Description
Book SynopsisThis book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of power generating stations that use salient pole electric machines. The contents include real-world examples such as large vertical hydro generators, as well as related problems and solutions.
Trade ReviewHydro generators have been an essential part of the world’s electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference.
Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators.
The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Every hydro generating plant in the world should have a copy of this book.
- John Shea, IEEE DEIS Magazine Book Reviews
Table of ContentsPreface xi
About the Authors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1
1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1
1.2 Electrical–Mechanical Equivalence 6
1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6
1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13
1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14
1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18
1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23
Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35
2.1 Stator Core 36
2.2 Stator Frame 50
2.3 Electromagnetics 54
2.4 Core-End Heating 62
2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62
2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64
2.7 Stator Windings 65
2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79
2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85
2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86
2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88
2.12 Rotor Rim 91
2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103
2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106
2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110
2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116
2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119
2.18 Cooling Air 122
2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124
2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125
2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128
Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157
3.1 Oil Systems 157
3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161
3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165
3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167
3.5 Excitation Systems 171
3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174
Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177
4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177
4.2 Operating Modes 188
4.3 Machine Curves 190
4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200
4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208
4.6 System Considerations 225
4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235
4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237
Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241
5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242
5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243
5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244
5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247
5.5 Monitored Parameters 250
5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273
5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274
5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276
5.9 Rotor 278
5.10 Excitation System 286
Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291
6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291
6.2 IEEE Device Number 295
6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296
6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307
Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311
7.1 Site Preparation 311
7.2 Experience and Training 314
7.3 Inspection Frequency 317
7.4 Generator Accessibility 318
7.5 Inspection Tools 319
7.6 Inspection Forms 321
Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337
8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338
8.2 Stator Frame: General 349
8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354
8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356
8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378
8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389
8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396
8.8 Stator Wedging System 398
8.9 Stator Endwinding 405
8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411
Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417
9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419
9.2 Rotor Rim 430
9.3 Rotor Poles 436
9.4 Rotor Brakes 458
Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465
10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465
10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470
10.3 Brushless Exciter 470
10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472
10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473
10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481
10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499
10.8 Fire Protection 502
10.9 General Items 504
10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507
10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510
Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513
11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513
11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518
11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531
11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534
11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568
11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583
11.7 Bearings 590
11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590
Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595
12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595
12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597
12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598
12.4 Planned Outages 599
12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601
12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611
12.7 Workforce 627
12.8 Spare Parts 628
12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629
12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631
12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632
Index 633
