References 256 10 Electrochemical Methods for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water 259 Lynne Wallace 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Practical Aspects 260 10.3 Electrosynthesis 262 10.3.1 Electrosynthesis of EM and EM Precursors 262 10.3.2 Electrosynthesis of Useful Reagents 265 10.4 Electrochemical Remediation 266 10.4.1 Direct Electrolysis 267 10.4.2 Indirect Electrolytic Methods 269 10.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils 272 10.4.4 Electrodialysis 273 10.5 Current Developments and Future Directions 273 References 275 Index 281

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Book SynopsisAs the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes. Topics covered include: Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries. Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms. Process synthesis and design: Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. DisTrade Review“In conclusion, this book introduces the reader to the rapidly-developing industry of biorefineries, with a multi-disciplinary approach. It is a good resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students who want to learn about biorefineries; it can also be valuable for researchers who are looking to practically apply these analytical tools in their work.” (Green Process Synth, 4 February 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi CompanionWebsite xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.1.1 Biorefinery Principles 3 1.1.2 Biorefinery Types and Development 4 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5 1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.3.1 Chemical Nature of Biorefinery Feedstocks 8 1.3.2 Feedstock Characterization 10 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5 Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.6.1 Background of Lignin 26 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9 Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.9.1 Performance Indicators 36 1.9.2 Life Cycle Analysis 38 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38 References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.2.1 Capital Cost and Battery Limits 46 2.2.2 Cost Index 46 2.2.3 Economies of Scale 47 2.2.4 Operating Cost 48 2.2.5 Cash Flows 49 2.2.6 Time Value of Money 49 2.2.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis and Net Present Value 50 2.2.8 Profitability Analysis 52 2.2.9 Learning Effect 53 2.3 Methodology 54 2.3.1 Capital Cost Estimation 54 2.3.2 Profitability Analysis 55 2.4 Cost Estimation and Correlation 55 2.4.1 Capital Cost 55 2.4.2 Operating Cost 58 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61 3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch Technology 65 3.3.1 Data Extraction 66 3.3.2 Construction of Temperature–Enthalpy Profiles 69 3.3.3 Application of the Graphical Approach for Energy Recovery 76 3.4 Utility System 83 3.4.1 Components in Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery System for Cogeneration 88 3.5.1 Conventional Approach 88 3.5.2 Heuristic Based Approach 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA: Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.6.1 Global Warming Potential 114 4.6.2 Land Use 115 4.6.3 Resource Use 119 4.6.4 Ozone Layer Depletion 121 4.6.5 Acidification Potential 123 4.6.6 Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential 126 4.6.7 Aquatic Ecotoxicity 127 4.6.8 Eutrophication Potential 127 4.6.9 Biodiversity 128 4.7 LCA: Interpretation 128 4.7.1 Stand-Alone LCA 128 4.7.2 Accounting LCA 129 4.7.3 Change Oriented LCA 129 4.7.4 Allocation Method 129 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References 145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty Analysis 147 5.1.1 Dominance Analysis 148 5.1.2 Contribution Analysis 149 5.1.3 Scenario Analysis 151 5.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 153 5.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 154 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.2.1 Economic Value and Environmental Impact Analysis of Biorefinery Systems 160 5.2.2 Socioeconomic Analysis 163 5.3 Summary 165 References 165 6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production (COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.2.1 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 173 6.3 Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis 176 6.5.1 Value Analysis to Determine Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Streams to be Profitable or Nonprofitable 181 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3 Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204 References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear Optimization 208 8.2.1 Step 1: Rewriting in Standard LP Format 210 8.2.2 Step 2: Initializing the Simplex Method 211 8.2.3 Step 3: Obtaining an Initial Basic Solution 212 8.2.4 Step 4: Determining Simplex Directions 212 8.2.5 Step 5: Determining the Maximum Step Size by the Minimum Ratio Rule 213 8.2.6 Step 6: Updating the Basic Variables 214 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.3.1 Gradient Based Methods 219 8.3.2 Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) Algorithm 226 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.4.1 Branch and Bound Method 240 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.5.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 244 8.5.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) Optimization 246 8.5.3 GA in MATLAB 248 8.6 Summary 248 References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors: Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4 Gasification 258 9.4.1 The Process 258 9.4.2 Types of Gasifier 260 9.4.3 Design Considerations 260 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.5.1 What is Bio-Oil? 262 9.5.2 How Is Bio-Oil Obtained from Biomass? 264 9.5.3 How Fast Pyrolysis Works 265 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References 270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals of Design Calculation 272 10.2.1 Heat of Combustion 272 10.2.2 Higher and Lower Heating Values 276 10.2.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 278 10.2.4 Theoretical Air-to-Fuel Ratio 279 10.2.5 Cold Gas Efficiency 280 10.2.6 Hot Gas Efficiency 281 10.2.7 Equivalence Ratio 281 10.2.8 Carbon Conversion 282 10.2.9 Heat of Reaction 282 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282 10.3.1 Combustion Model 282 10.3.2 Gasification Model 283 10.3.3 Pyrolysis Model 289 10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.2.1 An Example of Lactic Acid Production 299 11.2.2 An Example of Succinic Acid Production 304 11.2.3 Heat Transfer Strategies for Reactors 308 11.2.4 An Example of Ethylene Production 309 11.2.5 An Example of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 311 11.3 Controlled Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive Separation 327 11.4.1 Membrane Based Separations 327 11.4.2 Membrane Filtration 330 11.4.3 Electrodialysis 333 11.4.4 Ion Exchange 334 11.4.5 Integrated Processes 338 11.4.6 Reactive Extraction 341 11.4.7 Reactive Distillation 352 11.4.8 Crystallization 354 11.4.9 Precipitation 360 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.5.1 An Example of Levulinic Acid Production: The Biofine Process 365 11.6 Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts 374 12.1.1 Polymer Classification 375 12.1.2 Polymer Properties 376 12.1.3 From Petrochemical Based Polymers to Biopolymers 379 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.2.1 Starch Polymers 385 12.2.2 Cellulose Polymers 389 12.2.3 Natural Fiber and Lignin Composites 389 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization Reaction Kinetics 391 12.3.1 Chain-Growth or Addition Polymerization 392 12.3.2 Step-Growth Polymerization 396 12.3.3 Copolymerization 398 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and Biopolymers 400 12.4.1 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Design for Reaction in Gaseous Phase 400 12.4.2 Bioreactor Design for Biopolymer Production – An Example of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 402 12.4.3 Catalytic Reactor Design 403 12.4.4 Energy Transfer Models of Reactors 412 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and Separation Functionalities 416 12.5.1 Reactive Distillation Column 416 12.5.2 An Example of a Novel Reactor Arrangement 418 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in Biorefineries 421 12.6.1 Polyesters 421 12.6.2 Polyurethanes 422 12.6.3 Polyamides 422 12.6.4 Polycarbonates 424 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes: Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.3.1 Design and Operating Regions of RectisolTM Process 433 13.3.2 Energy Consumption of a RectisolTM Process 435 13.4 The SelexolTM Technology 446 13.4.1 SelexolTM Process Parametric Analysis 448 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.5.1 Kinetic Modeling of SMR Reactions 458 13.5.2 Adsorption Modeling of Carbon Dioxide 460 13.5.3 Sorption Enhanced Reaction (SER) Process Dynamic Modeling Framework 460 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion 463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer–Tropsch Liquid and Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478 14.2.1 Physical Upgrading 478 14.2.2 Chemical Upgrading 478 14.2.3 Biological Upgrading 480 14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.3.1 The Concept 481 14.3.2 The Economics of Local Distribution of Bio-Oil 482 14.3.3 The Economics of Importing Bio-Oil from Other Countries 483 14.4 Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.4.1 Synthetic Fuel Production 484 14.4.2 Methanol Production 485 14.5 Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil 486 14.5.1 Flowsheet Synthesis and Modeling 486 14.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 488 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2 Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5 Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1 Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536 16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet Implementation 537 16.7.1 Mass Balance 539 16.7.2 Electrochemical Descriptions 540 16.7.3 An air Blower Power Consumption 542 16.7.4 Combustor Modeling 543 16.7.5 Energy Balance 543 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries 547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.1.1 Open Pond Cultivation 548 17.1.2 Photobioreactors (PBRs) 556 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562 17.2.1 Harvesting 562 17.2.2 Extraction 570 17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.3.1 Biodiesel Process 570 17.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification 572 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572 17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579 References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.1.1 Elementary Reaction Mechanism and Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling of the Biodiesel Production System 582 18.1.2 Solution Strategy for the Rate Equations Resulting from the Elementary Reaction Mechanism 590 18.1.3 Correlation between Concentration and Activity of Species Using the UNIQUAC Contribution Method 591 18.1.4 An Example of EXCEL Spreadsheet Based UNIQUAC Calculation for a Biodiesel Production System is Shown in Detail for Implementation in Online Resource Material, Chapter 18 – Additional Exercises and Examples 592 18.1.5 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling Framework 592 18.2 Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.3.1 Dimensionless Physical Parameter Groups 606 18.4 Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1: Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem – LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2: Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP and Agricultural Application System – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturing Index 613

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Book SynopsisINTEGRATED GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS This second volume in a two-volume set continues to present the state of the art for the concepts, practical applications, and future of renewable energy and how to move closer to true sustainability. Renewable energy supplies are of ever-increasing environmental and economic importance in every country in the world. A wide range of renewable energy technologies has been established commercially and recognized as an important set of growth industries for most governments. World agencies, such as the United Nations, have extensive programs to encourage these emerging technologies. This book will bridge the gap between descriptive reviews and specialized engineering technologies. It centers on demonstrating how fundamental physical processes govern renewable energy resources and their applications. Although the applications are being updated continually, the fundamental principles remain the same, and this book will provide a useful platform for those adTable of ContentsPreface xv 23 Energy Economics and Environment 1 P. Sanjeevikumar, Morteza Azimi Nasab, Mohammad Zand, Farnaz Hassani and Fatemeh Nikokar Abbreviations 1 23.1 Introduction 2 23.1.1 The Concept of Microgrids 3 23.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Microgrids 4 23.3 Causes of Increase in Power Plants 6 23.4 Demand Side Management in Microgrids 6 23.5 Centralized Control of Smart Grid 8 23.6 Decentralized Smart Grid Control 9 23.7 DER Resource Control Strategies in the Smart Grid 10 23.8 DER Participation Strategy in Smart Grid 11 23.9 Topics Raised in the Smart Grid 12 23.10 Smart Grid Protection 12 23.11 Detection of Smart Grid Islands 12 23.12 Smart Grid Optimization 13 23.13 Power Quality 13 23.14 Frequency and Voltage Control 13 23.15 Balance between Production and Power Consumption 14 23.16 Ability to Easily Connect Distributed Generation Sources 14 23.17 Smart Network Security 14 23.18 Resynchronization after Network Connection 15 23.19 Smart Grid Control Glasses 15 23.20 Economic Dimensions 15 23.21 Losses 17 23.22 Non-Technical Network Losses 18 23.23 Power System Loss Analysis 19 23.24 The Impact of the Electricity Market on the Performance of Distribution Companies 19 23.25 Power Quality in the Restructured Electricity Market 20 23.26 Conclusion 20 References 21 24 Stringent Energy Management Strategy during Covid-19 Pandemic 25 Nagajayanthi B. 24.1 Introduction 26 24.2 Energy Management 26 24.3 Smart Grid Design 27 24.3.1 Ground Station 27 24.3.2 Gateway 27 24.3.3 Cloud 29 24.4 Smart Grid Design and Testing 31 24.5 Implementation of Smart Grid 35 24.6 Energy Management to Check Overload Conditions 37 24.6.1 With Varying Input Voltage and Without Load 38 24.6.2 With Increased Input Voltage but Without Load 40 24.6.3 With Optimum Input Voltage and Load 41 24.7 Features of Smart Grid System 46 24.8 Conclusion and Future Work 47 References 47 25 Energy Management Strategy for Control and Planning 49 Anmol D. Ganer 25.1 Energy Management and Audit 50 25.1.1 Steps for Energy Audit Management 51 25.1.2 How An Energy Audit can be An Effective Energy Management 51 25.1.3 Power Conservation through Energy Audit 51 25.1.4 Study of Energy Management and Audit 52 25.2 The Different Steps of an Energy Management Approach 52 25.2.1 State-Wise Generation Capacity till 2019 53 25.2.2 The Effective Plan should Incorporate Four Basic Steps 54 25.3 Preliminary Technical and Economic 55 25.3.1 Assessment of Synthetic Gas to Fuel and Chemical with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass Derived Syngas 55 25.3.2 Natural Gas Storage/Co-Fired Retrofit System 56 25.4 Evaluation of Energy-Saving Investments 56 25.4.1 Power Survey – Energy Inspection 57 25.5 Off-Line and On-Line Procedures 58 25.5.1 Concept 58 25.6 Personnel Training 59 25.6.1 Training Method for Electricity Work Safety 60 25.7 A Successful Energy Management Program 60 25.7.1 Introduction 60 25.7.2 Power Administration Project 60 25.7.3 Corporate Structure 61 25.7.4 Energy Management Managers 61 25.8 Centralize Control of Process and Facility Plants 62 25.8.1 Centralized and Decentralized Waste Water Management 62 25.8.2 Central Jurisdiction System 63 25.8.3 Centralized Process Control System 63 25.9 Energy Security 63 25.9.1 Energy Security Concept 63 25.9.2 Smart Grid Security 65 25.10 Evaluate Energy Performances 65 25.10.1 Concept 65 25.10.2 Building Energy Performance 65 25.10.3 Illumination and Energy Performance 65 25.10.4 Energy Performance of Water Chillers 66 25.11 Energy Action Planning 66 25.12 Energy Economics 67 25.13 Case Study 67 References 68 26 Day-Ahead Solar Power Forecasting Using Statistical and Machine Learning Methods 71 Aadyasha Patel and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations 72 26.1 Introduction 74 26.2 Durations of Forecasting 76 26.3 Forecasting Techniques 77 26.4 Statistical Methods 83 26.4.1 Grey-Box Model (GB) 83 26.4.2 Grey Theory (GT) 83 26.4.3 Markov Chain Model (MM) 83 26.4.4 Bayesian Optimization 83 26.4.5 Linear Pool Ensemble (LPE) 84 26.4.6 Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) 84 26.4.7 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) 84 26.4.8 Quantile Regression Averaging (QRA) 84 26.4.9 Logistic Model Trees 84 26.4.10 k-Nearest Neighbours (kNN) 85 26.5 Machine Learning Techniques 85 26.5.1 Machine Learning (ML) 85 26.5.2 Automatic Machine Learning (AML) 85 26.5.3 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) 85 26.5.4 Quantile Random Forest (QRF) 86 26.5.5 Support Vector Regression (SVR) 86 26.5.6 Least-Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) 86 26.5.7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 86 26.5.8 Hierarchical Similarity-Based Forecasting Model (hSBFM) 87 26.5.9 Local Sensitive Hashing Algorithm (LSH) 87 26.6 Deep Learning (DL) 87 26.6.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 87 26.6.2 Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) 87 26.6.3 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 88 26.6.4 Elman-Based Neural Network (ENN) 88 26.6.5 Deep Belief Network (DBN) 88 26.6.6 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 88 26.6.7 Autoencoder Long Short-Term Memory (AE-LSTM) 89 26.6.8 Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) 89 26.7 Evaluation Index and Metrics 89 26.8 Conclusions 96 References 97 27 A Review on Optimum Location and Sizing of DGs in Radial Distribution System 103 P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations 103 27.1 Introduction 104 27.1.1 DG Planning Based on Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques 108 27.1.2 Optimal Placement and Sizing of DG Based on Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques 110 27.2 Proposed Location and Sizing of DGs in RDS Using Analytical and PSO Methods 114 27.2.1 Methodology 114 27.2.1.1 Distribution Load Flow Solution 114 27.2.1.2 Multiple DG Allocation and DG Size 116 27.2.1.3 PSO Algorithm 118 27.2.2 Multi-Objective Function 119 27.3 Result 120 27.4 Conclusion 123 27.5 Appendix: List of Symbols 124 References 124 28 High Step Up Non-Isolated DC-DC Converter Using Active-Passive Inductor Cells 133 Kanimozhi, G., Amritha, G. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 28.1 Introduction 133 28.2 Proposed Converter 135 28.2.1 Features of the Suggested Converter 136 28.3 Modes of Operation 137 28.4 Design Considerations 140 28.5 Simulation 142 28.5.1 Simulation for n= 1 143 28.5.2 Simulation Results for n= 2 144 28.6 Hardware Results 144 28.7 Conclusion 148 References 149 29 A Non-Isolated Step-Up Quasi Z-Source Converter Using Coupled Inductor 151 Shashank, P.C. and Kanimozhi, G. 29.1 Introduction 151 29.2 Improved Quasi Z Source Converter with Coupled Inductor 154 29.3 Modes of Operation 154 29.4 Simulation Results 158 29.5 Comparison 163 29.6 Conclusion 165 References 165 30 Datalogger Aided Stand-Alone PV System for Rural Electrification 167 Aashiq A., Haniya Ashraf, Supraja Sivaviji, Aadyasha Patel and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 168 30.1 Introduction 169 30.1.1 Motivation 169 30.1.2 Objectives 170 30.2 Work Description 170 30.2.1 Overview of the Work 170 30.2.2 Literature Review 170 30.2.3 Methodologies 172 30.2.4 Optimization Techniques 174 30.2.5 IoT and Smart Technologies 175 30.2.6 Conclusion 177 30.3 Design and Realisation of dl 177 30.3.1 dl Description 177 30.3.2 Solar Panel 177 30.3.3 Arduino Uno and IDE 179 30.3.4 Voltage Sensor 180 30.3.5 Current Sensor 182 30.3.6 PLX-DAQ Data Acquisition Tool 184 30.3.7 Software Specifications 186 30.3.8 Methodology 186 30.3.8.1 Data Logging into Excel Macro Spreadsheet 187 30.3.8.2 Prediction Using Mathematical Model 188 30.4 Results 190 30.4.1 Prediction Results 190 30.4.2 Performance Metrics 192 30.4.2.1 Mape 192 30.5 Conclusion 196 30.5.1 Cost Calculation 196 30.5.2 Scope of Work 196 30.5.3 Summary 196 References 197 31 Working and Analysis of an Electromagnet-Based DC V-Gate Magnet Motor for Electrical Applications 201 G. Naveen Kumar, K. Indrasena Reddy and P. Ravi Teja 31.1 Conceptual Introduction 202 31.2 Existing Technologies to Review 203 31.3 Proposed Design 204 31.4 Block Schematic 205 31.5 Motor Assembly and Control Structure 206 31.6 Control Operation of the V-Gate Magnet Motor 207 31.7 Results and Analysis 208 31.8 Conclusion and Further Scope of Research 213 References 214 32 Design and Realization of Smart and Energy-Efficient Doorbell 217 Shubham Pandiya, Saurabh Shukla, Saransh, Anantha Krishnan V. and Gnana Swathika O.V. 32.1 Introduction 218 32.2 Methodology 218 32.3 Design and Specification 219 32.3.1 Software-Based Approach 219 32.3.1.1 Component Used 220 32.3.1.2 Circuit Diagram 221 32.3.2 Hardware-Based Approach 221 32.3.2.1 Components Used 222 32.3.2.2 Circuit Diagram 223 32.4 Result and Discussion 224 32.5 Conclusion 228 References 229 33 Optimal Solar Charging Enabled Autonomous Cleaning Robot 231 Aastha Malhotra, Anagha Darshan, Naman Girdhar, Prantika Das, Rohan Bhojwani, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 33.1 Introduction 231 33.2 Methodology 233 33.2.1 Design Specification 233 33.2.2 Trash Detection 236 33.2.3 Movement Algorithm 238 33.2.4 Solar Charging 241 33.2.5 Remote Monitoring 242 33.3 Results 243 33.3.1 Trash Detection Results 243 33.3.2 Solar Charging Results 245 33.3.3 Remote Monitoring Dashboard 245 33.4 Conclusion 246 References 246 34 Real-Time Health Monitoring System of a Distribution Transformer 249 Aastha Malhotra, Anagha Darshan, Naman Girdhar, Prantika Das, Rohan Bhojwani, Anantha Krishnan V. and O.V. Gnana Swathika 34.1 Introduction 249 34.2 Flow Diagram 250 34.3 Operating Principle 250 34.4 Observation and Result 252 34.5 IFTTT Email Notification (in case of a fault) 253 34.6 Conclusion 253 References 253 35 Analysis of Wide-Angle Polarization-Insensitive Metamaterial Absorber Using Equivalent Circuit Modeling for Energy Harvesting Application 255 Kanwar Preet Kaur and Trushit Upadhyaya 35.1 Introduction 255 35.2 Absorber Theory and Proposed Unit Cell Design 257 35.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 258 35.4 Simulation Results 260 35.4.1 Retrieval of the Effective MMA Parameters 261 35.4.2 Absorption Mechanism 262 35.4.3 Polarization Angle and Oblique Angle Variations 262 35.4.4 Resistive Load Variations 262 35.5 Experimental Results 268 35.6 Conclusion 270 References 271 36 World Energy Demand 275 Satish R. Billewar, Gaurav Londhe and Pradip Suresh Mane 36.1 Energy End Users 276 36.2 Rural Electrification 281 36.3 Residential and Non-Residential Buildings 282 36.3.1 Urban and Semi-Urban Zones Power Requirement 283 36.3.2 Rural Residential Requirements 284 36.3.3 Non Residential Buildings 284 36.4 Industry 286 36.4.1 Industrialization, the Environment, and Pollution 287 36.4.2 Green Industry Initiative 292 36.5 Transport 294 36.5.1 The United Nations Environment Programme (unep) 294 36.5.2 The Initiatives of Countries 295 36.5.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 296 36.5.4 Economic Sector Initiatives 299 36.5.5 Social Sector Initiatives 300 36.5.6 Environmental Sector Initiatives 300 36.5.7 The ASI Approach 301 36.6 Agriculture 302 36.6.1 Soil Fertility and Irrigation 305 36.6.2 Pesticides and Biomass Pollution Control 305 36.6.3 Agroforestry 307 36.6.4 Biotechnologies 308 36.7 Performance Mapping in Conjunction with Technological Evolution 310 References 315 37 Education in Energy Conversion and Management 317 Satish R. Billewar, Karuna Jadhav and Gaurav Londhe 37.1 Role of University 318 37.2 Personnel Training 319 37.3 Awareness of Energy Conversion and Management as an Intersectoral Discipline 320 37.4 Climate Change 321 37.5 Economic Policy Options 326 37.6 Policy in Practice 328 37.7 Green Economy 330 37.8 The Relationship between the Economy and the Environment 332 37.8.1 Assessing Pollution’s Environmental Impact 334 37.8.2 Ecosystem Recovery and Rehabilitation 335 37.8.3 Sustainable Development Ideology 338 37.9 Industrial Ecology 338 37.9.1 Ecosystem’s Health and Adaptability 340 37.10 Does Protecting the Environment Harm the Economy? 343 37.10.1 Market and Accounting Mechanism 344 37.10.2 UN Environment Program (UNEP) 345 37.11 Creating a Green Economy 346 37.11.1 Green Project Financing 347 37.11.2 Natural Capital Sustainably 348 37.11.3 Partnerships 349 37.11.4 Educational Sustainability 349 37.11.5 Environment Friendly Technologies 350 References 351 About the Editors 353 Index 355

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Book SynopsisDespite major international investment in biofuels, the invasive risks associated with these crops are still unknown. A cohesive state-of-the-art review of the invasive potential of bioenergy crops, this book covers the identified risks of invasion, distributions of key crops and policy and management issues. Including a section on developing predictive models, this book also assesses the potential societal impact of bioenergy crops and how to mitigate invasive risks.Table of Contents1: The Bioenergy Landscape: Sustainable Resources or the Next Great Invasion? 2: What Would Invasive Feedstock Populations Look Like? Perspectives from Existing Invasions 3: Potential Risks of Algae Bioenergy Feedstocks 4: Gene Flow and Invasiveness in Bioenergy Systems 5: Using Weed Risk Assessments to Separate the Crops from the Weeds 6: Bioenergy and Novel Plants: The Regulatory Structure 7: “Seeded-yet-Sterile” Perennial Grasses: Towards Sustainable and Non-invasive Biofuel Feedstocks 8: Eradication and Control of Bioenergy Feedstocks: What Do We Really Know? 9: Good Intentions vs Good Ideas: Evaluating Bioenergy Projects that Utilize Invasive Plant Feedstocks

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Book SynopsisApplied Reliability for Industry 2 illustrates the multidisciplinary state-of-the-art science of experimental reliability. Many experts are now convinced that reliability is not limited to statistical sciences. In fact, many different disciplines interact in order to bring a product to its highest possible level of reliability, made available through today's technologies, developments and production methods. These three books, of which this is the second, propose new methods for analyzing the lifecycle of a system, enabling us to record the development phases according to development time and levels of complexity for its integration. Experimental reliability, as advanced in Applied Reliability for Industry 2, examines all the tools and testing methods used to demonstrate the reliability of the final mechatronic system.Table of ContentsForeword ix Philippe EUDELINE Preface xi Abdelkhalak EL HAMI, David DELAUX and Henri GRZESKOWIAK Chapter 1 Aggravated Testing 1 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 1.1 Introduction to aggravated (or highly accelerated) testing 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 General approach 3 1.3.1 Robustness and reliability 5 1.4 Types of products affected by aggravated tests 8 1.5 Aeronautical sector example: effect of aging on the SOA (safe operating area) 13 1.6 Typology of precipitated defects in HALT tests 14 1.7 Carrying out tests with HALT machine’s pneumatic hammers: inherent particularities and precautions 16 1.8 Comparing vibration fatigue of HALT versus ALT testing 23 1.8.1 Presentation of the adopted approach 23 1.8.2 The fatigue damage spectrum 24 1.8.3 Automotive case study: inverter/converter failure 28 1.8.4 Comparison of accelerated and aggravated tests 38 1.8.5 The standards 40 1.9 References 41 Chapter 2 Fatigue Damage Analysis and Reliability Optimization of Structures Subjected to Random Vibrations 47 Ahmed YAICH and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Fatigue damage analysis 48 2.2.1 Formulations and developments 48 2.2.2 Fatigue damage analysis strategy 51 2.3 Reliability optimization of structures subjected to random vibrations 52 2.3.1 Deterministic design optimization 52 2.3.2 Reliability-based design optimization 53 2.3.3 Reliability optimization of structures subjected to random vibrations 62 2.4 Applications 64 2.4.1 Description of the problem 64 2.4.2 Results and discussion 67 2.5 Conclusion 71 2.6 References 72 Chapter 3 Accelerated Testing 77 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 3.1 The different types of tests 77 3.1.1 The calculations 78 3.1.2 The simulations 78 3.1.3 The tests 79 3.1.4 Links between the three types of demonstrations 80 3.2 General information on accelerated testing 80 3.2.1 The experimental models 83 3.2.2 Statistical models 83 3.2.3 The physical models 83 3.3 The principle, methodology and implementation of accelerated testing 83 3.3.1 Definition and key concepts 84 3.3.2 Evaluating the predictive reliability of a system by performing tests 86 3.3.3 Accelerated tests (based on the physical model): example of temperature acceleration 88 3.3.4 Evaluating the predicted reliability of a system in relation to an imposed lifetime and environmental constraints 88 3.3.5 Humid heat 90 3.3.6 Temperature 91 3.3.7 Multi-stress laws 92 3.3.8 Accelerated testing in practice 92 3.3.9 Reliability assessment for wear-and-tear related failure mechanisms 93 3.3.10 Conclusion of section 94 3.4 The different phases of building a reliability validation plan 95 3.5 Development of a corrosion environment test for automotive heat exchangers 97 3.6 Accelerated testing standards 107 3.7 Conclusion 109 3.8 References 109 Chapter 4 Collection of Standards NF 50-144-1 to 6: The Consideration of Environment in the Product Lifecycle 113 Henri GRZESKOWIAK, David DELAUX and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Presentation of AFNOR NF 50-144-1 to 6 114 4.3 Focus on NF X50-144-3 119 4.3.1 The four steps of the methodology 120 4.3.2 Focus on step 3: the DBM 126 4.3.3 Focus on step 3: illustrations of the disjointed blocks method 134 4.3.4 Example of test customization for the A400 M aircraft 140 4.5 References 143 Chapter 5 Development of Vibration Specifications for Powertrain Components 145 Marco BONATO 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 Combustion engine vibration 146 5.2 Types of vibration signals for validation testing 148 5.2.1 Conventional signals used in the automotive industry 148 5.2.2 Validation tests for engine mounted heat exchangers 148 5.2.3 Recent developments: customizing vibration specifications 149 5.2.4. The FFT method: test signal in PSD form and sinusoidal sweep 150 5.2.5 The customized test method 151 5.3 Case study: vibratory specification for a water-cooled WCAC 153 5.3.1 Vibration signals: PSD and sinusoidal sweep 154 5.4 Development of a signal more representative of the real-world environment 156 5.4.1 Multi-sine sweeps over noise 157 5.4.2 Comparison with existing methods 159 5.4.3 Subsequent work 160 5.5 References 160 Chapter 6 Improving Accelerated Reliability Testing by Using Optimized Signals 163 Jonathan MARTINO 6.1 Introduction 164 6.2 General considerations 165 6.2.1 Multi-sine signals 166 6.3 Kurtosis and CF 170 6.3.1 Kurtosis 170 6.3.2 Crest factor 171 6.4 Optimization of multi-sine pseudo-random signals 172 6.4.1 Controlling the CF by optimizing the phase shifts 172 6.4.2 Preliminary treatment 173 6.4.3 Analytical determination 174 6.4.4 Numerical methods 174 6.4.5 Stochastic distribution of signals with low CF 175 6.4.6 Use of optimized low-peak signals for environmental testing 176 6.4.7 Kurtosis control through non-linear manipulation 178 6.4.8 Duality between kurtosis and CF 179 6.5 Damage assessment 182 6.5.1 Fatigue damage spectrum 182 6.5.2 Reducing the test duration 186 6.5.3 Influence of signal optimization in damage assessment 186 6.6 Conclusion 192 6.7 References 193 List of Authors 197 Index 199 Summaries of other volumes 203

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Book SynopsisApplied Reliability for Industry 3 illustrates the multidisciplinary state-of-the-art science of operational reliability. Many experts are now convinced that reliability is not limited to statistical sciences. In fact, many different disciplines interact in order to bring a product to its highest possible level of reliability, made available through today’s technologies, developments and production methods. These three books, of which this is the third, propose new methods for analyzing the lifecycle of a system, enabling us to record the development phases according to development time and levels of complexity for its integration. Operational reliability, as presented in Applied Reliability for Industry 3, verifies the reliability performance of the mechatronic system in real life through an analysis of field data.Table of ContentsForeword xi Phillipe EUDELINE Preface xiii Abdelkhalak EL HAMI, David DELAUX, Henri GRZESKOWIAK Chapter 1 Durability Approach: Applied to a Vehicle Lighting Control System 1 Medoune NDIAYE and Caroline RAMUS-SERMENT 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Example of a vehicle lighting control system 2 1.2.1 Risks and reliability requirements 3 1.2.2 From failure modes to failure mechanisms 3 1.2.3 From failure mechanisms to physical damage factors 5 1.2.4 From physical damage factors to mission profiles or customer usage 6 1.2.5 From failure mechanisms to component part strength distribution 7 1.2.6 Resistance distribution chart 11 1.2.7 Proposal and study of a validation plan using the stress–strength method: various real-world examples 14 1.3 Conclusion 19 1.4 References 19 Chapter 2 Structural Diagrams to Validate the Reliability of Mechanical Components 21 Paul SCHIMMERLING 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Choice of methods 22 2.2.1 Criteria selection 22 2.2.2 Four basic methods 23 2.2.3 An applied example: the validation of disc brake pads 24 2.3 Feasibility study on the four methods 25 2.3.1 Animation principle 25 2.3.2 Comparison of Weibull laws under testing and in service 25 2.3.3 Comparing degradation under testing and in service 28 2.3.4 Stress–strength method 30 2.4 Conclusion 34 2.5 References 35 Chapter 3 How to Put an Efficient Methodology to Design Innovative Products in Place 39 Claire SCHAYES, Ludovic NGAVOUKA and Eric MANOUVRIER 3.1 Introduction 39 3.1.1 Reliability 39 3.1.2 Variability 40 3.1.3 “Lean Six Sigma” 40 3.1.4 Quality according to the “Lean Six Sigma” approach “is conforming to requirements” 41 3.2 Dfss 42 3.3 Dmaic 46 3.3.1 Introduction to DMAIC 46 3.3.2 Why launch DMAIC projects? 46 3.4 Feedback 50 3.4.1 Feedback on the define phase 50 3.4.2 Feedback on the measure phase 50 3.4.3 Feedback on the analyze phase 51 3.4.4 Feedback on the innovation phase 52 3.4.5 Feedback on the control phase 53 3.4.6 Can DMAIC be customized? 54 3.5 How to design a reliable welding process with control over the design of experience? 57 3.6 Definition of the objectives 58 3.6.1 Determining the study space 59 3.6.2 Building the DOE 65 3.6.3 Conducting the tests 66 3.6.4 Analyzing the results 67 3.6.5 Process optimization 68 3.6.6 Validation 69 3.7 Big Data and process? 69 3.8 Conclusion 74 3.9 Appendix 1: example of an ANOVA study 74 3.10 Appendix 2: studying the variability of cycle times 79 3.11. Appendix 3: example for the use of traditional statistics in Big Data 87 3.12 References 90 Chapter 4 Reliability Study of the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) 91 Abdelhamid AMAR, Bouchaïb RADI and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 HEMT technology 92 4.3 HEMT thermal modeling 94 4.4 Reliability methods 96 4.4.1 Reliability study 96 4.4.2 Calculating the probability of failure 97 4.5 Thermo-reliability coupling 101 4.6 Calculating HEMT reliability 102 4.7 Conclusion 103 4.8 References 103 Chapter 5 Warranty Cost 107 David DELAUX 5.1 Introduction 107 5.1.1 The evolution of the warranty 107 5.1.2 The warranty cost 108 5.2 Warranty and reliability 111 5.2.1 Qualitative analysis 111 5.2.2 Quantitative analysis 112 5.3 Reliability estimation models 113 5.3.1 Parametric, non-parametric and other models 113 5.3.2 Mixed models 114 5.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages 116 5.4 New models for estimating reliability from warranty costs 117 5.4.1 Assumptions 117 5.4.2 Definition of the transition between “random” and “wear-and-tear” phases 120 5.4.3 New operational reliability model for the “random” phase 125 5.4.4 New operational reliability model for the “wear-and-tear” phase 125 5.5 Applied automotive case studies 126 5.6 Conclusion 128 5.7 References 128 Chapter 6 Reliability Evaluation of a Luxury Watch Product: Application of the Stress–Strength Method to a Mechanical Component 135 Matthieu SALLIN and Anthony PONCET 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Presentation of the watch and its case study 136 6.2.1 The mechanical watch 136 6.2.2 Case study of the barrel spring 137 6.2.3 Identification of failure modes and damaging factors 137 6.3 Evaluation of the customer usage profile 138 6.3.1 Classifying usage typologies 138 6.3.2 Statistical quantification of usage 139 6.4 Characterizing experimental reliability 140 6.4.1 Performance of failure tests 140 6.4.2 Evaluation of the accelerated lifetime law 141 6.4.3 Constructing the law of resistance 142 6.5 Reliability evaluation of customers 143 6.5.1 Reliability calculation using the stress–strength method 143 6.5.2 Transformation of the stress profile 144 6.5.3 Numerical application to the barrel case study 146 6.6 Conclusion 147 6.7 References 148 Chapter 7 RBDO of the High Electron Mobility Transistor 149 Abdelhamid AMAR, Bouchaïb RADI and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Description of the HEMT technology 151 7.3 Electrothermomechanical modeling of HEMT 152 7.3.1 Electrothermal modeling of HEMT 152 7.3.2 Thermomechanical modeling of HEMT 154 7.4 Reliability methods 156 7.5 Reliability analysis of HEMT 156 7.6 Reliability optimization of systems 158 7.6.1 The classic RBDO approach 158 7.6.2 The hybrid RBDO approach 159 7.7 HEMT reliability optimization using the hybrid RBDO approach 160 7.7.1 Description of the optimization problem 160 7.7.2 Results and discussion 160 7.8 Conclusion 161 7.9 References 162 List of Authors 167 Index 169 Summaries of other volumes 171

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Book SynopsisThis timely research review discusses a selection of key articles on the economics of renewable energy. From a modest role as a backstop technology in the 1970s to a central role in low carbon transitions today, the review reveals the emergence and growing importance of this sub-field of economics. Topics covered include the costs of renewable power (taking account of issues related to technological development, intermittency and interconnection), policies that promote renewable energy development, its public and private demand, and its impact on the environment and the economy. This comprehensive and indispensible review serves as an essential source of reference for students and researchers.Trade Review‘Roger Fouquet has assembled an All-Star Team of energy economists whose impressive body of work extends from the beginning of the theory of optimal extraction of exhaustible natural resources, all the way through the emergence of exciting new technologies for renewable generation. Along with the honor of appearing here, however, the authors should know that I’ll use this terrific collection every time I go looking for the best possible reviewers of new research in renewable energy.’ -- Don Fullerton, Editor, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource EconomistsTable of ContentsContents Introduction Roger Fouquet PART I RENEWABLE ENERGY AS A ‘BACKSTOP TECHNOLOGY’ 1. Robert M. Solow (1974), ‘The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 64 (2), May, 1–14 2. Partha Dasgupta and Geoffrey Heal (1974), ’The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resources’, Review of Economic Studies: Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, 41 (5), December, 3–28 3. Ujjayant Chakravorty, James Roumasset and Kinping Tse (1997), ‘Endogenous Substitution among Energy Resources and Global Warming’, Journal of Political Economy, 105 (6), December, 1201–34 4. Olli Tahvonen and Seppo Salo (2001), ‘Economic Growth and Transitions between Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources’, European Economic Review, 45 (8), August, 1379–98 5. Yacov Tsur and Amos Zemel (2003), ‘Optimal Transition to Backstop Substitutes for Nonrenewable Resources’, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 27 (4), February, 551–72 6. Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Leonardo Bursztyn and David Hemous (2012), ‘The Environment and Directed Technical Change’, American Economic Review, 102 (1), February, 131–66 PART II THE ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 7. Severin Borenstein (2012), ‘The Private and Public Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1), Winter, 67–92 8. Geoffrey Heal (2010), ‘Reflections – The Economics of Renewable Energy in the United States’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4 (1), Winter, 139–54 9. Paul L. Joskow (2011), ‘Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity Generating Technologies’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 101 (3), May, 238–41 10. Gautam Gowrisankaran, Stanley S. Reynolds and Mario Samano (2016), ‘Intermittency and the Value of Renewable Energy’, Journal of Political Economy, 124 (4), August, 1187–234 11. Richard Green, Danny Pudjianto, Iain Staffell and Goran Strbac (2016), ‘Market Design for Long-Distance Trade in Renewable Electricity’, Energy Journal: Bollino-Madlener Special Issue, 37 (SI2), 5–22 12. Erin Baker, Meredith Fowlie, Derek Lemoine and Stanley S. Reynolds (2013), ‘The Economics of Solar Electricity’, Annual Review of Resource Economics, 5, 387–426 PART III POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY: CONCEPTS, THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 13. Ryan Wiser, Steven Pickle and Charles Goldman (1998), ‘Renewable Energy Policy and Electricity Restructuring: A California Case Study’, Energy Policy, 26 (6), May, 465–75 14. Eirik S. Amundsen and Jørgen Birk Mortensen (2001), ‘The Danish Green Certificate System: Some Simple Analytical Results’, Energy Economics, 23 (5), September, 489–509 15. Stefan Boeters and Joris Koornneef (2011), ‘Supply of Renewable Energy Sources and the Cost of EU Climate Policy’, Energy Economics, 33 (5), September, 1024–34 16. Harrison Fell and Joshua Linn (2013), ‘Renewable Electricity Policies, Heterogeneity, and Cost Effectiveness’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66 (3), November, 688–707 PART IV POLICIES TO PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 17. Catherine Mitchell (1995), ‘The Renewables NFFO: A Review’, Energy Policy, 23 (12), December, 1077–91 18. Richard Schmalensee (2012), ‘Evaluating Policies to Increase Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 6 (1), Winter, 45–64 19. Steffen Jenner, Gabriel Chan, Rolf Frankenberger and Mathias Gabel (2012), ‘What Drives States to Support Renewable Energy?’, Energy Journal, 33 (2), 1–12 20. Thilo Grau (2014), ‘Responsive Feed-In Tariff Adjustment to Dynamic Technology Development’, Energy Economics, 44, July, 36–46 21. Jonathan E. Hughes and Molly Podolefsky (2015), ‘Getting Green with Solar Subsidies: Evidence from the California Solar Initiative’, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2 (2), June, 235–75 PART V INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 22. Michael J. Grubb (1988), ‘The Potential for Wind Energy in Britain’, Energy Policy, 16 (6), December, 594–607 23. Gregory F. Nemet (2006), ‘Beyond the Learning Curve: Factors Influencing Cost Reductions in Photovoltaics’, Energy Policy, 34 (17), November, 3218–32 24. David Popp, Ivan Hascic and Neelakshi Medhi (2011), ‘Technology and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy’, Energy Economics: Special Issue on The Economics of Technologies to Combat Global Warming, 33 (4), July, 648–62 25. Kenneth Gillingham, Hao Deng, Ryan Wiser, Naïm Richard Darghouth, Gregory Nemet, Galen Barbose, Varun Rai and Changgui Dong (2016), ‘Deconstructing Solar Photovoltaic Pricing: The Role of Market Structure, Technology, and Policy’, Energy Journal, 37 (3), 231–50 26. Birte Pfeiffer and Peter Mulder (2013), ‘Explaining the Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology in Developing Countries’, Energy Economics, 40, November, 285–96 PART VI THE DEMAND FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY 27. Roger Fouquet (1998), ‘The United Kingdom Demand for Renewable Electricity in a Liberalised Market’, Energy Policy, 26 (4), March, 281–93 28. Ryan H. Wiser (2007), ‘Using Contingent Valuation to Explore Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy: A Comparison of Collective and Voluntary Payment Vehicles’, Ecological Economics, 62 (3–4), May, 419–32 29. Marcello Graziano and Kenneth Gillingham (2015), ‘Spatial Patterns of Solar Photovoltaic System Adoption: The Influence of Neighbors and the Built Environment’, Journal of Economic Geography, 15 (4), July, 815–39 30. Naïm R. Darghouth, Galen Barbose and Ryan Wiser (2011), ‘The Impact of Rate Design and Net Metering on the Bill Savings from Distributed PV for Residential Customers in California’, Energy Policy, 39 (9), September, 5243–53 PART VII THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 31. Brian C. Murray, Maureen L. Cropper, Francisco C. de la Chesnaye and John M. Reilly (2014), ‘How Effective are US Renewable Energy Subsidies in Cutting Greenhouse Gases?’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 104 (5), May, 569–74 32. Joseph Cullen (2013), ‘Measuring the Environmental Benefits of Wind-Generated Electricity’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5 (4), November, 107–33 33. Kevin Novan (2015), ‘Valuing the Wind: Renewable Energy Policies and Air Pollution Avoided’, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7 (3), August, 291–326 34. Kenneth Lee, Edward Miguel and Catherine Wolfram (2016), ‘Appliance Ownership and Aspirations among Electric Grid and Home Solar Households in Rural Kenya’, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 106 (5), May, 89–94 PART VIII THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 35. Esther Duflo and Rohini Pande (2007), ‘Dams’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (2), May, 601–46 36. Carl Kitchens (2014), ‘The Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development: The Experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1929–1955’, Journal of Economic History, 74 (2), June, 389–419 37. Molly Lipscomb, A. Mushfiq Mobarak and Tania Barham (2013), ‘Development Effects of Electrification: Evidence from the Topographic Placement of Hydropower Plants in Brazil’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5 (2), April, 200–31 38. Hunt Allcott, Allan Collard-Wexler and Stephen D. O’Connell (2016), ‘How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Industry? Evidence from India’, American Economic Review, 106 (3), March, 587–624 39. Samuel R. Dastrup, Joshua Graff Zivin, Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn (2012), ‘Understanding the Solar Home Price Premium: Electricity Generation and “Green” Social Status’, European Economic Review: Green Building, the Economy, and Public Policy, 56 (5), July, 961–73 40. Christopher R. Knittel and Aaron Smith (2015), ‘Ethanol Production and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious Correlation’, Energy Journal, 36 (1), 73–113 PART IX THE TRANSITION TO A RENEWABLE ENERGY ECONOMY 41. Penny Street and Ian Miles (1996), ‘Transition to Alternative Energy Supply Technologies: The Case of Windpower’, Energy Policy, 24 (5), May, 413–25 42. Karsten Neuhoff (2005), ‘Large-Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21 (1), Spring, 88–110 43. Richard Green and Nicholas Vasilakos (2010), ‘Market Behaviour with Large Amounts of Intermittent Generation’, Energy Policy, Special Section: Large-Scale Wind Power in Electricity Markets, 38 (7), July, 3211–20 44. Roger Fouquet (2011), ‘The Sustainability of “Sustainable” Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy’, in Ibon Galarraga, Mikel González-Eguino and Anil Markandya (eds), Handbook of Sustainable Energy, Part I, Chapter 1, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1–12 Index

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Book SynopsisThe hydrogen economy is receiving increased attention due to concerns around the consequences of fossil fuel use, and hydrogen has great potential as a way to reduce reliance on traditional energy sources. Increased hydrogen supplies using cleaner methods are seen as essential for potential hydrogen based power systems for transportation and renewable energy conversion into fuel. Electrochemical Methods for Hydrogen Production provides a comprehensive picture of the various routes to use electricity to produce hydrogen using electrochemical science and technology. The book provides an overview of the fundamentals of electrochemical cells and performance characterisation, as well as a comparison of current applications. It also includes the various types of electrolysers currently used commercially and the range of new electrolysis processes, including photo-electrochemical, biological and thermal energy techniques. Edited by an expert in the field, this title will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry working in energy, electrochemistry, physical chemistry and chemical engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Electrolysis, Electrolysers and Hydrogen Production; Alkaline Electrolysers; Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers: Materials, Construction and Performance; Electrochemical Reforming of Alcohols; Solid Oxide Electrolysers; Alkaline Anionic Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers; Intermediate Temperature Electrolysers; Other Polymer Membrane Electrolysis Processes; Unitised Regenerative Fuel Cells; Economics and Perspectives of Hydrogen Electroproduction Techniques; Conclusions: Electrolytic Hydrogen Production and Sustainable Routes

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Book SynopsisThe solar photovoltaic sector is moving forward very fast, both in terms of its own technological advancement and its standing among global renewable energy technologies. Rapid increases in solar cell efficiencies, fast technical change in solar batteries and solar glass, and economies of scale in production fuel its rapid adoption and it is becoming clear that existing forecasts about its adoption need to be updated extensively. This timely and distinctive examination of the economic side of the field takes into account solar PV's recent and growing lead among renewable energies competing to replace fossil fuels.The Revolution in Energy Technology examines the birth of this technology in the United States, where the main innovators are still located, the emergence of China as a main production hub, and new and growing contributions to the innovation cascades from other countries including Germany, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The participation of universities as investors and the role of venture capital are discussed, and particular emphasis is given to the domination of the sector by large firms.The book is interesting for both academics and graduate students as well as policy makers, technicians, engineers and companies involved in the field.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Some Key Points of the Solar Photovoltaic Sector 3. Sector Evolution Under Innovation Cascade 4. The Catch-Up of the Chinese Solar PV Sector 5. Anchored Clusters: The Rise and Fall of Solar PV 6. Star Scientists in PV Technology and the Limits of Academic Entrepreneurship 7. The Limited Innovation of Small Businesses in the Solar Photovoltaic Sector in the US: Is the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program a Boon for Small Businesses in the US? 8. A Sector with Innovations Driven by Demand 9. Grand Challenges and Innovation Cascades in the Solar Sector 10. Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Chen Gang examines the real-world effectiveness of China's approach to the promotion of green technologies and practices, and discusses the political landscape in which it is situated.Politics of Renewable Energy in China questions the wisdom of hailing China as a model for authoritarian environmental governance with an up-to-date examination of the subject. It provides readers with a thorough and timely account of recent developments in China's low-carbon energy industries. Disclosing how energy interest groups are lobbying members of central government, and shedding light on disputes between pro-development and pro-environmental groups, this book explores the ideological and bureaucratic inconsistency and confusion which surrounds China's environmental policies. Emphasizing China's renewable energy policies, related enforcement issues and local political concerns over wind and solar generation, this book examines the extent to which China's centralised, top down approach has been effective in ensuring local actors reach policy targets.This up-to-date account of recent developments in Chinese low-carbon industries will be useful for readers with an interest in China's model of renewable energy industries, in particular students of Chinese and international politics. It will also be a valuable tool for researchers and professors of public and environmental policy, Chinese and climate studies.Trade Review'This book presents a solid reflection on a range of core topics which not only relate to the processes of, and interactions with, politics in energy markets, but more fundamentally that it outlines key players and institutions as well as many major evolutions of recent Chinese energy policy. The book usefully draws together a core summary of key evolutions in Chinese energy policy, and reflects on issues pertaining to the political economy of energy markets - a subject area one might argue is due a renewal in the academic literature.' -- David C Broadstock, Economics of Energy & Environmental PolicyTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. China’s Mercantile Strategy to Boost Renewable Sectors 3. Central Authorities’ Top-down Approach of Promoting Renewable Energy 4. Challenges from the Local: Geographic and Industrial Barriers 5. Interest Groups and the Bureaucracy 6. Disputes over How to Go Low-Carbon 7. Five-Year Plans and Energy Policy Priorities 8. Discussion: Energy Policy Priorities in a Fragmented Authoritarian State 9. Conclusion: Policy Priorities Reshaped by Central–Local Relationship and Interest Groups Index

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Book SynopsisMaterials have the potential to be the centrepiece for the transition to viable renewable energy technologies if they realise a specific suite of properties and achieve a desired set of performance metrics. The envisioned transition involves the discovery of materials that enable generation, conversion, storage, transmission, and utilization of renewable energy. This book presents, through the eye of materials chemistry, an umbrella view of the myriad of classes of materials that make renewable energy technologies work. They are poised to facilitate the transition of non-renewable and unsustainable energy systems of the past into renewable and sustainable energy systems of the future. It is a story that often begins in chemistry laboratories with the discovery of new energy materials. Yet, to displace materials in existing energy technologies with new ones, depends not only on the ability to design and engineer a superior set of performance metrics for the material and the technology but also the requirement to meet a demanding collection of economic, regulatory, social, policy, environmental and sustainability criteria. Disruption in the traditional way of discovering materials is coming with the emergence of artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotic automation designed to accelerate the well-established discovery process, massive libraries of materials can be evaluated and the possibilities are endless. This book provides a perspective on the application of these new technologies to this field as well as an overview of energy materials discovery in the broader techno-economic and social context. Any budding researcher or more experienced materials scientist will find a guide to a fascinating story of discovery and emerge with a vision of what is next.Table of ContentsEnergy Makes the World Go Around; How Does a Materials Chemist Think?; Energy Conversion Materials, Parts I & II; Energy Conversion Materials, Part III; Energy Conversion Materials, Part IV; Energy Storage Materials, Part I; Energy Storage Materials, Part II; Energy Storage Materials, Part III; Human–Machine Interface; Towards the Future

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to present a systemic perspective to energetic transition to a discarbonated society implying an increase of energetic efficiency of current production process, new way of energy production - integration of renewable energies, re-use of wastes. Main societal functions are analyzed in order to highlight the ongoing process of technological and non-technological innovations: transport and mobility, food, building. The purpose of this book is to analyze from a global perspective the energetic innovative system on building and to understand the limits of its development and potential new actions.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. A Necessary Transition? 1 1.1. Socio-technical systems facing their limits 2 1.1.1. Meeting global demographic pressures 3 1.1.2. Limiting the depletion of natural resources 4 1.1.3. Restrain environmental degradation 5 1.2. An analytical framework under construction: the Transition Studies 7 1.2.1. The emergence of “Transition Studies” 7 1.2.2. The transition as a process of socio-technical systems transformation 8 1.2.3. A transition supported by a systemic vision of innovation 11 1.3. Eco-innovations: facilitators of the transition? 19 1.3.1. Innovation for the environment 19 1.3.2. New management and innovation practices 22 Chapter 2. Energy Transitions 27 2.1. A socially structuring energy model 29 2.2. Fundamentals and characterization of the current energy system 31 2.2.1. Energy and the energy system 31 2.2.2. From primary energy to final energy 32 2.3. The limits of the current energy system 34 2.3.1. An evolution of the world’s energy consumption… 35 2.3.2. …which shrinks fossil energy reserves… 36 2.3.3. …and generates local and global environmental damage 38 2.4. Innovation in the energy transition 40 2.4.1. Improving the current system of energy production and adapting existing technologies to new constraints 41 2.4.2. Producing energy differently from non-carbon resources 43 2.4.3. Using energy differently: electromobility 47 2.4.4. Transition to a radically new energy system: the hydrogen economy 50 2.5. Barriers of the energy transition 55 2.5.1. Market failures 55 2.5.2. Systemic failures 56 Chapter 3. Agro-ecological Transitions 59 3.1. The notion of agro-ecology 60 3.1.1. Towards an ecologically intensive agriculture… 60 3.1.2. … and a sustainable food regime 61 3.2. The implementation of the agro-ecological transition 61 3.2.1. Changing agricultural production systems 62 3.2.2. Eco-innovations in agribusiness companies: a recent and moderate development 63 3.2.3. Consumers committed to the environment 65 3.3. Obstacles and levers for the agro-ecological transition 69 3.3.1. Process of locking and unlocking 69 3.3.2. Obstacles to the development of new agricultural practices 71 3.3.3. Blockages on the side of the agri-food sector 77 3.4. The levers for agro-ecological transition: the role of public policies 79 Conclusion 87 Bibliography 91 Index 115

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Book SynopsisTechnological learning is a key driver behind the improvement of energy technologies and subsequent reduction of production costs. Understanding how and why production costs for energy technologies decline, and whether they will continue to do so in the future, is of crucial importance for policy makers, industrial stakeholders and scientists alike. This timely and informative book therefore provides a comprehensive review of technological development and cost reductions for renewable energy, clean fossil fuel and energy-efficient demand-side technologies. It responds to the need for a quality-controlled data set of experience curves, including assessment of measurement methodology, technological knowledge and associated cost. The expert contributors present a thorough overview and discussion of the pitfalls of applying the experience curve approach, including aspects such as geographical system boundaries, whether the slope of the experience curves is constant or not, statistical error and sensitivity analysis of experience curves, and whether the experience curve approach can be utilized to quantify improvements in energy efficiency. A clear set of recommendations for the use of the experience curve approach is also prescribed.Providing a significant contribution to the current literature on energy and climate models, scenario analysis, and methodological lessons on experience curves, this book will strongly appeal to academics and students in the areas focusing on energy and public sector economics. Policy makers in these fields will also find the book to be of great interest.Trade Review‘This expert analysis provides an important contribution to understanding the technicalities of energy technology cost dynamics. Given the urgent need for delivery of low-cost renewable energy technologies in particular, it is vital to understand how to accelerate this process of technological learning.’ -- Miguel Mendonca, World Future Council, Germany‘“Experience curves” are an important instrument for policy makers. This book has a thorough discussion of such “curves” for a large number of energy technologies and will therefore be very useful around the world.’ -- José Goldemberg, University of São Paulo, BrazilTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Clas-Otto Wene 1. Introduction Martin Junginger, Wilfried van Sark and André Faaij PART I: THE USE OF EXPERIENCE CURVES FOR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: AN INTRODUCTION 2. The Experience Curve Approach: History, Methodological Aspects and Applications Martin Junginger, Wilfried van Sark, Sondes Kahouli-Brahmi and Gerrit Jan Schaeffer 3. General Aspects and Caveats of Experience Curve Analysis Wilfried van Sark, Gregory Nemet, Sondes Kahouli-Brahmi, Lena Neij and Clas-Otto Wene 4. Putting Experience Curves in Context: Links to and between Technology Development, Market Diffusion, Learning Mechanisms and Systems Innovation Theory Martin Junginger, Roald Suurs, Geert Verbong and Gerrit Jan Schaeffer 5. The Use of Experience Curves in Energy Models Sander Lensink, Sondes Kahouli-Brahmi and Wilfried van Sark PART II: CASE STUDIES 6. Onshore Wind Energy Martin Junginger, Paul Lako, Lena Neij, Wouter Engels and David Milborrow 7. Offshore Wind Energy Paul Lako, Martin Junginger, Lena Neij, Wouter Engels and Sander Lensink 8. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Wilfried van Sark, Gregory Nemet, Gerrit Jan Schaeffer and Erik Alsema 9. Concentrating Solar Thermal Electricity Technology Wilfried van Sark and Paul Lako 10. Bioenergy André Faaij and Martin Junginger 11. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plants Ric Hoefnagels, Anna Bergek and Paul Lako 12. Pulverized Coal-fired Power Plants Paul Lako, Sonia Yeh and Machteld van den Broek 13. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies Machteld van den Broek, Sonia Yeh, Ric Hoefnagels, Martin Junginger, Edward Rubin and André Faaij 14. Nuclear Power Paul Lako, Aliki van Heek and Geoffrey Rothwell 15. Household Appliances Martin Weiss, Larry Dale and Michael McNeil 16. Lighting Technologies Martin Weiss, Philippine de T’Serclaes and Willy Taelman 17. Space Heating and Cooling Martin Weiss, Reinhard Madlener and Martin Jakob 18. The Chemical Sector Martin Patel, Martin Weiss, Tristan Simon and Andrea Ramírez Ramírez PART III: SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19. Overview and Comparison of Experience Curves for Energy Technologies Martin Junginger, Martin Weiss, Wilfried van Sark and André Faaij 20. Methodological Lessons and Recommendations for Scientists and Modellers Wilfried van Sark, Martin Junginger and André Faaij 21. Lessons on Technological Learning for Policy Makers and Industry André Faaij, Martin Junginger and Wilfried van Sark References Index

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Book SynopsisIt has been frequently stated that energy storage is an essential requirement if significant generation by renewables is to be achieved, but are the present systems likely to be adequate? This text reviews the present status and future potential of the different systems of energy storage, their role in power generation by renewables specifically, and the electricty market generally.Table of ContentsIncreasing the value of renewable sources with energy storage; the Regenesys energy storage system; the costs and benefits of electrical energy storage; the use of flywheel energy storage in electrical energy management; superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES); hydrogen storage - technically viable and economically sensible?

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Book SynopsisHydropower development, design, and implementation cases Hydropower Developments is a collection of papers curated from the November, 2000 conference hosted by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Showcasing the latest advances from international companies, these papers highlight specific cases that illustrate current challenges and solutions in the field. Details on the refurbishment of Rannoch Power Station in Scotland and the new hydroelectric unit at Kenya's Gitaru Underground Power Station provide up-to-date guidance on design considerations and technological improvements, shedding new light on ongoing work and suggesting directions for future research.Table of ContentsContract and research models: detailed pressure survey of a lattice valve seal under high-flow conditions. Component development: fit for pressure - an investigation into the behaviour of "Piano Note" elastoneric seals; high-pressure components review at Ffestiniog pump storage power station; generator motor air cooler improvements within hydroelectric power generation. New projects: design and supply of mechanical equipment for the Muela Power Station, Lesotho; Gitaru Unit No 1 - 80MW in three years; Beeston Hydroelectric Power Station development. Rehabilitation in Scotland: a strategy for the refurbishment of a 1080MW generaiton portfolio; the refurbishment of Rannoch Power Station including replacement of the spiral casing.

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Book SynopsisDesign and Manufacture for Sustainable Development brings together a collection of papers from a conference held at the University of Liverpool in June 2002 that inspire the interchange of ideas on the theory, technology, tools, and methodology for the entire product life cycle within the framework of sustainable development. It also embraces key subjects including strategy, design, materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, disposal, recycling, and auditing. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE: Philosophy of, and strategy for, sustainable technologies Design principles for sustainable development Sustainable manufacturing technologies Use of recycling/bio-degradable materials Re-use and recycling design and technologies Tools for sustainable product design Measurement and auditing Best practices and case studies Impact of emerging legislation International trends and future development. Sustainable development will have a fundamental impact on the engineering community since, through design and manufacture, we are responsible for the use of energy, materials, and processes for the complete product life cycle. This is an essential volume for the bookshelves of those wanting to be well informed about this evolving technology.Table of ContentsPart 1 Keynote papers: concept, context and co-operation for sustainable technology, J.C. van Weenen; methods and elements towards sustainable products - BMW's strategy in design for recycling and the environment, W. Fried et al; sustainability in fast-moving consumer goods, M. Shaw; sustainable development -professional practice and systems thinking, A. Hall and S. Martin. Part 2 Overviews: evaluation of effective improvement strategies and successful measures for sustainable product design, R. Zust and W. Wimmer; sustainable product development - a view from the front line, G. Kane et al; implications of the integrated product policy (IPP) in new products design and development, M. Sorli et al; CIAM and North-eastern industry - the road to sustainability, T.D. Short et al; standardizing sustainability, R. Valentine. Part 3 New approaches and ideas: taking public perceptions of risk into account in engineering design for sustainable development - a multi-attribute decision making framework, J. Harvey et al; incorporating life-cycle cost into early product development, J.-H. Park and K.-K. Seo; a methodology to support the implementation of product recovery, A. Rahimifard et al; method and tools for the development of environmentally sound products, S. Leibrecht and R. Anderl; a web-based tool for design for sustainability of made-to-order products, P. Norman. Part 4 Manufacturing focus: object-oriented modelling of deep drawn tailored blanks, J. Ullrich and P. Groche; applications for eco-sufficient surface machining with dry ice blasting, E. Uhlmann et al; innovative machining technologies and tools for the disassembly of consumer goods, E. Uhlmann et al; dry machining of cast aluminium automotive wheels -innovative cutting tool design for improved machining performance and environmentally conscious manufacturing, I.S. Jawahir et al. Part 5 Advances in the electronics sector: development of a generic model for life-cycle inventory (LCI) of upstream processes in life-cycle assessment (LCA) of electronic products, A.S.G. Androe and J. Liu; the recycling of telecommunication products - a case study in a Brazilian company, A.C.C. Marques et al; telephone re-manufacture - sustainable development in action, K. Snowdon et al. Part 6 Educational issues: a case study approach to the teaching of design for sustainability - the Royal Academy of Engineering scheme for visiting professors, P. Norman et al; educational challenges of web-based case studies in sustainable development, M. Hutchings et al.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisClimate change has shifted from future menace to current event. As eco-conscious electricity consumers, we want to do our part in weening from fossil fuels, but what are we actually a part of? Committed environmentalists in one of North America’s most progressive regions desperately wanted energy policies that address the climate crisis. For many of them, wind turbines on Northern New England’s iconic ridgelines symbolize the energy transition that they have long hoped to see. For others, however, ridgeline wind takes on a very different meaning. When weighing its costs and benefits locally and globally, some wind opponents now see the graceful structures as symbols of corrupted energy politics. This book derives from several years of research to make sense of how wind turbines have so starkly split a community of environmentalists, as well as several communities. In doing so, it casts a critical light on the roadmap for energy transition that Northern New England’s ridgeline wind projects demarcate. It outlines how ridgeline wind conforms to antiquated social structures propping up corporate energy interests, to the detriment of the swift de-carbonizing and equitable transformation that climate predictions warrant. It suggests, therefore, that the energy transition of which most of us are a part, is probably not the transition we would have designed ourselves, if we had been asked. Trade Review"The Real Problem With Michael Moore’s New Film: Planet of the Humans," by Shaun Golding https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/05/05/real-problem-michael-moores-new-film-planet-humans— Common Dreams "Well-written, incredibly informative, and sharply argued, Electric Mountains will be an important contribution to critical environmental scholarship on energy transitions."— Jesse Goldstein, author of Planetary Improvement: Cleantech Entrepreneurship and the Contradictions of Green Capitali "Electric Mountains is a timely and well researched book. Grounding an array of sociological thought about the environment and environmental behavior in rich ethnographic narrative, the book is both insightful and artfully written. Electric Mountains is a must read by anyone seeking to understand the social complexities surrounding wind energy."— Brent Z. Kaup, College of William & Mary "The world’s quickening energy transition is heralded by iconic changes to our landscapes and exciting new modes of transit, heating, and cooling. And yet society’s shift away from climate-harming energy is far from the urgent transformation warranted by climate change predictions. Electric Mountains explores the dissonance between electricity transition and energy transformation through the story of a region’s renewable energy policies and the popular backlash against them. Contextualizing narratives commonly dismissed as NIMBYism, Electric Mountains engages with the themes of rurality, risk, justice, and Ecological Modernization in predominantly white and ecologically progressive Northern New England. It encourages students and practitioners of Environmental Sociology to discern nuance across different regional political economies of energy and to recognize the imprints of energy hegemons, as well as our own biases and privileges, in our energy realities and energy transition roadmaps."— ASA Environmental NewsletterTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Preface 1. Introduction 2. Windy Ridgelines, Social Fault Lines 3. For the Love of Mountains: The Green Politics of Place 4. But What If…? Wind and the Discourse of Risk 5. Following Power Lines: A Regional Political Economy of Renewables Part I. The Money Part II. The People 6. Scripted in Chaos 7. Why We Follow the Slow Transition Road Map 8. Ecological Modernizations or Capitalists Treadmills? 9. Energy and “Justice” in the Mountains 10. Reimagining Energy Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisClimate change has shifted from future menace to current event. As eco-conscious electricity consumers, we want to do our part in weening from fossil fuels, but what are we actually a part of? Committed environmentalists in one of North America’s most progressive regions desperately wanted energy policies that address the climate crisis. For many of them, wind turbines on Northern New England’s iconic ridgelines symbolize the energy transition that they have long hoped to see. For others, however, ridgeline wind takes on a very different meaning. When weighing its costs and benefits locally and globally, some wind opponents now see the graceful structures as symbols of corrupted energy politics. This book derives from several years of research to make sense of how wind turbines have so starkly split a community of environmentalists, as well as several communities. In doing so, it casts a critical light on the roadmap for energy transition that Northern New England’s ridgeline wind projects demarcate. It outlines how ridgeline wind conforms to antiquated social structures propping up corporate energy interests, to the detriment of the swift de-carbonizing and equitable transformation that climate predictions warrant. It suggests, therefore, that the energy transition of which most of us are a part, is probably not the transition we would have designed ourselves, if we had been asked. Trade Review"Well-written, incredibly informative, and sharply argued, Electric Mountains will be an important contribution to critical environmental scholarship on energy transitions." -- Jesse Goldstein * author of Planetary Improvement: Cleantech Entrepreneurship and the Contradictions of Green Capitali *"Electric Mountains is a timely and well researched book. Grounding an array of sociological thought about the environment and environmental behavior in rich ethnographic narrative, the book is both insightful and artfully written. Electric Mountains is a must read by anyone seeking to understand the social complexities surrounding wind energy." -- Brent Z. Kaup * College of William & Mary *"The Real Problem With Michael Moore’s New Film: Planet of the Humans," by Shaun Golding https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/05/05/real-problem-michael-moores-new-film-planet-humans * Common Dreams *"The world’s quickening energy transition is heralded by iconic changes to our landscapes and exciting new modes of transit, heating, and cooling. And yet society’s shift away from climate-harming energy is far from the urgent transformation warranted by climate change predictions. Electric Mountains explores the dissonance between electricity transition and energy transformation through the story of a region’s renewable energy policies and the popular backlash against them. Contextualizing narratives commonly dismissed as NIMBYism, Electric Mountains engages with the themes of rurality, risk, justice, and Ecological Modernization in predominantly white and ecologically progressive Northern New England. It encourages students and practitioners of Environmental Sociology to discern nuance across different regional political economies of energy and to recognize the imprints of energy hegemons, as well as our own biases and privileges, in our energy realities and energy transition roadmaps." * ASA Environmental Newsletter *Table of Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1. Introduction 2. Windy Ridgelines, Social Fault Lines 3. For the Love of Mountains: The Green Politics of Place 4. But What If…? Wind and the Discourse of Risk 5. Following Power Lines: A Regional Political Economy of Renewables Part I. The Money Part II. The People 6. Scripted in Chaos 7. Why We Follow the Slow Transition Road Map 8. Ecological Modernizations or Capitalists Treadmills? 9. Energy and “Justice” in the Mountains 10. Reimagining Energy Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the basic science and technologies for the conversion of biomass (terrestrial and aquatic) into chemicals and fuels, as well as an overview of innovations in the field. The entire value chain for converting raw materials into platform molecules and their transformation into final products are presented in detail. Both cellulosic and oleaginous biomass are considered. The book contains contributions by both academic scientists and industrial technologists so that each topic combines state-of-the-art scientific knowledge with innovative technologies relevant to chemical industries. Selected topics include: Refinery of the future: feedstock, processes, products The terrestrial and aquatic biomass production and properties Chemical technologies and biotechnologies for the conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignine, algae, residual biomass Thermal, catalytic and enzymatic conversion of biomass Production of chemicals, polymeric materials, fuels (biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen) Policy aspects of biomass product chains LCA applied to the energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of the production of fuels from biomass: ethanol, biooil and biodiesel, biogas, biohydrogen

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of modeling and characterization of PEM fuel cells. It focuses on i) fuel cell performance modeling and performance characterization applicable from single cells to stacks, ii) fundamental and advanced techniques for structural and compositional characterization of fuel cell components and iii) electrocatalyst design. Written by experts in this field, this book is an invaluable tool for graduate students and professionals.

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Book SynopsisProcess integration and intensification are means to improve the sustainability metrics of the industrial processes, balancing the pillars of economy, environment, and social demand. The book covers a sequential framework for the design and operation of microalgae-based facilities using process integration and intensifi cation, discusses products and applications,and provides a global perspective with contributions from renowned experts. Covers relevant opportunities of process integration and intensification applied tomicroalgae-based systems. Provides a complete review of the state of the art of these industrial approaches. Presents new insights into industrial sustainability.

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Book SynopsisThis book has been written to raise awareness about the importance of incorporating renewable energy sources in various sectors for sustainable development. The objective of this book is to analyze the diverse perspectives on renewable energy for sustainable development and their implications. The authors have made the concepts and theories related to renewable energy technologies and sustainable development more accessible and understandable. Sustainable development is characterized by a focus on environmental issues and their connection to renewable energy sources. In todays context, it is crucial to adopt a systematic approach to organize the subject matter and promote the development of knowledge. The built environment plays a significant role in society and needs to be developed holistically. The integration of renewable energy sources is a critical factor in determining the long-term sustainability of a community. This book emphasizes various aspects of energy planning, such as energy assessment, energy integration, energy forecasting, energy modeling, computer modeling, and techno-economic analysis of conventional and non-conventional renewable energy sources. The information presented in this book aims to provide an understanding of integrated energy planning, including its design, development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation through feedback. This book will be beneficial for individuals involved in energy planning and related activities.

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Book SynopsisThe book describes the industrial revolution associated with the implementation of electric power generation by photovoltaics (PV). The book’s editor and contributing authors are among the leading pioneers in PV from its industrial birth in 1954 all the way up to the stormy developments during the first decade of the new century. The book describes the dramatic events in industry between 2009 and 2013 and puts all this into perspective. It concludes that solar power is yet to strengthen its role in technology and in mainstream of the world’s economy.Trade Review"This book brings together a collection of lively, easy-to-read articles written by notable global leaders involved in the research and development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The book is the inspiration of its editor, Prof. Wolfgang Palz, himself a true solar pioneer. In the opening chapters, Prof. Walz provides the historical context and a future vision of the world of solar power. This is followed by a compilation of contributions from numerous experts who provide entertaining and thought-provoking perspectives on PV’s history and development, including the early days of research and the gradual and, more recent, explosive growth of the technology as a global clean energy source. There are abundant stories and anecdotes about the many unique applications of PV technologies, the many scientists working to develop and market these technologies, and the key milestones in the history of this technology. This book is must reading for all who are working in the photovoltaic field and for all who are curious about the major role this technology is coming to play in our renewable energy future."—Dave Renne, President, International Solar Energy Society"Solar Power for the World is quite a remarkable book as it details from many of the original pioneers the development of solar, and in particular PV, from its early beginnings to the current time. Initially photovoltaics was thought to be, by those outside of academic circles, just an interesting phenomenon of low efficiency and expensive and suitable only for use by space vehicles. However, the early visionaries laid the foundations for the multi-billion dollar industry it is now and helped develop solar to become a mainstream power source. Without the policy contributions from people like Hermann Scheer and the extension of the technologies to take in transport and storage the vision of towards 100 percent renewables for future power could not even be envisaged. This book is a great reference on the transition of thought from research to widespread public use of solar and all the different insights necessary to make the shift to low carbon energy. It is a very useful reference."—Monica Oliphant, Research Scientist, Specialising in Renewable Energy and Residential End Use Efficiency"This book brings together a collection of lively, easy-to-read articles written by notable global leaders involved in the research and development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The book is the inspiration of its editor, Prof. Wolfgang Palz, himself a true solar pioneer. In the opening chapters, Prof. Walz provides the historical context and a future vision of the world of solar power. This is followed by a compilation of contributions from numerous experts who provide entertaining and thought-provoking perspectives on PV’s history and development, including the early days of research and the gradual and, more recent, explosive growth of the technology as a global clean energy source. There are abundant stories and anecdotes about the many unique applications of PV technologies, the many scientists working to develop and market these technologies, and the key milestones in the history of this technology. This book is must reading for all who are working in the photovoltaic field and for all who are curious about the major role this technology is coming to play in our renewable energy future."—Dave Renne, President, International Solar Energy Society"Solar Power for the World is quite a remarkable book as it details from many of the original pioneers the development of solar, and in particular PV, from its early beginnings to the current time. Initially photovoltaics was thought to be, by those outside of academic circles, just an interesting phenomenon of low efficiency and expensive and suitable only for use by space vehicles. However, the early visionaries laid the foundations for the multi-billion dollar industry it is now and helped develop solar to become a mainstream power source. Without the policy contributions from people like Hermann Scheer and the extension of the technologies to take in transport and storage the vision of towards 100 percent renewables for future power could not even be envisaged. This book is a great reference on the transition of thought from research to widespread public use of solar and all the different insights necessary to make the shift to low carbon energy. It is a very useful reference."—Monica Oliphant, Research Scientist, Specialising in Renewable Energy and Residential End Use EfficiencyTable of ContentsList of ContributorsHymn to the SunIntroduction to Solar Power for theWorldPARTI ALIFE FOR PV: WOLFGANG PALZ’S NOTABLE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENTFROM THE EARLY DAYS UNTIL NOW1 The Rising Sun in a Developing WorldWolfgang Palz1.1 Electric Power, a Pillar of Modern Society1.1.1 Electricity in Today’s Life1.1.2 The ConventionalWorld of Electricity1.1.3 Solar PV: A Part of the New SemiconductorWorld1.2 Looking Back to Light the Future1.2.1 The Emergence of Electricity1.2.2 From the "Voltaic Pile" to the Photovoltaic Cell1.2.3 Photovoltaic Power: The First Steps1.3 Solar Power for Space Satellites1.4 First Ideas about Lighting with Solar Power1.4.1 Mutations of the Societies in the US and Europe1.4.2 A New Awareness for Solar Power1.4.3 The Oil-Price Shocks and the Nuclear Disasterof 19861.5 After the Vision: A Mountain of Challenges1.5.1 PV in the Starting Blocks in 19731.5.2 The Cost Problem: Technological Challenges1.5.3 The Chicken and Egg Problem: MassProduction1.5.4 Entrenched Energy Strategies and Politics1.5.5 Against Dominant Allocations of State Budgets1.5.6 Administrations1.5.7 Energy Pay-Back Time and Module Lifetime1.5.8 Intermittency of Supply1.5.9 Environmental Challenges1.6 Leadership1.6.1 The Pioneering Role of the US1.6.2 France: A European Solar Pioneer1.6.3 PV Start-Up in Germany1.6.4 PV Ups and Downs in Japan1.6.5 UNESCO1.6.6 The European Union1.6.7 The G81.6.8 The Energy Empire Fights Back2 Solar Power for the WorldWolfgang Palz2.1 Basics for a New Solar Age2.1.1 The Ethical Imperative of Photovoltaics2.1.2 Cost and Social Acceptance: Ingredients for aViable Energy Strategy2.1.3 PV as Part of a Holistic Approach towardsRenewable Energy Implementation and EnergyConservation2.1.4 What about the Power Plants on the Road?2.1.4.1 Car drivers and their power plants2.1.4.2 Mobilising PV for transport2.2 Driving Forces2.2.1 Aspirations of the People2.2.2 Preserving Nature and Alleviating ClimateChange2.2.3 Peak Oil2.2.4 Energy Security of Supply2.3 The Role of Stakeholders in Society2.3.1 Governments and Administrations2.3.2 Industry and Finance2.3.3 PV Costs and Benefits for Society: A SpecialRole for the Grid Operators2.4 A New Energy Paradigm2.4.1 Centralised or Decentralised PV2.4.2 What Role Can Conventional Power UtilitiesPlay?2.4.3 Communities and Regions Mastering TheirOwn Energy Supply2.4.4 The Autonomous Energy House: SolarArchitecture and the Building Industry2.5 Power for the People2.5.1 Starting a Global Strategy: 10Watts per Head2.5.2 PV for the People in the IndustrialisedWorld2.5.3 PV for the People in the Solar Belt2.6 Power for the Poor2.6.1 Getting Involved2.6.2 PV Power for the Poor in the DevelopingCountries2.6.3 Power for the Poor in the IndustrialisedCountries2.7 Power for Peace3 PV Today and ForeverWolfgang Palz3.1 Solar Power 2009–10: AWealth of Achievements3.1.1 The Global PV Markets 2009–103.1.2 Political, Financial, and Industrial Environment3.1.3 The Technology Boom Goes On3.2 Outlook3.2.1 On the Threshold of Commercial Viability3.2.2 Outlook towards 20203.2.3 PV as Part of a 100 Percent Renewable EnergyWorld3.3 ConclusionsPART II THE BEGINNING OF PV IN THE UNITED STATES4 EarlyWork on Photovoltaic Devices at the Bell TelephoneLaboratoriesMorton B. Prince5 Terrestrial Photovoltaic Industry: The BeginningPeter F. Varadi6 Bringing the Oil Industry into the PictureKarl Wolfgang B¨oer7 The Story of SunPowerRichard M. Swanson7.1 Introduction7.2 The Beginnings of Terrestrial PV7.3 My Early Years7.4 Formation of SunPower7.5 Concentrators7.6 Race Cars7.7 Optical Detectors7.8 The PV Business Takes Off7.9 Airplanes7.10 Project Mercury7.11 A New Plan7.12 Cypress7.13 Goodbye Concentrators7.14 Becoming a Manufacturer7.15 Polarization7.16 IPO7.17 PowerLight7.18 Epilog8 History of Technologies, Development for Solar Silicon CostReductionFrederick Schmid8.1 Introduction8.2 Development of HEM and FAST for Reducing theCost of SiliconWafers8.3 FAST Development8.4 Development of Technology for Reducing SiliconMeltstock8.5 Summary9 Solar Cell Development Work at COMSAT Laboratories(1967–1975)Denis J. Curtin10 The IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists ConferenceAmerico F. (Moe) Forestieri10.1 Brief History of the US IEEE PVSC and the WilliamR. Cherry Committee10.2 8th PVSC: The 1970 PVSC in Seattle,Washington,by Joseph Loferski10.3 12th PVSC: 1976 Baton Rouge, Louisiana,by Americo ForestieriPART III PV STARTING A SOLAR AGE IN EUROPE11 Initiating a Solar Revolution in GermanyHermann Scheer12 My Solar Age Started with TchernobylFranz Alt12.1 Solar Policy Is Social Policy13 Will This Work? Is It Realistic? Thoughts and Acts of aPolitical Practitioner with a Solar VisionHans-Josef Fell13.1 MyWay of Solar Thinking13.2 Being Called a Solar Do-Gooder and UnrealisticPolitician13.3 Some Important Steps of My Life Illustrate thePersistence of My SolarWay13.4 And How Is It Today?14 The Role of Research Institutes for the Promotion of PV:The Case of Fraunhofer ISE (Institute of Solar EnergySystems)Adolf Goetzberger15 PV in Berlin—How it All Began: The Story of Solon, Q-Cells.PV in BrazilStefan Krauter16 The Kick-Off PV Programme in Germany: The OneThousand PV Roofs ProgrammeWalter Sandtner17 The Story of Developing Solar Glass Fac¸adesJoachim Benemann18 PV in Europe, from 1974 to 2009: A Personal ExperienceHelmut Kiess18.1 Insight Period: 1974–198818.2 Innovation Period during the Decade 1988–199818.2.1 State of the Art in 1988: Some Details18.2.2 The Decade between 1988 and 199818.2.3 State of the Art in 1998: Some Details18.3 Innovation and Industrial Production during theDecade between 1998 and 200818.3.1 State of the Art in 2008: Some Details18.4 Epilogue19 France Did NotWant to Look for the SunAlain Li´ebard and Yves-Bruno Civel20 More Electricity for Less CO2Yves Bamberger20.1 Electric Eco-Efficient End-Uses20.2 Achieving an Ever Lower-Carbon Electricity Mixwith Nuclear and Renewables20.3 Networks: A Tool for Pooling Production andIntegrating Renewable Energies20.4 Carbon-Free Electric Mix as an Opportunity toDevelop New Industrial Facilities21 The History of Renewable Energies in the Canary Islands,Especially in TenerifeRicardo Melchior and Manuel Cendagorta22 WhyWas Switzerland Front-Runner for PV in the 90s butLost the Leadership after 2000?Thomas Nordmann23 Solar Power in Geneva, SwitzerlandPhilippe Verburgh23.1 A First-Class Solar Potential23.2 The "5 MW Solar" Project and the "SIG VitaleRange"23.3 A Sunny Future for Geneva24 The PV World Conference in ViennaWolfgang Hein25 Abandoning Nuclear in Favor of Renewable Energies: TheLife Story of Giuliano Grassi—Florence, ItalyGiuliano Grassi25.1 First Period: Beginning of My Professional Activityas Engineer25.2 Second Period: Transition from Electro-Mechanicalto Nuclear Activity25.3 Third Period: Renewable Energies25.4 Concluding RemarksPART IV PV IN ASIA: A DRAGON ISWAKING UP26 PV in Japan: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 417Osamui Ikki and Izumi Kaizuka26.1 History26.2 Current Status of PV in Japan26.3 New Support Framework for PV26.4 Conclusion27 Leaders of the Early Days of the Chinese Solar IndustryQin Haiyan27.1 Turning a Dream into a Reality: The Story ofHuang Ming27.2 The Richest Man in China: The Story of ShiZhengrong27.3 Internationalization and a Traditional Chinese Soul:The Story of Miao Liansheng27.4 Development Led by Technology: The Story ofGao Jifan28 Review of China’s Solar PV Industry in 2009Gao Hu29 Lighting theWorld: Yesterday, Today and TomorrowBiswajit Ghosh29.1 Light and Energy29.2 Path toward Initiatives on PV Research29.3 PV in India and International ScientificCooperation29.4 Lighting the Remote29.5 Views of the AuthorPARTV PVFOR A BETTER DEVELOPING WORLD30 Photovoltaics in the World Bank Group PortfolioAnil Cabraal30.1 World Bank Group Photovoltaics Projects30.2 Business Models for Off-Grid Service30.3 Key Lessons of Experience30.4 Guidelines for Designing Sustainable Off-GridProjects30.5 Future Support for Photovoltaics31 Illiterate Rural Grandmothers Solar-Electrifying Their OwnVillagesBunker Roy31.1 Ground-Breaking Innovation in the Field ofTechnology31.2 Sustainable Development: Now and in the Future31.3 Innovation and Its Practical Application31.4 Demystifying of 21st Century Technology in19th Century Conditions—Management, Controland Ownership in the Hands of the Rural Pooraround theWorld31.5 Present and Future Impact of Innovation: Numberof People Affected31.5.1 Renewable Energy31.5.2 Continent of Africa31.5.3 Global31.5.3.1 Providing an answer to a majorchallenge-tackling global climatechange from the community level32 Early PV Markets and Solar Solutions in South AsiaNeville Williams33 Photovoltaic Power Systems for Lifting Women Out ofPoverty in Sub-Saharan AfricaDominique Campana33.1 Solar Energy against the "Energy Poverty" Trap33.2 In Conclusion34 Promoting PV in Developing CountriesBernard McNelis34.1 Looking at Solar34.2 Into PV34.3 Into All Things Solar34.4 Into Intermediate Technology34.5 Into Africa34.6 Global Solar Pumping Programme34.7 IT Power34.8 Mali34.9 Dominican Republic34.10 China34.11 Robert Hill34.12 EPIA34.13 World Bank,Washington, Corruption34.14 Other Countries, People, Institutions34.15 Where DoWe Go from Here?PART VI PV FOR THEWORLD35 On the International Call for Photovoltaics of 2008Daniel Lincot36 AWorld Network for Solar R&D: ISESMonica Oliphant37 Three Steps to a Solar System: From 1% to 40% and 100%Harry Lehmann37.1 Equal Treatment37.2 A Further Step: Coming Out of the Niche37.3 Full Solar Supply or the "Great Transformation"37.4 Scenarios: A Look into the Present and theFuture37.5 To Sum Up I Can Say: 100% Solar System IsPossible!38 SolarBankMichael T. Eckhart38.1 Landmark Solar PV Study in 197838.2 Away from PV for 15 Years38.3 Return to Solar PV in 199538.4 World Bank 1996–199838.5 India 1996–200138.6 South Africa 1997–200238.7 Europe 1997–200438.8 ACORE 2001–Present38.9 Bonn 2004, WIREC 2008, and IRENA38.10 SolarBank Looking Forward39 Solar Power in PracticeStefan Behling40 AWorld in BlueBernd Melchior40.1 From Butterflies to aWorld in "Blue": How Did ThisHappen?40.2 New Treatment for Porous Materials to ConserveMonuments Like the Dome of Cologne40.3 Process Steps for a Treatment with theAutoclave40.4 Translucent Insulation Material40.5 My Start into Photovoltaic40.6 Changing DC Current into AC Current40.7 Diffuse Light Concentrator40.8 Tracking and Concentration Systems40.9 The ADS Concept: Autonomous, Decentralized,Sustainable40.10 The Blue Mountain40.11 ADS Robinson Club on Fuerteventura40.12 First Bungalow in theWorld Realized in ADS:"Casa Solar", Almunecar, Spain40.13 Solar Powered Container: 3000 km Trip to 7th EUPhotovoltaic Solar Conference and Exhibition inSeville, Spain, October 198640.14 A Solar Powered OrthopedicWorkshop Containerfor a Hospital in Tanzania40.15 Integration of Photovoltaic into Roofs: "Sunflate"40.16 SUNCLAY + SUNERGY: A Two-ComponentPhotovoltaic System for the Harmonic, Aestheticand Flexible Integration into the Architecture ofRoof40.17 Next Generation Photovoltaic40.18 New Generation of Solar Clay Tiles40.19 The Combination of Solar and Wind BSWT41 Factory for Sale, or the Long and StonyWay to Cheap SolarEnergy: The Story of the Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells; FirstSolar and Others—A Semi-AutobiographyDieter Bonnet42 High Efficiency Photovoltaics for a SustainableWorldAntonio Luque42.1 Introduction42.2 The 2008 Spanish Boom42.3 A Market Forecast Model42.4 The FULLSPECTRUM Project and the ISFOC42.5 Summary43 Nonconventional Sensitized Mesoscopic (Gr¨atzel) SolarCellsMichael Gr¨atzel44 Solar Bicycles, Mercedes, Handcuffs—PlusEnergy BuildingsGallus Cadonau44.1 AWorldwide Unique Solar Decision: Tour de Sol44.1.1 CO2-free Hotel Ucliva in the Swiss Alps:1st Solarcar Race of theWorld44.1.2 Tour de Sol 1985: Solar Bicycles andMercedes Benz44.1.3 First Solarcar Driving Past an AtomicPower Plant44.1.4 Geneva—Final Stage of the 1st Tour de Sol1985: The Power of the Sun44.1.5 Tour de Sol 2 in 1986: MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in the RoadsideDitch44.1.6 Welding and Sweating Instead ofChampagne44.1.7 Strong Solar Teams from Germany and theSwiss School of Engineering Biel44.1.8 Solar Cells for "Independency" orTerrestrial PV Utilisation?44.1.9 Tour 3 in 1987: Huge Interest and"Chermobiles"44.1.10 Huge International Media Coverage44.1.11 Tour Organisation and Its Regulations44.1.12 Tour de Sol Protests and Appeals in Court?44.1.13 Solar Mountain Race: Through 360 Curvesto Arosa/GR44.2 World’s First Energy Feed-in System inBurgdorf/BE44.2.1 Tour de Sol in France: Solar Energy Insteadof Air Pollution44.2.2 World’s First Energy Feed-in System inBurgdorf/BE: "Grid Interconnection"44.2.3 The Principles of Solar Energy Use: BestTechnology or Self-Sufficiency?44.2.4 Tour de Sol 4 in 1988: PV Innovation andFinancing Are Getting Broader44.2.5 PV on Land and onWater44.2.6 Solar Energy Is Getting IncreasinglyPopular Also for Groups and Managers44.2.7 Safety, Recuperation and Road Capability inWinter44.2.8 Solar Power: A Friendly Alternative44.2.9 Tour de Sol: "A Hotbed for Solar-ElectricMobility"44.2.10 Car Makers, What Have You Done in thePast?44.2.11 Tour de Sol and the International SolarcarFederation (ISF)44.2.12 Rail 2000 and Solarcars in Double-DeckCoaches44.2.13 The Ideal SOLARCAR 2000: Emission-FreeTraffic Circulation in the 21st Century44.3 The Solar Alternative in Road Traffic:World SolarChallenge44.3.1 The Solar Alternative in Road Traffic44.3.1.1 Two hundred years after theFrench Revolution: The SolarRevolution (1989)44.3.1.2 California’s Clean Air Act,Zero-Emission Vehicles, PVProgram for 1000 kW Roofs44.3.1.3 First alpine crossing withsolarcars: The Sun conquers theGotthard Pass in 198944.3.1.4 Solarcar: A danger for 150 pigs?44.3.1.5 Alpine tests at the 1st EuropeanChampionship of AlpineSolarcars (ASEM) in 198944.3.1.6 Bea Vetterli’s solarcar in themountains: downhill with morethan 100 km/h44.3.1.7 St. Moritz: 1st ASEM finish and1st electric light in Switzerland44.3.1.8 The British and St. Moritz:Inventors of winter tourism44.3.1.9 Clean Energy St. Moritz: Theoverall energy concept44.3.1.10 Last Tour de Sol in 199144.3.1.11 Solarcar world record: 148 km/hat the ASEM 199544.3.2 World Solar Challenge in Australia andthe US44.3.2.1 FirstWorld Solar Challenge in1987: 3005 km across Australia44.3.2.2 Japan’sWaterloo at the 1st WSC:Detlef Schmitz Missed the Start44.3.2.3 The SecondWorld SolarChallenge and its dangers in theAustralian desert44.3.2.4 The "GREATEST RACE on EARTH,Creating a SOLUTION notPOLLUTION"44.3.2.5 International Solar High-TechCompetition across Australia44.3.2.6 What technology and strategywas responsible for the victory?44.3.2.7 "Spirit of Biel": 1.8 dl (Solar) fuelfor 100 km—55 times moreefficient44.3.2.8 Great suspense and an odd cup inMcLarens on the lake44.3.2.9 Detlef Schmitz: the friendly"Suitcase Man"44.3.2.10 Detlef: veteran andmisadventurer at each WSC1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 199944.3.2.11 World Solar Challenge 1993:Japan invests millions insolarcars44.3.2.12 Honda changes its strategy forthe WSC 199344.3.2.13 WSC and Sunrayce in the US andother solar races in 199644.4 Solar Prize, Handcuffs and PlusEnergy Buildings44.4.1 Swiss Solar Prize and Handcuffs44.4.1.1 Solar utilisation: from traffic tobuilding sector44.4.1.2 "Solar 91: for an energyindependentSwitzerland"44.4.1.3 First Solar Prize 1991 for world’sbiggest solar surface perinhabitant44.4.1.4 Federal Councillor Adolf Ogi:initiative, courage and solarinstallations44.4.1.5 Handcuffs, excavators and solarelectricity44.4.1.6 Ren´e B¨ artschi: "most successfulSwiss governing councillor"44.4.1.7 Four times too much solar energyand a winter bathe44.4.1.8 European Commission, USDepartment of Energy andJapanese Industry44.4.1.9 Best integrated solarinstallations: withoutoverbuilding cultural land44.4.1.10 The solar mission of the FederalMinister of Energy44.4.2 Solar Energy on the Rise44.4.2.1 European PV Conference inand popular initiative for solarenergy44.4.2.2 European Parliament: SwissSolar Prize—model for EuropeanSolar Prize44.4.2.3 Bonn-Cologne-Brussels-Amsterdam: more solarelectricity than in Australia44.4.2.4 Federal Chancellor Vranitzkyawards 1st European Solar Prizein Vienna44.4.2.5 Chancellor Vranitzky: "CentralEurope free of nuclear powerplants"44.4.2.6 First European Solar Prize goesto successful opponent of EDF44.4.2.7 City/Charter: implementation ofthe goals of Rio on municipalitylevel44.4.2.8 Breakthrough in Parliament in1997: one CHF billion for solarenergy44.4.2.9 Ucliva Agreement: first EuropeanShell Solar factory in Switzerland44.4.3 Mephisto & Co against Solar Energy44.4.3.1 The wisdom of ArthurSchopenhauer and solar energy44.4.3.2 J.W. Goethe and "a very gooddinner"—instead of solar energy44.4.3.3 Combat against renewableenergies44.4.3.4 Millions for deception of citizens44.4.3.5 Economic war against innovativebusinesses44.4.3.6 Swiss economical functionaries:best work for the ChineseCommunist Party44.4.3.7 Do authorities harass citizensthat are loyal to the constitution?44.4.3.8 Solar energy instead ofunconstitutional bureaucracy44.4.3.9 Constitutional right for solarbuilding permit: new law withinthree months44.4.4 Market-Based Compensation forRenewable Energies44.4.4.1 Market-based compensation forbillions of fossil-nuclearsubsidies44.4.4.2 Prof. Dr. Ren´e Rhinow: best usageof revenues for measures44.4.4.3 European Court of Justice 2001:grid feed-in is not tax44.4.4.4 Democratic decision of theelectricity consumer on energyinvestments44.4.5 Best Innovative Entrepreneurs forSustainable Economy44.4.5.1 Small- and medium-sizedentrepreneurs are the mostinnovative44.4.5.2 Biogas—compo-gas: 1 kg ofbanana peel = 1 km of car drive44.4.5.3 Solar house on the FederationSquare: built in 22 hours44.4.5.4 Swiss Solar Prize for firstPlusEnergy Building44.4.5.5 Shell’s solar factory inGelsenkirchen: "we want to earnmoney"44.4.5.6 Lord Norman Foster on the 15thSwiss Solar Prize 200544.4.5.7 PlusEnergy Buildings for Alpineresort: 175% Self-Supply44.4.5.8 Energy-intensive industrialPlusEnergy Building: 125%self-supply44.4.5.9 Installed PV performance: worldleader in 1992—last in 200844.4.5.10 Sustainable economy: amateurbecomes world champion44.4.5.11 China could outrun all—economically and ecologically44.5 PEB Cover 75% ofWorld’s Energy Demand44.5.1 From Solar Collectors to PlusEnergyBuildings44.5.1.1 Conclusion of Tour de Sol, WSC aswell as Swiss and European SolarPrize44.5.1.2 Energy efficiency: "Sine qua non"of PlusEnergy Buildings44.5.1.3 PlusEnergy Buildings (PEB) witha self-supply between 100% and200%44.5.1.4 PV and refurbishment of a6-family house: energy needsreduced by 90%44.5.1.5 PV on PlusEnergy Buildings: thelevel of building technology of201044.5.1.6 PV and refurbishment of a12-family house: energy needsreduced by 93%44.5.1.7 Energy-intensive businessbuildings as PlusEnergyBuildings44.5.2 PV-PEB Cover 75% ofWorld’s EnergyConsumption44.5.3 Stanford: "Clearly, Enough RenewableEnergy Exists"44.5.4 First European Award for PlusEnergyBuildings of CHF(≈$) 100000Index

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