Biochemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisConsolidates the lore of the older dyers with the author's own first-hand experience to produce both a history of natural dyes and a practical manual for using pre-synthetic era processes on all the natural fibres - cotton, linen, silk, and wool.

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Book SynopsisDiscover the subject of optimization in a new light with this modern and unique treatment. Includes a thorough exposition of applications and algorithms in sufficient detail for practical use, while providing you with all the necessary background in a self-contained manner. Features a deeper consideration of optimal control, global optimization, optimization under uncertainty, multiobjective optimization, mixed-integer programming and model predictive control. Presents a complete coverage of formulations and instances in modelling where optimization can be applied for quantitative decision-making. As a thorough grounding to the subject, covering everything from basic to advanced concepts and addressing real-life problems faced by modern industry, this is a perfect tool for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in chemical and biochemical engineering.Trade Review'This book offers a very clear, uncluttered presentation of key ideas of optimisation in rigorous form and with plenty of examples from a decade of research and educational experience. It offers an exceptional resource for educators and students of optimisation methods, as well as a valuable reference text to practitioners.' Alexei Lapkin, University of Cambridge'This excellent book brings together important and up-to-date elements of the theory and practice of optimisation with application to chemical and biochemical engineering. It's an ideal reference for students on advanced courses or for researchers in the field.' Nilay Shah, Imperial CollegeTable of ContentsPart I. Overview of Optimization: 1. Introduction to optimization; Part II. From General Mathematical Background to General Nonlinear Programming Problems (NLP): 2. General concepts; 3. Convexity; 4. Quadratic functions; 5. Minimization in one dimension; 6. Unconstrained multivariate gradient-based minimization; 7. Constrained nonlinear programming problems (NLP); 8. Penalty and barrier function methods; 9. Interior point methods (IPMs), a detailed analysis; Part III. Formulation and Solution of Linear Programming (LP) Problem Models: 10. Introduction to LP models; 11. Numerical solution of LP problems using the simplex method; 12. A sampler of LP problem formulations; 13. Regression revisited, using LP to fit linear models; 14. Network flow problems; 15, LP and sensitivity analysis, in brief; Part IV. Further Topics in Optimization: 16. Multiobjective optimilzation problem (MOP); 17. Stochastic optimization problem (SOP); 18. Mixed integer programming; 19. Global optimization; 20. Optical control problems (dynamic optimization); 21. System identification and model predictive control.

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Book SynopsisThere has been a rapid evolution in the field of inhalation drug therapy, including new drugs, increased regulation and quality control, and strong pressure from generics. Inhalation Drug Therapy brings together the most current inhalation drug research, as well as practical developments and processes, into one essential guide. Focusing on inhalation products and specific equipment and techniques used in manufacturing and quality control, the book balances research with the industrial aspects of creating the drugs, and features a highly regarded author team with both academic and industry experience.Table of ContentsList of contributors xi Series foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Inhalation drug delivery 1Daniela Traini 2 Inhalation and nasal products 15 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 3 Formulation of inhalation medicines 31 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 4 Novel particle production technologies for inhalation products 47 Hak-Kim Chan and Philip Chi Lip Kwok 5 Methods for understanding, controlling, predicting, and improving drug product performance 63 David A. V. Morton 6 Aerodynamic assessment for inhalation products: fundamentals and current pharmacopoeial methods 91 Francesca Buttini, Gaia Colombo, Philip Chi Lip Kwok and Wong Tin Wui 7 Proteins, peptides, and controlled-release formulations for inhalation 121 Philip Chi Lip Kwok, Rania Osama Salama and Hak-Kim Chan 8 Pharmaceutical development studies for inhalation products 145 Gaia Colombo, Chiara Parlati and Paola Russo 9 Quality of inhalation products: specifications 169 Paolo Colombo, Francesca Buttini and Wong Tin Wui Index.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive and multidisciplinary presentation of the current trends in trace elements for human, animals, plants, and the environment This reference provides the latest research into the presence, characterization, and applications of trace elements and their role in humans, animals, and plants as well as their use in developing novel, functional feeds, foods, and fertilizers. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, describing the biological and industrial applications of trace elements. It covers various topics, such as the occurrence, role, and monitoring of trace elements and their characterization, as well as applications from the preliminary research to laboratory trials. Recent Advances in Trace Elements focuses on the introduction and prospects of trace elements; tackles environmental aspects such as sources of emission, methods of monitoring, and treatment/remediation processes; goes over the biological role of trace elements in plants, animals, and human oTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix 1 Introduction 1Katarzyna Chojnacka 2 Historical Aspects 11Henryk Górecki and Katarzyna Chojnacka 3 Modern Analytical Methods of Speciation and Determination of Trace Elements in Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Samples 33Bogusław Buszewski, Wojciech Piekoszewski, Paweł Pomastowski, Katarzyna Rafińska, Mateusz Sugajski, and Tomasz Kowalkowski 4 Trace Elements in the Environment – Law, Regulations, Monitoring and Biomonitoring Methods 61Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska 5 Problems of Trace Elements in Water and Wastewater Treatment 105Karol Pokomeda, Anna Dawiec‐Liśniewska, Daria Podstawczyk, Macarena Rodriguez‐Guerra Pedregal, Barbara Ortega Barcelo, and Anna Witek‐Krowiak 6 Trace Elements in Agricultural and Industrial Wastes 121Aneta Wiśniewska, Agnieszka Saeid, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 7 Trace Elements in Aquatic Environments 143Piotr Konieczka, Bartłomiej Cieślik, and Jacek Namieśnik 8 Trace Metals in Soils: A Review of Methods for Monitoring Trace Metals in Soils 161Philiswa N. Nomngongo, Joseph M. Matong, and Tshimangandzo S. Munonde 9 The Role of Trace Elements in Living Organisms 177Elżbieta Gumienna‐Kontecka, Magdalena Rowińska‐Żyrek, and Marek Łuczkowski 10 Fluorine and Silicon as Essential and Toxic Trace Elements 207Izabela Michalak and Katarzyna Chojnacka 11 Biological Functions of Cadmium, Nickel, Vanadium, and Tungsten 219Agnieszka Dmytryk, Łukasz Tuhy, Mateusz Samoraj, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 12 Biosorption of Trace Elements 235Inga Zinicovscaia 13 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Environment 251Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, and Elżbieta Maćkiewicz 14 Hydrometallurgy and Bio‐crystallization of Metals by Microorganisms 277Zygmunt Sadowski and Agnieszka Pawlowska 15 Trace Elements as Fertilizer Micronutrients 299Izabela Michalak, Agnieszka Saeid, Katarzyna Chojnacka, and Mateusz Gramza 16 Trace Elements in Animal Nutrition 319Łukasz Tuhy, Agnieszka Dmytryk, Mateusz Samoraj, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 17 Trace Elements in Human Nutrition 339Klaudia Konikowska and Anna Mandecka 18 Trace Elements in Human Health 373Renata Mozrzymas 19 Spirulina as a Raw Material for Products Containing Trace Elements 403Liliana Cepoi, Tatiana Chiriac, Ludmila Rudi, Svetlana Djur, Liliana Zosim, Valentina Bulimaga, Ludmila Batir, Daniela Elenciuc, and Valery Rudic 20 Dietary Food and Feed Supplements with Trace Elements 421Athanasios C. Pappas, Katarzyna Godlewska, and Peter F. Surai 21 Biofortification of Food with Trace Elements 443Mateusz Samoraj, Łukasz Tuhy, Agnieszka Dmytryk, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 22 Biomarkers of Trace Element Status 457Katarzyna Chojnacka and Marcin Mikulewicz 23 Human Exposure to Trace Elements from Dental Biomaterials 469Marcin Mikulewicz and Katarzyna Chojnacka 24 Industrial Use of Trace Elements and their Impact on the Workplace and the Environment 481Piotr Rusek and Marzena Mikos‐Szymańska 25 Speciation of Trace Elements and its Importance in Environmental and Biomedical Sciences 501Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska 26 Trace Elements – A Threat or Benefit? 545Katarzyna Chojnacka, Izabela Michalak, Agnieszka Saeid, Katarzyna Godlewska, Łukasz Tuhy, Mateusz Samoraj, Agnieszka Dmytryk, and Aneta Wiśniewska Index 569

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the chemistry of marine polymers, waterborne polymers, and water-resistant polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After the chemistry of marine polymers and their types are discussed, the uses of these polymers are detailed, as well as various analytical and characterization testing methods. The book also emphasizes the polymers that are most environmentally-friendly along with their origin and industrial applications. The polymers from these 3 types serve a variety of industries including medical equipment and devices, outdoor coatings and corrosion protection, food packaging, saltwater and freshwater marine purposes such as marine ropes, boat coatings, pipeline protection, and marine well application, to name just a few.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Marine Polymers 1 1.1 Marine Microbes 1 1.2 Marine Microgels 2 1.3 Polymer Production from Marine Algae 2 1.3.1 Recovery of Lipids Algae 5 1.3.2 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Hydrocarbons 6 1.3.3 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Polymers 6 1.3.4 Crosslinking of Phenolic Polymers 6 1.4 Marine Bioadhesive Analogs 7 1.5 Medical Applications 8 1.5.1 Metalloproteinases 9 1.5.2 Fucoidans 10 1.6.3 Chitosan 12 1.5.4 Collagen 14 1.5.5 Shark Collagen for Cell Culture and Zymography 15 1.5.6 Glycosaminoglycans 16 1.5.7 Anticholinesterase 16 1.5.8 Terpenoids 18 1.5.9 Membrane-Active Peptides 19 1.6 Polymer Production from Marine Sponge 19 1.7 Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Origin 20 1.8 Carbohydrates 22 1.8.1 Polysaccharides of Marine Origin 23 1.8.2 Oligosaccharides 23 1.9 Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) from Marine Bacteria 25 1.10 Metal Ion Absorption 26 1.11 Fish Elastin Polypeptide 26 1.12 Cosmetic Uses 27 1.13 Protein Hydrolyzate 28 References 28 2 Marine Applications 35 2.1 Marine Polymer Coatings 35 2.1.1 Dextrine-Modified Chitosan Marine Polymer Coatings 35 2.1.2 Marine Structure Coated with an Acrylic Water-Swellable Polymer 36 2.1.3 Styrene Copolymer Compositions 43 2.1.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Copolymers 43 2.1.5 Epoxy Coatings 45 2.1.6 Composites from Plant Oils 48 2.1.7 Inherently Metal Binding Poly(amine) Quinone Polymers 56 2.2 Foams 61 2.2.1 Polyimide Foams 61 2.3 Antifouling 63 2.3.1 Fouling Problems 63 2.3.2 Mechanism of Fouling 64 2.3.3 Fouling Control 65 2.3.4 Nontoxic Polymer Surfaces 66 2.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers 66 2.3.6 Fouling Release Properties of Metal Surfaces 67 2.3.7 Copper Marine Cladding Composition 68 2.3.8 Preventive Agents against Adhesion of Marine Organisms 70 2.3.9 Self-Polishing Paint 71 2.3.10 Copper-Nickel Epoxy Coating 73 2.3.11 Antifouling Paint 74 2.3.12 Cationic Poly(siloxane)s 75 2.4 Electrochemical Impedance and Noise Data for PolymerCoated Steel 78 2.5 Seawater Immersion Ageing of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates 78 2.6 Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Marine Polymer Composites 79 2.7 Corrosion 80 2.7.1 Iron-Containing Substrata 80 2.7.2 Polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamides 80 2.7.3 Thioheterocyclic Rust and Corrosion-Inhibiting Agents 81 2.7.4 Epoxy Compounds 82 2.7.5 Poly(aniline) Graft Copolymers 82 2.7.6 Imidazolines 83 2.8 Marine Ropes 84 2.9 Marine Diesel Engine Lubricants 85 2.9.1 Dispersant Additive Composition 85 2.9.2 Overbased Alkyphenates 85 2.9.3 Overbased Metal Salts 86 2.9.4 Alkylsalicylate Lubricant Compositions 87 2.9.5 Biodegradable Lubricants 88 2.10 Lubricant for Smoothing Caulking Joints 89 2.11 Marine Well Applications 89 2.11.1 Marine Oil Spills Oil Separation and Disposal Systems 89 2.11.2 Marine Umbilicals 91 2.11.3 Hagfish Slime 94 2.11.4 Adhesive Compositions 94 2.11.5 Bit Lubricants 95 References 96 3 Waterborne Polymers 103 3.1 Analytical and Characterization Techniques 103 3.1.1 Surface Tension 104 3.2 Synthesis Methods 104 3.2.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 104 3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of Pigments 105 3.4 Waterborne Coatings 106 3.4.1 Food Packaging 107 3.4.2 Unsaturated Polyesters 109 3.4.3 Coatings with Pendant Allyl Groups 109 3.4.4 UV-Curable Latex Coating 114 3.4.5 Poly(urethane)s 122 3.4.6 Acrylic Coatings 145 3.4.7 Epoxy Coatings 148 3.4.8 Phenol Resins 148 3.4.9 Amide Resins 149 3.4.10 Poly(carbodiimide)s 149 3.4.11 Silicones 152 3.5 Special Applications 153 3.5.1 Waterborne Silicone Mold Release Agents 153 3.5.2 Stabilizers for Sandy Soil 154 3.5.3 Water, Oil, and Stain Repellency 154 3.5.4 Protective Coatings for Culturally Significant Objects 155 3.5.5 Waterborne Adhesives 155 3.5.6 Latex 156 3.5.7 Wet Labeling 159 3.5.8 Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions 161 3.5.9 Waterborne Soft-Feeling Coatings 163 3.5.10 Waterborne Polymeric Photoinitiators 165 References 166 4 Water-Resistant Polymers 173 4.1 Coatings 173 4.1.1 Polyolefin Coatings 173 4.1.2 Adherent Coatings 176 4.1.3 Wire Coatings 177 4.2 Biodegradable Resins 178 4.3 Water-Based Printing Inks 179 4.4 Reinforcing Fibers 181 4.5 Paper Industry Applications 183 4.5.1 Ketene Dimers 183 4.5.2 Anhydrides for Sizing 184 4.5.3 Epoxidized Soybean Oil 185 4.6 Masonry Products 186 4.7 Medical Uses 189 4.7.1 Tissue Engineering 189 4.7.2 Tooth Cleaning 189 4.8 Membranes 192 4.8.1 Microfiltration Membranes 192 4.8.2 Biobased Nanofiber Membranes 193 4.9 Personal Care Compositions 194 4.10 Package Uses 195 4.10.1 Adhesives for Beverage Labels 195 4.11 Grouting Compositions 197 4.11.1 Alginates 198 4.11.2 Dopamine 198 4.12 Xerogels 200 References 202 Index 207 Acronyms 207 Chemicals 209 General Index 218

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1 References 23 2 Aqueous Environments 29 2.1 Water Purification 29 2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 29 2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 31 2.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 36 2.2 Polymer Membranes 36 2.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 39 2.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 41 2.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 44 2.2.4 Materials for Membranes 45 2.2.5 Robeson Plot 49 References 50 3 Extreme Pressure Environments 57 3.1 Engine Oils 57 3.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 57 3.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 59 3.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 59 3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 60 3.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 63 3.3 Deep Drilling 66 3.3.1 Surfactants 67 3.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 68 3.3.3 Foaming Agents 69 3.3.4 Defoamers 69 3.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 70 3.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 72 3.3.7 Gel Breakers 72 3.3.8 Biocides 73 3.3.9 Proppants 73 3.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 73 3.3.11 Thickeners 74 3.3.12 Friction Reducers 74 3.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 76 3.3.14 Emulsifiers 77 3.3.15 Demulsifiers 78 3.3.16 Clay Stabilization 78 3.3.17 pH Control Additives 79 3.4 Automotive Applications 80 3.4.1 Airbags 80 3.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103 References 107 4 Extreme Temperature 117 4.1 High-Temperature Environments 117 4.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 117 4.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 118 4.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 120 4.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 121 4.2 Low-Temperature Environments 124 4.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 124 4.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 128 4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 132 4.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134 References 135 5 Electrical Applications 137 5.1 Ionic Liquids 137 5.1.1 Monomers 138 5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 141 5.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 142 5.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 146 5.1.5 Computer Simulation 147 5.2 Solar Cell Devices 148 5.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 148 5.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 149 5.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 153 5.2.4 Stability 154 5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 159 5.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 161 5.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 164 5.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 165 5.4 Fuel Cell Applications 168 5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 170 5.6 Electrochromic Materials 170 5.7 Batteries 171 5.7.1 Cathode Polymers 171 5.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 175 5.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 177 5.7.4 Polymer Separators 178 5.7.5 Protective Polymers 180 References 181 6 Medical Applications 197 6.1 Contact Lenses 197 6.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 197 6.1.2 Materials 198 6.1.3 Monomers 199 6.1.4 Soft Lenses 205 6.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 238 6.1.6 Fabrication Methods 258 6.2 Tissue Engineering 272 6.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 275 6.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 275 6.3 Drug Delivery Systems 276 6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 277 6.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 278 6.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 278 6.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 279 6.3.5 Inhalable Particles 287 6.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 287 6.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 288 6.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 290 6.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 291 6.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 296 6.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 297 6.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 298 6.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 298 6.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 299 6.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 300 6.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 300 6.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 301 6.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 302 6.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 303 6.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 304 6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 304 6.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 311 6.5 Nanomaterials 312 6.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 314 6.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 317 6.6 Other Fabrication Methods 320 6.6.1 Controlled Spreading 320 6.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 321 6.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 322 6.6.4 Microarray Technology 322 6.6.5 Biphasic Inks 322 6.6.6 Contact Lenses 329 6.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 333 6.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333 References 334 7 Drug Delivery 347 7.1 Biodegradable Polymers 347 7.2 Sustained Release Technology 347 7.2.1 Acacia 350 7.2.2 Carrageenan 353 7.2.3 Cellulose 354 7.2.4 Chitosan 355 7.2.5 Gellan Gum 355 7.2.6 Guar Gum 355 7.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 356 7.2.8 Khaya Gum 357 7.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 357 7.2.10 Pectin 358 7.2.11 Xanthan Gum 359 7.2.12 Electrospinning 359 7.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 360 7.3 Tissue Engineering 362 7.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 363 7.4 Tissue Markers 364 7.5 Hydrogels 366 7.6 Microporous Materials 367 7.7 Implants 370 7.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 370 7.7.2 Eye Implants 371 7.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 372 7.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 380 7.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 380 7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 380 7.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 382 7.9 Stents 383 7.9.1 Surface Erosion 384 7.9.2 Tubular Main Body 385 7.9.3 Multilayer Stents 386 7.10 Thermogelling Materials 386 7.11 Wound Dressings 387 7.12 Bioceramics 387 7.13 Conjugates 389 References 390 8 Aero and Space Applications 397 8.1 Technical Standards 397 8.2 Aerospace Applications 403 8.2.1 Components for Airplanes 403 8.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 405 8.2.3 Nanocomposites 405 8.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 406 8.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 411 8.2.6 Leak Detection 418 8.2.7 Antistatic Applications 418 8.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 419 8.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 419 8.3 Outer Space Applications 427 8.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 428 8.3.2 Solar Cells 430 8.3.3 Antenna Reflector 433 8.3.4 Polymeric Coating 434 8.3.5 Space Suits 439 8.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440 References 444 9 Other Environments 455 9.1 Adhesives 455 9.1.1 Lignin 455 9.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 456 9.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 457 9.2 Extreme pH 457 9.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 457 9.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 458 9.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 460 9.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 462 9.2.5 pH-Stable Stationary Phases 463 9.3 Concrete 467 9.3.1 Metakaolin and Polymers 467 9.3.2 Polymer-Modified Mortar 469 9.3.3 Functionalized Poly(vinyl alcohol) 469 9.3.4 Polymer Concrete 470 9.3.5 Influence of Humidity 471 9.3.6 Polymer Emulsions and Fibers 473 9.3.7 Lightweight Cement 475 9.3.8 Recycling Control 476 References 477 Index 483 Acronyms 483 Chemicals 487 General Index 505

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Foreword and Endorsements xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Brief History of Process Control and Process Simulation 1 1.1 Process Control 1 1.2 Process Simulation 5 References 11 2 Process Control Hardware Fundamentals 15 2.1 Control System Components 15 2.2 Primary Elements 16 2.3 Final Control Elements 33 References 53 3 Fundamentals of Single-Input/Single-Output Systems 55 3.1 Open Loop Control 55 3.2 Disturbances 56 3.3 Feedback Control ? Overview 57 3.4 Feedback Control ? A Closer Look 60 3.5 Process Attributes ? Capacitance and Dead Time 66 3.6 Process Dynamic Response 74 3.7 Process Modelling and Simulation 76 References 93 4 Basic Control Modes 95 4.1 On?Off Control 95 4.2 Proportional (P-Only) Control 97 4.3 Integral (I-Only) Control 102 4.4 Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control 105 4.5 Derivative Action 107 4.6 Proportional Plus Derivative (PD) Controller 108 4.7 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control 111 4.8 Digital Electronic Controller Forms 112 4.9 Choosing the Correct Controller 112 4.10 Controller Hardware 114 References 117 5 Tuning Feedback Controllers 119 5.1 Quality of Control and Optimization 119 5.2 Tuning Methods 123 References 132 6 Advanced Topics in Classical Automatic Control 133 6.1 Cascade Control 133 6.2 Feedforward Control 137 6.3 Ratio Control 140 6.4 Override Control (Auto Selectors) 142 6.5 Split Range Control 147 References 149 7 Common Control Loops 151 7.1 Flow Loops 151 7.2 Liquid Pressure Loops 153 7.3 Liquid Level Control 155 7.4 Gas Pressure Loops 165 7.5 Temperature Control Loops 166 7.6 Pump Control 172 7.7 Compressor Control 172 7.8 Boiler Control 179 References 182 8 Distillation Column Control 185 8.1 Basic Terms 185 8.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Degrees of Freedom 186 8.3 Control System Objectives and Design Considerations 188 8.4 Methodology for Selection of a Controller Structure 190 8.5 Level, Pressure, Temperature and Composition Control 192 8.6 Optimizing Control 199 Section Sidestream 199 8.7 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Steady-State Models 204 8.8 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Dynamic Models 212 References 213 9 Using Steady-State Methods in a Multi-loop Control Scheme 215 9.1 Variable Pairing 215 9.2 The Relative Gain Array 216 9.3 Niederlinski Index 220 9.4 Decoupling Control Loops 220 9.5 Tuning the Controllers for Multi-loop Systems 222 9.6 Practical Examples 222 9.7 Summary 232 References 232 10 Plant-Wide Control 233 10.1 Short-Term versus Long-Term Control Focus 233 10.2 Cascaded Units 235 10.3 Recycle Streams 236 10.4 General Considerations for Plant-Wide Control 241 References 242 11 Advanced Process Control 245 11.1 Advanced Process Control 245 11.2 Model Predictive Control 246 11.3 Dynamic Matrix Control 249 11.4 General Considerations for Model Predictive Control Implementation 253 References 254 Appendix A P&ID Symbols 257 Appendix B Glossary of Terms 261 Appendix C New Capabilities with Control Technology Hardware and Software 267 Workshop 1 Learning through Doing 279 Workshop 2 Feedback Control Loop Concepts 283 Workshop 3 Process Capacity and Dead Time 289 Workshop 4 Feedback Control 295 Workshop 5 Controller Tuning for Capacity and Dead Time Processes 303 Workshop 6 Topics in Advanced Control 311 Workshop 7 Distillation Control 321 Workshop 8 Plant Operability and Controllability 333 Index

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Book SynopsisThe field of Chemical Engineering and its link to computer science is in constant evolution and new engineers have a variety of tools at their disposal to tackle their everyday problems. Introduction to Software for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition provides a quick guide to the use of various computer packages for chemical engineering applications. It covers a range of software applications from Excel and general mathematical packages such as MATLAB and MathCAD to process simulators, CHEMCAD and ASPEN, equation-based modeling languages, gProms, optimization software such as GAMS and AIMS, and specialized software like CFD or DEM codes. The different packages are introduced and applied to solve typical problems in fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, mass and energy balances, unit operations, reactor engineering, process and equipment design and control. This new edition offers a wider view of packages including open source software such as R, Python and JuTable of ContentsSection 1. Modeling and Simulation in the Chemical Eng CV and Its Application to Industry. Chapter 1. Modeling, Simulation and Optimization in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum. Chapter 2. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation. Section 2. General Tools. Chapter 3. Excel. Chapter 4. MATLAB. Chapter 5. Mathematica/Mathcad. Chapter 6. Python. Chapter 7. R. Statistics and Data Management. Section 3. Detailed Equipment Design and Analysis. Chapter 8. Transport Phenomena Analysis (CFD). Chapter 9. Discrete Element Methods. Section 4. Process Simulation. Chapter 10. Equation-Based Process Simulation gProms, EMSO. Chapter 11. Engineering Equation Solver. Chapter 12. Modular Process Simulation ASPEN HYSYS1; CHEMCAD2; ASPEN Plus). Section 5. Process Design and Optimization. Chapter 13. Algebraic Modeling and Optimization. Introduction to GAMS, AIMS, AMPLE, MILP, NLP, MINLP Models. Chapter 14. Production Processes. Chapter 15. Scheduling. Chapter 16 . Plant Location: Supply Chain. Chapter 17. Dynamics Optimization. Chapter 18. Julia for Process Design and Optimization

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisH. Scott Fogler is the Ame and Catherine Vennema Professor of Chemical Engineering and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan. He has been research advisor to forty-five Ph.D. students, and has more than two hundred thirty-five refereed publications. He was 2009 President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Fogler has chaired ASEE's Chemical Engineering Division, served as director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and earned the Warren K. Lewis Award from AIChE for contributions to chemical engineering education. He has received the Chemical Manufacturers Association's National Catalyst Award and the 2010 Malcom E. Pruitt Award from the Council for Chemical Research.Table of Contents Mole Balances 1 The Rate of Reaction, –r_A The General Mole Balance Equation (GMBE) Batch Reactors (BRs) Continuous-Flow Reactors Industrial Reactors And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 1 (AWFOS - S1 Safety) Conversion and Reactor Sizing Definition of Conversion Batch Reactor Design Equations Design Equations for Flow Reactors Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors Reactors in Series Some Further Definitions And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 2 Rate Laws 75 Basic Definitions The Rate Law The Reaction-Rate Constant Molecular Simulations Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 3 (AWFOS - S3 The GHS Diamond) Stoichiometry Batch Reactors (BRs) Flow Systems Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 4 (AWFOS - S4 The Swiss Cheese Model Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors Batch Reactors (BRs) Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) Tubular Reactors Pressure Drop in Reactors Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 5 (AWFOS - S5 A Safety Analysis of the Incident Algorithm) Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles and Molar Flow Rates The Moles and Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithms Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor Membrane Reactors Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors Semibatch Reactors And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 6 (AWFOS - S6 The BowTie Diagram) Collection and Analysis of Rate Data The Algorithm for Data Analysis Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess Integral Method Differential Method of Analysis Nonlinear Regression Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors Experimental Planning And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 7 (AWFOS - S7 Laboratory Safety) Multiple Reactions Definitions Algorithm for Multiple Reactions Parallel Reactions Reactions in Series Complex Reactions Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions Sorting It All Out The Fun Part And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 8 (AWFOS - S8 The Fire Triangle) Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions Bioreactors and Biosynthesis And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 9 (AWFOS - S9 Process Safety Triangle) Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors Catalysts Steps in a Catalytic Reaction Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication Model Discrimination Catalyst Deactivation Reactors That Can Be Used to Help Offset Catalyst Decay And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 10 (AWFOS - S10 Exxon Mobil Torrance Refinery Explosion Involving a Straight-Through Transport Reactor [STTR]) Nonisothermal Reactor Design: The Steady-State Energy Balance and Adiabatic PFR Applications Rationale The Energy Balance The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations Adiabatic Operation Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling or Heating Optimum Feed Temperature And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 11 (AWFOS - S11 Acronyms) Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design: Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid Examples of the Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects CSTR with Heat Effects Multiple Steady States (MSS) Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions Radial and Axial Temperature Variations in a Tubular Reactor And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 12 (AWFOS - S12 Safety Statistics) Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design The Unsteady-State Energy Balance Energy Balance on Batch Reactors (BRs) Batch and Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 13 (AWFOS - S13 Safety Analysis of the T2 Laboratories Incident) Mass Transfer Limitations in Reacting Systems Diffusion Fundamentals Binary Diffusion Modeling Diffusion with Chemical Reaction The Mass Transfer Coefficient Mass Transfer to a Single Particle The Shrinking Core Model Mass Transfer-Limited Reactions in Packed Beds Robert the Worrier What If . . . ? (Parameter Sensitivity) And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 14 (AWFOS - S14 Sugar Dust Explosion) Diffusion and Reaction Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets The Internal Effectiveness Factor Falsified Kinetics Overall Effectiveness Factor Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction-Rate Data Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf Fluidized Bed Reactors Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 15 (AWFOS - S15 Critical Thinking Questions Applied to Safety) Residence Time Distributions of Chemical Reactors General Considerations Measurement of the RTD Characteristics of the RTD RTD in Ideal Reactors PFR/CSTR Series RTD Diagnostics and TroubleshootingAnd Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 16 (AWFOS - S16 Critical Thinking Actions) Predicting Conversion Directly from the Residence Time Distribution Modeling Nonideal Reactors Using the RTD Zero Adjustable Parameter Models Using Software Packages Such as Polymath to Find Maximum Mixedness Conversion Tanks-in-Series One Parameter Model, n RTD and Multiple Reactions And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 17 (AWFOS - S17 Brief Case History on an Air Preheater) Models for Nonideal Reactors Some Guidelines for Developing Models Flow and Axial Dispersion of Inert Tracers in Isothermal Reactors Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion in Isothermal Laminar-Flow Reactors and Finding Meno Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction Nonisothermal Flow with Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor Two-Parameter Models—Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors And Now . . . A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 18 (AWFOS - S18 An Algorithm for Management of Change (MoC)) Appendix A: Numerical Techniques A.1 Useful Integrals in Chemical Reactor Design A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals A.5 Semi-Log Graphs A.6 Software Packages Appendix B: Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors Appendix C: Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant Appendix D: Software Packages D.1 Polymath D.2 Wolfram D.3 Python D.4 MATLAB D.5 Excel D.6 COMSOL (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/12chap/comsol.html) D.7 Aspen D.8 Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment: Reactors Section D.9 Reactor Lab Appendix E: Rate-Law Data Appendix F: Nomenclature Appendix G: Open-Ended Problems G.1 Chem-E-Car G.2 Effective Lubricant Design G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing G.7 Methanol Synthesis G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo G.9 Alcohol Metabolism G.10 Methanol Poisoning G.11 Safety Appendix H: Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages H.1 Computational Chemical Reaction Engineering Appendix I: How to Use the CRE Web Resources I.1 CRE Web Resources Components Index

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Book SynopsisNo matter how far Humanity advanced in its successes the problems of health and death will always exist. However, it is possible to postpone old age and prolong life, and it is performed successfully. In ancient Rome the average age was 15-18 years. Today in Japan it reaches 77-79 years. So what can the science of polymers do in solving this problem? Do high molecular compounds (natural and artificial) possess any reserves for solving this problem? This book discusses the problems of the polymer interaction with biologically active and model media, biodegradation biodetrioration, prognosing the time of reliable exploitation of polymers for medical purposes, polymer application in surgery, etc. Also discussed is the role of kinetics in prognosis of agriculture production quality.

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Book SynopsisThis new century will be an age in which humanity will strive for the recovery and preservation of a more natural environment and also for the establishment of clean and safe energy supply technologies. Up until now, environmental pollution and destruction on a global scale as well as the lack of sufficient clean energy have drawn great attention and concern to the vital need for totally new environmentally friendly, ecologically clean chemical technology, materials and processes -- the most important challenge facing chemical scientists for future generations. In this respect, zeolites offer very unique and interesting physicochemical properties such as a pore structure of a molecular scale, ion-exchange capabilities, a strong surface acidity and a unique internal surface topology. It would, therefore, be of great significance to develop well-defined molecular scale catalysts within zeolite cavities and frameworks which would lead to the design of more active and selective photofunctional and photocatalytic systems, particularly systems able to utilise the very abundant solar energy and convert them into safe and useful chemical energy. The central topics of this book is how to utilise photofunctional zeolites for applications in the recovery and preservation of our environment while, at the same time, trying to develop clean and safe energy supply technologies. A vital new era is emerging in the utilisation of the most limitless, clean and efficient energy source -- the sun by applying photofunctional materials. Research on photofunctional zeolites is only the beginning in the harvesting of this vast and powerful energy source not only to develop clean and safe photochemical processes and systems for industry but also to develop systems that can eliminate and cleanse the many devastating toxic agents that are polluting our environment.

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Book SynopsisThe genomic approach of technology development and large-scale generation of community resource data sets has introduced an important new dimension in biological and biomedical research. Interwoven advances in genetics, comparative genomics, high throughput biochemistry and bioinformatics are combining to attack basic understanding of human life and disease and to develop strategies to combat disease. Genomic research began with The Human Genome Project (HGP), the international research effort that determined the DNA sequence of the entire human genome, completed in April 2003. The HGP also included efforts to characterise and sequence the entire genomes of several other organisms, many of which are used extensively in biological research. Identification of the sequence or function of genes in a model organism is an important approach to finding and elucidating the function of human genes. Integral to the HGP are similar efforts to understand the genomes of various organisms commonly used in biomedical research, such as mice, fruit flies and roundworms. Such organisms are called "model organisms," because they can often serve as research models for how the human organism behaves. This book presents the latest advances in this fast-moving field.

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Book SynopsisPolyester (aka Terylene) is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Although there are many forms of polyesters, the term "polyester" is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Other forms of polyester include the naturally-occurring cutin of plant cuticles as well as synthetic polyesters such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate.Polyester may be produced in numerous forms. For example, polyester as a thermoplastic may be heated and processed into different forms and shapes, eg: fibres, sheets and three-dimensional shapes. While combustible at high temperatures, polyester tends to shrink away from flames and self-extinguishes. This book provides leading edge research on this field from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the production, structure and applications of glycerol. Topics discussed include the use of glycerol from biodiesel to production of environmental technologies; thermochemical conversion of glycerol to hydrogen; the application of glycerol in pharmaceutical formulation; valorisation of glycerol in propanediols production by catalytic processes; hydrogen production from glycerol via membrane reactor technology; ruthenium-catalysed nitrile hydration reactions using glycerol as solvent; and natural activation of commercial glycerol.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines membrane technologies for sustainable development, through a careful analysis of the technical aspects and possible fields of industrial development. Membrane processes are today largely considered consolidated processes able to assure energy savings, environmental protection as well as sustainable industrial growth. Various applications of membranes are described in this book. Its purpose, in fact, is to cover a lack of academic books concerning the aspects of sustainable growth related to membrane processes. In particular, the book covers the following arguments: separation of gaseous mixtures, chemical reactions in inorganic membrane reactors and bioreactors, polymeric membrane reactors, membrane contactors, pervaporation and vapour permeation, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and food packaging. This book is addressed to postgraduate students and researchers in the field of chemical and biochemical engineering and is aimed at providing the reader with tools for the analysis of existing membrane technologies for the sustainable development and, possibly, the design of new ones. Furthermore, the book may be recommended as a supplementary textbook for higher-level under-graduate courses and be of interest for both chemical and chemical engineer researchers who want to get a deeper insight into the newest membrane technologies for sustainable development. It must be considered an advanced textbook designed primarily to meet the demands of a course taught at both undergraduate students as well as postgraduate students (both M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels) in Chemical Engineering and Chemical Processes.

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Book SynopsisIt is a natural tendency of micro-organisms to attach to surfaces, to multiply and to embed themselves in a slimy matrix, resulting in biofilms. Biofilms constitute a protected growth modality that allows the micro-organisms to survive in hostile environments. Biofilm science is a relatively new technical discipline, which has emerged in response to the need of methodologies for biofilm control. Biofilms represent an interdisciplinary research area focused on the understanding and modulating of the combination of biological and chemical reactions, as well as in transport and interfacial transfer processes, that potentially affect the microbial accumulation and activity on abiotic and biotic surfaces. Research on biofilms has progressed rapidly in the last decade. Due to the fact that biofilms have required the development of new analytical tools, many recent advances have resulted from collaborations between biologists, engineers and mathematicians. The scientific community has come to understand many things about the particular biology of microbial biofilms through a variety of microscopic, physical, chemical, and molecular techniques of study. This book provides a remarkable amount of knowledge on the processes that regulate biofilm formation; on the methods used for their formation, monitoring, characterisation and mathematical modelling; on the problems caused by their presence in the food industry, environment and medical fields; and describes the current and emergent strategies for their control. The information in this book is designed to be of use to researchers and engineers working on fundamental aspects of biofilm formation and control and also to be helpful in conducting biofilm studies and in the consistent interpretation of results.

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Book SynopsisProcess Engineering, the science and art of transforming raw materials and energy into a vast array of commercial materials, was conceived at the end of the 19th Century. Its history in the role of the Process Industries has been quite honorable, and techniques and products have contributed to improve health, welfare and quality of life. Today, industrial enterprises, which are still a major source of wealth, have to deal with new challenges in a global world. They need to reconsider their strategy taking into account environmental constraints, social requirements, profit, competition, and resource depletion. “Systems thinking” is a prerequisite from process development at the lab level to good project management. New manufacturing concepts have to be considered, taking into account LCA, supply chain management, recycling, plant flexibility, continuous development, process intensification and innovation. This book combines experience from academia and industry in the field of industrialization, i.e. in all processes involved in the conversion of research into successful operations. Enterprises are facing major challenges in a world of fierce competition and globalization. Process engineering techniques provide Process Industries with the necessary tools to cope with these issues. The chapters of this book give a new approach to the management of technology, projects and manufacturing. Contents Part 1: The Company as of Today 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow?, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 2: Process Development and Industrialization 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization, Jean-François Joly. 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont and Michel Royer. 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry, Sylvain Caillol. 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems, Catherine Azzaro-Pantel. 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 3: The Necessary Adaptation of the Company for the Future 10. Japanese Methods, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries, Oliver Potier and Mauricio Camargo. 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future, Laurent Falk. 13. Change Management, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 14. The Plant of the Future, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont.Table of ContentsForeword xv Richard DARTON Foreword xvii Jean PELIN Introduction xix Jean-Pierre DAL PONT Acknowledgments xxv PART 1: THE COMPANY AS OF TODAY 1 Chapter 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow? 3 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 1.1. Purpose, structure, typology 4 1.2. A centennial history 8 1.3. New challenges imposed by globalization and sustainable development 24 1.4. Our planet 32 1.5. The company of tomorrow. Some thoughts 45 1.6. Bibliography 49 Chapter 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial 51 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 2.1. Operational mode 53 2.2. Entrepreneurial mode, project management – the operational/entrepreneurial conflict 96 2.3. Bibliography 99 Chapter 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects 101 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 3.1. Systemic view of the industrial company 102 3.2. Strategy and strategic analysis of the company 103 3.3. Development of the strategic plan: its deliverables 107 3.4. Technological choices and vocations 108 3.5. Bibliography 111 PART 2: PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALIZATION 113 Chapter 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering 115 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 4.1. History of chemical engineering and process engineering 115 4.2. Process engineering 119 4.3. The chemical reactor 121 4.4. Bioreactors 126 4.5. Transportation and transfers 129 4.6. Unit operations 131 4.7. Separation processes: process engineering and the new challenges for life sciences 141 4.8. Acknowledgments 144 4.9. Bibliography 145 Chapter 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization 147 Jean-François JOLY 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. The various stages of process development: from research to the foundations of industrialization 148 5.3. The pre-study (or pre-development process) 149 5.4. Development stage of the process 157 5.5. General conclusion 184 5.6. Bibliography 186 5.7. List of acronyms 188 Chapter 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects 189 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT and Michel ROYER 6.1. Steps of industrialization 192 6.2. Bases of industrialization or process development 193 6.3. Feasibility study 194 6.4. Cost and typical duration of industrialization studies 198 6.5. Content of an industrialization project – conceptual engineering 199 6.6. Typical organization of an industrialization project 201 6.7. Business/industrial interface 202 6.8. Typology of industrialization projects 204 6.9. The industrial preliminary projects 205 6.10. Selection of production sites 209 6.11. The consideration of sustainability in the preliminary projects 210 6.12. Tips for conducting preliminary projects 215 6.13. Modification of the project scope 222 6.14. Host site 223 6.15. Reporting 228 6.16. Bibliography 232 Chapter 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry 233 Sylvain CAILLOL 7.1. Contextual elements 233 7.2. The chemical industry mobilized against upheavals 237 7.3. The lifecycle analysis, an eco-design tool – definitions and concepts 243 7.4. Innovation through eco-design 258 7.5. Limits of the tool 267 7.6. Conclusion: the future of eco-design 271 7.7. Bibliography 273 Chapter 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems 275 Catherine AZZARO-PANTEL 8.1. Introduction 275 8.2. AIChE and IChemE metrics 279 8.3. Potential environmental impact index (waste reduction algorithm) 286 8.4. SPI (Sustainable Process Index) 292 8.5. Exergy as a thermodynamic base for a sustainable development metrics 294 8.6. Indicators resulting from a lifecycle assessment 294 8.7. Process design methods and sustainable systems 297 8.8. Conclusion 299 8.9. Bibliography 301 Chapter 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering 307 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 9.1. Engineer and engineering 307 9.2. Project organization 310 9.3. Management tools for industrial projects 314 9.4. The engineering project: from Process Engineering to the start of the facility 331 9.5. The amount of investment 346 9.6. Profitability on investment [DOR 81, MIK 10] 350 9.7. Conclusion 353 9.8. Bibliography 353 PART 3: THE NECESSARY ADAPTATION OF THE COMPANY FOR THE FUTURE 355 Chapter 10. Japanese Methods 357 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 10.1. Japan from the Meiji era to now. The origin of the Japanese miracle 357 10.2. W.E. Deming and Japan 359 10.3. The Toyoda family – Taiichi Ohno – The Toyota Empire 362 10.4. Toyotism 363 10.5. The American response 368 10.6. Bibliography 369 Chapter 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries 371 Oliver POTIER and Mauricio CAMARGO 11.1. Definition of innovation 372 11.2. Field of innovation in the chemical engineering industry 376 11.3. The need for innovation 377 11.4. Methods for innovation in chemical engineering industry 380 11.5. Conclusion 395 11.6. Bibliography 396 Chapter 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future 401 Laurent FALK 12.1. Process intensification in the context of sustainable development 401 12.2. Main principles of intensification 404 12.3. Connection between intensification and miniaturization 408 12.4. Applications 414 12.5. New economic models implied by process intensification 416 12.6. Conclusion 429 12.7. Bibliography 430 Chapter 13. Change Management 437 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 13.1. The company: adapt or die 438 13.2. The company: processes and know-how 438 13.3. Human aspects of change 444 13.4. Basic tools for change management 447 13.5. Changes and improvement of the industrial facility 454 13.6. Re-engineering, the American way 461 13.7. Conclusion 462 13.8. Bibliography 463 Chapter 14. The Plant of the Future 465 Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 14.1. Developed countries – companies – industrial firms 466 14.2. Typology of means of production 469 14.3. Product and plant design 473 14.4. Management of production and operations (MPO) 477 14.5. The IT revolution – IT management 479 14.6. And the individual? 480 14.7. Conclusion 481 14.8. Bibliography 482 List of Authors 485 Index 487

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Book SynopsisThe main purpose of this book is to put forward the fundamental role of grain boundaries in the plasticity of crystalline materials. To understand this role requires a multi-scale approach to plasticity: starting from the atomic description of a grain boundary and its defects, moving on to the elemental interaction processes between dislocations and grain boundaries, and finally showing how the microscopic phenomena influence the macroscopic behaviors and constitutive laws. It involves bringing together physical, chemical and mechanical studies. The investigated properties are: deformation at low and high temperature, creep, fatigue and rupture.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Grain Boundary Structures and Defects 1 Jany THIBAULT-PENISSON and Louisette PRIESTER 1.1. Equilibrium structure of grain boundaries 1 1.2. Crystalline defects of grain boundaries 18 1.3. Conclusion 41 1.4. Bibliography 42 Chapter 2. Elementary Grain Boundary Deformation Mechanisms 47 Jean-Philippe COUZINIE and Louisette PRIESTER 2.1. Dislocation in close proximity to a grain boundary 48 2.2. Elastic interaction between dislocations and grain boundaries: image force 49 2.3. Short range (or core) interaction between dislocations and grain boundaries 52 2.4. Relaxation of stress fields associated with extrinsic dislocations 81 2.5. Relationships between elementary interface mechanisms and mechanical behaviors of materials 98 2.6. Bibliography 102 Chapter 3. Grain Boundaries in Cold Deformation 109 Colette REY, Denis SOLAS and Olivier FANDEUR 3.1. Introduction 109 3.2. Plastic compatibility and incompatibility of deformation at grain boundaries 111 3.3. Internal stresses in polycrystal grains 117 3.4. Modeling local mechanical fields using the finite element method (FEM)129 3.5. Hall-Petch’s law, geometrically necessary dislocations 139 3.6. Sub-grain boundaries and grain boundaries in deformation and recrystallization 145 3.7. Conclusion 155 3.8. Bibliography 156 Chapter 4. Creep and High Temperature Plasticity: Grain Boundary Dynamics 165 Sylvie LARTIGUE-KORINEK and Claude Paul CARRY 4.1. Introduction 165 4.2. Grain boundaries and grain growth 168 4.3. Grain boundaries and creep: mechanisms and phenomenological laws 174 4.4. Grain boundaries and superplasticity 197 4.5. Prospects: creep of nanograined materials 208 4.6. Bibliography 209 Chapter 5. Intergranular Fatigue 217 André PINEAU and Stephen ANTOLOVICH 5.1. Introduction 217 5.2. Low temperature intergranular fatigue 221 5.3. High temperature fatigue 252 5.4. Conclusion 271 5.5. Acknowledgements 272 5.6. Bibliography 272 Chapter 6. Intergranular Segregation and Crystalline Material Fracture 281 Anna FRACZKIEWICZ and Krzysztof WOLSKI 6.1. Grain boundaries and fracture 282 6.2. Intergranular segregation 286 6.3. Segregation and intergranular fracture 297 6.4. Intergranular fracture induced by liquid metals 308 6.5. General conclusion 320 6.6. Bibliography 321 APPENDICES 327 Appendix 1. Bicrystallography and Topological Characterization of Interfacial Defects 329 Sylvie LARTIGUE-KORINEK and Louisette PRIESTER Appendix 2. Appendices of Chapter 3 333 Colette REY, Denis SOLAS and Olivier FANDEUR List of Authors 341 Index 343

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Book SynopsisApplications of nucleic acids have developed recently to provide solutions for biosensors, diagnostic tools and as platforms for the assembly of complex structures. These developments have been possible as their base sequence can be used to assemble precise structures following simple and predictable rules. Self-assembled DNA can then be amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and this ultimately enables the preparation of synthetic nucleic acids. Their use as molecular tools or DNA-conjugates has recently been enhanced by the addition of other groups including enzymes, fluorophores and small molecules. Written by leaders in the field, this volume describes the preparation and application of these DNA-conjugates. Several have been used as sensors (aptamers, riboswitches and nanostructures) based on the ability of nucleic acids to adopt specific structures in the presence of ligands, whilst others link reporter groups such as proteins or fluorophores to RNA or DNA for detection, single molecule studies, and increasing the sensitivity of PCR. The book is relevant to researchers in areas related to analytical chemistry, chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, molecular pharmacology, and structural and molecular biology.Table of ContentsFluorophore-functionalised Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs); Fluorophore Conjugates for Single Molecule Work; Small Molecule–Oligonucleotide Conjugates; Small Molecule–RNA Conjugates; Click Chemistry – a Versatile Method for Nucleic Acid Labelling, Cyclisation and Ligation; Therapeutic Applications of Nucleic Acid Aptamer Conjugates; pH Sensitive DNA Devices; Making Sense of Catalysis: The Potential of DNAzymes as Biosensors; Electrochemical Techniques as Powerful Readout Methods for Aptamer-based Biosensors; Oligonucleotide Conjugates for Detection of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences; Nucleic Acid–Nanoparticle Conjugate Sensors for Use with Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS); Covalent and Non-covalent Conjugates of Oligonucleotides as Artificial Restriction DNA Cutters

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Book SynopsisWith the increasing awareness and concern about the dependency on fossil resources and the depletion of crude oil reserves, experts from industrial biotechnology, renewable resources, green chemistry, and biorefineries are stimulating the transition from the fossil-based to the bio-based economy. This text confronts scientific and economic challenges and strategies for making this crucial transition. Renewable Resources for Biorefineries is the work of a strongly interdisciplinary authorship, offering perspectives from biology, chemistry, biochemical engineering, materials science, and industry. This unique approach provides an opportunity for a much broader coverage of biomass and valorisation than has been attempted in previous titles. This book also represents the fundamentally important technical and policy aspects of a bio-based economy, to ground this important science in a realistic and viable economic framework. Chapters in this book cover a diverse range of topics, including: advanced generation bioenergy sectors; biobased polymers and materials; chemical platform molecules; industrial crops and biorefineries; financing and policy for change; and valorisation of biomass waste streams. This is an ideal book for upper level undergraduate and postgraduate students taking modules on Renewable resources, green chemistry, sustainable development, environmental science, agricultural science and environmental technology. It will also benefit industry professionals and product developers who are looking to improve economic and environmental ways to utilise renewable resources in current and future biorefineries.Table of ContentsAdvanced generation bioenergy sectors; Bioactive compounds from biomass; Biobased polymers and materials; Biocatalysis for bioresource transformation; Chemical platform molecules; Industrial crops and biorefineries; Making possible the bio-economy transition – Financing and policy for change; Metabolic Engineering of Fermentation Processes; Micro-algae Technology; Pretreatment and Transformation of Lignocellulosics; Process intensification for Biorefineries; Sustainability; Thermochemical transformation of biomass; Valorisation of biomass waste streams

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Book Synopsis>Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage investigates the development of biotechnology in Europe and the United States. It examines why Europe has fallen behind in applying biotechnology, when its scientific capabilities are largely comparable to those in the US. In addition it sheds new light on the wider context of the theory of growth of new technologies.This innovative book brings together a wide range of material concerning socio-economic aspects of the development of biotechnology in Europe and the US. Issues discussed include: European policy for biotechnology, in individual countries and at the European Union level risk regulation and the ways in which industry, regulators and non-government organizations manage risk regulation and the perception of risk the formation and roles of biotechnology firms in Europe and the US and their relative capabilities gene therapy development in Europe and the US the impact on Europe of overseas biotechnology research by European multinationals. This book argues in favour of developing an integrated research and development system which will strengthen the research and development capabilities of all the actors involved.This book will be of great interest to science policymakers; businesses and academics studying the development of biotechnology and students of economics and business studies throughout Europe and the US.Trade Review'I found that this volume presented a good many facts and some interesting analyses of the biotechnology industries of Europe and America . . . I suspect that policymakers and business managers will also find the factual base and discussions in this volume to be a catalyst for clearer thinking about a number of issues which confront them.'Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction (R. van Vilet) 2. Biotechnology: the external environment (J. Senker) 3. Industrial Structure and the Dynamics of Knowledge Generation in Biotechnology (P.P. Saviotti) 4. Risk Perception, Regulation and the Management of Agro-biotechnologies (J. Chataway and G. Assouline) 5. The Creation of European Dedicated Biotechnology Firms (P.P. Saviotti, P.-B. Joly, J. Estades, S. Ramani and M.-A. de Looze) 6. The Evolution of European Biotechnology and its future Competitiveness (R. Acharya, A. Arundel and L. Orsenigo) 7. Biotechnology and Europe’s chemical/pharmaceutical Multinationals (J. Senker, P.-B. Joly and M. Reinhard) 8. The ‘Commercialization Gap’ in Gene Therapy: Lessons for European Competitiveness (P. Martin and S. Thomas) 9. Conclusions – Biotechnology and European Competitiveness (R. Acharya) Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe analysis of well tests constitutes one of the most powerful tools for the effective description of a petroleum reservoir and its subsequent management. This requires that the well test be placed in the proper context of related disciplines, especially geoscience, production and reservoir engineering. Modern methods of automated data processing can conceal mathematical limitations and overlook the need for realistic physical and geologic models. This book emphasizes the plausible physical contexts and mathematical models and limitations, and also the importance of realistic geologic models in analysis.Although the book is clearly targeted at petroleum engineers, the approach taken by the authors will no doubt find favour with practitioners in other areas of fluid flow in porous media, such as hydrology and the flow of pollutants. Scattered throughout the book are worked examples of the use of the methods described in the text. It also contains extensive appendices on permeability, application of Laplace transforms to flow equations valid for single and multi-layered systems, convolution and deconvolution, dimensionless parameters and P-theorems, and physical and thermodynamic properties of gases. This book should appeal to students as well as practitioners in industry; many in the latter group may have benefited before from formal exposure to the underlying theory and its limitations in real reservoir environments.

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