Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors iii Preface to the Fourth Edition v General Nomenclature xiii Dimensions and Units xvii 1. Separation Processes 1 1.0∗ Instructional Objectives 1 1.1∗ Industrial Chemical Processes 1 1.2∗ Basic Separation Techniques 3 1.3⚬ Separations by Phase Creation 4 1.4⚬ Separations by Phase Addition 6 1.5⚬ Separations by Barrier 7 1.6⚬ Separations by an External Field or Gradient 7 1.7∗ Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations 8 1.8∗ Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences 9 Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 2. Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 16 2.0∗ Instructional Objectives 16 2.1∗ Phase Equilibria 16 2.2∗ Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model 20 2.3⚬ Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties 21 2.4⚬ Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models 23 2.5⚬ P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models 23 2.6⚬ Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions 27 2.7⚬ Gibbs Excess Free-Energy (gE) Models 29 2.8⚬ Predictive Models 34 2.9⚬ Electrolyte Solution Models 36 2.10⚬ Polymer Solution Models 36 2.11∗ K-Value Methods in Process Simulators 36 2.12∗ Exergy and Second-Law Analysis 37 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 3. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 46 3.0∗ Instructional Objectives 46 3.1∗ Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion 47 3.2∗ Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) 51 3.3∗ Steady-State and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media 58 3.4∗ Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow 60 3.5∗ Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 68 3.6∗ Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid–Fluid Interface 73 3.7∗ Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients 76 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 4. Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 87 4.0∗ Instructional Objectives 87 4.1∗ Gibbs’ Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 88 4.2∗ Binary Vapor–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 89 4.3∗ Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations 93 4.4∗ Ternary Liquid–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 97 4.5⚬ Multicomponent Liquid–Liquid Systems 101 4.6∗ Liquid–Solid Systems 102 4.7∗ Gas–Liquid Systems 104 4.8∗ Gas–Solid Systems 105 4.9⦁ Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems 107 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 5. Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems 118 5.0∗ Instructional Objectives 118 5.1∗ Cascade Configurations 118 5.2∗ Single-Section Liquid–Liquid Extraction Cascades 119 5.3∗ Two-Section Distillation Cascades 121 5.4⚬ Membrane Cascades 123 5.5⚬ Hybrid Systems 125 5.6∗ Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades 125 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 6. Absorption and Stripping 137 6.0∗ Instructional Objectives 137 6.1⚬ Equipment for Vapor–Liquid Separations 138 6.2⚬ General Design Considerations 143 6.3∗ Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 144 6.4∗ Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping 148 6.5∗ Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns 154 6.6∗ Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns 161 6.7∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 164 6.8∗ Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency 169 6.9⦁ Reactive (Chemical) Absorption 180 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 7. Distillation of Binary Mixtures 191 7.0∗ Instructional Objectives 191 7.1⚬ Equipment and Design Considerations 193 7.2∗ McCabe–Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 193 7.3⚬ Extensions of the McCabe–Thiele Method 203 7.4∗ Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation 208 7.5∗ Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters 215 7.6∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns 216 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 8. Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems 231 8.0∗ Instructional Objectives 231 8.1⚬ Equipment for Solvent Extraction 233 8.2⚬ General Design Considerations 239 8.3∗ Hunter–Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 243 8.4⚬ Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor Performance 252 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 9. Approximate Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 267 9.0∗ Instructional Objectives 267 9.1∗ Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland (FUG) Method 267 9.2∗ Using the Shortcut (FUG) Method with Process Simulators 279 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 10. Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 284 10.0∗ Instructional Objectives 284 10.1∗ Simple Model for a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Stage 284 10.2⦁ Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations 286 10.3∗ Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator Methods 287 10.4∗ Main Mathematical Procedures 291 10.5∗ Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR) Methods 294 10.6∗ Simultaneous-Correction Method 297 10.7∗ Inside-Out Method 304 10.8⦁ Rigorous Methods for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 309 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 11. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 320 11.0∗ Instructional Objectives 320 11.1∗ Use of Triangular Graphs 321 11.2∗ Extractive Distillation 332 11.3⦁ Salt Distillation 335 11.4⦁ Pressure-Swing Distillation 337 11.5⦁ Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 339 11.6∗ Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 343 11.7⦁ Reactive Distillation 352 11.8⦁ Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 357 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 12. Rate-Based Models for Vapor–Liquid Separation Operations 368 12.0⦁ Instructional Objectives 368 12.1⦁ Rate-Based Model 370 12.2⦁ Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions 372 12.3⦁ Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 375 12.4⦁ Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 375 12.5⦁ Method of Calculation 376 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 13. Batch Distillation 385 13.0∗ Instructional Objectives 385 13.1∗ Differential Distillation 385 13.2∗ Binary Batch Rectification 388 13.3⦁ Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation 390 13.4⦁ Effect of Liquid Holdup 391 13.5∗ Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification 391 13.6∗ Intermediate-Cut Strategy 400 13.7⦁ Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio 401 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises ∗Suitable for an UG course ⚬Optional ⦁Advanced 14. Membrane Separations 408 14.0∗ Instructional Objectives 408 14.1⚬ Membrane Materials 410 14.2⚬ Membrane Modules 414 14.3∗ Mass Transfer in Membranes 416 14.4∗ Dialysis 430 14.5⚬ Electrodialysis 432 14.6∗ Reverse Osmosis 434 14.7∗ Gas Permeation 438 14.8⚬ Pervaporation 441 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 15. Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography 451 15.0∗ Instructional Objectives 451 15.1∗ Sorbents 453 15.2∗ Equilibrium Considerations 461 15.3∗ Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations 470 15.4⚬ Equipment for Sorption Operations 475 15.5∗ Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems 479 15.6∗ Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems 494 15.7⚬ Ion-Exchange Cycle 502 15.8∗ Chromatographic Separations 503 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises Answers to Selected Exercises 519 Index 521

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis second, extended and updated edition presents the current state of kinetics of chemical reactions, combining basic knowledge with results recently obtained at the frontier of science. Special attention is paid to the problem of the chemical reaction complexity with theoretical and methodological concepts illustrated throughout by numerous examples taken from heterogeneous catalysis combustion and enzyme processes. Of great interest to graduate students in both chemistry and chemical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition xv Preface to Second Edition xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Decoding Complexity in Chemical Kinetics 2 1.3 Three Types of Chemical Kinetics 2 1.3.1 Applied Kinetics 3 1.3.2 Detailed Kinetics 3 1.3.3 Mathematical Kinetics 3 1.4 Challenges and Goals. How to Kill Chemical Complexity 4 1.4.1 “Gray-Box” Approach 4 1.4.2 Analysis of Kinetic Fingerprints 5 1.4.3 Non-steady-state Kinetic Screening 6 1.5 What Our Book is Not About. Our Book among Other Books on Chemical Kinetics 6 1.6 The Logic in the Reasoning of This Book 7 1.7 How Chemical Kinetics and Mathematics are Interwoven in This Book 7 1.8 History of Chemical Kinetics 8 References 12 2 Chemical Reactions and Complexity 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Elementary Reactions and the Mass-Action Law 19 2.2.1 Homogeneous Reactions 19 2.2.2 Heterogeneous Reactions 21 2.2.3 Rate Expressions 22 2.3 The Reaction Rate and Net Rate of Production of a Component – A Big Difference 23 2.4 Dimensions of the Kinetic Parameters and Their Orders of Magnitude 24 2.5 Conclusions 26 Nomenclature 26 References 28 3 Kinetic Experiments: Concepts and Realizations 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Experimental Requirements 29 3.3 Material Balances 30 3.4 Classification of Reactors for Kinetic Experiments 31 3.4.1 Steady-state and Non-steady-state Reactors 31 3.4.2 Transport in Reactors 31 3.4.3 Ideal Reactors 32 3.4.3.1 Batch Reactor 32 3.4.3.2 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 33 3.4.3.3 Plug-flow Reactor 34 3.4.4 Ideal Reactors with Solid Catalyst 34 3.4.4.1 Batch Reactor 34 3.4.4.2 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 35 3.4.4.3 Plug-flow Reactor 35 3.4.4.4 Pulse Reactor 35 3.4.5 Determination of the Net Rate of Production 36 3.5 Formal Analysis of Typical Ideal Reactors 36 3.5.1 Batch Reactor 36 3.5.1.1 Irreversible Reaction 36 3.5.1.2 Reversible Reaction 38 3.5.1.3 How to Distinguish Parallel Reactions from Consecutive Reactions 40 3.5.2 Steady-state Plug-flow Reactor 43 3.5.3 Non-steady-state Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 43 3.5.3.1 Irreversible Reaction 43 3.5.3.2 Reversible Reaction 44 3.5.4 Thin-zone TAP Reactor 45 3.6 Kinetic-model-free Analysis 46 3.6.1 Steady State 46 3.6.2 Non-steady State 47 3.6.2.1 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 47 3.6.2.2 Plug-flow Reactor 48 3.7 Diagnostics of Kinetic Experiments in Heterogeneous Catalysis 49 3.7.1 Gradients at Reactor and Catalyst-pellet Scale 49 3.7.2 Experimental Diagnostics and Guidelines 49 3.7.2.1 Test for External Mass-transfer Effect 51 3.7.2.2 Test for Internal Mass-transport Effect 51 3.7.2.3 Guidelines 52 3.7.3 Theoretical Diagnostics 52 3.7.3.1 External Mass Transfer 53 3.7.3.2 External Heat Transfer 54 3.7.3.3 InternalMass Transport 56 3.7.3.4 Internal Heat Transport 59 3.7.3.5 Non-steady-state Operation 59 Nomenclature 59 References 62 4 Chemical Book-keeping: Linear Algebra in Chemical Kinetics 65 4.1 Basic Elements of Linear Algebra 65 4.2 Linear Algebra and Complexity of Chemical Reactions 67 4.2.1 Atomic Composition of Chemical Components: Molecules “Consist of” Atoms 68 4.2.1.1 Molecular Matrix 68 4.2.1.2 Linear Algebra and Laws of Mass Conservation 68 4.2.1.3 Key Components and Their Number 70 4.2.2 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions: Reactions “Consist of” Chemical Components 72 4.2.2.1 Stoichiometric Matrix 72 4.2.2.2 Difference and Similarity between the Conservation Law for Chemical Elements and the KineticMass-Conservation Law 74 4.2.2.3 Similarity and Difference between the Numbers of Key Components and the Number of Key Reactions 74 4.2.3 DetailedMechanism of Complex Reactions: Complex Reactions “Consist of” Elementary Reactions 75 4.2.3.1 Mechanisms and Horiuti Numbers 75 4.2.3.2 Matrices and Independent Routes of Complex Reactions 80 4.3 Concluding Remarks 83 4.A Book-Keeping Support in Python/SymPy 83 4.A.1 Skeleton Code Generation 83 4.A.2 Matrix Augmentation and Reduction 84 Nomenclature 88 References 90 5 Steady-State Chemical Kinetics: A Primer 93 5.1 Introduction to Graph Theory 93 5.2 Representation of Complex Mechanisms as Graphs 94 5.2.1 Single-route Mechanisms 95 5.2.2 Single-route Mechanism with a Buffer Step 97 5.2.3 Two-route Mechanisms 97 5.2.4 Number of Independent Reaction Routes and Horiuti’s Rule 99 5.3 How to Derive the Reaction Rate for a Complex Reaction 101 5.3.1 Introduction 101 5.3.2 Kinetic Cramer’s Rule and Trees of the Chemical Graph 104 5.3.3 Forward and Reverse Reaction Rates 110 5.3.4 Single-route LinearMechanism – General Case 111 5.3.5 How to Find the Kinetic Equation for the Reverse Reaction: The Horiuti–Boreskov Problem 112 5.3.6 What About the Overall Reaction – A Provocative Opinion 114 5.4 Derivation of Steady-State Kinetic Equations for a Single-Route Mechanism – Examples 116 5.4.1 Two-step Mechanisms 117 5.4.1.1 Michaelis–Menten Mechanism 117 5.4.1.2 Water–Gas Shift Reaction 118 5.4.1.3 Liquid-phase Hydrogenation 119 5.4.2 Three-step Mechanisms 120 5.4.2.1 Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 120 5.4.2.2 Coupling Reaction 121 5.4.3 Four-step Mechanisms 122 5.4.4 Five-step Mechanisms 124 5.4.5 Single-route Linear Mechanisms with a Buffer Step 125 5.5 Derivation of Steady-State Kinetic Equations for Multi Route Mechanisms: Kinetic Coupling 126 5.5.1 Cycles Having a Common Intermediate 127 5.5.2 Cycles Having a Common Step 129 5.5.3 Cycles Having Two Common Steps 130 5.5.4 Different Types of Coupling between Cycles 131 Nomenclature 132 References 133 6 Steady-state Chemical Kinetics:Machinery 137 6.1 Analysis of Rate Equations 137 6.1.1 Dependence of Parameters on Temperature and Number of Identifiable Parameters 138 6.1.2 Simplifying Assumptions 140 6.1.2.1 Fast Step 140 6.1.2.2 Rate-limiting Step 141 6.1.2.3 Quasi-equilibrated Step(s) 141 6.1.2.4 Irreversible Step(s) 142 6.1.2.5 Dependence of the Reaction Rate on Concentrations 143 6.2 Apparent Kinetic Parameters: Reaction Order and Activation Energy 143 6.2.1 Definitions 143 6.2.2 Two-step Mechanism of an Irreversible Reaction 145 6.2.2.1 Apparent Partial Reaction Order 145 6.2.2.2 Apparent Activation Energy 146 6.2.3 More Examples 147 6.2.3.1 Apparent Partial Reaction Order 147 6.2.3.2 Apparent Activation Energy 152 6.2.4 Some Further Comments 153 6.3 How to Reveal Mechanisms Based on Steady-state Kinetic Data 154 6.3.1 Assumptions 154 6.3.2 Direct and Inverse Problems of Kinetic Modeling 155 6.3.3 Minimal and Non-minimal Mechanisms 155 6.3.3.1 Two-step Catalytic Mechanisms 156 6.3.3.2 Three-step Catalytic Mechanisms 156 6.3.3.3 Four-step Catalytic Mechanisms 157 6.3.3.4 Five-step Catalytic Mechanisms 158 6.3.3.5 Summary 158 6.3.4 What Kind of Kinetic Model Do We Need to Describe Steady-state Kinetic Data and to Decode Mechanisms? 159 6.3.4.1 Kinetic Resistance 159 6.3.4.2 Analysis of the Kinetic Resistance in Identifying and Decoding Mechanisms and Models 160 6.3.4.3 Concentration Terms of the Kinetic Resistance and Structure of the Detailed Mechanism 160 6.3.4.4 Principle of Component Segregation 164 6.4 Concluding Remarks 165 Nomenclature 166 References 167 7 Linear and Nonlinear Relaxation: Stability 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.1.1 Linear Relaxation 171 7.1.2 Relaxation Times and Steady-state Reaction Rate 173 7.1.2.1 Relaxation Times and Kinetic Resistance 173 7.1.2.2 Temkin’s Rule. Is it Valid? 174 7.1.3 Further comments 176 7.2 Relaxation in a Closed System − Principle of Detailed Equilibrium 177 7.3 Stability – General Concept 180 7.3.1 Elements of the Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations 180 7.3.2 Local Stability – Rigorous Definition 182 7.3.3 Local Stability – System with two Variables 184 7.3.3.1 Real Roots 186 7.3.3.2 Imaginary Roots 187 7.3.4 Self-sustained Oscillations and Global Dynamics 188 7.4 Simplifications of Non-steady-state Models 190 7.4.1 Abundance and Linearization 190 7.4.2 Fast Step − Equilibrium Approximation 191 7.4.3 Rate-limiting Step Approximation 191 7.4.4 Quasi-steady-state Approximation 192 Nomenclature 198 References 200 8 Nonlinear Mechanisms: Steady State and Dynamics 203 8.1 Critical Phenomena 203 8.2 Isothermal Critical Effects in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Experimental Facts 205 8.2.1 Multiplicity of Steady States 205 8.2.2 Self-sustained Oscillations of the Reaction Rate in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 207 8.2.3 Diversity of Critical Phenomena and Their Causes 207 8.3 Ideal Simple Models: Steady State 209 8.3.1 Parallel and Consecutive Adsorption Mechanisms 209 8.3.2 Impact Mechanisms 210 8.3.3 Simplest Mechanism for the Interpretation of Multiplicity of Steady States 212 8.3.4 Hysteresis: Influence of Reaction Reversibility 218 8.3.5 Competition of Intermediates 223 8.4 Ideal Simple Models: Dynamics 227 8.4.1 Relaxation Characteristics of the Parallel Adsorption Mechanism 227 8.4.2 Catalytic Oscillators 234 8.4.2.1 Simplest Catalytic Oscillator 234 8.4.2.2 Relaxation of Self-sustained Oscillation: Model 239 8.4.2.3 Other Catalytic Oscillators 239 8.4.3 Fine Structure of Kinetic Dependences 242 8.5 Structure of Detailed Mechanism and Critical Phenomena: Relationships 244 8.5.1 Mechanisms without Interaction between Intermediates 245 8.5.2 Horn–Jackson–Feinberg Mechanism 247 8.6 Nonideal Factors 250 8.7 Conclusions 251 Nomenclature 251 References 253 9 Kinetic Polynomials 263 9.1 Linear Introduction to the Nonlinear Problem: Recap 263 9.2 Nonlinear Introduction 266 9.3 Principles of the Approach: Quasi-Steady-State Approximation. Mathematical Basis 267 9.3.1 Introduction 267 9.3.2 Examples 269 9.4 Kinetic Polynomials: Derivation and Properties 270 9.4.1 Resultant Reaction Rate: A Necessary Mathematical Basis 270 9.4.2 Properties of the Kinetic Polynomial 272 9.4.3 Examples of Kinetic Polynomials 273 9.4.3.1 Impact Mechanism 273 9.4.3.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274 9.5 Kinetic Polynomial: Classical Approximations and Simplifications 276 9.5.1 Rate-limiting Step 276 9.5.2 Vicinity of Thermodynamic Equilibrium 278 9.5.3 Thermodynamic Branch 279 9.6 Application of Results of the Kinetic-polynomial Theory: Cycles across an Equilibrium 282 9.7 Critical Simplification 289 9.7.1 Critical Simplification: A Simple Example 289 9.7.2 Critical Simplification and Limitation 295 9.7.3 Principle of Critical Simplification: General Understanding and Application 296 9.8 Concluding Remarks 297 9.A Appendix 298 Nomenclature 299 References 301 10 Temporal Analysis of Products: Principles, Applications, and Theory 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Characteristics of TAP 309 10.2.1 The TAP Experiment 309 10.2.2 Description and Operation of a TAP Reactor System 310 10.2.3 Basic Principles of TAP 312 10.3 Position of TAP among Other Kinetic Methods 314 10.3.1 Uniformity of the Active Zone 315 10.3.1.1 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 315 10.3.1.2 Plug-flow Reactor 315 10.3.1.3 TAP Reactor 315 10.3.2 Domain of Conditions 315 10.3.3 Possibility of Obtaining Relevant Kinetic Information 316 10.3.4 Relationship between Observed Kinetic Characteristics and Catalyst Properties 316 10.3.5 Model-Free Kinetic Interpretation of Data 317 10.3.6 Summary of the Comparison 318 10.3.7 Applications of TAP 318 10.4 Qualitative Analysis of TAP Data: Examples 318 10.4.1 Single-pulse TAP Experiments 319 10.4.2 Pump-probe TAP Experiments 322 10.4.3 Multipulse TAP Experiments 324 10.5 Quantitative TAP Data Description.Theoretical Analysis 326 10.5.1 One-Zone Reactor 327 10.5.1.1 Diffusion Only 327 10.5.1.2 Irreversible Adsorption 330 10.5.1.3 Reversible Adsorption 331 10.5.2 Two- and Three-Zone Reactors 332 10.5.3 Thin-Zone TAP Reactor Configuration 333 10.5.4 Moment-Based Quantitative Description of TAP Experiments 336 10.5.4.1 Moments and Reactivities 336 10.5.4.2 From Moments to Reactivities 342 10.5.4.3 Experimental Procedure 345 10.5.4.4 Summary 348 10.6 Kinetic Monitoring: Strategy of Interrogative Kinetics 348 10.6.1 State-by-state Kinetic Monitoring. Example: Oxidation of Furan 348 10.6.2 Strategy of Interrogative Kinetics 352 10.7 Theoretical Frontiers 353 10.7.1 Global Transfer Matrix Equation 353 10.7.2 Y Procedure 354 10.7.2.1 Principles of the Solution 355 10.7.2.2 Exact Mathematical Solution 358 10.7.2.3 How to Reconstruct the Active Zone Concentration and Net Rate of Production in Practice 359 10.7.2.4 Numerical Experiments 361 10.7.2.5 Summary of the Y Procedure 364 10.7.3 Probabilistic Theory of Single-particle TAP Experiments 366 10.8 Conclusions:What Next? 367 Nomenclature 368 References 371 11 Joint Kinetics 383 11.1 Events and Invariances 383 11.2 Single Reaction 384 11.2.1 Batch Reactor 384 11.2.1.1 Basics 384 11.2.1.2 Point of Intersection 386 11.2.1.3 Swapping the Equilibrium 387 11.2.2 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 388 11.2.2.1 Basis 388 11.2.2.2 Point of Intersection 388 11.2.3 Invariances 389 11.3 Multiple Reactions 391 11.3.1 Events: Intersections and Coincidences 391 11.3.2 Mathematical Solutions of Kinetic Models 393 11.3.2.1 Batch Reactor 393 11.3.2.2 Continuous Stirred-tank Reactor 394 11.3.3 First Stage: Occurrence of Single Kinetic Events 394 11.3.4 Second Stage: Coincidences: Ordering Events by Pairs 397 11.3.5 End Products Intersection: Intersection of B and C 402 11.3.6 Invariances 403 Nomenclature 405 References 406 12 Decoding the Past 407 12.1 Chemical Time and Intermediates. Early History 407 12.2 Discovery of Catalysis and Chemical Kinetics 407 12.3 Guldberg and Waage’s Breakthrough 409 12.4 Van’t Hoff’s Revolution: Achievements and Contradictions 409 12.4.1 Undisputable Achievements 409 12.4.2 Contradictions 410 12.5 Post-Van’t Hoff Period: Reaction is Not a Single-act Drama 411 12.6 All-in-all Confusion. Attempts at Understanding 411 12.7 Out of Confusion: Physicochemical Understanding 412 12.8 Towards Mathematical Chemical Kinetics 414 Nomenclature 418 References 419 13 Decoding the Future 425 13.1 A Great Achievement, a Great Illusion 425 13.2 A New Paradigm for Decoding Chemical Complexity 426 13.2.1 Advanced Experimental Kinetic Tools 427 13.2.2 New Mathematical Tools. Chemical Kinetics and Mathematics 428 References 430 Index 433

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Book SynopsisThe book concentrates on powder flow properties, their measurement and applications. These topics are explained starting from the interactions between individual particles up to the design of silos. A wide range of problems are discussed – such as flow obstructions, segregation, and vibrations. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of the powder flow, and to show practical solutions.Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: “... Im ersten Teil, der etwa 250 Seiten umfasst, gelingt es dem Autor durch anschauliche Abbildungen und eine verständliche Darstellung, dem Leser einen tiefen Einblick in die Schüttguttechnik zu geben. ... Trotz dieser Ausführlichkeit ... bleibt das Buch durch seine klare und übersichtliche Struktur gut lesbar. Im zweiten Teil ... fließen die ... praktischen Erfahrungen des Autors ein ... Das ... Ziel, einem breiten Leserkreis eine verständliche Einführung in die Welt der Schüttguttechnik zu geben ... wird voll und ganz erreicht. … Es ist seit langem das beste Buch …“ (R. Schmitt, in: Chemie Ingenieur Technik, April/2010, Vol. 82, Issue 4, S. 553 f.)Table of ContentsFundamentals.- Flow properties of bulk solids.- Practical determination of flow properties.- A more detailed look at properties of bulk solids.- Discussion of testers and test procedures.- Properties exhibited by some bulk solids.- Examples of measured flow properties.- Stresses.- Silo design for flow.- Silo configurations.- Discharge of bulk solids.- Segregation.- Silo quaking and silo honking.- Sample problems and solutions.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive look at the enormous growth and evolution of distressed debt markets, corporate bankruptcy, and credit risk models ThisFourth Editionof the most authoritative finance book on the topic updates and expands its discussion of financial distress and bankruptcy, as well as the related topics dealing with leveraged finance, high-yield, and distressed debt markets. It offers state-of-the-art analysis and research on U.S. and international restructurings, applications of distress prediction models in financial and managerial markets, bankruptcy costs, restructuring outcomes, and more.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii Part One The Economic and Legal Framework of Corporate Restructuring and Bankruptcy Chapter 1 Corporate Financial Distress: Introduction and Statistical Background 3 Chapter 2 An Introduction to Leveraged Finance 21 Chapter 3 An Overview of the U.S. Bankruptcy Process 39 Chapter 4 Restructuring Out-of-Court and the Cost of Financial Distress 71 Chapter 5 Valuation of Distressed Firms 91 Chapter 6 Corporate Governance in Distressed Firms 117 Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Outcomes 135 Chapter 8 International Evidence 147 Part Two High-Yield Debt, Prediction of Corporate Distress, and Distress Investing Chapter 9 The High-Yield Bond Market: Risks and Returns for Investors and Analysts 165 Chapter 10 A 50-Year Retrospective on Credit Risk Models, the Altman Z-Score Family of Models, and Their Applications to Financial Markets and Managerial Strategies 189 Chapter 11 Applications of Distress Prediction Models: By External Analysts 217 Chapter 12 Distress Prediction Models: Catalysts for Constructive Change-Managing a Financial Turnaround 235 Chapter 13 A Bottom-Up Approach to Assessing Sovereign Default Risk 245 Chapter 14 The Anatomy of Distressed Debt Markets 265 Chapter 15 Investing in Distressed Firm Securities 277 Chapter 16 Modeling and Estimating Recovery Rates 295 References 315 Author Index 335 Subject Index 343

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Book SynopsisOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. The ability of carbon to link together to form long chain molecules and ring compounds as well as bonding with many other elements has led to a vast array of organic compounds. These compounds are central to life, forming the basis for organic molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In this Very Short Introduction Graham Patrick covers the whole range of organic compounds and their roles. Beginning with the structures and properties of the basic groups of organic compounds, he goes on to consider organic compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, polymers, food and drink, petrochemicals, and nanotechnology. He looks at how new materials, in particular the single layer form of carbon called graphene, are opening up exciting new possibilities for applications, and discusses the particular challenges of working with carbon compounds, many of which are colourless. Patrick also discusses techniques used in the field.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of ContentsREFERENCES; FURTHER READING; INDEX

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Nomenclature xxiii Part I Methodology 1 1 Fundamentals 3 1.1 System of Units 3 1.2 Fluid Properties 4 1.2.1 Pressure 4 1.2.2 Temperature 5 1.2.3 Density 6 1.2.4 Viscosity 6 1.2.5 Energy 7 1.2.6 Heat 7 1.3 Velocity 8 1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 8 1.4.1 Reynolds Number 8 1.4.2 Relative Roughness 9 1.4.3 Loss Coefficient 9 1.4.4 Mach Number 9 1.4.5 Froude Number 9 1.4.6 Reduced Pressure 10 1.4.7 Reduced Temperature 10 1.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 10 1.5 Equations of State 10 1.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 10 1.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 11 1.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 11 1.6 Flow Regimes 12 1.7 Similarity 12 1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 12 1.7.2 Limitations 13 References 13 Further Reading 13 2 Conservation Equations 15 2.1 Conservation of Mass 15 2.2 Conservation of Momentum 15 2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 17 2.4 Conservation of Energy 18 2.4.1 Potential Energy 18 2.4.2 Pressure Energy 19 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 19 2.4.4 Heat Energy 19 2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 20 2.5 General Energy Equation 20 2.6 Head Loss 21 2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 21 2.8 Conventional Head Loss 22 2.9 Grade Lines 23 References 23 Further Reading 23 3 Incompressible Flow 25 3.1 Conventional Head Loss 25 3.2 Sources of Head Loss 26 3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 26 3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 26 3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 26 3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 27 3.2.1.4 Friction Factor 27 3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 29 3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31 References 31 Further Reading 32 4 Compressible Flow 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Problem Solution Methods 34 4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 34 4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 35 4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 35 4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 36 4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 37 4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 39 4.4.1 Shapiro’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 39 4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 39 4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41 4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 42 4.4.2 Turton’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 42 4.4.3 Binder’s Adiabatic Flow Equation 43 4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 43 4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 44 4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 45 4.8 Two-Phase Flow 45 4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 45 4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and ẇ are Known 46 4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 46 4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 47 4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 47 4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 47 4.9.2 Solve for ẇ and t2 − K, p1 , t1 , and p2 are Known 48 4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 48 4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro’s Equation 48 4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder’s Equation 49 4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton’s Equation 49 4.9.3 Observations 49 4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow 50 4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 50 4.10.2 Input Data 50 4.10.3 Initial Calculations 50 4.10.4 Solution 50 4.10.5 Comparison with Crane’s Solutions 51 References 51 Further Reading 51 5 Network Analysis 53 5.1 Coupling Effects 53 5.2 Series Flow 54 5.3 Parallel Flow 54 5.4 Branching Flow 55 5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 56 5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 56 5.5.2 Input Parameters 57 5.5.3 Initial Calculations 57 5.5.4 Network Flow Equations 57 5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 57 5.5.4.2 Energy Equations 57 5.5.5 Solution 59 5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 59 5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 60 5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 60 5.6.1.2 Input Parameters 60 5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 62 5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 62 5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 63 5.6.1.6 Solution 63 5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 64 5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 64 5.6.2.2 Input Parameters 64 5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 64 5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 65 5.6.2.5 Solution 65 5.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop 65 5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 65 5.7.2 Input Data 66 5.7.3 Initial Calculations 67 5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations 67 5.7.4.1 Individual Loss Coefficients 67 5.7.4.2 Series Loss Coefficients 68 5.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations 68 5.7.5.1 Steam Dome to Steam Drum 68 5.7.5.2 Steam Drum to Turbine Stop Valves Pressure Drop 69 5.7.6 Predicted Pressure at Turbine Stop Valves 70 References 70 Further Reading 70 6 Transient Analysis 71 6.1 Methodology 71 6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 72 6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads 72 6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 73 6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 74 6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 75 6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 76 6.3.2 Heat Transfer 76 6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration 77 6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain 77 6.4.1.1 Direct Solution 78 6.4.1.2 Time Step Solution 78 References 78 Further Reading 78 7 Uncertainty 79 7.1 Error Sources 79 7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 81 7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 81 7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 81 7.4.1 Input Data 81 7.4.2 Solution 82 7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 82 7.5.1 Input Data 83 7.5.2 Solution 83 Further Reading 84 Part II Loss Coefficients 85 8 Surface Friction 87 8.1 Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness 87 8.2 Friction Factor 87 8.2.1 Laminar Flow Region 87 8.2.2 Critical Zone 88 8.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region 88 8.2.3.1 Smooth Pipes 88 8.2.3.2 Rough Pipes 88 8.3 The Colebrook–White Equation 88 8.4 The Moody Chart 89 8.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 89 8.5.1 Moody’s Approximate Formula 89 8.5.2 Wood’s Approximate Formula 90 8.5.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 90 8.5.4 Chen’s Formula 90 8.5.5 Shacham’s Formula 90 8.5.6 Barr’s Formula 90 8.5.7 Haaland’s Formulas 90 8.5.8 Manadilli’s Formula 90 8.5.9 Romeo’s Formula 91 8.5.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook– White Equation 91 8.6 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 91 8.6.1 Churchill’s 1977 Formula 91 8.6.2 Modifications to Churchill’s 1977 Formula 92 8.7 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces 93 8.8 Age and usage of Pipe 94 8.8.1 Corrosion and Encrustation 95 8.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 95 8.8.3 Inherent Margin 95 8.9 Noncircular Passages 97 References 97 Further Reading 98 9 Entrances 101 9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 101 9.1.1 Flush Mounted 101 9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 102 9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 102 9.2 Rounded Entrance 103 9.3 Beveled Entrance 104 9.4 Entrance Through an Orifice 104 9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 105 9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 106 References 111 Further Reading 111 10 Contractions 113 10.1 Flow Model 113 10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 114 10.3 Rounded Contraction 115 10.4 Conical Contraction 116 10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 117 10.4.2 Local Loss 118 10.5 Beveled Contraction 119 10.6 Smooth Contraction 119 10.7 Pipe Reducer – Contracting 120 References 125 Further Reading 125 11 Expansions 127 11.1 Sudden Expansion 127 11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 128 11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers 131 11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 132 11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 132 11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 135 11.5 Pipe Reducer – Expanding 136 References 142 Further Reading 142 12 Exits 145 12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 145 12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 146 12.3 Discharge from an Orifice 146 12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 147 12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 148 12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 148 13 Orifices 153 13.1 Generalized Flow Model 154 13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice 155 13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 155 13.2.2 In a Transition Section 156 13.2.3 In a Wall 157 13.3 Round-Edged Orifice 157 13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 157 13.3.2 In a Transition Section 158 13.3.3 In a Wall 159 13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 159 13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 159 13.4.2 In a Transition Section 160 13.4.3 In a Wall 160 13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 161 13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 161 13.5.2 In a Transition Section 162 13.5.3 In a Wall 163 13.6 Multi-Hole Orifices 163 13.7 Non-Circular Orifices 164 References 169 Further Reading 170 14 Flow Meters 173 14.1 Flow Nozzle 173 14.2 Venturi Tube 174 14.3 Nozzle/Venturi 175 References 177 Further Reading 177 15 Bends 179 15.1 Overview 179 15.2 Bend Losses 180 15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends 181 15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends 182 15.3 Coils 185 15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix 185 15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 185 15.4 Miter Bends 186 15.5 Coupled Bends 187 15.6 Bend Economy 187 References 192 Further Reading 193 16 Tees 195 16.1 Overview 195 16.1.1 Previous Endeavors 195 16.1.2 Observations 197 16.2 Diverging Tees 197 16.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run 197 16.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch 199 16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch 202 16.3 Converging Tees 202 16.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run 202 16.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch 204 16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch 207 16.4 Full-Flow Through Run 208 References 226 Further Reading 226 17 Pipe Joints 229 17.1 Weld Protrusion 229 17.2 Backing Rings 230 17.3 Misalignment 231 17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe 231 17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 231 18 Valves 233 18.1 Multiturn Valves 233 18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 233 18.1.2 Gate Valve 234 18.1.3 Globe Valve 234 18.1.4 Pinch Valve 235 18.1.5 Needle Valve 235 18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 236 18.2.1 Ball Valve 236 18.2.2 Butterfly Valve 236 18.2.3 Plug Valve 236 18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 237 18.3.1 Check Valve 237 18.3.2 Relief Valve 238 18.4 Control Valves 239 18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 239 References 240 Further Reading 240 19 Threaded Fittings 241 19.1 Reducers: Contracting 241 19.2 Reducers: Expanding 241 19.3 Elbows 242 19.4 Tees 242 19.5 Couplings 242 19.6 Valves 243 Reference 243 Further Reading 243 Part III Flow Phenomena 245 20 Cavitation 247 20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 247 20.2 Pipeline Design 248 20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 248 20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH 249 20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 250 20.4.1.1 Input Parameters 250 20.4.1.2 Solution 250 20.4.1.3 Results 250 20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 251 20.4.2.1 Input Parameters 251 20.4.2.2 Solution 251 20.4.2.3 Results 251 20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation 252 20.5.1 Input Parameters 252 20.5.2 Calculations and Results 253 Reference 253 Further Reading 254 21 Flow-induced Vibration 255 21.1 Steady Internal Flow 255 21.2 Steady External Flow 255 21.3 Water Hammer 256 21.4 Column Separation 258 References 258 Further Reading 258 22 Temperature Rise 261 22.1 Head Loss 261 22.2 Pump Temperature Rise 261 22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance 262 22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up 262 22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature 262 References 263 23 Flow to Run Full 265 23.1 Open Flow 265 23.2 Full Flow 266 23.3 Submerged Flow 268 23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application 269 Further Reading 270 24 Jet Pump Performance 271 24.1 Performance Characteristics 271 24.2 Mixing Section Model 272 24.2.1 Momentum Balance 273 24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient 273 24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density 274 24.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity 274 24.3 Component Flow Losses 274 24.3.1 Surface Friction 274 24.3.2 Loss Coefficients 274 24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths 276 24.4.1 Drive Flow Path 276 24.4.2 Suction Flow Path 276 24.5 Flow Model Validation 276 24.6 Example Problem: Water–Water Jet Pump 278 24.6.1 Flow Conditions 278 24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry 278 24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations 278 24.6.4 Loss Coefficients 279 24.6.5 Predicted Performance 280 24.7 Parametric Studies 281 24.7.1 Surface Finish Differences 281 24.7.2 Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio Variation 282 24.7.3 Density Differences 282 24.7.4 Viscosity Differences 282 24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Representations 283 24.8 Epilogue 283 References 283 Further Reading 283 Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1 Atmosphere 287 Appendix B Pipe Size Data 291 Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions 299 Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations 311 D.1 The Redlich–Kwong Equation 311 D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation 312 D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 314 D.4 Compressibility Chart 314 Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Using Mach Number as a Parameter 319 E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 319 E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322 E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 324 References 325 Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations 327 F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 327 F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 329 References 330 Appendix G Speed of Sound in Water 331 Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program 333 Index 343

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Many biological studies on insect management do not consider economics or fundamental economic principles. This book brings together economists and entomologists to explain the principles, successes, and challenges of effective insect management. It highlights the importance of economic analyses for decision making and the feasibility of such approaches, and examines integrated pest management (IPM) practices from around the world with an emphasis on agriculture and public health. The book begins by establishing an economic framework upon which to apply the principles of IPM. It continues to examine the entomological applications of economics, specifically, economic analyses concerning chemical, biological, and genetic control tactics as well as host plant resistance and the cost of sampling and is illustrated with case studies of economic-based IPM programs from around the world.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an essential overview of screen-printing. Routinely utilised to fabricate a range of useful electrochemical architectures, screen-printing is also used in a broad range of areas in both industry and academia. It supports the design of next-generation electrochemical sensing platforms, and allows proven laboratory-based approaches to be upscaled and commercially applied. To those skilled in the art, screen-printing allows novel and useful electrochemical architectures to be mass produced, offering fabrication processes that are cost-effective yet highly reproducible and yield significant electrical benefits. However, there is no readily available textbook that actually equips readers to set about the task of screen-printing, explaining its techniques and implementation. Addressing that gap, this book will be of interest to both academics and industrialists delving into screen-printing for the first time. It offers an essential resource for those readers who want learn to successfully design, fabricate and implement (and mass-produce) electrochemical based architectures, as well as those who already have a basic understanding of the process and want to advance their technical knowledge and skills. Trade Review Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the entire spectrum of green diesel and their applications in existing CI engines. This book discusses how a green diesel is a better fuel than biodiesel and petrodiesel and more suitable fuels for sustainable future development. The book begins with a concise overview of the fundamentals of the green diesel properties, preparation, and characterization of green diesel using hydroprocessing technology. The book covers recent developments in the domain of green diesel derived particularly from the second-/third-generation feedstocks. Various topics covered in this book include the catalysts involved in the processing of green diesel, characterization of the products as per ASTM/EN protocols. In addition, the book also illustrates characteristic features of green diesel and how it is different from biodiesel and petrodiesel. Other chapters cover performance and emission characteristics of green diesel in CI engines and techno-economic analysis. Moreover, the current status of green diesel industries is also incorporated. This book is of particular interest to graduate students and academic or industrial researchers/professionals working in the area of green diesel/green energy, bioenergy and mechanical, automobile, and chemical engineering. This book makes a forceful foundation for the establishment of green diesel refineries/biorefineries for a sustainable, cleaner, and greener future.Table of ContentsIntroduction/Origin of Green Diesel.- Feedstocks For Green Diesel.- Catalytic Materials for Green Diesel Production.- Green Diesel Production by Hydroprocessing Technology.- Commercial Green Diesel Production under Hydroprocessing Technology using Solid-based Heterogeneous Catalysts.- Green Diesel: Integrated Production processes, Future perspectives and Techno-economic feasibility.- Technological advancements in the production of green diesel from biomass.

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Book SynopsisThe in-lab preparation of certain chemical reagents provides a number of advantages over purchasing various commercially prepared samples. This is especially true in isolated regions where acquiring the necessary substances from overseas can cause undue delay and inconvenience due to restrictions on the transportation of hazardous chemicals. An invaluable resource for chemists in a variety of environments, Small-Scale Synthesis of Laboratory Reagents with Reaction Modeling presents efficient, sensible, and versatile methods for the laboratory preparation of common chemical reagents.Rapid, reliable synthesis Designed to facilitate smooth experimentation in the lab, this volume presents preparations chosen for their short duration, availability of apparatus, high yield, and high purity of the product. Adding an educational component, the book also discusses fundamental processes in inorganic chemistry, presenting original modeling of reactions and their practical implementation. Theoretical aspects are discussed to a greater extent than is usual in synthetic literature in cases where there is a direct impact on experimental parameters, such as the reaction time, yield, and purity of the product.More than 30 convenient, time-saving preparationsFocusing on simple synthesis of high-purity reagents, the book contains over 30 presentations, a substantial number of which are mathematically modeled for the first time. Most syntheses can be carried out in one day using common laboratory equipment, making this volume a valuable and time-saving tool.Table of ContentsSafety in the Laboratory. Sodium. Potassium. Lithium. Cesium. Lithium Hydride and Sodium Hydride. Bromine. Aluminum Bromide. Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Triethylaluminum and Diethylaluminum Bromide. Hydrazine Sulfate and Alcoholic Hydrazine Hydrate. Sodium and Potassium Azide. Potassium t-Butoxide and Potassium Hydride. Carbon Disulfide. Chlorine. Carbon Tetrachloride. Bis-Trichloromethyl Carbonate (Triphosgene). Phosphorus Pentachloride. Phosphorus Oxychloride. Sulfur Trioxide and Oleum. Thionyl Chloride and Chlorosulfonic Acid. Appendix: Assay of Reagents.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the scientific principles underlying electrochemistry. Starting with basic concepts of electricity, early chapters discuss the physics and chemistry of electrochemical cell materials and the properties that make them appropriate as cell components.Trade Review“Students will find it a good starting point to discover electrochemistry, which was pointed out as the primary objective by the authors. Job well done!.” (Chromatographia, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Electricity 1 Electric Charge 1 Charges at Rest 3 Capacitance and Conductance 8 Mobilities 18 Electrical Circuits 21 Alternating Electricity 23 Summary 28 2 Chemistry 29 Chemical Reactions 29 Gibbs Energy 30 Activity 33 Ionic Solutions 38 Ionic Activity Coefficients 41 Chemical Kinetics 46 Summary 52 3 Electrochemical Cells 55 Equilibrium Cells 55 Cells not at Equilibrium 60 Cells with Junctions 64 Summary 69 4 Electrosynthesis 71 Metal Production 71 The Chloralkali Industry 74 Organic Electrosynthesis 75 Electrolysis of Water 77 Selective Membranes 79 Summary 83 5 Electrochemical Power 85 Types of Electrochemical Power Source 85 Battery Characteristics 86 Primary Batteries 88 Secondary Batteries 94 Fuel Cells 100 Summary 104 6 Electrodes 105 Electrode Potentials 105 Standard Electrode Potentials 109 The Nernst Equation 111 Electrochemical Series 113 Working Electrodes 117 Summary 123 7 Electrode Reactions 125 Faraday’s Law 125 Kinetics of a Simple Electron Transfer 130 Multi-step Electrode Reactions 137 Summary 144 8 Transport 145 Flux Density 145 Three Transport Modes 148 Migration 149 Diffusion 154 Diffusion and Migration 158 Convection 161 Fluxes at Electrodes and in the Bulk 165 Summary 170 9 Green Electrochemistry 171 Sensors for Pollution Control 171 Stripping Analysis 177 Electrochemical Purification of Water 182 Electrochemistry of Biological Cells 186 Summary 192 10 Electrode Polarization 193 Three Causes of Electrode Polarization 193 Ohmic Polarization 197 Kinetic Polarization 200 Transport Polarization 202 Multiple Polarizations 205 Polarizations in Two- and Three-Electrode Cells 208 Summary 212 11 Corrosion 213 Vulnerable Metals 213 Corrosion Cells 215 Electrochemical Studies 217 Concentrated Corrosion 222 Fighting Corrosion 224 Extreme Corrosion 228 Summary 229 12 Steady-State Voltammetry 231 Features of Voltammetry 232 Microelectrodes and Macroelectrodes 234 Steady-State Potential-Step Voltammetry 237 The Disk Microelectrode 245 Rotating Disk Voltammetry 248 Shapes of Reversible Voltammograms 252 Summary 258 13 The Electrode Interface 259 Double Layers 259 Adsorption 266 The Interface in Voltammetry 271 Nucleation and Growth 281 Summary 285 14 Other Interfaces 287 Semiconductor Electrodes 287 Phenomena at Liquid*Liquid Interfaces 291 Electrokinetic Phenomena 298 Summary 302 15 Electrochemistry With Periodic Signals 303 Nonfaradaic Effects of A.C. 304 Faradaic Effects of A.C. 305 Equivalent Circuits 313 A.C. Voltammetry 318 Fourier-Transform Voltammetry 322 Summary 328 16 Transient Voltammetry 329 Modeling Transient Voltammetry 329 Potential-Step Voltammetry 334 Pulse Voltammetries 339 Ramped Potentials 346 Multiple Electron Transfers 355 Chemistry Combined with Electrochemistry 357 Controlling Current Instead of Potential 362 Summary 364 Appendix 365 Glossary 365 Absolute and Relative Permittivities 382 Properties of Liquid Water 383 Contents ix Conductivities and Resistivities 384 Elements with Major Importance in Electrochemistry 386 Transport Properties 388 Standard Gibbs Energies 390 Standard Electrode Potentials 392 Index 393

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Book Synopsis* Students will be led step-by-step through a chemical engineering project that illustrates important aspects of the discipline and how they are connected.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 What Is Chemical Engineering? CHAPTER 2 The Role of Chemical Processing CHAPTER 3 Solving Engineering Problems (What Shall We Do?) CHAPTER 4 Describing Physical Quantities CHAPTER 5 Material Balances (How Much Base Do We Need?) CHAPTER 6 Spreadsheets (Calculating the Cost of the Base) CHAPTER 7 Fluid Flow (Bringing the Base to the Acid) CHAPTER 8 Mass Transfer (Mixing the Acid and the Base) CHAPTER 9 Reaction Engineering (What Size Reactor?) CHAPTER 10 Heat Transfer (Cooling Down the Product) CHAPTER 11 Materials (An Important Equipment Feature) CHAPTER 12 Controlling the Process CHAPTER 13 Economics (Is It All Worth ItT?) CHAPTER 14 Case Studies (Integrating It All Together)

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Book SynopsisSaddlery has been in print for over forty years, acting as the student''s bible on the subject. Now in its third edition, the book has been fully revised and updated, taking into account all the advances in technology and the changes in fashion and in the industry. It continues to guide the student and horse owner through the bewildering variety of saddlery, horse equipment and clothing, describing its construction, purpose and correct usage by means of the uniquely informative text and clear line illustrations and now with colour photographs too.

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Book SynopsisAbout our authors David M. Himmelblau was the Paul D. and Betty Robertson Meek and American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor Emeritus in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, where he taught for forty-two years. He authored eleven books and more than two hundred articles on process analysis, fault detection, and optimization. He was president of the CACHE Corporation and director of the AIChE. James B. Riggs was a university professor for thirty years. Twenty-five of those years were spent at Texas Tech University, where he founded and directed the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. He authored several popular textbooks, including Computational Methods for Chemical Engineers; Programming with MATLAB for Engineers; and Chemical and Bio-Process Control, Fifth Edition.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Chapter 2 Introductory Concepts Part II Material Balances Chapter 3 Material Balances Chapter 4 Material Balances with Chemical Reaction Chapter 5 Material Balances for Multiunit Processes Part III Gases, Vapors, and Liquids Chapter 6 Ideal and Real Gases Chapter 7 Multiphase Equilibrium Part IV Energy Balances Chapter 8 Energy Balances without Reaction Chapter 9 Energy Balances with Reaction Part V Combined Material and Energy Balances Chapter 10 Humidity Chapter 11 Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances (Online Chapters) Chapter 12 Heats of Solution and Mixing Chapter 13 Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids Chapter 14 Solving Material and Energy Balances Part VI Supplementary Materials APPENDIXES A Atomic Weights and Numbers B Tables of the Pitzer Z0 and Z1 Factors C Heats of Formation and Combustion D Answers to Selected Problems (Online Appendixes) E Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances F Heat Capacity Equations G Vapor Pressures H Heats of Solution and Dilution I Enthalpy-Concentration Data J Thermodynamic Charts K Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions L Solution of Sets of Equations M Fitting Functions to Data Index

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Book SynopsisEssentials of Food Process Engineering provides basics and fundamentals of engineering subjects to students with a non-mathematical background who are perusing graduation and post-graduation career in Food Science and Engineering. This book is also useful as a handy refresher text for those involved in plant science and managers in the food processing and dairy industries. Beginning with engineering calculations, it covers the important topics like mass and energy balance, heat and mass transfer, psychrometry and refrigeration, etc., which are extensively used in Food Process Industry. A separate chapter on instruments for measurement of various parameters including measurement of food parameters is included.

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Book SynopsisPersian blue, pomegranate flower, spiny lobster, wine soup, pale flesh, dove breast, golden wax, grass green, green sand, rotten olive, modest plum, agate, rich French gray, gunpowder of the English...these are just some of the colour names of old fabric to fire the imagination. The Dyer's Handbook concerns a unique manuscript from the eighteenth century; a dyers memoirs from Languedoc, containing recipes for dyes with corresponding colour samples. It is an exceptional document, hugely rare and of great significance not only to textile historians but dyers and colourists today, as thanks to the information in the manuscript the colours can be reproduced exactly, with the same ingredients, or reproduced using modern techniques by matching the colour samples. To the English translation of the text, together with facsimile pages reproduced in colour from the original manuscript, are added essays meant to situate it in its historical, economic and technological contexts. For those historians who have long been fascinated by the change in scale and the amount of innovation that occurred in woollen cloth production in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, The Dyer's Handbook brings first-hand insight into the daily preoccupations and tasks of a key actor in the success story of the Languedocian broadcloth production specially devised for export to the Levant. Even non-specialists may be interested in understanding the clever management and technical organisation that made it possible for the author to produce, dye, finish, pack and export up to 1,375 pieces of superfine broadcloth per year, representing nearly 51 km of cloth.Trade Review...the author of the memoirs emerges as a highly competent and innovative dyer, for he created new colourways, and managed a successful manufacturing business. His ability to record accurately his recipes in one place and that the manuscript was preserved until the time Cardon became acquainted with it and brought it to our attention is like finding treasure. * Journal of Dress History *

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Book SynopsisTextiles are central to our lives and are at the heart of the world's largest industries. In recent years there has been a dynamic shift in attitudes toward textiles, fuelled in part by explosive developments in technology. While textiles have always retained roots in craft and industry, the discipline now embraces a much wider range of practices. Innovations in the industry demand a fresh approach to the subject, which this comprehensive introduction ably supplies. Taking as their starting point the very meaning of textiles, Gale and Kaur go on to show the astonishing range of opportunities for careers in the field, from the creative (artists, craftspeople and designers) to the social and industrial, to the commercial and associated practices (buyers, journalists, researchers and scientists). The Textile Book takes us behind the scenes with professionals to reveal what various jobs involve, what influences decision makers, and how their decisions affect what we buy next season. What happens to clothes before they reach the shops? What determines the 'must have' item? How can recycled bottles be transformed into silk-like yarns? These and many other questions are explored to show the diversity that makes up the contemporary global textile scene. Woven, printed, embroidered, knitted -- textiles are pivotal to the everyday experience of people in all parts of the world. This wide-ranging and informative book conveys the excitement and new challenges textiles represent and is essential reading for anyone working with, studying or simply interested in textiles.Trade Review'Although the authors planned this book as a text/reference book, I recommend reading every page ... a valuable authority that provides an historical and global view of the past, present, and future of textiles.' Handwoven 'Essential reading for anyone considering a career in textiles.' Embroidery Magazine 'The Textile book takes a compelling and very broad look at a myriad of aspects of fabrics and the humans using them...the authors seem to have tapped not only solid history, but a good deal of the most up-to-date information, including 'smart fabrics'...this subject, and its treatment in this book, is food for a lot of thought, discussion, and research.' Costume Journal 'Those studying textiles and the general public should find this book very useful.' Choice 'Upper division or graduate students as well as professionals in our field would certainly benefit from the content information of The Textile Book. More importantly, those in the textile community who read it, will be encouraged to engage in broad discourse that the subject deserves in order to better ensure the subject's future as an academic discipline.' Nancy Lyons, South Dakota State UniversityTable of ContentsContents Preface vii Part I Overviews 1What is Textiles?1 This Book3 2The Cultural Place of Textiles7 Gentility and Gender7 The Inner Spirit13 Capitalism and Communism16 Lifestyle23 3Perceptions of Fabric30 New Fabrics, New Aesthetics31 Fundamental Skills and the Evolution of Textile Practice33 The Influence of Skill35 The Influence of Science and Engineering38 Re-evaluation42 Part II The Creative 4The Textile Designer45 Design Practice49 Global Comparisons of Textile Design53 Futures61 5The Designer-Maker63 The Origins of Designer-Makers66 Employment67 Market68 Business71 Case Study: Lindsay Bloxam75 Personal Issues76 Establishing a Business78 Selling Stuff80 The Broader View82 6The Craftsperson85 Comparing Makers89 The Importance of Process-Led Practice93 A Role in the Modern World94 The Appeal of the Handmade98 Supporting Organizations99 7The Textile Artist102 Textile Art, Craft or Design?104 The Reason of Textile Art108 Issues of Content111 Ownership115 Part III The Social and Industrial Context 8Global Textile Traditions119 Regional Exchanges120 Patronage123 Ritual, Symbolism and Stories125 Weave127 Embroidery129 Print and Dye131 Contemporary Uses of Traditional Textiles134 Recent Textile Traditions136 9Ecology139 Pollution, Politics and Ecology139 The Role of Organizations and Agencies143 Government Policies and Organizations148 Eco or Green Design153 Case Study: Corporate Environmental Policies157 10Industry161 The Industrial Story162 Power and Influence170 The Future174 11The Role of Trends and Forecasting180 The Textile Industries and Forecasting183 The Forecasting Gurus and their Roles188 Part IV Related Disciplines and Studies 12The Buyer194 The Buyers Role195 Issues Affecting Buying Decisions196 Buying Textiles and Design-Led Textile Products200 The Suppliers Concerns203 International Issues204 The Future207 13Journalism212 The Media Industry212 Lifestyle and Textile Journalism215 Courting Fame220 The Internet223 14Science226 A Scientific History227 The Basics230 The Science Design Gap233 The Stuff of Fiction236 Future Issues241 15Research245 Archaeology and Anthropology245 Textiles, Cultural Identity and the Culture Industry 250 Museums and Collections255 Contemporary Textiles and Critical Studies 259 Bibliography263 Index27

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Book SynopsisWritten by an excellent, highly experienced and motivated team of lecturers, this textbook is based on one of the most successful courses in catalysis and as such is tried-and-tested by generations of graduate and PhD students, i.e. the Catalysis-An-Integrated-Approach (CAIA) course organized by NIOK, the Dutch Catalysis research school. It covers all essential aspects of this important topic, including homogeneous, heterogeneous and biocatalysis, but also kinetics, catalyst characterization and preparation, reactor design and engineering. The perfect source of information for graduate and PhD students in chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as for scientists wanting to refresh their knowledgeTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1Leon Lefferts, Ulf Hanefeld, and Harry Bitter 1.1 A FewWords at the Beginning 1 1.2 Catalysis in a Nutshell 1 1.3 History of Catalysis 3 1.3.1 Industrial Catalysis 4 1.3.2 Environmental Catalysis 5 1.4 Integration Homo–Hetero-Biocatalysis 5 1.5 Research in Catalysis 10 1.5.1 S-Curve, Old Processes Improvement Is Knowledge Intensive 10 1.5.2 Interdependence with Other Fields 11 1.5.3 Recent and Future Issues 12 1.6 Catalysis and Integrated Approach or How to Use this Book 14 References 14 2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 15Leon Lefferts, Emiel Hensen, and Hans Niemantsverdriet 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Concept of Heterogeneous Catalysis 15 2.1.2 Applications of Heterogeneous Catalysis 16 2.1.3 Catalytic Cycle 23 2.2 Adsorption on Surfaces 23 2.2.1 Physisorption and Chemisorption 24 2.2.2 Adsorption Isotherms 26 2.2.3 Chemisorption and Chemical Bonding 28 2.2.4 Connecting Kinetic andThermodynamic Formulations 33 2.3 Surface Reactions 35 2.3.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics 35 2.4 Types of Heterogeneous Catalysts 41 2.4.1 Supported Metals 41 2.4.2 Oxides and Sulfides 51 2.4.3 Solid Acid Catalysts 62 Question 1 69 Question 2 69 References 70 3 Homogeneous Catalysis 73Elisabeth Bouwman,Martin C. Feiters, and Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink 3.1 Framework and Outline 73 3.1.1 Outline of this Chapter 73 3.1.2 Definitions and Terminology 74 3.2 Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry 75 3.2.1 Coordination Chemistry: d Orbitals, Geometries, Crystal Field Theory 75 3.2.2 σ and π donors and back-donation: CO, alkene, phosphane, H2 77 3.2.3 Organometallics: Hapticity, Metal–Alkyl/Allyl, Agostic Interaction, Carbenes 80 3.2.4 Electron Counting: Ionogenic or Donor-Pair versus Covalent or Neutral-Ligand 81 3.2.5 Effect of Binding on Ligands andMetal Ions, Stabilization of Oxidation States 83 3.3 Elementary Steps in Homogeneous Catalysis 84 3.3.1 Formation of the Active Catalyst Species 84 3.3.2 Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination 85 3.3.3 Migration and Elimination 87 3.3.4 Oxidative Coupling and Reductive Cleavage 90 3.3.5 Alkene or Alkyne Metathesis and σ-Bond Metathesis 90 3.3.6 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Attack 92 3.4 Homogeneous Hydrogenation 95 3.4.1 Background and Scope 95 3.4.2 H2 DihydrideMechanism:Wilkinson’s Catalyst 96 3.4.3 H2 Monohydride Mechanism and Heterolytic Cleavage 97 3.4.4 Asymmetric Homogeneous Hydrogenation 98 3.4.5 Transfer Hydrogenation with 2-Propanol 100 3.4.6 Other Alkene Addition Reactions 102 3.5 Hydroformylation 104 3.5.1 Scope and Importance of the Reaction and Its Products 104 3.5.2 Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation 105 3.5.3 Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation 107 3.5.4 Asymmetric Hydroformylation 110 3.6 Oligomerization and Polymerization of Alkenes 112 3.6.1 Scope and Importance of Oligomerization and Polymerization 112 3.6.2 Oligomerization of Ethene (Ni, Cr) 113 3.6.3 Stereochemistry and Mechanism of Propene Polymerization 115 3.6.4 Metallocene Catalysis 117 3.6.5 Polymerization with Non-Metallocenes (Pd, Ni, Fe, Co) 118 3.7 Miscellaneous Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 118 3.7.1 Cross-Coupling Reactions: Pd-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation 118 3.7.2 Metathesis Reactions 120 Question 1 (total 20 points) 122 Question 2 (total 20 points) 122 References 123 Further Reading 124 4 Biocatalysis 127Guzman Torrelo, Frank Hollmann, and Ulf Hanefeld 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Why Are Enzymes So Huge? 129 4.3 Classification of Enzymes 137 4.3.1 Oxidoreductases (EC 1) 139 4.3.2 Transferases (EC 2) 147 4.3.3 Hydrolases (EC 3) 147 4.3.4 Lyases (EC 4) 157 4.4 Concepts and Methods 157 4.4.1 Cofactor Regeneration Systems 158 4.4.2 Methods to Shift Unfavorable Equilibria 159 4.4.3 Two-Liquid-Phase Systems (and Related) 164 4.4.4 (Dynamic) Kinetic Resolutions and Desymmetrization 164 4.4.5 Enantiomeric Ratio E 168 4.5 Applications and Case Studies 169 4.5.1 Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1) 169 4.5.2 Transferases (EC 2) 177 4.5.3 Hydrolases (EC 3) 179 4.5.3.1 Lipases and Esterases (EC 3.1.1) 179 4.5.4 Lyases (EC 4) 181 Question 1 186 Question 2 186 Question 3 187 Question 4 188 Further Reading 188 5 Chemical Kinetics of Catalyzed Reactions 191Freek Kapteijn, Jorge Gascon, and T. Alexander Nijhuis 5.1 Introduction 191 5.2 Rate Expressions – Quasi-Steady-State Approximation and Quasi-Equilibrium Assumption 193 5.3 Adsorption Isotherms 198 5.3.1 One-Component Adsorption 198 5.3.2 Multicomponent Adsorption 199 5.3.3 Dissociative Adsorption 200 5.4 Rate Expressions – Other Models and Generalizations 200 5.5 Limiting Cases – Reactant and Product Concentrations 202 5.6 Temperature and Pressure Dependence 206 5.6.1 Transition-StateTheory 207 5.6.2 Forward Reaction – Temperature and Pressure Dependence 208 5.6.3 Forward Reaction – Limiting Cases 209 5.7 Sabatier Principle – Volcano Plot 213 5.8 Concluding Remarks 214 Notation 216 Greek 217 Subscripts 217 Superscripts 217 Question 1 217 Question 2 218 Question 3 218 References 219 6 Catalytic Reaction Engineering 221Freek Kapteijn, Jorge Gascon, and T. Alexander Nijhuis 6.1 Introduction 221 6.2 Chemical Reactors 222 6.2.1 Balance and Definitions 222 6.2.2 Batch Reactor 224 6.2.2.1 Multiple Reactions 226 6.2.3 Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 228 6.2.4 Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 231 6.2.5 Comparison between Plug-flow and CSTR reactor 233 6.3 Reaction and Mass Transport 236 6.3.1 External Mass Transfer 237 6.3.2 Internal Mass Transport 242 6.3.3 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 248 6.3.4 Heat Transfer 254 6.4 Criteria to Check for Transport Limitations 257 6.4.1 Numerical Checks 257 6.4.2 Experimental Checks 260 Notation 264 Greek symbols 265 Subscripts 265 Question 1 265 Question 2 266 Question 3 267 References 269 7 Characterization of Catalysts 271Guido Mul, Frank de Groot, Barbara Mojet-Mol, and Moniek Tromp 7.1 Introduction 271 7.1.1 Importance of Characterization of Catalysts 271 7.1.2 Overview of the Various Techniques 271 7.2 Techniques Based on Probe Molecules 273 7.2.1 Temperature-Programmed Techniques 273 7.2.2 Physisorption and Chemisorption 275 7.3 Electron Microscopy Techniques 280 7.4 Techniques from Ultraviolet up to Infrared Radiation 283 7.4.1 UV/Vis Spectroscopy 283 7.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 286 7.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy 289 7.5 Techniques Based on X-Rays 291 7.5.1 Introduction 291 7.5.2 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 293 7.5.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 294 7.5.4 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 295 7.5.5 X-Ray Scattering 299 7.5.6 X-Ray Microscopy 302 7.6 Ion Spectroscopies 303 7.7 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Techniques 304 7.7.1 NMR 304 7.7.2 EPR 306 7.8 Summary 310 Question 1 310 Question 2 311 Question 3 312 References 313 8 Synthesis of Solid Supports and Catalysts 315Petra de Jongh and Krijn de Jong 8.1 Introduction 315 8.2 Support Materials 317 8.2.1 Mesoporous Metal Oxides 318 8.2.2 Ordered Microporous Materials 326 8.2.3 Carbon Materials 331 8.2.4 Shaping 333 8.3 Synthesis of Supported Catalysts 333 8.3.1 Colloidal Synthesis Routes 334 8.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 335 8.3.3 Ion Adsorption 338 8.3.4 Deposition Precipitation 341 8.3.5 Co-Precipitation 345 8.3.6 Impregnation and Drying 349 Question 1 357 Question 2 357 Question 3 358 References 358 Index 361

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Book SynopsisA one-stop reference that reviews protein design strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications is a comprehensive resource that offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the field, and contains detailed information on the methodologies and strategies behind these approaches. The authors—noted experts on the topic—explore the distinctive advantages and disadvantages of the presented methodologies and strategies in a targeted and focused manner that allows for the adaptation and implementation of the strategies for new applications. The book contains information on the directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design of proteins and offers a review of the most recent applications in industrial and medical biotechnology. This important book: Covers technologies and methodologies used in protein engineering Includes the strategies behind the approaches, designed to help with the adaptation and implementation of these strategies for new applications Offers a comprehensive and thorough treatment of protein engineering from primary strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Presents cutting edge advances in the continuously evolving field of protein engineering Written for students and professionals of bioengineering, biotechnology, biochemistry, Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications offers an essential resource to the design strategies in protein engineering and reviews recent applications.Table of ContentsPart I Directed Evolution 1 1 Continuous Evolution of Proteins In Vivo 3Alon Wellner, Arjun Ravikumar, and Chang C. Liu 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Challenges in Achieving In Vivo Continuous Evolution 5 1.3 Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution (PACE) 10 1.4 Systems That Allow In Vivo Continuous Directed Evolution 13 1.4.1 Targeted Mutagenesis in E. coli with Error-Prone DNA Polymerase I 13 1.4.2 Yeast Systems That Do Not Use Engineered DNA Polymerases for Mutagenesis 16 1.4.3 Somatic Hypermutation as a Means for Targeted Mutagenesis of GOIs 18 1.4.4 Orthogonal DNA Replication (OrthoRep) 20 1.5 Conclusion 22 References 22 2 In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 29Song Buck Tay and Ee Lui Ang 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Nucleic Acid-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 32 2.2.1 RNA-Type Biosensors 32 2.2.2 DNA-Type Biosensors 35 2.3 Protein-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 37 2.3.1 Transcription Factor-Type Biosensors 37 2.3.2 Enzyme-Type Biosensors 41 2.4 Characteristics of Biosensors for In Vivo Directed Protein Evolution 44 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 3 High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Complements Protein Engineering 57Tong Si, Pu Xue, Kisurb Choe, Huimin Zhao, and Jonathan V. Sweedler 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Procedures and Instrumentation for MS-Based Protein Assays 59 3.3 Technology Advances Focusing on Throughput Improvement 62 3.4 Applications of MS-Based Protein Assays: Summary 63 3.4.1 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Analysis 64 3.4.2 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Engineering 66 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 68 Acknowledgments 68 References 69 4 Recent Advances in Cell Surface Display Technologies for Directed Protein Evolution 81Maryam Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh and Wilfred Chen 4.1 Cell Display Methods 81 4.1.1 Phage Display 81 4.1.2 Bacterial Display Systems 83 4.1.3 Yeast Surface Display 84 4.1.4 Mammalian Display 85 4.2 Selection Methods and Strategies 86 4.2.1 High-Throughput Cell Screening 86 4.2.1.1 Panning 86 4.2.1.2 FACS 86 4.2.1.3 MACS 87 4.2.2 Selection Strategies 88 4.2.2.1 Competitive Selection (Counter Selection) 88 4.2.2.2 Negative/Positive Selection 89 4.3 Modifications of Cell Surface Display Systems 89 4.3.1 Modification of YSD for Enzyme Engineering 89 4.3.2 Yeast Co-display System 91 4.3.3 Surface Display of Multiple Proteins 91 4.4 Recent Advances to Expand Cell-Display Directed Evolution Techniques 93 4.4.1 μSCALE (Microcapillary Single-Cell Analysis and Laser Extraction) 93 4.4.2 Combining Cell Surface Display and Next-Generation Sequencing 94 4.4.3 PACE (Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution) 94 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96 References 97 5 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis for Semi-rational Enzyme Design 105Ge Qu, Zhoutong Sun, and Manfred T. Reetz 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Recent Methodology Developments in ISM-Based Directed Evolution 108 5.2.1 Choosing Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets Properly 109 5.2.1.1 Limonene Epoxide Hydrolase as the Catalyst in Hydrolytic Desymmetrization 109 5.2.1.2 Alcohol Dehydrogenase TbSADH as the Catalyst in Asymmetric Transformation of Difficult-to-Reduce Ketones 110 5.2.1.3 P450-BM3 as the Chemo- and Stereoselective Catalyst in a Whole-Cell Cascade Sequence 112 5.2.1.4 Multi-parameter Evolution Aided by Mutability Landscaping 115 5.2.2 Further Methodology Developments of CAST/ISM 117 5.2.2.1 Advances Based on Novel Molecular Biological Techniques and Computational Methods 117 5.2.2.2 Advances Based on Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis of SM Libraries 118 5.3 B-FIT as an ISM Method for Enhancing Protein Thermostability 120 5.4 Learning from CAST/ISM-Based Directed Evolution 121 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 121 Acknowledgment 124 References 124 Part II Rational and Semi-Rational Design 133 6 Data-driven Protein Engineering 135Jonathan Greenhalgh, Apoorv Saraogee, and Philip A. Romero 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 The Data Revolution in Biology 136 6.3 Statistical Representations of Protein Sequence, Structure, and Function 138 6.3.1 Representing Protein Sequences 138 6.3.2 Representing Protein Structures 140 6.4 Learning the Sequence-Function Mapping from Data 141 6.4.1 Supervised Learning (Regression/Classification) 141 6.4.2 Unsupervised/Semisupervised Learning 144 6.5 Applying Statistical Models to Engineer Proteins 145 6.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 147 References 148 7 Protein Engineering by Efficient Sequence Space Exploration Through Combination of Directed Evolution and Computational Design Methodologies 153Subrata Pramanik, Francisca Contreras, Mehdi D. Davari, and Ulrich Schwaneberg 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Protein Engineering Strategies 154 7.2.1 Computer-Aided Rational Design 155 7.2.1.1 FRESCO 155 7.2.1.2 FoldX 157 7.2.1.3 CNA 158 7.2.1.4 PROSS 159 7.2.1.5 ProSAR 160 7.2.2 Knowledge Based Directed Evolution 161 7.2.2.1 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis (ISM) 161 7.2.2.2 Mutagenic Organized Recombination Process by Homologous In Vivo Grouping (MORPHING) 161 7.2.2.3 Knowledge Gaining Directed Evolution (KnowVolution) 162 7.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 171 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 8 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzymes 177Kevin A. Harnden, Yajie Wang, Lam Vo, Huimin Zhao, and Yi Lu 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Rational Design 177 8.2.1 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 177 8.2.2 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 179 8.2.2.1 Redesign of Native Proteins 179 8.2.2.2 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 181 8.2.2.3 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 184 8.2.2.4 Supramolecular Anchoring in Native Protein 187 8.3 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzyme by Directed Evolution in Combination with Rational Design 188 8.3.1 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 188 8.3.2 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 189 8.3.2.1 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 189 8.3.2.2 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 192 8.3.2.3 Non-covalent Anchoring in Native Proteins 194 8.4 Summary and Outlook 200 Acknowledgment 201 References 201 9 Engineered Cytochromes P450 for Biocatalysis 207Hanan Alwaseem and Rudi Fasan 9.1 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases 207 9.2 Engineered Bacterial P450s for Biocatalytic Applications 210 9.2.1 Oxyfunctionalization of Small Organic Substrates 211 9.2.2 Late-Stage Functionalization of Natural Products 220 9.2.3 Synthesis of Drug Metabolites 224 9.3 High-throughput Methods for Screening Engineered P450s 227 9.4 Engineering of Hybrid P450 Systems 229 9.5 Engineered P450s with Improved Thermostability and Solubility 230 9.6 Conclusions 231 Acknowledgments 232 References 232 Part III Applications in Industrial Biotechnology 243 10 Protein Engineering Using Unnatural Amino Acids 245Yang Yu, Xiaohong Liu, and Jiangyun Wang 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Methods for Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation 246 10.3 Applications of Unnatural Amino Acids in Protein Engineering 247 10.3.1 Enhancing Stability 248 10.3.2 Mechanistic Study Using Spectroscopic Methods 248 10.3.3 Tuning Catalytic Activity 250 10.3.4 Tuning Selectivity 252 10.3.5 Enzyme Design 252 10.3.6 Protein Engineering Toward a Synthetic Life 255 10.4 Outlook 256 10.5 Conclusions 258 References 258 11 Application of Engineered Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) 265Juan Mangas-Sanchez, Sebastian C. Cosgrove, and Nicholas J. Turner 11.1 Introduction 265 11.1.1 Transferases 266 11.1.1.1 Transaminases 266 11.1.2 Oxidoreductases 267 11.1.2.1 Ketoreductases 267 11.1.2.2 Amino Acid Dehydrogenases 271 11.1.2.3 Cytochrome P450 Monoxygenases 272 11.1.2.4 Baeyer–Villiger Monoxygenases 273 11.1.2.5 Amine Oxidases 274 11.1.2.6 Hydroxylases 276 11.1.2.7 Imine Reductases 276 11.1.3 Lyases 278 11.1.3.1 Ammonia Lyases 278 11.1.4 Isomerases 278 11.1.5 Hydrolases 279 11.1.5.1 Esterases 279 11.1.5.2 Haloalkane Dehalogenase 279 11.1.6 Multi-enzyme Cascade 281 11.2 Conclusions 282 References 287 12 Directing Evolution of the Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295Javier Viña-Gonzalez and Miguel Alcalde 12.1 The Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295 12.2 Functional Expression in Yeast 297 12.2.1 The Evolution of Signal Peptides 297 12.2.2 Secretion Mutations in Mature Protein 300 12.2.3 The Importance of Codon Usage 301 12.3 Yeast as a Tool-Box in the Generation of DNA Diversity 302 12.4 Bringing Together Evolutionary Strategies and Computational Tools 305 12.5 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays for Ligninase Evolution 306 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook 309 Acknowledgments 309 References 310 13 Engineering Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Progress and Opportunities 317Annalee W. Nguyen and Jennifer A. Maynard 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Antibody Formats 318 13.2.1 Human IgG1 Structure 318 13.2.2 Antibody-Drug Conjugates 319 13.2.3 Bispecific Antibodies 320 13.2.4 Single Domain Antibodies 321 13.2.5 Chimeric Antigen Receptors 321 13.3 Antibody Discovery 322 13.3.1 Antibody Target Identification 322 13.3.1.1 Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Targets 323 13.3.1.2 Infectious Disease Targets 323 13.3.2 Screening for Target-Binding Antibodies 324 13.3.2.1 Synthetic Library Derived Antibodies 324 13.3.2.2 Host-Derived Antibodies 325 13.3.2.3 Immunization 325 13.3.2.4 Pairing the Light and Heavy Variable Regions 326 13.3.2.5 Humanization 327 13.3.2.6 Hybrid Approaches to Antibody Discovery 328 13.4 Therapeutic Optimization of Antibodies 328 13.4.1 Serum Half-Life 328 13.4.1.1 Antibody Half-Life Extension 329 13.4.1.2 Antibody Half-Life Reduction 331 13.4.1.3 Effect of Half-Life Modification on Effector Functions 331 13.4.2 Effector Functions 331 13.4.2.1 Effector Function Considerations for Cancer Therapeutics 332 13.4.2.2 Effector Function Considerations for Infectious Disease Prophylaxis and Therapy 333 13.4.2.3 Effector Function Considerations for Treating Autoimmune Disease 334 13.4.2.4 Approaches to Engineering the Effector Functions of the IgG1 Fc 334 13.4.3 Tissue Localization 335 13.4.4 Immunogenicity 335 13.4.4.1 Reducing T-Cell Recognition 336 13.4.4.2 Reducing Aggregation 336 13.5 Manufacturability of Antibodies 336 13.5.1 Increasing Antibody Yield 337 13.5.1.1 Codon Usage 337 13.5.1.2 Signal Peptide Optimization 337 13.5.1.3 Expression Optimization 338 13.5.2 Alternative Production Methods 338 13.6 Conclusions 339 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 14 Programming Novel Cancer Therapeutics: Design Principles for Chimeric Antigen Receptors 353Andrew J. Hou and Yvonne Y. Chen 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Metrics to Evaluate CAR-T Cell Function 354 14.3 Antigen-Recognition Domain 356 14.3.1 Tuning the Antigen-Recognition Domain to Manage Toxicity 356 14.3.2 Incorporation of Multiple Antigen-Recognition Domains to Engineer “Smarter” CARs 356 14.3.3 Novel Antigen-Recognition Domains to Enhance CAR Modularity 359 14.3.4 Engineering CARs that Target Soluble Factors 360 14.4 Extracellular Spacer 360 14.5 Transmembrane Domain 362 14.6 Signaling Domain 362 14.6.1 First- and Second-Generation CARs 362 14.6.2 Combinatorial Co-stimulation 363 14.6.3 Other Co-stimulatory Domains: ICOS, OX40, TLR2 364 14.6.4 Additional Considerations for CAR Signaling Domains 364 14.7 High-Throughput CAR Engineering 366 14.8 Novel Receptor Modalities 367 References 369 Part IV Applications in Medical Biotechnology 377 15 Development of Novel Cellular Imaging Tools Using Protein Engineering 379Praopim Limsakul, Chi-Wei Man, Qin Peng, Shaoying Lu, and Yingxiao Wang 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Cellular Imaging Tools Developed by Protein Engineering 380 15.2.1 Fluorescent Proteins 380 15.2.1.1 The FP Color Palette 380 15.2.1.2 Photocontrollable Fluorescent Proteins 381 15.2.1.3 Other Engineered Fluorescent Proteins 383 15.2.2 Antibodies and Protein Scaffolds 383 15.2.2.1 Antibodies 383 15.2.2.2 Antibody-Like Protein Scaffolds 384 15.2.2.3 Directed Evolution 384 15.2.3 Genetically Encoded Non-fluorescent Protein Tags 385 15.3 Application in Cellular Imaging 386 15.3.1 Cell Biology Applications 386 15.3.1.1 Localization 386 15.3.1.2 Cell Signaling 387 15.3.2 Application in Diagnostics and Medicine 390 15.3.2.1 Detection 390 15.3.2.2 Screening for Drugs 392 15.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 393 References 394 Index 403

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Book SynopsisBasic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology Understand the basics of a thriving interdisciplinary research field Microbial electrochemistry is a subfield of bioelectrochemistry which concerns interactions between microbial organisms and electrically active surfaces such as electrodes. Its growth as a subject of research has been rapid in recent years, and its technological applications are many, particularly as the race to find sustainable organic energy sources accelerates. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology offers an accessible overview of this interdisciplinary subject and its potential applications. Moving smoothly from the general to the specific, it offers both fundamental principles and some of the most relevant specific examples, such as biofilm electrodes, microbial fuel cells or microbial electrosynthesis cells, making it the ideal choice for building a working knowledge of this exciting new field. Its solid foundation of microbial electrochemical technologies also serves as a starting point for a wide range of applied research areas. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology readers will also find: Carefully designed artistic illustrations Hands-on exercises throughout to facilitate entry into laboratory work Numerous illustrative examples and calculations designed to demonstrate and reinforce key principles Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology is the perfect point of entry into this growing field for both students and researchers.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix List of Boxes xxi Preface xxiii 1 A Reader’s Guide to Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 1 2 A Basic Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1 Introduction to Microbial Energy Conversion and Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1.1 Microbial Conversions 3 2.1.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and Microbial Electrolysis Cells 5 2.2 Electroactive Microorganisms and Mechanisms of Extracellular Electron Transfer 7 2.2.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms: The Role Models of Electroactive Microorganisms 7 2.2.2 A Snapshot on Electroactive Microorganisms 8 2.3 Energetics: The Redox Tower and a Water Analogy 9 2.4 Wastewater Characteristics 13 2.4.1 Physical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.2 Chemical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.3 Organic Constituents in Wastewater 15 2.4.4 Biological Wastewater Characteristics 16 2.5 Microbial Electrochemical Technologies: Systems and Design 17 2.5.1 Main Components and Design 17 2.5.2 Operational Modes 18 2.5.3 Electrodes and Current Collectors 19 2.5.4 Ionic Charge Transport and Membranes 21 2.5.5 Lab Measurements and Criteria for Normalization 22 2.6 Short Alert on Terminology 23 Questions 24 References 25 3 Electrochemical Potential, Electrode Potential, and the Need for Reference Electrodes 27 3.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Potentials 27 3.1.1 A Physical-Chemical Approach Toward Electrochemical Potentials 28 3.2 Electrodes and Electrode Reactions 36 3.2.1 Definition of Electrodes and Electrochemical Half-Cells 36 3.2.2 Scientific Notation of Electrochemical Cells 37 3.2.3 Types of Electrodes 38 3.3 The Relative Electrode Potential and the Need for Reference Electrodes 40 3.3.1 Point of Reference for Electrode Potentials 42 3.3.2 Reference Electrodes Explained via the Water Analogy 45 Questions 46 References 47 4 Reaction Equations and Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Reactions 49 4.1 Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction Reactions and Thermodynamic Limits 49 4.2 How to Write and Balance Reaction Equations of (Bio)electrochemical Reactions 50 4.2.1 Reaction Equations for the Hydrogen Fuel Cell 51 4.2.2 Reaction Equations for a Microbial Electrolysis Cell 53 4.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Conversions 57 4.3.1 Calculations Assuming Standard Conditions 57 4.3.2 The Effect of Actual Concentrations on Gibbs Free Energy Change 62 4.3.3 The Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy Change 65 Questions 68 References 68 5 Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.1 Introduction to Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.2 What Is a Three-Electrode Arrangement, a Potentiostat or Power Supply, and for What Are They Needed? 70 5.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer and Capacitive Current 74 5.4 Potentiometry, Amperometry, Coulometry, and Constant Current Measurements 78 5.5 Chronoamperometry 82 Questions 87 References 88 6 Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.2 Basics of Electrochemical Kinetics 90 6.3 Electrochemical Reversibility 91 6.4 Overpotentials 94 6.5 The Overpotential Due to Mass Transfer 98 6.6 Potential-Current Plots and Electrode Kinetics 101 6.7 The Butler–Volmer Equation 103 6.8 Tafel Equation and Tafel Plots 106 6.9 Electrocatalysis 108 Questions 113 References 114 7 Dynamic Electrochemical Methods 115 7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Methods with Changing Electrode Potential 115 7.2 Voltammetry 117 7.3 Performing Dynamic Electrochemical Methods Using Potentiostats: Discriminating Capacitive and Faradaic Current 117 7.3.1 The Principles of Linear Sweep Voltammetry 120 7.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 123 7.4.1 General Considerations and Basic Data Analysis 123 7.4.2 Studying Biofilm Electrodes Using Cyclic Voltammetry 131 7.4.3 Experimental Design and Limits of Information from Data 134 7.5 Redox-Active Components in Microorganisms 136 7.6 Acquisition of Polarization and Power Curves Using Stepwise Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry 139 7.7 Acquisition of Polarization Curves Using External Resistance 145 7.8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 147 Questions 152 References 152 8 Electrochemical Analysis of Reactors 155 8.1 Introduction to Characterization of Microbial Electrochemical Cells 155 8.2 Mass and Electron Balances and Efficiency of Conversions 157 8.2.1 Establishing Balances for Mass and Electrons 157 8.2.2 Removal Efficiency 158 8.2.3 Coulombic Efficiency 159 8.3 Polarization and Power Curves: Analysis of Measured Data 161 8.4 Internal Resistance and Potential Losses 168 8.5 Energy Efficiency and Voltage Efficiency 174 8.6 Ionic Current and Transport Numbers 176 8.6.1 Ionic Current for the Specific Removal and Recovery of Ions 176 8.6.2 Ionic Current and pH Gradients 177 Questions 178 References 179 9 Seizing the Beauty and Acknowledging the Complexity of Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 181 Appendix A Abbreviations 185 Appendix B Symbols with Definition and Unit 187 Appendix C Solutions to Exercises 193 Appendix D Tabulated Values 217 Index 219

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPhillip C. Wankat, Clifton L. Lovell Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus at Purdue University, has served as director of undergraduate degree programs at Purdue's School of Engineering Education. His research interests include adsorption, large-scale chromatography, simulated moving bed systems, distillation, and improvements in engineering education. His teaching, research, and service awards have included Purdue's College of Education's 2007 Distinguished Education Alumni Award, the Morrill award (Purdue University's highest faculty award), and the 2016 AIChE Warren K. Lewis award.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Author xxvii Nomenclature xxix Chapter 1. Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 1 1.0 Summary—Objectives 1 1.1 Importance of Separations 1 1.2 Concept of Equilibrium 3 1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts 4 1.4 Problem-Solving Methods 5 1.5 Units 6 1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations 7 1.7 Prerequisite Material 7 1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 9 References 10 Problems 11 Chapter 2. Flash Distillation 13 2.0 Summary—Objectives 13 2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation 13 2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 15 2.3 Binary VLE 17 2.4 Binary Flash Distillation 26 2.5 Multicomponent VLE 32 2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation 36 2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence 40 2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations 45 2.9 Size Calculation 45 2.10 Using Existing Flash Drums 50 References 51 Problems 52 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 62 Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus 62 Lab 2. Flash Distillation 69 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation 72 Chapter 3. Introduction to Column Distillation 75 3.0 Summary—Objectives 75 3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade 75 3.2 Tray Column Distillation Equipment 82 3.3 Safety 85 3.4 Specifications 86 3.5 External Column Balances 88 References 92 Problems 92 Chapter 4. Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 99 4.0 Summary—Objectives 99 4.1 Internal Balances 99 4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods 103 4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method 109 4.4 Feed Line 113 4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method 120 4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation 123 4.7 Open Steam Heating 125 4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure 129 4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations 134 4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions 141 4.11 Efficiencies 143 4.12 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 145 4.13 Simulation Problems 146 4.14 New Uses for Old Columns 148 4.15 Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods 149 References 150 Problems 150 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation 165 Lab 3. Binary Distillation 165 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation 169 Chapter 5. Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 171 5.0 Summary—Objectives 171 5.1 Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation 171 5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 176 5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO 181 References 186 Problems 187 Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation 192 Chapter 6. Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 195 6.0 Summary—Objectives 195 6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 195 6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 196 6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures 200 6.4 Temperature Convergence 201 6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form 203 6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method 206 6.7 Discussion 207 References 208 Problems 208 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 214 Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation 214 Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies 216 Lab 6. Coupled Columns 220 Chapter 7. Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 223 7.0 Summary—Objectives 223 7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation 223 7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations 228 7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios 231 References 234 Problems 235 Chapter 8. Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 241 8.0 Summary—Objectives 241 8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations 241 8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 243 8.3 Continuous Steam Distillation 251 8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes 257 8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 259 8.6 Extractive Distillation 266 8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 272 8.8 Distillation with Chemical Reaction 274 References 277 Problems 278 Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems 292 Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes 292 Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes 295 Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation 298 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux 302 Chapter 9. Batch Distillation 303 9.0 Summary—Objectives 303 9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation 303 9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 305 9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation 307 9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation 312 9.5 Batch Steam Distillation 314 9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation 317 9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations 321 9.8 Operating Time 324 References 326 Problems 326 Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis 334 Chapter 10. Staged and Packed Column Design 337 10.0 Summary—Objectives 337 10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description 338 10.2 Tray Efficiencies 344 10.3 Column Diameter Calculations 351 10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters 356 10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics 358 10.6 Valve Tray Design 364 10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design 366 10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals 366 10.9 Packed Column Design: HETP Method 368 10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation 371 10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns 378 10.12 Choice of Column Type 379 10.13 Fire Hazards of Structured Packings 381 References 382 Problems 385 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator 392 Lab 10. Detailed Design 392 Chapter 11. Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation 397 11.0 Summary—Objectives 397 11.1 Equipment Costs 397 11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design 404 11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs 406 11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates 414 11.5 Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems 415 11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation 419 11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems 425 11.8 Next Steps 429 References 430 Problems 431 Chapter 12. Absorption and Stripping 439 12.0 Summary—Objectives 440 12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 441 12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption 444 12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems 446 12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation 447 12.5 Efficiencies 452 12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems 453 12.7 Column Diameter 457 12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 458 12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 460 12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades 463 References 465 Problems 466 Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping 474 Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping 474 Chapter 13. Liquid-Liquid Extraction 481 13.0 Summary—Objectives 481 13.1 Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment 481 13.2 Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection 486 13.3 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction 489 13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction 499 13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 502 13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction 506 13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems 508 13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 511 13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems 513 13.10 Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction 516 13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems 522 13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems 523 13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations 525 13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers 526 References 537 Problems 538 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction 545 Lab 12. Extraction 545 Chapter 14. Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 551 14.0 Summary—Objectives 551 14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 551 14.2 Washing 552 14.3 Leaching 559 14.4 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction 565 References 568 Problems 568 Chapter 15. Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer 575 15.0 Summary−Objectives 576 15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer 577 15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity 578 15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities 593 15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems 601 15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 615 15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model 626 15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer 627 15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models 641 15.9 Useful Approximate Values 642 References 642 Problems 643 Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 650 Chapter 16. Mass Transfer Analyses for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction 653 16.0 Summary—Objectives 653 16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns 653 16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU 661 16.3 Correlations for HTU Values for Packings 663 16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers 670 16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers 675 16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency 677 16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction 679 16.7.4.3 Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction 689 16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation 690 References 693 Problems 695 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation 702 Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation 702 Chapter 17. Crystallization from Solution 705 17.0 Summary–Objectives 706 17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution 706 17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers 712 17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers 722 17.4 Experimental Crystal Size Distribution 729 17.5 Introduction to Population Balances 734 17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers 736 17.7 Seeding 750 17.8 Scaleup 755 17.9 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization 756 17.10 Precipitation 761 References 764 Problems 765 Appendix. Spreadsheet 772 Chapter 18. Melt Crystallization 773 18.0 Summary–Objectives 773 18.1 Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization 774 18.2 Suspension Melt Crystallization 780 18.3 Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing 793 18.4 Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process 808 18.5 Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization 809 18.6 Zone Melting 819 18.7 Post-Crystallization Processing 824 18.8 Scaleup 827 18.9 Hybrid Crystallization–Distillation Processes 828 18.10 Predictions 833 References 834 Problems 836 Chapter 19. Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 841 19.0 Summary—Objectives 844 19.1 Membrane Separation Equipment 844 19.2 Membrane Concepts 847 19.3 Gas Permeation (GP) 850 19.4 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) 865 19.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)` 881 19.6 Pervaporation 891 19.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects 902 References 905 Problems 907 Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP 918 Chapter 20. Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 923 20.0 Summary—Objectives 924 20.1 Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium 924 20.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 935 20.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 942 20.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 963 20.5 Ion Exchange 970 References 978 Problems 980 Chapter 21. Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 991 21.0 Summary—Objectives 991 21.1 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds 991 21.2 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 1000 21.3 Nonlinear Systems 1008 21.4 Checklist for Practical Design and Operation 1019 References 1021 Problems 1022 Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator 1030 Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography 1031 Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms 1035 Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms 1036 Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer 1038 Lab AC5. Flow Reversal 1041 Lab AC6. Ion Exchange 1045 Lab AC7. SMB and TMB 1048 Lab AC8. Thermal Systems 1051 Answers to Selected Problems 1057 Appendix A. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations 1063 Appendix B. Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus 1067 Appendix C. Unit Conversions and Physical Constants 1071 Appendix D. Data Locations 1073 Index

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Book SynopsisDavid M. Himmelblau was Paul D. and Betty Robertson Meek and American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor Emeritus in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, where he taught for forty-two years. He authored eleven books and more than two hundred articles on process analysis, fault detection, and optimization. He was president of the CACHE Corporation, and director of AIChE. James B. Riggs was a university professor for thirty years. Twenty-five of those years were spent at Texas Tech University, where he founded and directed the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. He authored several popular textbooks, including Computational Methods for Engineers with MATLAB Applications, Thirteenth Edition; Programming with MATLAB for Engineers, Fourteenth Edition; and Chemical and Bio-Process Control, Fifth Edition.Table of ContentsPreface xv How to Use This Book xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii Part I: Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering 3 1.1 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 3 1.2 Types of Jobs Chemical Engineers Perform 6 1.3 Industries in Which Chemical Engineers Work 8 1.4 Sustainability 10 1.5 Ethics 24 Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 29 2.1 Units of Measure 29 2.2 Unit Conversions 35 2.3 Equations and Units 41 2.4 Measurement Errors and Significant Figures 47 2.5 Validation of Results 53 2.6 Mass, Moles, and Density 55 2.7 Process Variables 75 Part II: Material Balances 125 Chapter 3: Material Balances 127 3.1 The Connection between a Process and Its Schematic 129 3.2 Introduction to Material Balances 134 3.3 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 145 3.4 Material Balances for Single Unit Systems 164 3.5 Vectors and Matrices 188 3.6 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with MATLAB 190 3.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Python 196 Chapter 4: Material Balances with Chemical Reaction 225 4.1 Stoichiometry 226 4.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 235 4.3 Species Mole Balances 248 4.4 Element Material Balances 268 4.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 276 Chapter 5: Material Balances for Multiunit Processes 313 5.1 Preliminary Concepts 314 5.2 Sequential Multiunit Systems 317 5.3 Recycle Systems 340 5.4 Bypass and Purge 357 5.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 367 Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 401 Chapter 6: Ideal and Real Gases 403 6.1 Ideal Gases 405 6.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 422 6.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 436 6.4 Real Gas Mixtures 444 Chapter 7: Multiphase Equilibrium 473 7.1 Introduction 473 7.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 475 7.3 Single-Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 487 7.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 504 7.5 Two-Component Gas/Two-Component Liquid Systems 523 7.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 536 Part IV: Energy Balances 559 Chapter 8: Energy Balances without Reaction 561 8.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 564 8.2 Overview of Types of Energy and Energy Balances 569 8.3 Energy Balances for Closed, Unsteady-State Systems 574 8.4 Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems 597 8.5 Mechanical Energy Balances 627 8.6 Energy Balances for Special Cases 640 Chapter 9: Energy Balances with Reaction 681 9.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 682 9.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 688 9.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 700 9.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 726 Part V: Combined Material and Energy Balances 747 Chapter 10: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts 749 10.1 Terminology 751 10.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 755 10.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 765 Chapter 11: Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances 781 11.1 Unsteady-State Balances 783 11.2 Numerical Integration of ODEs 790 11.3 Examples 799 Supplemental online materials: Chapter 12: Heats of Solution and Mixing 825 Chapter 13: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids 845 Chapter 14: Solving Material and Energy Balances Using Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes) 857 Part VI: Supplementary Material--Appendixes 889 Appendix A: Atomic Weights and Numbers 893 Appendix B: Tables of the Pitzer Z^0 and Z^1 Factors 894 Appendix C: Heats of Formation and Combustion 899 Appendix D: Answers to Selected Problems 903 Supplemental online materials: Appendix E: Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances 908 Appendix F: Heat Capacity Equations 920 Appendix G: Vapor Pressures 924 Appendix H: Heats of Solution and Dilution 925 Appendix I: Enthalpy-Concentration Data 926 Appendix J: Thermodynamic Charts 933 Appendix K: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions 940 Appendix L: Solution of Sets of Equations 949 Appendix M: Fitting Functions to Data 971 Index 975

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Book SynopsisWritten by a highly regarded author with industrial and academic experience, this new edition of an established bestselling book provides practical guidance for students, researchers, and those in chemical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv Nomenclature xvii 1 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration 1 2 Process Economics 19 3 Optimization 37 4 Chemical Reactors I – Reactor Performance 59 5 Chemical Reactors II – Reactor Conditions 81 6 Chemical Reactors III – Reactor Configuration 107 7 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures 125 8 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I – Distillation 139 9 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures II – Other Methods 185 10 Distillation Sequencing 221 11 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation 247 12 Heat Exchange 275 13 Pumping and Compression 349 14 Continuous Process Recycle Structure 377 15 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization 393 16 Batch Processes 417 17 Heat Exchanger Networks I – Network Targets 457 18 Heat Exchanger Networks II – Network Design 501 19 Heat Exchanger Networks III – Stream Data 543 20 Heat Integration of Reactors 555 21 Heat Integration of Distillation 563 22 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers 577 23 Steam Systems and Cogeneration 583 24 Cooling and Refrigeration Systems 647 25 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions 687 26 Water System Design 721 27 Environmental Sustainability in Chemical Production 781 28 Process Safety 811 Appendix A Physical Properties in Process Design 827 Appendix B Materials of Construction 853 Appendix C Annualization of Capital Cost 861 Appendix D The Maximum Thermal Effectiveness for 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 863 Appendix E Expression for the Minimum Number of 1–2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit 865 Appendix F Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 867 Appendix G Gas Compression Theory 875 Appendix H Algorithm for the Heat Exchanger Network Area Target 881 Index 883

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Book SynopsisH. Scott Fogler was the Ame and Catherine Vennema Professor of Chemical Engineering and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan. He was 2009 President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Fogler chaired ASEE's Chemical Engineering Division, served as director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and earned the Warren K. Lewis Award from AIChE for contributions to chemical engineering education. He received the Chemical Manufacturers Association's National Catalyst Award and the 2010 Malcolm E. Pruitt Award from the Council for Chemical Research. Bryan R. Goldsmith is the Dow Corning Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He joined Michigan in 2017 after completing a Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin, Germany. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of California Sa

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to design 2. Fundamentals of material balances 3. Fundamentals of energy balances (and energy utilisation) 4. Flow-sheeting 5. Piping and instrumentation 6. Costing and project evaluation 7. Materials of construction 8. Design information and data 9. Safety and loss prevention 10. Equipment selection, specification and design 11. Separation columns (distillation, absorption and extraction) 12. Heat-transfer equipment 13. Mechanical design of process equipment 14. General site considerations

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I: Process Design 1. Introduction to Design 2. Process Flowsheet Development 3. Utilities and Energy Efficient Design 4. Process Simulation 5. Instrumentation and Process Control 6. Materials of Construction 7. Capital Cost Estimating 8. Estimating Revenues and Production Costs 9. Economic Evaluation of Projects 10. Safety and Loss Prevention 11. General Site Considerations 12. Optimization in Design Part II: Plant Design 13. Equipment Selection, Specification and Design 14. Design of Pressure Vessels 15. Design of Reactors and Mixers 16. Separation of Fluids 17. Separation Columns (Distillation, Absorption and Extraction) 18. Specification and Design of Solids-Handling Equipment 19. Heat Transfer Equipment 20. Transport and Storage of Fluids

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Book SynopsisB. Wayne Bequette is a Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Technology Manager for the Smart Manufacturing Innovation Center (SMIC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where his research efforts are focused on the modeling and control of chemical process, biomedical, biopharma, and food manufacturing systems. He serves as the Board Secretary for the American Automatic Control Council (AACC) and as a Trustee of the Computer Aids for Chemical Engineering (CACHE) Corporation. Dr. Bequette is a founding member of the editorial board of the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology and serves on the editorial board of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. He is a Fellow of IEEE, AIChE, and the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineers (AIMBE), and was inducted into the Arkansas Academy of Chemical Engineers. He is the author of Process Control: Modeling, Design, and Simulation, Second Edition, and Proce

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Book SynopsisUpdated throughout for the new edition, Armour: Materials, Theory, and Design covers extant and emergent protection technologies driving advances in armour systems. Covering materials, theory and design, the book has applications in vehicle, ship, personnel and building use.Introducing a wide range of armour technologies, the book is a key guide to the technology used to protect against both blasts and ballistic attacks. Chapters cover bullets, blasts, jets and fragments, as well as penetration mechanics. The new edition builds on the previous one, discussing ceramics and metallic materials as well as woven fabrics and composite laminates. Detailing modern technology advancements, the second edition has also been expanded to include improved explanations on shock mechanisms and includes significantly more figures and diagrams.An essential guide to armour technology, this book outlines key ways to implement protective strategies applicable for many Trade ReviewThe first edition of this book is always within easy reach in my office, as it is a trusted and reliable reference text for my teaching and research. As a world leading expert, Paul Hazell delivers a second edition that expands on the key concepts which adds to its readability which I am sure students will appreciate, and the new chapter on computational modelling is a welcome addition which rounds off what is a superb book. This book should be a standard reference text for anyone interested in impact dynamics, terminal ballistics, armour systems design, and protection technologies.Professor Mark Stewart, University of Technology Sydney This work is a one-stop, up-to-date resource for everything one needs to know to design, select, utilize and test an armour, and it is truly a treasure trove of details and data that greatly enrich[es]… understanding of these extremely challenging, advanced engineered systems. I am not familiar with any competing book that provides the same level of detailed and comprehensive information on the subject, and it is therefore very highly recommended.Professor Paolo Colombo, Universita di PadovaPaul Hazell’s second journey into the complex world of armour is a well-received addition to his already comprehensive first edition, a must for all engineers at any stage of their career, myself included! The welcome addition of the computational methods chapter ensures this book stays at the forefront of armour design resources. His expertise, passion, and wealth of knowledge is reflected in these pages, with an ease of reading only a teacher who understands both the topic and the students studying it could achieve. I have recommended the first edition to my own students and will enthusiastically continue to do so with the release of the second edition.Professor Tuan Ngo, University of MelbourneTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. An Introduction to Materials 3. Bullets, Blast, Jets and Fragments 4. Penetration Mechanics 5. Stress Waves 6. Computational Methods for Armour Design 7. Metallic Armour Materials and Structures 8. Ceramic Armour 9. Woven Fabrics and Composite Laminates for Armour Applications 10. Reactive Armour Systems 11. Human Vulnerability 12. Blast and Ballistic Testing Techniques

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Book SynopsisThe extraordinary growth in the production and use of man-made fibers over the past fewdecades has focused attention on the surface properties of fibers and textiles. This volumecombines surface science and technology in its presentation of the substantial progressthat has been made in the technology related to the surface characteristics of natural,synthetic, and glass fibers and textiles.Adopting an interdisciplinary approach , the coverage places emphasis upon the wetting,soiling, staining, frictional, and adhesive properties of fibers and fabrics, as well asphenomena related to these properties. The book offers critical reviews which describeexperimental facts, theories, and processes. Symbols are clearly defined in each chapter.Among the subjects covered are the surface properties of glass fibers, soil release, stainand water repellance, friction of fabrics, bonding of nonwovens, and the wetting of fibers.Surface Characteristics of Fibers and Textiles, Part II is an outstanding textbook forcourses dealing with surface chemistry, the mechanical properties of textiles, textiletechnology, and polymer chemistry . It is also a valuable reference book designed to makecurrent knowledge on these subjects accessible to industrial and academic researchers.Table of Contents1. The Wetting of Fibers 2. Soil Release by Textile Surfaces 3. Stain and Water Repellency of Textiles 4. Surface Properties of Glass Fibers 5. The Role of Friction in the Mechanical Behavior of Fabrics 6. Surface Properties in Relation to the Bonding of Nonwovens

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Book SynopsisSusan M. Watkins is Professor Emeritus in Apparel Design from Cornell University, USA, and Designer and Manager of Portable Environments, LLC, a consulting company focused on protective clothing design. Lucy E. Dunne is Assistant Professor at the University of Minnesota, USA, where she sits on the faculty of Design, Housing, and Apparel and Human Factors and Ergonomics, as well as holding affiliate membership in the graduate faculties of Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Institute for Health Informatics.Trade ReviewI think it is a very good source for technical information and is a good introduction for the start of specific research. I see more cross over between functional and performance based garment design and ready to wear (sportswear apparel ) than ever before. -- Lisa Hayes, Drexel University, USAn excellent resource… The revision follows the logic and rationale of the original. -- Karen L. LaBat, University of Minnesota, USFunctional Clothing Design is a unique ‘must-have’ guideline for industrial, military and civilian clothing designers and engineers. It elevates the design of functional clothing to its rightful place as a complex multi-disciplined engineering process. As those of us in the field can attest, the approach outlined will be useful for developing a broad spectrum of clothing products that support and enhance human performance. * Suzanne M. Reeps *Essential reading…this text is indeed a bible. -- Sandra Tullio-Pow, Ryerson University, CanadaTable of ContentsPreface About the Illustrations Introduction Chapter 1. User-Centered Design Chapter 2. Providing Mobility in Clothing Chapter 3. Materials Chapter 4. Smart Clothing and Wearable Technology Chapter 5. Thermal Protection Chapter 6. Impact Protection Chapter 7: Living and Working in Hazardous Environments Chapter 8. Enhancing and Augmenting Body Functions Chapter 9. Commercial product development and production Glossary Reference List Index

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Book SynopsisChemical Engineering: An Introduction enables students to explore the activities a modern chemical engineer is involved with, by focusing on mass and energy balances in liquid-phase processes.Trade Review'Designed to enable students to explore the activities in which a modern chemical engineer is involved.' Times Higher Education Supplement'… modern and concise … a very useful book for new undergraduate students and also other scientists and engineers working on the interface with chemical engineering … The author's use of more modern unit operations, such as membrane separations, to illustrate traditional concepts of chemical engineering is appealing and gives a fresh perspective to 'old' topics.' Chemistry World (rsc.org/chemistryworld)'Denn's book is a compact introduction to material and energy balances that gives a flavor for the kinds of problems with which chemical engineers grapple.' John H. Seinfeld, AiChE Journal'If your students are well-prepared, the text provides a well-structured framework to explore the fundamentals of chemical engineering analysis and to give an overview of the breadth of opportunities that lie ahead for chemical engineers.' David L. Silverstein, Chemical Engineering EducationTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Basic concepts of analysis; 3. The balance equation; 4. Component mass balances; 5. Membrane separation; 6. Reacting systems; 7. Designing reactors; 8. Bioreactors and nonlinear systems; 9. Overcoming equilibrium; 10. Two-phase systems and interfacial mass transfer; 11. Equilibrium staged processes; 12. Energy balances; 13. Heat exchange; 14. Energy balances for multi-component systems; 15. Energy balances for reacting systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the 8th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials, Science, and Technology on topics such as Cell and Stack Development; Electrochemical/Mechanical/Thermal Performance; Electrodes; Interconnects; Novel Cell/Stack Design and Processing; and Reliability/Degradation.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi CELL/STACK DEVELOPMENT Recent Development of SOFC Cell and Stack at NTT 3 Reiichi Chiba, Hiroaki Taguchi, Takeshi Komatsu, Himeko Orui, Kazuhiko Nozawa, Kimitaka Watanabe, Yoshiteru Yoshida, Masayuki Yokoo, Akihiro Miyasaka, Hajime Arai, and Katsuya Hayashi Investigation of the Effects of NiO-ScSZ-Layer Insertion on the Current Collection and Catalytic Properties of ScSZ-based Micro-Tubular SOFC 15 Toshiaki Yamaguchi and Nigel Sammes ELECTROLYTES Effect of Dopants on Ce02 Based Solid State Electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature Electrochemical Devices 23 E. Yu. Pikalova, A. K. Demin, V. G. Bamburov, V. I. Maragou, and P. E. Tsiakaras ELECTRODES Electrochemical Phenomena in MEA Electrodes 37 Mihails Kusnezoff, Nikolai Trofimenko, and Alexander Michaelis The Effect of A-Site Stoichiometry on LSCF Cathode Performance and Stability 61 Jared Templeton, John Hardy, Zigui Lu, and Jeff Stevenson Influence of Operational Parameters on LSCF and LSF Stability 67 Amaia Arregui, Lide M. Rodriguez-Martinez, Stefano Modena, Jan van Herle, Massimo Bertoldi, and Vincenzo M. Sglavo Assessment of the Electrochemical Properties of BSCF and Samarium Doped BSCF Perovskites 77 Keling Zhang, Alex Lassman, Atul Verma, and Prabhakar Singh Role of Sintering Atmosphere on the Stability of LSM-YSZ Composite 89 Manoj Mahapatra and Prabhakar Singh INTERCONNECTS Crofer22 APU in Real SOFC Stacks 101 Qingping Fang, Mario Heinrich, and Christian Wunderlich Assessment of Chromium Evaporation from Chromia and Alumina Forming Alloys 115 Sanjit Bhowmick, Gavin Le, Atul Verma, and Prabhakar Singh Effect of Chromium Doping on the Crystal Structure, Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Expansion of Manganese Cobalt Spinel Oxides 125 Yingjia Liu, Kangli Wang, and Jeffrey W. Fergus Effect of Metallic Interconnect Thickness on its Long-Term Performance in SOFCs 131 Wenning Liu, Xin Sun, Liz Stephens, and Moe Khaleel Characterization of the Conductive Protection Layers on Alloy Interconnect for SOFC 139 Xiaojia Du, Minfang Han, and Ze Lei NOVEL CELL/STACK DESIGN AND PROCESSING Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 149 Norbert H. Menzler, Wolfgang Schafbauer, Robert Mücke, Ralf Kauert, Oliver Büchler, Hans Peter Buchkremer, and Detlev Stöver Production of Current Collector-Supported Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Sacrificial Inner Core 161 Ricardo De la Torre, Michèle Casarin, and Vincenzo M. Sglavo RELIABILITY/DEGRADATION Numerical Modeling of Cathode Contact Material Densification 171 Brian J. Koeppel, Wenning Liu, Elizabeth V. Stephens, and Moe A. Khaleel Observations on the Air Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Degradation in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 183 Michael Keane, Atul Verma, and Prabhakar Singh FUEL REFORMING Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 195 Mitsunobu Kawano, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Koji Hashino, and Toru Inagaki Author Index 207

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Book SynopsisA collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the 5th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology on topics such as Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires and other One-dimensional Structures; Nanostructured Membranes, Thin Films, and Functional Coatings; Synthesis, Functionalization and Processing of Nanostructured Materials; and Advanced Applications.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi NANOMATERIALS FOR PHOTOCATALYSIS, SOLAR, HYDROGEN, AND THERMOELECTRICS Morphology Controlled Electrospinning of V205 Nanofibers and Their Gas Sensing Behavior 3 R. Von Hagen, A. Lepcha, M. Hoffmann, M. Di Biase, and S. Mathur Fabrication of Nanostructured a-Fe2O3 Films for Solar-Driven Hydrogen Generation using Hybrid Heating 11 Bala Vaidhyanathan, Sina Saremi-Yarahmadi, and K. G. Upul Wijayantha NANOSTRUCTURED MEMBRANES, THIN FILMS, AND FUNCTIONAL COATINGS Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetal Decorated Carbon Spheres for Sensing Applications 23 Innocentia V. Sibiya and S. Sinha Ray NANOTUBES AND POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY Microwave Irradiation of Ruthenium on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 33 Letlhogonolo F. Mabena, Suprakas Sinha Ray, and Neil J. Coville Amine Functionaiization of Carbon Nanotubes for the Preparation of CNT Based Polylactide Composites-A Comparative Study 43 Sreejarani K. Pillai, James Ramontja, and Suprakas Sinha Ray The Effect of Surface Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes on the Morphology, As Well As Thermal, Thermomechanical, and Crystallization Properties of Polylactide 53 James Ramontja, Suprakas Sinha Ray, Sreejarani K. Pillai, and Adriaan S. Luyt Structure and Properties Multilayered Micro- and Nanocomposite Coatings of Ti-N-Al/Ti-N/Al2O3 69 A. D. Pogrebnjak, V. M. Beresnev, M. VJI'yashenko, D. A. Kolesnikov, A. P. Shypylenko, A. Sh. Kaverina, N. K. Erdybaeva, V. V. Kosyak, P.V. Zukovski, F. F. Komarov, and V. V. Grudnitskii Formation of Nanostructured Carbonitride Layers during Implantation of NiTi 79 Alexander Pogrebnjak, Sergey Bratushka, and Nela Levintant Design and Construction of Complex Nanostructed Al203 Coating for Protective Applications 91 P. Manivasakan, V. Rajendran, P. R. Rauta, B. B. Sahu, and B. K. Panda Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Silver/Gold Nanoparticles Loaded Carbon Nanotubes 103 Charity Maepa, Sreejarani K. Pillai, Suprakas Sinha Ray, and Leskey Cele The Comparison in the Efficiency in Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotubes and Undoped Carbon Nanotubes in the Anchoring of Silver Nanoparticles 113 K. Mphahlele, S. Sinha Ray, M. S. Onyango, and S. D. Mhlanga SYNTHESIS, FUNCTIONALIZATION, AND PROCESSING OF NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIAL Synthesis of Submicron-Size CaB6 Powders using Various Boron Sources 127 A. Akkoyunlu, R. Koc, J. Mawdsley, and D. Carter Synthesis of Submicron/Nano Sized CaB6 from Carbon Coated Precursors 137 Naved Siddiqui, Rasit Koc, Jennifer Mawdsley, and David Carter An Easy Two-Step Microwave Assisted Synthesis of SnO2/CNT Hybrids 151 Sarah C. Motshekga, Sreejarani K. Pillai, Suprakas Sinha Ray, Kalala Jalama, and Rui W. M Krause Grain Size Reduction and Surface Modification Effect in Polycrystalline Y2O3 Subject to High Pressure Processing 157 Jafar F. Al-Sharab, Bernard H. Kear, S. Deutsch, and Stephen D. Tse Synthesis of Nano-Size TiB2 Powders Using Carbon Coated Precursors 165 Pi. Duddukuri, R. Koc, J. Mawdsley, and D. Carter High Temperature Diffraction Study of In-Situ Crystallization of TiO2 Photocatalysts 177 I. M. Low, W. K. Pang, V. De La Prida, V. Vega, J. A. Kimpton, and M. lonescu Author Index 187

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Book SynopsisHuman Factors Handbook for Process Plant Operations Provides clear and simple instructions for integrating Human Factors principles and practices in the design of processes and work tasks Human Factors, the science of interaction between humans and other elements of a system, draws from disciplines such as psychology, ergonomics, anthropometrics, and physiology to understand how and why people behave and perform as they doand how best to support them in performing tasks. The goals of the Human Factors approach are to improve human reliability, minimize the risk from human error, and optimize the working environment, human wellbeing, and overall system performance. Human Factors Handbook for Process Plant Operations guides supervisors, managers, and engineers on incorporating Human Factors principles and practices into plant maintenance and operations. With thorough and accessible coverage of all Human Factors topics of relevance to process industries, thiTable of ContentsGlossary xxiii Acronyms xxv Acknowledgements xxvii Foreword xxix Part 1: Concepts, principles, and foundational knowledge 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 What is “Human Factors”? 3 1.2 Purpose of this handbook 4 1.3 Why Human Factors? 7 1.4 The structure of this handbook 9 2 Human performance and error 11 2.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 11 2.2 An example of successful human performance 11 2.3 An example of unsuccessful human performance 13 2.4 Key learning points from this Chapter 17 3 Options for supporting human performance 19 3.1 Learning objective of this Chapter 19 3.2 Types of human performance 19 3.3 Types of human performance, errors and mistakes 21 3.4 Selecting options for supporting human performance 30 3.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 34 4 Supporting human capabilities 35 4.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 35 4.2 Attention 35 4.3 Vigilance 36 4.4 Memory 37 4.5 Cognitive capacity 38 4.6 Cognitive heuristics/biases 39 4.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 41 Part 2: Procedures and job aids 43 5 Human performance and job aids 45 5.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 45 5.2 An example of a major accident 45 5.3 The role of job aids in supporting human performance 46 5.4 Approach to developing effective job aids 48 5.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 52 6 Selecting a type of job aid 53 6.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 53 6.2 Stage 1: Determining the need for a job aid 53 6.3 Stage 2: Selecting the type of job aid 62 6.4 Electronic job aids 67 6.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 68 7 Developing content of a job aid 69 7.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 69 7.2 Outputs from task analysis 69 7.3 Outputs from Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis 72 7.4 User involvement 72 7.5 Validation of job aids 74 7.6 Keeping job aids up to date 75 7.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 76 8 Format and design of job aids 77 8.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 77 8.2 Structure and layout 77 8.3 Navigation 82 8.4 Instructional Language 84 8.5 Pictorial information 87 8.6 Icons 88 8.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 90 Part 3: Equipment 91 9 Human Factors in equipment design 93 9.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 93 9.2 Definitions 93 9.3 Major accident example 94 9.4 Error traps 96 9.5 How might poor equipment Human Factors cause error? 98 9.6 Example of poor equipment Human Factors 101 9.7 Supporting human performance by good equipment design 103 9.8 Mitigating poor design 111 9.9 Key learning points from this Chapter 113 Part 4: Operational competence 115 10 Human performance and operational competency 117 10.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 117 10.2 What is competency? 117 10.3 Competency Management 118 10.4 An example of effective Process Safety Competency Management 121 10.5 An example of gaps in operational competency 122 10.6 Competency influencing factors 124 10.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 125 11 Determining operational competency requirements 127 11.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 127 11.2 Identify and define safety critical competency: overview 127 11.3 Step 1: Identify safety critical tasks 128 11.4 Step 2: Identify required competency 130 11.5 Step 3: Define performance standards 132 11.6 Key learning points from this Chapter 136 12 Identifying learning requirements 137 12.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 137 12.2 Competency gap analysis 137 12.3 Training Needs Analysis 138 12.4 Key learning points from this Chapter 142 13 Operational competency development 143 13.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 143 13.2 Good practice in learning 143 13.3 Key learning points from this Chapter 149 14 Operational competency assessment 151 14.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 151 14.2 Reasons for competency assessment 151 14.3 How to conduct assessment of competency 151 14.4 Reassessment 157 14.5 Managing competency gaps 158 14.6 Competency and learning records 160 14.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 160 Part 5: Task support 161 15 Fatigue and staffing levels 163 15.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 163 15.2 A fatigue-related accident 163 15.3 Managing fatigue risk 168 15.4 Key learning points from this Chapter 178 16 Task planning and error assessment 179 16.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 179 16.2 Incident example 179 16.3 Human Factors and task planning 180 16.4 Error assessment within task planning 182 16.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 187 17 Error management in task planning, preparation and control 189 17.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 189 17.2 Overview 189 17.3 Preventing optimism bias in task planning: scheduling 190 17.4 Assigning safety critical tasks 194 17.5 Distractions and interruptions 195 17.6 Long and low demand tasks 199 17.7 The Human Factors of control of work packages 202 17.8 Team briefings 204 17.9 Human Factors of system isolation 205 17.10 Human Factors of managing interlocks and automatic trips 210 17.11 Key learning points from this Chapter 214 18 Capturing, challenging and correcting operational error 215 18.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 215 18.2 Failing to spot, challenge, and recover from errors 215 18.3 Why do we fail to capture, challenge, and correct errors? 217 18.4 Coaching people to recognize risk of making errors 218 18.5 Error Management Training 220 18.6 Enabling challenge of task performance 224 18.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 231 19 Communicating information and instructions 233 19.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 233 19.2 Incident example 233 19.3 Causes of poor communication 234 19.4 Human Factors of communications 235 19.5 Avoiding communication overload 237 19.6 Human Factors in shift handover 241 19.7 Key learning points from this Chapter 245 Part 6: Non-technical skills 247 20 Situation awareness and agile thinking 249 20.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 249 20.2 What are situation awareness and agile thinking? 249 20.3 Accidents from poor situation awareness and rigid thinking 252 20.4 Causes of poor situation awareness and rigid thinking 253 20.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 256 21 Fostering situation awareness and agile thinking 257 21.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 257 21.2 Training in situation awareness skills 257 21.3 Practical situation awareness tools and tactics 262 21.4 Recognizing loss of situation awareness 268 21.5 Fostering agile decision-making 270 21.6 Key learning points from this Chapter 275 22 Human Factors in emergencies 277 22.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 277 22.2 An example accident 277 22.3 Supporting human performance in emergencies 281 22.4 Non-technical skills for emergency response 284 22.5 Key learning points from this Chapter 297 Part 7: Working with contractors and managing change 299 23 Working with contractors 301 23.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 301 23.2 An accident involving contractors 301 23.3 Human Factors tactics for supporting contractors 304 23.4 Key learning points from this Chapter 307 24 Human Factors of operational level change 309 24.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 309 24.2 What do we mean by operational level change? 309 24.3 Operational level change and major accidents 310 24.4 Recognizing operational level changes that impact human performance 311 24.5 Managing Human Factors of changes 314 24.6 Key learning points from this Chapter 317 Part 8: Recognizing and learning from performance 319 25 Indicators of human performance 321 25.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 321 25.2 What are performance indicators? 321 25.3 Identifying human performance indicators 323 25.4 Examples of human performance indicators 324 25.5 Sharing and acting on human performance indicators 332 25.6 Key learning points from this Chapter 333 26 Learning from error and human performance 335 26.1 Learning objectives of this Chapter 335 26.2 The importance of understanding error 336 26.3 Examples of poor learning 338 26.4 Learning in high performing teams 340 26.5 Human Factors of investigating process 341 26.6 Selecting preventive Human Factors actions 356 26.7 Learning 359 26.8 Key learning points from this Chapter 362 Appendices A Human error concepts 373 B Major accident case studies 383 C Human Factors Competency Matrix 397 D Competency performance standards 415 E Learning methods and performance 420 F Situation awareness and behavioral markers 425 G Human Factors change checklist 431 Index 437

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction ix Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xviii Chapter 1 The Leadership Challenge 1 Chapter 2 The Case for Safety 13 Chapter 3 The Practice of Leadership 23 Chapter 4 Moments of High Influence 35 Chapter 5 Managing by Walking Around 43 Chapter 6 Following All the Rules … All the Time 55 Chapter 7 Recognizing Hazards and Managing Risk 67 Chapter 8 Behavior, Consequences—and Attitude! 87 Chapter 9 The Power of Questions 107 Chapter 10 Making Change Happen 117 Chapter 11 Understanding What Went Wrong 127 Chapter 12 Managing Accountability 141 Chapter 13 Managing Safety Suggestions 153 Chapter 14 Safety Meetings Worth Having 161 Chapter 15 Creating the Culture You Want 171 Chapter 16 Investing in Training 187 Chapter 17 Measuring Safety Performance 203 Chapter 18 Managing Safety Dilemmas 227 Chapter 19 Leading From the Middle 247 Chapter 20 Mistakes Managers Make 261 Chapter 21 Driving Execution 275 Chapter 22 Making a Difference 289 References 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisWritten for those less comfortable with science and mathematics, this text introduces the major chemical engineering topics for non-chemical engineers. With a focus on the practical rather than the theoretical, the reader will obtain a foundation in chemical engineering that can be applied directly to the workplace. By the end of this book, the user will be aware of the major considerations required to safely and efficiently design and operate a chemical processing facility. Simplified accounts of traditional chemical engineering topics are covered in the first two-thirds of the book, and include: materials and energy balances, heat and mass transport, fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, separation processes, process control and process equipment design. The latter part details modern topics, such as biochemical engineering and sustainable development, plus practical topics of safety and process economics, providing the reader with a complete guide. Case studies are included throughout, building a real-world connection. These case studies form a common thread throughout the book, motivating the reader and offering enhanced understanding. Further reading directs those wishing for a deeper appreciation of certain topics. This book is ideal for professionals working with chemical engineers, and decision makers in chemical engineering industries. It will also be suitable for chemical engineering courses where a simplified introductory text is desired.Table of ContentsIntroducing Processes; Working With Units; Chemistry Basics; Material and Energy Balances; Phase Behaviour; Heat and Mass Transport; Fluid Mechanics; Reaction Engineering; Separation Processes; Processes Instrumentation and Control; Process Equipment Design; Particle Mechanics; Biochemical Engineering; Safety; Sustainable Development; Process Economics; Process Plant Design; Operations; The Methanol Plant

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Book SynopsisThis volume has two main objectives: establishing a chronology of the Middle Balsas and detailing the region’s pottery production methods. The author posits that pottery intended for different functions was often deliberately made and/or decorated in ways that were chosen to make the vessels more appropriate for their intended functions. More specifically, this study determines whether any of the pottery production patterns identified in the region are linked to specific constraints imposed by the materials during the process of pottery manufacture. For example, it examines whether variables such as vessel shape and wall thickness correlate with the clay types and processing techniques determined during thin section analysis of the ancient sherds. Additionally, certain production behaviours are identified that are characteristic of the entire region and that can be used as markers of local tradition.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction: Problem Statement, Theoretical Underpinnings, and the Ecology of the Middle Balsas Region ; Chapter 2: Previous Work and Contemporary Archaeological Projects in and Surrounding the Middle Balsas Region ; Chapter 3: Methods ; Chapter 4: Field Results from the Sites of La Quesería, Itzímbaro, and Mexiquito ; Chapter 5: Results from Laboratory Analyses and Replication Studies ; Chapter 6: Patterns in Middle Balsas Pottery Production and their Interpretation ; Chapter 7: Conclusions ; Bibliography ; Appendix 1: Registry of Bags from La Quesería, Itzímbaro, and Mexiquito ; Appendix 2: Ceramic Analysis ; Appendix 3: Diameter and Thickness Measurements ; Appendix 4: Obsidian Analysis ; Appendix 5: Figurine Analysis ; Appendix 6: Raw Point Count Data ; Appendix 7: Strength Test Data

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Book SynopsisTextile production and the manufacture of clothing was one of the most essential daily activities in prehistory. Textiles were significant objects of practical use, and at the same time had cultural, social and symbolic meaning, crucial for displaying the identity, gender, social rank and status, or wealth of their users. However, evidence of ancient clothing is scarce due to unfavourable preservation of organic materials. Only occasionally are prehistoric textiles and associated implements preserved, mainly as a result of exceptional environmental conditions, such as waterlogged contexts like bogs, or in very dry or cold climates. In other cases textiles are sporadically mineralised, carbonised or preserved by metal corrosion. Textiles and leather can also be visible as imprints on clay.The beginning of textile manufacture is still vague, but can be traced back to the upper Palaeolithic. Important developments in textile technology, e.g. weaving, spinning with a spindle, introduction of wool, appeared in Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. This book is devoted to the early textile production in Europe and the Mediterranean and aims to collect and investigate the combined evidence of textile and leather remains, tools, workplaces and textile iconography.The chapters discuss the recent achievements in the research of ancient textiles and textile production, textile techniques such as spinning, fabric and skin manufacture, use of textile tools and experimental textile archaeology. The volume explores important cultural and social aspects of textile production, and its development.Trade ReviewThis is an important, well-illustrated and well-edited publication that I highly recommend to anyone interested in prehistory and ancient protohistory. * Revue de l’Archéologie du Vêtement et du Costume *Table of ContentsList of contributors Preface 1. Introduction Małgorzata Siennicka, Lorenz Rahmstorf and Agata Ulanowska 2. Early loom types in ancient societies Eva Andersson Strand 3. Discussing flax domestication in Europe using biometric measurements on recent and archaeological flax seeds – a pilot study Sabine Karg, Axel Diederichsen and Simon Jeppson 4. From adorned nudity to a dignitary’s wardrobe: symbolic raiment in the southern Levant 13 500 BC–3900 BC Janet Levy 5. The earliest cloth culture in Denmark Ulla Mannering 6. Loom weights and weaving at the archaeological site of São Pedro (Redondo, Portugal) Catarina Costeira and Rui Mataloto 7. Evidence of textile technology in the Early Neolithic site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain). Some hypotheses Miriam de Diego, Raquel Piqué, Antoni Palomo, Xavier Terradas, Maria Saña, Ignacio Clemente and Millán Mozota 8. From east to west: the use of spinning bowls from the Chalcolithic period to the Iron Age María Irene Ruiz de Haro 9. From the loom to the forge. Elements of power at the end of Neolithic in western Europe: a focus on textile activities Fabienne Médard 10. Textile manufacture in the prehistoric pile dwellings of south-west Germany: planned investigation Johanna Banck-Burgess 11. Late Neolithic weaving tools from Melk-Spielberg in Austria: experiments with crescent-shaped weights Karina Grömer 12. Two sides of a whorl. Unspinning the meanings and functionality of Eneolithic textile tools Ana Grabundžija 13. Plant textiles in a grave mound of the Early Bronze Age in eastern Romania Neculai Bolohan and Ciprian-Cătălin Lazanu 14. Social contexts of textile production in Bulgaria during the Late Chalcolithic: from multimedia work-areas to material, social and cultural transformations Petya Hristova 15. Experimenting with loom weights. More observations on the functionality of Early Bronze Age textile tools from Greece Agata Ulanowska 16. Textile tools and manufacture in the Early Bronze Age Cyclades: evidence from Amorgos and Keros Giorgos Gavalas 17. Fibre crafts and social complexity: yarn production in the Aegean islands in the Early Bronze Age Sophia Vakirtzi 18. In search of ‘invisible’ textile tools and techniques of band weaving in the Bronze Age Aegean Agata Ulanowska 19. The Early Bronze Age textile implements from the Eskişehir region in inland north-western Anatolia Deniz Sarı 20. Investigating continuity and change in textile making at Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey) during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC Romina Laurito

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Book SynopsisPlasma Polymer Films examines the current status of the deposition and characterization of fluorocarbon-, hydrocarbon- and silicon-containing plasma polymer films and nanocomposites, with plasma polymer matrix. It introduces plasma polymerization process diagnostics such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES, AOES), and describes special deposition techniques such as atmospheric pressure glow discharge. Important issues for applications such as degradation and stability are treated in detail, and structural characterization, basic electrical and optical properties and biomedical applications are discussed.

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