Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book illustrates the importance and significance of the biosurfactants obtained from microorganisms, preferably from bacteria and yeast. It explains the superiority of biosurfactants (green molecule) over chemically synthesized surfactants for the sustainable future. The content of the present book addresses the quest for novel biosurfactants producing strains, high throughput screening methods, and production strategies. It finely describes the aptness of biosurfactants for industrial and environmental applications. It elaborately describes the technical background and cutting-edge advancement of the commercial aspect of biosurfactants. In the later part of the book, the role of green biosurfactants in food processing, control of food spoilage, incorporation in personal health care products, environmental and agricultural remediation are discussed. Finally, the book elucidates a comprehensive and representative description of toxicity assessment of the biosurfactants, which highlights the risk assessment of the incorporation of the microbial biosurfactants in food, healthcare, and pharmaceutical formulations.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 1.1. Properties and characteristics.- Chapter 1.2. General Properties.- Chapter 1.3. Chemical vs. Biosurfactants.- Chapter 1.4. Aptness of biosurfactants for industrial and environmental applications.- Chapter 2. Screening of Biosurfactants.- Chapter 3. Commercial production, optimization and purification.- Chapter 3.1. Low cost substrates and higher productivity.- Chapter 3.2. Recent developments in optimization and purification.- Chapter 4. Industrial and environmental applications.- Chapter 4.1. Biosurfactants in Food.- Chapter 4.2. Biosurfactants in Food.- Chapter 5. Role of biosurfactants in Agriculture and soil reclamation.- Chapter 5.1. Soil washing and soil reclamation.- Chapter 5.2. Soil washing and soil reclamation.- Chapter 6.Toxicity assessment.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyzes the mechanism of the application of CO2 in steelmaking, by looking at the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions of CO2 with the elements present in molten steel. This book is the first academic monograph either at home or abroad on the application of CO2 in the steelmaking field. The thermodynamic conditions of the reactions of CO2 with silicon, manganese, phosphorus, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and other elements were calculated and analyzed using the FactSage thermodynamic software, and the selective oxidation law of the above multiple elements by CO2 was also analyzed. In terms of kinetics, the interfacial reaction mechanism of CO2 was analyzed via gas isotope exchange technology, and the O2 transfer process and transfer rate between the CO2, slag, and steel were studied. In terms of materials and energy balance, how to use the high-temperature characteristics of CO2 to control the temperature of the molten pool, improve the reaction conditions of molten iron, reduce the evaporation of molten iron, and reduce the amount of steelmaking dust were introduced. Based on the experimental data, theoretical models of unit operation for the application of CO2 in steelmaking were established, including decarburization, denitrification, dephosphorization, decarburization and chromium retention, vanadium extraction, and carbon preservation, and these theoretical models were applied to the steelmaking production process, which is an important step in going from theory to practice. The above research work has opened up a new solution for energy saving and liquid steel cleaning in the iron and steel production process and represents progress in steelmaking technology. This book is used as a reference book for managers, engineering and technical personnel, and related professional teachers and students of Iron & Steel enterprises, government departments, consulting services and evaluation agencies, colleges, and secondary professional schools.Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction.- The thermodynamics of CO2 in the steelmaking process.- The kinetics of using CO2 in steelmaking.- Materials and heat balance of the CO2 used in steelmaking.- Basic Theory of CO2 use in Refining.- The Theory of Limestone Decomposing CO2 Steelmaking.- Decarburization and chromium (Cr) yield of a chromium-containing melt by CO2.- Application of CO2 injection in the steelmaking process.- References.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Chemical Process Control Bridge the gap between theory and practice with this accessible guide Process control is an area of study which seeks to optimize industrial processes, applying different strategies and technologies as required to navigate the variety of processes and their many potential challenges. Though the body of chemical process control theory is robust, it is only in recent decades that it has been effectively integrated with industrial practice to form a flexible toolkit. The need for a guide to this integration of theory and practice has therefore never been more urgent. Advanced Chemical Process Control meets this need, making advanced chemical process control accessible and useful to chemical engineers with little grounding in the theoretical principles of the subject. It provides a basic introduction to the background and mathematics of control theory, before turning to the implementation of control principles in industrial contexts. The result is a bridge between the insights of control theory and the needs of engineers in plants, factories, research facilities, and beyond. Advanced Chemical Process Control readers will also find: Detailed overview of Control Performance Monitoring (CPM), Model Predictive Control (MPC), and more Discussion of the cost benefit analysis of improved control in particular jobs Authored by a leading international expert on chemical process control Advanced Chemical Process Control is essential for chemical and process engineers looking to develop a working knowledge of process control, as well as for students and graduates entering the chemical process control field.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Introduction xxv1 Mathematical and Control Theory Background 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Models for Dynamical Systems 1 1.2.1 Dynamical Systems in Continuous Time 1 1.2.2 Dynamical Systems in Discrete Time 2 1.2.3 Linear Models and Linearization 3 1.2.3.1 Linearization at a Given Point 3 1.2.3.2 Linearizing Around a Trajectory 6 1.2.4 Converting Between Continuous- and Discrete-Time Models 6 1.2.4.1 Time Delay in the Manipulated Variables 7 1.2.4.2 Time Delay in the Measurements 9 1.2.5 Laplace Transform 9 1.2.6 The z Transform 10 1.2.7 Similarity Transformations 11 1.2.8 Minimal Representation 11 1.2.9 Scaling 14 1.3 Analyzing Linear Dynamical Systems 15 1.3.1 Transfer Functions of Composite Systems 15 1.3.1.1 Series Interconnection 15 1.3.1.2 Parallel Systems 16 1.3.1.3 Feedback Connection 16 1.3.1.4 Commonly Used Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 17 1.3.1.5 The Push-Through Rule 17 1.4 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Functions 18 1.4.1 Poles of Multivariable Systems 19 1.4.2 Pole Directions 19 1.4.3 Zeros of Multivariable Systems 20 1.4.4 Zero Directions 22 1.5 Stability 23 1.5.1 Poles and Zeros of Discrete-Time Transfer Functions 23 1.5.2 Frequency Analysis 24 1.5.2.1 Steady-State Phase Adjustment 26 1.5.3 Bode Diagrams 27 1.5.3.1 Bode Diagram Asymptotes 27 1.5.3.2 Minimum Phase Systems 29 1.5.3.3 Frequency Analysis for Discrete-Time Systems 30 1.5.4 Assessing Closed-Loop Stability Using the Open-Loop Frequency Response 31 1.5.4.1 The Principle of the Argument and the Nyquist D-Contour 31 1.5.4.2 The Multivariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.3 The Monovariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.4 The Bode Stability Criterion 32 1.5.4.5 Some Remarks on Stability Analysis Using the Frequency Response 35 1.5.4.6 The Small Gain Theorem 36 1.5.5 Controllability 37 1.5.6 Observability 38 1.5.7 Some Comments on Controllability and Observability 39 1.5.8 Stabilizability 40 1.5.9 Detectability 40 1.5.10 Hidden Modes 41 1.5.11 Internal Stability 41 1.5.12 Coprime Factorizations 43 1.5.12.1 Inner–Outer Factorization 44 1.5.12.2 Normalized Coprime Factorization 44 1.5.13 Parametrization of All Stabilizing Controllers 44 1.5.13.1 Stable Plants 45 1.5.13.2 Unstable Plants 45 1.5.14 Hankel Norm and Hankel Singular Values 46 Problems 47 References 49 2 Control Configuration and Controller Tuning 51 2.1 Common Control Loop Structures for the Regulatory Control Layer 51 2.1.1 Simple Feedback Loop 51 2.1.2 Feedforward Control 51 2.1.3 Ratio Control 54 2.1.4 Cascade Control 54 2.1.5 Auctioneering Control 55 2.1.6 Split Range Control 56 2.1.7 Input Resetting Control 57 2.1.8 Selective Control 59 2.1.9 Combining Basic Single-Loop Control Structures 60 2.1.10 Decoupling 61 2.2 Input and Output Selection 62 2.2.1 Using Physical Insights 63 2.2.2 Gramian-Based Input and Output Selection 64 2.2.3 Input/Output Selection for Stabilization 65 2.3 Control Configuration 66 2.3.1 The Relative Gain Array 66 2.3.2 The RGA as a General Analysis Tool 68 2.3.2.1 The RGA and Zeros in the Right Half-Plane 68 2.3.2.2 The RGA and the Optimally Scaled Condition Number 68 2.3.2.3 The RGA and Individual Element Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.4 RGA and Diagonal Input Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.5 The RGA as an Interaction Measure 70 2.3.3 The RGA and Stability 70 2.3.3.1 The RGA and Pairing of Controlled and Manipulated Variables 71 2.3.4 Summary of RGA-Based Input–Output Pairing 72 2.3.5 Partial Relative Gains 72 2.3.6 The Niederlinski Index 73 2.3.7 The Rijnsdorp Interaction Measure 73 2.3.8 Gramian-Based Input–Output Pairing 74 2.3.8.1 The Participation Matrix 75 2.3.8.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 75 2.3.8.3 Accounting for the Closed-Loop Bandwidth 76 2.4 Tuning of Decentralized Controllers 76 2.4.1 Introduction 76 2.4.2 Loop Shaping Basics 77 2.4.3 Tuning of Single-Loop Controllers 79 2.4.3.1 PID Controller Realizations and Common Modifications 79 2.4.3.2 Controller Tuning Using Frequency Analysis 81 2.4.3.3 Ziegler–Nichols Closed-Loop Tuning Method 86 2.4.3.4 Simple Fitting of a Step Response Model 86 2.4.3.5 Ziegler–Nichols Open-Loop Tuning 88 2.4.3.6 IMC-PID Tuning 88 2.4.3.7 Simple IMC Tuning 89 2.4.3.8 The Setpoint Overshoot Method 91 2.4.3.9 Autotuning 95 2.4.3.10 When Should Derivative Action Be Used? 95 2.4.3.11 Effects of Internal Controller Scaling 96 2.4.3.12 Reverse Acting Controllers 97 2.4.4 Gain Scheduling 97 2.4.5 Surge Attenuating Controllers 98 2.4.6 Multiloop Controller Tuning 99 2.4.6.1 Independent Design 100 2.4.6.2 Sequential Design 102 2.4.6.3 Simultaneous Design 103 2.4.7 Tools for Multivariable Loop-Shaping 103 2.4.7.1 The Performance Relative Gain Array 103 2.4.7.2 The Closed-Loop Disturbance Gain 104 2.4.7.3 Illustrating the Use of CLDG’s for Controller Tuning 104 2.4.7.4 Unachievable Loop Gain Requirements 107 Problems 108 References 112 3 Control Structure Selection and Plantwide Control 115 3.1 General Approach and Problem Decomposition 115 3.1.1 Top-Down Analysis 115 3.1.1.1 Defining and Exploring Optimal Operation 115 3.1.1.2 Determining Where to Set the Throughput 116 3.1.2 Bottom-Up Design 116 3.2 Regulatory Control 117 3.2.1 Example: Regulatory Control of Liquid Level in a Deaeration Tower 118 3.3 Determining Degrees of Freedom 121 3.4 Selection of Controlled Variables 122 3.4.1 Problem Formulation 123 3.4.2 Selecting Controlled Variables by Direct Evaluation of Loss 124 3.4.3 Controlled Variable Selection Based on Local Analysis 125 3.4.3.1 The Minimum Singular Value Rule 127 3.4.3.2 Desirable Characteristics of the Controlled Variables 128 3.4.4 An Exact Local Method for Controlled Variable Selection 128 3.4.5 Measurement Combinations as Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.1 The Nullspace Method for Selecting Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.2 Extending the Nullspace Method to Account for Implementation Error 130 3.4.6 The Validity of the Local Analysis for Controlled Variable Selection 131 3.5 Selection of Manipulated Variables 132 3.5.1 Verifying that the Proposed Manipulated Variables Make Acceptable Control Possible 133 3.5.2 Reviewing the Characteristics of the Proposed Manipulated Variables 134 3.6 Selection of Measurements 135 3.7 Mass Balance Control and Throughput Manipulation 136 3.7.1 Consistency of Inventory Control 138 Problems 140 References 141 4 Limitations on Achievable Performance 143 4.1 Performance Measures 143 4.1.1 Time-Domain Performance Measures 143 4.1.2 Frequency-Domain Performance Measures 145 4.1.2.1 Bandwidth Frequency 145 4.1.2.2 Peaks of Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 146 4.1.2.3 Bounds on Weighted System Norms 146 4.1.2.4 Gain and Phase Margin 147 4.2 Algebraic Limitations 148 4.2.1 S + T = I 148 4.2.2 Interpolation Constraints 148 4.2.2.1 Monovariable Systems 148 4.2.2.2 Multivariable Systems 149 4.3 Control Performance in Different Frequency Ranges 149 4.3.1 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Zeros 149 4.3.1.1 Multivariable Systems 150 4.3.2 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Poles 150 4.3.3 Combined Effects of RHP Poles and Zeros 150 4.3.4 Implications of the Sensitivity Integral Results 150 4.4 Bounds on Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 151 4.4.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.1.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.2 Minimum Phase and Stable Versions of the Plant 152 4.4.3 Bounds on S and T 153 4.4.3.1 Monovariable Systems 153 4.4.3.2 Multivariable Systems 153 4.4.4 Bounds on KS and KSG d 154 4.5 ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6 Bandwidth and Crossover Frequency Limitations 156 4.6.1 Bounds from ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6.2 Bandwidth Bounds from Weighted Sensitivity Minimization 157 4.6.3 Bound from Negative Phase 158 4.7 Bounds on the Step Response 158 4.8 Bounds for Disturbance Rejection 160 4.8.1 Inputs for Perfect Control 161 4.8.2 Inputs for Acceptable Control 161 4.8.3 Disturbances and RHP Zeros 161 4.8.4 Disturbances and Stabilization 162 4.9 Limitations from Plant Uncertainty 164 4.9.1 Describing Uncertainty 165 4.9.2 Feedforward Control and the Effects of Uncertainty 166 4.9.3 Feedback and the Effects of Uncertainty 167 4.9.4 Bandwidth Limitations from Uncertainty 168 Problems 168 References 170 5 Model-Based Predictive Control 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Formulation of a QP Problem for MPC 175 5.2.1 Future States as Optimization Variables 179 5.2.2 Using the Model Equation to Substitute for the Plant States 180 5.2.3 Optimizing Deviations from Linear State Feedback 181 5.2.4 Constraints Beyond the End of the Prediction Horizon 182 5.2.5 Finding the Terminal Constraint Set 183 5.2.6 Feasible Region and Prediction Horizon 184 5.3 Step-Response Models 185 5.4 Updating the Process Model 186 5.4.1 Bias Update 186 5.4.2 Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filters 187 5.4.2.1 Augmenting a Disturbance Description 188 5.4.2.2 The Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.2.3 The Iterated Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.3 Unscented Kalman Filter 190 5.4.4 Receding Horizon Estimation 193 5.4.4.1 The Arrival Cost 195 5.4.4.2 The Filtering Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.4.3 The Smoothing Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.5 Concluding Comments on State Estimation 198 5.5 Disturbance Handling and Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.1 Feedforward from Measured Disturbances 199 5.5.2 Requirements for Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.3 Disturbance Estimation and Offset-Free Control 200 5.5.4 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Input 203 5.5.5 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Output 205 5.5.6 MPC and Integrator Resetting 208 5.6 Feasibility and Constraint Handling 210 5.7 Closed-Loop Stability with MPC Controllers 212 5.8 Target Calculation 213 5.9 Speeding up MPC Calculations 217 5.9.1 Warm-Starting the Optimization 218 5.9.2 Input Blocking 219 5.9.3 Enlarging the Terminal Region 220 5.10 Robustness of MPC Controllers 222 5.11 Using Rigorous Process Models in MPC 225 5.12 Misconceptions, Clarifications, and Challenges 226 5.12.1 Misconceptions 226 5.12.1.1 MPC Is Not Good for Performance 226 5.12.1.2 MPC Requires Very Accurate Models 227 5.12.1.3 MPC Cannot Prioritize Input Usage or Constraint Violations 227 5.12.2 Challenges 227 5.12.2.1 Obtaining a Plant Model 228 5.12.2.2 Maintenance 228 5.12.2.3 Capturing the Desired Behavior in the MPC Design 228 Problems 228 References 231 6 Some Practical Issues in Controller Implementation 233 6.1 Discrete-Time Implementation 233 6.1.1 Aliasing 233 6.1.2 Sampling Interval 233 6.1.3 Execution Order 235 6.2 Pure Integrators in Parallel 235 6.3 Anti-Windup 236 6.3.1 Simple PI Control Anti-Windup 237 6.3.2 Velocity Form of PI Controllers 237 6.3.3 Anti-Windup in Cascaded Control Systems 238 6.3.4 A General Anti-Windup Formulation 239 6.3.5 Hanus’ Self-Conditioned Form 240 6.3.6 Anti-Windup in Observer-Based Controllers 241 6.3.7 Decoupling and Input Constraints 243 6.3.8 Anti-Windup for “Normally Closed” Controllers 244 6.4 Bumpless Transfer 245 6.4.1 Switching Between Manual and Automatic Operation 245 6.4.2 Changing Controller Parameters 246 Problems 246 References 247 7 Controller Performance Monitoring and Diagnosis 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Detection of Oscillating Control Loops 251 7.2.1 The Autocorrelation Function 251 7.2.2 The Power Spectrum 252 7.2.3 The Method of Miao and Seborg 252 7.2.4 The Method of Hägglund 253 7.2.5 The Regularity Index 254 7.2.6 The Method of Forsman and Stattin 255 7.2.7 Prefiltering Data 255 7.3 Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.1 Manual Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.2 Detecting and Diagnosing Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.1 Using the Cross-Correlation Function to Detect Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.2 Histograms for Detecting Valve Stiction 258 7.3.2.3 Stiction Detection Using an OP–PV Plot 260 7.3.3 Stiction Compensation 262 7.3.4 Detection of Backlash 263 7.3.5 Backlash Compensation 264 7.3.6 Simultaneous Stiction and Backlash Detection 265 7.3.7 Discriminating Between External and Internally Generated Oscillations 266 7.3.8 Detecting and Diagnosing Other Nonlinearities 266 7.4 Plantwide Oscillations 269 7.4.1 Grouping Oscillating Variables 269 7.4.1.1 Spectral Principal Component Analysis 269 7.4.1.2 Visual Inspection Using High-Density Plots 269 7.4.1.3 Power Spectral Correlation Maps 270 7.4.1.4 The Spectral Envelope Method 271 7.4.1.5 Methods Based on Adaptive Data Analysis 272 7.4.2 Locating the Cause for Distributed Oscillations 273 7.4.2.1 Using Nonlinearity for Root Cause Location 273 7.4.2.2 The Oscillation Contribution Index 273 7.4.2.3 Estimating the Propagation Path for Disturbances 274 7.5 Control Loop Performance Monitoring 278 7.5.1 The Harris Index 278 7.5.2 Obtaining the Impulse Response Model 279 7.5.3 Calculating the Harris Index 280 7.5.4 Estimating the Deadtime 281 7.5.5 Modifications to the Harris Index 282 7.5.6 Assessing Feedforward Control 283 7.5.7 Comments on the Use of the Harris Index 285 7.5.8 Performance Monitoring for PI Controllers 286 7.6 Multivariable Control Performance Monitoring 287 7.6.1 Assessing Feedforward Control in Multivariable Control 287 7.6.2 Performance Monitoring for MPC Controllers 288 7.7 Some Issues in the Implementation of Control Performance Monitoring 290 7.8 Discussion 290 Problems 291 References 291 8 Economic Control Benefit Assessment 297 8.1 Optimal Operation and Operational Constraints 297 8.2 Economic Performance Functions 298 8.3 Expected Economic Benefit 299 8.4 Estimating Achievable Variance Reduction 300 8.5 Worst-Case Backoff Calculation 300 References 301 A Fourier–Motzkin Elimination 303 B Removal of Redundant Constraints 307 Reference 308 C The Singular Value Decomposition 309 D Factorization of Transfer Functions into Minimum Phase Stable and All-Pass Parts 311 D. 1 Input Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 2 Output Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 3 Output Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 4 Input Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 5 SISO Systems 314 D. 6 Factoring Out Both RHP Poles and RHP Zeros 314 Reference 314 E Models Used in Examples 315 E.1 Binary Distillation Column Model 315 E.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracker Model 318 References 320 Index 321

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Book SynopsisEngineering of polymers is not an easy exercise: with evolving technology, it often involves complex concepts and processes. This book is intended to provide the theoretical essentials: understanding of processes, a basis for the use of design software, and much more.The necessary physical concepts such as continuum mechanics, rheological behavior and measurement methods, and thermal science with its application to heating-cooling problems and implications for flow behavior are analyzed in detail. This knowledge is then applied to key processing methods, including single-screw extrusion and extrusion die flow, twin-screw extrusion and its applications, injection molding, calendering, and processes involving stretching.With many exercises with solutions offered throughout the book to reinforce the concepts presented, and extensive illustrations, this is an essential guide for mastering the art of plastics processing. Practical and didactic, Polymer Processing: Principles and Modeling is intended for engineers and technicians of the profession, as well as for advanced students in Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

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Book SynopsisChemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. Ita s goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IN IDEAL REACTORS. Introduction to Reactor Design. Design for Single Reactions. Design for Parallel Reactions. Potpourri of Multiple Reactions. NON IDEAL FLOW. Compartment Models. The Dispersion Model. The Tank-in-Series Model. REACTIONS CATALYZED BY SOLIDS. Solid Catalyzed Reactions. The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor. Deactivating Catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS. Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics. Fluid-Particle Reactions: Design. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Enzyme Fermentation. Substrate Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Product Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDas grundlegende Lehrbuch der Technischen Chemie mit hohem Praxisbezug in der dritten Auflage: * beschreibt didaktisch äußerst gelungen die Bereiche - chemische Reaktionstechnik, Grundoperationen, Verfahrensentwicklung sowie chemische Prozesse * alle Kapitel wurden komplett überarbeitet und aktualisiert * zahlreiche Fragen als Zusatzmaterial für Studenten online auf Wiley-VCH erhältlich * unterstützt das Lernen durch zahlreiche im Text eingestreute Rechenbeispiele, inklusive Lösung * setzt neben einem grundlegenden chemischen Verständnis und Grundkenntnissen der Physikalischen Chemie und Mathematik kein Spezialwissen voraus *NEU: Neue Technologien und Rohstoffe relevant für moderne industrielle Prozesse Ideal für Studierende der Chemie, des Chemieingenieurwesens und der Verfahrenstechnik in Bachelor- und Masterstudiengängen.Table of ContentsVorwort zur 3. Auflage xv Vorwort zur 2. Auflage xvii Vorwort zur 1. Auflage xix Die Autoren xxiii Enzyklopädien und Nachschlagewerke zur technischen Chemie xxvii Symbolverzeichnis für häufig benutzte Formelzeichen xxix Teil I Einführung in die technische Chemie 1 1 Chemische Prozesse und chemische Industrie 3 1.1 Besonderheiten chemischer Prozesse 3 1.2 Chemie und Umwelt 4 1.3 Chemiewirtschaft 5 1.3.1 Einteilung der Chemieprodukte 5 1.3.2 Chemiefirmen werden Großunternehmen – ein historischer Rückblick 6 1.3.3 Strukturwandel in der Chemieindustrie 8 1.4 Struktur von Chemieunternehmen 9 1.5 Bedeutung von Forschung und Entwicklung für die chemische Industrie 10 1.5.1 Wissenschaft und chemische Technik 10 1.5.2 Betriebsinterne Forschung 11 1.6 Entwicklungstendenzen und Zukunftsaussichten der chemischen Industrie 13 Literatur 15 2 Charakterisierung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 17 2.1 Laborverfahren und technische Verfahren 17 2.1.1 Chlorierung von Benzol 17 2.1.2 Oxychlorierung von Benzol 19 2.1.3 Herstellung von Azofarbstoffen 19 2.1.4 Zusammenfassung 20 2.2 Gliederung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 20 2.3 Darstellung chemischer Verfahren und Anlagen durch Fließschemata 23 2.3.1 Grundfließschema 24 2.3.2 Verfahrensfließschema 24 2.3.3 Rohrleitungs-und Instrumenten (RI)-Fließschema 25 2.3.4 Mess-und Regelschema 26 2.3.5 Spezielle Schemata 26 Literatur 28 3 Katalyse als Schlüsseltechnologie der chemischen Industrie 29 3.1 Was ist Katalyse? 29 3.2 Arten von Katalysatoren 32 3.2.1 Heterogene Katalyse 32 3.2.2 Homogene Katalyse 36 3.2.3 Spezielle Aspekte in der Katalyse 44 3.2.4 Biokatalyse 47 3.2.5 Elektrokatalyse 51 3.2.6 Photokatalyse 54 Literatur 55 Teil II Chemische Reaktionstechnik 59 4 Grundlagen der Chemischen Reaktionstechnik 61 4.1 Grundbegriffe und Grundphänomene 61 4.1.1 Klassifizierung chemischer Reaktionen 61 4.1.2 Grundbegriffe und Definitionen 62 4.1.3 Stöchiometrie chemischer Reaktionen 64 4.2 Chemische Thermodynamik 72 4.2.1 Reaktionsenthalpie 72 4.2.2 Gleichgewichtsumsatz 74 4.2.3 Simultangleichgewichte 77 4.3 Stoff- und Wärmetransportvorgänge 81 4.3.1 Molekulare Transportvorgänge 81 4.3.2 Diffusion in porösen Medien 87 4.3.3 Wärmeleitfähigkeit in porösen Feststoffen 92 4.3.4 Stoff- und Wärmetransport an Phasengrenzflächen 93 4.3.5 Wärmeübertragung in Mehrphasenreaktoren 96 Literatur 101 5 Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 103 5.1 Mikrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen 104 5.1.1 Einführung 104 5.1.2 Kinetik homogener Gas- und Flüssigkeitsreaktionen 106 5.1.3 Kinetik heterogen katalysierter Reaktionen 112 5.1.4 Kinetik der Desaktivierung heterogener Katalysatoren 117 5.1.5 Kinetik von Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 118 5.1.6 Kinetik homogen und durch gelöste Enzyme katalysierter Reaktionen 119 5.2 Ermittlung der Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 125 5.2.1 Zielsetzungen kinetischer Untersuchungen 125 5.2.2 Betriebsweise und Bauart von Laborreaktoren für kinetische Untersuchungen 126 5.2.3 Planung und Auswertung kinetischer Messungen zur Ermittlung von Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen 144 5.3 Makrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen – Zusammenwirken von chemischer Reaktion und Transportvorgängen 170 5.3.1 Heterogen katalysierte Gasreaktionen 170 5.3.2 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 189 5.3.3 Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 196 Literatur 202 6 Chemische Reaktoren und deren reaktionstechnische Modellierung 209 6.1 Allgemeine Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 209 6.2 Absatzweise betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 210 6.2.1 Stoffbilanz 211 6.2.2 Wärmebilanz 214 6.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 218 6.4 Kontinuierlich betriebener idealer Rührkesselreaktor 221 6.4.1 Stoffbilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 221 6.4.2 Wärmebilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 225 6.5 Ideale Strömungsrohrreaktoren 229 6.5.1 Stoffbilanz 230 6.5.2 Wärmebilanz 231 6.6 Kombination idealer Reaktoren 233 6.6.1 Kaskade kontinuierlich betriebener Rührkesselreaktoren 233 6.6.2 Strömungsrohrreaktor mit Rückführung 236 6.7 Reale homogene und quasihomogene Reaktoren 238 6.7.1 Verweilzeitverteilung in chemischen Reaktoren 239 6.7.2 Experimentelle Bestimmung der Verweilzeitverteilung 240 6.7.3 Verweilzeitverteilung in idealen Reaktoren 243 6.7.4 Verweilzeitmodelle realer Reaktoren 246 6.7.5 Verweilzeitverhalten realer Reaktoren 252 6.7.6 Einfluss der Verweilzeitverteilung und der Vermischung auf die Leistung realer Reaktoren 256 6.7.7 Vermischung in realen Reaktoren 259 6.8 Reale Mehrphasenreaktoren 263 6.8.1 Fluid-Feststoff-Systeme 263 6.8.2 Fluid-Fluid-Systeme 270 6.8.3 Gasförmig-flüssig-fest-Systeme 275 Literatur 278 7 Auswahl und Auslegung chemischer Reaktoren 283 7.1 Reaktorauswahl und reaktionstechnische Optimierung 283 7.1.1 Einfache Reaktionen (Umsatzproblem) 284 7.1.2 Komplexe Reaktionen (Ausbeuteproblem) 301 7.2 Thermische Prozesssicherheit 317 7.2.1 Theorie der Wärmeexplosion 318 7.2.2 Parametrische Sensitivität 322 7.2.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 324 7.2.4 Kontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 329 7.2.5 Strömungsrohrreaktoren 329 7.3 Mikrostrukturierte Reaktoren 329 7.3.1 Homogene Reaktionen 330 7.3.2 Feststoffkatalysierte Fluidreaktionen 338 7.3.3 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 339 Literatur 340 Teil III Grundoperationen 345 8 Thermodynamische Grundlagen für die Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 347 8.1 Phasengleichgewichtsbeziehung 349 8.2 Dampf-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 350 8.2.1 Anwendung von Zustandsgleichungen 351 8.2.2 Virialgleichung 353 8.2.3 Assoziation in der Gasphase 355 8.2.4 Weitere Zustandsgleichungen 356 8.2.5 Anwendung von Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen 357 8.2.6 Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle 359 8.3 Vorausberechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 363 8.4 Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Trennfaktors binärer Systeme 366 8.4.1 Bedingung für das Auftreten azeotroper Punkte 366 8.4.2 Rückstandslinien, Grenzdestillationslinien und Destillationsfelder 369 8.5 Flüssig-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 371 8.6 Gaslöslichkeit 374 8.7 Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 377 8.8 Phasengleichgewicht für die überkritische Extraktion 381 8.9 Adsorptionsgleichgewichte 382 8.10 Osmotischer Druck 385 Literatur 386 9 Auslegung thermischer Trennverfahren 389 9.1 Grundlagen der Wärmeübertragung 389 9.1.1 Wärmetransport durch Leitung 390 9.1.2 Konvektiver Wärmetransport 391 9.1.3 Wärmeübergang bei Kondensation 392 9.1.4 Wärmeübergang bei Verdampfung 393 9.1.5 Wärmedurchgang 394 9.1.6 Wärmetransport durch Strahlung 394 9.2 Technischer Wärmetransport 395 9.2.1 Einteilung der Wärmeübertrager 395 9.2.2 Technisch wichtige Wärmeübertrager 396 9.3 Konzept der idealen Trennstufe für die Destillation 403 9.4 Realisierung mehrerer Trennstufen 403 9.5 Kontinuierliche Rektifikation 405 9.5.1 Rektifikationskolonne 405 9.5.2 Ermittlung der Zahl theoretischer Trennstufen 406 9.5.3 Konzept der Übertragungseinheit 429 9.6 Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme 431 9.6.1 Rektifikative Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme ohne Zusatzstoff 432 9.6.2 Rektifikation mit Hilfsstoffen 436 9.6.3 Wasserdampfdestillation 440 9.7 Reaktive Rektifikation 441 9.8 Zahl der Kolonnen und mögliche Trennsequenzen 442 9.8.1 Energieeinsparung 444 9.8.2 Trennwandkolonnen 445 9.9 Diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 447 9.9.1 Einfache diskontinuierliche Destillation 448 9.9.2 Mehrstufige diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 449 9.10 Auslegung von Rektifikationskolonnen 450 9.10.1 Bodenkolonnen 451 9.10.2 Packungskolonnen 454 9.11 Absorption 459 9.11.1 Lösemittelauswahl 460 9.11.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 460 9.11.3 Kremser-Gleichung 464 9.11.4 Chemische Absorption 466 9.11.5 Absorberbauarten 466 9.12 Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion 467 9.12.1 Auswahl des Extraktionsmittels 469 9.12.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 469 9.12.3 Kremser-Gleichung 471 9.12.4 Anwendung von Dreiecksdiagrammen 471 9.12.5 Extraktoren 473 9.13 Fest-Flüssig-Extraktion 477 9.14 Extraktion mit überkritischen Fluiden 478 9.15 Kristallisation 478 9.15.1 Kristallisationsprozess 479 9.15.2 Kristallisatoren 481 9.16 Adsorption 485 9.16.1 Adsorptionsmittel 486 9.16.2 Adsorptions- und Desorptionsschritt 487 9.16.3 Adsorberbauarten 488 9.17 Entfernung der Restfeuchten, Entwässern und Trocknen 491 9.17.1 Trocknungsgüter und Trocknungsarten 491 9.17.2 Kriterien zur Auslegung von Trocknern 491 9.17.3 Apparate zum technischen Trocknen 491 9.18 Membrantrennverfahren 494 9.18.1 Trennprinzip und Arbeitsweise 494 9.18.2 Arten von Membrantrennverfahren 497 9.18.3 Membranmodule 499 9.18.4 Ionenleitende Membranen 501 Literatur 501 10 Mechanische Grundoperationen 505 10.1 Strömungslehre – Fluiddynamik in Reaktoren, Kolonnen und Rohrleitungen 505 10.1.1 Strömungsarten, Reynolds’sche Ähnlichkeit 505 10.1.2 Strömungsgesetze 506 10.1.3 Strömungsbedingter Druckverlust 511 10.2 Erzeugen von Förderströmen – Pumpen, Komprimieren, Evakuieren 514 10.2.1 Pumpencharakteristika und Pumpenwirkungsgrade 514 10.2.2 Pumpen – Apparate zum Fördern von Flüssigkeiten 516 10.2.3 Verdichten von Gasen 518 10.2.4 Vakuumerzeugung 523 10.3 Mischen fluider Phasen 525 10.3.1 Mischen in flüssiger Phase 525 10.3.2 Flüssigkeitsverteilung in der Gasphase 533 10.4 Mechanische Trennverfahren 537 10.4.1 Partikelabtrennung aus Flüssigkeiten 537 10.4.2 Partikelabscheidung aus Gasströmen 546 10.4.3 Trennen weiterer disperser Systeme 551 10.5 Verarbeiten von Feststoffen 553 10.5.1 Zerkleinern von Feststoffen 553 10.5.2 Klassieren und Sortieren 559 10.5.3 Formgebung 565 Literatur 568 Teil IV Verfahrensentwicklung 571 11 Gesichtspunkte der Verfahrensauswahl 573 11.1 Das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit 573 11.2 Stoff​liche Gesichtspunkte (Rohstoffauswahl und Syntheseroute) 575 11.2.1 Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel des Phenols – sieben technische Synthesewege 575 11.2.2 Phenol aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen 580 11.2.3 Vergleich der Phenolverfahren 580 11.2.4 Zusammenfassung 581 11.3 Energieaufwand 581 11.3.1 Energiearten und Energienutzung 581 11.3.2 Wasserstoff 582 11.4 Sicherheit 588 11.4.1 Exotherme Reaktionen 589 11.4.2 Druckerhöhung 591 11.4.3 Brennbare und explosive Stoffe und Stoffgemische 592 11.4.4 Toxische Stoffe 594 11.4.5 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 595 11.5 Umweltschutz im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit 595 11.5.1 Luftverunreinigungen 596 11.5.2 Abwasserbelastungen 598 11.5.3 Abfälle 603 11.5.4 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 605 11.6 Betriebsweise 606 11.6.1 Beispiel: Hydrierung von Doppelbindungen 606 11.6.2 Unterschiede zwischen diskontinuierlichen und kontinuierlichen Verfahren 608 11.6.3 Entscheidungskriterien 610 Literatur 611 12 Verfahrensgrundlagen 615 12.1 Ausgangssituation und Ablauf 615 12.2 Verfahrensinformationen 617 12.2.1 Übersicht 617 12.2.2 Sicherheitstechnische Kenndaten 617 12.2.3 Toxikologische Daten 620 12.3 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 622 12.3.1 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen – Werkzeuge in Verfahrensentwicklung und Anlagenprojektierung 622 12.3.2 Stoffbilanzen 622 12.3.3 Energiebilanzen 628 12.4 Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.1 Notwendigkeit und Aufgaben 629 12.4.2 Typen von Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.3 Planung einer Versuchsanlage 631 12.4.4 Modularer Planungsansatz 631 12.5 Auswertung und Optimierung 631 12.5.1 Versuchsplanung und Auswertung 631 12.5.2 Prozesssimulation und Prozessoptimierung 632 Literatur 633 13 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Verfahren und Produktionsanlagen 637 13.1 Erlöse, Kosten und Gewinn 637 13.2 Herstellkosten 638 13.2.1 Vorkalkulation und Nachkalkulation 638 13.2.2 Ermittlung des Kapitalbedarfs 639 13.2.3 Ermittlung der Herstellkosten 642 13.3 Kapazitätsauslastung und Wirtschaftlichkeit 644 13.3.1 Erlöse und Gewinn 644 13.3.2 Fixe Kosten und veränderliche Kosten 646 13.3.3 Gewinn bzw. Verlust in Abhängigkeit von der Kapazitätsauslastung 646 13.4 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Projekten 648 13.4.1 Rentabilität als Maß für die Wirtschaftlichkeit 648 13.4.2 Investitionsertrag und Kapitalrückflusszeit 648 13.4.3 Andere Methoden der Rentabilitätsbewertung 649 13.4.4 Entscheidung zwischen Alternativen 650 Literatur 653 14 Planung und Bau von Anlagen 655 14.1 Projektablauf 655 14.2 Projektorganisation 656 14.3 Genehmigungsverfahren für Chemieanlagen 658 14.4 Anlagenplanung 660 14.5 Projektabwicklung 662 14.5.1 Ablaufplanung und -überwachung 662 14.5.2 Bau und Montage 664 Literatur 666 Teil V Chemische Prozesse 669 15 Organische Rohstoffe 671 15.1 Erdöl 671 15.1.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 671 15.1.2 Bildung und Vorkommen 672 15.1.3 Förderung und Transport 674 15.1.4 Erdölraffinerien 677 15.1.5 Thermische Konversionsverfahren 682 15.1.6 Katalytische Konversionsverfahren 684 15.2 Erdgas 689 15.2.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 689 15.2.2 Förderung und Transport 689 15.2.3 Weiterverarbeitung 691 15.3 Kohle 691 15.3.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 691 15.3.2 Vorkommen 693 15.3.3 Förderung 693 15.3.4 Verarbeitung 694 15.4 Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 703 15.4.1 Bedeutung der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe 703 15.4.2 Fette und Öle 704 15.4.3 Kohlenhydrate 713 Literatur 721 16 Organische Grundchemikalien 725 16.1 Alkane 726 16.1.1 Herstellung 726 16.1.2 Verwendung 726 16.2 Alkene 729 16.2.1 Herstellung 729 16.2.2 Verwendung 738 16.3 Aromaten 742 16.3.1 Herstellung 742 16.3.2 Verwendung 745 16.4 Ethin 749 16.4.1 Herstellung 749 16.4.2 Verwendung 751 16.5 Synthesegas 752 16.5.1 Herstellung 752 16.5.2 Verwendung von Synthesegas 755 16.5.3 Kohlenmonoxid 756 Literatur 757 17 Organische Zwischenprodukte 761 17.1 Sauerstoffhaltige Verbindungen 761 17.1.1 Alkohole 761 17.1.2 Phenole 774 17.1.3 Ether 775 17.1.4 Epoxide 777 17.1.5 Aldehyde 780 17.1.6 Ketone 787 17.1.7 Carbonsäuren 789 17.2 Stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen 801 17.2.1 Amine 801 17.2.2 Lactame 804 17.2.3 Nitrile 805 17.2.4 Isocyanate 807 17.3 Halogenhaltige Verbindungen 808 17.3.1 Chlormethane 808 17.3.2 Chlorderivate höherer Aliphaten 809 17.3.3 Chloraromaten 812 17.3.4 Fluorverbindungen 813 Literatur 816 18 Anorganische Grund- und Massenprodukte 821 18.1 Anorganische Schwefelverbindungen 821 18.1.1 Schwefel und Sulfide 821 18.1.2 Schwefeldioxid 821 18.1.3 Schwefeltrioxid und Schwefelsäure 822 18.2 Anorganische Stickstoffverbindungen 823 18.2.1 Ammoniak 823 18.2.2 Salpetersäure 827 18.2.3 Harnstoff und Melamin 828 18.3 Chlor und Alkalien 829 18.3.1 Chlor und Alkalilauge durch Alkalichloridelektrolyse 829 18.3.2 Natronlauge und Soda 831 18.4 Phosphorverbindungen 832 18.4.1 Elementarer Phosphor 832 18.4.2 Phosphorsäure und Phosphate 833 18.5 Technische Gase 834 18.5.1 Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 834 18.5.2 Edelgase 837 18.5.3 Kohlendioxid 838 18.6 Düngemittel 839 18.6.1 Bedeutung der Düngemittel 839 18.6.2 Stickstoffdüngemittel 840 18.6.3 Phosphordüngemittel 840 18.6.4 Kalidüngemittel 841 18.6.5 Mehrnährstoffdünger 841 18.6.6 Wirtschaftliche Betrachtung 841 18.7 Metalle 842 18.7.1 Gusseisen 842 18.7.2 Stähle 843 18.7.3 Nichteisenmetalle und ihre Legierungen 844 18.7.4 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz 845 Literatur 846 19 Chemische Endprodukte 851 19.1 Polymere 851 19.1.1 Aufbau und Synthese von Polymeren 851 19.1.2 Polymerisationstechnik 857 19.1.3 Massenkunststoffe 861 19.1.4 Fasern 867 19.1.5 Klebstoffe 868 19.1.6 Hochtemperaturfeste Kunststoffe 868 19.1.7 Elektrisch leitfähige Polymere 869 19.1.8 Flüssigkristalline Polymere 869 19.1.9 Biologisch abbaubare Polymere 870 19.2 Tenside und Waschmittel 871 19.2.1 Aufbau und Eigenschaften 871 19.2.2 Anionische Tenside 871 19.2.3 Kationische Tenside 874 19.2.4 Nichtionische Tenside 874 19.2.5 Amphotere Tenside 876 19.2.6 Vergleich der Tensidklassen 877 19.2.7 Anwendungsgebiete 878 19.3 Farbstoffe 883 19.3.1 Übersicht 883 19.3.2 Azofarbstoffe 884 19.3.3 Carbonylfarbstoffe 885 19.3.4 Methinfarbstoffe 886 19.3.5 Phthalocyanine 887 19.3.6 Färbevorgänge 888 19.4 Pharmaka 889 19.4.1 Allgemeines 889 19.4.2 Arten pharmazeutischer Produkte 890 19.4.3 Wirkstoffherstellung durch chemische Synthese 895 19.4.4 Wirkstoffherstellung mit Biokatalysatoren 896 19.4.5 Wirkstoffherstellung durch Fermentationsverfahren 898 19.4.6 Sonstige Verfahren zur Wirkstoffherstellung 901 19.4.7 Entwicklung neuer Pharmawirkstoffe 901 19.5 Pflanzenschutzmittel 902 19.5.1 Bedeutung des Pflanzenschutzes 902 19.5.2 Insektizide 902 19.5.3 Herbizide 904 19.5.4 Fungizide 905 19.5.5 Marktdaten und Entwicklungstrends 906 19.6 Metallorganische Verbindungen 907 19.7 Silicone 909 19.7.1 Struktur und Eigenschaften 909 19.7.2 Herstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen 910 19.7.3 Herstellung der Silicone 911 19.7.4 Technische Siliconerzeugnisse 913 19.8 Zeolithe 914 Literatur 915 Anhang A Größen zur Charakterisierung von Reaktionen, Verfahren und Anlagen 921 Anhang B Tabellen zu Reinstoffdaten 923 Anhang C Graphische Symbole für Fließschemata nach EN ISO 10628-2012 927 Stichwortverzeichnis 933

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Book SynopsisProvides students and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the theory of spectroscopy and the design and use of spectrophotometers In this book, you will learn the fundamental principles underpinning molecular spectroscopy and the connections between those principles and the design of spectrophotometers. Spectroscopy, along with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry, is an important and widely-used analytical technique. Applications of spectroscopy include air quality monitoring, compound identification, and the analysis of paintings and culturally important artifacts. This book introduces students to the fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy including UV-visible, infrared, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy in an approachable and comprehensive way. It goes beyond the basics of the subject and provides a detailed look at the interplay between theory and practice, making it ideal for courses in quantitative analysis, instrumeTable of ContentsABOUT THE COVER ix PREFACE xi 1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 1 1.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 1 1.1.1 Speed, c 2 1.1.2 Amplitude, A 2 1.1.3 Frequency, υ 3 1.1.4 Wavelength, λ 3 1.1.5 Energy, E 3 1.1.6 Wavenumber, 6 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 1.2.1 Radio‐Frequency Radiation (10−27 to 10−21 J/photon) 8 1.2.2 Microwave Radiation (10−23 to 10−22 J/photon) 10 1.2.3 Infrared Radiation (10−22 to 10−19 J/photon) 11 1.2.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation (10−19 to 10−18 J/photon) 12 1.2.5 X‐Ray Radiation (10−15 to 10−13 J/photon) 13 1.2.6 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation (10−13 to 10−11 J/photon and Higher) 13 1.3 The Perrin–Jablonski Diagram 15 1.3.1 Timescales of Events 18 1.3.2 Summary of Radiative and Nonradiative Processes 19 1.4 Temperature Effects on Ground and Excited State Populations 19 1.5 More Wave Characteristics 21 1.5.1 Adding Waves Together 21 1.5.2 Diffraction 21 1.5.3 Reflection 25 1.5.4 Refraction 28 1.5.5 Scattering 29 1.5.6 Polarized Radiation 31 1.6 Spectroscopy Applications 34 1.7 Summary 34 Problems 34 References 36 Further Reading 38 2. UV‐Visible Spectrophotometry 39 2.1 Theory 40 2.1.1 The Absorption Process 40 2.1.2 The Beer–Lambert Law 43 2.1.3 Solvent Effects on Molar Absorptivity and Spectra 49 2.2 UV‐Visible Instrumentation 52 2.2.1 Sources of Visible and Ultraviolet Light 54 2.2.2 Wavelength Selection: Filters 58 2.2.3 Wavelength Selection: Monochromators 61 2.2.4 Monochromator Designs: Putting It All Together 75 2.2.5 Detectors 79 2.3 Spectrophotometer Designs 85 2.3.1 Single‐Beam Spectrophotometers 85 2.3.2 Scanning Double‐Beam Instruments 89 2.3.3 Photodiode Array Instruments 93 2.4 The Practice of Spectrophotometry 98 2.4.1 Types of Samples That Can Be Analyzed 99 2.4.2 Preparation of Calibration Curves 100 2.4.3 Deviations from Beer’s Law 103 2.4.4 Precision: Relative Concentration Error 111 2.4.5 The Desirable Absorbance Range 114 2.5 Applications and Techniques 116 2.5.1 Simultaneous Determinations of Multicomponent Systems 116 2.5.2 Difference Spectroscopy 117 2.5.3 Derivative Spectroscopy 118 2.5.4 Titration Curves 119 2.5.5 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 121 2.6 A Specific Application of UV‐Visible Spectroscopy: Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.1 Myeloperoxidase, Immune Responses, Heart Attacks,and Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.2 Possible Mechanism for Myeloperoxidase Oxidation of LDL via Tyrosyl Radical Intermediates 123 2.7 Summary 127 Problems 127 References 132 Further Reading 134 3. Molecular Luminescence: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence 135 3.1 Theory 135 3.1.1 Absorbance Compared to Fluorescence 136 3.1.2 Factors That Affect Fluorescence Intensity 141 3.1.3 Quenching 146 3.1.4 Quantum Yield and Fluorescence Intensity 147 3.1.5 Linearity and Nonlinearity of Fluorescence: Quenching and Self-Absorption 149 3.2 Instrumentation 153 3.2.1 Instrument Design 154 3.2.2 Sources 154 3.2.3 Filters and Monochromators 157 3.2.4 Component Arrangement 158 3.2.5 Fluorometers 158 3.2.6 Spectrofluorometers 159 3.2.7 Cells and Slit Widths 164 3.2.8 Detectors 166 3.3 Practice of Luminescence Spectroscopy 167 3.3.1 Considerations and Options 167 3.3.2 Fluorescence Polarization 168 3.3.3 Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy 172 3.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 173 3.4.1 Fluorescence Microscopy Resolution 175 3.4.2 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 175 3.5 Phosphorescence and Chemiluminescence 177 3.5.1 Phosphorescence 177 3.5.2 Chemiluminescence 177 3.6 Applications of Fluorescence: Biological Systems and DNA Sequencing 179 3.7 Summary 186 Problems 186 References 190 Further Reading 192 4. Infrared Spectroscopy 193 4.1 Theory 193 4.1.1 Bond Vibrations 196 4.1.2 Other Types of Vibrations 198 4.1.3 Modeling Vibrations: Harmonic and Nonharmonic Oscillators 200 4.1.4 The 3N−6 Rule 207 4.2 FTIR Instruments 209 4.2.1 The Michelson Interferometer and Fourier Transform 210 4.2.2 Components of FTIR Instruments: Sources 224 4.2.3 Components of FTIR Instruments: DTGS and MCT Detectors 226 4.2.4 Sample Handling 227 4.2.5 Reflectance Techniques 231 4.3 Applications of IR Spectroscopy, Including Near‐IR and Far‐IR 234 4.3.1 Structure Determination with Mid‐IR Spectroscopy 235 4.3.2 Gas Analysis 235 4.3.3 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) 236 4.3.4 Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy (FIR) 245 4.4 Summary 248 Problems 248 References 251 Further Reading 254 5. Raman Spectroscopy 255 5.1 Energy-Level Description 255 5.2 Visualization of Raman Data 258 5.3 Molecular Polarizability 259 5.4 Brief Review of Molecular Vibrations 261 5.5 Classical Theory of Raman Scattering 262 5.6 Polarization of Raman Scattering 265 5.6.1 Depolarization Ratio 266 5.7 Instrumentation and Analysis Methods 266 5.7.1 Filter Instruments 267 5.7.2 Dispersive Spectrometers 270 5.7.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectrometers 271 5.7.4 Confocal Raman Instruments 271 5.7.5 Light Sources 273 5.8 Quantitative Analysis Methods 274 5.8.1 Calibration Curves 274 5.8.2 Curve Fitting 274 5.8.3 Ordinary Least Squares 275 5.8.4 Classical Least Squares 277 5.8.5 Implicit Analytical Methods 277 5.9 Applications 277 5.9.1 Art and Archeology 277 5.9.2 Pharmaceuticals 278 5.9.3 Forensics 279 5.9.4 Medicine and Biology 279 5.10 Signal Enhancement Techniques 282 5.10.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.3 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 284 5.11 Summary 286 Problems 286 References 288 Further Reading 289 SOLUTIONS 291 INDEX 315

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Book SynopsisThe book introduces the reader to the concepts of Scientific Molding and Scientific Processing for Injection Molding, geared towards developing a robust, repeatable, and reproducible (3Rs) molding process.The effects of polymer morphology, thermal transitions, drying, and rheology on the injection molding process are explained in detail. The development of a robust molding process is broken down into two sections and is described as the Cosmetic Process and the Dimensional Process. Scientific molding procedures to establish a 3R process are provided.The concept of Design of Experiments (DOEs) for and in injection molding is explained, providing an insight into the cosmetic and dimensional process windows. A plan to release qualified molds into production with troubleshooting tips is also provided. Topics that impact a robust process such as the use of regrind, mold cooling, and venting are also described.Readers will be able to utilize the knowledge gained from the book in their day-to-day operations immediately.The second edition includes a completely new chapter on Quality Concepts, as well as much additional material throughout the book, covering fountain flow, factors affecting post mold shrinkage, and factor selections for DOEs. There are also further explanations on several topics, such as in-mold rheology curves, cavity imbalances, intensification ratios, gate seal studies, holding time optimization of hot runner molds, valve gated molds, and parts with large gates. A troubleshooting guide for common molded defects is also provided.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Chemical Processes: Principles, Analysis, Synthesis is intended for use in an introductory, one-semester course for students in chemical engineering and related disciplines. This title strives to give students a flavor of how chemical processes convert raw materials to useful products and provides students with an appreciation for the ways in which chemical engineers make decisions and balance constraints to come up with new processes and products.The new edition of this title is available in Connect with SmartBook, including End of Chapter content. Instructor Resources include: Instructor Solutions Manual, Textbook Images, and Sample Syllabi.Table of Contents1 Converting the Earth’s Resources into Useful Products2 Process Flows: Variables, Diagrams, Balances3 Mathematical Analysis of Material Balance Equations and Process Flow Sheets4 Synthesis and Analysis of Reactor Flow Sheets5 Why Reactors Aren’t Perfect: Reaction Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics6 Selection of Separation Technologies and Synthesis of Separation Flow Sheets7 Equilibrium-Based Separation Technologies8 Process Energy Calculations and Synthesis of Safe and Efficient Energy Flow Sheets9 A Process Energy Sampler

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Book SynopsisFor Future Leaders in Safety and EngineeringYou've chosen to become a leader in occupational health and safety. Practical Leadership Skills for Safety Professionals and Project Engineers can show you how. Purposely oriented toward the art and science of leadership, this book is designed to provide insight and outline development techniques for the budding young professional. Aimed squarely at college students and early career professionals, it parallels the steps that a student or recent graduate needs to take (from pre-professional to professional); it moves the reader from the classroom and then on through to early managerial years. The book covers basic office protocol and etiquette, understanding diversity and cultural nuance, and ethical considerations, and addresses most ABET-accredited engineering and safety programs with similar curricula. It also considers special cases that include toxic leadership; environmenTrade Review"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 Issue"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 IssueTable of ContentsIntroduction. Why Leadership and Why Now? Self-Discovery Comes First. Further Becoming a Professional: It Takes Effort Outside the Classroom. Further Becoming a Professional. Core Values Underlie Leadership. Culture, Safety, and Engineering. How We Can Change Organizational Values and Why It’s Important. A Values-Based Leadership Model for use in Depleted Environments. Case studies in ethical considerations. Crisis and Noncrisis Leadership Models. What is “toxic leadership?” Experiential Training: It’s Mot What We’ve Been Teaching in Class. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Death Event. Stress and Morale Challenges for Leaders in Safety and Engineering. Gender in Safety and Engineering. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Issue of Discipline for Difficult Employees. Organizational Protocol for Safety and Engineering Professionals: A Brief Introduction. Summary of this Book’s Key Concepts. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to introduce the reader to the design, development, and evaluation processes of new Green Chemistry methodologies. A comprehensive introductory text, it takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of topics. Topics covered include: alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign synthetic methodologies, designing safer chemical products, new reaction conditions, alternative solvents and catalyst development, and the use of biosynthesis and biomimetic principles. The reader is introduced to the new evaluation process that encompasses the health and environmental impact of a synthetic pathway from choice of starting materials through to target molecule. Throughout the text, comparisons and contrasts with classical methodologies are offered as illustrative examples. This accessible text is aimed at all those involved with the design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals and their products - especially synthetic chemicals at the graduate and professiTrade ReviewAs the summary of a vision, the book is brilliant. One can feel the enthusiasm of the authors throughout...I see it as a vehicle for initiating a fruitful dialogue between chemical producers and regulatory enforcers without the confrontation, which often characterizes such interactions. * Martyn Poliakoff, Green Chemistry, February *Its is an introductory text taking a broad view and intergrating a wide range of topics including synthetic methodologies, alternative solvents and catalysts, biosynthesis and alternative feedstocks. There are exercises for students and the last chapter deals with future trends' AslibTable of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. What is Green Chemistry? ; 3. Tools of Green Chemistry ; 4. Principles of Green Chemistry ; 5. Evaluating the Impacts of Chemistry ; 6. Evaluating Feedstocks and Starting Materials ; 7. Evaluating Reaction Types ; 8. Evaluation of Methods to Design Safer Chemicals ; 10. Future Trends in Green Chemistry

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Book SynopsisProviding a systematic and self-contained treatment of excitation, propagation and re- emission of electromagnetic waves guided by density ducts in magnetized plasmas, this book describes in detail the theoretical basis of the electrodynamics of ducts. The classical dielectric-waveguide theory in open guiding systems in magnetoplasma is subjected to rigorous generalization. The authors emphasize the conceptual physical and mathematical aspects of the theory, while demonstrating its applications to problems encountered in actual practice. The opening chapters of the book discuss the underlying physical phenomena, outline some of the results obtained in natural and artificial density ducts, and describe the basic theory crucial to understanding the remainder of the book. The more specialized and complex topics dealt with in subsequent chapters include the theory of guided wave propagation along axially uniform ducts, finding the field excited by the source in the presence of a duct, excitation of guided modes, the asymptotic theory of wave propagation along axially nonuniform ducts, and mode re-emission from a duct. The full wave theory is used throughout most of the book to ensure consistency, and the authors start with simpler cases and gradually increase the complexity of the treatment.Table of Contents1. The Basic Equations 2. Integral Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 3. Modal Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 4. Wave Re-emission from a Density Duct 5. Modes in Axially Uniform Ducts 6. Radiation from Given Sources in a Uniform Unbounded Magnetoplasma 7. Wave Propagation Along Axially Non-uniform Ducts

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Book SynopsisThis guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and: explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focusses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Understanding the business of controlling pests Chapter 2: Household pests and their control – Cockroach Chapter 3: Household pests and their control – Flies Chapter 4: Household pests and their control – Mosquito Chapter 5: Household pests and their control – Bed bug Chapter 6: Household pests and their control – Termite Chapter 7: Sporadic pests and their control Chapter 8: Stored product pests Chapter 9: Vertebrate pest and their control – Rats Chapter 10: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide formulations Chapter 11: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide baits and baiting Chapter 12: Sift to Integrated pest management (IPM) Chapter 13: Handling pesticide

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Book SynopsisThere is hardly any technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or

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Book Synopsis Richard Turton, P.E., has taught the design and design-related courses at West Virginia University for the past 32 years. Prior to this, he spent five years in the design and construction industry. His main interests are design education and process systems modeling.   Joseph A. Shaeiwitz taught design and design-related classes at West Virginia University for more than 25 years. He now teaches design at Auburn University. His interests include design education and outcomes assessment.   Debangsu Bhattacharyya has more than ten years' experience in a large petroleum refinery. While in the refinery, he worked in process operations, plant start-up, large-scale process simulation, and process control. His main research interests are in process modeling, dynamic simulation, state estimation, seTable of Contents Section I: Conceptualization and Analysis of Chemical Processes 1. Diagrams for Understanding Chemical Processes 2. The Structure and Synthesis of Process Flow Diagrams 3. Batch Processing 4. Chemical Product Design 5. Tracing Chemicals through the Process Flow Diagram 6. Understanding Process Conditions Section II: Engineering Economic Analysis of Chemical Processes 8. Estimation of Manufacturing Costs 9. Engineering Economic Analysis 10. Profitability Analysis Section III: Synthesis and Optimization of Chemical Processes 11. Utilizing Experience-Based Principles to Confirm the Suitability of a Process Design 12. Synthesis of the PFD from the Generic BFD 13. Synthesis of a Process Using a Simulator and Simulator Troubleshooting 14. Process Optimization 15. Pinch Technology 16. Advanced Topics Using Steady-State Simulators 17. Using Dynamic Simulators in Process Design 18. Regulation and Control of Chemical Processes with Applications Using Commercial Software Section IV: Process Equipment Design and Performance 19. Fluid Mechanics 20. Heat Transfer 21. Separations 22. Reactors 23. Other Equipment 24. Process Troubleshooting and Debottlenecking Section V: The Impact of Chemical Engineering Design on Society 25. Ethics and Professionalism 26. Health, Safety, and the Environment 27. Green Engineering Section VI. Interpersonal and Communication Skills 28. Teamwork Appendix A. Cost Equations and Curves for the CAPCOST Program

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the background needed to understand not only the wide field of polymer processing, but also the emerging technologies associated with the plastics industry in the 21st Century. It combines practical engineering concepts with modeling of realistic polymer processes. Divided into three sections, it provides the reader with a solid knowledge base in polymer materials, polymer processing, and modeling.Understanding Polymer Processing is intended for the person who is entering the plastics manufacturing industry and as a textbook for students taking an introductory course in polymer processing. It also serves as a guide to the practicing engineer when choosing a process, determining important parameters and factors during the early stages of process design, and when optimizing such a process. Practical examples illustrating basic concepts are presented throughout the book.New in the second edition is a chapter on additive manufacturing, together with associated examples, as well as improvements and corrections throughout the book.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.Table of Contents Part I - Polymeric Materials This section gives a general introduction tpolymers, including mechanical behavior of polymers and melt rheology Part II Polymer Processing The major polymer processes are introduced in this section, including extrusion, mixing, injection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, film blowing, and many others. Part III Modeling This last section delivers the tools tallow the engineer tsolve back-of-the-envelope polymer processing models It includes dimensional analysis and scaling, transport phenomena in polymer processing, and modeling polymer processes.

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Book SynopsisAuthors Don Burdick and Bill Leffler have completely rewritten this time-honored bestseller, now the definitive book for understanding the mysteries of the petrochemical industry.With chapters on all the base chemicals and derivatives, plus seven new ones covering the Fischer-Tropsch process, polyurethane, epoxy resins and more, this is broadest available look inside the industry.Still offering readers easy-to-understand diagrams, charts and tables, plus digestible chapter reviews - this classic delivers the information that every person in the industry needs.Table of Contents What you need to know about organic chemistry Processes and equipment Benzene Toluene and xylene Olefin plants, ethylene, and propylene Cyclohexane The C4 hydrocarbon family Cumene and phenol Ethylbenzene and styrene Ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride and epichlorohydrin Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol Propylene oxide and propylene glycol Ethanolamines and polyols Methanol and synthesis gas Fischer-Tropsche process Lots of other alcohols MTBE Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde Ketones Acids Maleic Acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and acrylates Aniline and phosgene Bisphenol A Alpha olefins Making polymers Thermoplastics MDI and TDI Polyurethane Epoxy resins and polycarbonates Fibers and other resins

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis valuable handbook details the various monolithic refractories currently in use, and pays particular attention to their chemical and physical behaviors during manufacturing, installation, and the duty cycle. It addresses, from the practitioner's point of view, the critical aspects of reactions involved with the refractory body as it approaches the used temperature with the processing environment. To ensure optimum performance, it describes the application, installation, and design of refractory components. The handbook includes suitable tables and figures, and provides an historical perspective on the evolution of the refractory industry. Practicing ceramic engineers, scientists, raw material suppliers, and research and development personnel in the refractory manufacturing industry will find this book invaluable. Also suitable as a reference for courses in ceramic engineering specializing in refractories.Table of ContentsRaw Materials. Castable Refractories. Pumpable Castables. Plastic Refractories. Ramming Mixes. Gunning Mixes. Mortars. Coatings. Dry Vibratables. Wear Mechanisms. Manufacturing. Application Designs. Evaluation and Tests. Lining. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipmentThis extensively revised and updated practical resource fully explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems across a broad range of industriesâall without complex equations and without ever losing sight of the importance of direct field measurements and observations. This fifth edition features new and expanded coverage of: Causes and Effects of Wet Steam on Turbines and Strippers Distillation Design Errors and Inspecting Tower Internals Setting Pressure Relief Valves on Vessels and Heat Exchangers Reduction of Flare Losses Safer Procedures for Sampling Hazardous Material Taking Field Measurements Safely and Effectively Filled with real-world examples and illustrations, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fifth Edition clearly demonstrates how theory applies to solving real-world plant operation prob

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Book SynopsisVaccine Production and Manufacturing is a valuable reference on how to produce a vaccine, from beginning to end. It addresses all classes of vaccines from a processing, production, and regulatory viewpoint. It covers everything from fermentation, purification, and formulation to regulatory filing and facility design.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Preface ix Contributors xi 1 History of Vaccine Process Development 1Narahari S. Pujar, Sangeetha L. Sagar, and Ann L. Lee 2 The Production of Plasmid DNA Vaccine in Escherichia coli: A Novel Bacterial-Based Vaccine Production Platform 25Michel Chartrain 3 Fungal Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 51Karl Melber, Volker Jenzelewski, Roland Weyhenmeyer, and Zbigniew Janowicz 4 Novel Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 81Shailaja Rabindran and Vidadi Yusibov 5 Viral Vaccines Purification 97Bernd Kalbfuss-Zimmermann and Udo Reichl 6 Protein Subunit Vaccine Purification 181Yan-ping Yang and Tony D’Amore 7 Conjugate Vaccine Production Technology 217Sudha Chennasamudram and Willie F. Vann 8 Stabilization and Formulation of Vaccines 237Timothy S. Priddy and C. Russell Middaugh 9 Lyophilization in Vaccine Processes 263Alexis Wasserman, Ranjit Sarpal, and Bret R. Phillips 10 Strategies for Heat-Stable Vaccines 287Satoshi Ohtake, David Lechuga-Ballesteros, Vu Truong-Le, and Eric J. Patzer 11 Production and Characterization of Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants 319Stanley L. Hem and Cliff T. Johnston 12 The Biologics License Application (BLA) in Common Technical Document (CTD) Format 347R.S. Robin Robinett 13 The Original New Drug Application (Investigational New Drug) 373R.S. Robin Robinett 14 Facility Design for Vaccine Manufacturing—Regulatory, Business, and Technical Considerations and A Risk-Based Design Approach 393Anand Ekambaram and Abraham Shamir 15 Vaccine Production Economics 413Andrew Sinclair and Peter Latham Index 437

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisEquips students with the concepts and tools needed to model, design, and build efficient, clean low-carbon energy conversion systems with this advanced undergraduate and graduate-level textbook. Features real-world examples, homework problems, and online instructor resources including lecture slides, solutions, and sample projects.Trade Review'An outstanding textbook and reference, spanning fundamentals to real-world devices. This book will guide the next generation of engineers who are realizing the low-carbon energy transition.' Timothy Lieuwen, Georgia Institute of Technology'A comprehensive toolkit for understanding, evaluating, and comparing conventional and evolving new energy systems in terms of their engineering performance and environmental impacts and benefits. It is a must-read for students and researchers interested in designing and modeling energy technologies to meet today's low-carbon-emitting and other sustainability objectives.' Jefferson Tester, Cornell University'Professor Ghoniem draws from decades of research expertise and teaching experience at MIT in the field of energy conversion. This timely textbook covers both the fundamentals of thermodynamics and real-world applications of cutting-edge clean energy systems to equip the next generation of students to design, analyze, and optimize low-carbon and zero-carbon energy systems for a sustainable future.' Katherine Hornbostel, University of Pittsburgh'This book provides a holistic view of energy conversion systems by discussing conventional concepts as well as emerging technologies, all of which are connected by fundamental energy conversion principles. I truly believe that readers can envision a bright pathway toward sustainable power generation with low environmental impact.' Jongsup Hong, Yonsei University'An excellent, up-to-date, and comprehensive textbook and reference in energy conversion. It provides a practical and fresh perspective on the subject, which is nicely complemented with chapters addressing clean energy conversion and strategies to control CO2 emissions. This book is a must-have reference for anyone interested in the subject of energy conversion.' Tarek Echekki, North Carolina State University'This book is systematically developed, very well organized, and well written. The coverage in all 14 chapters is comprehensive, with example problems and additional problems at the end of each chapter. It is a timely book as we seek innovative solutions for clean energy production at higher efficiency, with due considerations given to environmental pollution, including CO2. I enthusiastically endorse this book.' Ashwani K. Gupta, University of MarylandTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Low carbon energy: Why?; 2. Thermodynamics; 3. Chemical thermodynamics; 4. Electrochemical thermodynamics; 5. Gas turbine cycles; 6. Rankine cycles; 7. Fuel cells at finite current; 8. Combined, oxy-combustion and hybrid cycles; 9. Solar thermal, geothermal and integration; 10. Gas separation; 11. Carbon capture cycles: natural gas; 12. Coal power cycles, gasification and synfuels; 13. Carbon capture cycles: coal; 14. Biomass; Index.

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Book SynopsisMost systems involved in a chemical process plant are interactive multivariable systems, to control which, the transfer function matrix model is required. This lucid book considers the identification and control of such systems. It discusses open loop and closed loop identification methods, as well as the design of multivariable controllers based on steady state gain matrix. Simple methods for designing controllers based on transfer function matrix model have been reviewed. The design of controllers for non-square systems, and closed loop identification of multivariable unstable systems by the optimization method are also covered. Several simulation examples and exercise problems at the end of each chapter further help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained. This book will be useful to any engineering student, researcher or practitioner who works with interactive, multivariable control systems.Table of Contents1. Models, Control Theory, and Examples; 2. Identification and Control of SISO Systems; 3. Introduction to Linear Multivariable Systems; 4. CRC Method for Identifying TITO Systems; 5. CRC Method for Identifying SISO Systems by CSOPTD Models; 6. CRC Method for Identifying TITO Systems by CSOPTD Models; 7. Identification of Stable MIMO System by Optimization Method; 8. Identification of Centralized Controlled Multivariable Systems; 9. Identification of Multivariable SOPTD Models by Optimization Method; 10. Identification of Unstable TITO Systems by Optimization Techniqus; 11. Centralized PI Controllers Based on Steady State Gain Matrix; 12. SSGM Identification and Control of Unstable Multivariable Systems; 13. Control of Stable Non-square MIMO Systems; 14. Control of Unstable Non-square Systems; 15. Trends in Control of Multivariable Systems.

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Book SynopsisDue to the limitation of the electrical OFDM signal and electrical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), all-optical OFDMs have recently received much attention. Accordingly, this research study was conducted to investigate the effect of phase noise in the performance of an all-optical OFDM transmission system with 4-point FFT single mode fiber (SMF) links by considering the effects of fiber length, input laser power and a number of channels. In all optical systems, the transmitter side consists of a comb power generator, wavelength selected switch and an optical QAM generator. A comb power generator generates channels with a frequency separation of ∆f=25 GHz. Subsequently, a Wavelength Selected Switch (WSS) was used to split subcarriers and then the subcarriers were modulated individually with Optical QAM modulators. As the results show, a higher number of channels led more phase noise in terms of XPM and FWM nonlinearities, and signal power was the main factor in nonlinear fiber optics. As a consequence, there is more phase noise distortion at a higher signal power for a higher number of channels rather than the lower number of channels.

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns advanced materials for electrochemical technologies. Firstly, the focus concerns fuel cell devices in which state of the art materials for anodes in both fuel cells and biological fuel cells were carefully discussed. After that, novel sensors and biosensors were deeply described. Finally, the wastewater treatment using advanced oxidation processes was pointed out, taking into account anodes and/or cathodes evidencing materials and processes. Briefly, energy, bio-applications and environmental approaches were discussed using electrochemistry as the main tool.

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Book SynopsisChemical engineering deals with the application of physical science (in particular chemistry and physics) and mathematics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. As well as producing useful materials, chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques; an important form of research and development with direct applications in pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, artificial kidneys, oil refineries, solar panels, clean water, and biocompatible polymers! This book presents important research in this explosive field.

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Book SynopsisNon-ionic surfactants are chemically potent molecular species that are becoming increasingly important as an excipient component used in the formulation and delivery of drugs and vaccines. These chemicals do not have charge in their predominant working range of pH, yet interact strongly with high energy structures such as interfacial regions, phase boundaries and surfaces and can cause dramatic changes in crucial properties of molecular mixtures including solubility, dispersion uniformity, viscosity, miscibility, phase and transport. Non-ionic surfactants are used extensively in the chemical industry in such areas as detergents, health and personal care, coatings and polymers. Furthermore, non-ionic surfactants, or surface active wetting agents, reduce the surface tension of water, allowing the water molecules to spread out. When applied to water-repellent soils in high concentrations, surfactants can improve the ability of the water to penetrate the soil surface and thus increase the infiltration rate. This new book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this field.

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Book SynopsisEnergetic materials including propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics are chemical compounds or mixtures that store significant quantities of energy. Nano energetic materials (nEMs) have the potentials of improved performance in terms of energy release, ignition, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk counterpart or microcounterpart. In this book, by comparing with traditional energetic materials, advantages of nEMs are first shown and explained. The characterisation, modelling, and application of nEMs are also introduced, and the different approaches to the synthesis of nEMs are presented in detail. In addition, Remote Explosive Scent Tracing (REST) is a strategy adopted to detect landmines and/or unexploded ordinances (UXOs) by taking samples of air/dust/soil from suspected areas and presenting to animal detectors (dogs and rats) in remote laboratories. A critical review of the methods that have been used so far to extract explosive compounds from soil samples are presented. The methods are broadly classified into laboratory extractions and on-site analysis extractions. Moreover, this book focuses on the use of oxide semiconductors system combining organic dyes for the direct photo-splitting water for hydrogen generation. The topics covered include three main approaches in addressing the problems of efficiency, durability, and cost of water photolysis. The challenges facing in realising highly efficient and durable photolytic system are also presented and possible solutions have been explicited. Other chapters review the use of dinitrogen pentoxide as an environmentally-friendly nitrating agents and brings the coverage of this topic up to date. Laser initiation of energetic materials is also explored, as well as the production, handling and use of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), one of the most heavily produced chemical compounds in the 20th century.

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Book SynopsisThe term ''molecular recognition'' refers to the specific interaction between two or more molecules through noncovalent bonding. This book presents research in the study of molecular recognition, including next generation molecular imprinted polymers; applications of molecular imprinting; recent advances in DNA-Ligand molecular recognition and allosteric interactions; the proteomic code and the molecular recognition of odorant-binding proteins in insect olfaction.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents topical research in the study of the characteristics, compounds and applications of cobalt. Topics discussed include the preparative chemistry of cobalt silica gel catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; cobalt-based catalysts used in the solvolysis of ammonia borane; methods of production and magnetic properties of cobalt-based metallic glasses; cobalt-filled nanotubes and the role of cobalt in carbon nanotube synthesis.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the characteristics, properties and uses of transition metals. Topics discussed include the non-linear optical properties of transition metal nanoparticles synthesised by ion implantation; the structural and magnetic characterisation of Cu-Picolinate and Cu-Quinaldinate molecular systems; application of transition metals as active compounds in separation techniques; the reactivity of unstable chemicals in the presence of transition metals and the bioinorganic and redox reactions in biological systems of transition metals.

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Book SynopsisBlack powder, the world’s first chemical explosive, was originally developed in the seventh century, during China’s Tang dynasty. It was a crude mixture at first, but over time chemists discovered the optimum proportion of sulfur, charcoal, and nitrates, as well as the best way to mix them so that the particles of each component were tiny and homogenous, resulting in a complete and powerful reaction. Author and chemistry buff Simon Quellen Field takes readers on a decades-long journey through the history of things that go boom, from the early days of black powder to today’s modern plastic explosives. Not just the who, when, and why, but also the how. How did Chinese alchemists come to create black powder? What accidents led to the discovery of high explosives? How do explosives actually work on a molecular scale? And though most people have a vague understanding that dynamite is more powerful than gunpowder, what does it mean to be more powerful? Boom! The Chemistry and History of Explosives goes back to the original papers and patents written by the chemists who invented them, to shed light on their development, to explore the consequences of their use for good and ill, and to give the reader a basic understanding of the chemistry that makes them possible.

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Book SynopsisAs chemistry becomes more and more amenable to mathematically rigorous study, it is likely that chemistry will also become an alert and demanding consumer of new mathematical results. From theoretical chemistry and quantum chemistry, to applied fields such as molecular modelling, drug design, molecular engineering, and the development of supra molecular structures, mathematical chemistry is an important discipline providing both explanations and predictions. This book has an important role in advancing chemistry to an era of detailed understanding of molecules and reactions.

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