Nuclear power and engineering Books

Book SynopsisExplains the mechanisms governing flow-induced vibrations and helps engineers prevent fatigueand fretting-weardamageatthe designstage Fatigue orfretting-wear damagein processand plantequipment caused by flow-induced vibrationcan lead tooperational disruptions, lost production, andexpensiverepairs.Mechanical engineers can helppreventor mitigatethese problemsduringthe designphase of high capital cost plants such as nuclear power stations and petroleum refineries by performing thorough flow-induced vibration analysis.Accordingly, it is critical for mechanical engineers to have a firmunderstanding of the dynamic parameters and the vibration excitation mechanisms that govern flow-induced vibration. Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipmentprovides the knowledge required to prevent failures due to flow-induced vibration at the design stage. The product of more than 40 years of research and development at the Canadian Nuclear LaboratoriesTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1 Introduction and Typical Vibration Problems 1 Michel J. Pettigrew 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some Typical Component Failures 2 1.3 Dynamics of Process System Components 9 1.3.1 Multi-Span Heat Exchanger Tubes 9 1.3.2 Other Nuclear and Process Components 10 Notes 10 References 10 2 Flow-Induced Vibration of Nuclear and Process Equipment: An Overview 13 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibration Overview 13 2.1.2 Scope of a Vibration Analysis 14 2.2 Flow Calculations 14 2.2.1 Flow Parameter Definition 14 2.2.2 Simple Flow Path Approach 15 2.2.3 Comprehensive 3-D Approach 16 2.2.4 Two-Phase Flow Regime 18 2.3 Dynamic Parameters 18 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Mass 18 2.3.2 Damping 19 2.4 Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 25 2.4.1 Fluidelastic Instability 25 2.4.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 27 2.4.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 31 2.4.4 Acoustic Resonance 34 2.4.5 Susceptibility to Resonance 35 2.5 Vibration Response Prediction 36 2.5.1 Fluidelastic Instability 37 2.5.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 38 2.5.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 38 2.5.4 Acoustic Resonance 38 2.5.5 Example of Vibration Analysis 38 2.6 Fretting-Wear Damage Considerations 40 2.6.1 Fretting-Wear Assessment 40 2.6.2 Fretting-Wear Coefficients 41 2.6.3 Wear Depth Calculations 42 2.7 Acceptance Criteria 42 2.7.1 Fluidelastic Instability 42 2.7.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 43 2.7.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 43 2.7.4 Tube-to-Support Clearance 43 2.7.5 Acoustic Resonance 43 2.7.6 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 43 Note 43 References 44 3 Flow Considerations 47 John M. Pietralik, Liberat N. Carlucci, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 3.1 Definition of the Problem 47 3.2 Nature of the Flow 48 3.2.1 Introduction 48 3.2.2 Flow Parameter Definitions 50 3.2.3 Vertical Bubbly Flow 54 3.2.4 Flow Around Bluff Bodies 55 3.2.5 Shell-Side Flow in Tube Bundles 56 3.2.6 Air-Water versus Steam-Water Flows 63 3.2.7 Effect of Nucleate Boiling Noise 63 3.2.8 Summary 67 3.3 Simplified Flow Calculation 67 3.4 Multi-Dimensional Thermalhydraulic Analysis 74 3.4.1 Steam Generator 74 3.4.2 Other Heat Exchangers 78 Acronyms 81 Nomenclature 81 Subscripts 82 Notes 83 References 83 4 Hydrodynamic Mass, Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 87 Daniel J. Gorman, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Total Tube Mass 88 4.2.1 Single-Phase Flow 89 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 90 4.3 Free Vibration Analysis of Straight Tubes 93 4.3.1 Free Vibration Analysis of a Single-Span Tube 94 4.3.2 Free Vibration Analysis of a Two-Span Tube 97 4.3.3 Free Vibration Analysis of a Multi-Span Tube 99 4.4 Basic Theory for Curved Tubes 100 4.4.1 Theory of Curved Tube In-Plane Free Vibration 102 4.4.2 Theory of Curved Tube Out-of-Plane Free Vibration 104 4.5 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes 105 4.5.1 Setting Boundary Conditions for the In-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 106 4.5.2 Development of the In-Plane Eigenvalue Matrix for a Symmetric U-Tube 109 4.5.3 Generation of Eigenvalue Matrices for Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 109 4.5.4 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Which Do Not Possess Geometric Similarity 112 4.6 Concluding Remarks 114 Nomenclature 115 References 116 5 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Single-Phase Fluids 119 Michel J. Pettigrew 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 119 5.3 Approach 123 5.4 Damping in Gases 124 5.4.1 Effect of Number of Supports 127 5.4.2 Effect of Frequency 128 5.4.3 Vibration Amplitude 128 5.4.4 Effect of Diameter or Mass 128 5.4.5 Effect of Side Loads 128 5.4.6 Effect of Higher Modes 129 5.4.7 Effect of Support Thickness 129 5.4.8 Effect of Clearance 132 5.5 Design Recommendations for Damping in Gases 132 5.6 Damping in Liquids 133 5.6.1 Tube-to-Fluid Viscous Damping 133 5.6.2 Damping at the Supports 136 5.6.3 Squeeze-Film Damping 138 5.6.4 Damping due to Sliding 141 5.6.5 Semi-Empirical Formulation of Tube-Support Damping 143 5.7 Discussion 147 5.8 Design Recommendations for Damping in Liquids 148 5.8.1 Simple Criterion Based on Available Data 148 5.8.2 Criterion Based on the Formulation of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 148 Nomenclature 149 Subscripts 150 References 151 6 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Two-Phase Flow 155 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Sources of Information 155 6.3 Approach 157 6.4 Two-Phase Flow Conditions 158 6.4.1 Definition of Two-Phase Flow Parameters 158 6.4.2 Flow Regime 161 6.5 Parametric Dependence Study 162 6.5.1 Effect of Flow Velocity 163 6.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 163 6.5.3 Effect of Confinement 168 6.5.4 Effect of Tube Mass 168 6.5.5 Effect of Tube Vibration Frequency 168 6.5.6 Effect of Tube Bundle Configuration 169 6.5.7 Effect of Motion of Surrounding Tubes 169 6.5.8 Effect of Flow Regime 170 6.5.9 Effect of Fluid Properties 171 6.6 Development of Design Guidelines 172 6.7 Discussion 177 6.7.1 Damping Formulation 177 6.7.2 Two-Phase Damping Mechanisms 177 6.8 Summary Remarks 178 Nomenclature 178 Subscripts 179 Note 179 References 180 7 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Single-Phase Flow 183 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Nature of Fluidelastic Instability 183 7.3 Fluidelastic Instability: Analytical Modelling 185 7.4 Fluidelastic Instability: Semi-Empirical Models 186 7.5 Approach 191 7.6 Important Definitions 191 7.6.1 Tube Bundle Configurations 191 7.6.2 Flow Velocity Definition 191 7.6.3 Critical Velocity for Fluidelastic Instability 196 7.6.4 Damping 197 7.6.5 Tube Frequency 198 7.7 Parametric Dependence Study 198 7.7.1 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundles 198 7.7.2 Damping 201 7.7.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio, P/D 201 7.7.4 Fluidelastic Instability Formulation 204 7.8 Development of Design Guidelines 206 7.9 In-Plane Fluidelastic Instability 209 7.10 Axial Flow Fluidelastic Instability 212 7.11 Concluding Remarks 213 Nomenclature 214 Subscript 214 References 215 8 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Flow 219 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Previous Research 219 8.2.1 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Axial Flow 220 8.2.2 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.2.3 Damping Studies 221 8.3 Fluidelastic Instability Mechanisms in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.4 Fluidelastic Instability Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.1 Initial Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.2 Behavior in Intermittent Flow 227 8.4.3 Effect of Bundle Geometry 229 8.4.4 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundle Behavior 230 8.4.5 Hydrodynamic Coupling 232 8.5 Analysis of the Fluidelastic Instability Results 234 8.5.1 Defining Critical Mass Flux and Instability Constant 234 8.5.2 Comparison with Results of Other Researchers 235 8.5.3 Summary of Air-Water Tests 238 8.6 Tube Bundle Vibration in Two-Phase Freon Cross Flow 239 8.6.1 Introductory Remarks 239 8.6.2 Background Information 240 8.6.3 Experiments in Freon Cross Flow 240 8.7 Freon Test Results and Discussion 244 8.7.1 Results and Analysis 244 8.7.2 Proposed Explanations 247 8.7.3 Concluding Remarks 247 8.7.4 Summary Findings 249 8.8 Fluidelastic Instability of U-Tubes in Air-Water Cross Flow 250 8.8.1 Experimental Considerations 250 8.8.2 U-Tube Dynamics 251 8.8.3 Vibration Response 251 8.8.4 Out-of-Plane Vibration 251 8.8.5 In-Plane Vibration 254 8.9 In-Plane (In-Flow) Fluidelastic Instability 255 8.9.1 In-Flow Experiments in a Wind Tunnel 255 8.9.2 In-Flow Experiments in Two-Phase Cross Flow 255 8.9.3 Single-Tube Fluidelastic Instability Results 256 8.9.4 Single Flexible Column and Central Cluster Fluidelastic Instability Results 258 8.9.5 Two Partially Flexible Columns 258 8.9.6 In-Flow Fluidelastic Instability Results and Discussion 261 8.10 Design Recommendations 261 8.10.1 Design Guidelines 261 8.10.2 Fluidelastic Instability with Intermittent Flow 263 8.11 Fluidelastic Instability in Two-Phase Axial Flow 264 8.12 Concluding Remarks 265 Nomenclature 265 Subscripts 266 Note 266 References 266 9 Random Turbulence Excitation in Single-Phase Flow 271 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Theoretical Background 271 9.2.1 Equation of Motion 272 9.2.2 Derivation of the Mean-Square Response 273 9.2.3 Simplification of Tube Vibration Response 274 9.2.4 Integration of the Transfer Function 275 9.2.5 Use of the Simplified Expression in Developing Design Guidelines 275 9.3 Literature Search 277 9.4 Approach Taken 277 9.5 Discussion of Parameters 279 9.5.1 Directional Dependence (Lift versus Drag) 279 9.5.2 Bundle Orientation 279 9.5.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio (P/D) 279 9.5.4 Upstream Turbulence 280 9.5.5 Fluid Density (Gas versus Liquid) 283 9.5.6 Summary 283 9.6 Design Guidelines 284 9.7 Random Turbulence Excitation in Axial Flow 287 Nomenclature 287 References 288 10 Random Turbulence Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow 291 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Background 291 10.3 Approach Taken to Data Reduction 295 10.4 Scaling Factor for Frequency 296 10.4.1 Definition of a Velocity Scale 297 10.4.2 Definition of a Length Scale 298 10.4.3 Dimensionless Reduced Frequency 301 10.4.4 Effect of Frequency 301 10.5 Scaling Factor for Power Spectral Density 302 10.5.1 Effect of Flow Regime 302 10.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 304 10.5.3 Effect of Mass Flux 306 10.5.4 Effect of Tube Diameter 306 10.5.5 Effect of Correlation Length 306 10.5.6 Effect of Bundle and Tube-Support Geometry 307 10.5.7 Effect of Two-Phase Mixture 308 10.5.8 Effect of Nucleate Boiling 310 10.6 Dimensionless Power Spectral Density 311 10.7 Upper Bounds for Two-Phase Cross Flow Dimensionless Spectra 314 10.7.1 Bubbly Flow 314 10.7.2 Churn Flow 315 10.7.3 Intermittent Flow 316 10.8 Axial Flow Random Turbulence Excitation 318 10.9 Conclusions 323 Nomenclature 324 References 325 11 Periodic Wake Shedding and Acoustic Resonance 329 David S. Weaver, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Periodic Wake Shedding 332 11.2.1 Frequency: Strouhal Number 332 11.2.2 Calculating Tube Resonance Amplitudes 335 11.2.3 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Single-Phase Flow 336 11.2.4 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Two-Phase Flow 338 11.2.5 The Effect of Bundle Orientation and P/D on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 346 11.2.6 The Effect of Void Fraction and Flow Regime on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 347 11.3 Acoustic Resonance 354 11.3.1 Acoustic Natural Frequencies 354 11.3.2 Equivalent Speed of Sound 355 11.3.3 Acoustic Natural Frequencies (fa)n 356 11.3.4 Frequency Coincidence — Critical Velocities 356 11.3.5 Damping Criteria 358 11.3.6 Sound Pressure Level 361 11.3.7 Elimination of Acoustic Resonance 364 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 366 Nomenclature 367 References 369 12 Assessment of Fretting-Wear Damage in Nuclear and Process Equipment 373 Michel J. Pettigrew, Metin Yetisir, Nigel J. Fisher, Bruce A.W. Smith, and Victor P. Janzen 12.1 Introduction 373 12.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Nuclear Structures and Process Equipment 374 12.2.1 Heat Exchangers 374 12.2.2 Nuclear Structures 375 12.3 Fretting-Wear Damage Prediction 376 12.3.1 Time-Domain Approach 376 12.3.2 Energy Approach 380 12.4 Work-Rate Relationships 380 12.4.1 Shear Work Rate and Mechanical Power 380 12.4.2 Vibration Energy Relationship 381 12.4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 381 12.4.4 Multi-Span Beams Under Harmonic Excitation 382 12.4.5 Response to Random Excitation 382 12.4.6 Work-Rate Estimate: Summary 384 12.5 Experimental Verification 384 12.6 Comparison to Time Domain Approach 385 12.7 Practical Applications: Examples 386 12.8 Concluding Remarks 392 Nomenclature 392 Note 393 References 394 13 Fretting-Wear Damage Coefficients 397 Nigel J. Fisher and Fabrice M. Guérout 13.1 Introduction 397 13.2 Fretting-Wear Damage Mechanisms 397 13.2.1 Impact Fretting Wear 397 13.2.2 Trends 398 13.2.3 Work-Rate Model 402 13.3 Experimental Considerations 404 13.3.1 Experimental Studies 404 13.3.2 Room-Temperature Test Data 404 13.3.3 High-Temperature Experimental Facility 407 13.3.4 Wear Volume Measurements 409 13.4 Fretting Wear of Zirconium Alloys 409 13.4.1 Introduction 409 13.4.2 Experimental Set-Up 410 13.4.3 Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Motion Type 412 13.4.4 Effect of Pressure-Tube Pre-Oxidation and Surface Preparation 412 13.4.5 Effect of Temperature 412 13.4.6 Effect of pH Control Additive and Dissolved Oxygen Content 413 13.4.7 Discussions 414 13.5 Fretting Wear of Heat Exchanger Materials 417 13.5.1 Work-Rate Model and Wear Coefficient 417 13.5.2 Effect of Test Duration 419 13.5.3 Effect of Temperature 422 13.5.4 Effect of Water Chemistry 424 13.5.5 Effect of Tube-Support Geometry and Tube Materials 426 13.5.6 Discussion 427 13.6 Summary and Recommendations 429 Nomenclature 429 Notes 429 References 430 Component Analysis 433 Introduction 433 Analysis of a Process Heat Exchanger 435 Analysis of a Nuclear Steam Generator U-Bend 445 Subject Index 463

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Glossary of Terms xxv 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Discovery of X-Rays, Radiation, and Subatomic Particles 2 1.3 The Nuclear Age 8 1.4 The Space Age 9 1.5 Semiconductors – Revolution, Evolution, and Scaling 15 1.6 Beginning of Ionizing Radiation Effects in Semiconductors 20 1.7 Beginning of Single-Event Effects in Semiconductors 22 1.8 Summary and Closing Comments 26 References 27 2 Radiation Environments 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 X-Rays, Gamma Rays, and the Atom 31 2.2.1 X-Rays 31 2.2.2 X-Ray Absorption 34 2.2.3 Auger Electrons 36 2.2.4 Nuclear Structure and Binding Energy 36 2.2.4.1 Models of the Nucleus 38 2.2.5 Alpha and Beta Decay 50 2.2.5.1 Alpha Decay 51 2.2.5.2 Beta Decay 52 2.2.6 Gamma-Ray Emission or Gamma Decay 53 2.2.7 Other Types of Nuclear Radiation 54 2.3 Natural Radioactivity 55 2.3.1 Exponential Decay 55 2.3.2 Decay Series 56 2.4 The Space Environment 58 2.4.1 Solar Radiation 59 2.4.2 Trapped Radiation 62 2.4.3 Cosmic Rays 66 2.4.4 Atmospheric Neutrons 69 2.5 The Nuclear Reactor Environment 71 2.6 The Weapons Environment 75 2.7 The Environment in High-Energy Physics Facilities 78 2.8 Summary and Closing Comments 80 References 81 3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Materials 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Basic Effects 86 3.2.1 Heavy Charged Particles 86 3.2.1.1 Stopping Power 86 3.2.1.2 Electronic Stopping 87 3.2.1.3 Nuclear Stopping 92 3.2.2 Electrons 93 3.2.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 93 3.2.2.2 Stopping Power 96 3.2.3 Neutrons 101 3.2.3.1 Neutron Cross Section 102 3.2.3.2 Interactions with Matter 103 3.2.4 Photons (X-Rays, Gamma Rays) 106 3.2.4.1 Photoelectric Effect 107 3.2.4.2 Compton Scattering 108 3.2.4.3 Pair Production 109 3.2.4.4 Photonuclear Reactions 110 3.3 Charge Trapping in Silicon Dioxide 111 3.3.1 Charge Generation/Recombination 111 3.3.1.1 Geminate and Columnar Models 112 3.3.1.2 Geminate Recombination 113 3.3.1.3 Columnar Recombination 115 3.3.1.4 Numerical Methods 117 3.3.2 Hole Trapping and Transport 118 3.3.2.1 E′ Centers 120 3.3.2.2 Continuous-Time Random-Walk (CTRW) 122 3.3.3 The Silicon/Silicon Dioxide Interface 124 3.3.3.1 Interface Traps 125 3.3.3.2 Border Traps 127 3.3.3.3 Hydrogen 128 3.3.3.4 ELDRS 130 3.4 Bulk Damage 131 3.5 Summary and Closing Comments 133 References 135 4 Radiation-Induced Single Events 143 4.1 Introduction – Single-Events Effects (SEE) 143 4.1.1 Single-Event Upsets (SEU) 143 4.1.2 Multiple-Bit Upset (MBU) 143 4.1.3 Single-Event Transients (SET) 144 4.1.4 Single-Event Functional Interrupts (SEFIs) 144 4.1.5 Single-Event Disturb (SED) 145 4.1.6 Single-Event Snapback (SESB) 146 4.1.7 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 146 4.1.8 Single-Event Burnout (SEB) 146 4.1.9 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 147 4.1.10 Single-Event Hard Errors (SHE) 147 4.2 Single-Event Upset (SEU) 148 4.2.1 SEU – Memory 148 4.2.2 SEU in CMOS Memory 148 4.2.3 SEU in Bipolar Memory 148 4.2.4 SEU in CMOS SRAM 149 4.2.5 SEU in Future Technology – FINFETs 149 4.3 SEU – Particle Sources 149 4.3.1 SEU Source – Alpha Particles 150 4.3.2 SEU Source – Pions and Muons 152 4.3.3 SEU – Neutrons 153 4.3.4 SEU Source – Protons 153 4.3.5 SEU – Heavy Ions 154 4.4 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 154 4.4.1 Definition SEGR 155 4.4.2 SEGR Source – Ion Track 155 4.4.3 SEGR Source – Failure Mechanism 156 4.4.4 SEGR – Modeling and Simulation 156 4.4.5 Power Transistors and SEGR 156 4.4.5.1 Lateral Power Transistors SEGR 156 4.4.5.2 Vertical MOS (VMOS) SEGR 157 4.4.5.3 Advanced Technologies – Planar MOSFET SEGR 157 4.5 Single-Event Transients (SETs) 158 4.5.1 SET Definition 158 4.5.2 SET Source 158 4.5.3 SET Source Failure Mechanisms 159 4.5.4 SET in Integrated Circuits 159 4.5.4.1 Digital Circuitry 159 4.5.4.2 Continuous Time Analog Circuitry 159 4.5.5 Prediction and Hardening 159 4.6 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 159 4.6.1 SEL Definition 160 4.6.2 SEL Source 160 4.6.3 SEL Time Response 161 4.6.4 SEL Maximum Charge Collection Evaluation in a Parallelepiped Region 162 4.6.5 A SEL Design Practice 164 4.6.6 SEL Semiconductor Device Simulation 165 4.7 Summary and Closing Comments 165 References 166 5 Radiation Testing 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.1.1 Radiation Units and Measurements 173 5.2 Radiation Testing and Sources 175 5.2.1 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Testing 176 5.2.2 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Sources 179 5.2.3 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Testing 182 5.2.4 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Sources and Facilities 187 5.2.5 Neutron Testing 192 5.2.6 Neutron Sources 193 5.2.7 Proton Testing 195 5.2.8 Proton Sources 196 5.2.9 Transient Gamma Testing 197 5.2.10 Transient Gamma Sources 198 5.3 Summary and Closing Comments 201 References 204 6 Device Modeling and Simulation Techniques 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Device Modeling 210 6.2.1 Circuit Simulators 211 6.2.2 Intrinsic Models 212 6.2.3 Composite Models and Inline Subcircuits 212 6.2.4 Analysis and Statistics Programs 214 6.3 Radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices 215 6.3.1 MOS Capacitors and Transistors 215 6.3.1.1 MOS Capacitors 216 6.3.1.2 MOS Transistors 219 6.3.2 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 224 6.3.2.1 Diodes 224 6.3.2.2 Bipolar Transistors 225 6.3.3 Power Devices 230 6.3.3.1 DMOS Composite Models 231 6.3.3.2 Operating Voltage 232 6.3.4 Other Devices 232 6.3.4.1 Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) 232 6.3.4.2 Resistors 234 6.3.4.3 Capacitors 235 6.3.5 Some Modeling Challenges 235 6.4 Circuit Simulation 236 6.4.1 Corner Simulation 236 6.4.2 SEE Simulation 239 6.5 Summary and Closing Comments 242 References 244 7 Radiation Semiconductor Process and Layout Solutions 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Substrate Hardened Technologies 249 7.2.1 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Technologies 250 7.2.1.1 Separation by Implanted Oxygen (SIMOX) 250 7.2.1.2 Silicon-Bonded (SIBOND) Technology 250 7.2.2 Silicon on Sapphire (SOS) 251 7.2.3 Silicon on Diamond (SOD) 252 7.2.4 Silicon on Nothing (SON) 252 7.3 Oxide Hardening Technologies 253 7.3.1 Oxide Growth and Fluorination of Oxide 253 7.3.2 MOSFET Gate Oxide Hardening 253 7.3.3 Recessed Oxide (ROX) Hardening 254 7.3.4 LOCOS Isolation Hardening 254 7.3.5 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) Hardening 254 7.4 CMOS Latchup Process Solutions 255 7.5 CMOS Substrates – High-Resistance Substrates 255 7.5.1 50Ω-cm Substrate Resistance 259 7.6 Wells 260 7.6.1 Single Well – Diffused N-Well 261 7.6.2 Single Well – Retrograde N-Well 261 7.6.3 Dual-Well Technology 262 7.6.3.1 P-well and P++ Substrate 262 7.6.3.2 P-Well and P+ Connecting Implant 263 7.7 Triple-Well Technology 264 7.7.1 Triple Well – Full Separation of Wells 264 7.7.2 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well 265 7.7.3 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well with Blanket Implant 266 7.8 Sub-Collectors 266 7.8.1 Epitaxial Grown Sub-Collector 266 7.8.2 Implanted Sub-Collector 267 7.8.3 Sub-Collector – NPN and PNP Bipolar Current Gain 267 7.8.4 Sub-Collector – Beta Product 𝛽PNP𝛽NPN 267 7.9 Heavily Doped Buried Layers (HDBL) 268 7.9.1 Buried Implanted Layer for Lateral Isolation (BILLI) Process 268 7.9.2 Continuous HDBL Implant 268 7.9.3 Buried Guard Ring (BGR) 270 7.10 Isolation Concepts 270 7.10.1 LOCOS Isolation 270 7.10.2 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) 270 7.10.3 Dual Depth Isolation 271 7.10.4 Trench Isolation (TI) 272 7.10.4.1 Trench Isolation (TI) and Sub-Collector 274 7.11 Deep Trench 277 7.11.1 Deep Trench (DT) within PNPN Structure 279 7.11.2 Deep Trench Structure and Sub-Collector 281 7.11.3 Deep Trench Structure and Merged Triple Well 283 7.12 Layout Solutions 284 7.12.1 Polysilicon Bound Structures 284 7.12.2 Parasitic Isolation Device (PID) 284 7.13 Summary and Closing Comments 286 References 287 8 Single-Event Upset Circuit Solutions 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 CMOS DRAM SEU Circuit Solutions 293 8.2.1 CMOS DRAM Redundancy 294 8.2.2 CMOS DRAM with SRAM Error Correction 294 8.3 CMOS SRAM SEU Circuit Solution 296 8.3.1 CMOS SRAM Four-Device Cell 296 8.3.2 CMOS SRAM Six-Device Cell 297 8.3.3 CMOS SRAM 12-Device Cell 298 8.4 Bipolar SRAM 299 8.4.1 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads 300 8.4.2 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads and Schottky Clamps 300 8.4.3 Bipolar SRAM Cell with PNP Transistors 301 8.5 Bipolar SRAM Circuit Solutions 301 8.6 SEU in CMOS Logic Circuitry 302 8.7 Summary and Closing Comments 302 References 303 9 Latchup Circuit Solutions 305 9.1 Introduction 305 9.2 Power Supply Concepts 305 9.2.1 Power Supply Current Limit – Series Resistor 305 9.2.2 Power Supply Current Limit – Current Source 306 9.2.3 Power Supply Solutions – Voltage Regulator 307 9.2.4 Latchup Circuit Solutions – Power Supply Decoupling 308 9.3 Overshoot and Undershoot Clamp Networks 311 9.3.1 Passive Clamp Networks 312 9.3.2 Active Clamp Networks 313 9.3.3 Dynamic Threshold Triple Well Passive and Active Clamp Networks 316 9.4 Passive and Active Guard Rings 318 9.4.1 Passive Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 318 9.4.2 Active Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 319 9.5 Triple-Well Noise and Latchup Suppression Structures 326 9.6 System-Level Latchup Issues 326 9.7 Summary and Closing Comments 327 References 329 10 Emerging Effects and Future Technology 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Radiation Effects in Advanced Technologies 333 10.2.1 Moore’s Law, Scaling, and Radiation Effects 334 10.2.2 Technology Lifetime and Reliability 334 10.2.2.1 New Missions 335 10.2.2.2 Throwaway Mentality 335 10.2.2.3 New Space Entrants 335 10.2.3 Terrestrial Issues 335 10.2.4 Space Mission Issues 335 10.2.5 Server Farms 335 10.2.6 Automotive 336 10.2.7 Internet of Things (IoT) 336 10.2.8 More than Moore 336 10.3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures 336 10.3.1 Planar MOSFETs in Sub-25 nm 337 10.3.2 Bulk FinFET 338 10.3.3 SOI FinFET 339 10.3.4 3-D Circuits 340 10.4 Radiation Effects and Advanced Packaging 340 10.4.1 Radiation Effects and 2.5-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.2 Radiation Effects and 3-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.3 More than Moore and 3-D Integration 342 10.5 Ruggedized Capability 342 10.5.1 Ruggedized Capability for Radiation 343 10.5.2 Ruggedized Capability for High Temperature 343 10.6 Radiation Models 343 10.7 A Nuclear World 344 10.8 Summary and Closing Comments 344 References 345 Index 347

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents(Most chapters end with References and Problems). 1. Nuclear Engineering. 2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics. Fundamental Particles. Atomic and Nuclear Structure. Atomic and Molecular Weight. Atomic and Nuclear Radii. Mass and Energy. Particle Wavelengths. Excited States and Radiation. Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay. Radioactivity Calculations. Nuclear Reactions. Binding Energy. Nuclear Models. Gases, Liquids, and Solids. Atom Density. 3. Interaction of Radiation with Matter. Neutron Interactions. Cross-Sections. Neutron Attenuation. Neutron Flux. Neutron Cross-Section Data. Energy Loss in Scattering Collisions. Fission. y-Ray Interactions with Matter. Charged Particles. 4. Nuclear Reactors and Nuclear Power. The Fission Chain Reaction. Nuclear Reactor Fuels. Non-Nuclear Components of Nuclear Power Plants. Components of Nuclear Reactors. Power Reactors and Nuclear Steam Supply Systems. Nuclear Cycles. Isotope Separation. Fuel Reprocessing. Radioactive Waste Disposal. 5. Neutron Diffusion and Moderation. Neutron Flux. Fick's Law. The Equation of Continuity. The Diffusion Equation. Boundary Conditions. Solutions of the Diffusion Equation. The Diffusion Length. The Group-Diffusion Method. Thermal Neutron Diffusion. Two-Group Calculation of Neutron Moderation. 6. Nuclear Reactor Theory. One-Group Reactor Equation. The Slab Reactor. Other Reactor Shapes. The One-Group Critical Equation. Thermal Reactors. Reflected Reactors. Multigroup Calculations. Heterogeneous Reactors. 7. The Time-Dependent Reactor. Classification of Time Problems. Reactor Kinetics. Control Rods and Chemical Shim. Temperature Effects on Reactivity. Fission Product Poisoning. Core Properties during Lifetime. 8. Heat Removal from Nuclear Reactors. General Thermodynamic Considerations. Heat Generation in Reactors. Heat Flow by Conduction. Heat Transfer to Coolants. Boiling Heat Transfer. Thermal Design of a Reactor. 9. Radiation Protection. History of Radiation Effects. Radiation Units. Some Elementary Biology. The Biological Effects of Radiation. Quantitative Effects of Radiation on the Human Species. Calculations of Radiation Effects. Natural and Man-Made Radiation Sources. Standards of Radiation Protection. Computations of Exposure and Dose. Standards for Intake of Radionuclides. Exposure from y-Ray Sources. Glossary. 10. Radiation Shielding. Gamma-Ray Shielding: Buildup Factors. Infinite Planar and Disc Sources. The Line Source. Internal Sources. Multilayered Shields. Nuclear Reactor Shielding: Principles of Reactor Shielding. Removal Cross-Sections. The Reactor Shield Design: Removal-Attenuation Calculatons. The Removal-Diffusion Method. Exact Methods. Shielding y-Rays. Coolant Activation. Ducts in Shields. 11. Reactor Licensing, Safety, and the Environment. Governmental Authority and Responsibility. Reactor Licensing. Principles of Nuclear Power Plant Safety. Dispersion of Effluents from Nuclear Facilities. Radiation Doses from Nuclear Plants. Reactor Siting. Reactor Accidents. Accident Risk Analysis. Environmental Radiation Doses. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by two leading researchers from the world-renowned Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future prospects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining information from scholarly analyses, industrial data, references, and other resources, this handbook illustrates hydrogen's versatility and potential both as a sustainable energy carrier (e.g., fuel for vehicles and power generators) and as a feedstock material for industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen generation, this handbook presents case studies that delve into: Research results of hydrogen development programs sponsored by Japan, Argentina, China, Korea, the US and the EU, among others Operational developments at major nuclear reactorsTrade ReviewNuclear hydrogen will be significant for a low carbon society. This book is excellent for the first step.—Dr. Yoshimi Okada, Chiyoda Corporation, JapanHydrogen economy as an alternative energy source to reduce CO2 emission has been discussed for decades. The fact that nuclear hydrogen production is now almost reality is not widely known. This handbook gives us the most thorough review of the state of art of nuclear hydrogen, which could be used not only for scientific and technological communities, but also for the potential users to assess its reality.—Dr. Toru Ogawa, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan Table of ContentsSection I: Hydrogen and Its Production from Nuclear EnergyThe Role of Hydrogen in the World Economy. Nuclear Hydrogen Production: An Overview. Section II: Hydrogen Production MethodsWater Electrolysis. Steam Electrolysis. Thermochemical Decomposition of Water. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. Biomass Method. Radiolysis of Water. Section III: Nuclear Hydrogen Production SystemsWater Reactor. High-Temperature Gas Reactor. Sodium Fast Reactor. Gas Fast Reactor. Fluoride Salt Advanced High-Temperature Reactor. STAR-H2: A Pb-Cooled, Long Refueling Interval Reactor. Fusion Reactor Hydrogen Production. Section IV: Applied Science and TechnologyHigh-Temperature Electrolysis of Steam. Thermochemical Iodine–Sulfur Process. The Hybrid Sulfur Cycle. Nuclear Coal Gasification. Nuclear Steam Reforming of Methane. Hydrogen Plant Construction and Process Materials. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Process Reactors. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant Safety. Nuclear Hydrogen Plant Operations and Products. Licensing Framework for Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant. Section V: Worldwide Research and DevelopmentHydrogen Production and Applications Program in Argentina. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Development in China. European Union Activities on Using Nuclear Power for Hydrogen Production. HTTR-IS Nuclear Hydrogen Demonstration Program in Japan. Nuclear Hydrogen Project in Korea. NGNP and NHI Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy. International Development of Fusion Energy. Section VI: AppendicesChemical, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of Pure Compounds and Solutions. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Coolants for Nuclear Reactors Considered for Hydrogen Production.

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Book Synopsis1. Opening Remarks.- Section I.- 2. Controlled Fusion, Soon!.- Magnetic Confinement.- 3. Comments on the Feasibility of Achieving Scientific Break-Even with a Plasma Focus Machine.- 4. Self-Colliding Beams as an Alternative Fusion System for D-He3 Reactors.- Inertial Confinement.- 5. Target Physics for Inertial Fusion Energy.- 6. Spherical Pinch Research: Historical Background, Achievements, and Projections.- Section II.- 7. Perspectives of Advanced Confinement Programs.- Magnetic Confinement.- 8. Present Status of Field-Reversed Configurations.- 9. Ignition Physics and the Ignitor Project.- Other Confinement.- 10. The Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Approach to Fusion Power.- 11. The D-3He Dipole Fusion Reactor.- 12. Open-Ended Magnetic Confinement Systems for Fusion.- 13. Formation, Compression, and Acceleration of Magnetized Plasmas.- 14. Prospects of Magnetic Electrostatic Plasma Confinement.- Tutorial Talk.- 15. Analysis of the Fusion Breakeven Conditions for D-T Plasmas of Prescribed Temperature Evolution.- Section III.- 16. Progress in Inertial Fusion Research.- Inertial Confinement.- 17. Heavy-Ion Driven Inertial Fusion Energy.- 18. X-Ray Driven Implosions on the Nova Laser.- 19. Present Status and Future Prospects of Laser Fusion Research at Osaka.- 20. Magnetized Target Fusion: An Overview of the Concept.- 21. Thermonuclear Fusion in a Staged Pinch.- 22. Novel Staged Z-Pinch Concept as Super Radiant X-Ray Source for ICF.- Section IV.- 23. Fusion, the Competition, and the Prospects for Alternative Fusion Concepts.- Magnetic Confinement.- 24. Ideas for Future RFP Experiments.- 25.Dense Z-Pinches for Fusion.- 26. Assessment of Field-Reversed-Configuration Stability.- Other.- 27. Muon-Catalyzed Fusion in 1996.- 28. Experimental Investigation of Muon-Catalyzed Fusion in Mixtures of Hydrogen Isotopes.- 29. Magnetoelectric Toroidal Confinement.- 30. Ball Lightning: What Nature Is Trying to Tell the Fusion Community.- 31. Fusion Implications of Free-Floating Plasmak Magnetoplasmoids.- Section V.- 32. Alternate Fusion Concepts.- Inertial Confinement.- 33. Inertial Fusion Driven by Intense Cluster Ion Beams.- 34. Inertial Fusion Energy: An Approach to Low Maintenance and Cost of Electricity, and the Role of the National Ignition Facility Testing the Target Physics.- 35. Magnetized Target Fusion: An Ultrahigh Energy Approach in an Unexplored Parameter Space.- Section VI.- 36. Concluding Remarks.- Section VII.- 37. Report of the Evaluators.- 38. Biographies of Evaluators.- Participants.Table of ContentsSection I: Controlled Fusion: Soon! (E. Teller). Comments on the Feasibility of Achieving Scientific Breakeven with a Plasma Focus Machine (J.S. Brzosko et al.). SelfColliding Beams as an Alternative Fusion System for DHe3 Reactors (N. Rostoker, M. Binderbauer). Target Physics for Inertial Fusion Energy (J.M. MartinezVal et al.). Spherical Pinch Research: Historical Background, Achievements, and Projections (F. Giammanco et al.). Section II: Perspectives of Advanced Confinement Programs (B. Coppi). Present Status of FieldReversed Configurations (J. Slough). Ignition Physics and the Ignitor Project (F. Pegoraro). The Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Approach to Fusion Power (G.H. Miley). The D3He Dipole Fusion Reactor (M.E. Mauel). OpenEnded Magnetic Confinement Systems for Fusion (R.F. Post, D.D. Ryutov). Formation, Compression, and Acceleration of Magnetized Plasmas (J.H. Degnan). Prospects of Magnetic Electrostatic Plasma Confinement (T.J. Dolan). Analysis of the Fusion Breakeven Conditions for DT Plasmas of Prescribed Temperature Evolution (E. Panarella). Section III: Progress in Inertial Fusion Research (C. Yamanaka). HeavyIon Driven Inertial Fusion Energy (R.O. Bangerter, T.J. Fessenden). XRay Driven Implosions on the Nova Laser (J.D. Kilkenny et al.). Present Status and Future Prospects of Laser Fusion Research at Osaka (C. Yamanaka). Magnetized Target Fusion: An Overview of the Concept (R.C. Kirkpatrick, M.A. Sweeney). Thermonuclear Fusion in a Staged Pinch (H.U. Rahman et al.). Novel Staged ZPinch Concept as a Super Radiant XRay Source for ICF (V.M. Bystritskii et al.). Section IV: Fusion, the Competition, and the Prospects for Alternative Fusion Concepts (L.J. Perkins et al.). Ideas for Future RFP Experiments (J.A. Phillips et al.). Dense ZPinches for Fusion (D. Scudder, J. Shlachter). Assessment of FieldReversedConfiguration Stability (R.E. Siemon). MuonCatalyzed Fusion in 1996 (S.E. Jones). Experimental Investigation of the Muon Catalyzed Fusion in Mixtures of Hydrogen Isotopes (V.M. Bystritsky). Magnetoelectric Toroidal Confinement (J.R. Roth). Ball Lightning: What Nature is Trying to Tell the Fusion Community (J.R. Roth). Fusion Implications of FreeFloating Plasmak® Magnetoplasmoids (P.M. Koloc). Section V: Alternate Fusion Concepts (N. Rostoker). Inertial Fusion Driven by Intense Cluster Ion Beams (C. Deutsch). Inertial Fusion Energy: An Approach to Low Maintenance and Cost of Electricity, and the Role of the National Ignition Facility Testing the Target Physics (B.G. Logan). Magnetized Target Fusion: An Ultrahigh Energy Approach in an Unexplored Parameter Space (R.C. Kirkpatrick et al.). Section VI: Concluding Remarks (E. Panarella). Section VII: Report of the Evaluators (E.C. Creutz et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe revised second edition of this established text offers readers a significantly expanded introduction to the effects of radiation on metals and alloys.  It describes the various processes that occur when energetic particles strike a solid, inducing changes to the physical and mechanical properties of the material.  Specifically it covers particle interaction with the metals and alloys used in nuclear reactor cores and hence subject to intense radiation fields. It describes the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys.Updated throughout, some major enhancements for the new edition include improved treatment of low- and intermediate-energy elastic collisions and stopping power, expanded sections on molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo methodologies describing colliTable of ContentsPart I Radiation Damage. 1. The Radiation Damage Event. 1.1 Neutron–Nucleus Interactions. 1.2 Interactions Between Ions and Atoms. 1.3 Energy Loss Nomenclature. Problems. References.2. The Displacement of Atoms. 2.1 Elementary Displacement Theory. 2.2 Modifications to the K–P Displacement Model. 2.3 The Displacement Cross Section. 2.4 Displacement Rates. 2.5 Correlation of Property Changes and Irradiation Dose. 2.6 Displacements from Charged Particle Irradiation. Nomenclature. Problems. References.3. The Damage Cascade. 3.1 Displacement Mean Free Path. 3.2 Primary Recoil Spectrum. 3.3 Cascade Damage Energy and Cascade Volume. 3.4 Computer Simulations of Radiation Damage. 3.5 Stages of Cascade Development. 3.6 Behavior of Defects within the Cascade. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 4. Point Defect Formation and Diffusion. 4.1 Properties of Irradiation-Induced Defects. 4.2 Thermodynamics of Point Defect Formation. 4.3 Diffusion of Point Defects. 4.4 Correlated Diffusion. 4.5 Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems. 4.6 Diffusion along High Diffusivity Paths. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 5. Radiation-Enhanced and Diffusion Defect Reaction Rate Theory. 5.1 Point Defect Balance Equations. 5.2 Radiation-Enhanced Diffusion. 5.3 Defect Reactions. 5.4 Reaction Rate-Controlled Processes. 5.5 Diffusion-Limited Reactions. 5.6 Mixed Rate Control. 5.7 Defect–Grain Boundary Reactions. 5.8 Coherent Precipitates and Solutes. 5.9 Point Defect Recovery. Nomenclature. Problems. References. Part II Physical Effects of Radiation Damage6. Radiation-Induced Segregation. 6.1 Radiation-Induced Segregation in Concentrated Binary Alloys. 6.2 RIS in Ternary Alloys. 6.3 Effect of Local Composition Changes on RIS. 6.4 Effect of Solutes on RIS. 6.5 Examples of RIS in Austenitic Alloys. 6.6 RIS in Ferritic Alloys. 6.7 Effect of Grain Boundary Structure on RIS. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 7. Dislocation Microstructure. 7.1 Dislocation Lines. 7.2 Faulted Loops and Stacking Fault Tetrahedra. 7.3 Defect Clusters. 7.4 Extended Defects. 7.5 Effective Defect Production. 7.6 Nucleation and Growth of Dislocation Loops. 7.7 Dislocation Loop Growth. 7.8 Recovery. 7.9 Evolution of the Interstitial Loop Microstructure. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 8. Irradiation-Induced Voids and Bubbles. 8.1 Void Nucleation. 8.2 Void Growth. 8.3 Void Growth Equation. 8.4 Bubble Growth. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 9. Phase Stability Under Irradiation. 9.1 Radiation-Induced Segregation and Radiation-Induced Precipitation. 9.2 Recoil Dissolution. 9.3 Radiation Disordering. 9.4 Incoherent Precipitate Nucleation. 9.5 Coherent Precipitate Nucleation. 9.6 Examples of Radiation-induced Precipitation. 9.7 Metastable Phases. 9.8 Amorphization. 9.9 Phase Stability in Reactor Core Component Alloys. Nomenclature. Problems. References.10. Unique Effects of Ion Irradiation. 10.1 Ion Irradiation Techniques. 10.2 Composition Changes. 10.3 Other Effects of Ion Implantation. 10.4 High Dose Gas Loading: Blistering and Exfoilation. 10.5 Solid Phases and Inert Gas Bubble Lattices. 10.6 Displacements due to Electronic Excitation. 10.7 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 11. Simulation of Neutron Irradiation Effects with Ions. 11.1 Motivation for Using Ion Irradiation as a Surrogate for Neutron Irradiation. 11.2 Review of Aspects of Radiation Damage Relevant to Ion Irradiation. 11.3 Particle Type Dependence of RIS. 11.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Particle Types. 11.5 Irradiation Parameters for Particle Irradiations. 11.6 Emulation of Neutron Irradiation Damage with Proton Irradiation. 11.7 Emulation of Neutron Irradiation Damage with Self-Ion Irradiation. Nomenclature. Problems. References. Part III Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage.12 Irradiation Hardening and Deformation. 12.1 Elastic and Plastic Deformation. 12.2 Irradiation Hardening. 12.3 Deformation in Irradiated Metals. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 13. Irradiation Creep and Growth. 13.1 Thermal Creep. 13.2 Irradiation Creep. 13.3 Irradiation Growth and Creep in Zirconium Alloys. Nomenclature. Problems. References.14. Fracture and Embrittlement. 14.1 Types of Fracture. 14.2 The Cohesive Strength of Metals. 14.3 Fracture Mechanics. 14.4 Fracture Mechanics Tests. 14.5 Elastic–plastic Fracture Mechanics. 14.6 Brittle Fracture. 14.7 Irradiation-Induced Embrittlement in Ferritic Steels. 14.8 Fracture and Fatigue of Austenitic Alloys at Low to Intermediate Temperatures. 14.9 High-Temperature Embrittlement. Nomenclature. Problems. References. 15. Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Fundamentals. 15.1 Forms of Corrosion. 15.2 Thermodynamics of Corrosion. 15.3 Kinetics of Corrosion. 15.4 Polarization. 15.5 Passivity. 15.6 Crevice Corrosion. 15.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking. 16. Effects of Irradiation on Corrosion and Environmentally Assisted Cracking. 16.1 Effects of Irradiation on Water Chemistry. 16.2 Effects of Irradiation on Oxide. 16.3 Effects of Irradiation on Stress Corrosion Cracking. 16.4 Mechanism of IASCC. Nomenclature. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDownwind is an unflinching tale of the atomic West that reveals the intentional disregard for the inhabitants and the environment in nuclear testing by the federal government and in uranium extraction by mining corporations during and after the Cold War. Sarah Alisabeth Fox interviews residents of the Great Basin region affected by environmental contamination from the uranium industry and nuclear testing fallout. Those residents tell tales of communities ravaged by cancer epidemics, farmers and ranchers economically ruined by massive crop and animal deaths, and Native miners working in dangerous conditions without proper safety equipment so that the government could surreptitiously study the effects of radiation on humans. In chilling detail, Downwind brings to light the stories and concerns of these groups whose voices have been silenced and marginalized for decades in the name of patriotism and national security. With the renewed boom in mining in the American West, Fox's lookTrade Review"Combining the intricacies of the official record with the complicated narratives of the individuals she interviewed, Fox provides texture and insight into becoming and being downwind within the framework of both nuclear testing and uranium mining."—Leisl Carr Childers, Environmental History"Downwind advances our understanding of how communities interpret risk and medical information from federal officials and how they make sense of their predicament through stories."—Thomas Wellock, Journal of American History"Fox's account provides a welcome addition to the literature on the nuclear West made richer with new voices of those who lived and labored on the front lines of the Cold War."—Andrew Kirk, Western Historical Quarterly"Downwind offers a provocative and engaging new history of the suffering sustained by southwestern communities in the aftermath of nuclear testing and radioactive fallout."—Michael Wise, Southwestern Historical Quarterly"Compelling, well written, and meticulously researched."—David Mills, Montana, The Magazine of Western History“In addition to illuminating the past, this book also sheds light on the present, challenging us to wonder what ‘official fictions’ are being constructed today.”—Samantha Updegrave, High Country News "Downwind manages the triple feat of being at once a rigorous piece of scholarship, a moving account of a dark and ongoing period in human history and an exquisitely accomplished first book."—Frank Kaminski, Resilience"Readers will find Downwind an engaging, balanced, and profoundly human narrative of the consequences of a global, complex conflict."—Lucie Genay, Pacific Historical Revew“Comprehensive and incisive, Downwind also adds heart and soul to an epic story of resilience in the aftermath of reckless arrogance. Sarah Fox gives the history of the nuclear age back to the people who had it written in their bones. The testimony she captured is both shocking and inspiring.”—Chip Ward, author of Canaries on the Rim: Living Downwind in the West “In this incredibly important book, Sarah Alisabeth Fox effectively shows how the stories of regular people are to be trusted more than the words of the government and the experts when the latter are lying in a misguided attempt to protect national security.”—Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of MedicineTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgments1. Living under the Cloud 2. Unearthing Yellow Monsters 3. Home on the Range 4. Locally Grown 5. Writing Down Names 6. Critical Mass Conclusion NotesBibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis series explores alternative energy resources, how they are produced, the technology necessary and what the future holds.With global warming and climate crisis and the rise in energy prices, looking at more sustainable types of energy resources, how well they can meet our power needs and how they work has never felt so relevant.Nuclear power has always been quite controversial. It isn''t totally sustainable, so how is it better than fossil fuel? How does nuclear energy work? And what are the risks and benefits?While new technologies are being developed, each energy resource comes at a cost. This series looks at each energy resource, its technology, how it is used to meet power needs and its impacts on the environment and humans. Each book explains how that power is generated and where it is used through clear diagrams and beautiful illustrations.Suitable for readers aged 9+.

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Book SynopsisA critical examination of the Shoreham and Seabrook nuclear power plants and the way expensive corporate initiatives purported as good for social "progress" or "economic growth" actually serve the parochial interests of powerful organizations and classesTrade Review"Rick Eckstein's intriguing analysis sheds new light on the crucial struggles to save the planet from the twin nuclear disasters at Seabrook and Shoreham. His probing look at the financial and investment decisions surrounding these two incredibly expensive mistakes should help us avoid similar debacles down the road." --Harvey Wasserman, Senior Advisor, Greenpeace USA "Nuclear Power and Social Power is written in a clear and occasionally (appropriately) wry and witty style that makes the book highly accessible to scholars, graduate students, and undergraduate students alike. Rather than 'prove' that one or another of ostensibly competing and mutually exclusive perspectives is better than the others, Eckstein weaves together several perspectives as well as several levels of analysis. His analysis is a wonderful demonstration of sociological imagination at its best: he moves smoothly between individual and structural levels of analysis showing how these interact in a dynamic process. I would recommend this book to colleagues teaching courses in social problems, political sociology, political economy, environmental sociology, and social movements." --Davita Silfen Glasberg, Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut "Nuclear Power and Social Power, an exceptional, comprehensive study of the Shoreham and Seabrook nuclear power facilities, offers sophisticated sociological analysis and readable, even entertaining prose. Both theoretically informed and empirically rich, the book sheds light on a remarkable range of topics from corporate power to social movements, from economic development to the prospects for democracy. Rick Eckstein tells a compelling story that deserves a wide audience." --Edward Royce Associate Professor of Sociology, Rollins College, FloridaTable of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Acronyms Chronology Introduction 1. The Many Faces of Social Power 2. The Historical Picture 3. Nuclear Power and Government Regulation 4. Nuclear Power and Corporate Power 5. Nuclear Power and Local Political Economies 6. Nuclear Power, Social Power, and Democracy Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisNuclear materials include materials relevant to nuclear fission and fusion reactors and high power accelerator technologies, and closely related aspects of materials science and engineering. Processes and properties include atomic lattice defects, microstructures, thermodynamics, corrosion and mechanical and physical properties. Included are fission reactor materials, including fuels, cladding, core structures, pressure vessels, moderator and control components; fission product behaviour; Materials aspects of the entire fuel cycle; Performance of nuclear waste materials, glasses and ceramics, immobilisation of wastes; Fusion reactor materials, including first walls, blankets, insulators and magnets; Neutron radiation effects in materials, including defects, microstructures, transmutations, phase changes and macroscopic properties; Interaction of plasmas, ion beams, electron beams and electromagnetic radiation with materials. The book presents state-of-the art research in this field which is crucial to the growth and exploitation of nuclear energy.

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Book SynopsisQuestions regarding the advancement of the technology for production and regeneration of nuclear fuel and to the further perfection of the nuclear fuel cycle are very significant when determining the ultimate costs of electrical energy produced at nuclear power stations as well as for safety. The 2nd edition, supplemented and augmented, of this ground-breaking book analyses the role of plasma and high frequency processes.

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Book SynopsisAfter several decades of decline and disfavour, nuclear power is attracting renewed interest. New permit applications for 30 reactors have been filed in the United States, and another 150 are planned or proposed globally, with about a dozen more already under construction. In the United States, interest appears driven, in part, by provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act authorising streamlined licensing that combine construction and operating permits, and tax credits for production from advanced nuclear power facilities. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Energy proposes to spend billions of dollars to develop the next generation of nuclear power technology.

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Book SynopsisThe Department of Energy (DOE)proposes under the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) to build facilities to begin recycling the nation''s commercial spent nuclear fuel. GNEP''s objectives include reducing radioactive waste disposed of in a geologic repository and mitigating the nuclear proliferation risks of existing recycling technologies. DOE originally planned a small engineering-scale demonstration of advanced recycling technologies being developed by DOE national laboratories. While DOE has not

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the topic of nuclear power in the United States. Nearly three decades after the most recent order was placed for a new nuclear power plant in the U.S., several utilities are now expressing interest in building a total of up to 30 new reactors. The renewed interest in nuclear power has resulted primarily from higher prices for natural gas, improved operation of existing reactors, and uncertainty about future restrictions on coal emissions. This book compares the cost of two-fuel cycle alternatives for the current generation of thermal reactors -- one alternative being direct disposal, and the other reprocessing. This book also includes analyses of the potential effect of the tax credit for nuclear power provided by the Energy Policy of 2005 and possible competitive effects of various proposals to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under baseline assumptions, the cost of electricity from new nuclear power plants is likely to be higher than power generated by new coal- and natural gas-fired plants. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

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Book SynopsisMany contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is both fissionable by fast neutrons, and fertile (capable of being transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor). An artificial fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability to fission spontaneously or when bombarded with fast neutrons, the much higher probability of uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 to fission when bombarded with slow neutrons generates the heat in nuclear reactors used as a source of power, and provides the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Both uses rely on the ability of uranium to produce a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Depleted uranium (uranium-238) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armour plating. This important book presents new research in the field.

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Book SynopsisThis book is concerned about the adequacy of electricity supply and the impact of greenhouse-gas emissions on the environment have prompted policymakers to reevaluate the role that nuclear power might play in the future in meeting the nation''s demand for electricity. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) offers incentives for expanding utilities'' capacity to generate electricity using innovative fossil-fuel technologies and a new generation of nuclear reactors that are designed to decrease costs and enhance safety. In addition, policymakers are considering various proposals that would impose charges on entities that emit carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. Such policies could further encourage the use of nuclear power, which emits no such gases, by increasing the cost of generating electricity with competing fossil-fuel technologies.

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Book SynopsisGlobal inventories of spent nuclear fuel are expected to increase substantially in future years. Because of the widely accepted international principle of whoever generates the waste also is responsible for its safe and secure disposal, the focus for the long-term management of highly radioactive waste has been on national disposal efforts. The authors of this book examine the variety of international conventions used to help monitor and regulate national radioactive waste management efforts and establish international norms. Furthermore, this book examines the present nuclear fuel cycle, the minor actinides (MAs) which have been generated in light water reactors (LWRs) and which remain in the high-level radioactive waste. The long-term geological disposal of this waste, which may affect the environment, is examined as well. In addition, this book is dedicated to problems of elaboration of technology and apparatus for producing oxygen-free ceramic materials as applied to, predominantly, needs of nuclear power engineering. The promising strategies in development of crown-containing extraction systems for acidic radioactive waste reprocessing are discussed as well. The examples of the crown-based system applications in the solution of particular radiochemical tasks in USA, Russia, France and China are also presented.

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Book SynopsisThe importance of the radioactive minerals occurring at the Poços de Caldas plateau for the establishment of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Program has been recognised world-wide. The interest in uranium in the present days as a consequence of its use as a nuclear fuel coupled to its price in the international market has lead to intense debate, mainly due to questions related to global warming. Thus, all initiatives/studies directed to a better knowledge/management of this element in the environment are welcome and needed. This book describes many results obtained on the analysis of natural radionuclides in different compartments, considering their distribution in (un)disturbed environments, as well as consequences of the anthropogenic actions and possible lessons that can be learned from the past uranium exploration activities held at the Poços de Caldas caldera.

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Book Synopsis“A gripping, suspenseful page-turner” (Kirkus Reviews) with a “fast-paced, detailed narrative that moves like a thriller” (International Business Times), Fukushima teams two leading experts from the Union of Concerned Scientists, David Lochbaum and Edwin Lyman, with award-winning journalist Susan Q. Stranahan to give us the first definitive account of the 2011 disaster that led to the worst nuclear catastrophe since Chernobyl. Four years have passed since the day the world watched in horror as an earthquake large enough to shift the Earth’s axis by several inches sent a massive tsunami toward the Japanese coast and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, causing the reactors’ safety systems to fail and explosions to reduce concrete and steel buildings to rubble. Even as the consequences of the 2011 disaster continue to exact their terrible price on the people of Japan and on the world, Fukushima addresses the grim questions at the heart of the nuclear debate: could a similar catastrophe happen again, and—most important of all—how can such a crisis be averted?Trade Review"No one with an interest in the present and future of nuclear power in the United States should miss it."—Los Angeles Times "This exacting and chilling record of epic failures in risk assessment, regulation, preparedness, and transparency will stand as a cautionary analysis of the perils of nuclear power the world over."—Booklist "A vivid picture emerges of utter confusion in the hours and days after the tsunami."—Nature "A riveting and meticulous account of the disaster as it unfolded."—The Japan Times "[An] eye-opening exposé…[that] points to the scary fact that America can suffer a Fukushima-type event if critical steps are not taken."—Publishers Weekly

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Book SynopsisThis book examines nuclear oversight, planning and safety efforts at U.S. nuclear power reactors across the United States. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), an independent federal agency headed by five commissioners, licenses commercial nuclear power reactors and regulates and oversees their safe operation and security. An NRC task force has reviewed the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan and determined that the continued operation of existing U.S. nuclear power reactors and the licensing of new reactors do not pose an imminent risk to public health and safety. The disaster in Japan, caused by a tsunami, was more severe than the plant was designed to withstand, and has raised questions about whether a similar event could happen here. These questions were further highlighted by natural hazards that affected the sites of several U.S. commercial nuclear power plants and their reactors in 2011, including flooding near two power plants in Nebraska, severe storms at a plant in Alabama, and an earthquake at a plant in Virginia.

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Book SynopsisA nuclear detonation in the United States is one of the most catastrophic incidents imaginable. While the United States Government is working domestically and with international partners to ensure this scenario never occurs, failing to plan for managing the consequences of such an event would be irresponsible. Should a nuclear detonation occur, a crucial task for federal, state, local, tribal and territorial authorities and private-sector organisations will be communicating clear and consistent messages to the public. All levels of government have responsibility for co-ordinating and communicating information regarding the incident to the public immediately after a nuclear detonation. State, local and tribal authorities retain the primary responsibility for responding to large-scale incidents, such as a nuclear detonation. Effectively communicating health and safety instructions to the population will be a critical factor in building trust, comforting the nation, saving lives and minimising injury. This book was developed as a resource for emergency responders and federal, state, and local officials communicating with the public and the media during the immediate aftermath of a nuclear detonation in the United States. An interagency group of communications and radiation technical experts developed the messages in this book, which include key messages for the impacted community and the nation, and anticipated questions and answers for distribution to the public in the immediate aftermath of a nuclear detonation.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with urgent and timely issues related to radiation health effects and protection that are examined by both young researchers as well as experts. The book is organized into three major sections: biological responses, population monitoring and approaches to protection from radiation exposure. Contributors have provided state of the art research in their respective chapters. Radiation action produces damage to multiple targets in the exposed cells or human body and understanding of molecular mechanisms of the underlying processes becomes central to the monitoring of effects and health consequences of radiation exposure. Many experts have highlighted the outcome of epidemiological studies on human populations in high background radiation areas in different locations around the world as well as consequences and scopes for mitigating radiation health effects after radiation accidents such as Chernobyl in Ukraine and the Fukushima Daiichi Accident in Japan. This book also provides important direction for treatment of radiation for exposed victims. In the concluding chapters, contributors have provided new approaches for protection against ionizing radiation exposure. This book contains rich content on basic aspects of radiation induced cellular response which may give deeper insight to beginners in research, teaching, industry and regulatory authorities for basic understanding of radiobiological processes and molecular mechanisms. The book will prove an authentic reference source for updates in radiation science. It is hoped that students, teachers, experts, safety officers, regulatory officials and policy-makers will find the book handy for gaining a broad view of radiation damage to biological systems, monitoring health consequences and for new approaches in developing effective protection against radiation exposure.

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Book SynopsisThe March 2011 accident at Japan''s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant led to a worldwide review of nuclear power programs. NRC licenses and oversees civilian nuclear reactors. The State Department coordinates policy matters with international organisations and treaties, including those dealing with nuclear safety. This book examines the actions nuclear regulatory bodies from selected countries have taken to strengthen nuclear safety; the extent to which these countries have established automated systems to collect and transmit accident data; and steps international organisations have taken to support nuclear regulatory bodies and promote nuclear safety worldwide since the accident.

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Book SynopsisBook & CD-ROM. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defines an abandoned uranium mine (mine) as a named mine or complex developed to extract uranium ore for atomic energy defense-related activities of the United States from 1947 to 1970, as verified by purchase of ore by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) or other means. This book addresses five issues which include the location of defense-related abandoned uranium mines on federal, state, tribal, and private lands; the extent of radiation hazards, other public health and safety threats, and environmental degradation caused, or may have been caused, by the mines; a priority ranking to reclaim and remediate the mines; the potential cost and feasibility of reclamation and remediation in accordance with applicable federal law; and the status of any mine reclamation and remediation efforts. This book is accompanied by a CD-ROM which includes three reports on defense-related uranium mines locations; the radiological risk to human health and the environment; and prioritization.

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Book SynopsisThe nuclear industry is in a state of flux. Proclamations of a nuclear renaissance have given way to predictions of the industry''s ultimate decline, and now, in the face of new carbon emissions regulation, renewed optimism for the future. Yet, nuclear plants are currently at-risk due to electricity market design issues and competition with low priced natural gas. This book attempts to provide clarity to the potential outlook for the nuclear industry by examining the factors that influence it. It includes an analysis of recent trends affecting nuclear power generation while focusing on the specific potential impact of the EPA''s proposed Clean Power Program on nuclear power.

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Book Synopsis“His is a voice that must be heard.” —Patti Smith“A poetic rush to madness. . . a stunning, original voice as lyrical as it is unnerving."—Alan Weisman, author of The World Without Us and Countdown"In the shadow of catastrophe, Markiyan Kamysh writes with all of youth’s wayward lyricism, like a nuclear Kerouac." —Rob Doyle, author of ThresholdA rare portrait of the dystopian reality of Chornobyl, Ukraine, as it was before the Russian occupation of 2022.Since the nuclear disaster in April 1986, Chornobyl remains a toxic, forbidden wasteland. As with all dangerous places, it attracts a wild assortment of adventurers who feel called to climb over the barbed wire illegally and witness the aftermath for themselves. Breaking the law here is a pilgrimage: a defiant, sacred experience.In Stalking the Atomic City, Kamysh tells us about thieves who hide in the abandoned buildings, the policemen who chase them, and the romantic utopists who have built families here, even as deadly toxic waste lingers in the buildings, playgrounds, and streams. The book is complete with stunning photographs that may well be the last images to capture Chornobyl’s desolate beauty since occupying Russian forces started to loot and destroy the site in March 2022.An extraordinary guide to this alien world many of us will never see, Kamysh’s singular prose that is both brash and bold, compared to Kerouac and gonzo journalists, captures the understated elegance and timeless significance of this dystopian reality.Trade Review"If Hunter S. Thompson were to write a Lonely Planet Guide to the Zone, it might sound something like Stalking the Atomic City—but Kamysh’s range is broader, his perceptions and language more nuanced."—Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr, The Harvard Review"Remarkable."—The Guardian (UK)'"Grimly fascinating insights ... a memorable read." —Independent"An extraordinary window on Chernobyl." —New Scientist"An existential travel guide and an experiment in gonzo psychogeography, it stirs obvious comparisons with Hunter S Thompson ... mesmerising."—Telegraph"In “Stalking the Atomic City,” Mr. Kamysh gives an impressionistic account of sneaking into and guiding daring travelers around the Exclusion Zone. [...] His book’s subtitle—“Life Among the Decadent and the Depraved of Chornobyl”—winks at Hunter S. Thompson’s zany report on the 1970 Kentucky Derby, and the book’s set pieces are appropriately gonzo...The voice of the “Chornobyl underground in literature” approaches his calling with a smirking fatalism."—Benjamin Shull, The Wall Street Journal "Every once in a while, I’ll read something about tourists venturing into the area around Chornobyl for a day or two, and the effect is somewhat dizzying. Markiyan Kamysh’s new book is infinitely more so—this is an intimate, lived-in account of a ruined landscape and the people who find themselves drawn to it. It’s a haunting, immersive read."—Tobias Carroll, Words Without Borders"...the rot and ruin of Stalking the Atomic City is rendered in gorgeous prose that highlights the sublime beauty of its toxic setting." —CrimeReads "Stalking the Atomic City is a brilliant, angry, witty, passionate book about the end of the future and what happens afterwards -- Tarkovsky meets Hunter S. Thompson. Read it." —Kevin Power, author of White City "A voice that must be heard."—Patti Smith"The exhilaration of the intrepid trespasser sings throughout this crass, funky ode to an addiction to living in the realm of desolation."—Peggy Kurkowski, Shelf Awareness "In the shadow of catastrophe, Markiyan Kamysh writes with all of youth’s wayward lyricism, like a nuclear Kerouac." —Rob Doyle, author of Threshold "A gonzo account of life as a 'stalker'—a shadowy thrill-seeker haunting the Chornobyl exclusion zone after dark, sneaking past the guards and scaling radio masts. Kamysh’s throbbing, fragmentary prose offers heart-stopping insight into what drives those who choose to trespass in dangerous places: reckless abandon in abandoned places." —Cal Flyn, author of Islands of Abandonment "Evocative... a stark metaphor for post-Soviet depravity.... Captures the zone's strange mix of beauty and bleakness with precision. A captivating study of 'the most exotic place on earth'."—Publishers Weekly"Not since Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano have I been so enthralled by such a poetic rush to madness. But that was fiction: Markiyan Kamysh’s epic immersion in this dread symbol of humanity’s self-inflicted undoing is shockingly real, recounted in a stunning, original voice as lyrical as it is unnerving."—Alan Weisman, author of The World Without Us and Countdown"A visceral, graphic report from dystopia."—Kirkus Reviews "Although the sad and dark atmosphere of the Zone might suggest a merciless chronicle of the ghosts that the Chornobyl disaster released into history, Kamysh is moving, escalating with maturity the register of his language from energetic to ardent, melancholy theology."—Corriere della Sera"A fantastic account about the reality of disaster… With morbid fascination, Kamysh forcefully draws us through this territory of death where the memories of the Soviet Union are being gradually buried… A true backpacker’s guide for disaster tourists."—L'Humanité (France)"As much a radioactive walk as a fascinating poem on the 'destroyed' youth who live behind the barbed wire of this irradiated space."—20 Minutes (France)"A stunning book… a personal and hallucinatory account of this unique place. In the zone, no one can escape their ghosts." —Le Nouvel Observateur (France)"A flamboyant story... A wild trip to the heart of a radioactive jungle."—Les Inrockuptibles (France)

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Book SynopsisIn this volume, recent research on nuclear power plants is presented across four chapters. Chapter One reviews the digital instrumentation and control systems in a representative pressurized water reactor plant as well as the reported work on developing platforms for conducting cybersecurity investigations and examining the response of such a plant to simulated cyberattacks. Chapter Two develops a data-driven approach that improves the accuracy of schedule and cost estimation for nuclear power plant projects using data mining techniques. Chapter Three estimates the social costs of emissions from fission and nuclear fusion power plants by modifying the existing and related global coefficients. Lastly, Chapter Four characterizes the balances of properties and efficiencies of processes occurring in nuclear reactions.

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