Description

Book Synopsis
Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xxvii

Foreword xxxii

Acknowledgments xxxiv

About the Companion Website xxxv

Part One INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS 1

1.1 Introduction 3
Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden

List of Symbols 11

Constants 11

List of Acronyms 11

References 11

Part Two BASIC FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13

2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15
Angèle Reinders

List of Symbols 19

List of Acronyms 19

References 20

2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21
Pierre J. Verlinden

List of Symbols 31

List of Acronyms 31

References 31

2.3 Absorption and Generation 32
Seth Hubbard

References 38

2.4 Recombination 39
Seth Hubbard

References 46

2.5 Carrier Transport 47
Seth Hubbard

References 53

2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54
Seth Hubbard

Acknowledgments 63

List of Symbols 63

List of Acronyms 65

References 66

Part Three CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 67

3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69
Andreas Fell

List of Symbols 77

List of Acronyms 77

References 78

3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80
Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin

References 90

3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92
Pierre Verlinden

3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104
Wilfried van Sark

List of Symbols 110

List of Acronyms 111

References 112

3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114
Bram Hoex

List of Symbols 121

List of Acronyms 122

References 122

3.6 Passivated Contacts 125
Martin Hermle

List of Symbols 133

List of Acronyms 133

References 134

3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136
Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard

List of Symbols 147

List of Acronyms 148

References 149

3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150
Pietro Altermatt

References 158

3.9 Advanced Concepts 160
Martin Green

List of Acronyms 166

References 166

Part Four CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 167

4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169
Susanne Siebentritt

List of Symbols 176

List of Acronyms 176

References 176

4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179
Sylvain Marsillac

List of Symbols 187

List of Acronyms 187

References 188

4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190
Negar Naghavi

List of Acronyms 200

References 200

4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204
William Shafarman

List of Acronyms 211

References 211

Part Five THIN FILM SILICON‐BASED PV TECHNOLOGIES 213

5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215
Etienne Moulin, Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif

List of Symbols 223

References 224

5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226
Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann

Acknowledgments 235

List of Symbols and Acronyms 235

References 236

5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238
Franz Haug

List of Symbols 244

List of Acronyms 245

References 245

5.4 New Future Concepts 248
Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif

List of Symbols 253

References 253

Part Six ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 255

6.1 Solid‐State Organic Photovoltaics 257
Bernard Kippelen

Acknowledgments 265

Acronyms 265

References 265

6.2 Hybrid and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 267
Woojun Yoon

References 275

6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277
Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith

References 289

6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292
Veronique S. Gevaerts

List of Acronyms 301

References 302

Part Seven CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS 303

7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305
Halden Field

List of Symbols 320

List of Acronyms 320

References 320

7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322
Thorsten Trupke

Acknowledgments 334

List of Symbols 334

List of Acronyms 335

References 335

7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity , and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339
Henner Kampwerth

List of Symbols 347

List of Acronyms 348

References 348

7.4 In‐situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350
Angus Rockett

List of Acronyms 360

References 360

7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362
Geoffrey S. Kinsey

List of Symbols 368

List of Acronyms 368

References 369

Part Eight III‐Vs AND PV CONCENTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES 371

8.1 III‐V Solar Cells – Materials, Multi‐Junction Cells – Cell Design and Performance 373
Frank Dimroth

Acknowledgments 380

List of Acronyms 380

References 380

8.2 New and Future III‐V Cells and Concepts 383
Simon Fafard

List of Acronyms and Symbols 393

References 393

8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396
Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook

List of Acronyms 408

References 409

8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411
Geoffrey S. Kinsey

List of Acronyms 418

References 418

8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420
Michael Debije

List of Symbols 428

List of Acronyms 428

References 429

Part Nine SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 431

9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433
Rob Walters

List of Symbols and Units 442

References 442

9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444
Phillip Jenkins

Acknowledgments 453

List of Acronyms 453

References 454

9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455
David Wilt

List of Symbols 461

List of Acronyms 461

References 462

Part Ten PV MODULES AND MANUFACTURING 463

10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465
Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans

Acknowledgements 474

List of Abbreviations 474

References 474

10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478
Michael Kempe

Acknowledgments 488

List of Symbols 488

List of Acronyms 488

References 489

10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491
Sarah Kurtz

Acknowledgments 500

References 501

10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502
Pierre Verlinden

List of Symbols 508

List of Acronyms 508

References 509

Part Eleven PV SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 511

11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513
Greg J. Ball

Acknowledgments 527

List of Acronyms 528

References 529

11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530
Chris Deline

List of Symbols 537

List of Acronyms 537

References 538

11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539
Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp

References 552

11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553
Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis

Acknowledgments 561

List of Symbols 561

List of Acronyms 562

References 562

11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564
Joshua S. Stein

List of Symbols and Acronyms 575

References 577

11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579
Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts

List of Acronyms 588

References 588

11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590
Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou

List of Acronym 598

References 598

Part Twelve PV DEPLOYMENT IN DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 601

12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603
Albert van den Noort

List of Acronyms 610

References 611

12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612
Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale

List of Acronyms 619

References 619

Part Thirteen SUPPORTING METHODS AND TOOLS 621

13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623
Matthew Campbell

List of Acronyms 633

References 633

13.2 People’s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634
Barbara van Mierlo

References 644

13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646
Vasilis Fthenakis

References 656

13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658
Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark

Acknowledgements 671

References 671

Index 672

Photovoltaic Solar Energy From Fundamentals to

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    Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
    Publication Date: 13/01/2017
    ISBN13: 9781118927465, 978-1118927465
    ISBN10: 111892746X
    Also in:
    Alternative and renewable energy sources Electronics and communications engineering

    Description

    Book Synopsis
    Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity.

    Table of Contents

    List of Contributors xxvii

    Foreword xxxii

    Acknowledgments xxxiv

    About the Companion Website xxxv

    Part One INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS 1

    1.1 Introduction 3
    Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden

    List of Symbols 11

    Constants 11

    List of Acronyms 11

    References 11

    Part Two BASIC FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13

    2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15
    Angèle Reinders

    List of Symbols 19

    List of Acronyms 19

    References 20

    2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21
    Pierre J. Verlinden

    List of Symbols 31

    List of Acronyms 31

    References 31

    2.3 Absorption and Generation 32
    Seth Hubbard

    References 38

    2.4 Recombination 39
    Seth Hubbard

    References 46

    2.5 Carrier Transport 47
    Seth Hubbard

    References 53

    2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54
    Seth Hubbard

    Acknowledgments 63

    List of Symbols 63

    List of Acronyms 65

    References 66

    Part Three CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 67

    3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69
    Andreas Fell

    List of Symbols 77

    List of Acronyms 77

    References 78

    3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80
    Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin

    References 90

    3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92
    Pierre Verlinden

    3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104
    Wilfried van Sark

    List of Symbols 110

    List of Acronyms 111

    References 112

    3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114
    Bram Hoex

    List of Symbols 121

    List of Acronyms 122

    References 122

    3.6 Passivated Contacts 125
    Martin Hermle

    List of Symbols 133

    List of Acronyms 133

    References 134

    3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136
    Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard

    List of Symbols 147

    List of Acronyms 148

    References 149

    3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150
    Pietro Altermatt

    References 158

    3.9 Advanced Concepts 160
    Martin Green

    List of Acronyms 166

    References 166

    Part Four CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 167

    4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169
    Susanne Siebentritt

    List of Symbols 176

    List of Acronyms 176

    References 176

    4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179
    Sylvain Marsillac

    List of Symbols 187

    List of Acronyms 187

    References 188

    4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190
    Negar Naghavi

    List of Acronyms 200

    References 200

    4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204
    William Shafarman

    List of Acronyms 211

    References 211

    Part Five THIN FILM SILICON‐BASED PV TECHNOLOGIES 213

    5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215
    Etienne Moulin, Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif

    List of Symbols 223

    References 224

    5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226
    Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann

    Acknowledgments 235

    List of Symbols and Acronyms 235

    References 236

    5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238
    Franz Haug

    List of Symbols 244

    List of Acronyms 245

    References 245

    5.4 New Future Concepts 248
    Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif

    List of Symbols 253

    References 253

    Part Six ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 255

    6.1 Solid‐State Organic Photovoltaics 257
    Bernard Kippelen

    Acknowledgments 265

    Acronyms 265

    References 265

    6.2 Hybrid and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 267
    Woojun Yoon

    References 275

    6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277
    Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith

    References 289

    6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292
    Veronique S. Gevaerts

    List of Acronyms 301

    References 302

    Part Seven CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS 303

    7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305
    Halden Field

    List of Symbols 320

    List of Acronyms 320

    References 320

    7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322
    Thorsten Trupke

    Acknowledgments 334

    List of Symbols 334

    List of Acronyms 335

    References 335

    7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity , and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339
    Henner Kampwerth

    List of Symbols 347

    List of Acronyms 348

    References 348

    7.4 In‐situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350
    Angus Rockett

    List of Acronyms 360

    References 360

    7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362
    Geoffrey S. Kinsey

    List of Symbols 368

    List of Acronyms 368

    References 369

    Part Eight III‐Vs AND PV CONCENTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES 371

    8.1 III‐V Solar Cells – Materials, Multi‐Junction Cells – Cell Design and Performance 373
    Frank Dimroth

    Acknowledgments 380

    List of Acronyms 380

    References 380

    8.2 New and Future III‐V Cells and Concepts 383
    Simon Fafard

    List of Acronyms and Symbols 393

    References 393

    8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396
    Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook

    List of Acronyms 408

    References 409

    8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411
    Geoffrey S. Kinsey

    List of Acronyms 418

    References 418

    8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420
    Michael Debije

    List of Symbols 428

    List of Acronyms 428

    References 429

    Part Nine SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 431

    9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433
    Rob Walters

    List of Symbols and Units 442

    References 442

    9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444
    Phillip Jenkins

    Acknowledgments 453

    List of Acronyms 453

    References 454

    9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455
    David Wilt

    List of Symbols 461

    List of Acronyms 461

    References 462

    Part Ten PV MODULES AND MANUFACTURING 463

    10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465
    Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans

    Acknowledgements 474

    List of Abbreviations 474

    References 474

    10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478
    Michael Kempe

    Acknowledgments 488

    List of Symbols 488

    List of Acronyms 488

    References 489

    10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491
    Sarah Kurtz

    Acknowledgments 500

    References 501

    10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502
    Pierre Verlinden

    List of Symbols 508

    List of Acronyms 508

    References 509

    Part Eleven PV SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 511

    11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513
    Greg J. Ball

    Acknowledgments 527

    List of Acronyms 528

    References 529

    11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530
    Chris Deline

    List of Symbols 537

    List of Acronyms 537

    References 538

    11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539
    Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp

    References 552

    11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553
    Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis

    Acknowledgments 561

    List of Symbols 561

    List of Acronyms 562

    References 562

    11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564
    Joshua S. Stein

    List of Symbols and Acronyms 575

    References 577

    11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579
    Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts

    List of Acronyms 588

    References 588

    11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590
    Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou

    List of Acronym 598

    References 598

    Part Twelve PV DEPLOYMENT IN DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 601

    12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603
    Albert van den Noort

    List of Acronyms 610

    References 611

    12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612
    Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale

    List of Acronyms 619

    References 619

    Part Thirteen SUPPORTING METHODS AND TOOLS 621

    13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623
    Matthew Campbell

    List of Acronyms 633

    References 633

    13.2 People’s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634
    Barbara van Mierlo

    References 644

    13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646
    Vasilis Fthenakis

    References 656

    13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658
    Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark

    Acknowledgements 671

    References 671

    Index 672

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