Alternative and renewable energy sources Books
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Handbook of Software Fault Localization
Book SynopsisHandbook of Software Fault Localization A comprehensive analysis of fault localization techniques and strategies In Handbook of Software Fault Localization: Foundations and Advances, distinguished computer scientists Prof. W. Eric Wong and Prof. T.H. Tse deliver a robust treatment of up-to-date techniques, tools, and essential issues in software fault localization. The authors offer collective discussions of fault localization strategies with an emphasis on the most important features of each approach. The book also explores critical aspects of software fault localization, like multiple bugs, successful and failed test cases, coincidental correctness, faults introduced by missing code, the combination of several fault localization techniques, ties within fault localization rankings, concurrency bugs, spreadsheet fault localization, and theoretical studies on fault localization. Readers will benefit from the authors' straightforward discussions of how to aTable of ContentsEditor Biographies xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Software Fault Localization: an Overview of Research, Techniques, and Tools 1 W. Eric Wong, Ruizhi Gao, Yihao Li, Rui Abreu, Franz Wotawa, and Dongcheng li 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Traditional Fault Localization Techniques 14 1.2.1 Program Logging 14 1.2.2 Assertions 14 1.2.3 Breakpoints 14 1.2.4 Profiling 15 1.3 Advanced Fault Localization Techniques 15 1.3.1 Slicing-Based Techniques 15 1.3.2 Program Spectrum-Based Techniques 20 1.3.2.1 Notation 20 1.3.2.2 Techniques 21 1.3.2.3 Issues and Concerns 27 1.3.3 Statistics-Based Techniques 30 1.3.4 Program State-Based Techniques 32 1.3.5 Machine Learning-Based Techniques 34 1.3.6 Data Mining-Based Techniques 36 1.3.7 Model-Based Techniques 37 1.3.8 Additional Techniques 41 1.3.9 Distribution of Papers in Our Repository 45 1.4 Subject Programs 47 1.5 Evaluation Metrics 50 1.6 Software Fault Localization Tools 53 1.7 Critical Aspects 58 1.7.1 Fault Localization with Multiple Bugs 58 1.7.2 Inputs, Outputs, and Impact of Test Cases 60 1.7.3 Coincidental Correctness 63 1.7.4 Faults Introduced by Missing Code 64 1.7.5 Combination of Multiple Fault Localization Techniques 65 1.7.6 Ties Within Fault Localization Rankings 67 1.7.7 Fault Localization for Concurrency Bugs 67 1.7.8 Spreadsheet Fault Localization 68 1.7.9 Theoretical Studies 70 1.8 Conclusion 71 Notes 73 References 73 2 Traditional Techniques for Software Fault Localization 119 Yihao Li, Linghuan Hu, W. Eric Wong, Vidroha Debroy, and Dongcheng li 2.1 Program Logging 119 2.2 Assertions 121 2.3 Breakpoints 124 2.4 Profiling 125 2.5 Discussion 128 2.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 3 Slicing-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 135 W. Eric Wong, Hira Agrawal, and Xiangyu Zhang 3.1 Introduction 135 3.2 Static Slicing-Based Fault Localization 136 3.2.1 Introduction 136 3.2.2 Program Slicing Combined with Equivalence Analysis 137 3.2.3 Further Application 138 3.3 Dynamic Slicing-Based Fault Localization 138 3.3.1 Dynamic Slicing and Backtracking Techniques 144 3.3.2 Dynamic Slicing and Model-Based Techniques 145 3.3.3 Critical Slicing 148 3.3.3.1 Relationships Between Critical Slices (CS) and Exact Dynamic Program Slices (DPS) 149 3.3.3.2 Relationship Between Critical Slices and Executed Static Program Slices 150 3.3.3.3 Construction Cost 150 3.3.4 Multiple-Points Dynamic Slicing 151 3.3.4.1 BwS of an Erroneous Computed Value 152 3.3.4.2 FwS of Failure-Inducing Input Difference 152 3.3.4.3 BiS of a Critical Predicate 154 3.3.4.4 MPSs: Dynamic Chops 157 3.3.5 Execution Indexing 158 3.3.5.1 Concepts 159 3.3.5.2 Structural Indexing 161 3.3.6 Dual Slicing to Locate Concurrency Bugs 165 3.3.6.1 Trace Comparison 165 3.3.6.2 Dual Slicing 168 3.3.7 Comparative Causality: a Causal Inference Model Based on Dual Slicing 173 3.3.7.1 Property One: Relevance 174 3.3.7.2 Property Two: Sufficiency 175 3.3.8 Implicit Dependences to Locate Execution Omission Errors 177 3.3.9 Other Dynamic Slicing-Based Techniques 179 3.4 Execution Slicing-Based Fault Localization 179 3.4.1 Fault Localization Using Execution Dice 179 3.4.2 A Family of Fault Localization Heuristics Based on Execution Slicing 181 3.4.2.1 Heuristic I 182 3.4.2.2 Heuristic II 183 3.4.2.3 Heuristic III 185 3.4.3 Effective Fault Localization Based on Execution Slices and Inter-block Data Dependence 188 3.4.3.1 Augmenting a Bad D(1) 189 3.4.3.2 Refining a Good D(1) 190 3.4.3.3 An Incremental Debugging Strategy 191 3.4.4 Other Execution Slicing-Based Techniques in Software Fault Localization 193 3.5 Discussions 193 3.6 Conclusion 194 Notes 195 References 195 4 Spectrum-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 201 W. Eric Wong, Hua Jie Lee, Ruizhi Gao, and Lee Naish 4.1 Introduction 201 4.2 Background and Notation 203 4.2.1 Similarity Coefficient-Based Fault Localization 204 4.2.2 An Example of Using Similarity Coefficient to Compute Suspiciousness 205 4.3 Insights of Some Spectra-Based Metrics 210 4.4 Equivalence Metrics 212 4.4.1 Applicability of the Equivalence Relation to Other Fault Localization Techniques 217 4.4.2 Applicability Beyond Fault Localization 218 4.5 Selecting a Good Suspiciousness Function (Metric) 219 4.5.1 Cost of Using a Metric 219 4.5.2 Optimality for Programs with a Single Bug 220 4.5.3 Optimality for Programs with Deterministic Bugs 221 4.6 Using Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.1 Spectrum-Based Metrics for Fault Localization 222 4.6.2 Refinement of Spectra-Based Metrics 227 4.7 Empirical Evaluation Studies of SBFL Metrics 232 4.7.1 The Construction of D ∗ 234 4.7.2 An Illustrative Example 235 4.7.3 A Case Study Using D ∗ 237 4.7.3.1 Subject Programs 237 4.7.3.2 Fault Localization Techniques Used in Comparisons 238 4.7.3.3 Evaluation Metrics and Criteria 239 4.7.3.4 Statement with Same Suspiciousness Values 240 4.7.3.5 Results 241 4.7.3.6 Effectiveness of D ∗ with Different Values of ∗ 247 4.7.3.7 D ∗ Versus Other Fault Localization Techniques 248 4.7.3.8 Programs with Multiple Bugs 251 4.7.3.9 Discussion 255 4.8 Conclusion 261 Notes 262 References 263 5 Statistics-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 271 Zhenyu Zhang and W. Eric Wong 5.1 Introduction 271 5.1.1 Tarantula 272 5.1.2 How It Works 272 5.2 Working with Statements 274 5.2.1 Techniques Under the Same Problem Settings 275 5.2.2 Statistical Variances 275 5.3 Working with Non-statements 283 5.3.1 Predicate: a Popular Trend 283 5.3.2 BPEL: a Sample Application 285 5.4 Purifying the Input 286 5.4.1 Coincidental Correctness Issue 286 5.4.2 Class Balance Consideration 287 5.5 Reinterpreting the Output 288 5.5.1 Revealing Fault Number 288 5.5.2 Noise Reduction 291 Notes 292 References 293 6 Machine Learning-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 297 W. Eric Wong 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 BP Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 298 6.2.1 Fault Localization with a BP Neural Network 298 6.2.2 Reduce the Number of Candidate Suspicious Statements 302 6.3 RBF Neural Network-Based Fault Localization 304 6.3.1 RBF Neural Networks 304 6.3.2 Methodology 305 6.3.2.1 Fault Localization Using an RBF Neural Network 306 6.3.2.2 Training of the RBF Neural Network 307 6.3.2.3 Definition of a Weighted Bit-Comparison-Based Dissimilarity 309 6.4 C4.5 Decision Tree-Based Fault Localization 309 6.4.1 Category-Partition for Rule Induction 309 6.4.2 Rule Induction Algorithms 310 6.4.3 Statement Ranking Strategies 310 6.4.3.1 Revisiting Tarantula 310 6.4.3.2 Ranking Statements Based on C4.5 Rules 312 6.5 Applying Simulated Annealing with Statement Pruning for an SBFL Formula 314 6.6 Conclusion 317 Notes 317 References 317 7 Data Mining-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 321 Peggy Cellier, Mireille Ducassé, Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux, and W. Eric Wong 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Formal Concept Analysis and Association Rules 324 7.2.1 Formal Concept Analysis 325 7.2.2 Association Rules 327 7.3 Data Mining for Fault Localization 329 7.3.1 Failure Rules 329 7.3.2 Failure Lattice 331 7.4 The Failure Lattice for Multiple Faults 336 7.4.1 Dependencies Between Faults 336 7.4.2 Example 341 7.5 Discussion 342 7.5.1 The Structure of the Execution Traces 342 7.5.2 Union Model 343 7.5.3 Intersection Model 343 7.5.4 Nearest Neighbor 343 7.5.5 Delta Debugging 344 7.5.6 From the Trace Context to the Failure Context 344 7.5.7 The Structure of Association Rules 345 7.5.8 Multiple Faults 345 7.6 Fault Localization Using N-gram Analysis 346 7.6.1 Background 347 7.6.1.1 Execution Sequence 347 7.6.1.2 N-gram Analysis 347 7.6.1.3 Linear Execution Blocks 349 7.6.1.4 Association Rule Mining 349 7.6.2 Methodology 350 7.6.3 Conclusion 353 7.7 Fault Localization for GUI Software Using N-gram Analysis 353 7.7.1 Background 354 7.7.1.1 Representation of the GUI and Its Operations 354 7.7.1.2 Event Handler 356 7.7.1.3 N-gram 356 7.7.2 Association Rule Mining 357 7.7.3 Methodology 357 7.7.3.1 General Approach 358 7.7.3.2 N-gram Fault Localization Algorithm 358 7.8 Conclusion 360 Notes 361 References 361 8 Information Retrieval-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 365 Xin Xia and David Lo 8.1 Introduction 365 8.2 General IR-Based Fault Localization Process 368 8.3 Fundamental Information Retrieval Techniques for Software Fault Localization 369 8.3.1 Vector Space Model 369 8.3.2 Topic Modeling 370 8.3.3 Word Embedding 371 8.4 Evaluation Metrics 372 8.4.1 Top-k Prediction Accuracy 372 8.4.2 Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) 373 8.4.3 Mean Average Precision (MAP) 373 8.5 Techniques for Different Scenarios 374 8.5.1 Text of Current Bug Report Only 374 8.5.1.1 VSM Variants 374 8.5.1.2 Topic Modeling 375 8.5.2 Text and History 376 8.5.2.1 VSM Variants 376 8.5.2.2 Topic Modeling 378 8.5.2.3 Deep Learning 378 8.5.3 Text and Stack/Execution Traces 379 8.6 Empirical Studies 380 8.7 Miscellaneous 383 8.8 Conclusion 385 Notes 385 References 386 9 Model-Based Techniques for Software Fault Localization 393 Birgit Hofer, Franz Wotawa, Wolfgang Mayer, and Markus Stumptner 9.1 Introduction 393 9.2 Basic Definitions and Algorithms 395 9.2.1 Algorithms for MBD 401 9.3 Modeling for MBD 404 9.3.1 The Value-Based Model 405 9.3.2 The Dependency-Based Model 409 9.3.3 Approximation Models for Debugging 413 9.3.4 Other Modeling Approaches 416 9.4 Application Areas 417 9.5 Hybrid Approaches 418 9.6 Conclusions 419 Notes 420 References 420 10 Software Fault Localization in Spreadsheets 425 Birgit Hofer and Franz Wotawa 10.1 Motivation 425 10.2 Definition of the Spreadsheet Language 427 10.3 Cones 430 10.4 Spectrum-Based Fault Localization 431 10.5 Model-Based Spreadsheet Debugging 435 10.6 Repair Approaches 440 10.7 Checking Approaches 443 10.8 Testing 445 10.9 Conclusion 446 Notes 446 References 447 11 Theoretical Aspects of Software Fault Localization 451 Xiaoyuan Xie and W. Eric Wong 11.1 Introduction 451 11.2 A Model-Based Hybrid Analysis 452 11.2.1 The Model Program Segment 452 11.2.2 Important Findings 454 11.2.3 Discussion 454 11.3 A Set-Based Pure Theoretical Framework 455 11.3.1 Definitions and Theorems 455 11.3.2 Evaluation 457 11.3.3 The Maximality Among All Investigated Formulas 461 11.4 A Generalized Study 462 11.4.1 Spectral Coordinate for SBFL 462 11.4.2 Generalized Maximal and Greatest Formula in F 464 11.5 About the Assumptions 465 11.5.1 Omission Fault and 100% Coverage 465 11.5.2 Tie-Breaking Scheme 467 11.5.3 Multiple Faults 467 11.5.4 Some Plausible Causes for the Inconsistence Between Empirical and Theoretical Analyses 468 Notes 469 References 470 12 Software Fault Localization for Programs with Multiple Bugs 473 Ruizhi Gao, W. Eric Wong, and Rui Abreu 12.1 Introduction 473 12.2 One-Bug-at-a-Time 474 12.3 Two Techniques Proposed by Jones et al. 475 12.3.1 J1: Clustering Based on Profiles and Fault Localization Results 476 12.3.1.1 Clustering Profile-Based Behavior Models 476 12.3.1.2 Using Fault Localization to Stop Clustering 478 12.3.1.3 Using Fault Localization Clustering to Refine Clusters 479 12.3.2 J2: Clustering Based on Fault Localization Results 480 12.4 Localization of Multiple Bugs Using Algorithms from Integer Linear Programming 481 12.5 MSeer: an Advanced Fault Localization Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 483 12.5.1 MSeer 485 12.5.1.1 Representation of Failed Test Cases 485 12.5.1.2 Revised Kendall tau Distance 486 12.5.1.3 Clustering 488 12.5.1.4 MSeer: a Technique for Locating Multiple Bugs in Parallel 494 12.5.2 A Running Example 496 12.5.3 Case Studies 499 12.5.3.1 Subject Programs and Data Collections 499 12.5.3.2 Evaluation of Effectiveness and Efficiency 501 12.5.3.3 Results 503 12.5.4 Discussions 510 12.5.4.1 Using Different Fault Localization Techniques 510 12.5.4.2 Apply MSeer to Programs with a Single Bug 510 12.5.4.3 Distance Metrics 512 12.5.4.4 The Importance of Estimating the Number of Clusters and Assigning Initial Medoids 514 12.6 Spectrum-Based Reasoning for Fault Localization 514 12.6.1 Barinel 515 12.6.2 Results 517 12.7 Other Studies 518 12.8 Conclusion 520 Notes 521 References 522 13 Emerging Aspects of Software Fault Localization 529 T.H. Tse, David Lo, Alex Gorce, Michael Perscheid, Robert Hirschfeld, and W. Eric Wong 13.1 Introduction 529 13.2 Application of the Scientific Method to Fault Localization 530 13.2.1 Scientific Debugging 531 13.2.2 Identifying and Assigning Bug Reports to Developers 532 13.2.3 Using Debuggers in Fault Localization 534 13.2.4 Conclusion 538 13.3 Fault Localization in the Absence of Test Oracles by Semi-proving of Metamorphic Relations 538 13.3.1 Metamorphic Testing and Metamorphic Relations 539 13.3.2 The Semi-proving Methodology 541 13.3.2.1 Semi-proving by Symbolic Evaluation 541 13.3.2.2 Semi-proving as a Fault Localization Technique 542 13.3.3 The Need to Go Beyond Symbolic Evaluation 543 13.3.4 Initial Empirical Study 543 13.3.5 Detailed Illustrative Examples 544 13.3.5.1 Fault Localization Example Related to Predicate Statement 544 13.3.5.2 Fault Localization Example Related to Faulty Statement 548 13.3.5.3 Fault Localization Example Related to Missing Path 552 13.3.5.4 Fault Localization Example Related to Loop 556 13.3.6 Comparisons with Related Work 558 13.3.7 Conclusion 560 13.4 Automated Prediction of Fault Localization Effectiveness 560 13.4.1 Overview of PEFA 561 13.4.2 Model Learning 564 13.4.3 Effectiveness Prediction 564 13.4.4 Conclusion 564 13.5 Integrating Fault Localization into Automated Test Generation Tools 565 13.5.1 Localization in the Context of Automated Test Generation 566 13.5.2 Automated Test Generation Tools Supporting Localization 567 13.5.3 Antifragile Tests and Localization 568 13.5.4 Conclusion 568 Notes 569 References 569 Index 581
£85.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy
Book SynopsisENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Written by a highly respected engineer and prolific author in the energy sector, this is the single most comprehensive, thorough, and up-to-date reference work on renewable energy. The world's energy industry is and has always been volatile, sometimes controversial, with wild swings upward and downward. This has, historically, been mostly because most of our energy has come from fossil fuels, which is a finite source of energy. Every so often, a technology comes along, like hydrofracturing, that is a game-changer. But is it, really? Aren't we just delaying the inevitable with these temporary price fixes The only REAL game-changer is renewable energy. For decades, renewable energy sources have been sought, developed, and studied. Sometimes wind is at the forefront, sometimes solar, and, for the last decade or so, there has been a surge in interest for biofeedstocks and biofuels. There are also the old standbys of nuclear and geothermal energy, which hTable of ContentsIntroduction xxxvii A 1 B 99 C 227 D 329 E 365 F 423 G 481 H 585 I 651 J 681 K 683 L 689 M 741 N 781 O 807 P 835 Q 921 R 923 S 969 T 1057 U 1095 V 1105 W 1111 X 1199 Y 1203 Z 1207 Conversion Factors 1211 Further Reading 1213 About the Author 1215
£296.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Photovoltaic Design Installation For Dummies
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Conventions Used in This Book 2 What You’re Not to Read 3 Foolish Assumptions 3 How This Book Is Organized 3 Part 1: Here Comes the Sun: Shedding Some Light on PV Systems 4 Part 2: Digging into Complete System Details 4 Part 3: Sizing a PV System 4 Part 4: Installing a PV System 4 Part 5: The Part of Tens 5 Icons Used in This Book 5 Where to Go from Here 5 Part 1: Here Comes the Sun: Shedding Some Light on PV Systems 7 Chapter 1: The Photovoltaic Revolution 9 Peeking into the Past, Present, and Future of PV Installations 9 Acquainting yourself with typical PV applications 10 Checking out PV pros and cons 10 Looking into the future of PV 11 Introducing PV Components and Systems 11 Knowing Your Electricity A-B-Cs 12 Solar Resource 101 13 Surveying a PV System Site 13 Delving into PV System Details 14 PV modules 14 Batteries 14 Charge controllers 15 Inverters 15 Wiring and safety devices 15 Sizing a PV System 16 Grid-direct systems 16 Battery-based systems 16 Conductors and safety devices 17 Bringing a PV System to Life 17 Permitting 17 Staying safe 17 Putting together the mechanical parts 18 Adding the electrical parts 18 Commissioning, inspecting, and maintaining a system 19 Introducing the Sections of Code You Need to Know 20 Chapter 2: Checking Out Common Components and Systems 21 Introducing the Components That Make Up PV Systems 21 PV modules and racking 22 Battery bank 23 Charge controller 24 Inverter 24 Loads 25 Load centers 26 Disconnects and overcurrent protection 27 Utility interconnection 27 Differentiating between PV System Types 29 Grid-direct systems 29 Battery-based systems 31 Figuring Out the Right System Type for Any Situation 34 The customer is connected to the grid 34 The customer isn’t connected to the grid 35 Chapter 3: Powering through Electricity Basics 37 Going with the Flow: Current 38 Understanding amps 38 Distinguishing between direct current and alternating current 39 Measuring current with a meter 40 May the (Electromotive) Force Be with You: Voltage 43 Grasping the concept of voltage 43 Getting a grip on nominal voltage and operating voltage 43 Measuring voltage 44 Making a Stop: Resistance 46 Introducing ohms 47 Measuring resistance 47 Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance with Ohm’s Law 49 Pondering Power and Energy 50 Recognizing the differences between power and energy 50 Relating power to current, voltage, and resistance with the power equation 51 Calculating energy in terms of watt-hours 53 Introducing amp-hours, a companion to watt-hours 53 Wrapping Together Current, Voltage, Resistance, Power, and Energy 54 Another Electricity Concept: Circuit Configurations 55 Series 56 Parallel 57 Series-parallel 58 Chapter 4: Warming Up to the Solar Resource 59 High (Or Low) Energy: Solar Radiation 60 Distinguishing between direct radiation and diffuse radiation 60 Determining the intensity of solar radiation: Irradiance 61 Calculating solar radiation energy: Irradiation 65 Just for a day: Peak sun hours 66 Examining the Effects of the Sun’s Path on the Earth 69 Getting a grip on seasonal effects 70 Understanding the sun’s relationship to your location: Altitude and azimuth 72 Ticking off solar time 74 Interpreting sun charts 74 Opening up to the solar window 76 Positioning PV Modules to Make the Most of the Solar Resource 77 Introducing tilt angle 77 Orienting your array to the azimuth 79 Chapter 5: Properly Selecting a Site for a PV System 81 Setting the Stage for a Site Survey 82 Putting aside enough time 82 Creating a standard site-survey form 83 Toting a site-survey bag 83 Picture This: Documenting Your Entire Site Survey with Digital Photos 84 Collecting Basic Information during a Site Survey 86 General site information 86 Structural and mechanical information 87 Electrical information 89 Measuring Information in Degrees 90 Understanding magnetic declination 91 Calculating the array’s tilt angle and azimuth 93 Exploring Shading-Analysis Tools 95 Interpreting the Data and Bringing It All Together 97 Analyzing reports from your shading-analysis tool 98 Considering the total solar resource factor 98 Using other collected information to plan out the design and installation 100 Part 2: Digging Into Complete System Details 103 Chapter 6: PV Modules: From Sand to Electricity 105 Creating Solar Electricity: It All Starts with a Cell 106 Getting a grip on cell construction and manufacturing 106 Connecting cell construction to the photovoltaic effect 108 Reviewing Common Types of PV Modules 108 Checking out crystalline modules 109 Looking at thin film modules 111 Pointing Out Electrical Specifications on PV Modules 113 Current specifications 114 Voltage specifications 115 Maximum power point 116 Voltage temperature coefficient 117 Power tolerance 118 Series fuse rating 118 Surveying Test Conditions for PV Modules 118 Standard test conditions 119 Environmental effects on standard test conditions 120 Relating Current and Voltage in IV Curves 122 An IV curve with varying temperature 123 An IV curve with varying irradiance 124 Chapter 7: The Basics of Batteries 127 The Fundamentals of Battery Anatomy and Operation 128 Constructing a battery, from cell to bank 128 Discovering how batteries charge and discharge 130 Comparing Different Types of Batteries 133 Lead-acid batteries 133 Lead-calcium batteries 136 Nickel-cadmium batteries 136 Comprehending Battery Capacity 137 Considering the C rate for capacity 137 Recognizing factors that affect capacity 138 Specifying Batteries 141 Specifying the type of battery to use 141 Specifying the battery bank size 142 Chapter 8: Keeping Current and Voltage in Check: Charge Controllers 147 The Essentials of Charge Controllers 148 Seeing how a charge controller works in stages 148 Surveying special effects provided by some charge controllers 151 Maximum Power Point Tracking Technology 153 How MPPT works 153 The pros and cons of MPPT controllers 154 Pulse-Width Modulation Technology 155 How PWM works 155 The pros and cons of PWM controllers 156 Specifying a Charge Controller 156 Chapter 9: Inverters: AC (From) DC 157 Getting the Goods on Grid-Direct Inverters 158 Basic operation 158 Standard features 159 Power output sizes 162 The importance of transformers 162 Investigating Battery-Based Inverters 164 Utility-interactive inverter operation 165 Stand-alone inverter operation 166 Standard features for all battery-based inverters 167 Sizes of battery-based inverters 168 Low-frequency transformer technology 168 Specifying Any Inverter 168 Grid-direct 169 Battery-based 170 Chapter 10: Staying Secure: Wiring and Safety Components 173 Defining the Circuits in a PV System 174 Checking Out Types of Conductors 175 USE-2 176 PV wire 176 Building wiring 177 Battery wiring 178 Ground wiring 178 Considering Kinds of Conduit 179 Metallic conduit 179 Nonmetallic conduit 180 Delving into Disconnects 181 Perusing Overcurrent Protection Devices 182 Circuit breakers 183 Fuses 183 Focusing on Ground Fault Protection 184 Looking at the Basics of Labels 185 Part 3: Sizing a PV System 187 Chapter 11: Sizing a Grid-Direct System 189 First Things First: Evaluating the Budget and the Available Array Area 190 Estimating the Site’s Annual Energy Production 191 Sizing the Array to Meet Your Client’s Energy Consumption 193 Determining annual energy consumption 193 Looking at contract options with the utility 194 Using consumption and contract options to select an array’s needed power value 195 Getting Ready to Match an Inverter to an Array 196 Matching Power Values for an Array and an Inverter 197 Coming Up with the Right Voltage Values for Your Array and Inverter 199 Establishing the inverter’s AC voltage 200 Defining the inverter’s DC voltage window 200 Calculating the modules’ maximum DC voltage contribution 201 Figuring out the modules’ minimum DC voltage contribution 208 Bringing It All Together: Combining Your Power and Voltage Information 213 One Last Check: The Inverter’s Maximum Current Input 214 Chapter 12: Sizing a Battery-Based System 215 Get Loaded: Looking at Loads in a Battery-Based System 216 Evaluating the loads that the battery bank must serve 216 Calculating the energy required during an outage for utility-interactive systems 219 Determining the average daily energy consumption for stand-alone systems 219 Sizing the Battery Bank 222 Inverter efficiency 222 The days of autonomy 223 The temperature used for battery operation 223 The depth of discharge 224 Nominal voltages 225 Figuring out the battery capacity you need 226 Strung along: Wiring the battery bank 227 Sizing the PV Array 229 Sizing the array in a utility-interactive system 229 Sizing the array in a stand-alone system 230 Sizing the Charge Controller 232 Voltage specifications 233 Power or amperage specifications 234 A check before you move on: Comparing the array size to the battery capacity 236 Sizing the Inverter 236 Viewing voltage output 237 Calculating the power draw 237 Staying in charge 238 Looking at surge ratings 238 Evaluating inverter and array power output 239 Incorporating a Generator 239 Generator features 240 Generator sizing 241 Chapter 13: Sizing Conductors, Conduit, and Safety Components 243 Conductor Sizing 101 244 Defining the PV circuits’ maximum and continuous current 245 Calculating non-PV circuits’ maximum current 246 Considering conditions of use with some handy tables 247 Putting together the details to determine conductor sizing 250 Accounting for voltage drop after you size your conductors 253 Sizing Conduit 257 Sizing Overcurrent Protection Devices and Disconnects 258 Beginning with a few basics 258 Placing protection on PV circuits 259 Protecting inverter circuits 260 Part 4: Installing a PV System 261 Chapter 14: The Permitting Process 263 Obtaining Permits before You Install a PV System 263 In the beginning: Having the right licenses and certifications 264 Home grown: Permitting for residential systems 265 Big business: Permitting for commercial systems 269 Not Just Pretty Pictures: Creating Drawing Sets 272 Calling out components clearly 273 Depicting equipment locations 273 Showing conductor-sizing calculations 273 Jotting down job notes 274 Chapter 15: Staying Safe Anytime You Work on a PV System 275 Getting a Grip on General Construction Site Safety 276 Identifying job-site obstacles and putting on protective gear right away 276 Safely working alone and with others 277 Taking in tips for tool safety 278 Limiting your exposure to the elements 278 Stowing a first-aid kit on the job site 279 Looking at Ladder Safety 279 Selecting your stash of ladders 279 Properly setting up any ladder 281 Raising the Issue of Rooftop Safety 282 Restraining yourself with fall protection 283 Storing your tools 283 Maintaining safe walkways 285 Examining Electrical Safety 285 Staying aware of general shock hazards 285 Working with circuits 286 Charging Ahead with Battery Safety 290 Chapter 16: Assembling the Mechanical Parts 293 Surveying PV Array Mounting Methods 294 Roof mounting 295 Ground mounting 300 Top-of-pole mounting 302 Building-integrated mounting 303 Considering Loading When You Mount an Array on a Roof 305 Following building codes 305 Accounting for additional dead load 305 Looking at live loads 307 Properly Attaching an Array to a Roof 309 Making attachments with lag screws 309 Sealing roof penetrations with flashing 310 Supporting Ground and Top-of-Pole Mounting 313 Chapter 17: Integrating the Electrical Elements 315 Location Is Everything: Knowing Where to Place Electrical Equipment 316 Manufacturers’ requirements for equipment locations 316 Locations for disconnecting means 317 Combiner boxes and junction boxes and wiring, oh my! 318 Working on Wiring 319 Seeing red (and green and white): Color-coding 319 Managing wires on PV modules 321 Protecting wires with conduit 322 Bonding Yourself to Grounding 323 Equipment grounding 323 System grounding 326 Connecting to the Utility 329 Determining the utility’s requirements 329 Making a load side or line side connection 331 Chapter 18: Commissioning, Inspecting, and Maintaining a PV System 335 Making a List and Checking It Twice: Preparing for Commissioning 336 Mechanical elements? Check! 336 Electrical elements? Check! 337 Start ’Er Up: The Commissioning Process 341 Putting safety first 342 Gathering the gear you need 342 Commissioning different types of systems 343 Verifying that the system is working 347 Arming Yourself for Inspection Issues 349 Not having “a neat and workmanlike manner” 350 Forgetting about aesthetics 350 Failing to manage conductors on the array 350 Neglecting to label the system 351 Surveying System Maintenance 353 Mechanical maintenance 354 Electrical maintenance 354 Maintenance on a higher level: Taking care of battery banks 355 Part 5: The Part of Tens 359 Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Avoid Common Code Mistakes 361 Providing Proper Working Clearance 362 Supplying the Right Structural Support 362 Keeping Water out of Buildings with Flashing 363 Ensuring All Conductors Have the Necessary Ratings 363 Managing the Conductors on Modules 364 Selecting the Correct Conduit 364 Locating the Disconnects 365 Grounding the Equipment 365 Grounding the System 366 Labeling the System Properly 366 Chapter 20: Ten Ways to Maximize Energy Production for Your Clients 367 Select the Right Site 367 Orient the Array Correctly 368 Configure the Array Properly 368 Work within the Limits of the Utility Voltage 369 Choose the Correct Inverter 369 Size Conductors Appropriately 370 Keep the Components Cool 370 Advise Clients to Monitor Their System 371 Clean the Array Periodically 371 Inspect the Array Annually 372 Index 373
£17.59
John Wiley & Sons Inc Gas Insulated Substations
Book SynopsisGAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS An essential reference guide to gas-insulated substations The second edition of Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is an all-inclusive reference guide to gas insulated substations (GIS) and its advanced technologies. Updated to the latest technical developments and applications, the guide covers basic physics of gas insulated systems, SF6 insulating gas and its alternatives, safety aspects and factors to choose GIS. GIS technology, its modular structure, control and monitoring systems, testing, installation rules and guidelines for operation, specification, and maintenance. Detailed information on various types for GIS, with 14 reference project explanations and three extensive case studies give information for the best solutions of practical applications. Special solutions using mobile substations concepts, mixed technology switchgear (MTS) with air and gas insulated technology, underground substations, and the use of special GIS substation buildings e.g., shoppTable of ContentsEditor Biography xxvii Contributors xxix Foreword of Editor xxxi Foreword PES Substations Committee xxxiii Foreword GE Grid Solutions xxxv Foreword Hitachi Energy xxxvii Foreword Siemens Energy xxxix Acknowledgements xli 1 Introduction 1Authors: Hermann Koch, John BrunkeReviewers: Phil Bolin, Devki Sharma, Jim Massura, George Becker, Scott Scharf, and Michael Novev 1.1 General 1 1.2 Definitions 7 1.3 Standards and References 11 1.4 Ratings 16 2 Basic Information 21Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, John H. Brunke, and John Boggess, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Hermann Koch, George Becker, Peter Grossmann, and Pathik PatelReviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, Ed Crocket, Shawn Lav, Jim Massura, Tony Lim, Ricardo Arredondo, Chuck Hand, and Dave Giegel 2nd edition Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Pathik Patel, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Scott Scharf, and Nick Matone 2.1 History 21 2.2 Physics of Gas-Insulated Switchgear 36 2.3 Reliability and Availability 41 2.4 Design 51 2.5 Safety 53 2.6 Grounding and Bonding 61 2.7 Factors for Choosing Gas-Insulated Substations 66 2.8 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 70 2.9 Alternative Gasses to SF6 105 2.10 When to Use Gas-Insulated Substations 120 2.11 Comparison High Voltage and Medium Voltage AIS, MTS and GIS 125 3 Technology 153Authors: 1st edition: Hermann Koch, George Becker, Xi Zhu, Devki Sharma, Arnaud Ficheux, and Dave Lin; 2nd edition: Dave Solhtalab, George Becker, Xi Zhu, and Vipul BhagatReviewers: 1st edition: Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, Patrick Fitzgerald, George Becker, Toni Lin, Chuck Hand, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Giegel, Eduard Crockett, Pravakar Samanta, John Brunke, 2nd edition: Scott Scharf, Michael Novev, and Nick Matone 3.1 General 153 3.2 Modular Components, Design, and Development Process 156 3.3 Manufacturing 169 3.4 Specification Development 179 3.5 Instrument Transformers 205 3.6 Interfaces 207 3.7 Gas-Insulated Surge Arresters 220 3.8 Gas-Insulated Bus 222 3.9 Guidelines for GIS 236 4 Control and Monitoring 243Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Noboru Fujimoto, and Pravakar SamantaReviewers: 1st edition Noboru Fujimoto, Hermann Koch, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Arnaud Ficheux, and Michael Novev, 2nd edition Michael Novev, and Arnaud Ficheux 4.1 General 243 4.2 GIS Monitoring 243 4.3 Local Control Cabinet 251 4.4 Digital Communication 257 5 Testing 271Authors: 1st edition Peter Grossmann, Charles L Hand, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Coboyo Bodjona,Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Jim Massura, Eduard Crockett, Hermann Koch, and 2nd edition Hermann Koch 5.1 General 271 5.2 Type Tests 271 5.3 Routine Tests 276 5.4 Onsite Field Testing 279 5.5 Guidelines for Onsite Tests 282 5.6 Best Practice for On-Site Field Testing 283 6 Installation 293Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Richard Jones, James MassuraReviewers: Phil Bolin, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, 2nd edition John Brunke, Michael Novev, and Pravakar Samanta 6.1 General 293 6.2 Installation 293 6.3 Energization: Connecting to the Power Grid 323 7 Operation and Maintenance 325Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Charles L Hand, Arnaud Ficheux, Richard Jones, Ravi Dhara, 2nd edition Richard Jones,Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Richard Jones, Devki Sharma, George Becker, Dick Jones, Hermann Koch, 2nd edition Ryan Stone, Patrick Fitzgerald, Gerd Ottehenning, Coboyo Bodyona and Hermann Koch 7.1 General 325 7.2 Operation of a Gas-Insulated Substation 326 7.3 Maintenance 344 7.4 SF6 Gas Leakage Repair 345 7.5 Repair 348 7.6 Extensions 349 7.8 Overloading and Thermal Limits 356 7.9 Maintenance and Operations Pointers 361 7.10 Lessons Learned 366 8 Applications 371Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, William Labos, Peter Grossmann, Arun Arora, and Dave Solhtalab, 2nd edition Hermann Koch, and Dave MitchellReviewer: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Ewald Warzecha, George Becker, John Brunke, Peter Grossmann, Arnaud Ficheux, Pravakar Samanta, Scott Scharf, Ravi Dhara, and Chuck Hands, 2nd edition Denis Steyn, Petr Rudenko, Stefan Schedl, Scott Scharf, Mark Kuschel, and Bala Kotharu 8.1 General 371 8.2 Typical GIS Layouts 371 8.3 Reference Projects 374 8.4 GIS Case Studies 418 8.5 Mobile Substations 453 8.6 Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS) 464 8.7 Future Developments 468 8.8 Underground Substations 477 8.9 Special Substation Buildings 502 9 Advanced Technologies 525Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Venkatesh Minisandram, Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, and Jorge Márquez-Sánchez 2nd Edition Hermann Koch, Maria Kosse, George Becker, George Becker, Mark Kuschel, Aron Heck, Dirk Helbig, Uwe RiechertReviewers: 1st Edition George Becker, Devki Sharma, Noboru Fujimoto, Venkatesh Minisandram, Phil Bolin, Pravakar Samanta, Hermann Koch, Linda Zhao, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Dick Jones, Linda Zhao, David Lin, Devki Sharma, and Patrick Fitzgerald, 2nd Edition Michael Novev, Pablo Gonzales Toza, George Becker, Hermann Koch, Dick Jones, Bala Kotharu, Johne Brunke, James Massura, Dirk Helbig, Mark Kuschel, Arnaud Ficheux, Robert Lüscher, and Aron Heck 9.1 General 525 9.2 Environment 526 9.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 537 9.4 Insulation Coordination Study 545 9.5 Very Fast Transients 548 9.6 Project Scope Development 559 9.7 Risk-Based Asset Management of Gas-Insulated Substations and Equipment 563 9.8 Health and Safety Impact 572 9.9 Electromagnetic Field 573 9.10 SF6 Decomposition Byproducts 574 9.11 Condition Assessment 577 9.12 Gas-Insulated Substations for Enhanced Resiliency 618 9.13 Vacuum High Voltage Switching 635 9.14 Low Power Instrument Transformer 654 9.15 Digital Twin of GIS and GIL 664 9.16 Offshore GIS 689 9.17 HVDC GIS 726 9.18 Digital Substation 748 10 Conclusion 765Author: Hermann KochReviewer: Dave Solhtalab Index 767
£97.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Reliability Engineering
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Reliability Engineering A complete revision of the classic text on reliability engineering, written by an expanded author team with increased industry perspective Introduction to Reliability Engineering provides a thorough and well-balanced overview of the fundamental aspects of reliability engineering and describes the role of probability and statistical analysis in predicting and evaluating reliability in a range of engineering applications. Covering both foundational theory and real-world practice, this classic textbook helps students of any engineering discipline understand key probability concepts, random variables and their use in reliability, Weibull analysis, system safety analysis, reliability and environmental stress testing, redundancy, failure interactions, and more. Extensively revised to meet the needs of today's students, the Third Edition fully reflects current industrial practices and provides a wealth of new examples and Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reliability Defined 1.2 Performance, Cost and Reliability 1.3 Quality, Reliability and Safety Linkage 1.4 Quality, Reliability and Safety Engineering Tasks 1.5 Preview 2 PROBABILITY AND DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Probability Concepts Sample Space Outcome Event Probability Axioms More than two events Combinations and Permutations 2.3 Discrete Random Variables Properties of Discrete Variables The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution Confidence Intervals Motivation for Confidence Intervals Introduction to Confidence Intervals Binomial Confidence Intervals Cumulative sums of the Poisson Distribution (Thorndike Chart) 3 Exponential Distribution and Reliability Basics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Reliability Characterization Basic definitions The Bathtub curve 3.3 Constant Failure Rate model The Exponential Distribution Demand failures Time determinations 3.4 Time Dependent Failure rates 3.5 Component Failures and Failure Modes Failure mode rates Component counts 3.6 Replacements 3.7 Redundancy Active and Standby Redundancy Active Parallel Standby Parallel Constant Failure Rate Models 3.8 Redundancy limitations Common-mode failures Load sharing Switching & Standby failures Cool, Warm and Hot Standby 3.9 Multiply Redundant Systems 1/N Active Redundancy 1/N Standby Redundancy m/N Active Redundancy 3.10 Redundancy Allocation High and Low level redundancy Fail-safe and Fail-to-Danger Voting Systems 3.11 Redundancy in Complex Configurations Serial-Parallel configurations Linked configurations 4 Continuous Distributions- Part 1 Normal & Related Distributions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of Continuous Random variables Probability Distribution Functions Characteristics of a Probability Distribution Sample Statistics Transformation of Variables 4.3 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function 4.4 Uniform Distribution 4.5 Normal and Related Distributions The Normal Distribution Central Limit Theorem The Central Limit Theorem in Practice The Log Normal Distribution Log Normal Distribution from a Physics of Failure Perspective 4.6 Confidence Intervals Point & Interval Estimates Estimate of the Mean Normal & Lognormal parameters 5 Continuous Distributions- Part 2 Weibull & Extreme Value Distributions 5.1 Introduction The “weakest link” theory from a Physics of Failure point of view Uses of Weibull and Extreme Value Distributions Other Considerations Age parameters and sample sizes Engineering Changes, Maintenance Plan Evaluation and Risk Prediction Weibulls with cusps or curves System Weibulls No failure Weibulls Small sample Weibulls 5.2 Statistics of the Weibull Distribution Weibull “Mathematics” The Weibull Probability Plot Probability Plotting Points—Median Ranks How to do a “Weibull Analysis” Weibull plots and their estimates of b, h The 3-Parameter Weibull didn’t work, what are my choices? The data has a “dogleg” bend or cusp when plotted on Weibull paper. Steep Weibull slopes (β’s) may hide problems. Low Time Failures and close Serial numbers---Batch problems Maximum Likelihood Estimates of β and η Weibayes Analysis Weibayes background Weibull Analysis with failure times only and unknown times on remaining population Shifting Weibull Procedure Confidence bounds and the Weibull Distribution Arbitrary Censored Data The Weibull Distribution in a System of Independent failure modes 5.3 Extreme Value Distributions Smallest & Largest Extreme Value distributions Extreme Value and Weibull Distribution Point Estimates & Confidence Intervals 5.4 Introduction to Risk analysis Risk Analysis “Mathematics” Supplement 1- Weibull derived from weakest link theory Supplement 2: Comparing two distributions using Supersmith™ 6 RELIABILITY TESTING 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attribute Testing (Binomial Testing) The Classical Success Run Zero Failure Attribute Tests Non-ZERO Failure Attribute Tests 6.3 Constant Failure Rate Estimates Censoring on the Right MTTF Estimates Confidence Intervals 6.4 Weibull Substantiation and Reliability Testing Zero-Failure Test Plans for Substantiation Testing Weibull Zero-Failure test Plans for Reliability Testing Designing the Test Plan Total Test Time Why not Simply Test to Failure? 6.5 How to Reduce Test Time Run (simultaneously) more test samples than you intend to fail Sudden Death Testing Sequential Testing 6.6 Normal & Lognormal Reliability Testing 6.7 Accelerated Life Testing Compressed Time Testing Advanced Stress Testing-Linear & Acceleration Models Linear Model Stress testing Advanced Stress Testing – Acceleration Models The Arrhenius Model The Inverse Power Law Model Other Acceleration Models 6.8 Reliability Enhancement Procedures Reliability Growth Modeling & Testing Calculation of Reliability Growth parameters Goodness of Fit tests for Reliability Growth Models Environmental Stress Screening What “Screens” are used for ESS? Thermal cycling Random Vibration Other Screens Highly Accelerated Life Tests Highly Accelerated Stress Screening Supplement 1 Substantiation Testing: Characteristic Life multipliers for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 2 Substantiation Testing Tables for Zero failure Test at 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% Confidence Supplement 3 CRITICAL VALUES FOR CRAMER-VON MISES GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST Supplement 4 Other Reliability Growth Models Supplement 5 Chi-Square Table 7 Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) – Design & Process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Functional FMEA 7.3 Design FMEA Design FMEA Procedure 7.4 Process FMEA(PFMEA) 7.5 FMEA Summary FMEA Outputs FMEA Pitfalls that can be prevented Supplement 1 Shortcut tables for stalled FMEA Teams Supplement 2 Future changes in FMEA Approaches Supplement 3 DFMEA and PFMEA Forms 8 LOADS, CAPACITY, AND RELIABILITY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reliability with a Single Loading Load Application Definitions 8.3 Reliability and Safety Factors Normal Distributions Lognormal Distributions Combined Distributions 8.4 Repetitive Loading Loading Variability Variable Capacity 8.5 The Bathtub Curve—Reconsidered Single Failure Modes Combined Failure Modes Supplement 1: The Dirac Delta Distribution 9 MAINTAINED SYSTEMS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Preventive Maintenance Idealized Maintenance Imperfect Maintenance Redundant Components 9.3 Corrective Maintenance Availability Maintainability 9.4 Repair: Revealed Failures Constant Repair Rates Constant Repair Times 9.5 Testing and Repair: Unrevealed Failures Idealized Periodic Tests Real Periodic Tests 9.6 System Availability Revealed Failures Unrevealed Failures 10 FAILURE INTERACTIONS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Markov Analysis Two Independent Components Load-Sharing Systems 10.3 Reliability with Standby Systems Idealized System Failures in the Standby State Switching Failures Primary System Repair 10.4 Multicomponent Systems Multicomponent Markov Formulations Combinations of Subsystems 10.5 Availability Standby Redundancy Shared Repair Crews Markov Availability-Advantages & Disadvantages 11 SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Product and Equipment Hazards 11.3 Human Error Routine Operations Emergency Operations 11.4 Methods of Analysis Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) Event Trees 11.5 Fault Trees Fault-Tree Construction Nomenclature Fault Classification Fault Tree Examples Direct Evaluation of Fault Trees Qualitative Evaluation Quantitative Evaluation Fault-Tree Evaluation by Cut Sets Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis 11.6 Reliability/Safety Risk Analysis APPENDICES A USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS B BINOMIAL CONFIDENCE CHARTS C STANDARD NORMAL CDF D NONPARAMETRIC METHODS AND PROBABILITY PLOTTING D1 Introduction D2 Nonparametric Methods for Probability Plotting D3 Parametric Methods D4 Goodness-of-Fit Supplement 1 Further Details of Weibull Probability plotting Supplement 2 Median Rank adjustment for SUSPENDED TEST ITEMS Supplement 3 Generating a Probability Plot in MINITAB ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES INDEX
£108.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quality Planning and Assurance
Book SynopsisQUALITY PLANNING AND ASSURANCE Discover the most crucial aspects of quality systems planning critical to manufacturing and service success In Quality Planning and Assurance: Principles, Approaches, and Methods for Product and Service Development, accomplished engineer Dr. Herman Tang delivers an incisive presentation of the principles of quality systems planning. The book begins with an introduction to the meaning of the word quality before moving on to review the principles of quality strategy and policy management. The author then offers a detailed discussion of customer needs and the corresponding quality planning tasks in design phases, as well as a treatment of the design processes necessary to ensure product or service quality. Readers will enjoy explorations of advanced topics related to proactive approaches to quality management, like failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). They???ll discover discussions of issues like supplier quality manTable of ContentsForewords xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction to Quality Planning 1 1.1 Quality Definitions 1 1.1.1 Meaning of Quality 1 1.1.2 End-customer Centricity 3 1.1.3 Dimensions of Product and Service Quality 6 1.1.4 Discussion of Service Quality 10 1.2 Quality System 13 1.2.1 Quality Management System 13 1.2.2 Discussion of QMS 17 1.2.3 Quality Target Setting 19 1.2.4 Cost of Quality 22 1.3 Quality Planning 25 1.3.1 Planning Process Overview 25 1.3.2 Considerations in Quality Planning 29 1.3.3 Quality-planning Guideline (APQP) 31 1.3.4 Service Quality Planning 35 Summary 36 Exercises 37 References 38 2 Strategy Development for Quality 43 2.1 Strategic Management 43 2.1.1 Overview of Strategic Management 43 2.1.2 Hoshin Planning Management 48 2.1.3 Implementation Considerations 52 2.2 Risk Management and Analysis 56 2.2.1 Risk Management Overview 56 2.2.2 Risks and Treatments 59 2.2.3 Risk Evaluation 61 2.2.4 Event Tree, Fault Tree, and Bowtie Analysis 64 2.3 Pull and Push Strategies 68 2.3.1 Pull or Push 68 2.3.2 Innovation-push 70 2.3.3 Challenges to Pull and Push 72 Summary 73 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Customer-centric Planning 81 3.1 Goal: Design for Customer 81 3.1.1 Customer-driven Development 81 3.1.2 Product/Process Characteristics 85 3.2 Quality Category to Customer 89 3.2.1 Must-be Quality and Attractive Quality 89 3.2.2 Kano Model 92 3.3 Quality Function Deployment 95 3.3.1 Principle of QFD 95 3.3.2 QFD Applications 98 3.3.3 More Discussion of QFD 100 3.4 Affective Engineering 103 3.4.1 Introduction to Affective Engineering 103 3.4.2 Discussion of AE 106 3.4.3 Applications of AE 108 Summary 110 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Quality Assurance by Design 119 4.1 Design Review Process 119 4.1.1 Introduction to Design Review 119 4.1.2 Design Review Based on Failure Mode 122 4.1.3 Design Review Applications 124 4.2 Design Verification and Validation 125 4.2.1 Prototype Processes 125 4.2.2 Processes of Verification and Validation 128 4.2.3 Discussion of Verification and Validation 131 4.3 Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.1 Principle of Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.2 Considerations to CE 136 4.4 Variation Considerations 139 4.4.1 Recognition of Variation 139 4.4.2 Target Setting with Variation 141 4.4.3 Propagation of Variation 143 4.4.4 Quality and Variation 146 Summary 149 Exercises 150 References 151 5 Proactive Approaches: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Control Plan 157 5.1 Understanding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.1 Principle of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.2 FMEA Development 162 5.1.3 Parameters in FMEA 164 5.2 Pre- and Post-work of FMEA 168 5.2.1 Pre-FMEA Analysis 168 5.2.2 FMEA Follow-up 172 5.3 Implementation of FMEA 176 5.3.1 Considerations in FMEA 176 5.3.2 Applications of FMEA 179 5.4 Control Plan 183 5.4.1 Basics of Control Plan 183 5.4.2 Considerations in Control Plan 186 5.4.3 Applications of Control Plan 188 Summary 190 Exercises 191 References 193 6 Supplier Quality Management and Production Part Approval Process 197 6.1 Introduction to Supplier Quality 197 6.1.1 Supplier Quality Overview 197 6.1.2 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 200 6.2 PPAP Standardized Guideline 205 6.2.1 Concept of PPAP 205 6.2.2 PPAP Elements 208 6.2.3 PPAP Packages 211 6.3 PPAP Elements in a Package 213 6.3.1 Essential Element (Level 1) 213 6.3.2 Level 2 Elements 215 6.3.3 Level 3 Elements 217 6.3.4 Unique Requirements (Levels 4 and 5) 219 6.4 Supplier Quality Assurance 220 6.4.1 PPAP Preparation and Approval 220 6.4.2 Customer and Supplier Teamwork 222 6.4.3 Supplier Quality to Service 227 Summary 229 Exercises 230 References 232 7 Special Analyses and Processes 235 7.1 Measurement System Analysis 235 7.1.1 Measurement System 235 7.1.2 Analysis in MSA 239 7.2 Process Capability Study 244 7.2.1 Principle of Process Capability 244 7.2.2 Process Capability Assessment 247 7.2.3 Production Tryout 249 7.3 Change Management in Development 253 7.3.1 Process of Change Management 253 7.3.2 Considerations in Change Management 256 7.3.3 Advancement of Change Management 259 7.4 Quality System Auditing 260 7.4.1 Roles and Processes of Quality Auditing 260 7.4.2 Types of Quality Audit and Preparation 263 7.4.3 Considerations in Quality Auditing 264 Summary 267 Exercises 269 References 270 8 Quality Management Tools 275 8.1 Problem-solving Process 275 8.1.1 Plan–Do–Check–Act Approach 275 8.1.2 8D Approach 281 8.1.3 Approaches and Tools 286 8.2 Seven Basic Tools 290 8.2.1 Cause-and-effect Diagram 290 8.2.2 Check Sheet 291 8.2.3 Histogram 292 8.2.4 Pareto Chart 294 8.2.5 Scatter Diagram 295 8.2.6 Control Charts 296 8.2.7 Stratification Analysis 298 8.3 Seven Additional Tools 299 8.3.1 Affinity Diagram 299 8.3.2 Relation Diagram 300 8.3.3 Tree Diagram 304 8.3.4 Matrix Chart (Diagram) 305 8.3.5 Network Diagram 306 8.3.6 Prioritization Matrix 308 8.3.7 Process Decision Program Chart 309 Summary 310 Exercises 311 References 313 Acronyms and Glossary 317 Epilogue 321 Index 323
£100.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Renewable Energy Technologies
Book SynopsisRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES With the goal of accelerating the growth of green energy utilization for the sustainability of life on earth, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, goes into the practical applications that can be utilized across multiple disciplines and industries, for both the engineer and the student. Green energy resources are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices for sustainable energy conversion. Due to the energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs, and social issues, green energy resources are being researched, developed, and funded more than ever before. Researchers are facing numerous challenges, but there are new opportunities waiting for green energy resource utilization within the context of environmental and economic sustainability. Efficient energy conversion from solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and others are paramount to this overall mission and the success of Table of ContentsPreface 1. Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized BedSourav Ganguli, Prabhansu and Malay Kr. Karmakar 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mathematical Model 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 2. Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan for Sustainable GrowthHemani Paliwal, Vikramaditya Dave and Sujeet Kumar 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Renewable Energy in India 2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan 2.4 Government Initiatives 2.5 Major Achievements 2.6 Environment Effects 2.7 Conclusion 3. Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges and OpportunitiesJ. N. Roy, Uday Shankar and Ajaykumar Chaurasiya 3.1 Background 3.2 Electricity Access in India 3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy Framework of India 3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System 3.5 Conclusion 4. Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Protection ApplicationsMohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Photocatalysis 4.3 Electrocatalysis 4.4 Supercapacitors 4.5 Conclusions 5. Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction, Working Principle, and Current DevelopmentHirendra Das and Pranayee Datta 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect) 5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells 5.4 Materials for QDSSCs 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 6. Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar StillsSubbarama Kousik Suraparaju and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World 6.3 Significance of Solar Energy -- Indian Scenario 6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy 6.5 Solar Still 6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield in Passive Solar Still 6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity 6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods 6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 7. Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large Windfarms to GridR. Mahalakshmi and K.C. Sindhu Thampatty 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Survey 7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs 7.4 Modeling of System Components 7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance 7.6 Hardware Implementation 7.7 Conclusion 8. Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy ConversionMusademba Downmore, Chihobo Chido H. and Garahwa Zvikomborero 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hydrothermal Processing 8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal Processing (HTP) 8.4 Bio-Methanation Process 8.5 Integrating AD-HTP 8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion 8.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion 8.8 Conclusion 9. Renewable Energy Policies and Standards for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles in IndiaPrateek Srivastava, Shashank Vyas and Nilesh B. Hadiya 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure of the Indian Power System 9.3 Status of RE in India 9.4 Legal Aspects of Electricity and Consumer Rights in India 9.5 Policies, Programs, and Standards Related to Energy Storage and EVs 9.6 Electricity Market-Related Developments for Accommodating More RE 9.7 Conclusion 10. Durable Catalyst Support for PEFC ApplicationP. Dhanasekaran, S. Vinod Selvaganesh and Santoshkumar D. Bhat 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of Fuel Cells and Operating Principle 10.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) 10.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability 10.5 Effect of TiO2 Based Catalysts/Supports for H2-PEFC and DMFC 10.6 Variable Phase of TiO2 Supported Pt Towards Fuel Cell Application 10.7 Influence of Doping in TiO2 Towards ORR 10.8 Influence of Morphology Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction 10.9 Effect of Titania-Carbon Composite Supported Pt Electrocatalyst for PEFC 10.10 PEFC Stack Operation and Durability Studies with Alternate Catalyst Support 10.11 Summary and Way Forward 11. Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: Future of Renewable Energy ResearchDevi Renuka K., Santoshkumar D. Bhat and Sreekuttan M. Unni 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principle of URFC 11.3 Classification of URFCs 11.4 Case Studies on URFCs 11.5 Conclusion 12. Energy Storage for Distributed Energy ResourcesUdaya Bhasker Manthati, Srinivas Punna and Arunkumar C. R. 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 12.3 Power Electronic Interface 12.4 Control of Different HESS Configurations 12.5 Battery Modeling Techniques 12.6 Applications 12.7 Challenges and Future of ESSs 12.8 Conclusions 13. Comprehensive Analysis on DC-Microgrid Application for Remote ElectrificationYugal Kishor, C.H. Kamesh Rao and R.N. Patel 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Background of DC-muG 13.3 DC-μG Architectures 13.4 DC-μG Voltage Polarity 13.5 Single Bus DC-μG 13.6 Radial Architecture of DC-μG 13.7 Ladder Type DC-μG 13.8 Topological Overview of DC-DC Converters 13.9 DC-μG Control Schemes 13.10 Key Challenges and Direction of Future Research 13.11 Conclusions 14. Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air HeaterTabish Alam and Karmveer 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Solar Air Heater (SAH) 14.3 Performance Evaluation of a SAH 14.4 Collector Performance Testing and Prediction 14.5 Performance Enhancement Methods of Solar Air Collector 14.6 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance 14.7 Prediction of Net Effective Efficiency of Conical Protrusion Ribs on Absorber of SAH: A Case Study 14.8 Conclusions 15. Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Load Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrid with Renewable Energy SourcesS. Anbarasi, K. Punitha, S. Krishnaveni and R. Aruna 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources 15.3 Control Strategy for LFC in Micro Grid 15.4 Simulation Results and Discussions: Case Study 15.5 Summary and Future Scope 16. Analysis of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction MachineResmi R. 16.1 Introduction 16.2 A Study on BDFIM 16.3 FEM Analysis of BDFIM Performance 16.4 Fabrication of BDFIM 16.5 Testing of Prototype BDFIM as Motor 16.6 Testing of BDFIM as a Generator 16.7 Conclusion 17. SMC Augmented Droop Control Scheme for Improved Small Signal Stability of Inverter Dominated MicrogridBinu Krishnan U. and Mija S. J. 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Small Signal Model of Droop Controlled MG System 17.3 Droop Controller with SMC 17.4 Conclusion 18. Energy Scenarios Due to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak in HondurasJuan F. Reyez-Meza, Juan G. Elvir-Hernandez, Wilfredo C. Flores, Harold R. Chamorro, Jacobo Aguillon-Garcia, Vijay K. Sood, Kyri Baker, Ameena Al-Sumaiti, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt and Wilmar Martinez 18.1 Introduction 18.2 SPB (Southern Pine Beetle) 18.3 Implementation of Methodology 18.4 Scenario Taking Into Consideration the Energy Demand Conclusions References Appendix Index
£187.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Power System Relaying
Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index
£89.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Reliability Analysis Using MINITAB and Python
Book SynopsisReliability Analysis Using MINITAB and Python Complete overview of the theory and fundamentals of Reliability Analysis applied with Minitab and Python tools Reliability Analysis Using Minitab and Python expertly applies Minitab and Python programs to the field of reliability engineering, presenting basic concepts and explaining step-by-step how to implement statistical distributions and reliability analysis methods using the two programming languages. The textbook enables readers to effectively use software to efficiently process massive amounts of data while also reducing human error. Examples and case studies as well as exercises and questions are included throughout to enable a smooth learning experience. Excel files containing the sample data and Minitab and Python example files are also provided. Students who have basic knowledge of probability and statistics will find this textbook highly approachable. Nonetheless, it also covers material on basic statistics at the beginning, soTable of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Reliability Concepts 1 1.1.1 Reliability in Our Lives 1 1.1.2 History of Reliability 2 1.1.3 Definition of Reliability 2 1.1.4 Quality and Reliability 3 1.1.5 The Importance of Reliability 4 1.2 Failure Concepts 5 1.2.1 Definition of Failure 5 1.2.2 Causes of Failure 5 1.2.3 Types of Failure Time 7 1.2.4 The Reliability Bathtub Curve 12 1.3 Summary 16 2 Basic Concepts of Probability 19 2.1 Probability 19 2.1.1 The Importance of Probability in Reliability 20 2.2 Joint Probability with Independence 20 2.3 Union Probability 21 2.4 Conditional Probability 22 2.5 Joint Probability with Dependence 22 2.6 Mutually Exclusive Events 23 2.7 Complement Rule 24 2.8 Total Probability 24 2.9 Bayes’ Rule 25 2.10 Summary 26 3 Lifetime Distributions 29 3.1 Probability Distributions 29 3.1.1 Random Variables 29 3.2 Discrete Probability Distribution 30 3.3 Continuous Probability Distribution 32 3.3.1 Reliability Concepts 33 3.3.2 Failure Rate 35 3.4 Exponential Distribution 37 3.4.1 Exponential Lack of Memory Property 40 3.4.2 Excel Practice 41 3.4.3 Minitab Practice 41 3.4.4 Python Practice 43 3.5 Weibull Distribution 46 3.5.1 Excel Practice 52 3.5.2 Minitab Practice 52 3.5.3 Python Practice 53 3.6 Normal Distribution 54 3.6.1 Excel Practice 60 3.6.2 Minitab Practice 60 3.6.3 Python Practice 62 3.7 Lognormal Distribution 63 3.7.1 Excel Practice 66 3.7.2 Minitab Practice 66 3.7.3 Python Practice 68 3.8 Summary 70 4 Reliability Data Plotting 77 4.1 Straight Line Properties 77 4.2 Least Squares Fit 79 4.2.1 Excel Practice 81 4.2.2 Minitab Practice 82 4.2.3 Python Practice 82 4.3 Linear Rectification 84 4.4 Exponential Distribution Plotting 84 4.4.1 Excel Practice 92 4.4.2 Minitab Practice 92 4.4.3 Python Practice 94 4.5 Weibull Distribution Plotting 96 4.5.1 Minitab Practice 99 4.5.2 Python Practice 100 4.6 Normal Distribution Plotting 103 4.6.1 Minitab Practice 105 4.6.2 Python Practice 105 4.7 Lognormal Distribution Plotting 106 4.7.1 Minitab Practice 108 4.7.2 Python Practice 110 4.8 Summary 111 5 Accelerated Life Testing 115 5.1 Accelerated Testing Theory 115 5.2 Exponential Distribution Acceleration 117 5.3 Weibull Distribution Acceleration 118 5.3.1 Minitab Practice 119 5.3.2 Python Practice 120 5.4 Arrhenius Model 123 5.4.1 Minitab Practice 125 5.4.2 Python Practice 127 5.5 Summary 129 6 System Failure Modeling 131 6.1 Reliability Block Diagram 131 6.2 Series System Model 132 6.3 Parallel System Model 135 6.4 Combined Serial–Parallel System Model 138 6.5 k-out-of-n System Model 140 6.6 Minimal Paths and Minimal Cuts 142 6.7 Summary 148 7 Repairable Systems 151 7.1 Corrective Maintenance 151 7.2 Preventive Maintenance 152 7.3 Mean Time between Failures 152 7.4 Mean Time to Repair 153 7.5 Availability 153 7.5.1 Inherent Availability 153 7.5.2 Achieved Availability 154 7.5.3 Operational Availability 155 7.5.4 System Availability 156 7.6 Maintainability 156 7.7 Preventive Maintenance Scheduling 157 7.7.1 Python Practice 160 7.8 Summary 161 8 Case Studies 165 8.1 Parametric Reliability Analysis 165 8.1.1 Description of Case Study 166 8.1.2 Minitab Practice 166 8.1.3 Python Practice 177 8.2 Nonparametric Reliability Analysis 184 8.2.1 Description of Case Study 184 8.2.2 Minitab Practice 185 8.2.3 Python Practice 189 8.3 Driverless Car Failure Data Analysis 190 8.3.1 Description of Case Study 190 8.3.2 Minitab Practice 193 8.3.3 Python Practice 199 8.4 Warranty Analysis 202 8.4.1 Description of Case Study 202 8.4.2 Minitab Practice 204 8.5 Stress–Strength Interference Analysis 210 8.5.1 Description of Case Study 210 8.5.2 Minitab Practice 211 8.5.3 Python Practice 213 8.6 Summary 214 Index 219
£88.65
John Wiley & Sons Inc Green Energetic Materials
Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book presents a detailed account of research and recent developments in the field of green energetic materials, including pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Green Energetic Materials 1 Tore Brinck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials 2 1.3 Green Propellants in Civil Space Travel 5 1.3.1 Green Oxidizers to Replace Ammonium Perchlorate 6 1.3.2 Green Liquid Propellants to Replace Hydrazine 8 1.3.3 Electric Propulsion 10 1.4 Conclusions 10 References 11 2 Theoretical Design of Green Energetic Materials: Predicting Stability, Detection, and Synthesis and Performance 15 Tore Brinck and Martin Rahm 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Computational Methods 17 2.3 Green Propellant Components 20 2.3.1 Trinitramide 20 2.3.2 Energetic Anions Rich in Oxygen and Nitrogen 24 2.3.3 The Pentazolate Anion and its Oxy-Derivatives 27 2.3.4 Tetrahedral N4 33 2.4 Conclusions 38 References 39 3 Some Perspectives on Sensitivity to Initiation of Detonation 45 Peter Politzer and Jane S. Murray 3.1 Energetic Materials and Green Chemistry 45 3.2 Sensitivity: Some Background 46 3.3 Sensitivity Relationships 47 3.4 Sensitivity: Some Relevant Factors 48 3.4.1 Amino Substituents 48 3.4.2 Layered (Graphite-Like) Crystal Lattice 49 3.4.3 Free Space in the Crystal Lattice 50 3.4.4 Weak Trigger Bonds 50 3.4.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potentials 51 3.5 Summary 56 Acknowledgments 56 References 57 4 Advances Toward the Development of “Green” Pyrotechnics 63 Jesse J. Sabatini 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 The Foundation of “Green” Pyrotechnics 65 4.3 Development of Perchlorate-Free Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.1 Perchlorate-Free Illuminating Pyrotechnics 67 4.3.2 Perchlorate-Free Simulators 72 4.4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Pyrotechnic Formulations 75 4.4.1 Barium-Free Green-Light Emitting Illuminants 76 4.4.2 Barium-Free Incendiary Compositions 78 4.4.3 Lead-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 80 4.4.4 Chromium-Free Pyrotechnic Compositions 82 4.5 Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds from Pyrotechnic Formulations 83 4.5.1 Chlorine-Free Illuminating Compositions 83 4.6 Environmentally Friendly Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.1 Environmentally Friendly Colored Smoke Compositions 84 4.6.2 Environmentally Friendly White Smoke Compositions 88 4.7 Conclusions 93 Acknowledgments 94 Abbreviations 95 References 97 5 Green Primary Explosives 103 Karl D. Oyler 5.1 Introduction 103 5.1.1 What is a Primary Explosive? 104 5.1.2 The Case for Green Primary Explosives 107 5.1.3 Legacy Primary Explosives 108 5.2 Green Primary Explosive Candidates 110 5.2.1 Inorganic Compounds 111 5.2.2 Organic-Based Compounds 116 5.3 Conclusions 125 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 6 Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 133 Thomas M. Klap€otke and J€org Stierstorfer 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Rationale for the Investigation of Tetrazole N-oxides 133 6.3 Synthetic Strategies for the Formation of Tetrazole N-oxides 136 6.3.1 HOF CH3CN 136 6.3.2 Oxone1 137 6.3.3 CF3COOH/H2O2 138 6.3.4 Cyclization of Azido-Oximes 139 6.4 Recent Examples of Energetic Tetrazole N-oxides 139 6.4.1 Tetrazole N-oxides 140 6.4.2 Bis(tetrazole-N-oxides) 150 6.4.3 5,50-Azoxytetrazolates 164 6.4.4 Bis(tetrazole)dihydrotetrazine and bis(tetrazole)tetrazine N-oxides 170 6.5 Conclusion 173 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 7 Green Propellants Based on Dinitramide Salts: Mastering Stability and Chemical Compatibility Issues 179 Martin Rahm and Tore Brinck 7.1 The Promises and Problems of Dinitramide Salts 179 7.2 Understanding Dinitramide Decomposition 181 7.2.1 The Dinitramide Anion 182 7.2.2 Dinitraminic Acid 184 7.2.3 Dinitramide Salts 185 7.3 Vibrational Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy of ADN and KDN 189 7.4 Anomalous Solid-State Decomposition 192 7.5 Dinitramide Chemistry 194 7.5.1 Compatibility and Reactivity of ADN 194 7.5.2 Dinitramides in Synthesis 196 7.6 Dinitramide Stabilization 198 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 201 8 Binder Materials for Green Propellants 205 Carina Elds€ater and Eva Malmstr€om 8.1 Binder Properties 209 8.2 Inert Polymers for Binders 210 8.2.1 Polybutadiene 210 8.2.2 Polyethers 212 8.2.3 Polyesters and Polycarbonates 213 8.3 Energetic Polymers 215 8.3.1 Nitrocellulose 215 8.3.2 Poly(glycidyl azide) 216 8.3.3 Poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane) 220 8.3.4 Poly(glycidyl nitrate) 221 8.3.5 Poly[3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane] 222 8.4 Energetic Plasticisers 223 8.5 Outlook for Design of New Green Binder Systems 223 8.5.1 Architecture of the Binder Polymer 224 8.5.2 Chemical Composition and Crosslinking Chemistries 225 References 226 9 The Development of Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies for Energetic Materials 235 David E. Chavez 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Explosives 236 9.2.1 Sustainable Manufacturing of Explosives 236 9.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Materials for Initiation 240 9.2.3 Synthesis of Explosive Precursors 244 9.3 Pyrotechnics 246 9.3.1 Commercial Pyrotechnics Manufacturing 246 9.3.2 Military Pyrotechnics 248 9.4 Propellants 249 9.4.1 The “Green Missile” Program 249 9.4.2 Other Rocket Propellant Efforts 250 9.4.3 Gun Propellants 251 9.5 Formulation 253 9.6 Conclusions 254 Acknowledgments 254 Abbreviations and Acronyms 255 References 256 10 Electrochemical Methods for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water 259 Lynne Wallace 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Practical Aspects 260 10.3 Electrosynthesis 262 10.3.1 Electrosynthesis of EM and EM Precursors 262 10.3.2 Electrosynthesis of Useful Reagents 265 10.4 Electrochemical Remediation 266 10.4.1 Direct Electrolysis 267 10.4.2 Indirect Electrolytic Methods 269 10.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils 272 10.4.4 Electrodialysis 273 10.5 Current Developments and Future Directions 273 References 275 Index 281
£108.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biorefineries and Chemical Processes
Book SynopsisAs the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes. Topics covered include: Introduction: An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries. Tools: Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms. Process synthesis and design: Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. DisTrade Review“In conclusion, this book introduces the reader to the rapidly-developing industry of biorefineries, with a multi-disciplinary approach. It is a good resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students who want to learn about biorefineries; it can also be valuable for researchers who are looking to practically apply these analytical tools in their work.” (Green Process Synth, 4 February 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi CompanionWebsite xxiii Nomenclature xxv I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Fundamentals of the Biorefinery Concept 3 1.1.1 Biorefinery Principles 3 1.1.2 Biorefinery Types and Development 4 1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5 1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7 1.3.1 Chemical Nature of Biorefinery Feedstocks 8 1.3.2 Feedstock Characterization 10 1.4 Processes and Platforms 12 1.5 Biorefinery Products 15 1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation for Bio Based Manufacturing 18 1.6.1 Background of Lignin 26 1.7 Electrochemistry Application in Biorefineries 31 1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34 1.9 Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36 1.9.1 Performance Indicators 36 1.9.2 Life Cycle Analysis 38 1.10 Chapters 38 1.11 Summary 38 References 39 II TOOLS 43 2 Economic Analysis 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46 2.2.1 Capital Cost and Battery Limits 46 2.2.2 Cost Index 46 2.2.3 Economies of Scale 47 2.2.4 Operating Cost 48 2.2.5 Cash Flows 49 2.2.6 Time Value of Money 49 2.2.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis and Net Present Value 50 2.2.8 Profitability Analysis 52 2.2.9 Learning Effect 53 2.3 Methodology 54 2.3.1 Capital Cost Estimation 54 2.3.2 Profitability Analysis 55 2.4 Cost Estimation and Correlation 55 2.4.1 Capital Cost 55 2.4.2 Operating Cost 58 2.5 Summary 59 2.6 Exercises 60 References 61 3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Process Integration 64 3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch Technology 65 3.3.1 Data Extraction 66 3.3.2 Construction of Temperature–Enthalpy Profiles 69 3.3.3 Application of the Graphical Approach for Energy Recovery 76 3.4 Utility System 83 3.4.1 Components in Utility System 83 3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery System for Cogeneration 88 3.5.1 Conventional Approach 88 3.5.2 Heuristic Based Approach 88 3.6 Summary 91 References 91 4 Life Cycle Assessment 93 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93 4.2 Policy Context 96 4.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96 4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100 4.5 LCA: Inventory Analysis 104 4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111 4.6.1 Global Warming Potential 114 4.6.2 Land Use 115 4.6.3 Resource Use 119 4.6.4 Ozone Layer Depletion 121 4.6.5 Acidification Potential 123 4.6.6 Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential 126 4.6.7 Aquatic Ecotoxicity 127 4.6.8 Eutrophication Potential 127 4.6.9 Biodiversity 128 4.7 LCA: Interpretation 128 4.7.1 Stand-Alone LCA 128 4.7.2 Accounting LCA 129 4.7.3 Change Oriented LCA 129 4.7.4 Allocation Method 129 4.8 LCIA Methods 130 4.9 Future R&D Needs 145 References 145 5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147 5.1 Data Uncertainty Analysis 147 5.1.1 Dominance Analysis 148 5.1.2 Contribution Analysis 149 5.1.3 Scenario Analysis 151 5.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 153 5.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 154 5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159 5.2.1 Economic Value and Environmental Impact Analysis of Biorefinery Systems 160 5.2.2 Socioeconomic Analysis 163 5.3 Summary 165 References 165 6 Value Analysis 167 6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production (COP) of Process Network Streams 168 6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172 6.2.1 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 173 6.3 Stream Economic Profile 175 6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of Economic Margin of a Process Network 175 6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis 176 6.5.1 Value Analysis to Determine Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Streams to be Profitable or Nonprofitable 181 6.6 Summary 187 References 187 7 Combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190 7.3 Evaluation of Streams 196 7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200 7.5 Product Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201 7.6 Summary 204 References 205 8 Optimization 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Linear Optimization 208 8.2.1 Step 1: Rewriting in Standard LP Format 210 8.2.2 Step 2: Initializing the Simplex Method 211 8.2.3 Step 3: Obtaining an Initial Basic Solution 212 8.2.4 Step 4: Determining Simplex Directions 212 8.2.5 Step 5: Determining the Maximum Step Size by the Minimum Ratio Rule 213 8.2.6 Step 6: Updating the Basic Variables 214 8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218 8.3.1 Gradient Based Methods 219 8.3.2 Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) Algorithm 226 8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or Nonlinear Optimization 239 8.4.1 Branch and Bound Method 240 8.5 Stochastic Method 243 8.5.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 244 8.5.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) Optimization 246 8.5.3 GA in MATLAB 248 8.6 Summary 248 References 248 III PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251 9 Generic Reactors: Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 General Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254 9.3 Combustion 257 9.4 Gasification 258 9.4.1 The Process 258 9.4.2 Types of Gasifier 260 9.4.3 Design Considerations 260 9.5 Pyrolysis 262 9.5.1 What is Bio-Oil? 262 9.5.2 How Is Bio-Oil Obtained from Biomass? 264 9.5.3 How Fast Pyrolysis Works 265 9.6 Summary 270 Exercises 270 References 270 10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Fundamentals of Design Calculation 272 10.2.1 Heat of Combustion 272 10.2.2 Higher and Lower Heating Values 276 10.2.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 278 10.2.4 Theoretical Air-to-Fuel Ratio 279 10.2.5 Cold Gas Efficiency 280 10.2.6 Hot Gas Efficiency 281 10.2.7 Equivalence Ratio 281 10.2.8 Carbon Conversion 282 10.2.9 Heat of Reaction 282 10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282 10.3.1 Combustion Model 282 10.3.2 Gasification Model 283 10.3.3 Pyrolysis Model 289 10.4 Summary 291 Exercises 291 References 292 11 Reaction and Separation Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295 11.1 Chemicals from Biomass: An Overview 296 11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297 11.2.1 An Example of Lactic Acid Production 299 11.2.2 An Example of Succinic Acid Production 304 11.2.3 Heat Transfer Strategies for Reactors 308 11.2.4 An Example of Ethylene Production 309 11.2.5 An Example of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 311 11.3 Controlled Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318 11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive Separation 327 11.4.1 Membrane Based Separations 327 11.4.2 Membrane Filtration 330 11.4.3 Electrodialysis 333 11.4.4 Ion Exchange 334 11.4.5 Integrated Processes 338 11.4.6 Reactive Extraction 341 11.4.7 Reactive Distillation 352 11.4.8 Crystallization 354 11.4.9 Precipitation 360 11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360 11.5.1 An Example of Levulinic Acid Production: The Biofine Process 365 11.6 Summary 368 References 370 12 Polymer Processes 373 12.1 Polymer Concepts 374 12.1.1 Polymer Classification 375 12.1.2 Polymer Properties 376 12.1.3 From Petrochemical Based Polymers to Biopolymers 379 12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385 12.2.1 Starch Polymers 385 12.2.2 Cellulose Polymers 389 12.2.3 Natural Fiber and Lignin Composites 389 12.3 Modeling of Polymerization Reaction Kinetics 391 12.3.1 Chain-Growth or Addition Polymerization 392 12.3.2 Step-Growth Polymerization 396 12.3.3 Copolymerization 398 12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and Biopolymers 400 12.4.1 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Design for Reaction in Gaseous Phase 400 12.4.2 Bioreactor Design for Biopolymer Production – An Example of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 402 12.4.3 Catalytic Reactor Design 403 12.4.4 Energy Transfer Models of Reactors 412 12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and Separation Functionalities 416 12.5.1 Reactive Distillation Column 416 12.5.2 An Example of a Novel Reactor Arrangement 418 12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in Biorefineries 421 12.6.1 Polyesters 421 12.6.2 Polyurethanes 422 12.6.3 Polyamides 422 12.6.4 Polycarbonates 424 12.7 Summary 424 References 424 13 Separation Processes: Carbon Capture 425 13.1 Absorption 426 13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet Synthesis 429 13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431 13.3.1 Design and Operating Regions of RectisolTM Process 433 13.3.2 Energy Consumption of a RectisolTM Process 435 13.4 The SelexolTM Technology 446 13.4.1 SelexolTM Process Parametric Analysis 448 13.5 Adsorption Process 457 13.5.1 Kinetic Modeling of SMR Reactions 458 13.5.2 Adsorption Modeling of Carbon Dioxide 460 13.5.3 Sorption Enhanced Reaction (SER) Process Dynamic Modeling Framework 460 13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion 463 13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471 13.8 Summary 472 References 473 IV BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475 14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer–Tropsch Liquid and Methanol Synthesis 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478 14.2.1 Physical Upgrading 478 14.2.2 Chemical Upgrading 478 14.2.3 Biological Upgrading 480 14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481 14.3.1 The Concept 481 14.3.2 The Economics of Local Distribution of Bio-Oil 482 14.3.3 The Economics of Importing Bio-Oil from Other Countries 483 14.4 Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483 14.4.1 Synthetic Fuel Production 484 14.4.2 Methanol Production 485 14.5 Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil 486 14.5.1 Flowsheet Synthesis and Modeling 486 14.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 488 14.6 Summary 494 References 494 15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane Reactors 497 15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497 15.2 Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499 15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502 15.4 A Coursework Problem 510 15.5 Summary 513 References 514 16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515 16.1 Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for Design, Integration and Analysis 517 16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC Flowsheets 520 16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528 16.4 Analysis of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529 16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy Minimization Modeling 532 16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536 16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet Implementation 537 16.7.1 Mass Balance 539 16.7.2 Electrochemical Descriptions 540 16.7.3 An air Blower Power Consumption 542 16.7.4 Combustor Modeling 543 16.7.5 Energy Balance 543 16.8 Summary 546 References 546 17 Algae Biorefineries 547 17.1 Algae Cultivation 548 17.1.1 Open Pond Cultivation 548 17.1.2 Photobioreactors (PBRs) 556 17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562 17.2.1 Harvesting 562 17.2.2 Extraction 570 17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570 17.3.1 Biodiesel Process 570 17.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification 572 17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572 17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575 17.6 Summary 579 References 579 18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581 18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582 18.1.1 Elementary Reaction Mechanism and Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling of the Biodiesel Production System 582 18.1.2 Solution Strategy for the Rate Equations Resulting from the Elementary Reaction Mechanism 590 18.1.3 Correlation between Concentration and Activity of Species Using the UNIQUAC Contribution Method 591 18.1.4 An Example of EXCEL Spreadsheet Based UNIQUAC Calculation for a Biodiesel Production System is Shown in Detail for Implementation in Online Resource Material, Chapter 18 – Additional Exercises and Examples 592 18.1.5 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling Framework 592 18.2 Diffusion Modeling 595 18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598 18.3.1 Dimensionless Physical Parameter Groups 606 18.4 Summary 612 References 612 V ONLINE RESOURCES Web Chapter 1: Waste and Emission Minimization Web Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems Web Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis Case Study 1: Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem – LCA and Cost Analysis Case Study 2: Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP and Agricultural Application System – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach Case Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturing Index 613
£80.06
Taylor & Francis Ltd Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation
Book SynopsisThis book discusses clean coal technology (CCT), the latest generation of coal technology that controls pollutants and performs with improved generating efficiency. CCT involves processes that effectively control emissions and result in highly efficient combustion without significantly contributing to global warming. Basic principles, operational aspects, current status, on-going developments and future directions are covered. The recent concept of viewing carbon dioxide as a commodity, and implementing CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) instead of CCS for deriving several benefits is also discussed, as is the implementation of CCT in countries with large coal reserves and that utilize large quantities of coal for their energy supply. These countries are also the foremost CO2 emitters globally and their energy policies are crucial to international efforts to combat global warming. This work will be beneficial for students and professionals in the fields of fuel, mTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Global Primary energy consumption 3. Coal: Formation, Classification, Reserves & Production 4. Natural gas: Reserves, emissions and costs 5. Pollution from Coal Combustion 6. Coal Treatment & Emissions Control methods 7. Coal-based Power generation 8. Advanced Coal Power plant Technologies Section A: Coal combustion technologies, Section B: Coal conversion technologies 9. Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage 10. Coal-to-Liquid fuels 11. CCTs in Developing Countries 12. Outlook for Coal-based Power generation. Annexures.
£99.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Red Sea Geothermal Provinces
Book SynopsisâœToday, over two billion people in developing countries live without any electricity. They lead lives of misery, walking miles every day for water and firewood, just to survive. What if there was an existing, viable technology, that when developed to its highest potential could increase everyoneâs standard of living, cut fossil fuel demand and the resultant pollutionâ said Peter Meisen, President, Global Energy Network Institute in 1997. Even though energy is available, technology was not matured enough to tap this energy in the nineties. Now, with the advancement of drilling technology, extracting heat from hot rocks has become a reality. Very soon when CO2 replaces the circulation fluid to extract heat from granites then both fossil fuel based and renewable energy sources will coexists balancing the CO2 emissions and providing energy, food and water security to the rich and the poor countries. Red Sea rift represents the youngest spreading ridges in the world with a vast amount of heat energy stored on either side. The Red Sea is surrounded by countries with a weak economy. Developing a geothermal energy based economy in countries like Eritrea, Djibouti and Ethiopia will provide food and water security to these countries while for other countries, geothermal energy will help in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Although geothermal energy sources are available in all the countries since the opening of the Red Sea, millions of years ago, this was not brought to the light. Oil importing countries became highly dependent on the oil rich countries to sustain their economy and growth and thus remained poor. This book unfolds the huge energy source, hydrothermal and EGS, for the benefit of the poor countries to reduce poverty and lift the socio economic status of these countries. The book deals with i) future energy demand, ii) CO2 emissions associated with fossil fuel based power plants, iii) black carbon emissions associated biomass energy source and iv) strategies to reduce CO2 emissions by using geothermal energy as energy source mix in all the countriesâoil exporting and oil importing countriesâ around the Red Sea. The amount of energy available from hot granites in all the countries is well documented. EGS being the future energy source for mankind, this book will form the basis for future research by young scientists and academicians. Availability of fresh water is a matter of concern for all countries. The only way to satisfy the thirst of a growing population, to meet drinking water demand and food security, is to depend on seawater. A large volume of CO2 is being emitted from desalination plants supported by fossil fuel based energy sources. This book describes the advantages of using geothermal energy sources for the desalination process to meet the growing water and food demand of the countries around the Red Sea. Oil rich countries, using its geothermal resources, can now reduce food imports and become self sufficient in food production.This book gives hope for millions of children living in the underdeveloped countries around the Red Sea to satisfy their hunger and live a decent life with a continuous source of electricity, water and food available. This book ends with a note on the economic benefits of geothermal energy vs other renewables. With the signing of the GGA (Global Geothermal Alliance) by several countries during the December 2015 CoP 21 summit in Paris, policy makers and administrators will work together in implementing the necessary infrastructure and support to develop this clean energy source.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Electricity demand and energy sources 3. Carbon dioxides emission 4. Geothermal provinces 5. CO2 mitigation strategy 6. Exploration techniques 7. Power generation techniques 8. Direct application of geothermal resources 9. Enhanced Geothermal Systems
£114.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Low Energy Low Carbon Architecture
Book SynopsisProviding a complete and in-depth overview of the available knowledge in the area of low energy and low carbon architecture. The scope of this edited book includes several important topics ranging from chapters giving a broad view of the progressing models in ecologically responsible environments to other chapters focussing on recent advances in design strategies and building technologies in low energy heating, cooling, daylighting, materials, and building sustainable systems. Two other essential topics are covered, providing a link between theory and implementation: sustainable energy policies/standards and performance modeling in low energy architecture. Finally, the book will give the readers insight into the future of low energy and low carbon architecture in the beyond-green era and discussed in the broader context of the progressing theories of regenerative design. Table of ContentsIntroductionEcologically responsible environmentsSustainable energy policies and standardsLow energy architecture in hot climatesLow energy architecture in cold climatesDaylighting strategies for low energy architectureComfort models in low energy architectureSustainable advanced building materials Building energy efficient HVAC systemsBuilding integrated photovoltaicsPerformance modeling in low energy architectureBeyond green, the regenerative design
£118.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Power Engineering Control and Information
Book SynopsisEfficient and rational use of energy is one of the main challenges at present to develop a sustainable society. Long-term economic growth is only possible with the application of technological improvements in the use of energy. This book is discussing geotechnical systems with large potential for enhancing energy efficiency. Modern manufacturing processes are complex and make ever increasing demands on the use of energy. This work involves multidisciplinary collaboration and research on aspects of energy use in geotechnical systems. The work provides many practical examples and illustrative material and it effectively connects theoretical and practical aspects of efficiency improvement of geotechnical systems. Benefiting from authors' extensive experience in industry and academia it brings together comprehensive technical information on reducing energy consumption. It provides valuable information covering operation of mine equipment and installations and features some topics never Table of ContentsTraction and energy characteristics of no-contact electric mining locomotives with AC current thyristor converters – G. Pivnyak, M. Rogoza, Yu. Papaika & A. Lysenko Universal model of the galvanic battery as a tool for calculations of electric vehicles – O. Beshta, A. Albu, A. Balakhontsev & V. Fedoreyko Binarization algorithm of rock photo images on inhomogeneous background - P. Pilov, M. Alekseyev & I. UdovikCompensation of the cogging torque by means of control system for transverse flux motor – E. Nolle, O. Beshta & M. Kuvaiev Control of tandem-type two-wheel vehicle at various notion modes along spatial curved lay of line – O. Beshta, V. Kravets, К. Bas, Т. Kravets & L. Tokar Independent power supply of menage objects based on biosolid oxide fuel systems – O. Beshta, V. Fedoreyko, A. Palchyk & N. Burega The use of asymmetric power supply during the procedure of equivalent circuit parameters identification of squirrel-cage induction motor – O. Beshta & A. Semin Underground metal pipeline which contains insulating elements and is under the influence of ac current – A. Aziukovskyi Energy indexes of modern skip lifting plants of coal mines – Yu. Razumniy & A. RukhlovInformational and methodological support for energy efficiency control – N. Dreshpak & S. Vypanasenko Implementation of the insulation resistance control method for high-voltage grids of coal mines – F. Sckrabets & A. Ostapchuk Comparative analysis of methods for estimating the hurst acoustic signal whenever feed rate control in jet mills provided – M. Alekseyev & L. Berdnik Automatic control of coal shearer providing effective use of installed power – V. Tkachev, N. Stadnik & A. BublikovSelf-regulation of loading efficiency of a screw of a cutter-loader with controlled cutting drive – V. Tkachov, А. Bublikov & L. Tokar
£114.00
Amsterdam University Press The Tesla Revolution: Why Big Oil is Losing the
Book SynopsisThough oil prices have been on a downward trajectory in recent months, that doesn't obscure the fact that fossil fuels are finite, and we will eventually have to grapple with the end of their dominance. At the same time, however, skepticism about the alternatives remains: we've never quite achieved the promised 'too cheap to meter' power of the future, be it nuclear, solar, or wind. And hydrogen and bio-based fuels are thus far a disappointment. So what does the future of energy look like? The Tesla Revolution has the answers. In clear, unsensational style, Willem Middelkoop and Rembrandt Koppelaar offer a layman's tour of the energy landscape, now and to come. They show how rapid technological advances in batteries and solar technologies are already driving large-scale transformations in power supply, while economic and geopolitical changes, combined with a growing political awareness that there are alternatives to fossil fuels will combine in the coming years to bring an energy revolution ever closer. Within in our lifetimes, the authors argue, we will see changes that will reshape economics, the balance of political power, and even the most mundane aspects of our daily lives. Determinedly forward-looking and optimistic, though never straying from hard facts, The Tesla Revolution paints a striking picture of our global energy future.Table of ContentsPrologue 7 Special Introduction 13 Chapter 1 — The Tesla Revolution 27 Chapter 2 — A History of Fossil Fuel Dominance 85 Chapter 3 — The Petrodollar and the Geopolitics of Oil 121 Chapter 4 — Peak Oil Revisited: The End of Cheap Oil 145 Chapter 5 — Climate Change and the World of Energy 181 Chapter 6 — What Will the Energy Mix of the Future Be? 209 Epilogue 253 Appendix 257 References Prologue 261
£24.65
Oxford University Press Inc Conservation Economics Science and Policy
Book SynopsisA unified theory of conservation that addresses the broad problem of conservation, the principles that inform conservation choices, and the application of those principles to the management of the natural world.The conservation of natural resources, like that of any other asset, involves trade-offs. Yet, in a world faced with the harsh realities of climate change, crafting the right environmental policies is an increasingly urgent task. In Conservation, Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig bring together new research in economics and biodiversity to investigate conservation decisions and the theory behind them.Perrings and Kinzig apply the concept of conservation broadly to examine how the principles of conservation apply to the management of the natural world. They demonstrate that the same basic principles serve as the foundation of all rational conservation decisions, from managing financial assets to safeguarding at-risk ecosystems. Whether someone is deciding to hold or dispose of a stock or whether to exploit or preserve a natural resource, they are better off choosing to conserve a resource when its value to them, if conserved, is greater than its value when converted. The book also considers the context of such conservation decisions. Just as national tax rules influence choices about financial investments, environmental regulations within countries, and environmental agreements between countries, impact the decisions regarding natural resources. Building on their basic theory of conservation, Perrings and Kinzig address key issues in the field of environmental economics, including the valuation of ecosystem services and environmental assets; the limits on the substitutability of produced and natural capital; and the challenges posed by the often weak markets for ecosystem services oriented toward the public good. They also address the problem of scale: while decisions might be easier to make at the local level, many conservation policies need to apply at either the national or international level to succeed. Written by experts from both social and hard sciences, this book presents a unified theory of conservation and provides a model for a more effective way to approach the vitally important issue.Trade ReviewThis is a remarkably learned, informative, and useful book that will work well in graduate courses. Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals. * R. M. Whaples, Wake Forest University, CHOICE *Table of ContentsPREFACE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ACRONYMS CHAPTER 1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The biological record 1.3 Implications for conservation 1.4 Plan of the book PART I THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF CONSERVATION CHAPTER 2 THE DECISION PROBLEM 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elements of the decision problem 2.3 A numerical example-the wine storage problem 2.4 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 3 HOTELLING CONSERVATION 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Hotelling arbitrage condition 3.3 The Hotelling prices and quantities 3.4 Renewable natural resources and the Hotelling arbitrage condition 3.5 Connecting the Hotelling theory of conservation to Conservation Biology 3.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 4 THE CONSERVATION RENEWABLE RESOURCES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Marine capture fisheries 4.3 Forests and forestry 4.4 Rangelands 4.5 Summary and conclusions PART II VALUATION CHAPTER 5 THE VALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The basis of value 5.3 Ecosystem services and the value of non-marketed environmental resources 5.4 The valuation of provisioning and cultural services 5.5 The valuation of regulating services 5.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 6 THE VALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sustainability and the value of environmental assets 6.3 The value of environmental assets in the national accounts 6.4 Inclusive wealth 6.5 Environmental assets and total factor productivity 6.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 7 SUBSTITUTABILITY AND THE VALUATION OF NATURAL CAPITAL 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Substitution in production 7.3 Substitution in a generalized model of joint production 7.3 Substitution and public goods 7.4 Net substitutes and complements 7.5 Conditional substitutes and complements 7.6 Summary and conclusions PART III ALIGNING THE PRIVATE AND SOCIAL VALUE OF NATURAL RESOURCES CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC GOODS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The optimal provision of public goods 8.3 Types of public good 8.4 Strategic behavior and the provision of public goods 8.5 Resolving the public good problem 8.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The nature of environmental externalities 9.3 Unidirectional externalities 9.4 Positional externalities 9.5 Public externalities 9.6 Aligning private and social value 9.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 10 POVERTY, VALUE, AND CONSERVATION 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Income effects and poverty 10.3 Poverty-population-environment 10.4 Per capita income growth and conservation 10.5 Wealth, property rights, and conservation 10.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 11 CONSERVATION IN PROTECTED AREAS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Protected area design: ecological principles 11.3 Protected area design: economic principles 11.4 Protected areas and the supply of ecosystem services 11.5 Protected areas and poverty 11.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 12 CONSERVATION BEYOND PROTECTED AREAS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Conservation of threatened wild species outside protected areas 12.3 Conservation in agriculture 12.4 Habitat substitutability 12.5 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 13 CONSERVATION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Property rights 13.3 Legal restrictions on land use 13.4 Environmental offsets 13.5 Economic incentives 13.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 14 CONSERVATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Migratory species 14.3 Transboundary and linked ecosystems 14.4 Trade, travel, and the movement of species 14.5 Strategic behavior and transboundary conservation 14.6 Funding conservation as a global public good 14.6 Summary and conclusions CHAPTER 15 CONSERVATION IN THE FUTURE 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Environmental trends 15.3 Economic trends 15.4 The population affected by conservation decisions 15.5 The optimal scale at which to conserve and the governance of conservation Index
£66.97
St Martin's Press Hot Flat and Crowded 20 Why We Need a Green
Book SynopsisA New York Times Book Review Notable Book of the Year A Washington Post Best Book of the Year A Businessweek Best Business Book of the Year A Chicago Tribune Best Book of the Year In this brilliant, essential book, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Thomas L. Friedman speaks to America's urgent need for national renewal and explains how a green revolution can bring about both a sustainable environment and a sustainable America. Friedman explains how global warming, rapidly growing populations, and the expansion of the world's middle class through globalization have produced a dangerously unstable planet--one that is hot, flat, and crowded. In this Release 2.0 edition, he also shows how the very habits that led us to ravage the natural world led to the meltdown of the financial markets and the Great Recession. The challenge of a sustainable way of life presents the United States with an opportunity not onl
£16.00
WW Norton & Co Great Transition
Book SynopsisThe great energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy is under way.
£16.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Renewable Energy and Climate Change
Book SynopsisRenewable Energy is a clear introduction to the topics of climate protection and renewable energy, demonstrating the correlations between use of energy, energy prices, and climate change. It evaluates and analyzes the current world situation, whilst also giving essential and practical guidance on personal climate protection.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Our Hunger for Energy 1 1.1 Energy Supply – Yesterday and Today 2 1.1.1 From the French Revolution to the Early 20th Century 2 1.1.2 The Era of Black Gold 4 1.1.3 Natural Gas – the Newest Fossil Energy Source 7 1.1.4 Nuclear Power – Split Energy 9 1.1.5 The Century of Fossil Energy 12 1.2 Energy Needs – Who Needs What, Where and How Much? 13 1.3 ‘Anyway’ Energy 16 1.4 Energy Supplies – Wealth Forever 19 1.5 The End of Fission 21 1.6 Oil Prices Today – Politics, Supply and Demand 22 2 The Climate Before the Collapse? 24 2.1 It Is Getting Warm – Climate Changes Today 24 2.1.1 The Ice is Slowly Melting 24 2.1.2 Natural Catastrophes Occur More Frequently 26 2.2 The Guilty Parties – Causes of Climate Change 29 2.2.1 The Greenhouse Effect 29 2.2.2 The Prime Suspect: Carbon Dioxide 30 2.2.3 Other Culprits 34 2.3 Outlook and Recommendations – What Lies Ahead? 37 2.3.1 Will It be Bitterly Cold in Europe? 39 2.3.2 Recommendations for Effective Climate Protection 42 2.4 Diffi cult Birth – Politics and Climate Change 42 2.4.1 German Climate Policy 42 2.4.2 International Climate Policy 44 2.5 Self-Help Climate Protection 46 3 From Wasting Energy to Saving Energy and Reducing Carbon Dioxide 47 3.1 Less Effi cient – Energy Use and Waste Today 47 3.2 Personal Energy Needs – Easily Saved at Home 50 3.2.1 Domestic Electricity – Money Wasted 50 3.2.2 Heat – Surviving the Winter with Almost No Heating 54 3.2.3 Transport – Getting Somewhere Using Less Energy 58 3.3 Industry and Co – Everyone Else is to Blame 61 3.4 The Personal Carbon Dioxide Record 62 3.4.1 Emissions Caused Directly by One’s Own Activities 62 3.4.2 Indirectly Caused Emissions 63 3.4.3 Total Emissions 65 3.5 The Sale of Ecological Indulgences 67 4 Carbon-Free Energy – Vision or Utopia? 70 4.1 Options for Carbon-Free Energy Supply 70 4.1.1 Effi cient Power Plants – More Power with Less Carbon Dioxide 70 4.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestering – Away with Carbon Dioxide 72 4.1.3 Nuclear Energy – Squeaky Clean 74 4.1.4 Combined Heat and Power – Using Fuel Twice 75 4.1.5 Saving Energy – Achieving More with Less 76 4.2 Renewable Energy Sources – No End to What is Available 77 4.3 Options for Protecting the Climate 79 4.3.1 Down with Primary Energy Needs 79 4.3.2 Electricity Generation Totally Without Nuclear and Fossil Power Plants 81 4.3.3 Insulation and Renewable Energies to Provide Heat 82 4.3.4 Increasing Effi ciency and New Concepts for Traffic 83 4.4 Reliable Supply Using Renewable Energies 84 5 Photovoltaics – Energy from Sand 87 5.1 Structure and Function 88 5.1.1 Electrons, Holes and Space-Charge Regions 88 5.1.2 Effi ciency, Characteristics and MPP 90 5.2 Production of Solar Cells – from Sand to Cell 92 5.2.1 Silicon Solar Cells – Electricity from Sand 92 5.2.2 From Cell to Module 94 5.2.3 Thin Film Solar Cells 95 5.3 Photovoltaic Systems – Networks and Islands 96 5.3.1 Sun Islands 96 5.3.2 Sun in the Grid 99 5.4 Planning and Design 103 5.4.1 Planned on the Grid 103 5.4.2 Planned Islands 107 5.5 Economics 109 5.5.1 What Does It Cost? 109 5.5.2 Incentive Schemes 111 5.6 Ecology 112 5.7 Photovoltaic Markets 113 5.8 Outlook and Development Potential 114 6 Solar Thermal Systems – Year-Round Heating from the Sun 116 6.1 Structure and Functionality 118 6.2 Solar Collectors – Collecting the Sun 120 6.2.1 Swimming Pool Absorbers 120 6.2.2 Flat-Plate Collectors 121 6.2.3 Air-Based Collectors 122 6.2.4 Vacuum-Tube Collectors 123 6.3 Solar Thermal Systems 125 6.3.1 Hot Water from the Sun 125 6.3.2 Heating with the Sun 128 6.3.3 Solar Communities 130 6.3.4 Cooling with the Sun 130 6.3.5 Swimming with the Sun 131 6.3.6 Cooking with the Sun 133 6.4 Planning and Design 133 6.4.1 Solar Thermal Heating of Domestic Hot Water 134 6.4.2 Solar Thermal Heating as Support Heating 136 6.5 Economics 138 6.6 Ecology 139 6.7 Solar Thermal Markets 140 6.8 Outlook and Development Potential 142 7 Solar Power Plants – Even More Energy from the Sun 144 7.1 Concentration on the Sun 145 7.2 Solar Power Plants 147 7.2.1 Parabolic Trough Power Plants 147 7.2.2 Solar Tower Power Plants 150 7.2.3 Dish-Stirling Power Plants 153 7.2.4 Solar Chimney Power Plants 153 7.2.5 Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Plants 155 7.2.6 Solar Chemistry 155 7.3 Planning and Design 156 7.3.1 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants 157 7.3.2 Solar Chimney Power Plants 158 7.3.3 Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Plants 158 7.4 Economics 158 7.5 Ecology 160 7.6 Solar Power Plant Markets 161 7.7 Outlook and Development Potential 162 8 Wind Power Systems – Electricity from Thin Air 165 8.1 Gone with the Wind – Where the Wind Comes From 166 8.2 Utilizing Wind 168 8.3 Installations and Parks 173 8.3.1 Wind Chargers 173 8.3.2 Grid-Connected Wind Turbines 174 8.3.3 Wind Farms 178 8.3.4 Offshore Wind Farms 179 8.4 Planning and Design 182 8.5 Economics 184 8.6 Ecology 187 8.7 Wind Power Markets 188 8.8 Outlook and Development Potential 189 9 Hydropower Plants – Wet Energy 191 9.1 Tapping into the Water Cycle 192 9.2 Water Turbines 194 9.3 Hydropower Plants 197 9.3.1 Run-of-River Power Plants 197 9.3.2 Storage Power Plants 198 9.3.3 Pumped-Storage Power Plants 200 9.3.4 Tidal Power Plants 201 9.3.5 Wave Power Plants 202 9.3.6 Ocean Current Power Plants 203 9.4 Planning and Design 204 9.5 Economics 206 9.6 Ecology 206 9.7 Hydropower Markets 207 9.8 Outlook and Development Potential 209 10 Geothermal Energy – Power from the Deep 210 10.1 Tapping into the Earth’s Heat 210 10.2 Geothermal Heat and Power Plants 215 10.2.1 Geothermal Heat Plants 215 10.2.2 Geothermal Power Plants 216 10.2.3 Geothermal HDR Power Plants 218 10.3 Planning and Design 219 10.4 Economics 220 10.5 Ecology 220 10.6 Geothermal Markets 221 10.7 Outlook and Development Potential 222 11 Heat Pumps – from Cold to Hot 223 11.1 Heat Sources for Low-Temperature Heat 223 11.2 Working Principle of Heat Pumps 226 11.2.1 Compression Heat Pumps 226 11.2.2 Absorption Heat Pumps and Adsorption Heat Pumps 227 11.3 Planning and Design 228 11.4 Economics 232 11.5 Ecology 233 11.6 Heat Pump Markets 235 11.7 Outlook and Development Potential 236 12 Biomass – Energy from Nature 237 12.1 Origins and Use of Biomass 238 12.2 Biomass Heating 241 12.2.1 Wood as a Fuel 241 12.2.2 Fireplaces and Closed Woodburning Stoves 245 12.2.3 Firewood Boilers 245 12.2.4 Wood Pellet Heating 246 12.3 Biomass Heat and Power Plants 248 12.4 Biofuels 250 12.4.1 Bio-oil 251 12.4.2 Biodiesel 251 12.4.3 Bioethanol 252 12.4.4 BtL Fuels 253 12.4.5 Biogas 254 12.5 Planning and Design 255 12.5.1 Firewood Boilers 256 12.5.2 Wood Pellet Heating 256 12.6 Economics 259 12.7 Ecology 260 12.7.1 Solid Fuels 260 12.7.2 Biofuels 262 12.8 Biomass Markets 263 12.9 Outlook and Development Potential 264 13 The Hydrogen Industry and Fuel Cells 265 13.1 Hydrogen as an Energy Source 266 13.1.1 Production of Hydrogen 267 13.1.2 Storage and Transport of Hydrogen 269 13.2 Fuel Cells: Bearers of Hope 270 13.3 Economics 272 13.4 Ecology 273 13.5 Markets, Outlook and Development Potential 274 14 Sunny Prospects – Examples of Sustainable Energy Supply 276 14.1 Climate-Compatible Living 276 14.1.1 Carbon-Neutral Standard Prefabricated Houses 277 14.1.2 Plus-Energy Solar House 278 14.1.3 Plus-Energy Housing Estate 279 14.1.4 Heating Only with the Sun 279 14.1.5 Zero Heating Costs after Redevelopment 280 14.2 Working and Producing in Compatibility with the Climate 281 14.2.1 Offi ces and Shops in Solar Ship 281 14.2.2 Zero-Emissions Factory 282 14.2.3 Carbon-Free Heavy Equipment Factory 283 14.3 Climate-Compatible Driving 284 14.3.1 Waste Gas-Free Electropower 284 14.3.2 Travelling around the World in a Solar Mobile 285 14.3.3 Across Australia in Thirty-Three Hours 286 14.3.4 Game over CO2! 287 14.4 Climate-Compatible Travel by Water or Air 288 14.4.1 Modern Shipping 288 14.4.2 Solar Ferry on Lake Constance 289 14.4.3 World Altitude Record with a Solar Aeroplane 290 14.4.4 Flying around the World in a Solar Plane 291 14.4.5 Flying for Solar Kitchens 292 14.5 Carbon-Free Electricity for an Island 293 14.6 All’s Well that Ends Well 294 Appendix 296 A.1 Energy Units and Prefixes 296 A.2 Geographic Coordinates of Energy Power Plants 297 References 300 Index 303
£68.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biorefinery CoProducts
Book SynopsisIn order to successfully compete as a sustainable energy source, the value of biomass must be maximized through the production of valuable co-products in the biorefinery.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii 1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology 1 Mahmoud A. Sharara, Edgar C. Clausen and Danielle Julie Carrier 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Feedstock 2 1.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 4 1.4 Biochemical Conversion 10 1.5 Conclusion 15 2 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites 19 Chantal Bergeron 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Primary Metabolites 20 2.3 Secondary Metabolites 23 2.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds 35 2.5 Conclusion 35 3 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries 37 Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Conventional Separation Approaches 39 3.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 45 3.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries 46 3.5 Summary 49 4 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective 55 Kent Rausch 4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes 55 4.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn 63 4.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery 71 4.4 Conclusions 86 5 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems 93 Nurhan Turgut Dunford 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Cereals 95 5.3 Oilseed Biorefineries 102 5.4 Conclusions 108 6 Bioactive Soy Co-Products 117 Arvind Kannan, Srinivas Rayaprolu and Navam Hettiarachchy 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries 119 6.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products 122 6.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products 123 6.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery – Nanoencapsulation 126 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 127 7 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing 133 Juliana M. Prado and M. Angela A. Meireles 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake 135 7.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts 138 7.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids 143 7.5 Conclusions 148 8 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing 153 John A. Manthey 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams 154 8.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products 163 8.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products 165 8.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts 170 8.6 Conclusion 171 9 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses 179 Bryan D. Bals, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Methods of Separating Protein 181 9.3 Protein Concentration 185 9.4 Uses for Leaf Protein 187 9.5 Integration with Biofuel Production 189 9.6 Conclusions 192 10 Phytochemicals from Algae 199 Liam Brennan, Anika Mostaert, Cormac Murphy and Philip Owende 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals 203 10.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 213 10.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 220 10.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds 224 10.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution 228 10.7 Conclusions 228 11 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 241 Francois Simard, Andre Pichette and Jean Legault 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 243 11.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest 250 11.4 Conclusion 253 12 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark 259 Michelle Co and Charlotta Turner 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark 261 12.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch 267 12.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants 270 12.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 272 12.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives 278 13 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract 287 Abigail S. Engelberth and G. Peter van Walsum 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Hemicellulose Recovery 289 13.3 Hemicellulose Conversion 295 13.4 Process Economics 305 13.5 Conclusion 306 14 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts 311 Mamdouh Abou-Zaid and Ian M. Scott 14.1 Introduction 311 14.2 Overview of Forest Feedstock 312 14.3 Pyrolysis Technology 317 14.4 Prospects for Fuel Production 317 14.5 Chemicals in the Bio-Oil 318 14.6 Valuable Chemical Recovery Process 320 14.7 Selected Phytochemicals from Pyrolysis Bio-Oils 321 14.8 Other Products 322 14.9 Future Prospects 323 15 Char from Sugarcane Bagasse 327 K. Thomas Klasson 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 Sugarcane Bagasse Availability 330 15.3 Thermal Processing in an Inert Atmosphere (Pyrolysis) 331 15.4 Technology for Converting Char to Activated Char 332 15.5 Char and Activated-Char Characterization and Implications for Use 333 15.6 Uses of Bagasse Char and Activated Char 343 15.7 Conclusions 345 References 345 Index 351
£103.50
University of British Columbia Press Sustainable Energy Transitions in Canada
Book SynopsisSustainable Energy Transitions in Canada brings together experts from across the country to share their perspectives on how energy systems can respond to climate change, enhance social justice, respect local cultures and traditions – and still make financial sense.Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments Introduction: Climate Change, Decarbonization, and Energy Sustainability MARK S. WINFIELD, STEPHEN D. HILL, and JAMES R. GAEDE1 Accelerating Low-Carbon Energy Transitions JAMES MEADOWCROFT and DANIEL ROSENBLOOM 2 Modelling Energy Transitions: Exploring Pathways to Decarbonization through Energy Systems IntegrationMADELEINE McPHERSON3 The Role of Community Energy Planning in Energy Transition ManagementKIRBY CALVERT 4 Energy Justice and Poverty: A Case Study for OntarioTHERESA McCLENAGHAN, ZEE BHANJI, JACQUELINE WILSON, AND MARY TODOROW 5 Decolonizing Sustainable Energy Policy in CanadaHEATHER CASTLEDEN 6 Energy and Climate Policy IntersectionsDOUGLAS C. MACDONALD and MARK S. WINFIELD7 Sustainable Energy in Canadian Territorial Communities: An Opportunity for Transformative Change or Stalled on the Margins? ALEXANDRA MALLETT, JESSICA LEIS, ROSA BROWN, DAVID CODZI, and JIMMY ARQVIQ 8 Megaprojects and Community Power: Managing Tensions and Alignments in Atlantic Canada’s Energy TransitionBRENDAN HALEY, ANGELA CARTER, MICHELLE ADAMS, and NICHOLAS MERCER 9 The Quebec Energy System: How to Optimize Its Low-Carbon Advantage? PIERRE-OLIVIER PINEAU and JOHANNE WHITMORE 10 Ontario: Transitioning in Reverse?STEPHEN D. HILL, MARK S. WINFIELD, and JAMES R. GAEDE 11 Alberta’s Quiet but Resilient Electricity Transition BENJAMIN J. THIBAULT, TIM WEIS, and ANDREW LEACH 12 Subnational Climate Policy Leadership in British Columbia: Past, Present, and Potential Futures AARON PARDY, THOMAS BUDD, and MARK JACCARD 13 Decarbonizing Residential Heating: The Fossil Gas ChallengeRICHARD CARLSON 14 Transportation, Energy, and Climate ChangeCOLLEEN KAISER and MARK PURDON Conclusion: Pathways to Sustainable Energy Transitions MARK S. WINFIELD, STEPHEN D. HILL, and JAMES R. GAEDE Contributors Index
£35.10
University of Oklahoma Press A Field Guide to American Windmills
Book Synopsis
£79.00
Hoover Institution Press,U.S. Game Changers Energy on the Move
Book SynopsisIt is becoming increasingly obvious that the United States needs reliable and inexpensive energy to propel the economy and protect national security interests. Game Changers presents five research and development efforts from American universities that offer a cheaper, cleaner, and more secure national energy system.
£13.46
New Society Publishers Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook
Book Synopsis What book would you want if you were stranded on a desert island? Widely regarded as the ''bible'' of off-grid living, The Solar Living Sourcebook might be your best choice. With over 600,000 copies in print worldwide, it is the most comprehensive resource available for anyone interested in lessening their environmental footprint and increasing their energy independence. The Solar Living Sourcebook-14th Edition is the ultimate guide to renewable energy, sustainable living, natural and green building, off-grid living and alternative transportation, written by experts with decades of experience and a passion for sharing their knowledge. This fully revised and updated edition includes brand new sections on permaculture and urban homesteading, and completely rewritten chapters on solar technology, sustainable transportation and relocalization. It also boasts greatly expanded material on: Natural Building Permaculture and biodynamics Trade ReviewThe essential guide to energy independence -- fully revised and updated "...an owner's manual for regenerating our earth, skies and water... a masterwork on rehabitation...the best manual you could possibly want." ---Paul Hawken, Project Drawdown, and author, Blessed Unrest "...I have always recommended the Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook as the #1 source, indeed the Bible, for all things solar and sustainable. Bravo to the 14th edition, it's the best one yet!"---Ed Begley Jr., actor, environmental activist "...the best single source I've ever found on the technologies, philosophies, and the lifestyle changes we must embrace in order for our species to survive and thrive into the future." ---Woody Harrelson, environmentalist, actor "...the most comprehensive, enlightening & entertaining resource in the world...an indispensable resource on the bookshelf of anyone seriously interested in helping save our habitat."---Bryan Welch, publisher, Mother Earth News, and author, Beautiful and Abundant: Building the World We Want "This masterful compendium pulls it all together and gives everyone what we need to get off the grid and democratize clean energy." ---Kenny Ausubel, CEO and founder, Bioneers ... Regularly updated since 1982, John Schaeffer's Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook is the definitive guide to renewable energy, sustainable living, alternative transportation, natural and green building, homesteading, energy conservation and off-grid living. This completely revised 14th edition, written by experts with decades of hands-on experience, contains expanded information on permaculture, biodynamics, the Transition Movement, urban homesteading and emergency preparedness--plus maps, wiring diagrams, formulae, charts, electrical code specs/regulations/requirements, solar sizing worksheets and much more. Whether you're a layperson or a professional, novice or longtime aficionado, the Sourcebook puts the latest research and information at your fingertips; everything you need to know to make sustainable living a reality. With over 600,000 copies in print worldwide, it is the most comprehensive resource available for anyone interested in lessening his/her environmental footprint and increasing energy independence. ... "This book is our blueprint for both the present and future, if our species is to survive into the 22nd century."---Thom Hartmann, NY Times bestselling author and talk show host "Buy this book. It can change your life for the better. And the world, too."---Denis Hayes, President, Bullitt Foundation "John is a sustainability and solar industry pioneer...his visionary actions and ideas [are] good news for our environment, economy, and national security."---Nat Kreamer, chairman, Solar Energy Industries Association, White House Champion of Change, and CEO, Clean Power Finance "Here in one book is everything you need... a treasure trove you'll find yourself returning to time and again."---Richard Heinberg, Senior Fellow, Post Carbon Institute and author, The End of Growth "...[this is] the key text of the greatest economic change the world will experience this century, creating jobs and clean energy for a prosperous and sustainable global community."---Danny Kennedy, cofounder, Sungevity and SfunCube, and author, Rooftop Revolution ... John Schaeffer is the founder of Real Goods--the foremost global source for tools and information on renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable living. Since 1978, through Real Goods, he has pioneered solar technology in North America, providing over 150 MW of solar power and helping to solarize over 18,000 homes ... To help bring you the very best inspiration and information about greener, more sustainable lifestyles, Mother Earth News is recommending select New Society Publishers books to its readers. This book is one of them.Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A MESSAGE FROM THE RGS ENERGY CEO FOREWORD: by Bill McKibben INTRODUCTION: by John Schaeffer, Real Goods Founder Chapter 1: RELOCALIZATION: A Strategic Response to Peak Oil and Climate Change Ecological Economics Overshoot Peak Oil and Implications for a Transportation-Dependent Economy Climate Change and the Need to Eliminate Fossil Fuels Relocalization: A Strategic Response to Overshoot Approaching Social Change Pioneering Solar Down on the Farm Chapter 2: LAND AND SHELTER: Designing and Building Your Green Dream Home The Impacts of Modern Building Passive Survivability Strategies for a Responsive Home Renovations and Development Building a New Home Passive Solar Design: A Primer Building Technologies The Healthy Home Your Home, Your Choice Words of Wisdom from Real Goods Staffers and Colleagues Spirit of the Sun Chapter 3: SUNSHINE TO ELECTRICITY: Creating Renewable Energy with Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric Power What Are Photovoltaic Cells? Sixty Years of Photovoltaics System Examples PV Racking Wind and Hydro Power Sources Hydroelectricity Wind Energy Wind Energy and Wind Turbines - What You Need To Consider to Make a Decision Hydrogen Fuel Cells Chapter 4: FROM PANEL TO PLUG: How to Get Your Renewable Energy Source Powering Your Appliances A Renewable Energy System Primer: Putting It All Together Off-grid and Battery Backup System Sizing Worksheets Grid-tied Systems Converting Sunshine into Electricity What's the Payback? Safety and Fusing Charge Controllers Monitors Large Storage Batteries Real Goods' Battery Troubleshooting Guide Common Battery Questions and Answers Real Goods' Battery Care Class Rechargeable Batteries and Chargers Frequently Asked Questions About Rechargeable Batteries Inverters Potential Problems with Modified Sine Wave Inverter Use - and How to Correct Them Potential Problems with ALL Inverters - and How to Correct Them Inverter Conclusions Wire, Adapters, and Outlets Wire Sizing Chart/Formula RGS Energy Solar Project Case Study: Ironhouse Sanitary District RGS Energy Solar Project Case Study: Little Quittacas Solar Farm Chapter 5: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND SOLAR MOBILITY: Be Empowered When the Grid Goes Down Want Some Protection, or at Least a Little Backup? How About Total Freedom? Steps to a Practical Emergency Power System What Do You Really Need in an Emergency? Conclusion Chapter 6: ENERGY CONSERVATION: Superefficient Lighting, Heating,and Cooling Are the First Steps Living Well but Inexpensively It All Starts with Good Design Retrofitting: Making the Best of What You've Got Conserving Electricity House Heating and Cooling Home Cooling Systems Energy-efficient Appliances Superefficient Lighting Lighting Characteristics Light Technology Chapter 7: WATER DEVELOPMENT: Reckoning with Our Most Precious and Endangered Resource The Three Components of Every Water System Solar-Powered Pumping Real Goods' Homestead Plumbing Recommendations Friction Loss Charts for Water Pumping Chapter 8: WATER HEATING: The Most Cost-effective Solar Alternative Common Water Heater Types Solar Water Heaters Types of Solar Water Heating Systems: Operation and Installation Chapter 9: WATER AND AIR PURIFICATION: Clean Water and Air Are Human Rights! The Need for Water Purification Methods of Water Filtration and Purification Air Purification Resources Chapter 10: COMPOSTING TOILETS AND GREYWATER SYSTEMS: Novel, Safe, and Clean Solutions to an Age-old Human Issue Reclaiming Valuable Resources What Is a Composting Toilet? Greywater Systems Chapter 11: REGENERATIVE HOMESTEADING AND FARMING: Growing Your Own Organically Using the Permaculture Principles While Living the Good Life Permaculture: A Holistic Design System for Your Site Biodynamic® Agriculture: Food and the Cosmos Biodynamic Preparations Resources Chapter 12: URBAN HOMESTEADING: Heirloom Skills for Sustainable Living Urban Permaculture Practice Gardening in the Urban Habitat Animals on the Urban Homestead Remaking Our Relationship to Food The Heirloom Kitchen Skills Natural Building Powering Down Greywater and Rainwater Use Waste Personal Ecology Resources Chapter 13: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION: Toward a Future of Carbon-free Mobility The Problem with Fossil Fuels The Problem with Today's Motor Vehicles Hybrids and Other Low-emission Vehicles Biodiesel, Ethanol, and Other Biofuels Electric Vehicles Futuristic Vehicles? Chapter 14: NATURAL BURIAL: The Ultimate Back-to-the-land Movement Dying to Do the Right Thing When It's Time, Will You "Leave No Trace"? Cemetery Stewardship's Triple Bottom Line Crafting the Fond Farewell: It Takes a Plan What You Need for a Natural Burial A Place to Go Last Acts That Make a Difference: How Your Support of Environmentally Friendly Products Can Turn an Industry Around Chapter 15: THE REAL GOODS' SUSTAINABLE LIVING LIBRARY: Reading for a Renewable Future Garden, Farm, Food, and Community Land and Shelter Renewable Energy in Theory and Practice Building Types and Materials Peak Oil, Relocalization, and Politics Water Development References and Resources APPENDIX Part I: Who We Are and How We Got Here Part II: Living the Dream: The Real Goods Solar Living Center Part III: Spreading the Word: The Solar Living Institute Part IV: Getting Down to Business System Sizing Worksheets Power Consumption Table Solar Insolation Maps Solar Insolation by US City Magnetic Declination Charts in the United States Battery Wiring Diagrams Wire Sizing Chart/Formula Friction Loss Charts for Water Pumping Temperature Conversions Nominal Pipe Size Versus Actual Outside Diameter for Steel and Plastic Pipe The Real Goods' Resource List State Energy Offices Access Information Glossary ENDNOTES INDEX
£27.54
New Society Publishers Power from the Sun 2nd Edition
Book SynopsisFrom the author of The Homeowner's Guide to Renewable Energy, an easy guide to solar electricityeverything you need to power your home or small business. Written for the individual or business layman, this is the fully revised and updated guide for generating solar electricity. Practical and accessible, it provides a basic understanding of electricity, wiring, and solar energy. The book guides the reader through assessing your solar electricity site and determining the type of solar system needed for to generate solar electricity, providing you with a solid understanding of grid-tied and off-grid systems, along with important guidelines on installation.Power from the Sun, 2nd Edition, discusses types of photovoltaic and photovoltaic solar energy systems, and includes comprehensive information on recent changes and improvements in PV modules, charge controllers, inverters, batteries, generators, and net metering policies. It offers an excellent overview of the many options available as a guide for generating solar electricity, allowing you to make the best choices for your individual situation during the design, installation, and operation of a solar energy system. This is the definitive layman's guide for homeowners, business owners, installers, architects, and just about anyone interested in generating solar electricity to lower energy bills and achieve greater independence through solar energy.Dan Chiras is as reliable as a Swiss watchonce again he's created a text that's as accessible as it is informative.Ann Edminster, author of Energy Free: Homes for a Small Planet Chiras makes it as easy as possible for you to affect your own transition away from fossil fuel dependence.Bruce King, PE Director, Ecological Building Network, and author of The New Carbon ArchitectureTable of Contents1. An Introduction to Solar Electricity Understanding Rated Power An Overview of Solar Systems World Solar Energy Resources What the Critics Say The Advantages of Solar Electric Systems Purpose of this Book Organization of this Book2. Understanding the Sun and Solar Energy Understanding Solar Radiation The Sun and the Earth: Understanding the Relationships Conclusion3. Understanding Solar Electricity Brief History of PVs What Is a PV Cell? Types of PV Rating PV Modules and Sizing PV Systems Durability and Fire Resistance Advancements in PV: What's on the Horizon? Conclusion: Should You Wait for the Latest, Greatest New Technology?4. Solar Site Assessment Assessing Electrical Demand Conservation and Efficiency First! Sizing a Solar Electric System Does a Solar Electric System Make Economic Sense? Putting It All Together 5. Solar Electric Systems: What Are Your Options? Grid-connected PV Systems Grid-connected Systems with Battery Backup Off-grid (Stand-alone) Systems Hybrid Systems Choosing a PV System6. Understanding Inverters Do You Need an Inverter? How Does an Inverter Create AC Electricity? Transformerless Inverters Types of Inverters Retrofitting a Grid-tied System with Batteries Buying an Inverter Conclusion7. Batteries, Charge Controllers, and Gen-sets Understanding Lead-acid Batteries Sealed Batteries Wiring a Battery Bank Lithium Ion Batteries Sizing a Battery Bank Battery Maintenance and Safety Managing Charge to Ensure Longer Battery Life Charge Controllers Generators Living with Batteries and Generators8. Mounting a PV Array for Maximum Output What Are Your Options? Building-mounted PV Arrays Building-integrated PVs Conclusion9. Final Considerations: Permits, Covenants, Utility Interconnection, and Buying a System Permitting a PV System Covenants and Neighborhood Concerns Connecting to the Grid: Working with Your Local Utility Insurance Requirements Buying a PV System Parting ThoughtsAppendix A: Summary of State Net Metering Policies Resource Guide Index About the Author A Note About the Publisher
£23.74
New Society Publishers Power from the Wind 2nd Edition
Book Synopsis Skyrocketing energy costs and constant reminders of the impacts of conventional energy sources are making homeowners and businesses look at different ways to use energy more efficiently and to generate their own electricity to reduce fuel bills and their carbon footprint. Power From the Wind is the completely revised and updated edition of the go-to guide for individuals and businesses interested in installing small wind energy systems. Written for the layperson, this practical guide provides an accurate and unbiased view of all aspects of small wind energy systems, including: Wind and wind energy system options Ways to assess wind resources at your site Wind turbines and towers Inverters and batteries Installation and maintenance of systems Costs and benefits of installing a wind system. Readers will gain the knowledge they need to make wise decisions during the design, purchase
£23.74
New Society Publishers Solar Electricity Basics Revised and Updated 2nd
Book SynopsisA guide to choosing and using solar electricity systems from the man who launched a thousand rooftop solar arrays . . . the essential go-to manual (John D. Ivanko and Lisa Kivirist, coauthors of ECOpreneuring). As we look for safer, more economical, and more sustainable ways to meet our needs for electricityand as more and more electric cars hit the roadsolar has become an increasingly popular option. With Solar Electricity Basics, renewable energy expert Dan Chiras offers a concise and up-to-date guide covering all the essentials. It explores: How to size, cost, and choose the right system, including off-grid vs. grid-tied vs. grid-tied with battery backup Where to mount a system for maximum performance What type of modules and inverters to buy How to install and maintain batteries Cost vs. benefit for solar electric systems How to connect to the grid, and what type of net metering your areTable of ContentsChapter 1: An Introduction to Solar Electricity Chapter 2: Understanding the Sun and Solar Energy— Things You Need to Know to Size and Mount a Solar Array Chapter 3: Understanding Solar Electricity— Types of Modules, How They Are Rated, and Advances in Solar Technology Chapter 4: Does Solar Electricity Make Sense? Sizing a System and Evaluating Its Cost and Economic Benefits Chapter 5: Solar Electric Systems: What Are Your Options? Chapter 6: Understanding Inverters Chapter 7: Batteries, Charge Controllers, and Gen-Sets Chapter 8: Mounting a PV Array for Maximum Output Chapter 9: Final Considerations: Permits, Covenants, Utility Interconnection, and Buying a System Index About the AuthorA Note about the Publisher
£13.49
R.S. Means Company Ltd Solar Energy
Book SynopsisSolar Energy is an authoritative reference on the design of solar energy systems in building projects, with applications, operating principles, and simple tools for the construction, engineering, and design professional. The book simplifies the solar design and engineering process, providing sample documentation and special tools that provide all the information needed for the complete design of a solar energy system for buildings to enable mainstream MEP and design firms, and not just solar energy specialists, to meet the growing demand for solar energy systems in building projects.
£73.10
John Wiley & Sons Inc Applied Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis
Book SynopsisThis complete resource on the theory and applications of reliability engineering, probabilistic models and risk analysis consolidates all the latest research, presenting the most up-to-date developments in this field.Table of ContentsRemembering Boris Gnedenko xvii List of Contributors xxv Preface xxix Acknowledgements xxxv Part I DEGRADATION ANALYSIS, MULTI-STATE AND CONTINUOUS-STATE SYSTEM RELIABILITY 1 Methods of Solutions of Inhomogeneous Continuous Time Markov Chains for Degradation Process Modeling 3 Yan-Fu Li, Enrico Zio and Yan-Hui Lin 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Formalism of ICTMC 4 1.3 Numerical Solution Techniques 5 1.4 Examples 10 1.5 Comparisons of the Methods and Guidelines of Utilization 13 1.6 Conclusion 15 References 15 2 Multistate Degradation and Condition Monitoring for Devices with Multiple Independent Failure Modes 17 Ramin Moghaddass and Ming J. Zuo 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Multistate Degradation and Multiple Independent Failure Modes 19 2.3 Parameter Estimation 23 2.4 Important Reliability Measures of a Condition-Monitored Device 25 2.5 Numerical Example 27 2.6 Conclusion 28 Acknowledgements 30 References 30 3 Time Series Regression with Exponential Errors for Accelerated Testing and Degradation Tracking 32 Nozer D. Singpurwalla 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Preliminaries: Statement of the Problem 33 3.3 Estimation and Prediction by Least Squares 34 3.4 Estimation and Prediction by MLE 35 3.5 The Bayesian Approach: The Predictive Distribution 37 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 4 Inverse Lz-Transform for a Discrete-State Continuous-Time Markov Process and Its Application to Multi-State System Reliability Analysis 43 Anatoly Lisnianski and Yi Ding 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Inverse Lz-Transform: Definitions and Computational Procedure 44 4.3 Application of Inverse Lz-Transform to MSS Reliability Analysis 50 4.4 Numerical Example 52 4.5 Conclusion 57 References 58 5 OntheLz-Transform Application for Availability Assessment of an Aging Multi-State Water Cooling System for Medical Equipment 59 Ilia Frenkel, Anatoly Lisnianski and Lev Khvatskin 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Brief Description of the Lz-Transform Method 61 5.3 Multi-state Model of the Water Cooling System for the MRI Equipment 62 5.4 Availability Calculation 75 5.5 Conclusion 76 Acknowledgments 76 References 77 6 Combined Clustering and Lz-Transform Technique to Reduce the Computational Complexity of a Multi-State System Reliability Evaluation 78 Yi Ding 6.1 Introduction 78 6.2 The Lz-Transform for Dynamic Reliability Evaluation for MSS 79 6.3 Clustering Composition Operator in the Lz-Transform 81 6.4 Computational Procedures 83 6.5 Numerical Example 83 6.6 Conclusion 85 References 85 7 Sliding Window Systems with Gaps 87 Gregory Levitin 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 The Models 89 7.3 Reliability Evaluation Technique 91 7.4 Conclusion 96 References 96 8 Development of Reliability Measures Motivated by Fuzzy Sets for Systems with Multi- or Infinite-States 98 Zhaojun (Steven) Li and Kailash C. Kapur 8.1 Introduction 98 8.2 Models for Components and Systems Using Fuzzy Sets 100 8.3 Fuzzy Reliability for Systems with Continuous or Infinite States 103 8.4 Dynamic Fuzzy Reliability 104 8.5 System Fuzzy Reliability 110 8.6 Examples and Applications 111 8.7 Conclusion 117 References 118 9 Imperatives for Performability Design in the Twenty-First Century 119 Krishna B. Misra 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Strategies for Sustainable Development 120 9.3 Reappraisal of the Performance of Products and Systems 124 9.4 Dependability and Environmental Risk are Interdependent 126 9.5 Performability: An Appropriate Measure of Performance 126 9.6 Towards Dependable and Sustainable Designs 129 9.7 Conclusion 130 References 130 Part II NETWORKS AND LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS 10 Network Reliability Calculations Based on Structural Invariants 135 Ilya B. Gertsbakh and Yoseph Shpungin 10.1 First Invariant: D-Spectrum, Signature 135 10.2 Second Invariant: Importance Spectrum. Birnbaum Importance Measure (BIM) 139 10.3 Example: Reliability of a Road Network 141 10.4 Third Invariant: Border States 142 10.5 Monte Carlo to Approximate the Invariants 144 10.6 Conclusion 146 References 146 11 Performance and Availability Evaluation of IMS-Based Core Networks 148 Kishor S. Trivedi, Fabio Postiglione and Xiaoyan Yin 11.1 Introduction 148 11.2 IMS-Based Core Network Description 149 11.3 Analytic Models for Independent Software Recovery 151 11.4 Analytic Models for Recovery with Dependencies 155 11.5 Redundancy Optimization 158 11.6 Numerical Results 159 11.7 Conclusion 165 References 165 12 Reliability and Probability of First Occurred Failure for Discrete-Time Semi-Markov Systems 167 Stylianos Georgiadis, Nikolaos Limnios and Irene Votsi 12.1 Introduction 167 12.2 Discrete-Time Semi-Markov Model 168 12.3 Reliability and Probability of First Occurred Failure 170 12.4 Nonparametric Estimation of Reliability Measures 172 12.5 Numerical Application 176 12.6 Conclusion 178 References 179 13 Single-Source Epidemic Process in a System of Two Interconnected Networks 180 Ilya B. Gertsbakh and Yoseph Shpungin 13.1 Introduction 180 13.2 Failure Process and the Distribution of the Number of Failed Nodes 181 13.3 Network Failure Probabilities 184 13.4 Example 185 13.5 Conclusion 187 13.A Appendix D: Spectrum (Signature) 188 References 189 Part III MAINTENANCE MODELS 14 Comparisons of Periodic and Random Replacement Policies 193 Xufeng Zhao and Toshio Nakagawa 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 Four Policies 195 14.3 Comparisons of Optimal Policies 197 14.4 Numerical Examples 1 199 14.5 Comparisons of Policies with Different Replacement Costs 201 14.6 Numerical Examples 2 202 14.7 Conclusion 203 Acknowledgements 204 References 204 15 Random Evolution of Degradation and Occurrences of Words in Random Sequences of Letters 205 Emilio De Santis and Fabio Spizzichino 15.1 Introduction 205 15.2 Waiting Times to Words’ Occurrences 206 15.3 Some Reliability-Maintenance Models 209 15.4 Waiting Times to Occurrences of Words and Stochastic Comparisons for Degradation 213 15.5 Conclusions 216 Acknowledgements 217 References 217 16 Occupancy Times for Markov and Semi-Markov Models in Systems Reliability 218 Alan G. Hawkes, Lirong Cui and Shijia Du 16.1 Introduction 218 16.2 Markov Models for Systems Reliability 220 16.3 Semi-Markov Models 222 16.4 Time Interval Omission 225 16.5 Numerical Examples 226 16.6 Conclusion 229 Acknowledgements 229 References 229 17 A Practice of Imperfect Maintenance Model Selection for Diesel Engines 231 Yu Liu, Hong-Zhong Huang, Shun-Peng Zhu and Yan-Feng Li 17.1 Introduction 231 17.2 Review of Imperfect Maintenance Model Selection Method 233 17.3 Application to Preventive Maintenance Scheduling of Diesel Engines 236 17.4 Conclusion 244 Acknowledgment 245 References 245 18 Reliability of Warm Standby Systems with Imperfect Fault Coverage 246 Rui Peng, Ola Tannous, Liudong Xing and Min Xie 18.1 Introduction 246 18.2 Literature Review 247 18.3 The BDD-Based Approach 250 18.4 Conclusion 253 Acknowledgments 254 References 254 Part IV STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN RELIABILITY 19 On the Validity of the Weibull-Gnedenko Model 259 Vilijandas Bagdonavi¡cius, Mikhail Nikulin and Ruta Levuliene 19.1 Introduction 259 19.2 Integrated Likelihood Ratio Test 261 19.3 Tests based on the Difference of Non-Parametric and Parametric Estimators of the Cumulative Distribution Function 264 19.4 Tests based on Spacings 266 19.5 Chi-Squared Tests 267 19.6 Correlation Test 269 19.7 Power Comparison 269 19.8 Conclusion 272 References 272 20 Statistical Inference for Heavy-Tailed Distributions in Reliability Systems 273 Ilia Vonta and Alex Karagrigoriou 20.1 Introduction 273 20.2 Heavy-Tailed Distributions 274 20.3 Examples of Heavy-Tailed Distributions 277 20.4 Divergence Measures 280 20.5 Hypothesis Testing 284 20.6 Simulations 286 20.7 Conclusion 287 References 287 21 Robust Inference based on Divergences in Reliability Systems 290 Abhik Ghosh, Avijit Maji and Ayanendranath Basu 21.1 Introduction 290 21.2 The Power Divergence (PD) Family 291 21.3 Density Power Divergence (DPD) and Parametric Inference 296 21.4 A Generalized Form: The S-Divergence 301 21.5 Applications 304 21.6 Conclusion 306 References 306 22 COM-Poisson Cure Rate Models and Associated Likelihood-based Inference with Exponential and Weibull Lifetimes 308 N. Balakrishnan and Suvra Pal 22.1 Introduction 308 22.2 Role of Cure Rate Models in Reliability 310 22.3 The COM-Poisson Cure Rate Model 310 22.4 Data and the Likelihood 311 22.5 EM Algorithm 312 22.6 Standard Errors and Asymptotic Confidence Intervals 314 22.7 Exponential Lifetime Distribution 314 22.8 Weibull Lifetime Distribution 322 22.9 Analysis of Cutaneous Melanoma Data 334 22.10 Conclusion 337 22.A1 Appendix A1: E-Step and M-Step Formulas for Exponential Lifetimes 337 22.A2 Appendix A2: E-Step and M-Step Formulas for Weibull Lifetimes 341 22.B1 Appendix B1: Observed Information Matrix for Exponential Lifetimes 344 22.B2 Appendix B2: Observed Information Matrix for Weibull Lifetimes 346 References 347 23 Exponential Expansions for Perturbed Discrete Time Renewal Equations 349 Dmitrii Silvestrov and Mikael Petersson 23.1 Introduction 349 23.2 Asymptotic Results 350 23.3 Proofs 353 23.4 Discrete Time Regenerative Processes 358 23.5 Queuing and Risk Applications 359 References 361 24 On Generalized Extreme Shock Models under Renewal Shock Processes 363 Ji Hwan Cha and Maxim Finkelstein 24.1 Introduction 363 24.2 Generalized Extreme Shock Models 364 24.3 Specific Models 367 24.4 Conclusion 373 Acknowledgements 373 References 373 Part V SYSTEMABILITY, PHYSICS-OF-FAILURE AND RELIABILITY DEMONSTRATION 25 Systemability Theory and its Applications 377 Hoang Pham 25.1 Introduction 377 25.2 Systemability Measures 378 25.3 Systemability Analysis of k-out-of-n Systems 379 25.4 Systemability Function Approximation 380 25.5 Systemability with Loglog Distribution 383 25.6 Sensitivity Analysis 384 25.7 Applications: Red Light Camera Systems 385 25.8 Conclusion 387 References 387 26 Physics-of-Failure based Reliability Engineering 389 Pedro O. Quintero and Michael Pecht 26.1 Introduction 389 26.2 Physics-of-Failure-based Reliability Assessment 393 26.3 Uses of Physics-of-Failure 398 26.4 Conclusion 400 References 400 27 Accelerated Testing: Effect of Variance in Field Environmental Conditions on the Demonstrated Reliability 403 Andre Kleyner 27.1 Introduction 403 27.2 Accelerated Testing and Field Stress Variation 404 27.3 Case Study: Reliability Demonstration Using Temperature Cycling Test 405 27.4 Conclusion 408 References 408 Index 409
£129.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Photovoltaic Solar Energy From Fundamentals to
Book SynopsisSolar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xxvii Foreword xxxii Acknowledgments xxxiv About the Companion Website xxxv Part One INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS 1 1.1 Introduction 3 Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden List of Symbols 11 Constants 11 List of Acronyms 11 References 11 Part Two BASIC FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13 2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15 Angèle Reinders List of Symbols 19 List of Acronyms 19 References 20 2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21 Pierre J. Verlinden List of Symbols 31 List of Acronyms 31 References 31 2.3 Absorption and Generation 32 Seth Hubbard References 38 2.4 Recombination 39 Seth Hubbard References 46 2.5 Carrier Transport 47 Seth Hubbard References 53 2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54 Seth Hubbard Acknowledgments 63 List of Symbols 63 List of Acronyms 65 References 66 Part Three CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 67 3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69 Andreas Fell List of Symbols 77 List of Acronyms 77 References 78 3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80 Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin References 90 3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92 Pierre Verlinden 3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104 Wilfried van Sark List of Symbols 110 List of Acronyms 111 References 112 3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114 Bram Hoex List of Symbols 121 List of Acronyms 122 References 122 3.6 Passivated Contacts 125 Martin Hermle List of Symbols 133 List of Acronyms 133 References 134 3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136 Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard List of Symbols 147 List of Acronyms 148 References 149 3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150 Pietro Altermatt References 158 3.9 Advanced Concepts 160 Martin Green List of Acronyms 166 References 166 Part Four CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 167 4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169 Susanne Siebentritt List of Symbols 176 List of Acronyms 176 References 176 4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179 Sylvain Marsillac List of Symbols 187 List of Acronyms 187 References 188 4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190 Negar Naghavi List of Acronyms 200 References 200 4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204 William Shafarman List of Acronyms 211 References 211 Part Five THIN FILM SILICON‐BASED PV TECHNOLOGIES 213 5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215 Etienne Moulin, Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif List of Symbols 223 References 224 5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226 Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann Acknowledgments 235 List of Symbols and Acronyms 235 References 236 5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238 Franz Haug List of Symbols 244 List of Acronyms 245 References 245 5.4 New Future Concepts 248 Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif List of Symbols 253 References 253 Part Six ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 255 6.1 Solid‐State Organic Photovoltaics 257 Bernard Kippelen Acknowledgments 265 Acronyms 265 References 265 6.2 Hybrid and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 267 Woojun Yoon References 275 6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277 Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith References 289 6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292 Veronique S. Gevaerts List of Acronyms 301 References 302 Part Seven CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS 303 7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305 Halden Field List of Symbols 320 List of Acronyms 320 References 320 7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322 Thorsten Trupke Acknowledgments 334 List of Symbols 334 List of Acronyms 335 References 335 7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity , and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339 Henner Kampwerth List of Symbols 347 List of Acronyms 348 References 348 7.4 In‐situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350 Angus Rockett List of Acronyms 360 References 360 7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362 Geoffrey S. Kinsey List of Symbols 368 List of Acronyms 368 References 369 Part Eight III‐Vs AND PV CONCENTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES 371 8.1 III‐V Solar Cells – Materials, Multi‐Junction Cells – Cell Design and Performance 373 Frank Dimroth Acknowledgments 380 List of Acronyms 380 References 380 8.2 New and Future III‐V Cells and Concepts 383 Simon Fafard List of Acronyms and Symbols 393 References 393 8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396 Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook List of Acronyms 408 References 409 8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411 Geoffrey S. Kinsey List of Acronyms 418 References 418 8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420 Michael Debije List of Symbols 428 List of Acronyms 428 References 429 Part Nine SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 431 9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433 Rob Walters List of Symbols and Units 442 References 442 9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444 Phillip Jenkins Acknowledgments 453 List of Acronyms 453 References 454 9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455 David Wilt List of Symbols 461 List of Acronyms 461 References 462 Part Ten PV MODULES AND MANUFACTURING 463 10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465 Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans Acknowledgements 474 List of Abbreviations 474 References 474 10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478 Michael Kempe Acknowledgments 488 List of Symbols 488 List of Acronyms 488 References 489 10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491 Sarah Kurtz Acknowledgments 500 References 501 10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502 Pierre Verlinden List of Symbols 508 List of Acronyms 508 References 509 Part Eleven PV SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 511 11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513 Greg J. Ball Acknowledgments 527 List of Acronyms 528 References 529 11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530 Chris Deline List of Symbols 537 List of Acronyms 537 References 538 11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539 Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp References 552 11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553 Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis Acknowledgments 561 List of Symbols 561 List of Acronyms 562 References 562 11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564 Joshua S. Stein List of Symbols and Acronyms 575 References 577 11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579 Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts List of Acronyms 588 References 588 11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590 Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou List of Acronym 598 References 598 Part Twelve PV DEPLOYMENT IN DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 601 12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603 Albert van den Noort List of Acronyms 610 References 611 12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612 Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale List of Acronyms 619 References 619 Part Thirteen SUPPORTING METHODS AND TOOLS 621 13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623 Matthew Campbell List of Acronyms 633 References 633 13.2 People’s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634 Barbara van Mierlo References 644 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646 Vasilis Fthenakis References 656 13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658 Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark Acknowledgements 671 References 671 Index 672
£113.19
John Wiley & Sons Inc Sustainability Assessment of RenewablesBased
Book SynopsisOver the past decade, renewables-based technology and sustainability assessment methods have grown tremendously. Renewable energy and products have a significant role in the market today, and the same time sustainability assessment methods have advanced, with a growing standardization of environmental sustainability metrics and consideration of social issues as part of the assessment. Sustainability Assessment of Renewables-Based Products: Methods and Case Studies is an extensive update and sequel to the 2006 title Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment. It discusses the impressive evolution and role renewables have taken in our modern society, highlighting the importance of sustainability principles in the design phase of renewable-based technologies, and presenting a wide range of sustainability assessment methods suitable for renewables-based technologies, together with case studies to demonstrate their applications. This book is a valuTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Series Editor’s Preface xxiii Preface xxvii 1 The Growing Role of Biomass for Future Resource Supply—Prospects and Pitfalls 1Helmut Haberl 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Ecological and Socioeconomic Biomass Flows 3 1.3 Global Biomass Potentials in 2050 5 1.4 Critical Socio-Ecological Feedbacks and Sustainability Issues 9 1.5 Conclusions 12 Acknowledgements 12 References 13 2 The Growing Role of Photovoltaic Solar, Wind and Geothermal Energy as Renewables for Electricity Generation 19W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, J.G. Schepers, and J.D.A.M. van Wees 2.1 General Introduction 19 2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 21 2.3 Wind Energy 24 2.4 Geothermal Energy 28 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 34 3 Assessment of Sustainability within Holistic Process Design 37Alexei Lapkin, Philipp]Maximilian Jacob, Polina Yaseneva, Charles Gordon, and Amy Peace 3.1 Introduction: Holistic Process Design from Unit Operations to Systems Science Methods 37 3.2 Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Holistic Process Design 403.3 A Decision-Tree Methodology for Complex Process Design 41 3.4 Generation of New Synthesis Routes in Bio-Based Supply Chains 45 3.5 Conclusions 47 Acknowledgements 48 References 48 4 A Mass Balance Approach to Link Sustainable Renewable Resources in Chemical Synthesis with Market Demand 51Claudius Kormann and Andreas Kicherer 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Renewable Feedstock: Market Drivers, Political Frame 52 4.3 Traceability of Biomass as Feedstock in the Chemical Industry 53 4.4 Standard of Mass Balance in Chemical Synthesis 57 4.5 Sustainability Aspects of Renewable Resources 60 4.6 Discussion 61 4.7 Vision and Summary 62 References 63 5 Early R&D Stage Sustainability Assessment: The 5 Pillar Method 65Akshay D. Patel, John A. Posada, Li Shen, and Martin K. Patel 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Methodology 67 5.3 Case Study 73 5.4 Validation Case Study 75 5.5 Critical Review and Outlook 76 5.6 Conclusion 79 References 79 6 Assessing the Sustainability of Land Use: A Systems Approach 81Miguel Brandão 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Methodological Issue 1: Consequential Analysis of Land Use Decisions 82 6.3 Methodological Issue 2: Land Use Impacts on Ecosystems 87 6.4 Methodological Issue 3: Land Use Impacts on Climate 89 6.5 Methodological Issue 4: Economic and Social Impact Assessment 90 6.6 Methodological Issue 5: Integrating Environmental and Economic Assessments 92 6.7 Discussion 93 6.8 Conclusions 94 References 94 7 Water Use Analysis 97Francesca Verones, Stephan Pfister, and Markus Berger 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Methods and Tools for Assessing the Sustainable Use of Water 98 7.3 Case Study: Water Consumption Analysis of Biofuels and Fossil Fuels 102 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion 105 References 106 8 Material Intensity of Food Production and Consumption 109Lucia Mancini and Michael Lettenmeier 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Material Flow Based Approaches for Assessing Sustainable Production and Consumption Systems 110 8.3 MIPS Concept and Methodology 111 8.4 Material Intensity of Food Systems 113 8.5 Results of MIPS for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs 118 8.6 Conclusions 121 References 122 9 Material and Energy Flow Analysis 125Goto Naohiro, Nova Ulhasanah, Hirotsugu Kamahara, Udin Hasanudin, Ryuichi Tachibana, and Koichi Fujie 9.1 Background 125 9.2 Methodology 128 9.3 Case Study 131 9.4 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgements 139 References 139 10 Exergy and Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 141Sofie Huysman, Thomas Schaubroeck, and Jo Dewulf 10.1 What Is Exergy 141 10.2 Calculation of Exergy 142 10.3 Applications of Exergy 144 10.4 Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 146 10.5 Conclusions 151 References 152 11 Carbon and Environmental Footprint Methods for Renewables based Products and Transition Pathways to 2050 155Geoffrey P. Hammond 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Carbon and Environmental (or Eco) Footprinting 159 11.3 The Relationship between Environmental Footprint Analysis (EFA) and Environmental Life]Cycle Assessment (LCA) 166 11.4 Carbon and Environmental Footprints Associated with Global Biofuel Production 167 11.5 Carbon and Environmental Footprints of Low Carbon Transition Pathways 171 11.6 Concluding Remarks 174 Acknowledgements 175 References 176 12 Tracking Supply and Demand of Biocapacity through Ecological Footprint Accounting 179David Lin, Alessandro Galli, Michael Borucke, Elias Lazarus, Nicole Grunewald, Jon Martindill, David Zimmerman, Serena Mancini, Katsunori Iha, and Mathis Wackernagel 12.1 Summary and Rationale 179 12.2 Methodology 182 12.3 Usage Recommendations 193 12.4 Future Developments 195 References 195 13 Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Supporting Decision Making by Business and Policy 201Sala Serenella, Fabrice Mathieux, and Rana Pant 13.1 Life Cycle Assessment: A Systemic Approach to Evaluate Impacts 201 13.2 LCA: Supporting Sustainability Assessment 205 13.3 Role of LCA in Supporting Decisions in Business and Policy Context 206 13.4 Tools and Support to Put LCA into Practice 210 13.5 Conclusion and the Way Forward 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 212 14 Life Cycle Costing 215Andreas Ciroth, Jutta Hildenbrand, and Bengt Steen 14.1 Life Cycle Costing – Definition and Principles 215 14.2 Environmental LCC 216 14.3 Societal LCC 220 14.4 LCC and Renewables 221 14.5 Example Case 222 References 228 15 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Methodologies and Practice 229Alessandra Zamagni, Pauline Feschet, Anna Irene De Luca, Nathalie Iofrida, and Patrizia Buttol 15.1 Introduction 229 15.2 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Scientific Background 230 15.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment in Practice 232 15.4 SLCA and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Methodological Challenges 234 15.5 Conclusions and Outlook 236 References 237 16 Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Technologies 241F. Ardente, M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta 16.1 Introduction 241 16.2 Solar Technologies 242 16.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Solar Technologies 245 16.3.1 Solar Thermal Plants 246 16.3.2 Photovoltaic Plants 246 16.3.3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plants and Solar Heating/Cooling Plants 249 16.4 Assessment of Solar Technologies 249 16.5 Conclusions 256 References 256 17 Assessing the Sustainability of Geothermal Utilization 259Ruth Shortall, Gudni Axelsson, and Brynhildur Davidsdottir 17.1 Introduction 259 17.2 Sustainable Geothermal Utilization 260 17.3 Broader Sustainability Assessment of Energy Developments 266 17.4 Sustainability Assessment Framework for Geothermal Power 266 17.5 Conclusion 271 References 271 18 Biofuels from Terrestrial Biomass: Sustainability Assessment of Sugarcane Biorefineries in Brazil 275Otavio Cavalett, Marcos D.B. Watanabe, Alexandre Souza, Mateus F. Chagas, Tassia L. Junqueira, and Antonio Bonomi 18.1 Introduction 275 18.2 The Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) 276 18.3 Methods Used in the VSB 277 18.4 Biorefinery Scenarios Case Study 279 18.5 Final Remarks 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 19 Algae as Promising Biofeedstock; Searching for Sustainable Production Processes and Market Applications 289Sue Ellen Taelman, Steven De Meester, and Jo Dewulf 19.1 Introduction 289 19.2 Algae Background 290 19.3 Algal Cultivation and Processing Methods 292 19.4 Algae: Production and Potential Applications 294 19.5 Environmental Sustainability of Algae Production 298 19.6 Conclusions 302 References 303 20 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased and Fossil Based Succinic Acid 307Marieke Smidt, Jeroen den Hollander, Henk Bosch, Yang Xiang, Maarten van der Graaf, Anne Lambin, and Jean]Pierre Duda 20.1 Production of Succinic Acid 307 20.2 Life Cycle Assessment: Biobased Succinic Acid and Fossil]Based Equivalent 310 20.3 Sensitivity Analysis 316 20.4 Conclusions 319 References 320 21 Biobased Poly Vinylchloride (PVC) 323Rodrigo A.F. Alvarenga, Zdenek Hruska, Alain Wathelet, and Jo Dewulf 21.1 Introduction 323 21.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased PVC 324 21.3 Carbon Footprint of Biobased Product 329 21.4 Environmental Sustainability of Bioethanol Use 330 21.5 Conclusions 331 References 332 22 Evaluation of Wood Cascading 335Karin Höglmeier, Gabriele Weber-Blaschke, and Klaus Richter 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Environmental Assessment of Wood Cascading by LCA 338 22.3 Discussion and Conclusion 343 Acknowledgements 345 References 345 23 Time]Dependent Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 347Maartje N. Sevenster 23.1 Introduction 347 23.2 Methodology 351 23.3 Results 353 23.4 Discussion 357 23.5 Conclusions 358 References 358 24 Conclusions 361Jo Dewulf 24.1 The Importance of Renewables]Based Products and Services 361 24.2 The Need for Sustainability Assessment for Renewables: Even More Than in the Past 362 24.3 The Growing Sustainability Assessment Toolbox 363 24.4 Outlook: Pending Challenges 364 Index
£113.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Power System Protection
Book SynopsisA newly updated guide to the protection of power systems in the 21st century Power System Protection, 2nd Edition combines brand new information about the technological and business developments in the field of power system protection that have occurred since the last edition was published in 1998. The new edition includes updates on the effects of short circuits on: Power quality Multiple setting groups Quadrilateral distance relay characteristics Loadability It also includes comprehensive information about the impacts of business changes, including deregulation, disaggregation of power systems, dependability, and security issues. Power System Protection provides the analytical basis for design, application, and setting of power system protection equipment for today''s engineer. Updates from protection engineers with distinct specializations contribute to a comprehensive work covering all aspects of the fieldTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii List of Symbols xxix Part I Protective Devices and Controls 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power System Protection 3 1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 3 1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8 1.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 9 1.5 System Disturbances 11 1.6 Book Contents 12 Problems 14 References 15 2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17 2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17 2.2 Typical Relay Connections 19 2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 22 2.4 Instrument Transformers 23 2.5 Relay Control Configurations 37 2.6 Optical Communications 38 Problems 42 References 44 3 Protective Device Characteristics 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Fuse Characteristics 48 3.3 Relay Characteristics 61 3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 87 3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 93 3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 98 3.7 Circuit Switchers 100 3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101 Problems 103 References 103 4 Relay Logic 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 110 4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 111 4.4 Analog Relay Logic 125 4.5 Digital Relay Logic 128 4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 139 4.7 Relays as Comparators 140 Problems 153 References 157 5 System Characteristics 163 5.1 Power System Faults 163 5.2 Station Arrangements 176 5.3 Overhead Line Impedances 182 5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 184 5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 188 5.6 The Compensation Theorem 202 5.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205 Problems 210 References 214 Part II Protection Concepts 215 6 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 217 6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 217 6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 219 6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 222 6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 233 6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 236 6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 241 6.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258 Problems 269 References 276 7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 278 7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 285 7.4 Unit Protection 299 7.5 Ground Fault Protection 301 7.6 Summary 310 Problems 311 References 315 8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 317 8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 317 8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 320 8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 327 8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 328 8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 330 8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 333 8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 335 8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 336 8.9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 338 8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 340 8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 341 8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 342 8.13 Impedance at the Relay 346 Problems 348 References 350 9 Impedance at the Relay 351 9.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, ZR 351 9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 353 9.3 The Circle Loci Z = P/(1±YK) 356 9.4 ZR Loci Construction 357 9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 363 9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 371 9.7 Construction of M Circles 375 9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378 Problems 384 References 388 10 Admittance at the Relay 391 10.1 Admittance Diagrams 391 10.2 Input Admittance Loci 392 10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 395 10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 400 10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 404 10.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407 Problems 408 Reference 411 Part III Transmission Protection 413 11 Analysis of Distance Protection 415 11.1 Introduction 415 11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 415 11.3 Impedance at the Relay 429 11.4 Distance Relay Settings 439 11.5 Ground Distance Protection 447 11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 449 Problems 452 References 454 12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 457 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Line Impedances 458 12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 469 12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 476 12.5 Long Transmission Lines 484 12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 493 12.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501 Problems 504 References 507 13 Pilot Protection Systems 509 13.1 Introduction 510 13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 512 13.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 523 13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 536 13.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 548 13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 554 13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 561 13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567 Problems 567 References 569 14 Complex Transmission Protection 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 573 14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 581 14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590 Problems 613 References 617 15 Series Compensated Line Protection 619 15.1 Introduction 619 15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 621 15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 634 15.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 653 15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 674 15.6 Line Protection Experience 678 Problems 680 References 683 Part IV Apparatus Protection 685 16 Bus Protection 687 16.1 Introduction 687 16.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 688 16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 689 16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 691 16.5 Bus Differential Protection 692 16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 708 16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 716 16.8 Summary 717 Problems 717 References 719 17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 721 17.1 Introduction 721 17.2 Transformer Faults 722 17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 729 17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 732 17.5 Protection Against Active Faults 735 17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 748 17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 750 17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 752 17.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755 Problems 759 References 761 18 Generator Protection 763 18.1 Introduction 763 18.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 764 18.3 Stator Protection 766 18.4 Rotor Protection 781 18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 785 18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 789 18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794 Problems 800 References 803 19 Motor Protection 805 19.1 Introduction 805 19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 806 19.3 Induction Motor Heating 824 19.4 Motor Problems 837 19.5 Classifications of Motors 843 19.6 Stator Protection 845 19.7 Rotor Protection 851 19.8 Other Motor Protections 852 19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853 Problems 854 References 858 Part V System Aspects of Protection 861 20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 863 20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 863 20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 864 20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 866 20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 869 20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 886 20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 887 20.7 Underfrequency Protection 889 Problems 903 References 905 21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 909 21.1 Introduction 909 21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 909 21.3 System Transient Behavior 918 21.4 Automatic Reclosing 929 21.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 949 21.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 957 21.7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 960 21.8 Summary 968 Problems 968 References 970 22 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 973 22.1 Introduction 973 22.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 974 22.3 Converter Station Design 992 22.4 Ac Side Protection 999 22.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 1002 22.6 Special HVDC Protections 1012 22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 1015 22.8 Summary 1016 Problems 1016 References 1018 23 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 1021 23.1 Introduction 1021 23.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 1022 23.3 Converter Control Systems 1028 23.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 1030 23.5 Ac System Protection 1031 23.6 Dc Faults 1035 23.7 Multiterminal Systems 1037 23.8 Hybrid LCC–VSC Systems 1037 23.9 Summary 1038 Problems 1038 References 1039 24 Protection of Independent Power Producer Interconnections 1041 24.1 Introduction 1041 24.2 Renewable Resources 1042 24.3 Transmission Interconnections 1042 24.4 Distribution Interconnections 1053 24.5 Summary 1060 Problems 1061 References 1061 25 SSR and SSCI Protection 1063 25.1 Introduction 1063 25.2 SSR Overview 1063 25.3 SSR and SSCI System Countermeasures 1073 25.4 SSR Source Countermeasures 1079 25.5 Summary 1093 Problems 1093 References 1095 Part VI Reliability of Protective Systems 1101 26 Basic Reliability Concepts 1103 26.1 Introduction 1103 26.2 Probability Fundamentals 1103 26.3 Random Variables 1110 26.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 1127 26.5 Reliability Models 1129 Problems 1141 References 1143 27 Reliability Analysis 1145 27.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 1145 27.2 Fault Trees 1154 27.3 Reliability Evaluation 1166 27.4 Other Analytical Methods 1174 27.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1182 Problems 1190 References 1195 28 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 1197 28.1 Introduction 1197 28.2 System Disturbance Models 1197 28.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 1208 28.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1246 Problems 1256 References 1259 29 Fault Tree Analysis of Protective Systems 1261 29.1 Introduction 1261 29.2 Fault Tree Analysis 1262 29.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 1273 29.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1297 Problems 1306 References 1310 30 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 1311 30.1 Introduction 1311 30.2 Testing of Protective Systems 1312 30.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 1317 30.4 Monitoring and Self-testing 1331 30.5 The Unreadiness Probability 1337 30.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 1341 30.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1350 References 1356 Appendix A Protection Terminology 1359 A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1359 A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1361 A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1363 A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1366 References 1368 Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1371 B.1 Device Function Numbers 1371 B.2 Devices Performing More than One Function 1371 B.2.1 Suffix Numbers 1373 B.2.2 Suffix Letters 1373 B.2.3 Representation of Device Contacts on Electrical Diagrams 1374 Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1375 References 1387 Appendix D Transformer Data 1389 Appendix E 500 kV Transmission Line Data 1393 E.1 Tower Design 1393 E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1393 E.3 Total Line Impedance and Admittance 1394 E.4 Nominal Pi 1395 E.5 ABCD Parameters 1395 E.6 Equivalent Pi 1395 E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1397 E.8 Normalization 1399 E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1399 References 1400 Index 1401
£197.55
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Cyanobacteria
Book SynopsisWritten by leading experts in the field, Cyanobacteria: An Economic Perspective is a comprehensive edited volume covering all areas of an important field and its application to energy, medicine and agriculture. Issues related to environment, food and energy have presented serious challenge to the stability of nation-states. Increasing global population, dwindling agriculture and industrial production, and inequitable distribution of resources and technologies have further aggravated the problem. The burden placed by increasing population on environment and especially on agricultural productivity is phenomenal. To provide food and fuel to such a massive population, it becomes imperative to find new ways and means to increase the production giving due consideration to biosphere's ability to regenerate resources and provide ecological services. Cyanobacteria are environment friendly resource for commercial production of active biochemicals, drugs and future energy Table of ContentsList of contributors ix Preface xiii About the editors xv Acknowledgements xvii About the book xix Introduction xxi Naveen K. Sharma, Ashwani K. Rai, and Lucas J. Stal About the companion website xxv PART I: BIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYANOBACTERIA 1 Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution 3 Aharon Oren Chapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria 21 Ji¢§r´©¥ Kom´arek PART II: ECOLOGICAL SERVICES RENDERED BY CYANOBACTERIA 41 Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria 43 Beatriz D´©¥ez and Karolina Ininbergs Chapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration 65 Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Maria Isabel Queiroz Chapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage 73 Nitin Keshari and Siba Prasad Adhikari PART III: CYANOBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 91 Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics 93 Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Isabel S. Carvalho, and Venkatesan Ganesan Chapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals 103 Masayuki Ohmori and Shigeki Ehira Chapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications 119 Tanya Soule and Ferran Garcia-Pichel Chapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a ‘‘green’’ option for sustainable agriculture 145 Radha Prasanna, Anjuli Sood, Sachitra Kumar Ratha, and Pawan K. Singh Chapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities 167 Naveen K. Sharma and Lucas J. Stal Chapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept 181 R. Milou Schuurmans, Hans C.P. Matthijs, Lucas J. Stal, and Klaas J. Hellingwerf Chapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications 197 Giovanni Colica and Roberto De Philippis Chapter 13 Phycocyanins 209 Ruperto Bermejo Chapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics 227 Shilalipi Samantaray, Ranjana Bhati, and Nirupama Mallick PART IV: HARMFUL ASPECTS 245 Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria 247 David P. Hamilton, Susanna A. Wood, Daniel R. Dietrich, and Jonathan Puddick Chapter 16 Cyanotoxins 257 Jason N. Woodhouse, Melissa Rapadas, and Brett A. Neilan PART V: TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PATENTS 269 Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing 271 A. Catarina Guedes, Nadpi G. Katkam, Jo˜ao Varela, and Francisco XavierMalcata Chapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience 293 Hiroyuki Takenaka and Yuji Yamaguchi Chapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products 303 Timo H.J. Niedermeyer, Ekaterina Kuchmina, and Annegret Wilde Chapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria 319 John G. Day Chapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses 329 Michael A. Borowitzka Index 339
£113.95
MU - University of Texas Press The Great Texas Wind Rush
Book SynopsisTwo environmental reporters tell the fascinating story behind Texas’s unlikely triumph in the clean-energy marketplace through wind farming.Trade ReviewGalbraith and Price understand the wonky side of energy policy, but they also know how to tell a story…The Great Texas Wind Rush is a thoughtful, valuable story for anyone who cares about renewable energy or climate change, because while many people protest the impact of nuclear power, coal power and natural gas fracking, in the end, that's not enough. Vast new sources of power actually have to be built, not just talked about. That won't be cheap, easy or quick, but The Great Texas Wind Rush suggests that over the long haul, it's possible. * The Associated Press *The authors craft the story well, pulling from legendary tales of the Wild West, romantic literary and artistic accounts from the likes of Cormac McCarthy and Woody Guthrie and the gubernatorial regimes of Ann Richards and George W. Bush. * Environmental Defense Fund's Texas Clean Air Matters blog *Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Following a Glider 2. The Tinkerers 3. The Oil Embargo 4. The 1980s: Boom—Then Bust 5. Ann Richards—and a Big Wind Farm at Last 6. Windcatters 7. A Wind Requirement 8. The Next Decade: Takeoff 9. The Future 10. The Lessons of Texas Wind Postscript Notes Bibliography Index
£18.99
CRC Press Sustainable Watershed Management
Book SynopsisThis proceedings volume contains papers and extended abstracts presented at the International Conference on Sustainable Watershed Management (SuWaMa 2014). The Conference was the second in a series of Sustainable Watershed Management Conferences. The objective of the Conference Series was to present and discuss advanced environmental models and contemporary decision support tools for the sustainable use and development of watersheds. Contributions cover the following topics: sound watershed management practices (case studies and examples from various countries including lessons learned from implementation of both successful and deficient management scenarios), decision support tools (such as monitoring, GIS, ecological economics, cost/benefit analysis and decision making models), integrated environmental model applications for management (including watershed, air-shed, coastal, and living resource models), trans-boundary environmental issues (air pollution, climate change, coastal oceans at regional, continental, and global scales) and global watershed sustainability. This multidisciplinary volume will benefit natural and social scientists, engineers, managers and other professionals as well as stakeholders with an interest in water resources and their management.Table of ContentsPreface Section 1: Keynotes: An emerging multi-level SPSI for sustainable management of the Romanian watersheds; Chehalis river basin management studies; Managing interfaces in catchment modelling; Regional risk assessment for climate change impacts on marine coastal water; Groundwater and dependent ecosystems: A review on process and measurement methods; Innovative group decision making framework for managing regional hydro-systems; Participatory decision-making methodology for water quality management in the Brazilian water basin; Agricultural water demand management in the south-eastern Anatolia region (Turkey); Section 2: Good watershed management Section 3: Modelling Section 4: Decision support tools
£171.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Geothermal Water Management 6 Sustainable Water
Book SynopsisAvailability of and adequate accessibility to freshwater and energy are two key technological and scientific problems of global significance. At the end of the 20th century, the deficit of water for human consumption and economic application forced us to focus on rational use of resources. Increasing the use of renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency is a challenge for the 21st century. Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth, accumulated in hydrothermal systems or in dry rocks within the Earth's crust, in amounts which constitute the energy resources. The sustainable management of geothermal energy resources should be geared towards optimization of energy recovery, but also towards rational management of water resources since geothermal water serves both as energy carrier and also as valuable raw material. Geothermal waters, depending on their hydrogeothermal characteristics, the lithology of the rocks involved, the depth at which the resTable of ContentsSection I Resources, geochemical properties and environmental implications of geothermal water 1. A global assessment of geothermal resources Marek Hajto &Anna Sowizdzał1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions and classification of geothermal resources 1.3 Methods of regional assessment of geothermal resources 1.4 New concepts of geothermal resources classification 1.5 Results of geothermal resources assessment 2. Reinjection of cooled water back into a reservoir Leszek Pajak & Barbara Tomaszewska2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mathematical model for assessing the conditions for injecting water into a rock formation 2.3 Injection of saline water into rock formation 2.4 Summary 3. Geothermal and hydrogeological conditions, geochemical properties and uses of geothermal waters of the SlovakiaDušan Bodiš, Anton Remšík, Radovan Cernák, Daniel Marcin, Zlatica Ženišová & Renáta Flaková3.1 Introduction 3.2 Geological structure 3.3 Characteristics of geothermal bodies 3.4 Geothermal waters' chemical composition 3.5 Abstraction and thermal energy potential of geothermal waters 4. Resources, geochemical features and environmental implications of the geothermal waters in the continental rift zone of the Büyük Menderes,Western Anatolia, TurkeyN. Özgür4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geologic setting 4.3 Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry 4.4 Resources and geothermal potential 4.5 Environmental implications 4.6 Model of the geothermal waters in the rift zone of the Büyük Menderes Section II Treatment of geothermal water for reuse5. Analytical procedures for ion quantification supporting water treatment processes Ewa Kmiecik5.1 Introduction 5.2 Groundwater sampling 5.3 Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program 5.4 QA/QC program in geothermal water monitoring – the case of Banska PGP-1 well (Banska Nizna, Poland) 5.5 Summary 6. Treatment of geothermal waters for industrial and agricultural purposes Nalan Kabay, Pınar Yanar Sözal, Emre Yavuz, Mithat Yüksel & Ümran Yüksel6.1 Introduction 6.2 Geothermal potential of Turkey 6.3 Main utilization areas of geothermal energy 6.4 Environmental issues 6.5 Chemistry of geothermal fluids 6.6 Treatment of geothermal water 7. Removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange Nalan Kabay, Idil Y. Ipek, Pelin K. Yilmaz, Saba Samatya, Marek Bryjak, Kazuharu Yoshizuka, S. Ali Tuncel, Ümran Yüksel & Mithat Yüksel7.1 Introduction 7.2 Removal of boron from geothermal water by ion-exchange 7.3 Removal of arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange 8. Membrane techniques in the treatment of geothermal water for fresh and potable water production Michał Bodzek & Krystyna Konieczny8.1 Introduction 8.2 Desalination methods 8.3 Concentrate utilization 8.4 Integrated desalination systems 8.5 The consideration of energy issues in water desalination 8.6 Economic analyses of desalination processes 8.7 Final remarks 9. Review of direct discharge and recovery of reverse osmosis concentrates Raquel Ibáñez, Antia Pérez-González, Javier Pinedo, Pedro Gomez, Ana Maria Urtiaga & Inmaculada Ortiz9.1 Introduction 9.2 Global desalination overview 9.3 RO desalination: characteristics and drawbacks 9.4 RO concentrates: influence of production site 9.5 Adverse effects of current ro concentrate management options 9.6 Treatment technologies of ro concentrates: review 10. Geothermal water treatment in Poland Barbara Tomaszewska10.1 Introduction 10.2 Characteristics of geothermal waters 10.3 Research methodology 10.4 Results and discussion 10.5 Conclusions Section III The uses of geothermal water in agriculture11. Coupling geothermal direct heat with agriculture Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Noreddine Ghaffour, Ihsan Hamawand, Hacene Mahmoudi & Mattheus Goosen11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sustainability by integrating geothermal options into agriculture 11.3 Geothermal direct heat applications 11.4 Agriculture within the cascade system of geothermal direct heat utilization 11.5 Geothermal energy for thermal water desalination 11.6 Geothermal greenhouses development heating/cooling, ventilation, humidification, desalination 11.7 Geothermal aquifers as freshwater source 11.8 Conclusions Section IV The uses of geothermal water in balneotherapy12. Short history of thermal healing bathing Barbara Kiełczawa12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Americas 12.3 Asia and the Middle East 12.4 European countries 13. Balneological use of geothermal springs in selected regions of the world Barbara Kiełczawa13.1 Introduction 13.2 Africa 13.3 The Americas 13.4 Asia and Middle East 13.5 European countries 13.6 SPA, wellness and health resort organizations 13.7 Summary 14. The importance of an integrated analytic approach to the study of physico chemical characteristics of natural thermal waters used for pelotherapy aims: Perspectives for reusing cooled thermal waters for treatments related to thermalism applications Davide Rossi, Dariusz Dobrzynski, Isabella Moro, Mirella Zancato & Nicola Realdon14.1 Introduction 14.2 Application of the integrated analytical approach and tensiometry on thermalism 14.3 Perspectives for using cooled thermal waters for thermal water treatments: Jelenia Góra hsw and borowina muds
£209.00
CRC Press Risk Reliability and Safety Innovating Theory and
Book SynopsisRisk, Reliability and Safety contains papers describing innovations in theory and practice contributed to the scientific programme of the European Safety and Reliability conference (ESREL 2016), held at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland (25â29 September 2016). Authors include scientists, academics, practitioners, regulators and other key individuals with expertise and experience relevant to specific areas. Papers include domain specific applications as well as general modelling methods. Papers cover evaluation of contemporary solutions, exploration of future challenges, and exposition of concepts, methods and processes. Topics include human factors, occupational health and safety, dynamic and systems reliability modelling, maintenance optimisation, uncertainty analysis, resilience assessment, risk and crisis management.Table of ContentsAccelerated test design and analysisAccident and incident investigation and modellingAnalysis of natural hazardsBayesian models and statistical methodsCrisis and emergency managementDecision making under uncertainty and expressing uncertaintyDynamic reliability and probabilistic safety/risk analysisFoundational issues in riskHuman factors and human reliability analysisMaintenance modelling and applicationsManagement, governance, regulation and standardsMathematical methods and computational algorithmsMonte Carlo simulation for reliability, availability, maintenance and safety applicationsOccupational health and safetyOptimisation methods for reliability, availability, maintenance and safety applicationsOrganisational factors, safety culture and socio-technical modellingPrognostics and diagnosticsReliability databases, collection and analysisResilience modelling and assessmentRisk and RAMS analysis applicationsSoftware reliability models and safety assessment methodsStructural reliability modellingSystems reliability models and applicationsUncertainty and sensitivity analysisVisualisation of risk
£427.50
Taylor & Francis Wind Power
Book SynopsisThe wind power business has grown from a niche sector within the energy industry to a global industry that attracts substantial investment. In Europe wind has become the biggest source of new power generation capacity, while also successfully competing with the gas, coal and nuclear sectors in China and the US. Wind Power looks at the nations, companies and people fighting for control of one of the worldâs fastest growing new industries and how we can harness one of the planetâs most powerful energy resources. The book examines the challenges the sector faces as it competes for influence and investment with the fossil fuel industry across the globe. Over the course of this volume, Backwell analyses the industry climbers, the investment trends and the technological advancements that will define the future of wind energy. This second edition is revised throughout and contains new material on frontier wind markets and industry consolidation, as well as the cost reductions and market gains that led to 2015 being a landmark year for the big wind turbine companies.This is an important resource for professionals working in wind and wider renewable industries, energy finance, conventional energy companies and government as well as researchers, students, journalists and the general public.Trade Review'Ben Backwell's new book on wind power is a great read, provides the best current overview of the wind industry, how it got to where it is, and what the future challenges are. Highly recomended!' Henrik Stiesdal, Wind Power Pioneer Table of ContentsForewordIntroductionChapter 1. From Maoism to Lear JetsChapter 2. Big industry moves inChapter 3. China shakes the wind industryChapter 4. Emerging powersChapter 5. The offshore frontierChapter 6. After CopenhagenChapter 7. Turbine manufacturers in troubleChapter 8. The Wind Industry Bounces BackChapter 9. Tipping point: Windpower’s iPhone momentChapter 10. Challenges for the wind-turbine industryConclusion
£128.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient
Book SynopsisTo best serve current and future generations, infrastructure needs to be resilient to the changing world while using limited resources in a sustainable manner. Research on and funding towards sustainability and resilience are growing rapidly, and significant research is being carried out at a number of institutions and centers worldwide.This handbook brings together current research on sustainable and resilient infrastructure and, in particular, stresses the fundamental nexus between sustainability and resilience. It aims to coalesce work from a large and diverse group of contributors across a wide range of disciplines including engineering, technology and informatics, urban planning, public policy, economics, and finance. Not only does it present a theoretical formulation of sustainability and resilience but it also demonstrates how these ideals can be realized in practice. This work will provide a reference text to students and scholars of a number of disciplines.Trade Review"The wellbeing of modern societies critically depends on the functioning of infrastructure systems. This book collects articles by well-known experts on sustainability and resilience of infrastructure systems in the face of natural hazards, including climate change, and aging. It is a must read for anyone researching or practicing in this field." — Armen Der Kiureghian, President, American University of Armenia and Taisei Professor of Civil Engineering Emeritus, University of California, USA"This truly comprehensive compendium on theories and applications of resilience for the built environment is highly recommended for those seeking a comprehensive understanding of the issues rather than a simplified "how to" guide. Composed of more than 40 contributions from leading investigators in the field, it focuses on overall goals of resilience and sustainability, with applications to buildings and infrastructure systems. Material is often mathematically rigorous and conceptually enlightening." — Ross B. Corotis, Denver Business Challenge Professor of Engineering, University of Colorado, USA"Edited by one of the leading scholars in the field, the Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art. Essential reading for both professionals, students, and scholars working on the nexus between sustainability and resilience." — Neelke Doorn, Professor Ethics of Water Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"As the design of sustainable and resilient infrastructure has emerged as a research stream of profound importance to humanity, it is timely that Gardoni provides an exemplary and authoritative handbook of great topical scope and rich conceptual depth. Undoubtedly, this comprehensive contribution would serve as an essential reference for scholars and practitioners concerned with this subject matter." — Mahesh Pandey, Professor and Industrial Research Chair, University of Waterloo, Canada"A rich compendium of articles ranging from engineering to social, economic and financial issues, this handbook provides one of the first comprehensive treatments of the theory, formulations and approaches for implementation of how communities can become sustainable and resilient. Moreover, articles in the book examine the planning and public policies that can enable communities to achieve a higher level of sustainability and resilience. The book is extremely valuable and possibly the "go-to" reference for researchers, educators, practitioners, urban planners and policy makers." — Anne S. Kiremidjian, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, USA"In recent decades, we have observed rapid growth of research interest and activities in sustainable and resilient infrastructures. This handbook provides a timely portrait of state-of-the-art research in a variety of related disciplines to help researchers and practitioners create dependable roadmaps for collaborative efforts toward sustainable and resilient urban communities." — Junho Song, Professor, Seoul National University, Korea"Sustainability and resilience of infrastructure systems is an important field of research and practice in engineering. The book is a collection of the most important contributions by renowned authors in the field." — Alfredo H-S. Ang, Research Professor, University of California, USA"Resilience and sustainability of cities is one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Development Program. This book aims to achieving this goal systematically." — Yozo Fujino, Distinguished Professor Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, JapanTable of ContentsPart I Introduction 1. Toward Sustainable and Resilient Physical Systems: Current State and Future Directions Paolo Gardoni Part II Situating and Motivating Sustainability and Resilience 2. Aligning Community Resilience and Sustainability Therese P. McAllister and Steven Moddemeyer 3. On Sustainability and Resilience of Engineered Systems Michael Havbro Faber 4. Resilience and Sustainability Goals for Communities and Quantification Metrics Jessica Boakye, Colleen Murphy and Paolo Gardoni 5. Structural Engineering Dilemmas, Resilient EPCOT, and other Perspectives on the Road to Engineering Resilience Michel Bruneau and Andrei M. Reinhorn 6. Performance-based Engineering to Achieve Community Resilience Bruce R. Ellingwood, Naiyu Wang, James Robert Harris and Therese P. McAllister Part III Resilience of Different Systems Buildings 7. Tornado Damage Modeling: Single Buildings, Communities, and Regions John W. van de Lindt, Hassan Masoomi, Navid Attary and Christine D Standohar-Alfano 8. Realizing Hurricane Resilient Communities through Distributed Computing Ahmed U. Abdelhady, Seymour M.J. Spence and Jason McCormick 9. Resilience Assessment of Community Building Portfolios Peihui Lin and Naiyu Wang 10. A Way Forward to Resilient Infrastructures against Earthquake-tsunami Multi-hazard Raffaele De Risi, Ario Muhammad and Katsuichiro Goda Transportation Infrastructure 11. Resilience Assessment of Transportation Networks Maria Nogal and Alan O’Connor 12. A Framework for Resilience Assessment of Highway Transportation Networks Navya Vishnu, Sabarethinam Kameshwar and Jamie E. Padgett 13. Physics-based Fragility Functions: Their Mathematical Formulation and Use in the Reliability and Resilience Analysis of Transportation Infrastructure Fabrizio Nocera, Armin Tabandeh, Roberto Guidotti, Jessica Boakye and Paolo Gardoni Electric and Power Infrastructure 14. Modeling the Time-varying Performance of Electrical Infrastructure During Post Disaster Recovery Using Tensors Neetesh Sharma and Paolo Gardoni Potable Water and Wastewater Infrastructure 15. A holistic framework to evaluate water availability for post-earthquake fire firefighting Negar Elhami Khorasani, Maxwell Coar, Amir Sarreshtehdari and Maria Garlock 16. Risk and Life Cycle Cost Based Asset Management Framework for Aging Water Supply System Solomon Tesfamariam, Golam Kabir and Rehan Sadiq 17. Resilience of Potable Water and Wastewater Networks Max Didier, Simona Esposito and Bozidar Stojadinovic 18. Population Dynamics and the Resiliency of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Kasey M. Faust and Jessica A. Kaminsky Cyber Infrastructure 19. Cyber Threat on Critical Infrastructure: A Growing Concern for Decision Makers Omar Kammouh and Gian Paolo Cimellaro Part IV Sustainable Materials, Design and Construction 20. Low CO2 Cement for Sustainable Concrete Maria C.G. Juenger 21. The Need for Standardized Testing for Service Life Prediction of Reinforced Concrete: Ensuring Sustainable Systems David Trejo 22. The Long-term Ageing Trends of Asphalt Binders in Highway Pavements Yuhong Wang, Kecheng Zhao and Fangjin Li Part V Merging Sustainability and Resilience 23. Bridging the Gap between Sustainability and Resilience of Civil Infrastructure using Lifetime Resilience David Y. Yang and Dan M. Frangopol 24. Tradeoffs between Sustainable and Resilient Buildings Abbie B. Liel and Sarah J. Welsh-Huggins Part VI The Role of Dependencies/Interdependencies 25. The Role of Interdependencies in Infrastructure Modeling and Community Resilience Dorothy A. Reed and Shuoqi Wang 26. Probabilistic Modeling of Interdependencies for Resilient Infrastructure Systems Iris Tien 27. Modeling of Interdependent Critical Infrastructure for Regional Risk and Resilience Analysis Roberto Guidotti and Paolo Gardoni 28. Regional Resilience Analysis: A Multi-Scale Approach to Model the Recovery of Interdependent Infrastructure Neetesh Sharma, Armin Tabandeh and Paolo Gardoni Part VII The Role and Impact of Aging and Deterioration, and Life-cycle Analysis 29. Deterioration Models for Engineered Systems Javier Riascos-Ochoa and Mauricio Sánchez-Silva 30. Stochastic Life-Cycle Analysis and Performance Optimization of Deteriorating Engineering Systems using State-Dependent Deterioration Stochastic Models Gaofeng Jia and Paolo Gardoni Part VIII The Role and Impact of Climate Change 31. Infrastructure and Climate Change Mikhail Chester, Samuel Markolf, Andrew Fraser, Daniel Burillo, Emily Bondank, Yeowon Kim and Christopher Hoehne 32. Climate Change Impact on RC Structures Subjected to Chloride Ingress and Carbonation-Induced Corrosion Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga and Mark G. Stewart 33. Hazard-based Hurricane Loss Estimation Including Climate Change Impacts: Sea Surface Temperature Change David V. Rosowsky 34. A Physics-based Transportable Probabilistic Model for Climate Change Dependent Storm Surge Alessandro Contento, Hao Xu and Paolo Gardoni Part IX Smart Cities and the Role of Information and Communication Technologies 35. Exploiting Smart Technologies to Build Smart Resilient Cities Emanuele Bellini and Paolo Nesi 36. Framework for Improved Indoor Thermal Comfort through Personalized HVAC Control Da Li, Carol C. Menassa and Vineet R. Kamat 37. Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Environments: A Tutorial Zoltan Nagy, June Y. Park and Jose R. Vazquez-Canteli Part X Multi-objective Optimization 38. Resilience-Based Restoration Optimization, Resource Location, and Importance Measures Kash Barker and Yasser Almoghathawi 39. Lifecycle Multi Criteria Decision Analysis of Buildings using Generalized Expected Utility Umberto Alibrandi and Khalid M. Mosalam Part XI The Role of Urban Planning and Public Policies 40. Addressing the Infrastructure Decay Rate in US Cities: the Case for a Paradigm Shift in Information and Communication Mark Reiner and Jennifer E. Cross 41. Balanced Urban Design Process to Create Resilient and Sustainable Urban Environments Nuwan Dias, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Kaushal Keraminiyage and Richard Haigh Part XII Economic Considerations and the Role of Insurance and Re-insurance 42. Defining Economic Recovery: An Application of the Synthetic Control Method Ryan Levitt and Sammy Zahran 43. Modeling Business Interruption as a Function of the Reliability and Resilience of Physical Infrastructure and Social Systems Fabrizio Nocera and Paolo Gardoni 44. CAT bond pricing and coverage design against natural perils Lorenzo Hofer, Paolo Gardoni and Mariano Angelo Zanini
£209.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Advances in WastetoEnergy Technologies
Book SynopsisAs global populations continue to increase, the application of biotechnological processes for disposal and control of waste has gained importance in recent years. Advances in Waste-to-Energy Technologies presents the latest developments in the areas of solid waste management, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies, biotechnological approaches, and their global challenges. It combines biotechnological procedures, sophisticated modeling, and techno-economic analysis of waste, and examines the current need for the maximum recovery of energy from wastes as well as the associated biotechnological and environmental impacts. Features: Presents numerous waste management practices and methods to recover resources from waste using the best biotechnological approaches available. Addresses the challenges, management, and policy issues of waste management and WTE initiatives. Includes practical case studies from around the worlTable of Contents1. Solid waste: Characterization, Assessment, Monitoring, and Remediation. 2. Issues and Challenges in Sustainable Solid Waste Management: Global and Asian Perspective. 3. Cairo's Zabaleen Garbage Collectors: Sustainable Practices and the Right to Waste Resources. 4. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Two Cities of Palestine: A Comparative Study. 5. 3E ( Energy, Economic, and Environmental) Analysis of Waste Management Strategies. 6. Biological Treatment of Waste: An Overview. 7. Biological Systems of Waste Management and Treatment. 8. Biogas Potential From Cabbage and Lettuce Residuals: Effect of Organic Load and Co-digestion. 9. Hydrothermal Liquefaction: A Sustainable Solution to the Sewage Sludge Disposal Problem. 10. GIS Spatial Distribution of Industrial Hazardous Wastes: A Case Study from Hebron City, Palestine. 11. Opportunities for Sustainable Energy Future by Integrating Biotechnological Approaches. 12. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach to Evaluate Different Waste Management Opportunities. 13. Life cycle Assessment: Methods and Opportunities. 14. LCA of a Representative Municipal Effluent Treatment Plant: Comparative Evaluation of Activated Sludge Versus Membrane Bio-reactor Processes. 15. Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Urban Waste: A Systematic Literature Review of Life Cycle Assessment Case Studies.
£99.75
Elsevier Science Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Hydrogen 3. Fuel cells 4. Fuel cell systems 5. Implementation scenarios 6. Social implications 7. Conclusion: A conditional outcome
£73.76
Elsevier Science Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Hybrid Systems
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Energy storage systems 2. Need for pumped hydro energy systems 3. Characteristic features of PHES systems 4. Impact of market infrastructure on PHES systems 5. Case studies-hybrid systems 6. Concept for Cost-Effective PHES system for Developing Countries 7. Technological Advances in Prospecting Sites for PHES 8. Techno-economic challenges and Opportunities of PHES 9. Lessons for PHES Systems Uptake beyond 2020
£106.20
Elsevier Science Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. The climate challenge: climate change, mitigation, and negative emissions 2. Negative emissions technology overview 3. Ethics, risks, and governance of NETs 4. The global carbon cycle 5. Terrestrial carbon cycle processes 6. Oceanic carbon cycle processes 7. CO2 absorption 8. CO2 adsorption 9. Membrane CO2 separation 10. CO2 mineralization 11. AR and other land- and soil-based methods 12. Biomass carbon capture and storage 13. Direct air capture 14. Non-CO2 GHG removal 15. Geological storage 16. Ocean storage and other ocean-based methods 17. Carbon dioxide utilization
£119.70
Elsevier Science Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart A Introduction 1. Energy and geotechnologies 2. Energy geostructures Part B Fundamentals 3. Heat and mass transfers in the context of energy geostructures 4. Deformation in the context of energy geostructures Part C Observations 5. Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of soils and soil-structure interfaces 6. Thermo-mechanical behaviour of single energy piles 7. Thermo-mechanical behaviour of energy pile groups Part D Design 8. Analytical modelling of steady heat and mass transfers 9. Analytical modelling of transient heat transfer 10. Analytical modelling of capacity and deformation of single energy piles 11. Analytical modelling of capacity and deformation of energy pile groups 12. Numerical modelling of energy geostructures Part E Design 13. Performance-based design in the context of energy geostructures 14. Determination of design parameters for energy geostructures 15. Performance-based design of energy piles 16. Design of details for construction of energy geostructures
£180.00
Elsevier Science Small Scale Power Generation Handbook
Book Synopsis
£130.50
Elsevier Science Wind Turbine Icing Physics and AntiDeIcing
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Icing Physics 2. Icing Quantification 3. Field test [Wind Farm Icing] 4. Ice Mitigation techniques 5. Conclusions and Perspective 6. Nomenclature 7. Bibliography 8. Video List 9. Index
£114.30
Elsevier Science Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Research trends in renewable energy complementarity: A bibliometric analysis 3. Meteorology as a backbone of complementarity research 4. Meteorological fundamentals of spatiotemporal balancing between the solar and wind energy resources 5. Metrics used for the evaluation of complementarity – review 6. New metric for complementarity assessment 7. GIS tools in complementarity research – estimation and visualization 8. Off-grid hybrid systems reliability and transmission line utilization from the perspective of renewables complementarity 9. On the role of complementarity in siting renewable power generation assets and its economic implications for power systems 10. A comparative study of correlation coefficients used to assess the solar and wind complementarity in Mexico 11. Global complementarity of renewable energy sources 12. Complementarity and application of renewable energy sources in the marine environment 13. Complementarity between rare renewable energies 14. Complementarity in the context of water-food-energy nexus 15. Complementarity in the context of water-energy-ecosystem nexus 16. Water-energy-food nexus in hydropower dominated power systems - the Brazilian case 17. The role and applications of renewable energies in agriculture from the complementarity perspective 18. Impact of climate change on wind and solar energy sources complementarity: a case study of the northeast Brazilian region 19. Assessment of the energy production by hybrid system ''micro hydropower power plant and solar photovoltaic power plant 20. Operations management of large hydro-PV hybrid power plants: Case studies in China 21. Short term complementarity of utility-scale solar and wind power plants 22. Long term changes in complementarity and their impact on off-grid systems reliability 23. Governing complementarity to enhance environmental, economic and social benefits of renewable energy 24 Dancing with renewables: a holistic perspective encompassing the role of the demand side 25. Teaching about complementarity – proposal of classes for university students – including exercises 26. Complementary concentrated solar power - wind hybrid system with thermal storage and ORC 27. Complementarity of renewable energy sources in the context of heating and cooling systems
£114.30
