Nuclear power and engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis complete introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion by one of the pioneering scientists in this expanding field offers both a simple and intuitive discussion of the basic concepts of this subject and an insight into the challenging problems of current research. In a wholly lucid manner the work covers single-particle motions, fluid equations for plasmas, wave motions, diffusion and resistivity, Landau damping, plasma instabilities and nonlinear problems. For students, this outstanding text offers a painless introduction to this important field; for teachers, a large collection of problems; and for researchers, a concise review of the fundamentals as well as original treatments of a number of topics never before explained so clearly. This revised edition contains new material on kinetic effects, including Bernstein waves and the plasma dispersion function, and on nonlinear wave equations and solitons. For the third edition, updates was made throughout each existing chapter, and two new chapters were added; Ch 9 on “Special Plasmas” and Ch 10 on Plasma Applications (including Atmospheric Plasmas). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-particle motions.- Plasmas as fluids.- Waves in plasmas.- Diffusion and resistivity.- Equilibrium and stability.- Kinetic theory .- Nonlinear effects.- Special plasmas.- Plasma applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe pursuit of nuclear fusion as an energy source requires a broad knowledge of several disciplines. These include plasma physics, atomic physics, electromagnetics, materials science, computational modeling, superconducting magnet technology, accelerators, lasers, and health physics. Nuclear Fusion distills and combines these disparate subjects to create a concise and coherent foundation to both fusion science and technology. It examines all aspects of physics and technology underlying the major magnetic and inertial confinement approaches to developing nuclear fusion energy. It further chronicles latest developments in the field, and reflects the multi-faceted nature of fusion research, preparing advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics and engineering to launch into successful and diverse fusion-related research.Nuclear Fusion reflects Dr. Morse’s research in both magnetic and inertial confinement fusion, working with the world’s top laboratories, and embodies his extensive thirty-five year career in teaching three courses in fusion plasma physics and fusion technology at University of California, Berkeley.Table of ContentsChapter 1 IntroductionFusion as an energy sourceWorld energy supply and demandAvailability of fusion fuelRisk factors for energy sources:Comparative risks of fusion to other energy technologiesProspects for a fusion energy technologyHistorical backgroundChapter 2 Fusion nuclear reactionsCross sections and reactivityResonant and non-resonant fusion reactionsReactivity models for maxwellian distributionsReactivity in beam-maxwellian systemsChapter 3 Energy gain and loss mechanisms in plasmas and reactorsCharged particle heatingOhmic heatingExternal heating methodsRadiation loss:Charge ExchangeReactor energy balanceLawson criterion and QPulsed vs. steady state energy balanceThermal conversion efficiencyBlanketsChapter 4 Magnetic ConfinementMHD fluid equationsPressure balanceMagnetic pressure concept and Z pinch: Bennett pinch theoremInstabilities in Z pinchPerhapsatronTokamak configurationGrad-Shafranov equationNumerical solutionsEffect of flow on equilibriumChapter 5 MHD instabilities Ideal MHDEnergy PrincipleInterchange instabilityKink and sausage instabilityWesson diagram for tokamak stabilityBallooning modesNumerical solutionsResistive MHDMagnetic Islands’ and Rutherford growthMagnetic stochasticity" theory="" and="" transportVlasov equationCollision operators Braginskii transport equationsTimescale hierarchy for electrons and ionsBeam slowing down Chapter 7 Neoclassical effectsPfirsch-Schluter regimeTrapped particlesBootstrap currentNeoclassical tearing modeELMs and MARFEsChapter 8 Waves in plasmaCold plasma dispersion relation: CMA diagramCutoffs and resonancesWarm plasma wavesWKB approximationRay tracing and accessibilityLaser-plasma interactionsChapter 9 RF heating in magnetic fusion devicesIon cyclotron heating: sources, antennas, transmission linesLower hybrid heating: sources, antennas, transmission linesElectron cyclotron heating: sources, antennas, transmission linesIon Bernstein waves and high harmonic fast wavesRF current driveRunaway electronsChapter 10 Neutral beam injectionPositive and negative ion sourcesNeutralization efficiencyChild-Langmuir lawBeam optics calculationsHigh voltage breakdown issuesChapter 11 Inertial confinement Direct vs. indirect driveLasers, optics, frequency doubling and triplingHohlraum designCapsule hydrodynamicsRayleigh-Taylor instabilityElectron preheat and mixHeavy ion driversFast ignitionNumerical simulationsChapter 12 MagnetsSuperconductivityThermal stabilityStress calculationsBending moments and torsional stabilityRadiation damageChapter 13 TritiumHealth issues: HTO vs. HTSievert’s law and leakage calculationsH-D-T separation processesAvailability and costHe-3 recoveryChapter 14 Materials issuesFirst wall: MFE vs. IFEThermal shock and fatigueThermal stress calculationsCoolant compatibilityPlasma-wall interactionRadiation damage: dpa cross sections and He productionEmbrittlement, void swelling, and creepComposite materialsDivertor and limiter designChapter 15 Vacuum systemsCryogenicsCryopumpsScroll pumpsConductance calculationsTransient response of vacuum systemsChapter 16 BlanketsLi vs. LiPb vs. LiO Tritium removalFire safetyressureFission hybrid decay heat issuesChapter 17 Economics and SustainabilityThe cost of moneyMaterial availabilityPlant lifetime considerationSite licensesAccident mitigation Is it “Green?”

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is intended for readers who want to learn more about fourth-generation nuclear reactors without having to delve deeply into nuclear technology. These nuclear reactors are a number of visionary concepts for which special criteria have been set by the Generation IV International Forum with regard to safety, sustainability and economic efficiency. The book therefore describes, among other things, innovative water- and liquid-metal-cooled reactors, high-temperature and molten-salt reactors, and discusses their significance for the economy and society.The author imparts relevant basic knowledge of nuclear technology and then uses some illustrative examples to show what future opportunities this fourth generation of nuclear reactors will offer, but also what challenges will be associated with it.About the authorProf. Dr. -Ing. Thomas Schulenberg studied physics and mechanical engineering and received his doctorate in the field of sodium-cooled reactors. During his fourteen-year industrial career, he developed gas turbines for conventional power plants. Since 2000, Prof. Schulenberg was the head of the Institute for Nuclear and Energy Technology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where he lectured on conventional power plant technology as well as nuclear power plant technology. As a member of the steering committee for fourth-generation water-cooled reactors, he was actively involved in the Generation IV International Forum for many years.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Basics of nuclear technology.- 3. Innovative water-cooled reactors.- 4. High-temperature reactors.- 5. The fuel cycle.- 6. Sodium-cooled fast reactors.- 7. Lead-cooled fast reactors.- 8. Gas-cooled fast reactors.- 9. Molten salt reactors.- 10. Significance for the economy and society.

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnderstanding time-dependent behaviors of nuclear reactors and the methods of their control is essential to the operation and safety of nuclear power plants. This book provides graduate students, researchers, and engineers in nuclear engineering comprehensive information on both the fundamental theory of nuclear reactor kinetics and control and the state-of-the-art practice in actual plants, as well as the idea of how to bridge the two. The first part focuses on understanding fundamental nuclear kinetics. It introduces delayed neutrons, fission chain reactions, point kinetics theory, reactivity feedbacks, and related measurement techniques. The second part helps readers to grasp the theories and practice of nuclear power plant control. It introduces control theory, nuclear reactor stability, and the operation and control of existing nuclear power plants such as a typical pressurized water reactor, a typical boiling water reactor, the prototype fast breeder reactor Monju, and the high-temperature gas-cooled test reactor (HTTR). Wherever possible, the design and operation data for these plants are provided.Table of ContentsPart I Nuclear Reactor Kinetics.- Delay Neutron and Nuclear Reactor Kinetics.- Point Reactor Kinetics.- Temperature Effect of Reactivity.- Kinetics Parameters and Reactivity Measurement Experiments.- Part II Actual Nuclear Reactor Plant Control.- Control system basics and PID control.- Reactor Stability Study.- Actual Operation Control of Boiling Water Reactor.- Actual operation and control of PWR.- Actual operation and control of fast reactor.- Actual operation and control of high temperature engineering test reactor.- New Control Theory and its Application Answers to practice exercises.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe basic logic is very simple. Countries around the globe have a need for more electrical generating capacity because of increases in population and increases in energy use per capita. The needs are constrained by the requirement that the ba- load energy source be economical, secure, and not emit climate-changing gases. Nuclear power fits this description. Therefore, many countries that have not had a nuclear power program (or only had a small program) see a need to develop one in the future. However, the development of a national nuclear energy program is not so simple. The purpose of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Power and Energy Security was to contribute to our understanding of how these programs might evolve. The workshop took place 26–29 May 2009 in Yerevan, Armenia. Approximately 50 participants discussed the infrastructure that is needed and some of the reactor options that might be considered. The papers in this book helped define the discussion that took place. The infrastructure that is needed includes a legal framework, a functioning regulator, a plan for waste disposal, a plan for emergency response, etc. These needs were explained and just as importantly, it was explained what international, bilateral, and regional cooperation is available. Although there were many co- tries represented, the Armenian experience was of particular interest because of where the meeting was located. The papers on reactor options covered both innovative and evolutionary designs.Table of ContentsPreface.- RA President’s Message.- Opening Remarks NATO Advanced Research Workshop; D. Diamond.- -Developing The Necessary Infrastructure. IAEA Activities in Support of Countries Considering Embarking on Nuclear Power Programme; O. Akira.-Creating a National Nuclear Regulatory Authority; R. Way.- Building Safeguards Infrastructure; J. McClelland-Kerr et al.- Regulatory Challenges Related To The Licensing Of A New Nuclear Power Plant; M. Maris.- Infrastructure Development Through Civil Nuclear Cooperation; M. Humphrey, A. Burkart.-Nuclear Safety Infrastructure; R. Moffitt.- Upgrading Nuclear Regulatory Infrastructure in Armenia; A. Martirosyan et al.- Seven Principles of Highly Effective Nuclear Energy Programs; Ch. Ferguson, Ph. Reed.- The Case For Nuclear Energy. Nuclear Safety and Energy Security; G. Trosman.-Nuclear Energy and Social Impact; N. Carpintero-Santamaria.-The Role of Nuclear Power in the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions; A. Baratta.-Nuclear Energy & Energy Security; J. Mamasakhlisi.- Overview Of The Electricity Market Of Estonia And The Plausibility Of Nuclear Energy Production; M. Lehtveer, A. Tkaczyk.-The role of Small and Medium Reactors in the Energy Security of a Country, IRIS Example; N. Cavlina.-- Applicable Technology. Status Report on the Safety of Operating US Nuclear Power Plants; R. Budnitz.- NATO-ASTEC-MATRIX -Research Environment, Information Sharing and MC&A; S. Apikyan et al.- Establishing Control Over Nuclear Materials And Radiation Sources In Georgia; G. Basilia.- Nuclear Energy In Armenia History, Problems, Possibilities And Outlook; G. Sevikya et al.-Development of Nuclear Energy in Armenia; A. Gevorgyan, A.Galstyan.- Some Neutron Absorbing Elements and Devices for Fast Nuclear Reactors Regulation Systems; P. Kervalishvili.- Development of Design of a Radioisotope Switchable Neutron Source and New Portable Detector of Smuggling; L. Meskhi, L.Kurdadze.- New designs of medium power VVER reactor plants; S.B.Ryzhov et al.-National Assessment Study In Armenia Using Innovative Nuclear Reactors And Fuel Cycles Methodology For An Innovative Nuclear Systems In A Country With Small Grid; V. Sargysan et al.- CANDLE Reactor: An Option For Simple, Safe, High Nuclear Proliferation Resistant, Small Waste And Efficient Fuel Use Reactor; H. Sekimoto.- Emissions of the corrosion radionucides in an atmosphere; M. Vardanyan.- IAEA Support for Operating Nuclear Reactors; O. Akira.-The Solid Coolant and Prospects of Its Use in Innovative Reactors; A.M Dmitriev, V. Deniskin.- Innovation Projects of Atomic Energy Institute of National Nuclear Center RK in the Area of Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy; E.Kenzhin et al.- Innovative Designs of Nuclear Reactors; B. Gabaraev, Y. Cherepnin.- Development of Devices for Handling with BN-350 Radioactive Waste; A.G. Ikanov et al.- Institutional Support to the Nuclear Power Based on Transportable Installations; V. Kuznetsov, Y. Cherepnin.-International Cooperation and Security in the Field of Nuclear Energy in Armenia; D. Khachatryan et al.- Applied Model of Through-Wall Crack of Coolant Vessels of VVER-type Reactors; V.Petrosyan et al.-Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEarly Reactor Development in the United States.- Power Uprating of Light Water Reactors.- Advancement of Light Water Reactor Technology.- Light Water Reactor.- Passive Safety Light Water Reactors and Severe Accident Countermeasures.- Heavy Water Moderated Reactors: CANDU etc..- Graphite Moderated Reactors.- Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors and Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle.- Uranium Resources, Uranium Enrichment, Reprocessing and Plutonium-Utilization in LWRs.- Economic and Political Aspects of Plutonium Use.- Liquid Fuel Reactors, Molten Salt Reactors.- Organic Cooled Reactors.- Nuclear Reactors and Radioisotope Power Sources for Aerospace.- Generation III and Generation IV Nuclear Reactors.- Investment Risk Reduction and Power Generation Cost Reduction.- Concept of Supercritical Pressure Light Water Reactors.- Concept of Nuclear Fusion Reactors.- Concept of Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactors.- University Nuclear Engineering Education.- Research and Development and Knowledge Base for Nuclear Utilization.- Summary and Discussion.- Exercise.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNuclear Utilization.- Safety and Communication.- Nuclear Facility Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste.- Legal Framework for Nuclear Use.- Conclusions.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by two leading researchers from the world-renowned Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future prospects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining information from scholarly analyses, industrial data, references, and other resources, this handbook illustrates hydrogen's versatility and potential both as a sustainable energy carrier (e.g., fuel for vehicles and power generators) and as a feedstock material for industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen generation, this handbook presents case studies that delve into: Research results of hydrogen development programs sponsored by Japan, Argentina, China, Korea, the US and the EU, among others Operational developments at major nuclear reactorsTrade ReviewNuclear hydrogen will be significant for a low carbon society. This book is excellent for the first step.—Dr. Yoshimi Okada, Chiyoda Corporation, JapanHydrogen economy as an alternative energy source to reduce CO2 emission has been discussed for decades. The fact that nuclear hydrogen production is now almost reality is not widely known. This handbook gives us the most thorough review of the state of art of nuclear hydrogen, which could be used not only for scientific and technological communities, but also for the potential users to assess its reality.—Dr. Toru Ogawa, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan Table of ContentsSection I: Hydrogen and Its Production from Nuclear EnergyThe Role of Hydrogen in the World Economy. Nuclear Hydrogen Production: An Overview. Section II: Hydrogen Production MethodsWater Electrolysis. Steam Electrolysis. Thermochemical Decomposition of Water. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. Biomass Method. Radiolysis of Water. Section III: Nuclear Hydrogen Production SystemsWater Reactor. High-Temperature Gas Reactor. Sodium Fast Reactor. Gas Fast Reactor. Fluoride Salt Advanced High-Temperature Reactor. STAR-H2: A Pb-Cooled, Long Refueling Interval Reactor. Fusion Reactor Hydrogen Production. Section IV: Applied Science and TechnologyHigh-Temperature Electrolysis of Steam. Thermochemical Iodine–Sulfur Process. The Hybrid Sulfur Cycle. Nuclear Coal Gasification. Nuclear Steam Reforming of Methane. Hydrogen Plant Construction and Process Materials. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Process Reactors. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant Safety. Nuclear Hydrogen Plant Operations and Products. Licensing Framework for Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant. Section V: Worldwide Research and DevelopmentHydrogen Production and Applications Program in Argentina. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Development in China. European Union Activities on Using Nuclear Power for Hydrogen Production. HTTR-IS Nuclear Hydrogen Demonstration Program in Japan. Nuclear Hydrogen Project in Korea. NGNP and NHI Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy. International Development of Fusion Energy. Section VI: AppendicesChemical, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of Pure Compounds and Solutions. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Coolants for Nuclear Reactors Considered for Hydrogen Production.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass ?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt’s laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Trap Properties.- Summary of Trap Properties.- Mass Spectrometry.- Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps.- Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap.- Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles.- Microwave Spectroscopy.- Optical Spectroscopy.- Lifetime Studies in Traps.- Quantum Topics.- Quantum Effects in Charged Particle Traps.- Quantum Computing with Trapped Charged Particles.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRadioactive particles have been released to the environment from a number of sources, including nuclear weapon tests, nuclear accidents and discharges from nuclear installations. Particle characteristics influence the mobility, biological uptake and effects of radionuclides, hence information on these characteristics is essential for assessing environmental impact and risks. This publication presents a series of papers covering sources and source term characterisation, methodologies for characterizing particles, and the impact of particles on the behaviour of radioactive particles in the environment. Sources covered include the Chernobyl accident, nuclear weapons accidents at Thule and Palomares accident, the discharges from Dounreay and Krashnoyarsk, and depleted uranium in Kosovo and Kuwait. The overall aim is that an increased understanding of particle characteristics and behavior will help to reduce some of the uncertainties in environmental impact and risk assessment for particle contaminated areas.Table of Contents1: Sources and Characterisation.Radioactive Particles Released From Different Nuclear Sources; B.Salbu. Single Particles Handling and Analyses; U.Admon. Characterisation of DU Particles from Kosovo and Kuwait; O.Chr.Lind et al. Formation Of The Radioactive Aerosol Particles During Wildland Fires In Chernobyl Zone And Their Radioecological Impact; V.Yoschenko et al. 2: Ecosystem Transfer.Thule Expedition 2003 Studies on Radioactive Contamination and Particles; S.P.Nielsen et al. Hot Particles in the Floodplain of the Yenisei River; A.Bolsunovsky. Migration of Fuel Particles of Chnpp Fallout and Leached Radionuclides in Soils and Soil-to- Plant System; Y.Ivanov. Dissolution Of Particles Of Irradiated Nuclear Fuel In The Temporary Storages Of Radioactive Waste In Chemobyl Zone: Sources For Radionuclide Migration; V.Kashparov et al. Phenomenon of a Fast Migration of Plutonium Radioisotops in Ground Water: Colloids or Soluble Form? S.Levchuk et al. Restoration Of Radiation Events Of The Past By Antedated Lakes Bottom Sediment Layers; E.Kvasnikova, S.Gordeev. 241am And 137cs In Soils Of The Belarus Part Of The Chernobyl Zone; V.Zabrotsk et al. 3: Databases, Platforms and Measurement Techniques.Database 'Hot Particles'; M.Zhurba et al. The Experimental Platform In Chernobyl: An International Research Polygon In The Exclusion Zone For Soil And Groundwater Contamination; N.van Meir et al. Deconvolution Of Alpha Spectra From Hot Particles; R.Pöllänen et al. The Use of 236U as a Tracer of Irradiated Uranium; V.Mironov et al. 4: Biological Uptake and Risk Assessment.Health Effects Of Dounreay Hot Particles: A Benchmark For The Evaluation Of Doses And Risks; M.W.Charles. The Influence Of Hot Particle Contamination On Models For Radiation Exposures Via The Aquatic Pathway; J.T.Smith et al. Hot Particle Behavior in Cow’s at the Peroral Intake; V.Yoschenko et al. TheContribution Of Hot Particles To Uncertainties In Environmental Impact Assessment; D.Oughton, B.Salbu.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe disposal of radioactive waste is a central issue in the future of nuclear power and poses considerable technical, political and social issues. This book addresses these topics in an integrated fashion using performance assessment of the disposal concept as a unifying theme. Subjects addressed include: regulatory criteria; waste types, sources and characteristics; man-made or engineered barriers; the selection and evaluation of geological disposal media; the use of underground research laboratories; the movement of radionuclides in the biosphere; repository performance assessment tools and approaches; addressing uncertainty and spatial variability; assessing information from natural systems; and looking at radioactive waste in relation to other wastes. The book provides an up-to-date picture of radioactive waste disposal issues and will be of interest to scientists, engineers and consultants working in the nuclear industry and the environmental field.Table of ContentsWaste Characteristics. Repository and Barrier Concepts. The Near-Field. The Far-Field. The Biosphere and Radiological Effects. Selection of Waste Disposal Sites. Site Characterisation and URLs. Performance Assessment. Uncertainty and Confidence Building. Where Next. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSince the dawn of the Atomic Age, nuclear experts have labored to imagine the unimaginable and prevent it. They confronted a deceptively simple question: When is a reactor safe enough to adequately protect the public from catastrophe? Some experts sought a deceptively simple answer: an estimate that the odds of a major accident were, literally, a million to one. Far from simple, this search to quantify accident risk proved to be a tremendously complex and controversial endeavor, one that altered the very notion of safety in nuclear power and beyond. Safe Enough? is the first history to trace these contentious efforts, following the Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as their experts experimented with tools to quantify accident risk for use in regulation and to persuade the public of nuclear power's safety. The intense conflict over the value of risk assessment offers a window on the history of the nuclear safety debate and the beliefs of its advocates andTrade Review"Wellock’s focus on regulatory principles and practices is key to understanding what nuclear regulation really means. . . . Whether [probabilistic risk assessment] is the best path to follow remains an open issue, as the search continues for an answer to the question that provides the title of this excellent history of technology regulation." * Technology and Culture *"A fascinating story, spanning more than seventy years, of attempts in the United States and abroad to assess and measure risk for a controversial energy source. . . . Wellock’s calm, balanced tone, extended historical sweep, and deep excavation of a variety of archival records make this book a must read for graduate students and scholars interested in risk analysis and the U.S. nuclear industry." * California History *"Safe Enough? is an important book that elucidates an essential historical narrative for nuclear historians while informing readers of its present-day relevance. . . . Safe Enough? should be assigned to graduate students studying how states, societies, and technology interlace to form public policy. Historians of technology will find this book immensely useful for examining human interactions with technology, particularly assessing nuclear reactors as political artifacts." * H-Net Reviews *"Clearly written and compelling." * American Historical Review *"[A]n excellent history." * Journal of American History *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments Preface 1 When Is a Reactor Safe? The Design Basis Accident 2 The Design Basis in Crisis 3 Beyond the Design Basis: The Reactor Safety Study 4 Putting a Number on "Safe Enough" 5 Beyond Design: Toward Risk-Informed Regulation 6 Risk Assessment Beyond the NRC 7 Risk-Informed Regulation and the Fukushima Accident Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhy did nuclear energy policies in France, Sweden, and the United States, very similar at the time of the oil crisis of 1973 and 1974, diverge so greatly in the following years? In answering this question, James Jasper challenges one of the most popular trends in political analysis: explanations relying exclusively on political and economic structuTable of Contents*FrontMatter, pg. i*Contents, pg. vii*Figures and Tables, pg. ix*Preface, pg. xi*Abbreviations, pg. xvii*PART ONE: Explaining Nuclear Policies, pg. 1*PART TWO: Creating Nuclear Systems: The Triumph of Technological Enthusiasm, 1960-1973, pg. 39*PART THREE: To Build or Conserve: Dilemmas Arising from Public Opposition and the Oil Crisis, 1973-1976, pg. 105*PART FOUR: The Structures Tighten: Policy Divergence and the Loss of Flexibility, 1976-1989, pg. 185*PART FIVE: Conclusions, pg. 265*List of Informants, pg. 278*Bibliography, pg. 283*Index, pg. 311

Read more less

Book SynopsisCivil engineering has an important part to play at every stage of the nuclear fuel cycle. This book examines ways in which the industry has responded to this challenge with new methods of construction giving higher productivity and faster construction times.Table of ContentsInternational papers Site investigation Earthquake engineering Structural analysis Quality assurance Design In-service performance and deconnissioning Postal papers

Read more less

Book SynopsisNuclear Waste Management in Canada encourages critical thought and discussion about energy generation and waste management by exploring not only the technical but also the social and ethical aspects of the problem.Trade Review"This book is a solid contribution to the political science of public consultation; a strong message to the Canadian nuclear industry; and a sophisticated source of support for individuals and groups who wish to challenge basic assumptions we should never take for granted. - Peter Stoett, Department of Political Science, Concordia University"Table of ContentsAbbreviations 1 Critical Perspectives on the Nuclear Story / Darrin Durant andGenevieve Fuji Johnson 2 The Trouble with Nuclear / Darrin Durant 3 An Official Narrative: Telling the History of Canada’sNuclear Waste Management Policy Making / Darrin Durant andAnna Stanley 4 The Long Haul: Ethics in the Canadian Nuclear Waste Debate /Peter Timmerman 5 Public Consultation as Performative Contradiction: LimitingDiscussion in Canada’s Nuclear Waste Management Debate /Darrin Durant 6 The Darker Side of Deliberative Democracy: The Canadian NuclearWaste Management Organization’s National Consultation Process /Genevieve Fuji Johnson 7 Representing the Knowledges of Aboriginal Peoples – The"Management" of Diversity in Canada’s Nuclear FuelWaste / Anna Stanley 8 Canadian Communities and the Management of Nuclear Fuel Waste /Brenda L. Murphy 9 Situating Canada’s Approaches to Siting a Nuclear Fuel WasteManagement Facility / Brenda L. Murphy and Richard Kuhn References; Contributors; Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisExamines the rise of the anti-nuclear power movement in the former Soviet Union during the early perestroika period, its unexpected successes in the late 1980s, and its decline after 1991. This book argues that anti-nuclear activism was a surrogate for nationalism, and a means of demanding greater local self-determination under the Soviet system.Trade Review“Eco-nationalism is an outstanding work and long-awaited contribution to our understanding of the relationship between environmental activism and national awakening during the Gorbachev era. It is an absolute must for those who want to understand the source, causes, and dynamics of nationalism in late- and post-communist society.”—John Löwenhardt, Institute of East European Law and Russian Studies, Leiden University“This is a superb study that combines theoretical insight with extensive, on-site research in three republics of the former Soviet Union. Unique in its systematic comparisons of social movements in the three republics, and in its exploration of the interaction among issues of environmentalism, nationalism and political participation. A “must read” for students of communist and post-communist systems.”—George W. Breslauer, University of California, Berkeley

Read more less

Book SynopsisExamines the rise of the anti-nuclear power movement in the former Soviet Union during the early perestroika period, its unexpected successes in the late 1980s, and its substantial decline after 1991. This work argues that anti-nuclear activism was a means of demanding local self-determination under the Soviet system.Trade Review“Eco-nationalism is an outstanding work and long-awaited contribution to our understanding of the relationship between environmental activism and national awakening during the Gorbachev era. It is an absolute must for those who want to understand the source, causes, and dynamics of nationalism in late- and post-communist society.”—John Löwenhardt, Institute of East European Law and Russian Studies, Leiden University“This is a superb study that combines theoretical insight with extensive, on-site research in three republics of the former Soviet Union. Unique in its systematic comparisons of social movements in the three republics, and in its exploration of the interaction among issues of environmentalism, nationalism and political participation. A “must read” for students of communist and post-communist systems.”—George W. Breslauer, University of California, Berkeley

Read more less

Book SynopsisFundamental of Nuclear Engineering is derived from over 25 years of teaching undergraduate and graduate courses on nuclear engineering. The material has been extensively class tested and provides the most comprehensive textbook and reference on the fundamentals of nuclear engineering.Table of Contents1 Atomic and Nuclear Theory 9 1.1 Historical Review 9 1.2 Models of the Nucleus 10 2 Nuclear Reactor Design and Physics 53 2.1 Overall Concept and Description of Nuclear Reactors 53 2.2 Neutron Diffusion 71 2.3 Slowing Down of Neutrons 75 2.4 Criticality and the Steady State 86 2.5 Advanced Reactor Physics 96 3 Nuclear Reactor Dynamics and Control 120 3.1 Overview of Reactor Kinetics Behaviour 120 3.2 Point Reactor Model and the Inhour Equation 125 3.3 Reactor Control 138 3.4 Nuclear Fuel Management 146 4 Nuclear Reactor Materials and Fuel Engineering 174 4.1 Nuclear Reactor Materials 174 4.2 Fuel Production 202 4.3 Fuel Element Thermal Performance 218 4.4 Fuel Chemistry 240 4.5 Fuel Restructuring 248 4.6 Fission Product Behaviour 252 4.7 Fuel Performance 285 5 Thermal Hydraulics 314 5.1 Choice of Coolant 314 5.2 Definitions and Simple Two-Phase Flow Relationships 315 5.3 Two-Phase Flow 318 5.4 Pressure Drop 343 5.5 Heat Transfer 380 6 Nuclear Reactor Safety 573 6.1 Reactor Licensing and Regulation 573 6.2 General Principles of Reactor Safety 586 6.3 Engineered Safety Features 590 6.4 Reactor Safety Analysis 597 6.5 Reliability and Risk Assessment 619 6.6 Nuclear Reactor Accidents 624 6.7 Radiation Dose Calculations 640 6.8 Nuclear Emergency Response 659 6.9 Fission Product Release and Severe Core Damage Phenomena 669 7 Health Physics and Radiation Protection 711 7.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 711 7.2 Health Physics and Radiation Protection 730 7.3 Biological Effects of Radiation 763 7.4 Radiation Protection 779 7.5 Contamination Treatment 788 7.6 Space Radiation 788 Appendix 1 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 811 Appendix 2 Table of Atomic Mass Excesses 813 Appendix 3 Some Values of Nuclear Spins and Parities 900 Appendix 4 Reactor Physics Parameters 903 Appendix 5 Physical and Biological Data for Radionuclides 905 Appendix 6 Cross-Sections of Some Radionuclides 907 Appendix 7 Properties of Elements and Some Molecules 909 Appendix 8 Isotopic Cross-Sections 913 Appendix 9 Direct and Cumulative Thermal Fission Product Yields for Various Fissile Isotopes 926 Index 943

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplains the mechanisms governing flow-induced vibrations and helps engineers prevent fatigueand fretting-weardamageatthe designstage Fatigue orfretting-wear damagein processand plantequipment caused by flow-induced vibrationcan lead tooperational disruptions, lost production, andexpensiverepairs.Mechanical engineers can helppreventor mitigatethese problemsduringthe designphase of high capital cost plants such as nuclear power stations and petroleum refineries by performing thorough flow-induced vibration analysis.Accordingly, it is critical for mechanical engineers to have a firmunderstanding of the dynamic parameters and the vibration excitation mechanisms that govern flow-induced vibration. Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipmentprovides the knowledge required to prevent failures due to flow-induced vibration at the design stage. The product of more than 40 years of research and development at the Canadian Nuclear LaboratoriesTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1 Introduction and Typical Vibration Problems 1 Michel J. Pettigrew 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some Typical Component Failures 2 1.3 Dynamics of Process System Components 9 1.3.1 Multi-Span Heat Exchanger Tubes 9 1.3.2 Other Nuclear and Process Components 10 Notes 10 References 10 2 Flow-Induced Vibration of Nuclear and Process Equipment: An Overview 13 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibration Overview 13 2.1.2 Scope of a Vibration Analysis 14 2.2 Flow Calculations 14 2.2.1 Flow Parameter Definition 14 2.2.2 Simple Flow Path Approach 15 2.2.3 Comprehensive 3-D Approach 16 2.2.4 Two-Phase Flow Regime 18 2.3 Dynamic Parameters 18 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Mass 18 2.3.2 Damping 19 2.4 Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 25 2.4.1 Fluidelastic Instability 25 2.4.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 27 2.4.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 31 2.4.4 Acoustic Resonance 34 2.4.5 Susceptibility to Resonance 35 2.5 Vibration Response Prediction 36 2.5.1 Fluidelastic Instability 37 2.5.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 38 2.5.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 38 2.5.4 Acoustic Resonance 38 2.5.5 Example of Vibration Analysis 38 2.6 Fretting-Wear Damage Considerations 40 2.6.1 Fretting-Wear Assessment 40 2.6.2 Fretting-Wear Coefficients 41 2.6.3 Wear Depth Calculations 42 2.7 Acceptance Criteria 42 2.7.1 Fluidelastic Instability 42 2.7.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 43 2.7.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 43 2.7.4 Tube-to-Support Clearance 43 2.7.5 Acoustic Resonance 43 2.7.6 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 43 Note 43 References 44 3 Flow Considerations 47 John M. Pietralik, Liberat N. Carlucci, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 3.1 Definition of the Problem 47 3.2 Nature of the Flow 48 3.2.1 Introduction 48 3.2.2 Flow Parameter Definitions 50 3.2.3 Vertical Bubbly Flow 54 3.2.4 Flow Around Bluff Bodies 55 3.2.5 Shell-Side Flow in Tube Bundles 56 3.2.6 Air-Water versus Steam-Water Flows 63 3.2.7 Effect of Nucleate Boiling Noise 63 3.2.8 Summary 67 3.3 Simplified Flow Calculation 67 3.4 Multi-Dimensional Thermalhydraulic Analysis 74 3.4.1 Steam Generator 74 3.4.2 Other Heat Exchangers 78 Acronyms 81 Nomenclature 81 Subscripts 82 Notes 83 References 83 4 Hydrodynamic Mass, Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 87 Daniel J. Gorman, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Total Tube Mass 88 4.2.1 Single-Phase Flow 89 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 90 4.3 Free Vibration Analysis of Straight Tubes 93 4.3.1 Free Vibration Analysis of a Single-Span Tube 94 4.3.2 Free Vibration Analysis of a Two-Span Tube 97 4.3.3 Free Vibration Analysis of a Multi-Span Tube 99 4.4 Basic Theory for Curved Tubes 100 4.4.1 Theory of Curved Tube In-Plane Free Vibration 102 4.4.2 Theory of Curved Tube Out-of-Plane Free Vibration 104 4.5 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes 105 4.5.1 Setting Boundary Conditions for the In-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 106 4.5.2 Development of the In-Plane Eigenvalue Matrix for a Symmetric U-Tube 109 4.5.3 Generation of Eigenvalue Matrices for Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 109 4.5.4 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Which Do Not Possess Geometric Similarity 112 4.6 Concluding Remarks 114 Nomenclature 115 References 116 5 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Single-Phase Fluids 119 Michel J. Pettigrew 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 119 5.3 Approach 123 5.4 Damping in Gases 124 5.4.1 Effect of Number of Supports 127 5.4.2 Effect of Frequency 128 5.4.3 Vibration Amplitude 128 5.4.4 Effect of Diameter or Mass 128 5.4.5 Effect of Side Loads 128 5.4.6 Effect of Higher Modes 129 5.4.7 Effect of Support Thickness 129 5.4.8 Effect of Clearance 132 5.5 Design Recommendations for Damping in Gases 132 5.6 Damping in Liquids 133 5.6.1 Tube-to-Fluid Viscous Damping 133 5.6.2 Damping at the Supports 136 5.6.3 Squeeze-Film Damping 138 5.6.4 Damping due to Sliding 141 5.6.5 Semi-Empirical Formulation of Tube-Support Damping 143 5.7 Discussion 147 5.8 Design Recommendations for Damping in Liquids 148 5.8.1 Simple Criterion Based on Available Data 148 5.8.2 Criterion Based on the Formulation of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 148 Nomenclature 149 Subscripts 150 References 151 6 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Two-Phase Flow 155 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Sources of Information 155 6.3 Approach 157 6.4 Two-Phase Flow Conditions 158 6.4.1 Definition of Two-Phase Flow Parameters 158 6.4.2 Flow Regime 161 6.5 Parametric Dependence Study 162 6.5.1 Effect of Flow Velocity 163 6.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 163 6.5.3 Effect of Confinement 168 6.5.4 Effect of Tube Mass 168 6.5.5 Effect of Tube Vibration Frequency 168 6.5.6 Effect of Tube Bundle Configuration 169 6.5.7 Effect of Motion of Surrounding Tubes 169 6.5.8 Effect of Flow Regime 170 6.5.9 Effect of Fluid Properties 171 6.6 Development of Design Guidelines 172 6.7 Discussion 177 6.7.1 Damping Formulation 177 6.7.2 Two-Phase Damping Mechanisms 177 6.8 Summary Remarks 178 Nomenclature 178 Subscripts 179 Note 179 References 180 7 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Single-Phase Flow 183 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Nature of Fluidelastic Instability 183 7.3 Fluidelastic Instability: Analytical Modelling 185 7.4 Fluidelastic Instability: Semi-Empirical Models 186 7.5 Approach 191 7.6 Important Definitions 191 7.6.1 Tube Bundle Configurations 191 7.6.2 Flow Velocity Definition 191 7.6.3 Critical Velocity for Fluidelastic Instability 196 7.6.4 Damping 197 7.6.5 Tube Frequency 198 7.7 Parametric Dependence Study 198 7.7.1 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundles 198 7.7.2 Damping 201 7.7.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio, P/D 201 7.7.4 Fluidelastic Instability Formulation 204 7.8 Development of Design Guidelines 206 7.9 In-Plane Fluidelastic Instability 209 7.10 Axial Flow Fluidelastic Instability 212 7.11 Concluding Remarks 213 Nomenclature 214 Subscript 214 References 215 8 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Flow 219 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Previous Research 219 8.2.1 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Axial Flow 220 8.2.2 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.2.3 Damping Studies 221 8.3 Fluidelastic Instability Mechanisms in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.4 Fluidelastic Instability Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.1 Initial Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.2 Behavior in Intermittent Flow 227 8.4.3 Effect of Bundle Geometry 229 8.4.4 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundle Behavior 230 8.4.5 Hydrodynamic Coupling 232 8.5 Analysis of the Fluidelastic Instability Results 234 8.5.1 Defining Critical Mass Flux and Instability Constant 234 8.5.2 Comparison with Results of Other Researchers 235 8.5.3 Summary of Air-Water Tests 238 8.6 Tube Bundle Vibration in Two-Phase Freon Cross Flow 239 8.6.1 Introductory Remarks 239 8.6.2 Background Information 240 8.6.3 Experiments in Freon Cross Flow 240 8.7 Freon Test Results and Discussion 244 8.7.1 Results and Analysis 244 8.7.2 Proposed Explanations 247 8.7.3 Concluding Remarks 247 8.7.4 Summary Findings 249 8.8 Fluidelastic Instability of U-Tubes in Air-Water Cross Flow 250 8.8.1 Experimental Considerations 250 8.8.2 U-Tube Dynamics 251 8.8.3 Vibration Response 251 8.8.4 Out-of-Plane Vibration 251 8.8.5 In-Plane Vibration 254 8.9 In-Plane (In-Flow) Fluidelastic Instability 255 8.9.1 In-Flow Experiments in a Wind Tunnel 255 8.9.2 In-Flow Experiments in Two-Phase Cross Flow 255 8.9.3 Single-Tube Fluidelastic Instability Results 256 8.9.4 Single Flexible Column and Central Cluster Fluidelastic Instability Results 258 8.9.5 Two Partially Flexible Columns 258 8.9.6 In-Flow Fluidelastic Instability Results and Discussion 261 8.10 Design Recommendations 261 8.10.1 Design Guidelines 261 8.10.2 Fluidelastic Instability with Intermittent Flow 263 8.11 Fluidelastic Instability in Two-Phase Axial Flow 264 8.12 Concluding Remarks 265 Nomenclature 265 Subscripts 266 Note 266 References 266 9 Random Turbulence Excitation in Single-Phase Flow 271 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Theoretical Background 271 9.2.1 Equation of Motion 272 9.2.2 Derivation of the Mean-Square Response 273 9.2.3 Simplification of Tube Vibration Response 274 9.2.4 Integration of the Transfer Function 275 9.2.5 Use of the Simplified Expression in Developing Design Guidelines 275 9.3 Literature Search 277 9.4 Approach Taken 277 9.5 Discussion of Parameters 279 9.5.1 Directional Dependence (Lift versus Drag) 279 9.5.2 Bundle Orientation 279 9.5.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio (P/D) 279 9.5.4 Upstream Turbulence 280 9.5.5 Fluid Density (Gas versus Liquid) 283 9.5.6 Summary 283 9.6 Design Guidelines 284 9.7 Random Turbulence Excitation in Axial Flow 287 Nomenclature 287 References 288 10 Random Turbulence Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow 291 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Background 291 10.3 Approach Taken to Data Reduction 295 10.4 Scaling Factor for Frequency 296 10.4.1 Definition of a Velocity Scale 297 10.4.2 Definition of a Length Scale 298 10.4.3 Dimensionless Reduced Frequency 301 10.4.4 Effect of Frequency 301 10.5 Scaling Factor for Power Spectral Density 302 10.5.1 Effect of Flow Regime 302 10.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 304 10.5.3 Effect of Mass Flux 306 10.5.4 Effect of Tube Diameter 306 10.5.5 Effect of Correlation Length 306 10.5.6 Effect of Bundle and Tube-Support Geometry 307 10.5.7 Effect of Two-Phase Mixture 308 10.5.8 Effect of Nucleate Boiling 310 10.6 Dimensionless Power Spectral Density 311 10.7 Upper Bounds for Two-Phase Cross Flow Dimensionless Spectra 314 10.7.1 Bubbly Flow 314 10.7.2 Churn Flow 315 10.7.3 Intermittent Flow 316 10.8 Axial Flow Random Turbulence Excitation 318 10.9 Conclusions 323 Nomenclature 324 References 325 11 Periodic Wake Shedding and Acoustic Resonance 329 David S. Weaver, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Periodic Wake Shedding 332 11.2.1 Frequency: Strouhal Number 332 11.2.2 Calculating Tube Resonance Amplitudes 335 11.2.3 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Single-Phase Flow 336 11.2.4 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Two-Phase Flow 338 11.2.5 The Effect of Bundle Orientation and P/D on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 346 11.2.6 The Effect of Void Fraction and Flow Regime on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 347 11.3 Acoustic Resonance 354 11.3.1 Acoustic Natural Frequencies 354 11.3.2 Equivalent Speed of Sound 355 11.3.3 Acoustic Natural Frequencies (fa)n 356 11.3.4 Frequency Coincidence — Critical Velocities 356 11.3.5 Damping Criteria 358 11.3.6 Sound Pressure Level 361 11.3.7 Elimination of Acoustic Resonance 364 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 366 Nomenclature 367 References 369 12 Assessment of Fretting-Wear Damage in Nuclear and Process Equipment 373 Michel J. Pettigrew, Metin Yetisir, Nigel J. Fisher, Bruce A.W. Smith, and Victor P. Janzen 12.1 Introduction 373 12.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Nuclear Structures and Process Equipment 374 12.2.1 Heat Exchangers 374 12.2.2 Nuclear Structures 375 12.3 Fretting-Wear Damage Prediction 376 12.3.1 Time-Domain Approach 376 12.3.2 Energy Approach 380 12.4 Work-Rate Relationships 380 12.4.1 Shear Work Rate and Mechanical Power 380 12.4.2 Vibration Energy Relationship 381 12.4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 381 12.4.4 Multi-Span Beams Under Harmonic Excitation 382 12.4.5 Response to Random Excitation 382 12.4.6 Work-Rate Estimate: Summary 384 12.5 Experimental Verification 384 12.6 Comparison to Time Domain Approach 385 12.7 Practical Applications: Examples 386 12.8 Concluding Remarks 392 Nomenclature 392 Note 393 References 394 13 Fretting-Wear Damage Coefficients 397 Nigel J. Fisher and Fabrice M. Guérout 13.1 Introduction 397 13.2 Fretting-Wear Damage Mechanisms 397 13.2.1 Impact Fretting Wear 397 13.2.2 Trends 398 13.2.3 Work-Rate Model 402 13.3 Experimental Considerations 404 13.3.1 Experimental Studies 404 13.3.2 Room-Temperature Test Data 404 13.3.3 High-Temperature Experimental Facility 407 13.3.4 Wear Volume Measurements 409 13.4 Fretting Wear of Zirconium Alloys 409 13.4.1 Introduction 409 13.4.2 Experimental Set-Up 410 13.4.3 Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Motion Type 412 13.4.4 Effect of Pressure-Tube Pre-Oxidation and Surface Preparation 412 13.4.5 Effect of Temperature 412 13.4.6 Effect of pH Control Additive and Dissolved Oxygen Content 413 13.4.7 Discussions 414 13.5 Fretting Wear of Heat Exchanger Materials 417 13.5.1 Work-Rate Model and Wear Coefficient 417 13.5.2 Effect of Test Duration 419 13.5.3 Effect of Temperature 422 13.5.4 Effect of Water Chemistry 424 13.5.5 Effect of Tube-Support Geometry and Tube Materials 426 13.5.6 Discussion 427 13.6 Summary and Recommendations 429 Nomenclature 429 Notes 429 References 430 Component Analysis 433 Introduction 433 Analysis of a Process Heat Exchanger 435 Analysis of a Nuclear Steam Generator U-Bend 445 Subject Index 463

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Glossary of Terms xxv 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Discovery of X-Rays, Radiation, and Subatomic Particles 2 1.3 The Nuclear Age 8 1.4 The Space Age 9 1.5 Semiconductors – Revolution, Evolution, and Scaling 15 1.6 Beginning of Ionizing Radiation Effects in Semiconductors 20 1.7 Beginning of Single-Event Effects in Semiconductors 22 1.8 Summary and Closing Comments 26 References 27 2 Radiation Environments 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 X-Rays, Gamma Rays, and the Atom 31 2.2.1 X-Rays 31 2.2.2 X-Ray Absorption 34 2.2.3 Auger Electrons 36 2.2.4 Nuclear Structure and Binding Energy 36 2.2.4.1 Models of the Nucleus 38 2.2.5 Alpha and Beta Decay 50 2.2.5.1 Alpha Decay 51 2.2.5.2 Beta Decay 52 2.2.6 Gamma-Ray Emission or Gamma Decay 53 2.2.7 Other Types of Nuclear Radiation 54 2.3 Natural Radioactivity 55 2.3.1 Exponential Decay 55 2.3.2 Decay Series 56 2.4 The Space Environment 58 2.4.1 Solar Radiation 59 2.4.2 Trapped Radiation 62 2.4.3 Cosmic Rays 66 2.4.4 Atmospheric Neutrons 69 2.5 The Nuclear Reactor Environment 71 2.6 The Weapons Environment 75 2.7 The Environment in High-Energy Physics Facilities 78 2.8 Summary and Closing Comments 80 References 81 3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Materials 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Basic Effects 86 3.2.1 Heavy Charged Particles 86 3.2.1.1 Stopping Power 86 3.2.1.2 Electronic Stopping 87 3.2.1.3 Nuclear Stopping 92 3.2.2 Electrons 93 3.2.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 93 3.2.2.2 Stopping Power 96 3.2.3 Neutrons 101 3.2.3.1 Neutron Cross Section 102 3.2.3.2 Interactions with Matter 103 3.2.4 Photons (X-Rays, Gamma Rays) 106 3.2.4.1 Photoelectric Effect 107 3.2.4.2 Compton Scattering 108 3.2.4.3 Pair Production 109 3.2.4.4 Photonuclear Reactions 110 3.3 Charge Trapping in Silicon Dioxide 111 3.3.1 Charge Generation/Recombination 111 3.3.1.1 Geminate and Columnar Models 112 3.3.1.2 Geminate Recombination 113 3.3.1.3 Columnar Recombination 115 3.3.1.4 Numerical Methods 117 3.3.2 Hole Trapping and Transport 118 3.3.2.1 E′ Centers 120 3.3.2.2 Continuous-Time Random-Walk (CTRW) 122 3.3.3 The Silicon/Silicon Dioxide Interface 124 3.3.3.1 Interface Traps 125 3.3.3.2 Border Traps 127 3.3.3.3 Hydrogen 128 3.3.3.4 ELDRS 130 3.4 Bulk Damage 131 3.5 Summary and Closing Comments 133 References 135 4 Radiation-Induced Single Events 143 4.1 Introduction – Single-Events Effects (SEE) 143 4.1.1 Single-Event Upsets (SEU) 143 4.1.2 Multiple-Bit Upset (MBU) 143 4.1.3 Single-Event Transients (SET) 144 4.1.4 Single-Event Functional Interrupts (SEFIs) 144 4.1.5 Single-Event Disturb (SED) 145 4.1.6 Single-Event Snapback (SESB) 146 4.1.7 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 146 4.1.8 Single-Event Burnout (SEB) 146 4.1.9 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 147 4.1.10 Single-Event Hard Errors (SHE) 147 4.2 Single-Event Upset (SEU) 148 4.2.1 SEU – Memory 148 4.2.2 SEU in CMOS Memory 148 4.2.3 SEU in Bipolar Memory 148 4.2.4 SEU in CMOS SRAM 149 4.2.5 SEU in Future Technology – FINFETs 149 4.3 SEU – Particle Sources 149 4.3.1 SEU Source – Alpha Particles 150 4.3.2 SEU Source – Pions and Muons 152 4.3.3 SEU – Neutrons 153 4.3.4 SEU Source – Protons 153 4.3.5 SEU – Heavy Ions 154 4.4 Single-Event Gate Rupture (SEGR) 154 4.4.1 Definition SEGR 155 4.4.2 SEGR Source – Ion Track 155 4.4.3 SEGR Source – Failure Mechanism 156 4.4.4 SEGR – Modeling and Simulation 156 4.4.5 Power Transistors and SEGR 156 4.4.5.1 Lateral Power Transistors SEGR 156 4.4.5.2 Vertical MOS (VMOS) SEGR 157 4.4.5.3 Advanced Technologies – Planar MOSFET SEGR 157 4.5 Single-Event Transients (SETs) 158 4.5.1 SET Definition 158 4.5.2 SET Source 158 4.5.3 SET Source Failure Mechanisms 159 4.5.4 SET in Integrated Circuits 159 4.5.4.1 Digital Circuitry 159 4.5.4.2 Continuous Time Analog Circuitry 159 4.5.5 Prediction and Hardening 159 4.6 Single-Event Latchup (SEL) 159 4.6.1 SEL Definition 160 4.6.2 SEL Source 160 4.6.3 SEL Time Response 161 4.6.4 SEL Maximum Charge Collection Evaluation in a Parallelepiped Region 162 4.6.5 A SEL Design Practice 164 4.6.6 SEL Semiconductor Device Simulation 165 4.7 Summary and Closing Comments 165 References 166 5 Radiation Testing 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.1.1 Radiation Units and Measurements 173 5.2 Radiation Testing and Sources 175 5.2.1 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Testing 176 5.2.2 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Sources 179 5.2.3 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Testing 182 5.2.4 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Sources and Facilities 187 5.2.5 Neutron Testing 192 5.2.6 Neutron Sources 193 5.2.7 Proton Testing 195 5.2.8 Proton Sources 196 5.2.9 Transient Gamma Testing 197 5.2.10 Transient Gamma Sources 198 5.3 Summary and Closing Comments 201 References 204 6 Device Modeling and Simulation Techniques 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Device Modeling 210 6.2.1 Circuit Simulators 211 6.2.2 Intrinsic Models 212 6.2.3 Composite Models and Inline Subcircuits 212 6.2.4 Analysis and Statistics Programs 214 6.3 Radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices 215 6.3.1 MOS Capacitors and Transistors 215 6.3.1.1 MOS Capacitors 216 6.3.1.2 MOS Transistors 219 6.3.2 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 224 6.3.2.1 Diodes 224 6.3.2.2 Bipolar Transistors 225 6.3.3 Power Devices 230 6.3.3.1 DMOS Composite Models 231 6.3.3.2 Operating Voltage 232 6.3.4 Other Devices 232 6.3.4.1 Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) 232 6.3.4.2 Resistors 234 6.3.4.3 Capacitors 235 6.3.5 Some Modeling Challenges 235 6.4 Circuit Simulation 236 6.4.1 Corner Simulation 236 6.4.2 SEE Simulation 239 6.5 Summary and Closing Comments 242 References 244 7 Radiation Semiconductor Process and Layout Solutions 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Substrate Hardened Technologies 249 7.2.1 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Technologies 250 7.2.1.1 Separation by Implanted Oxygen (SIMOX) 250 7.2.1.2 Silicon-Bonded (SIBOND) Technology 250 7.2.2 Silicon on Sapphire (SOS) 251 7.2.3 Silicon on Diamond (SOD) 252 7.2.4 Silicon on Nothing (SON) 252 7.3 Oxide Hardening Technologies 253 7.3.1 Oxide Growth and Fluorination of Oxide 253 7.3.2 MOSFET Gate Oxide Hardening 253 7.3.3 Recessed Oxide (ROX) Hardening 254 7.3.4 LOCOS Isolation Hardening 254 7.3.5 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) Hardening 254 7.4 CMOS Latchup Process Solutions 255 7.5 CMOS Substrates – High-Resistance Substrates 255 7.5.1 50Ω-cm Substrate Resistance 259 7.6 Wells 260 7.6.1 Single Well – Diffused N-Well 261 7.6.2 Single Well – Retrograde N-Well 261 7.6.3 Dual-Well Technology 262 7.6.3.1 P-well and P++ Substrate 262 7.6.3.2 P-Well and P+ Connecting Implant 263 7.7 Triple-Well Technology 264 7.7.1 Triple Well – Full Separation of Wells 264 7.7.2 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well 265 7.7.3 Triple Well – Merged Triple Well with Blanket Implant 266 7.8 Sub-Collectors 266 7.8.1 Epitaxial Grown Sub-Collector 266 7.8.2 Implanted Sub-Collector 267 7.8.3 Sub-Collector – NPN and PNP Bipolar Current Gain 267 7.8.4 Sub-Collector – Beta Product 𝛽PNP𝛽NPN 267 7.9 Heavily Doped Buried Layers (HDBL) 268 7.9.1 Buried Implanted Layer for Lateral Isolation (BILLI) Process 268 7.9.2 Continuous HDBL Implant 268 7.9.3 Buried Guard Ring (BGR) 270 7.10 Isolation Concepts 270 7.10.1 LOCOS Isolation 270 7.10.2 Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) 270 7.10.3 Dual Depth Isolation 271 7.10.4 Trench Isolation (TI) 272 7.10.4.1 Trench Isolation (TI) and Sub-Collector 274 7.11 Deep Trench 277 7.11.1 Deep Trench (DT) within PNPN Structure 279 7.11.2 Deep Trench Structure and Sub-Collector 281 7.11.3 Deep Trench Structure and Merged Triple Well 283 7.12 Layout Solutions 284 7.12.1 Polysilicon Bound Structures 284 7.12.2 Parasitic Isolation Device (PID) 284 7.13 Summary and Closing Comments 286 References 287 8 Single-Event Upset Circuit Solutions 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 CMOS DRAM SEU Circuit Solutions 293 8.2.1 CMOS DRAM Redundancy 294 8.2.2 CMOS DRAM with SRAM Error Correction 294 8.3 CMOS SRAM SEU Circuit Solution 296 8.3.1 CMOS SRAM Four-Device Cell 296 8.3.2 CMOS SRAM Six-Device Cell 297 8.3.3 CMOS SRAM 12-Device Cell 298 8.4 Bipolar SRAM 299 8.4.1 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads 300 8.4.2 Bipolar SRAM Cell with Resistor Loads and Schottky Clamps 300 8.4.3 Bipolar SRAM Cell with PNP Transistors 301 8.5 Bipolar SRAM Circuit Solutions 301 8.6 SEU in CMOS Logic Circuitry 302 8.7 Summary and Closing Comments 302 References 303 9 Latchup Circuit Solutions 305 9.1 Introduction 305 9.2 Power Supply Concepts 305 9.2.1 Power Supply Current Limit – Series Resistor 305 9.2.2 Power Supply Current Limit – Current Source 306 9.2.3 Power Supply Solutions – Voltage Regulator 307 9.2.4 Latchup Circuit Solutions – Power Supply Decoupling 308 9.3 Overshoot and Undershoot Clamp Networks 311 9.3.1 Passive Clamp Networks 312 9.3.2 Active Clamp Networks 313 9.3.3 Dynamic Threshold Triple Well Passive and Active Clamp Networks 316 9.4 Passive and Active Guard Rings 318 9.4.1 Passive Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 318 9.4.2 Active Guard Ring Circuits and Structures 319 9.5 Triple-Well Noise and Latchup Suppression Structures 326 9.6 System-Level Latchup Issues 326 9.7 Summary and Closing Comments 327 References 329 10 Emerging Effects and Future Technology 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Radiation Effects in Advanced Technologies 333 10.2.1 Moore’s Law, Scaling, and Radiation Effects 334 10.2.2 Technology Lifetime and Reliability 334 10.2.2.1 New Missions 335 10.2.2.2 Throwaway Mentality 335 10.2.2.3 New Space Entrants 335 10.2.3 Terrestrial Issues 335 10.2.4 Space Mission Issues 335 10.2.5 Server Farms 335 10.2.6 Automotive 336 10.2.7 Internet of Things (IoT) 336 10.2.8 More than Moore 336 10.3 Radiation Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures 336 10.3.1 Planar MOSFETs in Sub-25 nm 337 10.3.2 Bulk FinFET 338 10.3.3 SOI FinFET 339 10.3.4 3-D Circuits 340 10.4 Radiation Effects and Advanced Packaging 340 10.4.1 Radiation Effects and 2.5-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.2 Radiation Effects and 3-D Circuits and Technology 341 10.4.3 More than Moore and 3-D Integration 342 10.5 Ruggedized Capability 342 10.5.1 Ruggedized Capability for Radiation 343 10.5.2 Ruggedized Capability for High Temperature 343 10.6 Radiation Models 343 10.7 A Nuclear World 344 10.8 Summary and Closing Comments 344 References 345 Index 347

Read more less

Book SynopsisDownwind is an unflinching tale of the atomic West that reveals the intentional disregard for the inhabitants and the environment in nuclear testing by the federal government and in uranium extraction by mining corporations during and after the Cold War. Sarah Alisabeth Fox interviews residents of the Great Basin region affected by environmental contamination from the uranium industry and nuclear testing fallout. Those residents tell tales of communities ravaged by cancer epidemics, farmers and ranchers economically ruined by massive crop and animal deaths, and Native miners working in dangerous conditions without proper safety equipment so that the government could surreptitiously study the effects of radiation on humans. In chilling detail, Downwind brings to light the stories and concerns of these groups whose voices have been silenced and marginalized for decades in the name of patriotism and national security. With the renewed boom in mining in the American West, Fox's lookTrade Review"Combining the intricacies of the official record with the complicated narratives of the individuals she interviewed, Fox provides texture and insight into becoming and being downwind within the framework of both nuclear testing and uranium mining."—Leisl Carr Childers, Environmental History"Downwind advances our understanding of how communities interpret risk and medical information from federal officials and how they make sense of their predicament through stories."—Thomas Wellock, Journal of American History"Fox's account provides a welcome addition to the literature on the nuclear West made richer with new voices of those who lived and labored on the front lines of the Cold War."—Andrew Kirk, Western Historical Quarterly"Downwind offers a provocative and engaging new history of the suffering sustained by southwestern communities in the aftermath of nuclear testing and radioactive fallout."—Michael Wise, Southwestern Historical Quarterly"Compelling, well written, and meticulously researched."—David Mills, Montana, The Magazine of Western History“In addition to illuminating the past, this book also sheds light on the present, challenging us to wonder what ‘official fictions’ are being constructed today.”—Samantha Updegrave, High Country News "Downwind manages the triple feat of being at once a rigorous piece of scholarship, a moving account of a dark and ongoing period in human history and an exquisitely accomplished first book."—Frank Kaminski, Resilience"Readers will find Downwind an engaging, balanced, and profoundly human narrative of the consequences of a global, complex conflict."—Lucie Genay, Pacific Historical Revew“Comprehensive and incisive, Downwind also adds heart and soul to an epic story of resilience in the aftermath of reckless arrogance. Sarah Fox gives the history of the nuclear age back to the people who had it written in their bones. The testimony she captured is both shocking and inspiring.”—Chip Ward, author of Canaries on the Rim: Living Downwind in the West “In this incredibly important book, Sarah Alisabeth Fox effectively shows how the stories of regular people are to be trusted more than the words of the government and the experts when the latter are lying in a misguided attempt to protect national security.”—Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of MedicineTable of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgments1. Living under the Cloud 2. Unearthing Yellow Monsters 3. Home on the Range 4. Locally Grown 5. Writing Down Names 6. Critical Mass Conclusion NotesBibliography Index

Read more less