Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisSPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY USING MICROSOFT EXCEL Find step-by-step tutorials on scientific data processing in the latest versions of Microsoft Excel The Second Edition of Spreadsheet Applications in Chemistry Using Microsoft Excel delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of the application of scientific data processing in Microsoft Excel. Written to incorporate the latest updates and changes found in Excel 2021, as well as later versions, this practical textbook is tutorial-focused and offers simple, step-by-step instructions for scientific data processing tasks commonly used by undergraduate students. Readers will also benefit from an online repository of experimental datasets that can be used to work through the tutorials to gain familiarity with data processing and visualization in Excel. This latest edition incorporTable of Contents Introduction to Excel Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data Regression Analysis Calibration Plots in Analytical Chemistry Visualizing concepts in Physical Chemistry Regression Analysis using Solver

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Book SynopsisA practical and accessible approach to machinery troubleshooting Unique Methods for Analyzing Failures and Catastrophic Events is designed to assist practicing engineers address design and fabrication problems in manufacturing equipment to support safe process operation. Throughout the book, a wealth of real-world case studies and easy-to-understand illustrated examples demonstrate how to use simplified failure analysis methods to produce insights for a wide range of engineering problems. Dr. Anthony Sofronas draws from his five decades of industry experience to help engineers better understand the science behind a particular problem, evaluate the failure analysis of an outside consultant, and recommend the best path forward to management. The author distills sophisticated engineering analysis approaches into compact, user-friendly methodologies that can be easily applied to the readers' own situations to avoid costly failures. Each chapter includes a thorough suTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Engineering Suggestions Based on Experience 1 1.1 What Should We Learn from This Book? 1 1.1.1 Summary 3 Reference 3 1.2 We All Contribute to Each Other’s Success 3 1.2.1 Summary 5 Reference 5 1.3 Why Performing Calculations is Important to an Engineer’s Career 5 1.3.1 Summary 7 Reference 8 1.4 How an Engineering Consultant Can Help Your Company 8 1.4.1 Summary 10 1.5 The Benefit of Keeping Complex Problems Simple 10 1.5.1 Summary 14 1.6 Taking Risks and Making High-Level Presentations 15 1.6.1 Summary 16 1.7 Searching the Literature for Data 16 1.7.1 Equations 17 1.7.2 Facts 17 1.7.3 Credibility 17 1.7.4 Accuracy of the Data 17 1.7.5 Sources to Search 18 1.7.6 Summary 18 References 19 1.8 Cautions to New to Industry Technical Personnel 19 1.8.1 The Wrong Frequency 19 1.8.2 Using the Incorrect Measuring Technique 20 1.8.3 Never Under-Estimate the Value of Experienced People 20 1.8.4 Check and Double Check Your Design 20 1.8.5 Some Understand the Equipment Much Better Than You 21 1.8.6 Summary 22 1.9 A Method for Analyzing Catastrophic Type Failures 22 References 24 2 Evaluating Failures and Designs 25 2.1 Twenty Rules to Remember 25 2.1.1 Summary 28 2.2 How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed in a Failure Situation 29 2.2.1 Summary 31 2.3 Catastrophic Failures and the Human Factor 31 2.3.1 Summary 35 References 35 2.4 The Importance of Alliances and Networking 35 2.4.1 Summary 36 2.5 Personal Checklists are Important 37 2.6 Checklist for Vibration Analysis 37 2.6.1 Summary 39 Reference 40 2.7 Checklist for New Piping System Installations 40 2.8 Checklists for Pumps and Compressors 40 2.9 Understanding What the Failure Data Is Telling You 41 2.9.1 Gear Damage 41 2.9.2 Shaft Failures 42 2.9.3 Weld Failures 43 2.9.4 Bolt Failures 43 2.9.5 Brittle Fracture Failures 45 2.9.6 Anti-Friction Bearing Failures 46 2.9.7 Spring Failures 46 2.9.8 Drilled Holes 47 2.9.9 Summary 48 2.10 Phantom Failures and Their Dilemma 49 2.10.1 Summary 50 2.11 Various Types of Equipment and Their Failure Loads 50 2.11.1 Summary 52 3 Mechanical Failures 53 3.1 Preventing Crankshaft Failures in Large Reciprocating Engines 53 3.1.1 Summary 57 3.2 Structural Collapse of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge 57 3.2.1 Summary 61 Reference 61 3.3 Failure Analysis Computations Differ from Design 61 3.3.1 Summary 64 3.4 Crack Growth and the Bending Failures of a Hollow Shaft 64 3.4.1 An In-Service Failure Example 66 3.4.2 The Assumptions and Comparisons 67 3.4.3 Summary 68 Reference 68 3.5 Why Did a Small Piece of Foam Cause the Shuttle Columbia to Crash? 68 3.5.1 Summary 71 Reference 71 3.6 Can the Aircraft Cowling Contain a Broken Turbine Blade? 71 3.6.1 Summary 72 References 72 3.7 Why Did My Car Windshield Break from a Very Small Stone? 73 3.7.1 Summary 73 3.8 Momentum or Why a Car Is Harder to Push and Then Easier When Rolling 73 3.8.1 Summary 75 3.9 Bearing Failure Due To Design Error 75 3.9.1 Summary 76 3.10 What Is the Shortest Stopping Distance for My Car? 76 3.10.1 Summary 76 3.11 How Hot Do Brake Disks Get in a Panic Stop? 77 3.11.1 Summary 78 3.12 Will the Turbocharger Disk Go Through its Housing? 78 3.12.1 Summary 80 3.13 Failure of an Agitator Gearbox 80 3.13.1 Summary 82 3.14 Failure of an Extruder Screw 82 3.14.1 Summary 83 Reference 83 3.15 Failure of a Steam Turbine Blade 84 3.15.1 Summary 87 3.16 How Long Will It Last? 87 3.16.1 Summary 90 Reference 90 3.17 Gear Life With a Load 90 3.17.1 Summary 92 3.18 Analyzing the Life of a Gear 93 3.18.1 Summary 94 3.19 Predicting the Cause of a Gear Tooth Crack Growth Past and Future 94 References 96 3.20 Nonlinear and Linear Impact Problems 97 3.20.1 Summary 100 3.21 Phantom Failure of an Expander–Dryer 100 3.21.1 Summary 103 3.22 Cracking of a Rail Hopper Car Due to Couple-Up 103 Reference 106 3.23 Loss of Oil Supply and Gear Set Destruction 106 References 109 3.24 Analyzing the Total Collapse of a Multi-Story Building 110 References 115 4 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Examples 116 4.1 Addressing Heat Exchanger Tube Leaks 116 4.1.1 Summary 118 4.2 Explaining Flow Through Piping Using the Poiseuille Equation 119 4.2.1 Summary 120 4.3 A Local Flooding Event at a Plant Site 120 4.3.1 Summary 122 Reference 122 4.4 Examining Fan System Pulsations 122 4.4.1 Summary 125 References 126 4.5 The Dynamics of How an Aircraft Flies 126 4.5.1 Summary 129 4.6 How Much Wind Does It Take to Blow Over a Motor Coach? 129 4.6.1 Summary 131 4.7 How Much Wind Force to Buckle an Aircraft Hanger Door? 131 4.7.1 Summary 132 4.8 How Much Water on a Road to Float a Car? 132 4.8.1 Summary 133 4.9 How Fast Does an Object Hit the Ground? 133 4.9.1 Summary 135 4.10 Collapse of a Bubble and the Excitation Force on a Structure 135 4.10.1 Summary 139 4.11 Failure of a Cooling Tower Pump Due to Water Hammer 139 4.11.1 Summary 142 References 142 4.12 Braking Resistor Burn-Out on a Locomotive 142 4.12.1 Summary 144 4.13 Will a Small Ice Air Conditioner Work? 144 4.13.1 Summary 148 References 148 4.14 Prototype of Smallest Air Ice Cooler 148 4.14.1 Summary 149 5 Sports Examples 151 5.1 Why Does a Baseball Curve? 151 5.1.1 Summary 153 5.2 How Far Does a Baseball Go When Hit with Drag? 153 5.2.1 Summary 154 5.3 What Is the Force of a Batted Baseball? 154 5.3.1 Summary 155 5.4 Why Doesn’t a Baseball Catcher’s Arm Break with a 100-mph Fastball? 155 5.4.1 Some Data 156 5.4.2 Summary 157 5.5 Dynamics of a Billiard Ball 157 5.5.1 Summary 158 5.6 How Far Can a Golf Ball Go? 158 5.6.1 Summary 159 5.7 What Causes an Ice Skater to Spin so Fast? 159 5.7.1 Summary 160 5.8 Why Don’t High Divers Get Injured? 160 5.8.1 Summary 162 References 162 5.9 How Hard Is a Boxers Punch? 163 5.9.1 Summary 164 6 Gas Explosion Events 165 6.1 Energy in Steam Boiler Explosions 165 6.1.1 Summary 167 References 167 6.2 Delayed Fireball-Type Explosions 167 6.2.1 Summary 171 References 171 6.3 Method for Investigating Hydrocarbon Explosions 171 6.3.1 Summary 178 References 178 6.4 Pipeline Explosion Critical Zone 179 6.4.1 Summary 179 6.5 Pneumatic Explosion Debris Range 180 6.5.1 Summary 181 6.6 How Are the Effect of Massive Energy Releases Compared? 182 6.6.1 Summary 183 6.7 Engine Air Intake Manifold Explosion 183 6.7.1 Summary 185 Reference 185 7 Vibration and Impact: The Cause of Failures 186 7.1 Investigating a Possible Cause for a Coupling Failure in a Centrifugal Compressor 186 7.1.1 Summary 192 References 192 7.2 Sudden Power Interruption to a System 193 7.2.1 Summary 195 7.3 Effect of Liquid Slug in a Centrifugal Compressor 195 7.3.1 Summary 198 Reference 198 7.4 Weld Failures in Vibrating Equipment 198 7.4.1 Summary 201 References 201 7.5 Effect of Gear Chatter on Pinion Teeth Impact 202 7.5.1 Summary 202 7.6 Holzer Method for Calculating Torsional Multi-mass Systems 203 7.6.1 Summary 204 7.7 What to do When the Vibration Levels Increase on Large Gearboxes 204 7.7.1 Summary 209 Reference 209 7.8 How Vibratory Torque Relates to Bearing Cap Vibration in a Gearbox 209 7.8.1 Summary 211 Reference 211 7.9 Vibration of a Polymer Extruder Gearbox 211 7.9.1 Summary 212 References 213 7.10 Processing and Wear Load Increase in a Polymer Extruder 213 7.10.1 Summary 214 Reference 214 7.11 Vibration Charts Can Give Faulty Information 214 7.11.1 Summary 215 7.12 Have Torsional Vibrations Caused the Gearbox Pinion to Fail? 216 7.12.1 Summary 218 8 Examining the Human Body 219 8.1 What Causes Football Brain Injuries? 219 8.1.1 Summary 223 References 223 8.2 Life Assessment Diagrams 223 8.2.1 Summary 224 8.3 Assessing the Cumulative Damage Done by Head Impacts 224 8.3.1 Summary 228 References 228 8.4 What Happens When I Hit My Head and See Stars? 229 8.4.1 Summary 230 8.5 How Does the Body Keep Cool? 230 8.5.1 Summary 232 8.6 How Do Our Muscles Work? 232 8.6.1 Summary 234 8.7 Why Do People Die from Heatstroke in a 75 ∘ FCar? 234 8.7.1 Summary 235 8.8 What Damage Can a Safety Airbag Do to a Human? 236 8.8.1 Summary 236 8.9 How Is Blood Pressure Measured? 236 8.9.1 Summary 237 8.10 How Does the Heart Work? 237 8.10.1 Summary 241 8.11 Restricting the Spread of a Virus 241 8.11.1 Summary 244 Reference 245 8.12 Why Do Some Survive a Freefall Out of an Aircraft? 246 8.12.1 Summary 246 9 Other Curious Catastrophic Failures Related to Earth 247 9.1 Can an Asteroid Be Deflected from Hitting Earth? 247 9.1.1 Summary 249 9.2 What Size Crater Does a Large Asteroid Make When It Hits Earth? 250 9.2.1 Summary 253 9.3 What Is an Earthquake? 253 9.3.1 Summary 255 9.4 Earthquakes Are so Strong Why Don’t They Do More Damage? 256 9.4.1 Summary 258 9.5 Concerns on the Super-Volcano Under Yellowstone National Park 258 9.5.1 Summary 260 References 261 9.6 What Is a Tsunami and How Do They Form? 261 9.6.1 Summary 262 Reference 262 9.7 What Is a Tornado? 262 9.7.1 Summary 264 Reference 264 9.8 Can a Tornado Really Lift a House? 264 9.8.1 Summary 265 9.9 Can Straw Penetrate a Tree in a Tornado? 265 9.9.1 Summary 266 Reference 266 9.10 What Is a Hurricane? 266 9.10.1 Summary 267 10 Strange Occurrences and Other Interesting Items 268 10.1 What in the Force of a Ship Hitting a Whale? 268 10.1.1 Summary 269 Reference 270 10.2 How Much Wind to Blow Over a Tree 270 10.2.1 Summary 272 10.3 Why Do Objects Appear Smaller Than They Are? 273 10.3.1 Summary 274 10.4 Do We Feel a Force When Near Large Objects? 274 10.4.1 Summary 275 10.5 Why Does the Moon Sometimes Appear So Big on the Horizon? 275 10.5.1 Summary 276 10.6 How Does an Air Conditioner Operate? 276 10.6.1 Summary 277 Reference 277 10.7 How Fast to Heat Up a Room? 278 10.7.1 Summary 278 10.8 How Do I Size an Air Conditioner for a Garage? 278 10.8.1 Summary 279 10.9 At What Speed Does a Locomotive Become De-railed? 279 10.9.1 Summary 280 10.10 Are Those Huge Cruise Ships Stable? 280 10.10.1 Summary 281 10.11 Why Are Arches Used? 281 10.11.1 Summary 285 10.12 Why Don’t Bighorn Sheep Die When Banging Their Heads? 285 10.12.1 Summary 286 10.13 Why Can’t We Walk on Water? 286 10.13.1 Summary 288 Reference 288 10.14 How to Predict the Outcome of the Stock Market 288 10.14.1 Summary 292 10.15 Things Aren’t as Random as They May Appear 293 Reference 294 10.15.1 Summary 295 10.16 Why Do Certain Events Seem to Happen Quite Often? 295 10.16.1 Summary 295 10.17 Occurrences on Machines and Structures 295 10.17.1 Summary 298 10.18 How Long Does It Take to Thaw a Frozen Turkey and to Cook It? 298 10.18.1 Summary 300 11 Magic Tricks Using Engineering Principles 301 11.1 Surface Tension and Floating Metal 301 11.1.1 Summary 304 11.2 Acceleration of Gravity and the Money Challenge 304 11.2.1 Summary 305 11.3 The Jumping Coin 305 11.3.1 Summary 306 11.4 The Belt Balancing Act 306 11.4.1 Summary 307 11.5 How Can It Be Held Up by Threads? 308 11.5.1 Summary 309 11.6 Pulling the Tablecloth 310 11.6.1 Summary 311 12 Useful Forms of the Equations Used in this Book 312 12.1 The Equations of Motion 312 12.2 Newton’s First Law of Force 312 12.3 Newton’s Second Law of Force 313 12.4 Newton’s Third Law of Force 313 12.5 Newton’s Gravitation Theory 313 12.6 Static Equilibrium 314 12.7 Momentum and Impulse 314 12.8 Kinetic Energy 314 12.9 Potential Energy 315 12.10 Conservation of Energy 315 12.11 Bernoulli’s Equation 315 12.12 Specific Heat Equation 316 12.13 Conduction Equation 316 12.14 Convection Equation 316 12.15 Radiation Equation 317 12.16 Theories of Material Failure 317 12.17 Archimedes Principle 317 12.18 Centrifugal Force 318 12.19 What Is Enthalpy? 318 13 A Little About Some Famous Scientists Mentioned in This Book 319 13.1 Isaac Newton (1642–1726 AD) 319 13.2 Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782 AD) 320 13.3 Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) 320 13.4 William Rankine (1820–1872 AD) 321 13.5 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519 AD) 321 13.6 Heinrich Holzer 321 13.7 Stephan Timoshenko (1878–1972) 322 Reference 322 13.8 Jacob P. Den Hartog (1901–1989) 322 References 322 13.9 Wilson, Ker, William 322 Index 325

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Book SynopsisMicrobes in the Food Industry This newest volume in the groundbreaking new series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, focuses on the latest processes, industrial applications, and leading research on microbes in the food industry, for engineers, scientists, students, and other industry professionals. Microbes in the Food Industry, the latest volume in the series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, is focused on different aspects in food microbiology, food science and related subjects for individuals in the food industry, researchers, academics, and students. Microbes are key components of the food processing industry, and this book concentrates on topics that incorporate ideas and applications from various fields to address concerns relating to food safety, quality, and sensory attributes. Researchers around the globe will be able to use this information as a guide in establishing the direction of future research on food processing considering various aspects related to microbes. The maiTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Techniques 1Raina Jain, Prashant Bagade, Kalpana Patil-Doke and Ganesh Ramamurthi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Food Microbiology: A Historical Perspective 2 1.3 Beneficial Microbes in Food 4 1.4 Harmful Microbes in Food 8 1.5 Classical Food Microbiological Techniques 16 1.6 Advances in Food Microbiological Techniques 21 1.7 Regulations Governing Food Microbiology 30 1.8 Conclusions 33 2 Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention 39Monalisa Sahoo, Pramod Aradwad, Nikita Sanwal, Jatindra Kumar Sahu, Vivek Kumar and S. N. Naik 2.1 Fermentation 40 2.2 Traditional Fermented Food 45 2.3 Application of Fermentation to Food 45 2.4 Effects of Fermentation on Nutrients 54 2.5 Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages 60 2.6 Food Safety and Quality Control 63 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 66 3 Probiotic Dairy Foods 87Gökçe Eminoglu, H. Ceren Akal and H. Barbaros Ozer 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Classification and Phylogenetic Properties of Probiotic Microorganisms 90 3.3 Probiotics in the Dairy Matrix 100 3.4 Probiotic Dairy Products 102 4 Dairy Probiotic Products 139Callebe Camelo Silva, Silvani Verruck, Marco Di Luccio, Tatiana C. Pimentel, Marcia Cristina Silva, Erick Almeida Esmerino and Adriano Gomes da Cruz 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Fermented Milks 141 4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 5 Design Schematics, Operational Characteristics and Process Applications of Bioreactors 217Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal, Shubham Jadhav, Sunil Kundu, Namita Singh and Navnidhi Chhikara 5.1 Introduction 218 5.2 Fermenter Design and Operations 220 5.3 Fermenter Configuration 223 5.4 Types of Fermenter 227 5.5 Factors Influencing Operation of Fermenters 238 5.6 Conclusion 241 6 Enzymes in Food Industry and Their Regulatory Oversight 249Megha Dhingra and Jasvir Singh 6.1 Introduction 250 6.2 Production of Enzymes 250 6.3 Applications of Enzymes in Food Industry 258 6.4 Safety Evaluation of Enzymes 263 6.5 Global Regulatory Frameworks 269 6.6 Regulatory Framework in India 270 7 Functional and Nutraceutical Potential of Fruits and Vegetables 275Samandeep Kaur, Umexi Rani and Parmjit Singh Panesar 7.1 Introduction 276 7.2 Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables 277 7.3 Nutritional Composition of Fruits and Vegetable By-Products 287 7.4 Extraction of Bioactives from Fruits and Vegetables 288 7.5 Processing Methods Used for Development of Functional Foods from Fruits and Vegetables 297 7.5.1 Fermentation 297 7.6 Fruits and Vegetable-Based Nutraceuticals 304 7.7 Influence of Processing Methods on Functional Ingredients 307 7.8 Influence of Storage on Functional Ingredients 309 7.9 Future of Functional Foods 311 8 Microbes as Bio-Factories for the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes 321Shivali Banerjee and Amit Arora 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Microbial Bio-Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 322 8.3 Valuable Commodities from Fruit and Vegetable Waste 325 8.4 Technical Challenges, Economics and Future Prospective 339 8.5 Conclusion 340 9 Solid-State Fermentation 355Manish Tiwari, Rashmin Dhingani, Nandani Goyal, Bhavesh Joshi and R.V. Prasad 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 History of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 359 9.3 Factors Affecting SSF 360 9.4 Types of Solid-State Fermentation 365 9.5 Application of SSF Carried Out on Inert Support Materials 368 9.6 Modern Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation 373 9.7 Challenges to SSF 384 9.8 Conclusions 385 10 Pigments Produced by Fungi and Bacteria from Extreme Environments 393Graciéle Cunha Alves de Menezes, Tiago Daniel Madureira de Medeiros, Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima, Maurício Bernardo da Silva, Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz, Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte, Valéria Maia de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique Rosa and Juliano Lemos Bicas 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Extreme Environments 397 10.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms 398 11 Commercially Available Databases in Food Microbiology 441Priyanka Rohilla, Anju Kumari, Sapna Birania and Monika 11.1 Introduction 442 11.2 Functions of a Databases 442 11.3 Need for Databases 443 11.4 Predictive Microbiology in Foods 444 11.5 Predictive Microbiology and Its Models 446 11.6 Rapid Methods of Data Generation 448 11.7 Predictive Models 449 11.8 Guidelines for Modeling the Shelf Life of Foods 459 11.9 Databases in Foods 460 11.10 QMRA (Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment) 462 11.11 Other Databases 463 11.12 Future Prospects 463 References 464 Index 469

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Book SynopsisIntroduces Machine Learning Techniques and Tools and Provides Guidance on How to Implement Machine Learning Into Chemical Safety and Health-related Model Development There is a growing interest in the application of machine learning algorithms in chemical safety and health-related model development, with applications in areas including property and toxicity prediction, consequence prediction, and fault detection. This book is the first to review the current status of machine learning implementation in chemical safety and health research and to provide guidance for implementing machine learning techniques and algorithms into chemical safety and health research. Written by an international team of authors and edited by renowned experts in the areas of process safety and occupational and environmental health, sample topics covered within the work include: An introduction to the fundamentals of machine learning, including regression, classification and cross-validatTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Pingfan Hu and Qingsheng Wang 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Current State 5 1.2.1 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship 5 1.2.2 Consequence Prediction Using Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship 6 1.2.3 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 6 1.2.4 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 7 1.2.5 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 7 1.2.6 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 7 1.2.7 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 8 1.2.8 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 8 1.2.9 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 8 1.3 Software and Tools 9 1.3.1 R 9 1.3.2 Python 12 References 13 2 Machine Learning Fundamentals 19 Yan Yan 2.1 What Is Learning? 19 2.1.1 Machine Learning Applications and Examples 20 2.1.2 Machine Learning Tasks 21 2.2 Concepts of Machine Learning 22 2.3 Machine Learning Paradigms 24 2.4 Probably Approximately Correct Learning 25 2.4.1 Deterministic Setting 26 2.4.2 Stochastic Setting 29 v 0005453285.3D 5 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 2.5 Estimation and Approximation 31 2.6 Empirical Risk Minimization 32 2.6.1 Empirical Risk Minimizer 32 2.6.2 VC-dimension Generalization Bound 33 2.6.3 General Loss Functions 34 2.7 Regularization 35 2.7.1 Regularized Loss Minimization 35 2.7.2 Constrained and Regularized Problem 36 2.7.3 Trade-off Between Estimation and Approximation Error 37 2.8 Maximum Likelihood Principle 38 2.8.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 39 2.8.2 Cross Entropy Minimization 40 2.9 Optimization 41 2.9.1 Linear Regression: An Example 42 2.9.2 Closed-form Solution 42 2.9.3 Gradient Descent 43 2.9.4 Stochastic Gradient Descent 45 References 46 3 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using QSPR Modeling 47 Yong Pan and Juncheng Jiang 3.1 Introduction 47 3.1.1 Flammability Characteristics 47 3.1.2 QSPR Application 48 3.1.2.1 Concept of QSPR 48 3.1.2.2 Trends and Characteristics of QSPR 48 3.2 Flowchart for Flammability Characteristics Prediction 49 3.2.1 Dataset Preparation 51 3.2.2 Structure Input and Molecular Simulation 52 3.2.3 Calculation of Molecular Descriptors 53 3.2.4 Preliminary Screening of Molecular Descriptors 54 3.2.5 Descriptor Selection and Modeling 55 3.2.6 Model Validation 57 3.2.6.1 Model Fitting Ability Evaluation 57 3.2.6.2 Model Stability Analysis 59 3.2.6.3 Model Predictivity Evaluation 60 3.2.7 Model Mechanism Explanation 61 3.2.8 Summary of QSPR Process 61 3.3 QSPR Review for Flammability Characteristics 62 3.3.1 Flammability Limits 62 3.3.1.1 LFLT and LFL 62 3.3.1.2 UFLT and UFL 64 3.3.2 Flash Point 65 3.3.3 Auto-ignition Temperature 68 3.3.4 Heat of Combustion 69 vi Contents 0005453285.3D 6 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 3.3.5 Minimum Ignition Energy 70 3.3.6 Gas-liquid Critical Temperature 70 3.3.7 Other Properties 72 3.4 Limitations 72 3.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 73 References 73 4 Consequence Prediction and Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 81 Zeren Jiao and Qingsheng Wang 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Conventional Consequence Prediction Methods 82 4.2.1 Empirical Method 82 4.2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Method 83 4.2.3 Integral Method 84 4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning-Based Consequence Prediction Models 84 4.4 Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 86 4.4.1 Consequence Database 88 4.4.2 Property Descriptors 89 4.4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 89 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 90 References 91 5 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 93 Ming Yang ,Hao Sun and Rustam Abubarkirov 5.1 Opportunities and Threats 93 5.2 State-of-the-Art Reviews 95 5.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 95 5.2.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 97 5.2.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 97 5.3 Case Study of Asset Integrity Assessment 98 5.4 Data-Driven Model of Asset Integrity Assessment 105 5.4.1 Condition Monitoring Data Collection 106 5.4.2 Data Processing and Storage 106 5.4.3 Data Mining for Risk Quantification and Monitoring Control 107 5.4.4 AIM Application 107 5.4.5 The Application of the Framework 108 5.5 Conclusion 109 References 109 6 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 113 Rajeevan Arunthavanathan, Salim Ahmed, Faisal Khan and Syed Imtiaz 6.1 Background 113 6.2 Machine Learning Approaches in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 114 6.3 Supervised Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 115 Contents vii 0005453285.3D 7 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 6.3.1 Neural Network 115 6.3.1.1 Neural Network Theory and Algorithm 115 6.3.1.2 Neural Network Learning for Fault Classification 117 6.3.1.3 Algorithm for Fault Classification Using Neural Network 118 6.3.2 Support Vector Machine 118 6.3.2.1 Support Vector Machine Theory and Algorithm 118 6.3.3 Support Vector Machine Model Selection and Algorithm 120 6.3.4 Support Vector Machine Multiclass Classification 121 6.4 Unsupervised Learning Models for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 122 6.4.1 K-Nearest Neighbors 122 6.4.2 One-Class Support Vector Machine 123 6.4.3 One-Class Neural Network 124 6.4.4 Comparison Between Deep Learning with Machine Learning in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 126 6.5 Intelligent FDD Using Machine Learning 127 6.5.1 Model Development 127 6.5.2 Data Collection 129 6.5.2.1 Model Development Steps 129 6.5.2.2 Result Comparison 130 6.6 Concluding Remarks 134 References 134 7 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 139 Denglong Ma 7.1 Introduction 139 7.1.1 Development of Detecting Gas Emission 139 7.1.2 Development of Source Term Identification 140 7.2 Intelligent Methods for Recognizing Gas Emission 141 7.2.1 Leakage Recognition of Sequestrated CO2 in the Atmosphere 141 7.2.1.1 Gas Leakage Recognition for CO2 Geological Sequestration 142 7.2.1.2 Case Studies for CO2 Recognition 144 7.2.2 Emission Gas Identification with Artificial Olfactory 149 7.2.2.1 Features of Responses in AOS 150 7.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine Models for Gas Identification 150 7.2.2.3 Deep Learning Models for Gas Identification 155 7.3 Intelligent Methods for Identifying Emission Sources 158 7.3.1 Source Estimation with Intelligent Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.1 Principle of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.2 Case Studies of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 159 7.3.2 Source Estimation with MRE-PSO Method 159 7.3.2.1 Principle of PSO-MRE for Source Estimation 161 7.3.2.2 Case Studies 163 7.3.3 Source Estimation with PSO-Tikhonov Regulation Method 164 7.3.3.1 Principle of PSO-Tikhonov Regularization Hybrid Method 164 7.3.3.2 Case Study 167 viii Contents 0005453285.3D 8 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 7.3.4 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 168 7.3.4.1 Forward Gas Dispersion Model Based on MLA 168 7.3.4.2 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 169 7.3.4.3 Case Study 172 7.4 Conclusions and Future Work 173 7.4.1 Conclusions 173 7.4.2 Limitations and Future Work 177 References 178 8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 183 Pingfan Hu, Changjie Cai, Yu Feng and Qingsheng Wang 8.1 Introduction 183 8.1.1 Machine Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.1.2 Deep Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.2 CNN-Based Models for Classification 184 8.2.1 ResNet50 184 8.2.2 YOLOv4 (Darknet53) 185 8.2.3 Grad-CAM 186 8.3 Case Study 186 8.3.1 Background 186 8.3.2 Study Design 187 8.3.3 Training and Testing Database Preparation 187 8.3.4 Results 190 8.3.4.1 Classification Performance of the Modified ResNet50 Model 190 8.3.4.2 Classification Performance of the YOLOv4 Model 190 8.3.4.3 Post-Processing Via Grad-CAM Model and HSV 193 8.3.5 Conclusion 194 8.4 Limitations and Future Work 194 References 195 9 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 199 Bilal M. Khan and Yoram Cohen 9.1 Predictive Nanotoxicology 199 9.1.1 Introduction 199 9.1.2 Nano Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) 200 9.1.3 Importance of Data for Nanotoxicology 204 9.2 Machine Learning Modeling for Predictive Nanotoxicology 205 9.2.1 Overview 205 9.2.2 Unsupervised Learning 211 9.2.2.1 Data Exploration Via Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) 211 9.2.2.2 Evaluating Associations among Sublethal Toxicity Responses 214 9.2.3 Supervised Learning 215 9.2.3.1 Random Forest Models 216 Contents ix 0005453285.3D 9 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 9.2.3.2 Support Vector Machines 216 9.2.3.3 Bayesian Networks 216 9.2.3.4 Supervised Classification and Regression-Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 218 9.2.4 Predictive Nano-(Q)SARs for the Assessment of Causal Relationships 220 9.3 Development of Machine Learning Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 224 9.3.1 Overview 224 9.3.1.1 Data-Driven Models 224 9.3.1.2 Mechanistic/Theoretical Models 225 9.3.2 Data Generation, Collection, and Preprocessing 225 9.3.3 Descriptor Selection 226 9.3.4 Model Selection and Training 229 9.3.5 Model Validation 230 9.3.5.1 Descriptor Importance 231 9.3.5.2 Applicability Domain 231 9.3.6 Model Diagnosis and Debugging 231 9.4 Nanoinformatics Approaches to Predictive Nanotoxicology 234 9.5 Summary 235 References 238 10 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 251 Gregory L. Watson 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Environmental Exposure Modeling 252 10.3 Machine Learning Exposure Models 254 10.4 Model Evaluation 257 10.5 Case Study 258 10.6 Other Topics 260 10.6.1 Bias and Fairness 260 10.6.2 Wearable Sensors 260 10.6.3 Interpretability 260 10.6.4 Extreme Events 260 10.7 Conclusion 261 References 261 11 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 267 Lan Gao, Changjie Cai and Xiao-Ming Hu 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Air Quality and Climate Data Acquisition 269 11.2.1 Earth Satellite Observation Datasets 269 11.2.1.1 Basics of Earth Satellite Observations 269 11.2.1.2 Earth Satellite Products 270 11.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Observation Datasets 276 11.2.2.1 Basics of the Ground-Based In Situ Observations 276 11.2.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Products 277 11.3 Applications of Machine Learning in Air Quality Study 279 x Contents 0005453285.3D 10 30/8/2022 8:51:34 PM 11.3.1 Shallow Learning 280 11.3.2 Deep Learning 280 11.4 An Application Practice Example 281 11.4.1 Satellite Data Acquisition and Variable Selections 282 11.4.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 282 References 283 12 Current Challenges and Perspectives 289 Changjie Cai and Qingsheng Wang 12.1 Current Challenges 289 12.1.1 Data Development and Cleaning 289 12.1.2 Hardware Issues 290 12.1.3 Data Confidentiality 290 12.1.4 Other Challenges 291 12.2 Perspectives 291 12.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Forecast of Chemical Hazards 291 12.2.2 Toolkits for Dummies 292 12.2.3 Physics-Informed Machine Learning 292 References 293 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThe last decade has seen a huge interest in green organic chemistry, particularly as chemical educators look to green their undergraduate curricula. Detailing published laboratory experiments and proven case studies, this book discusses concrete examples of green organic chemistry teaching approaches from both lecture/seminar and practical perspectives. The experienced contributors address such topics as the elimination of solvents in the organic laboratory, organic reactions under aqueous conditions, organic reactions in non-aqueous media, greener organic reagents, waste management/recycling strategies, and microwave technology as a greener heating tool. This reference allows instructors to directly incorporate material presented in the text into their courses.Encouraging a stimulating organic chemistry experience, the text emphasizes the need for undergraduate education to: Focus on teaching sustainability principles throughout the curriculum BTrade Review"Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."— Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton "[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 "Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."—Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton"[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 Table of ContentsIntroduction to Teaching Green Organic Chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry Lecture Case-Studies. Elimination of Solvents in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory. Organic Reactions under Aqueous Conditions. Organic Reactions in Greener Non-Aqueous Media. Using More Environmentally-Friendly Organic Reagents. Green Organic Reactions under Microwave Heating.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical guide to sensory evaluation methods and techniques in the food, cosmetic and household product industries. It explains the suitability of different testing methods for different situations and offers step-by-step instructions on how to perform the various types of tests. Covering a broad range of food and non-food product applications, the book is designed to be used as a practical reference in the testing environment; a training manual for new recruits into sensory science, and a course book for students undertaking industrial training or academic study.Trade Review"Guides industry or academic practitioners through the stages of testing a consumer's sensory experience of a commercial product." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface vii Author biographies ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is sensory evaluation? 1 1.2 What is the role of sensory evaluation? 2 1.3 What drives successful sensory testing? 3 2 Sensory perception 4 2.1 The human senses 4 2.2 Factors affecting sensory measurements 6 3 Planning your sensory project 11 3.1 Setting objectives 11 3.2 Product type 11 3.3 Budget 12 3.4 Timings 12 3.5 Selecting the test method 12 3.6 Setting action standards 13 3.7 Experimental design 14 3.8 Data analysis 19 4 Requirements for sensory testing 30 4.1 Professional conduct in sensory testing: health, safety, ethical and legal considerations 30 4.2 Good working and laboratory practices 37 4.3 Resources needed for sensory testing 41 4.4 Samples 49 4.5 Assessors 54 4.6 Data capture 63 5 Sensory test methods 66 5.1 Selecting the test 66 5.2 Discrimination tests 66 5.3 Descriptive analysis tests 96 5.4 Affective/consumer tests 118 5.5 Linking consumer, sensory and product data 136 6 Completing the project 138 6.1 Reporting 138 6.2 Documentation and data storage 140 6.3 Dos and don’ts 141 7 Appendices 142 Appendix 1: Examples of Latin Square and Williams Latin Square designs for selected number of samples 142 Appendix 2: IFST PFSG professional code of conduct for sensory professionals 143 Appendix 3: Critical values table for triangle test 147 Appendix 4: Critical values table for duo-trio test and paired comparison test for difference (one tailed) 149 Appendix 5: ANOVA explained 151 Appendix 6: Critical values table for chi-squared 156 Appendix 7: Critical values table for paired comparison and paired difference test (two tailed) 157 Appendix 8: Critical values table for Friedman test 159 Appendix 9: Types of scales 160 Appendix 10: Case study: modified quantitative descriptive analysis of chocolate texture 163 Appendix 11: R index explained 174 8 Glossary 178 9 References 185 Index 189

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Book SynopsisThe growing concern for human wellbeing has generated an increase in the demand for polyphenols, secondary plant metabolites that exhibit different bioactive properties. This increasing demand is mainly due to the current applications in the food industry where polyphenols are considered essential for human health and nutrition. Advances in Technologies for Producing Food-relevant Polyphenols provides researchers, scientists, engineers, and professionals involved in the food industry with the latest methodologies and equipment useful to extract, isolate, purify, and analyze polyphenols from different available sources, such as herbs, flora, vegetables, fruits, and agro-industrial wastes. Technologies currently used to add polyphenols to diverse food matrices are also included. This book serves a reference to design and scale-up processes to obtain polyphenols from different plant sources and to produce polyphenol-rich foods with bioactive prTable of ContentsPolyphenols: sources and main characteristics. Polyphenols and human health. Polyphenols and the food industry. Solvent extraction of polyphenols. Extraction of polyphenols by pressurized liquids. Supercritical fluid extraction of polyphenols. Extraction and purification of polyphenols by adsorption. Fractionation of polyphenols. Inclusion of polyphenols into food matrices.

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Book SynopsisThis edited work covers diesel fuel chemistry in a systematic fashion from initial fuel production to the tail pipe exhaust. The chapters are written by leading experts in the research areas of analytical characterization of diesel fuel, fuel production and refining, catalysis in fuel processing, pollution minimization and control, and diesel fuel additives.Table of ContentsSection I.Introduction 1.Introduction to Chemistry of Diesel Fuels Section II.Characterization of Diesel Fuels 2.Molecular Characterization of Diesel Fuels Using Modern Analytical Techniques 3.Rapid Detailed Analysis of Transportation Fuels by GC-FIMS Section III.Production of Clean Diesel Fuesls 4.Catalytic Cracking of C6-C16 Paraffins and Cycloparaffins over a Mesoporous Zeolite-Unstacked H-MCM-22 5.The Use of Hydrocracking Process to Produce High Quality Diesel Oil From Brazil's High Nitrogen Feedstocks 6.H2S and Aromatic Effects on Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophenes over CoMo/C Catalyst 7.Novel Mesoporous Co-Mo/MCM-41 Catalysts for Deep Hydrodesulfurization for Diesel Fuels 8.Performance of Mo Catalysts Supported on TiO2- Based Binary Supports for Distillate Fuel Hydroprocessing 9.Preparation of Surfactants from a Product of Diesel Fuel Biodesulfurization 10.Synthesis of Low Nitrogen Cetane Improvers from the Nitration of Renewable Feedstocks Section V.Emissions and Reduction 11.The Effect of Dimethoxy Methane Fuel Additive on Particle Emissions from a Light Duty Diesel Vehicle 12.The Role of Hydrocarbon Reductant in Metal Loaded Zeolite DeNOx, Catalysis 13.Distribution of PAHS in Burn Residue and Differentiation of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic PAHS. The 1994 and 1997 Mobile Burn Study 14.The Use of Oxygenated Diesel Fuels for Reduction of Particulate Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Indirect Injection Engine 15.Catalytic Activity of Alkali Metal Salts Supported on Perovskite Type Oxide for Carbonaceous Materials Combustion. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisIn the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include "The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids" and "Biotechnology." The chapter on "Applications" includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.Trade Review"If there ever was a case of a reporter becoming part of the story, it would have to be Michael FreemantleÆs pivotal role in the growth of the field now known as ionic liquids." Robin D.Rogers * Chemical and Engineering News, November 29th 2010, Robin D Rogers *"This well-crafted book by Freemantle is distinct from other recent volumes on the subject. à FreemantleÆs book begins with a review of IL synthesis and properties and then concisely describes the diverse applications and merits of ILs in many à of the areas in which they are currently used. This book is both scholarly and a great read. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals."P. G. Heiden * Choice, Vol. 47 (11), August, 2010 *Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: History; Chapter 3: Synthesis of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 4: Properties of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 5: Ionic Liquids as Designer Solvents; Chapter 6: The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 7: Electrochemistry; Chapter 8: Catalysis; Chapter 9: Inorganic Chemistry; Chapter 10: General Organic Reactions; Chapter 11: Named Organic Reactions; Chapter 12: Biotechnology; Chapter 13: Analysis; Chapter 14: Applications; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisModel Predictive Control System Design and Implementation Using MATLAB® proposes methods for design and implementation of MPC systems using basis functions that confer the following advantages: - continuous- and discrete-time MPC problems solved in similar design frameworks; - a parsimonious parametric representation of the control trajectory gives rise to computationally efficient algorithms and better on-line performance; and - a more general discrete-time representation of MPC design that becomes identical to the traditional approach for an appropriate choice of parameters. After the theoretical presentation, coverage is given to three industrial applications. The subject of quadratic programming, often associated with the core optimization algorithms of MPC is also introduced and explained. The technical contents of this book is mainly based on advances in MPC using state-space models and basis functions. This volume includes numerous analytical examples and problems and MATLAB® programs and exercises.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This monograph gives an introduction to model predictive control and recent developments in its design and implementation using Matlab and Simulink. The book is aimed at a wide readership ranging from industrial control engineers to graduate students in the process and control disciplines.” (IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Vol. 30, August, 2010)“The book gives an introduction to Model Predictive Control (MPC), and recent developments in design and implementation. … The book’s approach is expected to appeal to a wide readership ranging from the industrial control engineer to the postgraduate student in the process and control disciplines. Both will find the MATLAB demonstrations of the control concepts a valuable tutorial route to understanding MPC in practice.” (Karl-Heinz Waldmann, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1200, 2011)Table of ContentsDiscrete-time MPC for Beginners.- Discrete-time MPC with Constraints.- Discrete-time MPC Using Laguerre Functions.- Discrete-time MPC with Prescribed Degree of Stability.- Continuous-time Orthonormal Basis Functions.- Continuous-time MPC.- Continuous-time MPC with Constraints.- Continuous-time MPC with Prescribed Degree of Stability.- Classical MPC Systems in State-space Formulation.- Implementation of Predictive Control Systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers the state of the art on the progress and accomplishments of 25 years of research at the Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials on lignin conversion to value-added products and their downstream separation. The first valorisation pathway presented for lignin is its partial depolymerisation by oxidation for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, such as vanillin and syringaldehyde, and the second one is the lignin application as macromonomer for polyurethane synthesis. In this book, the authors present the integration of these two valorisation pathways as an exclusive vision of LSRE-LCM resulting from hands-on experience on reaction and separation processes: the integrated process for lignin valorisation. In this perspective, the lignin is oxidized to simultaneously produce syringaldehyde and vanillin, and the obtained by-products to produce a polyol for lignin-based polyurethanes, completing the lignin value chain. On the perspective of pulp mill-related biorefineries, a valorisation route for eucalyptus bark is also presented, focusing on LSRE-LCM experience on extraction and separation of bioactive polyphenols, giving some insights about further integration of extracted bark on biorefining operations. Table of Contents1. Chemical pulp mills as biorefineries 1.1 General overview: delignification industrial processes 1.2 Side-streams and current recovery cycles of chemicals and energy in typical mills 1.3 The integration of new biorefinery processes in pulp industries 1.4 Lignin: the main side-stream from delignification processes 1.4.1 Types of lignins and up-to-date market 1.4.2 Lignins from new incoming delignification processes 1.4.3 The cost and the revenues of lignin separation from liquid side streams in a pulp mill 1.5 Lignin characterization and classification 1.5.1 Impact of delignification process on the structure of the lignin 1.5.2 Radar tool for lignin classification on the perspective of it valorization 1.5.3 Improving and recognizing the lignin quality in biorefineries 1.6 Bark: an unrecognized valuable lignocellulosic material 1.6.1 Chemical composition. The particular case of Eucalyptus globulus bark 1.6.2   Current and potential commercial products from bark 2. Integrated process for vanillin and syringaldehyde production from kraft lignin 2.1 Oxidation of lignin with O2 in alkaline medium 2.1.1 Batch oxidation 2.2.1.1 Kinetics and modelling of reaction in batch reactor for vanillin production 2.2.1.2 Syringaldehyde as the main product from hardwood lignins 2.2.1.3 Oxidation of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulping liquor versus kraft lignin 2.1.2 Oxidation in co-current gas–liquid flow structured packed reactor 2.1.2.1 Experimental and modelling of vanillin production 2.1.2.2 Experiments of oxidation of hardwood pulping liquor and lignins 2.2 Separation processes 2.2.1 Membrane separation of phenolates from depolymerized lignin 2.2.2 Ion exchange process for vanillin recovery 2.2.3 Adsorption and desorption of vanillin and syringaldehyde onto polymeric resins 2.3 The integrated process for complete lignin valorization into phenolic compounds and polyurethanes 3. Polyurethanes from recovered and depolymerized lignins 3.1 Overview of strategies and opportunities 3.2 Lignin use as such   3.2.1 Reactive filler in polyurethane foams 3.2.2 Additive to enhance biodegradability 3.2.3 Co-monomer to produce elastomers 3.3 Lignin use after chemical modification 3.3.1 Overview of lignin liquefaction processes 3.3.2 Oxypropylation as a viable route to produce liquid polyols 3.3.3 Screening of opportunities for oxypropylated lignin 3.3.4 Production of rigid polyurethane foams 3.4. Lignin use after depolymerization 4. Polyphenols from bark of Eucalyptus globulus 4.1 Composition of polar extracts 4.2 Extraction of polyphenols 4.2.1 Water and alkaline extractions: selectivity and concentration strategy 4.2.2 Ethanol/water extraction: process optimization for phenolic compounds 4.2.3 Screening for valuable applications: tanning proprieties and biological activity 4.3 Fractionation of ethanolic extracts from Eucalyptus globulus bark 4.3.1 Membrane processing 4.3.1.1 Resistance and cake build up analysis in the ultrafiltration of ethanol:water extract (80:20 v/v) 4.3.1.2 Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration to etanol/water extract (52:48 v/v) 4.3.2 Diafiltration and adsorption for purification and concentration of polyphenols 5. Conclusions and future perspectives 6. References

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the fundamental and applied aspects of sonochemistry, discussing a number of basic concepts in sonochemistry, such as how ultrasonic waves interact with gas bubbles in liquids to generate cavitation, and how the high temperatures generated within cavitation bubbles could be estimated. It explains how redox radicals are produced and how to make use of both the physical and chemical forces generated during cavitation for various applications. Intended for academic researchers, industry professionals as well as undergraduate and graduate students, especially those starting on a new research topic or those new to the field, it provides a clear understanding of the concepts and methodologies involved in ultrasonic and sonochemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Interaction between Sound Waves and Bubbles.- Cavitation.- Physical and Chemical Forces Generated by Cavitation.- Brief Accounts on Sonochemistry, Sonoluminescence and Sonoelectrochemistry.

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Book SynopsisThis short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations.This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2. Cubic Equation of States.- Chapter 3. Phase Stability Test.- Chapter 4. Flash Calculations.- Chapter 5. Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the fundamentals of plasmonic field enhancement phenomena and the recent advancements in the field of hydrogen energy technologies that utilize plasmonics for their performance enhancement. Hydrogen energy is currently a representative clean energy without polluting or greenhouse emission in its use. However, industrial production of hydrogen molecules, or other usable hydrogen-containing molecules, is required for the use of hydrogen energy. It is also important to produce hydrogen in clean, renewable manners, to contribute to the solution of the environmental problems, such as atmospheric pollution and global warming, and of the depletion of energy resources. For the widespread use of hydrogen energy, technical developments particularly for hydrogen production and storage are highly sought after. Free electrons in metals, particularly around metal surfaces or interfaces with dielectric materials, exhibit a strong interaction with electromagnetic fields or light in the form of collective oscillation, named surface plasmons. The electromagnetic field intensity around subwavelength-size metal particles can be highly localized due to the coupling between the incident photons and collective oscillation of free electrons at the metal surface, resulting in focusing of electromagnetic energy density, or namely local field enhancement.Table of ContentsHydrogen Energy Technology and Plasmonics.- Field Enhancement around Spherical Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoshells.- Field Enhancement on Planar Metal Surface.- Field Enhancement at Sharp Metal Tips.- Field Enhancement in Metal Nanogaps.- Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive review of the production of smelter grade alumina from bauxite ores. It emphasizes the best practices applied in the industry today but seen in a historical context with a view to future challenges and developments. The control of alumina quality is discussed in detail including the effects that alumina quality have on the aluminum smelter process with respect to environmental performance, current efficiency, and metal purity. The discussion of alumina quality will be relevant to people on the smelter side, as this is the interface between refinery and smelter. Emphasis is placed on the major steps of the Bayer Process including: digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination, and management of water, energy, and bauxite residue. This book is a valuable resource for active, seasoned practitioners and for new engineers entering the industry.Table of Contents1. Introduction: Primary Aluminium - Alumina - Bauxite (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Property Driven Applicationsii. Supply-Demand Balance and Forecastiii. Cost Drivers and Pricingiv. Environmental Footprints and Challenges2. Bauxite Mineralogy, Classification and Beneficiation (Hydro/RTA?)i. Bauxite Resourcesii. Mineralogy and Chemistryiii. Classification from Bayer Process Perspectiveiv. Beneficiation Options3. Bayer Process Design and Physical Chemistry (Steve Healy)i. Bayer Process Design Overviewii. Liquor Properties - Physio Chemical Dataiii. Lime (CaO) Chemistry4. Bauxite Processing - Crushing/Grinding, De-silication and Digestion (CSIRO?)i. Crushing & Grindingii. Silica Chemistry, Desilication Kinetics and Reactor Designiii. Digestion Chemistry, Breakpoint and Kineticsa. Maximum Extractable Alumina (MEA) and Breakpointb. Digestion Modelsc. Degradation of Organicsiv. Digestion Conditions, Bauxite Mineralogy and Yielda. Effect of Lime additionb. Impact of impuritiesv. Applied Digestion Technology and Heat Consumptiona. Autoclavesb. Tube Digesterc. Double Digestionvi. Digester Mass and Heat Balancesa. Theoretical Heat of Digestionb. Boiling Point Elevationc. Steam Requirements5. De-sanding - Floculation / Sedimentation - Liquor Filtration (Tim Laros)i. De-Sanding Equipmentii. Flocculation and Sedimentation Principlesiii. Mud Rheology, Rake Drives and Mud Pumpingiv. Decantation and Clarification Technologyv. Rise Rate and Tank Designvi. Pregnant/Green Liquor Filtration Options and Trends6. Bauxite Residue: Washing - Dewatering (Tim Laros) and Disposal (Paul McGlade)i. Mud Washing - Recovery of Soda and Aluminaii. Dewatering Options: Filtration and Centrifuginga. Filtration Theory and Applicationsb. Filtration Pressure and Equipment Optionsc. Centrifuge Theory and Applicationsiii. Mud Cake Disposal Options and Principlea. Wet Disposal w/wo Neutralizationb. Dry Stacking w/wo Mud Farmingc. Dry Disposal 7. Hydrate Precipitation (Dennis R. Audet) , Classification and Filtration (Manfred Bach)i. Hydrate Crystallization Fundamentalsa. Nucleation, Agglomeration, Breakage and Growthb. Crystallization Mechanism and Kineticsc. Heat of Crystallizationd. Control of Residual Sodae. Impact of Organics and other impurities on Yieldii. Precipitation Flow Sheets and Particle Morphologya. Retention Time and Temperature Profile impact on Yieldb. Modelling of Precipitation Flow sheetiii. Precipitator Tank Design Optionsa. Agitation and Mixingb. Hydrodynamic Effects on Yieldiv. Classification Options and Mass Balance Controla. Hydro Clonesb. Fine Seed Thickenerv. Seed and Product Hydrate Filtration Optionsa. Seed Preparationb. Washing Efficiency and Flow sheets8. Liquor Purification and Impurity Control (Steve Healy)i. Organics removalii. Removal of Inorganic impuritiesa. Ironb. Phosphorc. Other…9. Water Balance, Evaporation, Heat Exchange and Co-Generation (Daniel Thomas)i. Refinery Water Balanceii. Bayer Process Heat Balancea. Heat Transfer b. Inter-department heat exchangeiii. Evaporationiv. Co-Generation of Steam and Power10. Alumina Production by Calcination (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Calcination Chemistry, Phase Changes and Combustiona. Chemistry, Degree of Calcination and Stoichiometryb. Crystalline and X-Ray Amorphous Phasesc. Fuels and Combustion Products - Acid dew Pointii. Drying and Calcination Theorya. Gas-Solid Heat Transfer and Drying/Calcinationb. Heat Conductionc. Alpha Phase Formation and Kineticsiii. Heat of Calcinationa. Standard Heats of Reactionb. Calcination Heat in Practiceiv. Calcination Furnace/Reactor Design and Operating Conditionsa. Rotary Kilnb. Fluid Flash (FF) and Gas Suspension Calciner (GSC)c. Fluidization and the Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB)d. Gas Suspension Calciner Reaction Modelv. Gas-Solid Separation in Cyclonesvi. Air Pollution Control and Dust Managementa. Gas Emissions and Carbon Foot Printb. Particulate Dust Emissions and Management Optionsc. Electrostatic Precipitator or Bag House vii. Refractory Selection and Surface Heat Lossesviii. Calcination Flow Sheet Optionsa. Heat Recovery Optionsb. Hydrate By-Pass and Alumina Qualityc. Heat Balance and Specific Heat Consumptiond. Specific Power Consumptionix. Particle Breakdown and Strength During Calcinationa. Particle Breakdown Defined and Observedb. Attrition Index Defined and Observedc. Impact from Precipitation and Calcination11. Alumina Quality, HF Removal, Dissolution and Aluminium Purity (Stephen Lindsay)i. Chemical Composition of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Loss of Ignition (LOI) and Degree of Calcinationb. Phase Composition and Alpha Alumina Contentc. Chemical Composition and Gibbsite ii. Physical Properties of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Particle Size Distribution, Dustiness and Attrition Indexb. Angle of Repose and Flow abilityc. Bulk Density and Heat Conductivity d. Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Distributioniii. Efficient HF Removal and Dry-Scrubber Efficiency (Margaret Hyland)a. Sources of HF from Smeltingb. Pore Size Distribution and accessible Specific Surface Area Primary Alumina Secondary Aluminac. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide?iv. Alumina Dissolution and Current Efficiency (Pascal Lavoie)a. Theoretical Analysis of Dissolution Processb. Dissolution Rate under Laboratory Conditions Effect of Particle Size Distribution: Sandy vs Floury Effect of Phase Composition: Gamma vs Alphac. Impact of Calcination Technologyd. Impact of Alumina Feeder Design and Operation v. Impurities impact on Aluminium Production, Purity and Propertiesa. Soda and CaOb. Silica and Ironc. Phosphor and Berylliumd. Vanadium and Sulfur12. Alumina Storage and Handling Options13. Health, Safety and Plant Management (Carlos Suarez)14. Process Control, Simulation and Operator Training (NN?)15. Process Economics and Plant Design (Peter-Hans Ter Weer)

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Chemical Processes.- Chapter 2. Chemical Reactions.- Chapter 3. Mechanism (Reaction Kinetics).- Chapter 4. Constant-Volume Batch Reactor (Isothermal).- Chapter 5. Batch Kinetics (Cont.).- Chapter 6. Reactor Design — Introduction (Mixed Flow Reactor).- Chapter 7. Plug Flow Reactor.- Chapter 8. Plug Flow Reactor (Cont.).- Chapter 9. Equal Size MFR in Series.- Chapter 10. Recycle-Tubular Reactors.- Chapter 11. Autocatalytic Reactions.- Chapter 12. Multiple Reactions (Parallel).- Chapter 13. Reactions in Series.- Chapter 14. Non-isothermal Operation.- Chapter 15. Adiabatic Operation.- Chapter 16. Non-ideal Reactors (RTD Study).- Chapter 17. Fluid-Particles Reactions (Non-Catalytic).- Chapter 18. Catalysts and Catalytic Reactions.- Chapter 19. Adsorption/Desorption.- Chapter 20. Porous Catalyst (Intraphase Transport + Kinetics).

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to introduce the basic concepts involved in industrial catalytic processes. It is profusely illustrated with experimental results with the main objective of guiding how to select a suitable catalyst for specific processes. The book is divided in two parts. In the first part the basic concepts are addressed, regarding the existing theories, activity patterns and adsorption-desorption phenomena. In the second part the key experimental methods for the physicochemical characterization of catalysts are presented, as well as the currently used catalyst pre and post treatments. The last chapter describes some important in situ characterization techniques (e.g. XPS and TEM) and surface model patterns related to surface modifications occurring during the reaction. Thoroughly illustrated with microscopy images, spectroscopy data and schematics of reaction mechanisms, the book provides a powerful learning tool for students in undergraduate and graduate level courses on the field of catalysis. Exercises and resolved problems are provided, as well as experimental procedures to support laboratory classes. Furthermore, the content is presented in a carefully chosen sequence, reflecting the 30 year teaching experience of the author. The author, Professor Martin Schmal, sees the present book as a way of conveying basic knowledge needed for the development of more efficient catalysts (i.e. nanostructured materials) and novel industrial chemical processes in the fields of environmental chemistry, fine chemistry, hydrotreating of heavy oils, hydrogen production and biomass processing.Table of ContentsIntroduction on Heterogeneous Catalysis.- Model a catalyst.- Activity Patterns.- Adsorption-desorption.- Basic concepts.- Surface area and volume.- Catalysts preparation.- Variables influencing the final properties of the catalyst.- Structural analyses – x- ray diffraction.- Spectroscopy in the Infrared Region.- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA – XPS/ISS).- Electronic Microscopy: General and Specific Notions.- Nanostructured catalysts.- Kinetics and mechanisms.- Evaluation of Industrial Catalysts.

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Book SynopsisThis book begins by giving a summary of sonochemistry and explains how a chemical reaction can be induced by the interaction of sound waves and gas bubbles in liquids. The work outlines how primary and secondary radicals combined with the physical effects generated during acoustic cavitation are active in the ultrasonic synthesis of a variety of functional materials. The brief covers hot topics that include ultrasonic synthesis of various functional materials covering the following broad areas: acoustic cavitation and sonochemistry, synthesis of functional polymers and their applications, synthesis of functional inorganic materials and their applications, improving functionality of food/dairy systems, synthesis of functional biomaterials and their applications, synthesis of graphene based catalytic materials. Theory is kept to a minimum. The book is aimed at individuals at universities and will also interest those in industry. It is suitable for all levels.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Ultrasonic Synthesis of Functional Materials.- Advantages, Disadvantages and Challenges of Ultrasonic Technology.

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Book SynopsisThis book reports on multidisciplinary research focusing on the analysis, synthesis and design of bionanomaterials. It merges the biophysicists’, the biochemists’ and bioengineers’ perspectives, covering the study of the basic properties of materials and their interaction with biological systems, the development of new devices for medical purposes such as implantable systems, and new algorithms and methods for modeling the mechanical, physical or biological properties of biomaterials. The different chapters, which are based on selected contributions presented at the second edition of BIONAM, held on October 4-7, 2016, in Salerno, Italy, cover both basic and applied research. This includes novel synthetic strategies for nanomaterials, as well as the implementation of bio- and smart materials for pharmacological and medical purposes (e.g. drug delivery, implantable systems), environmental applications, and many others. The book provides a broad audience of academic and professionals with a comprehensive, timely snapshot of the field of biomaterials. Besides offering a set of innovative theories together with the necessary practical tools for their implementation, it also highlights current challenges in the field, thus fostering new discussions and possible future collaborations between groups with different backgrounds.Table of ContentsPart I: Nanomaterials Engineering.- Part II: Nanomaterials Engineering.- Part III: Applications of Bionanomaterials.

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Book SynopsisSeit der ersten Auflage dieses Referenzwerks gab es sowohl im Bereich der Herstellung als auch Anwendung von Vliesstoffen eine Reihe innovativer Neuerungen, und die weltweite Vliesstoffproduktion hat sich nahezu verdoppelt. Diesen Entwicklungen wird in der zweiten, komplett überarbeiteten Auflage Rechnung getragen und vermittelt allen Vliesstoff-Interessierten - vom Polymerchemiker bis zum Anwender - ein vertieftes Verständnis dieses dynamischen Gebiets. Neben neuen Herstellungsverfahren wie Meltblown, Nanoval, Airlaid, Elektrospinnen sowie Ultraschallverfestigung wurden auch die verschiedenen Verfahren zur Oberflächenmodifizierung, Konfektionierung und zum Recycling von Vliesstoffen mit aufgenommen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt bei Vliesstoffen für technische Anwendungen wie Isolation, Schutztextilien und Filtern. Ein separater Abschnitt über Prüfverfahren für Rohstoffe, Zwischen- und Endprodukte erhöht den Wert als unentbehrliches Nachschlagewerk.Trade Review"Dieses Buch bietet umfassende Information über Vliesstoffe, von den Fasern über die verschiedenen Verarbeitungsverfahren bis zu der Verwendung von Vliesstoffen. Es ist das Standardwerk der nächsten Jahre!" Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Die Liste der Autoren ist lang; genannt sind 78 Namen, was beweist, wie umfassend und sorgfältig das Werk in der neuesten Auflage zusammengestellt wurde." Werkstoffe in der Fertigung (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "eine umfassende 'Vliesstoff-Bibel'" Technische Textilien (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "Für eine Industrie mit lang anhaltendem kontinuierlichen Wachstum und einem Umsatz von heute 14-15 Milliarden USD/ Jahr war es allerhöchste Zeit, dass dieses Buch in überarbeiteter, stark aktualisierter Form erscheint... Insgesamt ist dieses Buch für Forschung, Aus und Weiterbildung und die Industrie sicher ein Muss." KU - KunststoffeTable of ContentsVorwort XXI Vorwort zur 1. Auflage XXIII Liste der Autoren XXV 0 Einführung 1 0.1 Definition und Einsatz von Vliesstoffen 1 0.2 Kurzer Überblick zu den Vliesstoffproduktionsprozessen 3 0.3 Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 4 0.3.1 1972−2011: Vier Jahrzehnte Vliesstoffproduktion mit ausgeprägter Charakteristik 4 0.3.2 1972−1981: Die Zeit der Pioniere 5 0.3.3 1982−1991: Gesundes Wachstum und Attraktivität 7 0.3.4 1992−2001: Das Zeitalter der Reife. und Unsicherheit 9 0.3.5 2002−2009: Das Phänomen Wassergestrahlte Wischtücher 11 0.4 Trendanalyse 13 0.4.1 Rohmaterialverbrauch 14 0.4.2 Geographische Betrachtungen 14 0.4.3 Ökonomische Perspektive 15 0.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 15 1 Faserstoffe 21 1.1 Naturfasern 21 1.1.1 Pflanzliche Fasern 23 1.1.1.1 Baumwolle (Gossypium) 23 1.1.1.2 Flachs (Linum usitatissimum Linné) 24 1.1.1.3 Jute (Corchorus) 25 1.1.1.4 Sisal (Agave sisalana) 25 1.1.1.5 Kokos (Cocos nucifera) 25 1.1.2 Tierische Fasern 25 1.1.2.1 Wolle (Ovis aries L.) 25 1.1.2.2 Seide (Bomby mori L.) 26 1.2 Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1 Chemiefasern aus natürlichen Polymeren 26 1.2.1.1 Cellulosische Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1.2 Chemiefasern aus Cellulosederivaten 30 1.2.1.3 Fasern aus Biokunststoffen 31 1.2.2 Chemiefasern aus synthetischen Polymeren 33 1.2.2.1 Polyesterfasern (PES) 33 1.2.2.2 Polyamidfasern (PA) 34 1.2.2.3 Polyolefinfasern (PO, PT, PE) 37 1.2.2.4 Polyacrylfasern (PAN) 38 1.2.2.5 Polyvinylalkoholfasern (PVA) 39 1.2.2.6 Aramidfasern (PAI) 40 1.2.2.7 Melaminharzfasern (MF) 41 1.2.3 Chemiefasern aus anorganischen Polymeren 42 1.2.3.1 Glasfasern 42 1.2.3.2 Silikatfasern 43 1.2.3.3 Keramikfasern 44 1.2.3.4 Kohlenstofffasern 45 1.2.3.5 Kohlenstoffnanoröhren − CNT 45 1.2.3.6 Metallfasern und metallisierte Fasern 46 1.2.4 Modifikation von Chemiefaserstoffen 47 1.3 Reißfasern 48 1.3.1 Das Ausgangsmaterial Textilabfall 49 1.3.2 Der Reißprozess 50 1.3.2.1 Materialvorbehandlung 51 1.3.2.2 Die Strukturauflösung 51 1.3.2.3 Nachbehandlung 53 1.3.3 Reißfaserqualität 54 1.3.3.1 Charakterisierung der Reißfaserqualität 55 1.3.3.2 Beeinflussung der Reißfaserqualität bei der Reißfaserherstellung 56 1.3.4 Reißfasereinsatz 57 2 Andere Rohstoffe 61 2.1 Fluff-Zellstoff 61 2.2 Granulate 62 2.2.1 Allgemeine Betrachtung der physikalischen Eigenschaften 63 2.2.1.1 Polyolefine 66 2.2.1.2 Polyester 68 2.2.1.3 Polyamide 69 2.3 Pulver 70 2.3.1 Polymerpulver 71 2.3.1.1 Polyacrylnitril 71 2.3.1.2 Additive 72 2.3.1.3 Stabilisatoren 73 2.4 Superabsorber 76 2.4.1 Absorptionsmechanismus 76 2.4.2 Herstellungsverfahren 77 2.4.2.1 Suspensionspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.2 Lösungspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.3 Nachvernetzung 78 2.4.2.4 Permeabilität 79 2.4.3 Testmethoden 79 2.4.3.1 Produktkenndaten 80 2.4.3.2 Märkte und Anwendungen 81 2.4.3.3 Zusammenfassung 82 2.5 Präparationen 83 2.5.1 Allgemeines 83 2.5.1.1 Definitionen 83 2.5.1.2 Anforderungen an Präparationen 84 2.5.1.3 Zusammensetzungen von Präparationen 85 2.5.2 Aufbringung von Präparationen 86 2.5.2.1 Chemiefaserherstellung 86 2.5.2.2 Verarbeitung 86 2.5.3 Prüfmethoden 87 2.5.3.1 Prüfungen am Präparationsmittel 87 2.5.3.2 Prüfungen am präparierten Fasermaterial 88 2.5.4 Präparationen auf Vliesstoffen 89 2.5.4.1 Allgemeines 89 2.5.4.2 Vliesstoffherstellung und Präparation 90 2.5.4.3 Endprodukt und Präparation 91 2.5.4.4 Spinnvliesstoffe und Präparationen 91 2.5.5 Ausblick 92 3 Bindemittel 97 3.1 Einleitung 97 3.2 Bindeflüssigkeiten 99 3.2.1 Anwendungsbereiche für Latex 99 3.2.2 Latex − Herstellung, Zusammensetzung, Typen 100 3.2.2.1 Übersicht 100 3.2.2.2 Latex-Herstellung 100 3.2.2.3 Latex-Bestandteile 101 3.2.2.4 Latex-Produktklassen für die Vliesverfestigung 102 3.2.2.5 Nanoteilchen 103 3.2.3 Filmbildung 104 3.2.3.1 Modellvorstellung 104 3.2.3.2 Interdiffusion, Vernetzung, Adhäsion 105 3.2.4 Vliesverfestigung mittels Latexflotte 106 3.2.4.1 Die Latexflotte als modifizierter Latex 106 3.2.4.2 Filmbildung bei der Vliesverfestigung 107 3.2.4.3 Unterscheidungsmerkmale für Latizes 109 3.2.5 Qualitätsaspekte 110 3.2.5.1 Latex und Latexflotte 110 3.2.5.2 Film 110 3.2.5.3 Vliesstoff 110 3.3 Bindefasern 111 3.3.1 Lösliche Fasern 111 3.3.2 Schmelzbindefasern 111 3.3.2.1 Aufmachungsformen 113 3.3.2.2 Chemischer Aufbau 113 3.3.2.3 Funktionsweise 115 3.3.2.4 Eigenschaften 116 II Herstellungsverfahren für Vliesstoffe 119 4 Trockenverfahren 123 4.1 Faservliese 123 4.1.1 Faservorbereitung 123 4.1.1.1 Ballenvorlage 124 4.1.1.2 Öffnen 125 4.1.1.3 Dosieren 127 4.1.1.4 Mischen 128 4.1.1.5 Speisevlies bilden 130 4.1.1.6 Anlagen 133 4.1.2 Faservliese nach dem Kardierverfahren 136 4.1.2.1 Krempeltheorie 137 4.1.2.2 Anlagentechnik 144 4.1.2.3 Vliesbildung 147 4.1.2.4 Die Vliesstreckung 155 4.1.3 Faservliese nach aerodynamischen Verfahren 158 4.1.3.1 Das Airlay-Verfahren 159 4.1.3.2 Das Airlaid-Verfahren 168 4.1.3.3 Sonderverfahren 171 4.1.4 Faservliesstoffe mit senkrechter Faserlage 171 4.1.4.1 Vibrationssenkrechtleger 172 4.1.4.2 Rotationssenkrechtleger 173 4.1.4.3 Verfestigung senkrecht gelegter Faservliese 173 4.2 Extrusionsvliesstoffe 175 4.2.1 Einleitung 175 4.2.2 Polymereinsatz 176 4.2.2.1 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Filament-Spinnvliesverfahren) 176 4.2.2.2 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Meltblown-Verfahren) 179 4.2.2.3 Polymere für das Lösungsspinnen 180 4.2.2.4 Additive für die Funktionalisierung 180 4.2.3 Grundsätzliches zur Verfahrenstechnik und -technologie 182 4.2.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen und Spinnvlies-Verbundstoffen 188 4.2.4.1 Schmelzspinnverfahren 188 4.2.4.2 Lösungsspinnverfahren 202 4.2.5 Vliesverfestigung 205 4.2.5.1 Thermische Verfestigung 206 4.2.5.2 Mechanische Verfestigung 209 4.2.5.3 Chemische Verfestigung 212 4.2.5.4 Flächenreckung 213 4.2.6 Spinnvliestechnologien in den Submikrometerbereich 213 4.2.6.1 Elektrostatik-Spinnvliesverfahren 214 4.2.6.2 Zentrifugenspinnen 216 4.2.7 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Foliefaser-Vliesstoffen 216 5 Nassverfahren 229 5.1 Verfahrensprinzip 230 5.2 Rohstoffe und Faservorbereitung 230 5.2.1 Spezielle Faserrohstoffaspekte 231 5.2.2 Faserstoffarten 232 5.2.3 Bindemittel 232 5.2.4 Pumpen 234 5.3 Aufbau von Nassvliesanlagen 234 5.3.1 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Teebeutelpapieren 235 5.3.1.1 Stoffaufbereitung für einlagige Produkte 235 5.3.1.2 Stoffaufbereitung für mehrlagige Produkte 237 5.3.2 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Filterpapieren 238 5.3.3 Vliesbildung 239 5.3.3.1 Erste Entwicklungsschritte auf einer Nassvlies-Laboranlage 239 5.3.3.2 Weitere Schritte auf einer Nassvlies-Pilotanlage 239 5.3.4 Verfestigen der Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.1 Zugabe von Bindefasern bzw. BiCo-Fasern 246 5.3.4.2 Zugabe von Bindemitteldispersionen in der Masse 246 5.3.4.3 Bindemittelzugabe auf die Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.4 Aufgießen der Binderdispersion 247 5.3.4.5 Schaumimprägnierung 247 5.3.4.6 Leimpresse / Imprägnierpresse / Filmpresse 247 5.3.4.7 Pressen 247 5.3.5 Vliestrocknung 247 5.3.5.1 Zylindertrocknung 248 5.3.5.2 Durchströmtrockner 248 5.3.5.3 Kanaltrockner 248 5.3.5.4 Strahlungstrocknung 249 5.3.6 Aufrollung 249 5.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen aus natürlichen Polymeren 249 6 Vliesverfestigung 255 6.1 Vernadelungsverfahren 255 6.1.1 Einfluss des Vliesbildungsverfahrens 256 6.1.2 Vernadelungsprinzip 259 6.1.2.1 Nadelbalkensystem 259 6.1.2.2 Einstichtechnologie 260 6.1.2.3 Einstichtiefe 261 6.1.2.4 Niederhalterstellung 261 6.1.2.5 Einstichdichte 267 6.1.3 Vlieszufuhr und Vorvernadelung 270 6.1.4 Vernadelungszone 271 6.1.4.1 Nadelbild 272 6.1.5 Vliesabzug 274 6.1.5.1 Positiver Vliestransport 274 6.1.5.2 Nadelvliesverstreckung 279 6.1.6 Arten der Nachvernadelung 282 6.1.6.1 Beidseitig alternierend 283 6.1.6.2 Beidseitig simultan 283 6.1.6.3 Vernadelungslinie 283 6.1.6.4 Vernadeln mehrschichtiger Vliese 284 6.1.6.5 Hochleistungsvernadelung 285 6.1.7 Papiermaschinenbespannungen (PMF) 290 6.1.7.1 PMF-Vorvernadelung 290 6.1.7.2 PMF-Endvernadelung 290 6.1.7.3 BELTEX-Verfahren 292 6.1.8 Modifizierte Vernadelungstechniken 293 6.1.8.1 Rundvernadelungsverfahren 293 6.1.8.2 Schrägvernadelungsverfahren 294 6.1.9 Einflussparameter für Nadelvliesstoffeigenschaften 296 6.1.9.1 Vernadelungsparameter 297 6.1.10 Oberflächenstrukturierung 307 6.1.10.1 Strukturierung mit positivem Vliestransport 309 6.1.11 Nadelcharakteristik 311 6.1.11.1 Filznadelgruppen 311 6.2 Maschenbildungsverfahren 318 6.2.1 Verfahrenssystematik 320 6.2.1.1 Vlies-Nähwirkverfahren 321 6.2.1.2 Faser-Vlieswirkverfahren 327 6.2.1.3 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren mit Grundbahn 332 6.2.1.4 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren ohne Grundbahn 334 6.2.1.5 Maschen-Vlieswirkverfahren 336 6.2.2 Kettenwirken 338 6.2.3 Stricken 339 6.3 Verwirbelungsverfahren 340 6.3.1 Verfahrensentwicklung 340 6.3.1.1 Physikalische Grundlagen 343 6.3.1.2 Verwirbelungsvorgang 345 6.3.1.3 Wirbelvliesstoffe 348 6.3.2 Faserstoff- und Prozesseinflüsse 349 6.3.2.1 Faserstoffeinflüsse 349 6.3.2.2 Prozesseinflüsse 351 6.3.3 Verfestigungsanlagen 352 6.3.4 Vliesverfestigung mit Dampfstrahlen 357 6.4 Thermische Verfahren 359 6.4.1 Trocknung 359 6.4.1.1 Konvektionstrocknung 360 6.4.1.2 Kontakttrocknung 373 6.4.1.3 Strahlungstrocknung 374 6.4.2 Heißluftverfestigung 375 6.4.2.1 Grundsätzliches 375 6.4.2.2 Verfahrenstechnik 377 6.4.2.3 Anlagentechnik 380 6.4.3 Thermofixierung 382 6.4.4 Thermische Kalanderverfestigung (Thermobonding Prozess) 385 6.4.4.1 Verfahrenstechnik 385 6.4.4.2 Anlagentechnik 389 6.4.5 Ultraschall-Verfestigung 391 6.4.5.1 Definition Ultraschall 391 6.4.5.2 Systemkomponenten 392 6.4.5.3 Funktionsprinzip 393 6.4.5.4 Vorteile des Ultraschallverfahrens 394 6.5 Chemische Verfahren 395 6.5.1 Adhäsion und Kohäsion 395 6.5.2 Kohäsive Verfestigung 397 6.5.3 Adhäsive Verfestigung 397 6.6 Verbundstoffe 398 6.6.1 Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.1 Aus Schichten aufgebaute Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.2 Durch Fadenschlingen verstärkte Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.3 Verfahrensvarianten 399 6.6.1.4 Verbinden durch Vernadeln 399 6.6.1.5 Verbinden durch Nähwirken 405 6.6.1.6 Verbinden durch Verwirbeln 405 6.6.1.7 Verbinden durch Verkleben 406 6.6.2 Vliesstoffe für Verbundwerkstoffe 409 7 Mechanische und chemische Ausrüstung von Vliesstoffen 417 7.1 Schrumpfen 417 7.1.1 Entstehen und Beseitigung von Verzügen 417 7.1.2 Gewolltes Schrumpfen 417 7.2 Stauchen und Kreppen 417 7.2.1 Stauchen – das Clupakverfahren 418 7.2.2 Kreppen – das Micrexverfahren 418 7.3 Glätten, Kalandern, Pressen 418 7.3.1 Glätt- bzw. Rollkalander 418 7.3.2 Präge- oder Gaufrierkalander 418 7.3.3 Muldenpressen 419 7.3.4 Formpressen, Stanzen 419 7.4 Perforieren, Schlitzen, Brechen 419 7.4.1 Perforieren 419 7.4.2 Schlitzen 420 7.4.3 Brechen 420 7.5 Spalten, Schleifen, Velourieren, Scheren, Rauen 420 7.5.1 Spalten 420 7.5.2 Schleifen, Velourieren 420 7.5.3 Scheren, Rauen 421 7.6 Sengen 421 7.7 Nähen, Steppen, Schweißen 421 7.7.1 Nähen und Steppen 421 7.7.2 Ultraschallschweißen 421 7.7.3 Hochfrequenzschweißen 422 7.7.4 Plasma- und Coronabehandlungen 422 7.8 Sonstige mechanische Ausrüstungsverfahren 423 7.9 Waschen 423 7.10 Färben 424 7.10.1 Flocke- und Spinnfärbung 424 7.10.2 Färben und Binden 424 7.10.3 Nachträgliches Färben 424 7.10.4 Verschiedene Färbemethoden 425 7.10.5 Kaltverweilverfahren 425 7.10.6 Kontinuefärben 425 7.11 Drucken 425 7.11.1 Drucken von Leichtvliesstoffen 426 7.11.2 Drucken schwerer Vliesstoffe (Fußbodenbeläge) 426 7.11.3 Spritz-, Tintenstrahl-, Inkjetdruck 426 7.11.4 Transferdruck 427 7.12 Appretieren, Weichmachen, Spezialeffekte 427 7.12.1 Maschinelle Gegebenheiten und Möglichkeiten 428 7.12.2 Steifappreturen 428 7.12.3 Weichmachen 429 7.12.4 Antistatische Ausrüstung 429 7.12.5 Schmutzabweisende Ausrüstung 430 7.12.6 Hydrophobieren, Oleophobieren 430 7.12.7 Hygieneausrüstung, Kosmeto- und Wellnesstextilien 430 7.12.8 Flammfestausrüstung 431 7.12.9 Saugfähige und wasserbindende Ausrüstung 431 7.12.10 Staubbindende Behandlung 432 7.13 Beschichten 433 7.13.1 Beschichtungsverfahren 433 7.13.1.1 Pflatschen 433 7.13.1.2 Beschichten durch Tiefdruck 433 7.13.1.3 Beschichten durch Rotationsdruck 433 7.13.1.4 Streichen oder Rakeln 434 7.13.1.5 Extrudieren 434 7.13.1.6 Berührungsloses Beschichten 434 7.13.1.7 Umkehrverfahren (Release-Coating) 434 7.13.2 Beschichtungseffekte 435 7.13.2.1 Rutschfestausrüstung 435 7.13.2.2 Verformbare Beschichtung 435 7.13.2.3 Selbstklebebeschichtung 435 7.13.2.4 Schaumbeschichtung 436 7.13.2.5 Selbstliegebeschichtung 437 7.13.2.6 Mikroporöse Beschichtung 437 7.13.2.7 Drainagebeschichtung 438 7.13.2.8 Heißsiegelbeschichtung 438 7.14 Kaschieren 440 7.14.1 Nasskaschierung 440 7.14.2 Trockenkaschierung 440 7.14.2.1 Anwendung von Klebevliesstoffen 441 7.14.3 Beispiele für Kaschierungen 441 7.15 Beflocken 441 7.16 Neue Verfahren und Produkte 442 7.16.1 Ökologie und Ökonomie 443 III Konfektionen von Vliesstoffen 449 8 Konfektion von Fertigprodukten 451 8.1 Begriffe und Definitionen 451 8.2 Produktentwicklung 453 8.2.1 Produktentwicklung für Bekleidungstextilien 453 8.2.2 Produktentwicklung für Wohn- und Heimtextilien 457 8.2.3 Produktentwicklung für technische Textilien 457 8.3 Produktionsvorbereitung 458 8.4 Produktion 460 8.4.1 Legen der Stofflagen 460 8.4.2 Zuschnitt 462 8.4.2.1 Konventionelle Zuschnitttechnik 463 8.4.2.2 Automatische Zuschnittanlagen 465 8.4.3 Verbindungsprozess und Montage 467 8.4.4 Bügeln 474 8.5 Verpacken 475 8.6 Mechanisierung und Automatisierung 476 IV Eigenschaften und Anwendung der Vliesstoffe 479 9 Hygieneerzeugnisse 481 9.1 Inkontinenzprodukte (Windeln) 482 9.2 OP-Textilien 484 9.3 Bereichs- und Berufsbekleidung 485 9.4 Antimikrobiell ausgerüstete Vliese 485 9.5 Damenhygieneprodukte (Binden, Tampons) 486 10 Vliesstoffe für Medizin 489 10.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen 489 10.2 Einwegtextilien oder Mehrwegtextilien 490 10.3 Vliesstoffe für Medizinprodukte 491 10.4 Weiterentwicklung 492 11 Vliesstoffe für Reinigungsprodukte und Oberflächenpflege 493 11.1 Marktsituation 494 11.2 Nass- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 494 11.2.1 Bodentücher und Materialien für Bodenreinigungssysteme 496 11.2.2 Wischtücher (Mehrweg) 497 11.2.3 Einwegtücher (Disposables) 497 11.2.3.1 Trockene Staubentfernung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 497 11.2.3.2 Feuchte Reinigung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.3.3 Spezielle Oberflächenreinigungsverfahren mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.4 Syntheseleder-Tücher 498 11.3 Trocken- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 499 11.3.1 Mikrofaservliesstoffe 499 11.3.2 Polyvinylalkohol-Vliesstoffprodukte 500 11.3.3 Imprägnierte Tücher 501 11.4 Scheuermedien 501 11.4.1 Topfreiniger, Scheuerschwämme und -pads 501 11.4.2 Bodenreinigungsscheiben 502 12 Vliesstoffe für Heimtextilien 505 12.1 Vliesstoffe in Polstermöbeln 505 12.2 Vliesstoffe in Matratzen 507 12.3 Vliesstoffe in Fußbodenbelägen 508 12.4 Vliesstoffe als Dekorationsmaterialien 510 12.5 Tuftingträger 512 12.5.1 Gegenüberstellung der zwei unterschiedlichen Flächenkonstruktionen 513 12.5.2 Definition der an den Träger gestellten Anforderungen 514 13 Vliesstoffe für Bekleidung 517 13.1 Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.1 Einleitung 517 13.1.2 Geschichte der Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.3 Funktionen von Einlagevliesstoffen 518 13.1.3.1 Einlagestoffe zur Formgebung und Formunterstützung 519 13.1.3.2 Einlagevliesstoff zur Stabilisierung und/oder Versteifung 519 13.1.3.3 Einlagevliesstoff zur Volumengebung 519 13.1.4 Eigenschaften der Einlagevliesstoffe 519 13.1.5 Funktionsträger der Einlagevliesstoffe 521 13.2 Vliesstoffe für Schutzkleidung 521 13.2.1 Anforderungen an Schutzkleidung 522 13.2.2 Chemikalien/Aerosol/Staubschutz-Bekleidung 524 13.2.3 Nässe- und Kälteschutzbekleidung 527 13.2.4 Hitzeschutzbekleidung 528 13.3 Trägervliesstoffe für Schuhe 529 14 Vliesstoffe für technische Anwendungen 539 14.1 Isolation 539 14.1.1 Feuer, Wärme, Schall 539 14.1.1.1 Isolation gegen Feuer/Hitze 539 14.1.1.2 Wärmeisolierung 542 14.1.1.3 Schallisolation 546 14.1.2 Vliesstoffanwendungen in der Elektrotechnik 548 14.1.3 Kabelummantelung 553 14.1.3.1 Allgemeines 553 14.1.3.2 Klebebänder aus Maliwatt 554 14.1.3.3 Klebebänder aus Malivlies 555 14.1.3.4 Klebebänder aus Kunit-Multiknit 556 14.2 Filtration 557 14.2.1 Trockenfiltration 562 14.2.1.1 Allgemeines 562 14.2.1.2 Funktionelle Anforderungen, Eigenschaften 565 14.2.1.3 Oberflächenfilter 566 14.2.1.4 Tiefenfilter 569 14.2.2 Flüssigkeitsfiltration 573 14.2.2.1 Flüssigkeitsfilter auf Vliesstoffbasis 575 14.2.2.2 Bauarten für Flüssigkeitsfilter 577 14.3 Bauwesen 579 14.3.1 Geovliesstoffe 579 14.3.1.1 Grundlagen 579 14.3.1.2 Funktionen und Anforderungen 581 14.3.1.3 Anwendungsfälle für Vliesstoffe 584 14.3.2 Dachbahnen 588 14.3.2.1 Einleitung 588 14.3.2.3 Eingesetzte Polyestervliesstoffe 589 14.3.2.4 Herstellung von Dachbahnen / Bitumierung 589 14.3.2.5 Entwicklungstrends 590 14.3.2.6 Recycling von Dachbahnen 590 14.4 Landwirtschaft 591 14.4.1 Einleitung 591 14.4.2 Anforderungen an Agrarvliesstoffe 591 14.4.3 Technologische Verfahren 592 14.4.4 Anwendungsbeispiele 592 14.4.5 Markttendenz 594 14.5 Fahrzeugindustrie 595 14.5.1 Markt 595 14.5.2 Automobilindustrie 596 14.5.2.1 Eigenschaftsanforderungen 600 14.5.2.2 Sitzpolster, Laminiervliesstoffe, Verkleidungsteile 605 14.5.2.3 Schall- und Wärmeisolation im Automobil 609 14.5.2.4 Synthetische Filtermedien für den mobilen Einsatz 613 14.5.3 Flugzeugindustrie, Schiffsbau, Eisenbahn 619 14.5.4 Ausblick 620 14.6 Papiermaschinenbespannungen 620 14.7 Simulation von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 624 14.7.1 Generierung virtueller Vliesstoffe 625 14.7.2 Eigenschaftsberechnung 626 14.7.2.1 Geometrische Charakterisierung 626 14.7.2.2 Strömungseigenschaften 626 14.7.2.3 Filtrationseigenschaften 627 14.7.2.4 Optimierung von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 628 14.7.3 Zukünftige Entwicklungen 628 15 Verwertung von Vliesstoffen 639 15.1 Produktionsabfälle aus der Vliesstoffherstellung 639 15.2 Vliesstoffabfälle nach dem Gebrauch 641 15.2.1 Einwegprodukte 641 15.2.2 Dauerhafte Produkte 641 15.3 Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für Vliesstoffabfälle 642 15.3.1 Mechanische Verfahren zur Faserrückgewinnung 642 15.3.2 Regranulierung 642 15.3.3 Herstellung von Textilschnitzeln und deren Verwendungsmöglichkeiten 643 15.3.4 Verarbeitung von Vliesstoffrandstreifen auf KEMAFIL®-Maschinen 644 15.3.5 Zweitverwertung von Vliesstoffabfällen 644 V Richtlinien und Prüfverfahren für Vliesrohstoffe und Vliesstoffe 647 16 Prüfverfahren 649 16.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 649 16.1.1 Probenahme und Statistik 649 16.1.2 Prüfklima 650 16.1.3 Normen und Richtlinien 650 16.2 Vliesrohstoffe 651 16.2.1 Fasern 651 16.2.1.1 Faserstoffanalyse 651 16.2.2 Granulate 655 16.2.3 Bindemittel 656 16.3 Vliesstoffe 657 16.3.1 Textilphysikalische Prüfungen 657 16.3.2 Prüfung von Echtheiten 667 16.3.3 Prüfung des Brennverhaltens 674 16.3.4 Prüfung des Pflegeverhaltens 679 16.3.5 Humanökologische Prüfungen 680 16.4 Einsatzbezogene Prüfverfahren 683 16.4.1 Hygiene- und Medizinerzeugnisse 683 16.4.2 Reinigungstücher und Haushalterzeugnisse 684 16.4.3 Heimtextilien 684 16.4.4 Schutzkleidung 685 16.4.5 Filterstoffe 687 16.4.6 Geovliesstoffe 692 17 Qualitätsüberwachungs- und Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Produkte, Maschinen und Anlagen 699 18 Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 711 Index 717

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Book SynopsisBiorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products An instructive and up-to-date pretreatment and industrial applications of oil producing plants Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products is a two-volume set that delivers a comprehensive exploration of oil producing plants, from their availability to their pretreatment, bioenergy generation, chemical generation, bioproduct generation, and economic impact. The distinguished team of editors has included a wide variety of highly instructive resources written by leading contributors to the field. This set explores the current and future potential of bioenergy production to address the energy and climate crisis, as well as the technologies used to produce materials like biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biochar, fuel pellets, and biohydrogen. It also discusses the production of biobased chemicals, including bio-oil, biosurfactants, catanionic surfactants, glycerol, biovanillin, bioplastic, and plant-oil based polyurethanes. Concluding with an insightful analysis of the economic effects of oil producing plants, the set also offers readers: A thorough introduction to the availability of oil producing plants, including palm oil, castor oil, jatropha, nyamplung, and coconut A comprehensive exploration of the pretreatment of oil producing plants, including the physical, chemical and biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Practical discussion of the generation of bioenergy, including biogas generation in the palm oil mill and biodiesel production techniques using jatropha In-depth examinations of the generation of biobased chemicals, including those produced from the tobacco plant Perfect for researchers and industry practitioners involved with the biorefinery of oil producing plants, Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products also belongs in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and microbiology.Table of ContentsVolume 1 Preface xvii About the Editors xix 1 A Glance On Oil Producing Plants, Pretreatment and Bioenergy Production Using Oil Producing Plant 1 Suraini Abd-Aziz and Misri Gozan References 9 Part I Availability of Oil Producing Plants 11 2 Demand and Sustainability of Palm Oil Plantation 13 Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Lai-Yee Phang 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Production and Consumption of Global Palm Oil Industry 14 2.3 Major Hindrances in Sustainability Considerations 17 2.3.1 Environmental Issues 18 2.3.2 Socioeconomic Issues 19 2.4 Future Sustainability Implications of the World Largest Palm Oil Producers 20 2.4.1 Indonesia 21 2.4.2 Malaysia 22 2.5 Sustainable Versus Unsustainable Palm Oil Toward Carbon Neutral Emissions 23 2.6 Conclusions 24 References 25 3 Planting and Harvesting Jatropha 29 Penjit Srinophakun, Anna Saimaneerat, and Vipa Hongtrakul 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 KUBP 78-9 and KUBP 202 Varieties 30 3.2.1 Plant Spacing 31 3.2.2 Plantation Layout and Data Collection 31 3.2.3 Fertilizer Application 33 3.2.4 Cutting Management 35 3.2.5 Weed Control 35 3.2.6 Insect, Pest, and Disease Control 37 3.3 Jatropha Performance 38 3.3.1 Plant Height and Canopy Width 38 3.3.2 First Flowering Day 40 3.3.3 Rainfall 41 3.3.4 Harvesting 43 3.3.5 Seed Yield and Weight of 100-Seed 45 3.4 Conclusions 47 Acknowledgments 47 References 47 4 Castor Oil (Ricinus communis) 51 Is Fatimah, Suresh Sagadevan, Baranya Murugan, and Oki Muraza 4.1 Source and Cultivation of the Castor Plant 51 4.2 Castor Oil Production 54 4.2.1 Cultivating and Harvesting Ricinus communis 54 4.2.2 Extraction of Castor Oil 57 4.2.3 Refining of Castor Oil 59 4.2.4 Standardization of Castor Oil 60 4.3 Castor Oil Products 60 4.3.1 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 60 4.3.2 Biodiesel from Castor Oil 61 4.3.3 Polymer from Castor Oil 67 4.3.4 Plasticizer from Castor Oil 67 4.3.5 Biolubricant from Castor Oil 69 4.3.6 Pharmaceutical Solvent from Castor Oil 72 4.4 Conclusions 73 References 73 5 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil 79 Nurul Sabrena Hanafi, Misri Gozan, and Suraini Abd-Aziz 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) 80 5.2.1 Characteristic of Nyamplung Seed Oil 81 5.2.2 Extraction of Nyamplung Seed Oil 82 5.2.2.1 Mechanical Extraction 83 5.2.2.2 Solvent Oil Extraction (Chemical Extraction) 83 5.2.3 Applications of Nyamplung Seed Oil 83 5.2.3.1 Medicinal Purposes 84 5.2.3.2 Cosmetic Ingredient 84 5.2.3.3 Biodiesel 85 5.3 Potential of Nyamplung Seed Oil as Biolubricant 86 5.3.1 Reactions Involved in Biolubricants Manufacturing 86 5.3.1.1 Transesterification 86 5.3.1.2 Epoxidation 87 5.3.2 Emerging Area of Biolubricant Industries Using Alternative Oil/Seed Oil 88 5.3.2.1 Applications of Biolubricant 89 5.3.2.2 Chemical Modification of Biolubricant 89 5.4 Conclusions 91 References 92 6 Coconut Oil 99 Muhammad A. Darmawan, Kiman Siregar, and Misri Gozan 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Extraction Process of Coconut Oil 100 6.2.1 Dry Extraction Process 100 6.2.1.1 Coconut Testa Oil 102 6.2.1.2 Copra Oil 102 6.2.2 Coconut Refining Process 102 6.2.2.1 Chemical Refining Process 102 6.2.2.2 Physical Refining Process 103 6.2.3 Wet Extraction Process 103 6.2.3.1 Heat and Cold Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil 103 6.2.3.2 Fermentation and Enzymatic Process of Virgin Coconut Oil 104 6.3 Physicochemical and Chemical Compositions of Coconut Oil 105 6.4 The Properties of Coconut Fruit 108 6.5 Health Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil 111 6.5.1 Virgin Coconut Oil Effects on Artery Disease 111 6.5.2 Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 111 6.5.3 Antidiabetic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112 6.5.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112 6.6 Coconut Oil as Fuel 112 6.7 Coconut Oil as Cooking Oil 113 6.8 Productivity and Problems in Coconut Plantation 114 6.8.1 Productivity of Coconut Plantation in Indonesia 114 6.8.2 Problems of Coconut Plantation and Industry in Indonesia 115 6.9 Conclusions 116 References 116 Part II Pretreatment 123 7 Efficient Physical and Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 125 Liping Tan, Jian Zhao, and Yinbo Qu 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Type of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 126 7.2.1 Bisulfite Pretreatment 126 7.2.2 Formiline Pretreatment 128 7.2.3 Hydrothermal Pretreatment 128 7.2.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Pretreatment 129 7.2.5 Comparison of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment Methods 130 7.2.6 Combinations of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 133 7.3 Conclusions 135 Acknowledgment 135 References 135 8 Ionic Solution Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 141 Chien-Yuan Su, Wei-Chun Hung, Chiung-Fang Liu, Bo-Jhih Lin, and Hou-Peng Wan 8.1 Overview of Biomass Hydrolysis 141 8.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis 143 8.1.2 Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144 8.1.2.1 Development and Principle of Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144 8.1.2.2 Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 145 8.2 Case Study of Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 147 8.2.1 Feedstock Analysis and Dissolution Efficiency 147 8.2.2 Sugar Yields from Various Biomass via Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 150 8.2.3 Purification of Hydrolysis Products 151 8.2.3.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 151 8.2.3.2 Reactive Distillation 151 8.2.3.3 Ion Exclusion Chromatography and Membrane Filtration 153 8.2.4 Comparison of Hydrolysis Pretreatment Technologies and Summary 155 Acknowledgment 157 References 157 9 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 161 Sehanat Prasongsuk, Wichanee Bankeeree, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Microorganisms and Enzymes Involved in Biological Pretreatment 162 9.2.1 Fungal Pretreatment 164 9.2.2 Enzymatic Pretreatment 165 9.3 Factors Affecting Biological Pretreatment 168 9.3.1 Cultivation Condition 168 9.3.2 Incubation Time 168 9.3.3 Moisture Content 168 9.3.4 pH and Temperature 168 9.4 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value-Added Products 169 9.4.1 Bioconversion into Fermentable Sugar for Bioethanol Production 169 9.4.2 Biogas Production 171 9.5 Conclusions 172 Acknowledgment 173 References 173 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes 179 Adriana C. Lee, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Suraini Abd-Aziz 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Lignin Types and Structures 180 10.3 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes (LDEs) 181 10.3.1 Lignin Peroxidase or Ligninase (LiP) 181 10.3.2 Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) 183 10.3.3 Versatile Peroxidase (VP) 185 10.3.4 Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases (DyPs) 185 10.3.5 Laccase 186 10.3.6 New Enzymatic Delignification Activities 189 10.3.6.1 β-Etherases (Glutathione-Dependent Lignin-Degrading Enzyme) 189 10.3.6.2 Biphenyl-Binding Enzyme Cleavage Systems 190 10.3.6.3 Enzyme O-Demethylation Networks 190 10.3.6.4 Activities of General Oxidative 190 10.4 Application of LDE in Biorefinery Pretreatment 191 10.5 Conclusions 194 References 194 11 Enzymes for Hemicellulose Degradation 199 Wichanee Bankeeree, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Hemicellulolytic Enzymes 200 11.3 Xylanolytic Enzyme Classification 201 11.4 Catalytic Mechanisms 204 11.5 Sources and Properties of Xylanolytic Enzymes 205 11.5.1 Bacterial Xylanolytic Enzymes 205 11.5.2 Fungal Xylanolytic Enzymes 207 11.6 Potential Biotechnological Applications 209 11.6.1 Biorefinery 209 11.6.2 Pulp and Paper Industry 211 11.6.3 Biotransformation 212 11.7 Conclusions 213 Acknowledgment 214 References 214 12 Cellulase from Oil Palm Biomass 221 Jeong Eun Hyeon and Sung Ok Han 12.1 Biological Pretreatment and Cellulase 221 12.2 Cellulases 222 12.2.1 Endoglucanase (1,4-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.4) 223 12.2.2 Exocellobiohydrolase (1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.74) 224 12.2.3 β-Glucosidase (D-glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.21) 225 12.3 Synergistic Effect by Combination of Various Cellulases 226 12.3.1 Cellulosome 226 12.3.2 Artificial Cellulosome 229 12.4 Industrial Strain for Cellulases Production 230 12.4.1 Cellulases Production by Fungal Cellulase System 230 12.4.2 Cellulases Production by Bacterial Cellulase Systems 232 12.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgment 233 References 234 Part III Generation of Bioenergy 239 13 Biogas Generation in the Palm Oil Mill 241 Muhammad Y. Arya, Muhammad A. Kholiq, Udin Hasanudin, and Misri Gozan 13.1 Introduction 241 13.2 POME Characterization 243 13.3 POME Pretreatment 243 13.3.1 Acidified POME 246 13.3.2 Ash Addition 246 13.3.3 Coagulation–Flocculation 248 13.3.4 De-oiling 248 13.3.5 Dissolved Air Flotation 249 13.3.6 POME Sedimentation 249 13.3.7 Thermal Pretreatment 249 13.3.8 Other Pretreatments 249 13.4 Digester Type 250 13.4.1 Anaerobic Pond/Lagoon 250 13.4.2 Anaerobic Filtration 251 13.4.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor 253 13.4.4 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 253 13.4.5 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor 253 13.5 Operating Conditions 253 13.5.1 Substrate Characterization 253 13.5.2 pH and Alkalinity 254 13.5.3 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 254 13.5.4 Temperature 255 13.5.5 Other Operating Conditions 256 13.6 Biogas Purification 257 13.7 Conclusions 257 References 258 14 Biodiesel Refinery from Jatropha 265 Penjit Srinophakun, Anusith Thanapimmetha, and Maythee Saisriyoot 14.1 Introduction 265 14.2 Jatropha Biodiesel 265 14.2.1 Biodiesel Standard 273 14.2.2 Oxidation Stability 273 14.2.3 The Changes of Biodiesel Properties During Long-Term Storage 278 14.3 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgment 282 References 283 15 Bioethanol from Oil Producing Plants 287 Yu-Shen Cheng, Kittipong Rattanaporn, and Malinee Sriariyanun 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 Plant Components Derived from Oil Producing Plants as the Biomass Resources 290 15.2.1 Oil Producing Plants 290 15.2.2 Oil Meals/Cakes Derived from Oilseed as Lignocellulosic Biomass 291 15.2.3 Other Lignocellulosic Residues Derived from Oil Plants 293 15.3 Conversion of Oil Plant-Derived Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol 294 15.3.1 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived from Oil Plants 294 15.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolyses 296 15.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Oil Producing Plant 299 15.4 Conclusions 300 References 300 16 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 307 Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Nor A. Shaharuddin, Nurul H. Alias, Mohd A. Jenol, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Lai-Yee Phang 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Oil Palm Biomass 308 16.3 Biobutanol 310 16.4 Biobutanol Production 312 16.4.1 Biobutanol-Producing Bacteria 312 16.4.1.1 Clostridium sp. 312 16.4.1.2 Lactobacillus 314 16.4.1.3 Escherichia coli 315 16.4.2 Factors Affecting Biobutanol Production 315 16.4.2.1 Effect of Nitrogen Source 315 16.4.2.2 Effect of pH 315 16.4.2.3 Effect of Temperature 316 16.4.2.4 Effect of Carbon Source 316 16.5 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 317 16.6 Conclusions 320 References 321 17 Biochar from Oil Palm Biomass 325 Z. Nahrul Hayawin and Juferi Idris 17.1 Introduction 325 17.2 Oil Palm Biomass in Malaysia 326 17.3 Oil Palm Biochar Production 326 17.3.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Pyrolysis 326 17.3.2 Pyrolysis Process Parameters Affecting the Quality and Quantity of Biochar Production 327 17.3.3 Technologies for Biochar Production 329 17.3.3.1 Conventional Pyrolysis 329 17.3.3.2 Microwave Pyrolysis 329 17.3.4 Application of Biochar 331 17.3.4.1 Environmental Remediation 331 17.3.4.2 Agricultural Application 331 17.3.4.3 Energy Purposes 332 17.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations 333 17.4.1 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in the Application of Biochar 333 17.4.2 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impact in Handling and Storing Oil palm Biomass Feedstock 334 17.4.3 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in Biochar Production by Pyrolysis Process 334 17.5 Biochar Utilization and Marketing 335 17.5.1 Quality of Biochar 335 17.5.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Biochar 335 17.5.3 Adsorption Capacity 336 17.5.4 Economic Analysis 336 17.5.5 Major Challenges in Promoting Biochar 337 17.5.5.1 Cost and Production Complications 337 17.5.5.2 Environmental Factors 338 17.5.5.3 Public Acceptance 338 17.5.5.4 Marketability and Commercialization Issues 339 17.6 Conclusions 339 References 339 18 Fuel Pellet from Oil Producing Plants 345 Rizal Alamsyah 18.1 Introduction 345 18.2 Production of Fuel Pellet 347 18.2.1 Energy and Proximate Analysis 347 18.2.2 Size Reduction and Screening 348 18.2.3 Drying and Weighing 348 18.2.4 Mixing 349 18.2.5 Pelletizing 349 18.2.6 Cooling and Packing 349 18.3 Pellet Quality 350 18.3.1 Ash Content 350 18.3.2 Ash Melting Temperature 351 18.3.3 Length, Diameter, and Bulk Density 351 18.3.4 Dust 352 18.3.5 Caloric Value and Moisture Content 352 18.3.6 Mechanical Durability 352 18.3.7 Nitrogen, Sulfur, Chlorine Content, and Heavy Metals 353 18.4 Pilot Plant-Scale Biomass Pellet Experiment 353 18.5 Gasification of Biomass Pellets to Produce Synthetic Gas (Syngas) and Emission Test 356 18.5.1 Gasification 356 18.5.2 Emissions Test 357 18.6 Biomass Pellet Processing Equipment 359 18.6.1 Chaff Cutter 359 18.6.2 Hammer Mill 361 18.6.3 Cyclone Dust Collector 361 18.6.4 Paddle Mixer 362 18.6.5 Pellet Machine (Pelletizer) 362 18.6.6 Cooler 363 18.6.7 Packing Machine (Bagging Scale) 364 18.7 Conclusions 364 References 364 19 Biohydrogen from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 369 Safa Senan Mahmod, Peer Mohamed Abdul, and Jamaliah Md. Jahim 19.1 Introduction 369 19.2 Biohydrogen-Producing Bacteria 371 19.3 Strategies to Increase Biohydrogen Production from POME 374 19.3.1 Operating Conditions Optimization: Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Temperature on Biohydrogen Production 374 19.3.1.1 Effect of Temperature 374 19.3.1.2 Effect of Different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) 376 19.3.2 Microbial Cells Immobilization 378 19.3.3 Roles of Additives 380 19.4 Conclusions 383 19.5 Acknowledgments 383 References 383 Volume 2 Preface xiii About the Editors xv 20 A Glance on the Generation of Biobased Chemicals, Bioproducts and Economic Analysis of Oil Producing Plant 387 Misri Gozan and Suraini Abd-Aziz Part IV Generation of Biobased Chemicals 397 21 Bio-oil from Tobacco Plant 399 Andre F.P. Harahap, Ahmad Fauzantoro, and Misri Gozan 22 Biosurfactant from Oil Producing Plant 421 Zaharah Ibrahim, Siti Halimah Hasmoni, Shafinaz Shahir, Lai-Yee Phang, Nurashikin Ihsan, and Madihah Md Salleh 23 Palm Catanionic Surfactant for Drug Delivery Application 445 Wen Huei Lim, Xiou Shuang Yong, Lai-Yee Phang, and Noorjahan Banu Alitheen 24 Glycerol and Derivatives 469 Erliza Hambali, Rista Fitria, and Vonny I. Sari 25 Biovanillin from Oil Palm Biomass 493 Suraini Abd-Aziz, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Illy Kamaliah Ramle 26 Diacids from Oil Producing Plant 515 Is Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Oki Muraza, and Teuku M.I. Mahlia 27 Bioplastic Production from Oil Producing Plants 543 Lai-Yee Phang, Mitra Mohammadi, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Misri Gozan 28 Plant Oil-Based Polyurethane 563 K. H. Badri and Amamer Redhwan 29 Bioresins from Oil Producing Plants 587 Misri Gozan, Agustino Zulys, and Hosta Ardhyananta Part V Generation of Other Bioproducts 605 30 Biocompost from Oil Producing Plants 607 Adibah Yahya, Nurshafika Abd Khalid, and Madihah Md Salleh 31 Animal Feed from Oil Producing Plants 631 Siswa Setyahadi 32 Amino Acids from Oil Producing Plants 653 Huszalina Hussin, Nurul S. Hanafi, Adriana C. Lee, Madihah Md Salleh, Shu-Cuen Sam, and Suraini Abd-Aziz Part VI Economics Analysis of Oil Producing Plants 673 33 Technical and Economic Aspects of Oil Producing Plants 675 Misri Gozan and Lai-Yee Phang 34 Economic Impact 699 Nugroho A. Sasongko and Rachmawan Budiarto Index 723

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Book SynopsisNitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Provides in-depth and comprehensive knowledge on both the chemistry and practical applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials Energetic materials, a class of material with high amounts of stored chemical energy, include explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. Initially used for military applications, nitrogen-rich energetic materials have become important in the civil engineering and aerospace sectors, they are increasingly used in commercial mining and construction as well as in rocket propulsion. Making these nitrogen-rich energetic materials safer, more powerful, and more cost-effective requires a thorough understanding of their chemistry, physics, synthesis, properties, and applications. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials presents a detailed summary of the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials over the past decade and provides up-to-date knowledge on their applications in various areas of advanced engineering. Edited by a panel of international experts in the field, this book examines the chemistry of pentazoles, fused ring and laser ignitable nitrogen-rich compounds, polynitrogen and tetrazole-based energetic compounds, and more. The text also introduces applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials in energetic polymers and metal-organic frameworks, as pyrotechnics materials for light and smoke, and in oxadiazoles from precursor molecules. This authoritative volume: Presents in-depth chapters written by leading experts in each sub-field covered Offers a systematic introduction to new and emerging applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials such as in computational chemistry Discusses recent advances in nitrate ester chemistry with focus on propellant applications Discusses green and eco-friendly approaches to nitrogen-rich compounds Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials is an important resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals across fields, including explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, polymer chemists, laser specialists, physical chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and safety officers.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Editors xv 1 Chemistry of Pentazole 1Ming Lu, Pengcheng Wang, Yuangang Xu, and Qiuhan Lin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Substituted Pentazoles 1 1.3 Strategies for the Preparation of cyclo-N5- 5 1.4 Complexes of Metal and cyclo-N5- 9 1.5 cyclo-N5--Based Nonmetallic Ionic Salts 25 1.6 Conclusions 43 2 Aromatic Fused-Ring-Based Energetic Compounds 47Kangcai Wang and Qinghua Zhang 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Fused-Ring Aromatic Energetic Compounds 49 2.3 Conclusions 68 3 Advances in Computations of Nitrogen-Rich Materials 73Lei Zhang and Chuang Yao 3.1 Why Computation and What Role It Plays? 73 3.2 Why Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs and How TheyWork? 74 3.3 Advances in Computation of First-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 75 3.4 Advances in Computation of Second-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 81 3.5 Advances in Computation of Third-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs: Polynitrogen Materials 84 3.6 Final Remarks 97 Acknowledgement 98 References 98 4 Laser Ignition of Energetic Transition Metal Complexes 107Maximilian Wurzenberger, Daniel Shem-Tov, and Jörg Stierstorfer 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Synthesis of Energetic Coordination Compounds 116 4.3 Synthesis of Energetic Tetrazole Ligands 116 4.4 Synthesis Energetic Coordination Complexes 121 4.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 122 4.6 Energetic Properties of Ligands and Corresponding Energetic Coordination Compounds 122 4.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Energetic Coordination Compounds 128 4.8 Studies of Ignition Mechanism 128 4.9 Conclusions 134 5 Energetic 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 139Aleksandr M. Churakov, Michael S. Klenov, Aleksey A. Voronin, and Vladimir A. Tartakovsky 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Methods of Synthesis and Reactivity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 141 5.3 NMR and X-ray Studies 164 5.4 Thermal Stability 168 5.5 Applications 177 References 179 6 Recent Advances in Chemistry of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189Michael Gozin and Leonid L. Fershtat 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Heterocyclic Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189 6.3 Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers Lacking Traditional Explosophoric Groups 201 6.4 Azido-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 202 6.5 Azido Fluoropolymers 216 6.6 Azido Plasticizers 219 6.7 Nitro Group Containing Polymers 225 6.8 Aromatic C-NO2 Containing Polymers 230 6.9 Conclusions 234 References 234 7 Tetrazole Energetic Salts Based on Various Explosophores: Recent Overview of Synthesis and Energetic Properties 239Saira Manzoor, Qamar-un-nisa Tariq, and Jian-Guo Zhang 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Tetrazole-Based Energetic Salts 241 7.3 Conclusion and Future Trends 278 7.4 Cautions 280 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 8 Properties and Application of Nitrogen-Rich Compound BTATz in Low-Signature Propellants 285Jianhua Yi, Zhihua Sun, Yi Xu, Zhao Qin, Changjian Wang, Bozhou Wang, Hui Li, Haijian Li, Chao Chen, Xiao Xie, and Fengqi Zhao 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Synthesis of BTATz 286 8.3 Structure of BTATz 287 8.4 Properties of BTATz 290 8.5 Energetic Properties of the Propellants 291 8.6 Plume Smoke Signature of the Propellants 295 8.7 Preparation of the Propellants 296 8.8 Decomposition Reaction Kinetics and Thermal Safety of the Propellants 297 8.9 Combustion Properties of the Propellants 319 8.10 Correlation Between PDSC Characteristic Values and Burning Rates 324 8.11 Conclusions 326 References 327 9 Nitro-substituted Oxadiazoles: Important Building Blocks in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds 331Philip Pagoria 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Enthalpy of Formation of Oxadiazoles 331 9.3 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles 332 9.4 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles 339 9.5 Furazans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole) and Furoxans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole-2-Oxides) 344 9.6 Summary 365 10 Insensitive High Explosives Containing Tetraazapentalene Moiety 377Ernst-Christian Koch 10.1 Introduction 377 10.2 Synthesis of TACOT Derivatives 377 10.3 Crystal and Molecular Structure 383 10.4 Spectroscopy 385 10.4.1 NMR Spectroscopy 385 10.5 Thermochemistry 386 10.6 Detonation Performance 388 10.7 Thermal Behavior 390 10.8 Sensitivity 391 10.9 Conclusions 392 Acknowledgments 392 Abbreviations 392 References 393 11 Nitrogen-Rich Pyrotechnic Materials for Light and Smoke 397Thomas M. Klapötke and Magdalena Rusan 11.1 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 397 11.2 Smokes 405 11.2.1 White Smoke 411 11.2.2 Colored Smoke 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 Index 415

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Book SynopsisA timely overview of techniques for involving biological organisms in the remediation of polluted ecosystems As a result of worldwide industry, urbanization, and population growth, many harmful organic and inorganic pollutants have been introduced into the environment. With bioremediation, we can use fungi, bacteria, and plants—along with their secondary metabolites—to clean up areas that have been affected by industrial and commercial activities. Biotechnology in Environmental Remediation presents a thorough consideration of the most important biologically-based remediation methods in use today. Environmental biotechnology is a more sustainable alternative to chemical and mechanical remediation methods, which explains the rapidly growing popularity of these techniques. This edited volume summarizes our current understanding of bioremediation approaches and presents research outcomes from a diverse selection of geographies and ecosystems. Chapters cover remediation techniques for pollutants affecting soil, water, air, and sediments, as well as tools for addressing these issues, including tools for assessment and monitoring. Uniquely, Biotechnology in Environmental Remediation emphasizes the latest findings on the use of secondary metabolites in bioremediation. Other topics covered include chemical sustainability, nanotechnology, and biofuels. Readers will gain an understanding of issues including: How biological organisms and their secondary metabolites are currently being used in environmental remediation projects worldwide New applications for phytomolecules, lichens, nanoparticles, rhizobacteria, and other technologies, as well as future directions for bioremediation The steps in the process of biotechnology-driven remediation, including detection, investigation, assessment, cleanup, redevelopment, and monitoring Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons, algal carbon sequestration, wastewater management, and the role of fatty acid and proteins in remediation The investigations in this book provide important knowledge for researchers in biotechnology, ecology, environmental science, and related disciplines. Additionally, policymakers and NGOs with an interest in remediating environmental contaminants will gain valuable context. Biotechnology in Environmental Remediation is a foundation for future research on biotechnological interventions for a clean planet.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Biotechnology and Various Environmental Concerns: An Introduction 1Ravi K. Gangwar, Rajesh Bajpai, and Jaspal Singh 1.1 Introduction 1 References 7 2 Plant Biotechnology: Its Importance, Contribution to Agriculture and Environment, and Its Future Prospects 9Jeny Jose and Csaba Éva 2.1 Where do Environment and Biotechnology Meet? 9 2.2 Understanding Agricultural Biotechnology 11 2.3 Animal and Plant Biotechnology 13 3 Recent Advances in the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination with Microbes 31Parvaze A. Wani and Salami O. Rahman 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 32 3.3 Composition of Petroleum Pollutants 32 3.4 Toxic Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 33 3.5 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microorganisms 34 3.6 Mechanism of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 36 3.7 Types of Hydrocarbon Degradation 38 3.8 Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Degradation by Microorganisms 39 3.9 Conclusion 41 4 Remediation of Heavy Metals: Tools and Techniques 47Ankita Singh and Amit Kumar Tripathi 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Bioremediation 48 4.3 Organism of Bioremediation 49 4.4 Techniques of Bioremediation 51 4.5 Types of Bioremediation 52 4.6 Prospects of Bioremediation 56 4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation 57 4.8 Conclusion 59 5 Soil Biodiversity and Environmental Sustainability 69Tsedekech G. Weldmichael 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Importance of Soil Biodiversity in Supporting Terrestrial Life and Diversity 71 5.3 Soil Biodiversity and Climate Change 75 5.4 Soil Biodiversity and Hydrological Cycle 77 5.5 Soil Biodiversity and Environmental Remediation 79 5.6 Conclusion 80 6 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Role, Applications, and Biotechnology 89Induja Mishra, Pashupati Nath, Namita Joshi, and Bishwambhar D. Joshi 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Functions and Role of PGPR 90 6.3 Range and Different Diversity of PGPR 91 6.4 Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion by PGPR 94 6.5 Biotechnological Effects of PGPR 95 6.6 PGPR Cometabolism 100 6.7 Classification and Assortment of PGPR Strains 101 6.8 Commercial Significance of PGPR 101 6.9 Future Prospects of PGPR 102 6.10 Concluding Remarks of PGPR 103 7 A Green Approach for CO2 Fixation Using Microalgae Adsorption: Biotechnological Approach 115Priyanka Raviraj and Syed Atif Ali 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Effect of CO2 Emissions on Environment 116 7.3 Advanced CO2-Capturing Methods 117 7.4 Biological Methods for CO2 Capturing 118 7.5 Earlier Technologies of Carbon Dioxide Capturing 119 7.6 Natural Carbon Capture Technology: Photosynthesis 120 7.7 Microalgae as the Modern Tool to Capture CO2 121 7.8 Biology of Microalgae as Photosynthetic Organisms and CO2 Absorbers 122 7.9 Conclusion 123 8 Assessment of In-Vitro Culture as a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Approach of Propagating Lichens and Their Constituent Organisms for Bioprospecting Applications 129Amrita Kumari, Himani Joshi, Ankita H. Tripathi, Garima Chand, Penny Joshi, Lalit M. Tewari, Yogesh Joshi, Dalip K. Upreti, Rajesh Bajpai, and Santosh K. Upadhyay 8.1 Lichens and Their Structural Organization 129 8.2 Lichens and Bioprospection 131 8.3 Lichens as Sources of Unique Metabolites 132 8.4 Need of In Vitro Culture of Lichen and Lichen Components and Its Utility in Environment Conservation 134 8.5 In Vitro Culture of Lichens/Constituent Organisms 135 8.6 Use of In Vitro Lichen Culture for Bioprospecting 139 8.7 Challenges Associated 145 8.8 Conclusion 145 9 Bioprospection Potential of Indian Cladoniaceae Together with Its Distribution, Habitat Preference, and Biotechnological Prospects 155Rajesh Bajpai, Upasana Pandey, Brahma N. Singh, Veena Pande, Chandra P. Singh, and Dalip K. Upreti 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Materials and Methods 159 9.3 Results and Discussion 160 9.4 Conclusions 182 10 Biotechnological Approach for the Wastewater Management 193Anamika Agrawal, Sameer Chandra, Anand K. Gupta, Rajendra Singh, and Jaspal Singh 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Effects ofWater Pollution 195 10.3 Role of Biotechnology to ControlWater Pollution 196 10.4 Role of Biotechnology in Phytoremediation 205 10.5 Conclusion 207 11 The Application of Biotechnology in the Realm of Bioenergy and Biofuels 209Manvi Singh, Namira Arif, and Anil Bhatia 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Bioenergy (Biomass Energy) 210 11.3 Conclusions 217 12 Nanotechnological Approach for the Abatement of Environmental Pollution: A Way Forward Toward a Clean Environment 221Manzari Kushwaha, Anuradha Mishra, Divya Goel, and Shiv Shankar 12.1 Introduction 221 12.2 Nanoparticles: Properties, Types, and Route of Synthesis 222 12.3 Nanoremediation for Environment Cleanup 227 12.4 Challenges in Nanoremediation of the Environment and Solution 236 12.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 238 13 Role of Fatty Acids and Proteins in Alteration of Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity: A Regulatory Factor of Environmental Biodegradation 249Babita Kumari, Kriti Kriti, and Gayatri Singh 13.1 Introduction 249 13.2 Cell Surface Fatty Acids and Alteration in CSH 250 13.3 Proteins/Genes Responsible in CSH Modulation 253 13.4 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 256 13.5 Factors that Influence Cell Surface Hydrophobicity 257 13.6 Conclusion 260 14 Chemical Sustainability for a Nontoxic Environment -- A Healthy Future 269Puneet Khare, Shashi K. Tiwari, and Lakshmi Bala 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Basis of Sustainable Chemistry 271 14.3 Challenges in Front of Sustainable Chemistry 272 14.4 Green Chemistry: A Sustainable Approach at a Minor Level 273 14.5 Research and Education in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 274 14.6 Scope of the Concerned Field 274 14.7 Role of OECD Toward Sustainable Chemistry 275 14.8 Difference Between Green and Sustainable Chemistry 275 14.9 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (EPA) 276 14.10 Applications and Innovations of Sustainable Chemistry 277 14.11 In the Pharmaceutical Industry 277 14.12 Intense Use of Renewable Resources 278 14.13 Improvement in Catalytic Methods 278 14.14 Encouragement of the Use of Biomass 278 14.15 Improvement of Lignocellulose Extraction Technology 278 14.16 Improvement in Solvents 278 14.17 Biocatalyst Advancement 279 14.18 Improvement in Plastic Technology 279 14.19 Techniques for Assessing Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes and Products 280 14.20 R&D in Sustainable Chemical Fields 280 14.21 Benefits of Sustainable Chemistry 280 14.22 Conclusion 281 Acknowledgment 281 References 281 Index 285

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Book SynopsisPathway Design for Industrial Fermentation Explore the industrial fermentation processes of chemical intermediates In Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation, distinguished researcher Dr. Walter Koch delivers an expert overview on industrial fermentation production technology as compared with natural extraction, organic chemistry, and biocatalysis. The book offers key insights for professionals designing and monitoring fermentation processes. The author explores the applications, alternative production, biochemical pathways, metabolic engineering strategy, and downstream processing of various productsincluding C1 to C6 productswith a focus on low-value products with market prices below 4 per kilogram. Products will include methane, ethane, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and others. With specific commentary and insightful perspectives on the cost drivers and technological aspects critical to commercially successful applications, the book also includes: Thorough introductions to meth

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to the world of aroma chemicals, essential oils, fragrances and flavour compositions for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Present technology, the future use of resources and biotechnological approaches for the production of the respective chemical compounds are described. The book has an integrated and interdisciplinary approach on future industrial production and the issues related to this topic.Table of ContentsGüntert: The Flavour and Fragrance Industry – Past, Present and Future.- Müller: Flavours: The Legal Framework.- German: Olfaction, where Nutrition, Memory and Immunity Intersect.- Baser: Chemistry of Essential Oils.- Juliani: Bioactivity of Essential Oils and their Components.- Rouseff: Citrus Flavour.- Christensen: Fruits and Vegetables of Moderate Climate.- Pastore: Tropical Fruit Flavour.- Verpoorte: Vanilla.- Christoph and Christoph: Flavour of Spirit Drinks – Composed by Raw Materials, Fermentation, Distillation, and Ageing.- Fischer: Wine aroma.- Mottram: The Maillard Reaction: Source of Flavour in Thermally Processed Foods.- van der Schaft: Chemical Conversions of Natural Precursors.- Buckenhueskes: Industrial Quality Control.- Blank and Nitz: Advanced Instrumental Analysis & Electronic Noses.- Grosch: Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry (GCO) of Aroma Compounds.- Mosandl: Enantioselective and Isotope Analysis – Key Steps to Flavour Authentication.- Reineccius: Flavour Isolation Techniques.- Crespo: Aroma Recovery by Organophilic Pervaporation.- van Soest.- Encapsulation of Fragrances and Flavours: A Way to Control Odour and Aroma in Consumer Products.- Krammer: Creation and Production of Liquid and Dry Flavours.- Schreier: Enzymes and Flavour Biotechnology.- Schrader: Microbial Flavour Production.- Larroche: Microbial Processes.- Scragg: The Production of Flavours by Plant Cell Cultures.- Schwab: Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microbial Cells for Flavour Production

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Book SynopsisThe application of modern methods in numerical mathematics on problems in chemical engineering is essential for designing, analyzing and running chemical processes and even entire plants. Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II gives the state of the art from the point of view of numerical mathematicians as well as that of engineers.The present volume as part of a two-volume edition covers topics such as computer-aided process design, combustion and flame, image processing, optimization, control, and neural networks. The volume is aimed at scientists, practitioners and graduate students in chemical engineering, industrial engineering and numerical mathematics.Table of ContentsInvited Presentations.- Combustion and Flame.- Computer Aided Process Design.- Control.- Image Processing.- Optimization.- Neural Network.

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Book SynopsisAn application-oriented approach to process control. The reference text systematically explains process identification, control and optimization, the three key steps needed to solve a multivariable control problem. Theory is discussed as far as it is needed to understand and solve the defined problem, while numerous examples written in MATLAB illustrate the problem-solving approach.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"The book Advanced Practical Process Control by Roffel and Betlem complements the textbook literature in the field of process control with a solution oriented approach. … The approach is very practical and solution oriented. It aims at familiarizing the reader with essential concepts of advanced process control as they are employed nowadays in the process industries. … the book definitely does enrich the textbook literature on process control. … The target audience is indeed the industrial practitioner or the chemical engineering student … ." (W. Marquardt, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol. 16 (2), 2006)"This book is to help the process engineer to start from the available theory and to build control solutions. … Having some theoretical background in process dynamics, identification and optimal control, this book … will help the process engineer to solve control problems for process improvement tasks in practice." (Kurt Marti, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1042 (17), 2004)“The book Advanced Practical Process Control … has been written for senior and graduate students as a comprehensive textbook on advanced process control with a solution-oriented approach. … The book covers a large array of process-control solutions. … The book is extremely well organized. Each chapter … gives a clear summary of what is to be described. … illustrated by numerous pictures, plots, and flow diagrams. … The presentations are clear, and the concepts and ideas are illustrated extremely well through numerous, interesting examples.” (Luige Vladareanu, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 14 (3), 2009)Table of Contents1 Introduction to Advanced Process Control Concepts.- 1.1 Process Time Constant.- 1.2 Domain Transformations.- 1.3 Laplace Transformation.- 1.4 Discrete Approximations.- 1.5 z-Transforms.- 1.6 Advanced and Modified z-Transforms.- 1.7 Common Elements in Control.- 1.8 The Smith Predictor.- 1.9 Feed-forward Control.- 1.10 Feed-forward Control in a Smith Predictor.- 1.11 Dahlin’s Control Algorithm.- References.- 2 Process Simulation.- 2.1 Simulation using Matlab Simulink.- 2.2 Simulation of Feed-forward Control.- 2.3 Control Simulation of a 2x2 System.- 2.4 Simulation of Dahlin’s Control Algorithm.- 3 Process Modeling and Identification.- 3.1 Model Applications.- 3.2 Types of Models.- 3.2.1 White Box and Black Box Models.- 3.2.2 Linear and Non-linear Models.- 3.2.3 Static and Dynamic Models.- 3.2.4 Distributed and Lumped Parameter Models.- 3.2.5 Continuous and Discrete Models.- 3.3 Empirical (linear) Dynamic Models.- 3.4 Model Structure Considerations.- 3.4.1 Parametric Models.- 3.4.2 Non-parametric Models.- 3.5 Model Identification.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Identification of Parametric Models.- 3.5.3 Identification of Non-parametric Models.- References.- 4 Identification Examples.- 4.1 SISO Furnace Parametric Model Identification.- 4.2 MISO Parametric Model Identification.- 4.3 MISO Non-parametric Identification of a Non-integrating Process.- 4.4 MIMO Identification of an Integrating and Non-integrating Process.- 4.5 Design of Plant Experiments.- 4.5.1 Nature of Input Sequence.- 4.5.2 PRBS Type Input.- 4.5.3 Step Type Input.- 4.5.4 Type of Experiment.- 4.6 Data File Layout.- 4.7 Conversion of Model Structures.- 4.8 Example and Comparison of Open and Closed Loop Identification.- References.- 5 Linear Multivariable Control.- 5.1 Interaction in Multivariable Systems.- 5.1.1 The Relative Gain Array.- 5.1.2 Properties of the Relative Gain Array.- 5.1.3 Some Examples.- 5.1.4 The Dynamic Relative Gain Array.- 5.2 Dynamic Matrix Control.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Basic DMC Formulation.- 5.2.3 One Step DMC.- 5.2.4 Prediction Equation and Unmeasurable Disturbance Estimation.- 5.2.5 Restriction of Excessive Moves.- 5.2.6 Expansion of DMC to Multivariable Problems.- 5.2.7 Equal Concern Errors.- 5.2.8 Constraint Handling.- 5.2.9 Constraint Formulation.- 5.3 Properties of Commercial MPC Packages.- References.- 6 Multivariable Optimal Constraint Control Algorithm.- 6.1 General Overview.- 6.2 Model Formulation for Systems with Dead Time.- 6.3 Model Formulation for Multivariable Processes.- 6.4 Model Formulation for Multivariable Processes with Time Delays.- 6.5 Model Formulation in Case of a Limited Control Horizon.- 6.6 Mocca Control Formulation.- 6.7 Non-linear Transformations.- 6.8 Practical Implementation Guidelines.- 6.9 Case Study.- 6.10 Control of a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker.- 6.11 Examples of Case Studies in MATLAB.- 6.12 Control of Integrating Processes.- 6.13 Lab Exercises.- 6.14 Use of MCPC for Constrained Multivariable Control.- References.- 7 Internal Model Control.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Factorization of Multiple Delays.- 7.3 Filter Design.- 7.4 Feed-forward IMC.- 7.5 Example of Controller Design.- 7.6 LQ Optimal Inverse Design.- References.- 8 Nonlinear Multivariable Control.- 8.1 Non-linear Model Predictive Control.- 8.2 Non-linear Quadratic DMC.- 8.3 Generic Model Control.- 8.3.1 Basic Algorithm.- 8.3.2 Examples of the GMC Algorithm.- 8.3.3 The Differential Geometry Concept.- 8.4 Problem Description.- 8.4.1 Model Representation.- 8.4.2 Process Constraints.- 8.4.3 Control Objectives.- 8.5 GMC Application to the CSTR System.- 8.5.1 Relative Degree of the CSTR System.- 8.5 2 Cascade Control Algorithm.- 8.6 Discussion of the GMC Algorithm.- 8.7 Simulation of Reactor Control.- 8.8 One Step Reference Trajectory Control.- 8.9 Predictive Horizon Reference Trajectory Control.- References.- 9 Optimization of Process Operation.- 9.1 Introduction to Real-time Optimization.- 9.1.1 Optimization and its Benefits.- 9.1.2 Hierarchy of Optimization.- 9.1.3 Issues to be Addressed in Optimization.- 9.1.4 Degrees of Freedom Selection for Optimization.- 9.1.5 Procedure for Solving Optimization Problems.- 9.1.6 Problems in Optimization.- 9.2 Model Building.- 9.2.1 Phases in Model Development.- 9.2.2 Fitting Functions to Empirical Data.- 9.2.3 The Least Squares Method.- 9.3 The Objective Function.- 9.3.1 Function Extrema.- 9.3.2 Conditions for an Extremum.- 9.4 Unconstrained Functions: one Dimensional Problems.- 9.4.1 Newton’s Method.- 9.4.2 Quasi-Newton Method.- 9.4.3 Polynomial Approximation.- 9.5 Unconstrained Multivariable Optimization.- 9.5.1 Introduction.- 9.5.2 Newton’s Method.- 9.6 Linear Programming.- 9.6.1 Example.- 9.6.2 Degeneracies.- 9.6.3 The Simplex Method.- 9.6.4 The Revised Simplex Method.- 9.6.5 Sensitivity Analysis.- 9.7 Non-linear Programming.- 9.7.1 The Lagrange Multiplier Method.- 9.7.2 Other Techniques.- 9.7.3 Hints for Increasing the Effectiveness of NLP Solutions.- References.- 10 Optimization Examples.- 10.1 AMPL: a Multi-purpose Optimizer.- 10.1.1 Example of an Optimization Problem.- 10.1.2 AMPL Formulation of the Problem.- 10.1.3 General Structure of an AMPL Model.- 10.1.4 General AMPL Rules.- 10.1.5 Detailed Review of the Transportation Example.- 10.2 Optimization Examples.- 10.2.1 Optimization of a Separation Train.- 10.2.2 A Simple Blending Problem.- 10.2.3 A Simple Alkylation Reactor Optimization.- 10.2.4 Gasoline Blending.- 10.2.5 Optimization of a Thermal Cracker.- 10.2.6 Steam Net Optimization.- 10.2.7 Turbogenerator Optimization.- 10.2.8 Alkylation Plant Optimization.- References.- 11 Integration of Control and Optimization.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Description of the Desalination Plant.- 11.3 Production Maximization of Desalination Plant.- 11.4 Linear Model Predictive Control of Desalination Plant.- 11.5 Reactor problem definition.- 11.6 Multivariable Non-linear Control of the Reactor.- References.- Appendix I. MCPC software guide.- I.1 Installation.- I.2 Model identification.- I.2.1 General process information.- I.2.2 Identification data.- I.2.3 Output details.- I.3 Controller design.- I.4 Control simulation.- I.5 Dealing with constraints.- I.6 Saving a project.- Appendix II. Comparison of control strategies for a hollow shaft reactor.- II.1 Introduction.- II.2 Model Equations.- II.3 Proportional Integral Control.- II.4 Linear Multivariable Control.- II.5 Non-linear Multivariable Control.- References.

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Book SynopsisThis Volume presents a comprehensive series of generic protocols for the genetic and genomic analysis of prokaryotic isolates. Genetic methods for functional analyses employ the latest cloning vectors, gene fusion methods and transposon mutagenesis systems, as well as systems for introducing protease-cleavage sequences into permissive sites in proteins under investigation. Genomic methods described include protocols for transcriptomics, shotgun proteomics, interactomics, metabolic profiling, and lipidomics. Bioinformatic tools for genome annotation, transcriptome display and the integration of transcriptomic data into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are described. Protocols for 13C-based metabolic flux determinations and analysis of the hierarchical and metabolic regulation of fluxes through pathways are included. The Volume thus enables investigators to functionally analyse an isolate over the entire cellular range spanning the gene, the genome, the transcript repertoire, the proteome, the interactome, the metabolic network with its nodes and their regulatory hierarchies, and the metabolic fluxes and their physiological controls.Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids, and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle, which is largely driven by microorganisms, has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels, plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce, consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Broadening the SEVA plasmid repertoire to facilitate genomic editing of Gram-negative bacteria.- Protocols on regulation of gene expression.- Ultra-high-throughput transposon scanning of bacterial genomes.- Knock-in-leave-behind (KILB): Genetic grafting of protease-cleaving sequences into permissive sites of proteins with a Tn5-based transposition system.- Deep sequencing to study microbial transcriptomic responses to hydrocarbon degradation/production/stress.- Shotgun proteomics for hydrocarbon microbiology.- Interactomic characterization of membrane-associated mega-complexes for the anaerobic respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.- Lipidomic analysis of bacteria by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.- Accurate microbial genome annotation using an integrated and user-friendly environment for community expertise of gene functions: the MicroScope platform.- Approaches for displaying complete transcriptomes of environmental bacteria.- A practical protocol for integration of transcriptomics data into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions.- GC-MS based determination of mass isotopomer distributions for 13C-based metabolic flux analysis.- Analysis of the hierarchical and metabolic regulation of flux through metabolic pathways.

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Book Synopsis

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