Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Intrinsic voids in crystalline materials: Ideal materials and real materials 3. Intrinsic voids in polymeric networks 4. Nanometer scale porous structure 5. Hollow and porous structures utilizing the Kirkendall effect 6. Techniques for introducing intentional voids into materials 7. Techniques of introducing intentional voids into particles and fibers 8. Void characterization techniques 9. Characteristics and properties of porous materials 10. Applications

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Despite these minor issues, this book ultimately succeeds at its goal to present the teachings of Prof. Kletz to a new, modern audience. The main selling point of this book is the collection and synthesis of Prof. Kletz’s writings and recommendations, and these pieces are supplemented by information relevant to the practice of process safety today. Ultimately, I feel this textbook is a good reference for those interested in communicating the thought and intention behind process safety philosophies. I am more hesitant to recommend use of this book as the primary textbook for a process safety or design course, particularly those that rely on more technical process safety and design calculations, as teaching those specific skills is not in the purview of this text. With that said, I intend to use this book as a reference for future safety and professional practice courses I teach, and I have already recommended it to several colleagues with similar teaching interests." --Chemical Engineering EducationTable of Contents1. Hazop2. Hazan (Quantitative Risk Assessment)3. Inherently safer design4. Maintenance risks5. Control of modifications6. Human error7. Accident Investigations - Missed Opportunities8. Accident summaries

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E 6. F 7. G 8. H 9. I 10. J 11. K 12. L 13. M 14. N 15. O 16. P 17. Q 18. R 19. S 20. T 21. U 22. V 23. W 24. X 25. Y 26. Z Nonalphabetic Terms

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection I Introduction and fundamentals 1. Introduction 2. Polymeric membrane fabrication by phase inversion 3. Molecular simulation of the phase inversion process 4. Hollow fiber membranes prepared via thermally induced phase separation Section II Fundamentals of hollow fiber membrane fabrication 5. Irregular contour 6. Macrovoid formation 7. Macrovoid-free hollow fiber 8. Membrane formation of sulfonated polymers 9. Spinneret design and considerations 10. Module fabrication of hollow fiber membranes Section III Novel hollow fiber processes 11. Nano hollow fibers 12. Hollow fiber spinning of dual-layer membranes 13. Use ionic liquids for hollow fiber spinning Section IV Specialty polymers for hollow fiber spinning 14. Polysulfone (PSf)/polyethersulfone (PES)/polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) & Sulfonated polymers 15. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 16. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) 17. Polyimides (PI) Section V Applications of hollow fiber membranes 18. Polyimide hollow fibers for gas separation 19. Composite hollow fibers for gas separation 20. I2PS hollow fibers for pervaporation 21. Hollow fibers for microfiltration and ultrafiltration 22. Hollow fibers for nanofiltration/organic solvent nanofiltration 23. Hollow fibers for reverse osmosis (RO)/forward osmosis (FO)/pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 24. Hollow fiber for membrane distillation (MD)

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"I find this book offers an excellent mix of rigorous technical calculations to support risk quantification in a wide range of cases and practical knowledge which is what gives it a real value within the available literature. It would be excellent as a textbook for safety courses in chemical engineering programmes in higher education but it is equally an excellent reference for graduates starting their careers or practicing engineers." --The Chemical EngineerTable of ContentsPART 1: FUNDAMENTALS 1. Chemistry of Process Safety 2. Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry of Process Safety 3. Reaction Engineering for Process Safety 4. Fluid-Dynamics for Process Safety 5. Loads and Stress Analysis for Process Safety 6. Statistics and Reliability for Process Safety PART 2: CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT 7. Source Models 8. Dispersion Models 9. Fire 10. Explosions 11. Dust Explosions PART 3: QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT 12. Quantitative Risk Assessment 13. Explosion protection of vessels and enclosures 14. Structural dynamics of buildings subject to explosion loads 15. Mitigation of toxic risk 16. Layer of Protection Analysis for SIL assignment 17. Calculations for equipment asset integrity management

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION 1. Nano Perception in the Remediation Arena Part II NANOREMEDIATION WITH PROCESSES 2. Application of nanomaterials for adsorptive removal of various pollutants from water bodies 3. Integrating Ecofriendly Nanomaterials in Deep-bed Filtration for Cleaning up Industrial Wastewater 4. Photocatalysis: TiO 2, ZnO, and Species of Iron Oxides 5. Nanoscale silver enabled drinking water disinfection system 6. Disinfection using nanosilver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) and CNTs 7. Environmental applications of graphitic carbon nitride 8. ElectroKinetic–Nanoremediation 9. Natural, Biosynthesized, Polymeric, and other RemediationNanoreagents 10. Environmental remediation utilization of polyurethanes/carbon nanomaterial nanocomposites PART III NANOBIOREMEDIATION 11. Microbial Nanotechnology 12. Nanobioremediation-New directions for environmental protection 13. Emerging trends in NANOBIOREMEDIATION PART-IV GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY 14. Future of Modern Society & Sustainability

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Book Synopsis The Definitive, Up-to-Date, Student-Friendly Guide to Separation Process EngineeringWith More Mass Transfer Coverage and a New Chapter on Crystallization   Separation Process Engineering, Fourth Edition, is the most comprehensive, accessible guide available on modern separation processes and the fundamentals of mass transfer. In this completely updated edition, Phillip C. Wankat teaches each key concept through detailed, realistic examples using real dataincluding up-to-date simulation practice and spreadsheet-based exercises.   Wankat thoroughly covers each separation process, including flash, column, and batch distillation; exact calculations and shortcut methods for multicomponent distillation; staged and packed column design; absorption; stripping; and more. This edition provides expandTable of Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi About the Author xxiii Nomenclature xxv Chapter 1: Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 1 1.0. Summary—Objectives 1 1.1. Importance of Separations 1 1.2. Concept of Equilibrium 3 1.3. Mass Transfer Concepts 4 1.4. Problem-Solving Methods 5 1.5. Units 7 1.6. Computers and Computer Simulations 8 1.7. Prerequisite Material 8 1.8. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 9 References 11 Homework 12 Chapter 2: Flash Distillation 15 2.0. Summary—Objectives 15 2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation 15 2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 17 2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE 20 2.4. Binary Flash Distillation 25 2.5. Multicomponent VLE 32 2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation 36 2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence 42 2.8. Three-Phase Flash Calculations 47 2.9. Size Calculation 48 2.10. Using Existing Flash Drums 53 References 54 Homework 55 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 67 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation 77 Chapter 3: Introduction to Column Distillation 81 3.0. Summary—Objectives 81 3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade 82 3.2. Distillation Equipment 88 3.3. Specifications 90 3.4. External Column Balances 94 References 98 Homework 98 Chapter 4: Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 105 4.0. Summary—Objectives 105 4.1. Internal Balances 106 4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods 110 4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method 116 4.4. Feed Line 120 4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method 128 4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation 132 4.7. Open Steam Heating 132 4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure 138 4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations 146 4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions 151 4.11. Efficiencies 154 4.12. Simulation Problems 156 4.13. New Uses for Old Columns 158 4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 159 4.15. Comparisons Between Analytical and Graphical Methods 161 References 162 Homework 163 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation 179 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Binary Distillation 183 Chapter 5: Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 189 5.0. Summary—Objectives 189 5.1. Calculational Difficulties 189 5.2. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 194 5.3. Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO 199 References 206 Homework 206 Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation 212 Appendix B. Automated Spreadsheet with VBA for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation 215 Chapter 6 Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 219 6.0. Summary—Objectives 219 6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 219 6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 221 6.3. Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures 225 6.4. Temperature Convergence 225 6.5. Energy Balances in Matrix Form 229 6.6. Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method 232 6.7. Discussion 233 References 234 Homework 235 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 241 Chapter 7: Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 249 7.0. Summary—Objectives 249 7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation 250 7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations 254 7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios 259 References 263 Homework 263 Chapter 8: Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 271 8.0. Summary—Objectives 271 8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators 272 8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 273 8.3. Steam Distillation 282 8.4. Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes 286 8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 287 8.6. Extractive Distillation 296 8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 302 8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction 306 References 309 Homework 310 Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems 326 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Residue Curve Generation 336 Chapter 9: Batch Distillation 339 9.0. Summary—Objectives 339 9.1. Introduction to Batch Distillation 339 9.2. Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 341 9.3. Simple Binary Batch Distillation 344 9.4. Constant-Mole Batch Distillation 349 9.5. Batch Steam Distillation 350 9.6. Multistage Binary Batch Distillation 352 9.7. Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation 357 9.8. Operating Time 361 References 362 Homework 363 Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation, Constant Relative Volatility 372 Chapter 10: Staged and Packed Column Design 375 10.0. Summary—Objectives 375 10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description 376 10.2. Tray Efficiencies 385 10.3. Column Diameter Calculations 390 10.4. Balancing Calculated Diameters 396 10.5. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics 398 10.6. Valve Tray Design 404 10.7. Introduction to Packed Column Design 406 10.8. Packings and Packed Column Internals 406 10.9. Height of Packing: HETP Method 409 10.10. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation 411 10.11. Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns 417 10.12. Choice of Column Type 418 References 421 Homework 425 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator 433 Chapter 11: Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation 437 11.0. Summary—Objectives 437 11.1. Equipment Costs 438 11.2. Basic Heat Exchanger Design 443 11.3. Design and Operating Effects on Costs 445 11.4. Changes in Plant Operating Rates 454 11.5. Energy Conservation in Distillation 455 11.6. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation 460 11.7. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems 466 References 470 Homework 472 Chapter 12: Absorption and Stripping 481 12.0. Summary—Objectives 482 12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 483 12.2. McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption 485 12.3. Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems 489 12.4. Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation 490 12.5. Efficiencies 496 12.6. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems 497 12.7. Column Diameter 501 12.8. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 502 12.9. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 504 12.10. Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades 508 References 510 Homework 511 Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping 520 Chapter 13: Liquid-Liquid Extraction 527 13.0. Summary—Objectives 527 13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment 527 13.2. Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction 532 13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction 539 13.4. Immiscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction 543 13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 547 13.6. Immiscible Batch Extraction 551 13.7. Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems 553 13.8. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 556 13.9. Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems 558 13.10. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades for Partially Miscible Systems 561 13.11. Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems 569 13.12. Minimum Solvent Rate for partially Miscible Systems 570 13.13. Extraction Computer Simulations 572 13.14. Design of Mixer-Settlers 573 References 586 Homework 588 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction 598 Chapter 14: Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 603 14.0. Summary—Objectives 603 14.1. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 603 14.2. Washing 606 14.3. Leaching with Constant Flow Rates 610 14.4. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates 612 14.5. Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction 615 14.6. Application of McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Methods to Other Separations 617 References 618 Homework 619 Chapter 15: Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer 627 15.0. Summary–Objectives 629 15.1. Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer 629 15.2. Fickian Model of Diffusivity 631 15.3. Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities 647 15.4. Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems 656 15.5. Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 670 15.6. Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model 682 15.7. Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer 683 15.8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models 698 References 698 Homework 700 Appendix. Spreadsheets Examples 15-10 and 15-11 707 Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction 711 16.0. Summary—Objectives 711 16.1. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns 712 16.2. Relationship of HETP and HTU 720 16.3. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers 723 16.4. HTU-NTU Analysis of Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 731 16.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers 736 16.6. Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency 738 16.7. Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction 741 16.8. Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation 753 References 756 Homework 758 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation 765 Chapter 17: Crystallization from Solution 769 17.0. Summary–Objectives 769 17.1. Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution 770 17.2. Continuous Cooling Crystallizers 776 17.3. Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers 785 17.4. Sieve Analysis 793 17.5. Introduction to Population Balances 798 17.6. Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers 800 17.7 Seeding 814 17.8. Batch and Semibatch Crystallization 820 17.9. Precipitation 825 References 828 Homework 830 Appendix. Spreadsheets 836 Chapter 18: Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 837 18.0. Summary—Objectives 838 18.1. Membrane Separation Equipment 840 18.2. Membrane Concepts 843 18.3. Gas Permeation 845 18.4. Reverse Osmosis (RO) 862 18.5. Ultrafiltration (UF) 877 18.6. Pervaporation (Pervap) 883 18.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects 895 References 899 Homework 901 Appendix. Spreadsheet for Crossflow Gas Permeation 914 Chapter 19: Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 917 19.0. Summary—Objectives 918 19.1. Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium 918 19.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 930 19.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 938 19.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 961 19.5. Ion Exchange 970 19.6. Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds 978 19.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 985 19.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Sorption Systems 993 19.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation 998 References 1000 Homework 1003 Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator 1019 Appendix A: Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations 1047 Appendix B: Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus 1051 Appendix C: Unit Conversions and Physical Constants 1053 Appendix D: Data Locations 1055 Answers to Selected Problems 1065 Index 1073

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Book SynopsisB. Wayne Bequette is a Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Technology Manager for the Smart Manufacturing Innovation Center (SMIC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where his research efforts are focused on the modeling and control of chemical process, biomedical, biopharma, and food manufacturing systems. He serves as the Board Secretary for the American Automatic Control Council (AACC) and as a Trustee of the Computer Aids for Chemical Engineering (CACHE) Corporation. Dr. Bequette is a founding member of the editorial board of the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology and serves on the editorial board of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. He is a Fellow of IEEE, AIChE, and the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineers (AIMBE), and was inducted into the Arkansas Academy of Chemical Engineers. He is the author of Process Control: Modeling, Design, and Simulation, Second Edition, and Proce

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Book Synopsis A. Allen Hersel is currently the associate dean of engineering at Trine University in Angola, Indiana. He is also an associate professor in the department of chemical engineering, where he has taught transport phenomena and separations for the last 12 years. His research is in the area of bioseparations and engineering education. Before entering academia, he worked for Koch Industries and Kellogg Brown & Root. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Yale University.   Daniel H. Lepek is a professor in the department of chemical engineering at The Cooper Union. His research interests include particle technology, fluidization and multiphase flow, pharmaceutical engineering, modeling of transport and biotransport phenomena, and engineering education. He is an active member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), the International STable of Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition xxvii About the Authors xxxi Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3 1.0 Chapter Objectives 3 1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 3 1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 6 1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 8 1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 10 1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 13 1.6 Energy and Heat Units 17 1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 23 1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration 28 1.9 Chapter Summary 29 Chapter 2: Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 36 2.0 Chapter Objectives 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Fluid Statics 37 2.3 Chapter Summary 47 Chapter 3: Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 50 3.0 Chapter Objectives 50 3.1 Viscosity of Fluids 50 3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 54 3.3 Chapter Summary 58 Chapter 4: Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 61 4.0 Chapter Objectives 61 4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 62 4.2 Overall Energy Balance 68 4.3 Overall Momentum Balance 81 4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 90 4.5 Chapter Summary 96 Chapter 5: Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 105 5.0 Chapter Objectives 105 5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 106 5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 125 5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 129 5.4 Chapter Summary 138 Chapter 6: Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 145 6.0 Chapter Objectives 145 6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 146 6.2 Flow in Packed Beds 150 6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 156 6.4 Chapter Summary 161 Chapter 7: Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 166 7.0 Chapter Objectives 166 7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 166 7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 176 7.3 Chapter Summary 192 Chapter 8: Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 196 8.0 Chapter Objectives 196 8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 196 8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 202 8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 207 8.4 Chapter Summary 216 Chapter 9: Non-Newtonian Fluids 220 9.0 Chapter Objectives 220 9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 221 9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 226 9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 229 9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 232 9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 234 9.6 Chapter Summary 235 Chapter 10: Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239 10.0 Chapter Objectives 239 10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 239 10.2 Stream Function 240 10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 241 10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 241 10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 246 10.6 Chapter Summary 247 Chapter 11: Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 250 11.0 Chapter Objectives 250 11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 251 11.2 Turbulent Flow 254 11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 260 11.4 Chapter Summary 263 Chapter 12: Introduction to Heat Transfer 265 12.0 Chapter Objectives 265 12.1 Energy and Heat Units 265 12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 271 12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 277 12.4 Convection 282 12.5 Radiation 284 12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 287 12.7 Chapter Summary 292 Chapter 13: Steady-State Conduction 299 13.0 Chapter Objectives 299 13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 299 13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 305 13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 313 13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 315 13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 318 13.6 Chapter Summary 326 Chapter 14: Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 332 14.0 Chapter Objectives 332 14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 332 14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 334 14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 337 14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 355 14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 366 14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change 372 14.7 Chapter Summary 376 Chapter 15: Introduction to Convection 385 15.0 Chapter Objectives 385 15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 385 15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 389 15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 394 15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 402 15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 408 15.6 Boiling and Condensation 415 15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 424 15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 427 15.9 Chapter Summary 436 Chapter 16: Heat Exchangers 444 16.0 Chapter Objectives 444 16.1 Types of Exchangers 444 16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447 16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450 16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453 16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454 16.6 Chapter Summary 458 Chapter 17: Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 461 17.0 Chapter Objectives 461 17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 461 17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 465 17.3 Chapter Summary 482 Chapter 18: Introduction to Mass Transfer 487 18.0 Chapter Objectives 487 18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 487 18.2 Diffusion Coefficient 493 18.3 Convective Mass Transfer 508 18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 508 18.5 Chapter Summary 512 Chapter 19: Steady-State Mass Transfer 519 19.0 Chapter Objectives 519 19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 519 19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 528 19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 531 19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 537 19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels 544 19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 546 19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 550 19.8 Chapter Summary 557 Chapter 20: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 568 20.0 Chapter Objectives 568 20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 568 20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 575 20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 577 20.4 Chapter Summary 582 Chapter 21: Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.0 Chapter Objectives 586 21.1 Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 594 21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 595 21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 610 21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 613 21.6 Chapter Summary 617 Part 2: Separation Process Principles Chapter 22: Absorption and Stripping 627 22.0 Chapter Objectives 627 22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 627 22.2 Introduction to Absorption 645 22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 649 22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 654 22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 656 22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 672 22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 675 22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 679 22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 682 22.10 Chapter Summary 685 Chapter 23: Humidification Processes 694 23.0 Chapter Objectives 694 23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 694 23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 703 23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 704 23.4 Chapter Summary 712 Chapter 24: Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) 716 24.0 Chapter Objectives 716 24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 716 24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration 722 24.3 Membrane Separations 732 24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 733 24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 734 24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 738 24.7 Dialysis 747 24.8 Chapter Summary 751 Chapter 25: Gaseous Membrane Systems 759 25.0 Chapter Objectives 759 25.1 Gas Permeation 759 25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 765 25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 770 25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 773 25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 779 25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 787 25.7 Chapter Summary 798 Chapter 26: Distillation 805 26.0 Chapter Objectives 805 26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 805 26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 808 26.3 Simple Distillation Methods 813 26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods 818 26.5 Tray Efficiencies 836 26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 839 26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method 841 26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 851 26.9 Chapter Summary 862 Chapter 27: Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.0 Chapter Objectives 874 27.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 878 27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 880 27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 889 27.5 Chapter Summary 901 Chapter 28: Adsorption and Ion Exchange 907 28.0 Chapter Objectives 907 28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 907 28.2 Batch Adsorption 910 28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 912 28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes 918 28.5 Chapter Summary 924 Chapter 29: Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 928 29.0 Chapter Objectives 928 29.1 Introduction to Crystallization 928 29.2 Crystallization Theory 935 29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction 942 29.4 Chapter Summary 947 Chapter 30: Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 952 30.0 Chapter Objectives 952 30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation 953 30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes 966 30.3 Chapter Summary 979 Chapter 31: Leaching 984 31.0 Chapter Objectives 984 31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching 984 31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 990 31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 994 31.4 Chapter Summary 999 Chapter 32: Evaporation 1002 32.0 Chapter Objectives 1002 32.1 Introduction 1002 32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 1004 32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 1008 32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 1010 32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 1016 32.6 Condensers for Evaporators 1026 32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials 1028 32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 1029 32.9 Chapter Summary 1030 Chapter 33: Drying 1035 33.0 Chapter Objectives 1035 33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying 1035 33.2 Equipment for Drying 1036 33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 1040 33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 1049 33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves 1052 33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 1057 33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 1062 33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 1065 33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 1068 33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 1074 33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 1084 33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 1088 33.13 Chapter Summary 1096 Part 3: Appendixes Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107 Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113 Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124 Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147 Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151 Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154 Notation 1156 Index 1166

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents(Total Level Hours: 320) 69201-10 Industrial Coating Safety (30 Hours) Describes safety standards and regulations, access control, and personal safety equipment and training requirements. Covers safety decision-making procedures. 69202-10 Corrosion Protection (5 Hours) Teaches the elements of corrosion in concrete and metals and describes the chemistry of corrosion. 69203-10 Work Planning and Quality Control (25 Hours) Explains how to follow and execute a work plan. Covers area and ratio calculations and explains how to determine VOC ratios when adding thinners. Explains the effects of pressure, volume, and temperature on surface preparation and application. 69204-10 Containment (60 Hours) Describes the types of containment appropriate to various coating and surface preparation applications, including standards and verifi cation. Also covers containment erection and repair. 69205-10 Surface Preparation Two (80 Hours) Explains how to identify the surface condition of common substrates. Provides specifi c training in various types of surface preparation equipment. Describes inspection and documentation test equipment and processes. 69206-10 Industrial Coatings Two (20 Hours) Discusses the physical properties of various coatings, including convertible and nonconvertible types. Also covers basic curing mechanisms and methods of fi lm formation. 69207-10 Coating Applications Two (100 Hours) Covers the setup, maintenance, and disassembly of conventional air spray, airless spray, air-assisted airless spray, and HVLP spraying equipment, including testing and documentation. Also covers overcoating and explains how to use wet and dry fi lm thickness gauges.

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Book SynopsisDefying the classical definitions of solids and liquids, complex fluids include polymers, colloids, emulsions, foams, gels, liquid crystals, surfactants, and other materials that form flowable microstructures. They are vital to industries that produce polymers (e.g., plastic packaging), colloids (paint), foods (ketchup), and consumer products (toothpaste and shampoo), and are also used in countless other products manufactured by the petroleum, microelectronics, and pharmaceutical industries. The first advanced textbook on this subject, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids provides a multidisciplinary and comprehensive introduction to these fascinating and important substances. It offers an up-to-date synopsis of the relationship between the microstructure of complex fluids and their mechanical and flow properties, and also emphasizes the similarities and differences among the various types of complex fluids. Easy to read, it includes over 350 illustrations, extensive literaturTable of ContentsPart I: Fundamentals ; 1. Introduction to Complex Fluids ; 1.3 Rheological Measurements and Properties ; 1.4 Kinematics and Stress ; 1.5 Flow, Slip, and Yield ; 1.6 Structural Probes of Complex Fluids ; 1.7 Computational Methods ; 1.8 The Stress Tensor ; 1.9 Summary ; 2. Basic Forces ; 2.1 Intoduction ; 2.3 Van der Waals Interactions ; 2.4 Electrostatic Interactions ; 2.5 Hydrogen-Bonding, Hydrophobic, and Other Interactions ; 2.6 Summary ; Part II: Polymers, Glassy Liquids, and Polymer Gels ; 3. Polymers ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 Equilibrium Properties ; 3.3 Intrinsic Viscosity and Overlap Concentration ; 3.4 Elementary Molecular Theories ; 3.5 Linear Viscoelasticity and Time-Temperature Superposition ; 3.6 The Rheology of Dilute Polymer Solutions ; 3.7 The Rheology of Entangled Polymers ; 3.8 Summary ; 4. Glassy Liquids ; 4.1 Introduction ; 4.2 Phenomenology of the Glass Transition ; 4.3 Free-Volume Theories ; 4.4 Entropy Theories ; 4.5 Nonlinear Relaxation and Aging ; 4.6 Mode-Coupling Theory and Colloidal Hard-Sphere Glasses ; 4.7 Analog Models ; 4.8 Rheology of Glassy Liquids ; 4.9 Summary ; 5. Polymer Gels ; 5.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Gelation Theoies ; 5.3 Rheology of Chemical Gels and Near-Gels ; 5.4 Rheology of Physical Gels ; 5.5 Summary ; Part III: Suspensions ; 6. Particulate Suspensions ; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Hard, and Slightly Deformable Spheres ; 6.3 Nonspherical Particles ; 6.4 Electrically Charged Particles ; 6.5 Particles in Viscoelastic Liquids: "Filled Melts" ; 6.6 Summary ; 7. Particulate Gels ; 7.1 Introduction ; 7.2 Particle Interactions in Suspensions ; 7.3 Rheology of Particulate Gels ; 7.4 Summary ; 8. Electro- and Magneto-Responsive Suspensions ; 8.1 Introduction ; 8.2 Electrorheological Fluids ; 8.3 Magnetorheological Fluids ; 8.4 Ferrofluids ; 8.5 Summary ; 9. Foams, Emulsions, and Blends ; 9.1 Introduction ; 9.2 Emulsion Preparation ; 9.3 Rheology of Emulsions and Immiscible Blends ; 9.4 Structure and Coarsening of Foams ; 9.5 Rheology of Foams ; 9.6 Summary ; Part IV: Liquid Crystals and Self-Assembling Fluids ; 10. Liquid Crystals ; 10.1 Introduction ; 10.2 Nematics ; 10.3 Cholesterics: Chiral Nemantics ; 10.4 Smectics ; 10.5 Summary ; 11. Liquid Crystalline Polymers ; 11.1 Introduction ; 11.2 Molecular Characteristics of Liquid Crystalline Polymers ; 11.3 Flow Properties of Nematic LCP's ; 11.4 Molecular Dynamics of Polymeric Nematics ; 11.5 Molecular Theory for the Rheology of Polymeric Nematics ; 11.6 Summary ; 12. Surfactant Solutions ; 12.1 Introduction ; 12.2 Methods of Predicting Microstructures ; 12.3 Disordered Micellar Solutions ; 12.4 Surfactant Liquid Crystals ; 12.5 Summary ; 13. Block Copolymers ; 13.1 Introduction ; 13.2 Thermodynamics of Block Copolymers ; 13.3 Rheology and Shear-Aligning of Block Copolymers ; 13.4 Summary ; Appendix: Momentum-Balance Equations in the Absence of Inertia

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Book SynopsisServing as a course in chemical reaction engineering, one of the main sections of a chemical engineering degree usually taught in the second year, this work includes multiple reactions and non-isothermal reactions and, temperature dependence of reaction rates leading to a discussion of non-ideal (real) reactors.Trade ReviewThe text is illustrated throughout by worked examples which all students will appreciate. * Aslib Book Guide, vol. 63, no. 2, Feb 98 *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Materials balance for chemical reactors ; 3. Calculation of reactor volume and residence time ; 4. Multiple reactions ; 5. The energy balance and temperature effects ; 6. Non-ideal reactors ; Further reading ; Solutions ; Nomenclature ; Index

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Book SynopsisThe authors also provide an account of what has happened to the synthetic rubber industry between the end of the war and 1980, identify some lessons that can be learned from the synthetic rubber experience for government-industry programs, and draw parallels between the rubber dependency of the 1940s and the energy dependency of the 1980s.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. An overview of some futurist advanced biofuels and their conversion technologies 2. Advanced Biofuels: Perspectives and Possibilities 3. Biomass Feedstocks for Advanced Biofuels: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management 4. Microalgal Biofuels – Challenges, Status and Scope 5. Biodiesel and green diesel 6. Development of 2nd generation ethanol technologies in India: Current status of commercialization 7. Biomass characterisation 8. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production 9. Recent developments in cellulolytic enzymes for ethanol production 10. Yeast mediated ethanol fermentation from lignocellulosic pentosan 11. Pyrolytic bio oil- production and applications 12. Biomass gasification Thermo-chemical route to energetic bio-chemicals 13. Progress and Trends in Renewable Jet Fuels 14. Recent advances in lignin valorisation 15. Bio-waste to hydrogen production technologies 16. Biorefinery approach for production of some high value chemicals 17. Biofuels and bioproducts from seaweeds 18. Anaerobic Gas Fermentation: A Carbon Refining Process for the Production of Sustainable Fuels, Chemicals, and Food 19. Cyanobacteria: a source of biofuel production and platform chemicals 20. Current Technical Advancement in Biogas Production and Indian Status 21. Regulations and specifications for biofuels 22. Life cycle and techno-economic assessment of microalgal biofuels

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Clean ammonia as a potential fuel for power generators 2. Catalyst: ammonia as an energy carrier 3. Ammonia and power generation technology ammonia combustion 4. Catalytic ammonia decomposition and hydrogen separation and purification 5. Ammonia sensors and devices 6. Ammonia application in dyes and cleaning 7. Ammonia application in cooling systems 8. Ammonia application in desalination 9. Ammonia as oxidizing/reducing agents 10. Ammonia application in anaerobic digestion 11. Ammonia application in terrestrial vegetation 12. Ammonia application in fabric, textile and leather products 13. Ammonia application in metals heat-treating 14. Ammonia application in acid deposition 15. Ammonia application in carbon dioxide capture 16. Hydrogen production from ammonia using sodium amide 17. Ammonia application in hydrogen storage and generation 18. Ammonia application in catalytic organometallic reactions 19. Ammonia hurts and diseases: ammonia hazards (corrosion), human body systems (liver, muscles, kidney, brain, etc.).

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Hazard Identification Techniques 3. HAZOP Techniques 4. Automated HAZOP 5. Case Study 2: HIPPS Studies 6. How Complexity applies to HAZOP 7. Multivariable Process Monitoring for HAZOP 8. Artificial Intelligence for HAZOP 4.0 9. Case Study 1: HAZOP of Complex Styrene Polymerization Plant 10. Digital Twins for PSM 4.0

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction: Reputation and Reality 2. More Than Just a Chair! 3. Fail to Prepare, Prepare to Fail 4. Apply Best Practice 5. Facilitate! 6. Focus on Effectiveness 7. Develop Your Product 8. Conclusion: How to Be a Better HAZOP Leader

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I The single acoustic cavitation bubble as an energetic system: qualitative and quantitative assessments 1 1. Single acoustic cavitation bubble and energy concentration concept 3 2. The energy forms and energy conversion 23 3. Physical effects and associated energy release 35 4. Sonochemical reactions, when, where and how: Modelling approach 49 5. Sonochemical reactions, when, where and how: Experimental approach 77 Part II The bubble population: an analytic view into mutual forces and allied energy exchange 97 6. The Bjerknes forces and acoustic radiation energy 99 7. Nonlinear oscillations and resonances of the acoustic bubble and the mechanisms of energy dissipation 109 8. Damping mechanisms of oscillating gas/vapor bubbles in liquids 131 Part III Ultrasound assisted processes, sonochemical reactors and energy efficiency 155 10. Efficiency assessment and mapping of cavitational activities in sonochemical reactors 157 11. Sources of dissipation: An outlook into the effects of operational conditions 183 12. Mechanistic issues of energy efficiency of an ultrasonic process: Role of free and dissolved gas 193 13. Simulation of sonoreators accounting for dissipated power 219 14. Technological designs and energy efficiency: The optimal paths 249 Part IV Green, sustainable and benign by design process? The place and perspective of ultrasound assisted processes and sonochemistry in industrial applications based on energy efficiency 263 15. Acoustic cavitation and sonochemistry in industry: State of the art 265 16. Crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds: Process Intensification using ultrasonic irradiations - Experimental approach 279 17. Sonochemical degradation of fluoroquinolone and ß-lactam antibiotics – A view on transformations, degradation efficiency, and consumed energy 287 18. The use of ultrasonic treatment in technological processes of complex processing of industrial waste: Energetic insights 299 19. The sonochemical and ultrasoundassisted production of hydrogen: energy efficiency for the generation of an energy carrier 313 20. Future trends and promising applications of industrial sonochemical processes 329 21. Raising challenges of ultrasound-assisted processes and sonochemistry in industrial applications based on energy efficiency 349

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to Process Intensification 2. Micro actor and Micro reaction technology 3. Reactive Distillation & Reactive Separation Processes 4. Use of Alternative Energy Sources for the Initiation and Execution of Chemical Reactions and Processes 5. Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis 6. Compact heat exchangers 7. Dividing Wall Column 8. Spinning Disc Reactor 9. Super critical Fluids 10. Inline and High-Intensity Mixers

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Book SynopsisTable of Contentsntroduction of photocatalysis and photocatalysts 2. Fundamentals and principles of photocatalysis 3. Semiconductors as photocatalysts: UV light active materials 4. Semiconductors as photocatalysts: Visible light active materials 5. Synthesis methods for photocatalytic materials 6. Common characterization techniques for photocatalytic materials 7. Applications of photocatalytic materials 8. Photocatalysis: Laboratory to market 9. Future challenges for photocatalytic materials

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Advances in the catalytic and photocatalytic behavior of carborane derived metal complexes Rosario Núñez 2. Transition metal catalyzed synthesis of derivatives of polyhedral boron hydrides with B-N, B-P, B-O and B-S bonds Igor B. Sivaev, Sergey Anufriev and Akim Shmalko 3. Recent advances in transition metal catalyzed selective cage BH functionalization of o-carboranes Zuowei Xie 4. Boron Compounds for Catalytic Applications Narayan S. Hosmane and Yinghuai Zhu 5. Regioselective Carborane B-H/C-H Functionalization Da-Gang Yu 6. Derivatization of monocarborane and dodecaborate anions by controlled B–H activation Simon Duttwyler

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Catalytic nonreductive CO2 conversions to facilitate fine chemical synthesis 2. Electrochemical transformation of CO2 into methanol 3. Electrocatalytic routes towards Carbon Dioxide Activation and Utilization 4. Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed organic transformations with CO2 5. Heterogeneous catalysis for the conversion of CO2?into cyclic and polymeric carbonates 6. Catalytic synthesis of biosourced organic carbonates and sustainable hybrid materials from CO2

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Book SynopsisDesign of new processes that avoid the use of toxic reagents has been the focus of intense research of late. Catalysis by metals and non-metals offers diverse opportunities for the development of new organic reactions with promising range of selectivitiesâchemoselectivity, regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. Furthermore, these transformations frequently occur under mild conditions, tolerate a broad array of functional groups, and proceed with high stereoselectivity. The area of catalysis is sometimes referred to as a âfoundational pillarâ of green chemistry. Catalytic reactions often reduce energy requirements and decrease separations because of increased selectivity; they are also capable of permitting the use of renewable feedstocks of less toxic reagents or minimizing the quantities of reagents needed. New catalytic organic synthesis methodologies have, thus, offered several possibilities for considerable improvement in the eco-compatibility of fine chTable of ContentsAn Introduction. Five-Membered N-Heterocycles. Five-Membered N-Polyheterocycles. Five-Membered Fused N-Heterocycles. Five-membered Fused Polyheterocycles. Five-Membered N,N-Heterocycles. Five-Membered N,N-polyheterocycles. Five-Membered Fused N,N-Heterocycles. Five-Membered N,N,N-Heterocycles

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Book SynopsisUpdated throughout for the new edition, Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design covers extant and emergent protection technologies driving advances in armour systems. Covering materials, theory and design, the book has applications in vehicle, ship, personnel and building use.Introducing a wide range of armour technologies, the book is a key guide to the technology used to protect against both blasts and ballistic attacks. Chapters cover bullets, blasts, jets and fragments, as well as penetration mechanics. The new edition builds on the previous one, discussing ceramics and metallic materials as well as woven fabrics and composite laminates. Detailing modern technology advancements, the second edition has also been expanded to include improved explanations on shock mechanisms and includes significantly more figures and diagrams.An essential guide to armour technology, this book outlines key ways to implement protective strategies applicable for many Trade ReviewThe first edition of this book is always within easy reach in my office, as it is a trusted and reliable reference text for my teaching and research. As a world leading expert, Paul Hazell delivers a second edition that expands on the key concepts which adds to its readability which I am sure students will appreciate, and the new chapter on computational modelling is a welcome addition which rounds off what is a superb book. This book should be a standard reference text for anyone interested in impact dynamics, terminal ballistics, armour systems design, and protection technologies.Professor Mark Stewart, University of Technology Sydney This work is a one-stop, up-to-date resource for everything one needs to know to design, select, utilize and test an armour, and it is truly a treasure trove of details and data that greatly enrich[es]… understanding of these extremely challenging, advanced engineered systems. I am not familiar with any competing book that provides the same level of detailed and comprehensive information on the subject, and it is therefore very highly recommended.Professor Paolo Colombo, Universita di PadovaPaul Hazell’s second journey into the complex world of armour is a well-received addition to his already comprehensive first edition, a must for all engineers at any stage of their career, myself included! The welcome addition of the computational methods chapter ensures this book stays at the forefront of armour design resources. His expertise, passion, and wealth of knowledge is reflected in these pages, with an ease of reading only a teacher who understands both the topic and the students studying it could achieve. I have recommended the first edition to my own students and will enthusiastically continue to do so with the release of the second edition.Professor Tuan Ngo, University of MelbourneTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. An Introduction to Materials 3. Bullets, Blast, Jets and Fragments 4. Penetration Mechanics 5. Stress Waves 6. Computational Methods for Armour Design 7. Metallic Armour Materials and Structures 8. Ceramic Armour 9. Woven Fabrics and Composite Laminates for Armour Applications 10. Reactive Armour Systems 11. Human Vulnerability 12. Blast and Ballistic Testing Techniques

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Book SynopsisBatch chemical processes, so often employed in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical fields, differ significantly from standard continuous operations in the emphasis upon time as a critical factor in their synthesis and design.With this inclusive guide to batch chemical processes, the author introduces the reader to key aspects in mathematical modeling of batch processes and presents techniques to overcome the computational complexity in order to yield models that are solvable in near real-time. This book demonstrates how batch processes can be analyzed, synthesized, and designed optimally using proven mathematical formulations. The text effectively demonstrates how water and energy aspects can be incorporated within the scheduling framework that seeks to capture the essence of time. It presents real-life case studies where mathematical modeling of batch plants has been successfully applied.Trade Review"Without a doubt, I would recommend this useful book to students and professionals alike who are interested in analysis, synthesis and design of batch processes because of the well-organized chapters, clear explanations, and industry-based case studies."— Hongguang Dong, Dalian University of Technology, China"This is a much needed and timely contribution that covers the fundamentals and applications of batch process modeling and design. The authors are very well recognized for excellent contributions in related areas. The book is ideal for educational purposes and for researchers and process engineers interested in the important field of batch processes."— Mahmoud El-Halwagi, Texas A&M University, USA"The book provides detailed discussion on mathematical modelling approaches for analyzing, synthesizing and design of batch processes. Heat and water integration of batch processes have been well presented in the book."— Denny K. S. Ng, University of Nottingham, Malaysia"The authors develop the key aspects of batch processes – modeling, scheduling, heat integration, and water optimization systematically. Each topic is covered in detail with excellent illustrations and case studies. This will provide a strong foundation to senior undergraduate and graduate students wishing to learn about batch systems."— Rajagopalan Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, USA"Taking in consideration that batch processes are often neglected in training of chemical engineers, especially from the perspective of process integration, this book is a valuable aid in knowledge transfer to the industry. The book is focused on mathematical methods giving an excellent review of their strengths and limitations with special attention on problem complexity which greatly contributes toward high computational cost, a major concern in industrial scale application. Detailed illustrative examples and industrial case studies presented in the material are important in this process as they are giving information about the flexibility of the mathematical formulation and guide the readers through the obtained results and potential alternatives."— Hella Tokos, Ynsect, Évry, Essonne, France"This book fills a major gap and provides a detailed and expansive resource for comprehensively modelling, integration and optimization of batch processes. Examples and case studies are well integrated into the book and support the methods outlined. The focus on water optimization and multi-purpose batch plants is a welcome addition. The clear presentation of state-of-the-art models and methods will make this book an indispensable resource for both the researcher and the practicing engineer."— Martin Atkins, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"This book can be a good guideline for practicing engineers as well as graduate students interested in process systems engineering."— Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India"This book presents a comprehensive and authoritative introduction of batch chemical process in scheduling, heat integration and water optimization. Emphasis is given to complex issues such as scheduling and optimization of energy and water use in multipurpose batch plants. Methods to reduce binary variables and computational time are presented in detail. In addition to covering the fundamentals of batch chemical process, the book also includes numerous case studies to illustrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed method. The book is a must read for process engineers, senior-level undergraduate students and first-year graduate students, and researchers in the area of process systems engineering."— Du Jian, Dalian University of Technology, ChinaTable of ContentsIntroduction to Batch Processes. Modelling for Effective Solutions: Reduction of Binary Variables. Methods to Reduce Computational Time: Prediction of Time Points. Integration of Scheduling and Heat Integration: Minimization of Energy Requirements. Heat Integration in Multipurpose Batch Plants. Design and Synthesis of Heat-Integrated Batch Plants Using an Effective Technique. Simultaneous Scheduling and Water Optimization: Reduction of Effluent in Batch Facilities. Optimization of Energy and Water Use in Multipurpose Batch Plants Using an Improved Mathematical Formulation. Targeting for Long-Term Time Horizons: Water Optimization. Long-Term Heat Integration in Multipurpose Batch Plants Using Heat Storage.

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