Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisEUVL is an area of intense research and this book provides the foundation required for understanding and applying this technology. It offers contributions from the world's leading EUVL researchers, and provides all the critical information needed by practitioners and those wanting to enter the field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNanotechnology, especially microfabrication, has been affecting every facet of traditional scientific disciplines. The first book on the application of microfluidic reactors in nanotechnology, Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology provides the fundamental aspects and potential applications of microfluidic devices, the physics of microfluids, specific methods of chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, and more. As the first book to discuss the unique properties and capabilities of these nanomaterials in the miniaturization of devices, this text serves as a one-stop resource for nanoscientists interested in microdevices.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Fundamentals of Microfluidics Devices (Kweku A. Addae-Mensah, Zuankai Wang, Hesam Parsa, Sau Y. Chin, Tassaneewan Laksanasopin, and Samuel K. Sia). 2 Spatiotemporally Controlled Nanoliter-Scale Reconfigurable Microfluidics (Michael D. Genualdi and David H. Gracias). 3 Microfluidic Devices for Studying Kinetics (Derek J. Wilson). 4 Computational Strategies for Micro- and Nanofluidic Dynamics (Dimitris Drikakis, Nikolaos Asproulis, Evgeniy Shapiro, and Matyas Benke). 5 Nanofluidic Devices and Their Potential Applications (Patrick Abgrall, Aurélien Bancaud, and Pierre Joseph). 6 Particle Transport in Magnetophoretic Microsystems (Edward P. Furlani). 7 Particles in Microfluidic Systems (Adrienne R. Minerick). 8 In situ Nanoparticle Focusing Within Microfluidics (Jie Wu). 9 Residence Time Distribution and Nanoparticle Formation in Microreactors (Gregor Alexander Groß and Johann Michael Köhler). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMuch needed update in field, with respected existing texts dating back almost 60 years and inaccessible for today's student. Teaches Alloy Thermodynamics using a broader, applications driven text with a more industry-oriented lens than any other book on the market, preparing students for the real world.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Quantities, Units, and Nomenclature xix 1 Review of Fundamentals 1 1.1 Systems, Surroundings, and Work 2 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties 4 1.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 5 1.4 The Fundamental Equation 8 1.5 Other Thermodynamic Functions 9 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equations 11 1.5.2 Defining Other Forms of Work 11 1.6 Equilibrium State 14 Exercises 15 2 Thermodynamics of Unary Systems 19 2.1 Standard State Properties 19 2.2 The Effect of Pressure 27 2.2.1 Gases 28 2.2.2 Condensed Phases 29 2.3 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation 30 2.4 Experimental Methods 31 Exercises 32 3 Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of Unary Systems 35 3.1 Constant-Pressure/Constant-Volume Conversions 36 3.2 Excitations in Gases 37 3.2.1 Perfect Monatomic Gas 37 3.2.2 Molecular Gases 39 3.3 Excitations in Pure Solids 39 3.4 The Thermodynamic Properties of a Pure Solid 43 3.4.1 Inadequacies of the Model 46 Exercises 46 4 Phase Equilibria in Unary Systems 49 4.1 The Thermodynamic Condition for Phase Equilibrium 52 4.2 Phase Changes 54 4.2.1 The Slopes of Boundaries in Phase Diagrams 54 4.2.2 Gibbs Energy Changes for Phase Transformations 57 4.3 Stability and Critical Phenomena 59 4.4 Gibbs’s Phase Rule 61 Exercises 63 5 Thermodynamics of Binary Solutions I: Basic Theory and Application to Gas Mixtures 67 5.1 Expressing Composition 67 5.2 Total (Integral) and Partial Molar Quantities 68 5.2.1 Relations between Partial and Integral Quantities 70 5.2.2 Relation between Partial Quantities: the Gibbs–Duhem Equation 72 5.3 Application to Gas Mixtures 73 5.3.1 Partial Pressures 73 5.3.2 Chemical Potentials in Perfect Gas Mixtures 74 5.3.3 Real Gas Mixtures: Component Fugacities and Activities 75 Exercises 75 6 Thermodynamics of Binary Solutions II: Theory and Experimental Methods 79 6.1 Ideal Solutions 79 6.1.1 Real Solutions 82 6.1.2 Dilute Solution Reference States 83 6.2 Experimental Methods 85 6.2.1 Chemical Potential Measurements 86 Exercises 89 7 Thermodynamics of Binary Solutions III: Experimental Results and Their Analytical Representation 93 7.1 Some Experimental Results 93 7.1.1 Liquid Alloys 93 7.1.2 Solid Alloys 95 7.2 Analytical Representation of Results for Liquid or Solid Solutions 97 Exercises 102 8 Two-Phase Equilibrium I: Theory 103 8.1 Introduction 103 8.2 Criterion for Phase Equilibrium Between Two Specified Phases 104 8.2.1 Equilibrium between Two Solution Phases 104 8.2.2 Equilibrium between a Solution Phase and a Stoichiometric Compound Phase 107 8.3 Gibbs’s Phase Rule 108 Exercises 110 9 Two-Phase Equilibrium II: Example Calculations 113 Exercises 121 10 Binary Phase Diagrams: Temperature–Composition Diagrams 125 10.1 True Phase Diagrams 126 10.2 T –xi Phase Diagrams for Strictly Regular Solutions 128 10.2.1 Some General Observations 131 10.2.2 More on Miscibility Gaps 133 10.2.3 The Chemical Spinodal 134 10.3 Polymorphism 135 Exercises 136 11 Binary Phase Diagrams: Temperature–Chemical Potential Diagrams 139 11.1 Some General Points 140 Exercises 146 12 Phase Diagram Topology 149 12.1 Gibbs’s Phase Rule 151 12.2 Combinatorial Analysis 151 12.3 Schreinemaker’s Rules 153 12.4 The Gibbs–Konovalov Equations 154 12.4.1 Slopes of T –μi Phase Boundaries 155 12.4.2 Slopes of T –xi Phase Boundaries 157 12.4.3 Some Applications of Gibbs–Konovalov Equations 159 Exercises 162 13 Solution Phase Models I: Configurational Entropies 165 13.1 Substitutional Solutions 168 13.2 Intermediate Phases 169 13.3 Interstitial Solutions 172 Exercises 174 14 Solution Phase Models II: Configurational Energy 177 14.1 Pair Interaction Model 178 14.1.1 Ground-State Structures 179 14.1.2 Nearest Neighbor Model 180 14.2 Cluster Model 183 Exercises 188 15 Solution Models III: The Configurational Free Energy 189 15.1 Helmholtz Energy Minimization 190 15.2 Critical Temperature for Order/Disorder 193 Exercises 196 16 Solution Models IV: Total Gibbs Energy 197 16.1 Atomic Size Mismatch Contributions 199 16.2 Contributions from Thermal Excitations 202 16.2.1 Coupling between Configurational and Thermal Excitations 203 16.3 The Total Gibbs Energy in Empirical Model Calculations 204 Exercises 205 17 Chemical Equilibria I: Single Chemical Reaction Equations 207 17.1 Introduction 207 17.2 The Empirical Equilibrium Constant 207 17.3 The Standard Equilibrium Constant 208 17.3.1 Relation to Δr G◦ 208 17.3.2 Measurement of Δr G◦ 211 17.4 Calculating the Equilibrium Position 213 17.5 Application of the Phase Rule 217 Exercises 218 18 Chemical Equilibria II: Complex Gas Equilibria 221 18.1 The Importance of System Definition 221 18.2 Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium 224 18.2.1 Using the Extent of Reaction 225 18.2.2 Using Lagrangian Multipliers 227 18.3 Evaluation of Elemental Chemical Potentials in Complex Gas Mixtures 229 18.4 Application of the Phase Rule 231 Exercises 232 19 Chemical Equilibria Between Gaseous and Condensed Phases I 233 19.1 Graphical Presentation of Standard Thermochemical Data 233 19.2 Ellingham Diagrams 234 19.2.1 Chemical Potentials 238 Exercises 240 20 Chemical Equilibria Between Gaseous and Condensed Phases II 243 20.1 Subsidiary Scales on Ellingham Diagrams 244 20.2 System Definition 247 Exercises 252 21 Thermodynamics of Ternary Systems 255 21.1 Analytical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties 256 21.1.1 Substitutional Solution Phases 256 21.1.2 Sublattice Phases 259 21.2 Phase Equilibria 260 Exercises 264 22 Generalized Phase Diagrams for Ternary Systems 267 22.1 System Definition 276 Exercises 278 Appendix A Some Linearized Standard Gibbs Energies of Formation 279 Appendix B Some Useful Calculus 281 Index 289

Read more less

Book SynopsisYOUR GUIDE TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR There may be no simple formula for success in public-sector projects, but Public-Sector Project Management delivers the next best thing: a complete set of skill-building strategies that puts success well within your reach. Building on industry standards and best practices as well as almost thirty years of public-sector experience, this definitive sourcebook clearly explains how to manage projects in the public sector and navigate their many challenges. Here is where you''ll find all the tools to accomplish your goals for any public-sector project, whether you are overseeing military and security operations, the construction of public infrastructure, improving agency processes, deploying new systems or public programs, or any other public initiative. The book describes both the obstacles and basic processes of public-sector project management and examines the differences between public-sector and Table of ContentsPreface xi Objectives xii Outline of the Book xiv The Great Pyramid of Giza xvii 1 The Challenges of Public-Sector Project Management and the Coming Storm 1 The Distinguishing Characteristics of the Public Sector 1 The Challenges of Public-Sector Project Management 8 The Coming Storm 9 New Tools for Public-Sector Managers in the New Economy 12 Discussion Questions 13 Exercise 14 Project Apollo 14 2 The Foundations of Public-Sector Project Management 17 The Problem with Projects 17 Why Do Public-Sector Projects Fail? 18 The Good News about Projects and Project Management Standards 19 The Value of Project Management to a Public-Sector Organization 21 The Downside of Project Management 23 The Critical Success Factors for Public-Sector Projects 24 Project Management Maturity Models in the Public Sector 25 Scaling Project Management Methods 26 The Use of Software for Project Management 28 Discussion Questions 29 Exercises 29 The Creation of The Peace Corps 29 3 The Framework for Managing Public-Sector Projects 31 The Project Management Framework for Public Projects 31 Grouping Projects for Better Management 32 Breaking Projects into Components 33 Project Process Groups 36 Project Management Knowledge Areas 42 The Triple-Constraint Model 42 Project Processes 43 Applying Project Functions and Processes for Public-Sector Projects 47 The Necessary Skills for Public-Sector Project Managers 52 Discussion Questions 53 Exercises 53 The Marshall Plan 54 4 Project Integration 57 Public-Sector Project Integration: Wrestling with the Octopus 57 Overview of the Necessary Functions for Public-Sector Project Integration 59 Best Practices for Public-Sector Project Integration 70 Discussion Questions 70 Exercises 71 Electing a Candidate 71 5 Managing Project Scope 73 Project Scope Management 73 The Challenges of Scope Management for Public-Sector Projects 74 The Two Roles of Project Scope 77 The Required Functions for Public-Sector Project Scope Management 78 Best Practices for Managing Public-Sector Project Scope 85 Discussion Questions 86 Exercises 86 Projects for Improving Public-Sector Processes 87 6 Managing Project Time 89 The Challenges of Project Time Management in the Public Sector 89 The Required Functions for Public-Sector Project Time Management 90 Best Practices in Public-Sector Project Time Management 103 Discussion Questions 104 Exercises 104 The FBI’s VCF Project 105 7 Managing Project Cost 107 The Challenges of Public-Sector Cost Management 107 Project Selection and Prioritization 109 Required Functions for Managing Public-Sector Project Costs 111 Earned-Value Management of Public-Sector Projects 121 Best Practices in Public-Sector Project Cost Management 123 Discussion Questions 123 Exercises 124 Turning on the Lights in the Country 125 8 Managing Project Quality 127 The Basics of Project Quality Management 127 The Challenges of Public-Sector Project Quality Management 128 The Functions Required for Public-Sector Project Quality Management 129 Lean Government as a Tool for Quality Improvement 132 Managing Project Requirements 134 Best Practices in the Management of Quality in Public-Sector Projects 139 Discussion Questions 139 Exercises 140 The Allied D-Day Invasion of June 1944 140 9 Managing Project Human Resources 143 The Challenges of Human Resource Management in Public-Sector Projects 143 The Required Functions for Public-Sector Human Resource Project Management 144 Strategies for Managing Human Resources in Public-Sector Projects 152 Public-Sector Leadership 153 Best Practices for Human Resource Management in Public-Sector Projects 154 Discussion Questions 155 Exercises 156 Rebuilding Greensburg ‘‘Green’’ 157 10 Managing Project Communications 159 The Challenges of Project Communications in Public-Sector Projects 160 The Functions Required for Public-Sector Project Communications Management 162 Best Practices in Public-Sector Project Communications Management 172 Discussion Questions 172 Exercises 173 The Manhattan Project 173 11 Managing Project Risk 175 The Challenges of Managing Risks in Public-Sector Projects 175 The Required Functions for Public-Sector Project Risk Management 178 Best Practices for Public-Sector Project Risk Management 193 Discussion Questions 194 Exercises 195 Closing Willowbrook 195 12 Managing Project Procurement and Vendors 197 The Necessary Functions of Public-Sector Project Procurement Management 198 The New Demands on Managers and New Tools for Managers 211 The Differences Among Activities, Outputs, and Outcomes 212 The Challenges of Outcome Management for Contractors and Vendors 215 Performance Management 216 Managing the Cultural Changes Necessary for Successfully Managing Vendors 217 The Legal Framework for Outsourcing Project Products and Services to Vendors 218 Managing Changes and Expectations in the Vendor Relationship 224 Best Practices for Public-Sector Project Procurement Management 225 Discussion Questions 226 Exercises 227 The Construction and Reconstruction of the Panama Canal 228 13 Managing Complexity and Chaos in Public-Sector Projects 231 The Role of Complexity and Chaos in Public-Sector Projects 231 Modern Insights into Chaos, Complexity, and Turbulence 232 The Challenges of Chaos and Complexity for Projects and the Recognition of the Limits of Certainty 234 Factors Creating Complexity in the Project Environment 239 Three Supplementary Methods for Managing Chaos and Complexity in Projects 240 Concluding Comments on Chaos and Complexity in Projects 248 Discussion Questions 249 Exercises 250 Glossary 251 Index 267

Read more less

Book SynopsisProperties of Magnesium Composites for Material Scientists, Engineers and Selectors is the first book-length reference to provide an insight into current and future magnesium-based materials in terms of science, characteristics, and applications.Trade Review"This book is the first to provide readers insight into the science, characteristics, and applications of current and futuristic magnesium-based materials, with particular emphasis placed upon the properties of magnesium-based composites and the effects of different types (metallic, ceramic, interconnected and intermetallic) of reinforcements from micron length scale to nanometric length scale on the properties of the resultant composites." (Morningstar News, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNESIUM. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Characteristics of Pure Magnesium. 1.3 Applications. 1.4 Summary. References. 2 SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES FOR MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Liquid Phase Processes. 2.3 Solid Phase Process. 2.4 Disintegrated Melt Deposition Method. 2.5 Mechanical Disintegration and Deposition Method. 2.6 Summary. References. 3 MAGNESIUM ALLOYS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Casting Alloys. 3.3 Wrought Alloys. 3.4 Magnesium Elektron Series Alloys. 3.5 Magnesium Alloys for Elevated Temperature Applications. 3.6 Magnesium-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses. References 81 4 FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Materials. 4.3 Interface Between Matrix and Reinforcement. 4.4 Theoretical Prediction of Properties. 4.5 Summary. References. 5 MAGNESIUM COMPOSITES. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Materials. 5.3 Magnesium-Based Composites with Al2O3. 5.4 Magnesium-Based Composites with MgO. 5.5 Magnesium-Based Composites with SiC. 5.6 Magnesium-Based Composites with Y2O3. 5.7 Magnesium-Based Composites with ZrO2. 5.8 Magnesium-Based Composites with CNT. 5.9 Magnesium-Based Composites with Metallic Additions. 5.10 Bimetal Mg/Al Macrocomposite. 6 CORROSION ASPECTS OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Types of Corrosion. 6.3 Influence of Impurity. 6.4 Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium-Based Materials. 6.5 Ways to Reduce Corrosion. 6.6 Summary. References. 7 STRENGTH–DUCTILITY COMBINATIONS OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS. 7.1 0.2% Yield Strength < 100 MPa and Ductility Matrix. 7.2 0.2% Yield Strength 100–150 MPa and Ductility Matrix. 7.3 0.2% Yield Strength 150–200 MPa and Ductility Matrix. 7.4 0.2% Yield Strength 200–250 MPa and Ductility Matrix. 7.5 0.2% Yield Strength 250–300 MPa and Ductility Matrix. 7.6 0.2% Yield Strength > 300 MPa and Ductility Matrix. APPENDIX: LIST OF SOME MAGNESIUM SUPPLIERS. ABOUT THE AUTHORS. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is the second book in the new partnership between Wiley and the International Institute for Learning (IIL). The new series features cutting-edge approaches to project management that provide project managers with new perspectives as well as practical tools.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii International Institute for Learning, Inc. (IIL) xv Chapter 1: PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 1 The Triple Constraint 2 Types of Project Resources 4 Chapter 2: THE EVOLUTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 7 Evolution 8 Project Objectives 10 Definition of Success 12 Velocity of Change 14 Authority and Job Descriptions 16 Evaluation of Team Members 18 Accountability 20 Project Management Skills 22 Management Style 24 Project Sponsorship 26 Project Failures 28 Improvement Opportunities 30 Resistance to Change 32 Chapter 3: THE BENEFITS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 35 Benefits 36 Quantifying the Benefits 60 Chapter 4: THREE CORE BEST PRACTICES 63 The First Best Practice 64 The Second Best Practice 66 The Third Best Practice 68 Chapter 5: ROLE OF THE EXECUTIVE AS A PROJECT SPONSOR 71 How Executives Interface Projects 72 The Executive Sponsor’s Role 74 Chapter 6: SPECIAL PROBLEMS FACING EXECUTIVES 185 Pushing Sponsorship Down 186 Committee Sponsorship 190 Handling Disagreements with the Sponsor 192 Knowing When to Seek Out the Project Sponsor for Help 194 Types of Sponsor Involvement 196 Placating the (External) Customers 198 Gate Review Meetings 200 Sponsorship Problems 202 The Exit Champion 204 Should a Sponsor Have a Vested Interest? 206 Project Champions versus Exit Champions 208 The Collective Belief 210 Advertising Sponsorship 212 Working with the On-Site Representatives 214 Kickoff Meetings for Projects 216 Taking the Lead 218 Rewarding Project Teams 220 Enterprise Project Management 222 Executive Involvement (with Trade-offs) 224 Chapter 7: NEW CHALLENGES FACING SENIOR MANAGEMENT 227 Measuring Project Management Success after Implementation 228 Success 230 Types of Values 232 Four Cornerstones of Success 234 Success versus Failure 236 High-Level Progress Reporting 238 Validating the Assumptions 240 Accelerating Projects 242 Project Manager Selection 244 Delegation of Authority 246 Visible Support 248 Channels of Communication 250 Avoid Buy-ins 252 Budgeting 254 Working Relationships 256 Chapter 8: ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EXECUTIVES 259 The New Role for Executives 260 Activities for a Project Management Office 268 The Executive Interface 270 Expectations 272 A Structured Path to Maturity 276 An Unstructured Path to Maturity 278 Conclusions 280 Index 283

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by ten successful project portfolio managers from companies including AAA, Boeing, Franklin Templeton, Johnson & Johnson, Safeway, and the UK Government, this easy-to-follow guide takes you through the project portfolio management process. It''s based on what actually works, giving you a clear road map and the tools needed to determine the optimal mix and sequencing of projects in order to meet your organization''s goals. The book begins by explaining basic PPM principles and why PPM is more critical than ever for business success. This introduction is followed by a story, tracking the experiences of a manager new to PPM as he discovers the issues that all of us face in trying to get traction with our PPM initiatives. In answering the questions our story raises, the book then details each step of the PPM process, using cases and examples drawn from the authors'' first hand experience to help you address such key questions as: Which projects should our organizationTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Why We Created the EPMC. Why We Wrote the Book. About the Authors. About the EPMC. Acknowledgements. Part I Introduction. 1 What is Project Portfolio Management? Introduction. Successful PPM. The Five Questions in Brief. Project Portfolio Management Defined. The PPM Players and Roadmap. The PPM Process Views. A Few More Questions to Get the Mental Synapses Firing. Chapter Summary. Part II Project Portfolio Management: A Story. 2 Introduction. 10 Years Ago . . .. Present Day . . .. Later that afternoon . . .. 3 Are We Investing in the Right Things? EPMC Working Document on Portfolio Investment. 4 Are We Optimizing Our Capacity? Demand-Side Resource Management. Supply-Side Resource Management. Conclusion. EPMC Working Document on Portfolio Resource. Optimization. 5 How Well Are We Executing? 6 Can We Absorb All the Changes? Defining Change. Types of Change. Modeling the Impact of Change. Controlling the Impact of Change. Conclusion. EPMC Working Document on Enterprise Change Management. 7 Are We Realizing the Promised Benefits? Key 1: Ensuring All Benefits Claimed Are Robust and Realizable. Key 2: Capturing All Value Created. Key 3: Moving beyond Benefits Realization to Value Creation. Conclusion. EPMC Working Document on Benefits Realization. Part III Operating Considerations. 8 The PPM Process. PPM Components. The Project Proposal. Project Proposal Approval. The Business Case and Project Management Plan. Project Prioritization. Project Authorization. Project Execution and Review. Chapter Summary. 9 Setting the Foundation for Success. The Business Case Foundation. The Benefits of PPM. The People Foundation. The Process Foundation. The Technology Foundation. Tying It All Together: People, Process, Technology. Chapter Summary. 10 PPM Design. PPM’s Seven Ps. Decision Criteria. Source of Data and Information Related to Decision Criteria. Scoring Projects and Portfolio. Weighting Decision Criteria. Drawing ‘‘The Line’’ in the Portfolio. Link to the Business Case. Business Case. Link to the Portfolio. A Few Parting Thoughts. Chapter Summary. 11 Implementing PPM. Executive Sponsorship. Change. Skills. Structure. Executive Steering Committee. Governance Board (Decision Review Board). Project Management Office. Project Management Standards Committee. Process Approach. Capacity. Demand. Communication Plan. Training. Conclusion. Chapter Summary. 12 Maintaining PPM. Dashboards and Metrics: The Visuals. Meetings: Keeping the Process Going. Communication: Making Sure Everyone Is on the Same Page. Maturity Models: Where Do You and Your Organization Stand? Resource Management: Getting Your Arms around the Organization. Keeping Up the Momentum. Dedicating Resources to Running the PMO. Chapter Summary. Part IV The Story: Nine Months Later. 13 Bringing It All Together. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book consolidates various aspects of nanomaterials, highlighting their versatility as well as how the same materials can be used in seemingly diverse applications spanning across disciplines. It captures the multi-disciplinary and multi-functional aspects of nanomaterials in a holistic way. Chapters address the key attributes of nanoscale materials that make them special and desirable as novel materials; functionality that emerges based on these unique attributes; multiple uses of nanomaterials incuding combining properties and materials selection, and then separate chapters devoted to energy, biomedical materials, environmental applications, and chemical engineering applications.Trade Review"Leading nanomaterial specialists have contributed to the content of this book. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of the latest literature. References provided in each chapter will be helpful for readers to study individual topics in detail." (Azonano.com, 3 February 2012)Table of ContentsPreface. Section I. Overview. 1. Key attributes of nano-scale materials and functionalities emerging from them (S. M. Mukhopadhyay). 2. Societal Impact and Future Trends in Nanomaterials (S. M. Mukhopadhyay). Section II. Processing and Analysis. 3. Fabrication Techniques for Growing Carbon Nanotubes (I. T. Barney). 4. Nanoparticles and Polymer Nanocomposites (G. A. Jimenez, B. J. Lee, and S. C. Jana). 5. Laser-Assisted Fabrication Techniques (T. Murray). 6. Experimental Characterization of Nanomaterials (A. Jackson). 7. Modeling and Simulation of Nanoscale Materials (S. Patnaik and M. Tsige). Section III. Applications. 8. Nanomaterials for Alternate Energy (H. Huang and B. Z. Jang). 9. Enhancement of Through-Thickness Thermal conductivity in Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (S. Sihn, S. Ganguli, A. K. Roy, L. Qu, and L. Dai). 10. Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Environmental Cleanup (S. R. Kanel, C. Su, U. Patel, and A. Agrawal). 11. Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in Water Treatment: Removal of Common Chemical and Biological Contaminants by Adsorption (V. K. K. Updahyayula, J. R. Ruparelia, and A. Agrawal). 12. Peptide Nanotubes for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (B. W. Park and D. S. Kim). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisQuality management and statistical quality control students and instructors can look no further. Wiley is proud to offer a brand new text by Vic Sower, Essentials of Quality, which is aimed at meeting the needs of these students at both the undergraduate and graduate level spanning business, operations, engineering, technical, and education departments. QM & SQC students typically face challenging first and second term courses and quantitative, intimidating texts. Thoroughly tested and used by students and proven to help students taking the American Society for Quality's Certified Quality Improvement Associate exam, Essentials of Quality is highly accessible, experiential, and unique in its coverage of current QM topics, from creative and innovative improvements and approaches to today's economic environment to ways of developing metrics for measuring and evaluating programs. VicSower, a Senior Member of the American Society for Quality and is Certified Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv About the Author xix SECTION I QUALITY BASICS 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Quality 3 Chapter Objectives 3 Why Study Quality? 4 History of Quality 4 The Definition of Quality 4 Modern Definitions of Quality 5 Product Quality 7 Service Quality 8 Different Approaches to Defining Quality 9 Five Approaches to Defining Quality 10 Major Contributors to Our Understanding of Quality 11 Summary 19 Quality Definitions 20 Discussion Questions 20 Case Study 1.1: The Battle of the Gurus 21 Exercises and Activities 22 Supplementary Readings 23 References 23 Chapter 2 Strategic Quality Management and Operationalizing Quality 25 Chapter Objectives 25 Strategic Quality Management 26 The Strategic Planning Process 28 Strategic Deployment 31 Evaluation and Control 31 Approaches to Monitoring Progress toward Strategic Goals 33 Dimensions, Measures, and Metrics 34 Methods of Obtaining Input from Customers 39 Focus Groups 40 Surveys 42 Focus Groups and Surveys in Combination 43 Summary 43 Discussion Questions 43 Problems 44 Case Study 2.1: Second National Bank 47 Exercises and Activities 48 Supplementary Readings 49 References 49 SECTION II QUALITY OF DESIGN 51 Chapter 3 Designing Quality into Products and Services 53 Chapter Objectives 53 The Seven Management Tools 54 Quality Function Deployment 57 Design for Six Sigma 59 Taguchi Robustness Concepts 60 Reliability 60 Types of Reliability Systems 61 Reliability Life Characteristic Concepts (e.g., Bathtub Curve) 67 Mean Time Between Failures 69 Modeling Product Life with Normal Distribution 71 Risk Assessment Tools and Risk Prevention 72 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 73 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 76 Error Proofing 77 Summary 78 Discussion Questions 78 Problems 79 Case Study 3.1: Building the Better Mouse 82 Exercises and Activities 82 Supplementary Readings 83 References 83 Chapter 4 Innovation and Creativity in Quality 85 Chapter Objectives 85 Breakthrough (Radical) Improvement versus Incremental Improvement 86 Increasing Creativity 88 Organizational versus Individual Creativity 91 Designing the Innovative Organization 91 Elements of a Creative Organization 92 Tools and Techniques for Increasing Organizational Creativity 95 Increasing Individual Creativity 95 Myths about Individual Creativity 95 The Importance of Technological Forecasting 96 Summary 99 Discussion Questions 99 Case Study 4.1: Smallburg Community Bank 100 Exercises and Activities 100 Supplementary Readings 102 References 102 SECTION III QUALITY SYSTEMS TO ASSURE CONFORMANCE TO DESIGN 105 Chapter 5 Quality Systems and Quality Systems Auditing 107 Chapter Objectives 107 Quality Management Systems 108 Elements of a Quality Management System 108 ISO 9000 109 IS0/TS 16949 and QS-9000 111 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) 117 Other Approaches 118 Six Sigma 119 Quality Auditing 120 Specific Types of Quality Audits 120 Performing a Quality System Audit 122 Quality Information Systems 123 Data Accuracy and Security 124 Quality Documentation Systems 126 Making Data Useful—Information Flows 128 Summary 129 Discussion Questions 129 Case Study 5.1: The First Audit 130 Exercises and Activities 131 Supplementary Readings 132 References 132 Chapter 6 Product, Process, and Materials Control 135 Chapter Objectives 135 Work Instructions 136 Classification of Quality Characteristics and Defects 138 Identification of Materials and Status 140 Lot Traceability 141 Materials Segregation Practices 142 Materials Review Board Criteria and Procedures 143 Supplier Management 145 Supplier Selection 146 Supplier Evaluation 147 Summary 148 Discussion Questions 148 Case Study 6.1: The Case of the Missing Lot 149 Exercises and Activities 150 Supplementary Readings 150 References 150 Chapter 7 Experimental Design 153 Chapter Objectives 153 Basic Concepts and Definitions 155 Experimental Design Characteristics 158 Types of Design 159 Single-Factor Design 159 One-Factor-at-a-Time Design 159 Full-Factorial Design 161 Fractional Factorial Design 163 Analysis of Results 164 Taguchi Methods of Experimental Design 167 Summary 170 Discussion Questions 170 Problems 171 Case Study 7.1: The Case of the Variable Laminates 173 Exercises and Activities 174 Supplementary Readings 176 References 176 SECTION IV CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY 177 Chapter 8 Quality Improvement Tools 179 Chapter Objectives 179 The Problem-Solving Process 180 The Seven Tools of Quality 182 Approaches to Continuous Quality Improvement 193 PDSA 194 DMAIC 194 Benchmarking 195 Summary 197 Discussion Questions 197 Problems 198 Case Study 8.1: Sour Grape Ice Cream 201 Case Study 8.2: The Westover Wire Works 202 Exercises and Activities 206 Supplementary Readings 209 References 209 Chapter 9 Metrology, Inspection, and Testing 211 Chapter Objectives 211 Metrology 212 Types of Gauges 213 Accuracy and Precision 216 Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 223 Summary 223 Discussion Questions 224 Problems 224 Case Study 9.1: Somebody’s Got a Problem 227 Exercises and Activities 227 Supplementary Readings 228 References 228 Chapter 10 Statistical Process Control 229 Chapter Objectives 229 SPC and Variation 230 Types of Data 231 Variables Control Charts 231 Concept of the Control Chart 232 Out of Control Signals 233 Patterns Leading to Modifying Control Limits 234 Constructing Variables Control Charts 236 x-Bar and Range Charts 237 x-Bar and s-Charts 241 Individual/Moving Range Charts 244 A Special Form of the x-bar Control Chart for Short Production Runs 246 Attributes Control Charts 249 Control Charts for Nonconforming Units 250 Control Charts for Nonconformities (Defects) 253 Process Capability 257 Summary 262 Discussion Questions 262 Problems 263 Case Study 10.1: Middle County Hospital 270 Case Study 10.2: Precise Molded Products, Inc. 274 Exercises and Activities 278 Supplementary Readings 279 References 279 Chapter 11 Acceptance Sampling 281 Chapter Objectives 281 When Acceptance Sampling is Appropriate 281 Fundamentals of Sampling Theory 283 Assessing Risk in Sampling Plans 284 Methods of Sampling 289 Sampling Types 291 Sampling Plans 292 Sampling Inspection by Attributes 292 Sampling Inspection by Variables 301 Dodge-Romig Sampling Plans 304 Summary 306 Discussion Questions 306 Problems 307 Case Study 11.1: The Turkell Stud Mill 308 Exercises and Activities 309 Supplementary Readings 310 References 310 Chapter 12 Quality Costs 311 Chapter Objectives 311 The Categories of Quality Costs 312 The Goal of a COQ System 315 COQ Data Collection, Interpretation, and Reporting 318 Integrating Quality Costs into the Quality Improvement System 321 Summary 324 Discussion Questions 324 Problems 325 Case Study 12.1: HI-HO YO-YO, Inc. 327 Case Study 12.2: Acme, Ltd. 330 Exercises and Activities 330 Supplementary Readings 330 References 331 SECTION V QUALITY MANAGEMENT 333 Chapter 13 Human Factors in Quality 335 Chapter Objectives 335 Barriers to Quality Improvement Efforts 336 Human Resource Management 336 Motivation Theories 337 Integration of the Classic Motivational Theories 339 Process Theories of Motivation 340 Employee Involvement and Teams 340 The Care and Feeding of Teams 341 Organization and Implementation of Quality Teams 341 Principles of Team Leadership and Facilitation 342 What is a Team? 342 Who Makes up a Team? 342 Roles and Responsibilities of the Team Leader 343 Selecting Team Members 346 Roles and Responsibilities of the Team Members 346 Roles and Responsibilities of the Facilitator 347 Critical Action Items in the Team Life Cycle 347 What Is a Team Charter? 347 General Information and Guidelines for Teams 351 Team Dynamics Management and Conflict Resolution 352 Stages of Group Development 354 Forming 354 Storming 355 Norming 356 Performing 357 Creating a Win-Win Situation 358 Consensus 358 Professional and Ethical Standards 361 Summary 362 Discussion Questions 363 Case Study 13.1: Tom’s Team 363 Case Study 13.2: Self Directed Work Teams at BHI 364 Exercises and Activities 368 Supplementary Readings 368 References 369 Appendix A Table of Four-Digit Random Numbers 371 Appendix B Standard Normal Distribution Table 373 Bibliography 375 Index 385

Read more less

Book SynopsisMeta-Nanotubes are a new generation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which result from the chemical transformation of regular CNTs and their subsequent combination with foreign materials (atoms, molecules, chemical groups, nanocrystals) by various ways such as functionalisation, doping, filling, and substitution. These new nanomaterials exhibit enhanced or new properties, such as reactivity, solubility, and magnetism, which pristine CNTs do not possess. Their many applications include electronic and optoelectronic devices, chemical and biosensors, solar cells, drug delivery, and reinforced glasses and ceramics. Carbon Meta-Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications discusses these third generation carbon nanotubes and the unique characteristics they possess. Beginning with a general overview of the subject, this book covers the five main categories of meta-nanotubes, namely: Doped Carbon Nanotubes Functionalised Carbon Nanotubes Trade Review“The variations are exhaustively described and well-supported with clear illustrations. The book should be considered an essential reference for professionals working in fields related to carbon nanotubes.” (Book News, 1 April 2012) Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv List of Abbreviations xvii Acknowledgements xxi Introduction to the Meta-Nanotube Book 1 Marc Monthioux 1 Time for a Third-Generation of Carbon Nanotubes 1 2 Introducing Meta-Nanotubes 2 2.1 Doped Nanotubes (X:CNTs) 3 2.2 Functionalized Nanotubes (X-CNTs) 3 2.3 Decorated (Coated) Nanotubes (X /CNTs) 3 2.4 Filled Nanotubes (X@CNTs) 3 2.5 Heterogeneous Nanotubes (X*CNTs) 4 3 Introducing the Meta-Nanotube Book 4 References 5 1 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes 7 Marc Monthioux 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 One Word about Synthesizing Carbon Nanotubes 7 1.3 SWCNTs: The Perfect Structure 11 1.4 MWCNTs: The Amazing (Nano)Textural Variety 18 1.5 Electronic Structure 29 1.6 Some Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 31 1.7 Conclusion 36 References 36 2 Doped Carbon Nanotubes: (X:CNTs) 41 Alain Pénicaud, Pierre Petit and John E. Fischer 2.1 Introduction 41 2.1.1 Scope of this Chapter 41 2.1.2 A Few Definitions 42 2.1.3 Doped/Intercalated Carbon Allotropes – a Brief History 43 2.1.4 What Happens upon Doping SWCNTs? 48 2.2 n-Doping of Nanotubes 52 2.2.1 Synthetic Routes for Preparing Doped SWCNTs 52 2.2.2 Crystalline Structure and Chemical Composition of n-Doped Nanotubes 54 2.2.3 Modification of the Electronic Structure of SWCNTs upon Doping 59 2.2.4 Electrical Transport in Doped SWCNTs 61 2.2.5 Spectroscopic Evidence for n-Doping 65 2.2.6 Solutions of Reduced Nanotubes 72 2.3 p-Doping of Carbon Nanotubes 73 2.3.1 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Halogens 74 2.3.2 p-Doping with Acceptor Molecules 80 2.3.3 p-Doping of SWCNTs with FeCl3 84 2.3.4 p-Doping of SWCNTs with SOCl2 87 2.3.5 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Acids 87 2.3.6 p-Doping of SWCNTs with Superacids 91 2.3.7 p-Doping with other Oxidizing Agents 95 2.3.8 Diameter Selective Doping 96 2.4 Practical Applications of Doped Nanotubes 99 2.5 Conclusions, Perspectives 100 References 101 3 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (X-CNTs) 113 Stéphane Campidelli, Stanislaus S. Wong and Maurizio Prato 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 Functionalization Routes 113 3.2.1 Noncovalent Sidewall Functionalization of SWCNTs 114 3.2.2 Covalent Functionalization of SWCNTs 114 3.3 Properties and Applications 125 3.3.1 Electron Transfer Properties and Photovoltaic Applications 125 3.3.2 Chemical Sensors (FET-Based) 137 3.3.3 Opto-Electronic Devices (FET-Based) 139 3.3.4 Biosensors 145 3.4 Conclusion 149 References 150 4 Decorated (Coated) Carbon Nanotubes (X/CNTs) 163 Revathi R. Bacsa and Philippe Serp 4.1 Introduction 163 4.2 Metal-Nanotube Interactions – Theoretical Aspects 166 4.2.1 Curvature-Induced Effects 168 4.2.2 Effect of Defects and Vacancies on the Metal-Graphite Interactions 169 4.3 Carbon Nanotube Surface Activation 170 4.4 Methods for Carbon Nanotube Coating 171 4.4.1 Deposition from Solution 171 4.4.2 Self-Assembly Methods 178 4.4.3 Electro- and Electrophoretic Deposition 183 4.4.4 Deposition from Gas Phase 187 4.4.5 Nanoparticles Decorating Inner Surfaces of Carbon Nanotubes 190 4.5 Characterization of Decorated Nanotubes 191 4.5.1 Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction 191 4.5.2 Spectroscopic Methods 192 4.5.3 Porosity and Surface Area 196 4.6 Applications of Decorated Nanotubes 196 4.6.1 Sensors 196 4.6.2 Catalysis 198 4.6.3 Fuel Cells 202 4.6.4 Hydrogen Storage 204 4.7 Decorated Nanotubes in Biology and Medicine 205 4.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 207 References 208 5 Filled Carbon Nanotubes 223 5.1 Presentation of Chapter 5 223 5a Filled Carbon Nanotubes: (X@CNTs) 225 Jeremy Sloan and Marc Monthioux 5a.1 Introduction 225 5a.2 Synthesis of X@CNTs 227 5a.2.1 A Glimpse at the Past 227 5a.2.2 The Expectations with Filling CNTs 228 5a.2.3 Filling Parameters, Routes and Mechanisms 229 5a.2.4 Materials for Filling 240 5a.2.5 Filling Mechanisms 245 5a.3 Behaviours and Properties 247 5a.3.1 Peculiar in-Tube Behaviour (Diffusion, Coalescence, Crystallization) 247 5a.3.2 Electronic Properties (Transport, Magnetism and Others) 252 5a.4 Applications (Demonstrated or Expected) 256 5a.4.1 Applications that Make Use of Mass Transport Properties 256 5a.4.2 Applications Arising as a Result of Filling 258 Acknowledgements 261 References 261 5b Fullerenes inside Carbon Nanotubes: The Peapods 273 F. Simon and Marc Monthioux 5b.1 Introduction 273 5b.2 The Discovery of Fullerene Peapods 274 5b.3 Classification of Peapods 277 5b.4 Synthesis and Behavior of Fullerene Peapods 279 5b.4.1 Synthesis of Peapods 279 5b.4.2 Behavior of Peapods under Various Treatments 289 5b.5 Properties of Peapods 295 5b.5.1 Structural Properties 295 5b.5.2 Peapod Band Structure from Theory and Experiment 298 5b.5.3 Transport Properties 301 5b.5.4 Optical Properties 302 5b.5.5 Vibrational Properties 303 5b.5.6 Magnetic Properties 305 5b.6 Applications of Peapods 308 5b.6.1 Demonstrated Applications 308 5b.6.2 Expected Applications 310 Acknowledgements 314 References 314 6 Heterogeneous Nanotubes (X*CNTs, X*BNNTs) 323 Dmitri Golberg, Mauricio Terrones 6.1 Overall Introduction 323 6.2 Pure BN Nanotubes 324 6.2.1 Introduction 324 6.2.2 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes 325 6.2.3 Morphology and Structure of BN Nanotubes 331 6.2.4 Properties of BN Nanotubes 337 6.2.5 Stability of BN Nanotubes to High-Energy Irradiation 346 6.2.6 Boron Nitride Meta-Nanotubes 346 6.2.7 Other BN Nanomaterials 353 6.2.8 Challenging Applications 355 6.3 BxCyNz Nanotubes and Nanofibers 359 6.3.1 Tuning the Electronic Structure with C-Substituted BN Nanotubes 359 6.3.2 Production and Characterization of BxCyNz Nanotubes and Nanofibers 362 6.4 B-Substituted or N-Substituted Carbon Nanotubes 368 6.4.1 Substituting Carbon Nanotubes with B or N 368 6.4.2 Synthesis Strategies for Producing Bor N-Substituted CNTs 370 6.4.3 Morphology and Structure of Substituted CNTs 374 6.4.4 Properties of Substituted CNTs 379 6.4.5 Applications of Substituted CNTs 385 6.5 Perspectives and Future Outlook 392 Acknowledgements 394 References 395 Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe subject of vibrations is of fundamental importance in engineering and technology. Discrete modelling is sufficient to understand the dynamics of many vibrating systems; however a large number of vibration phenomena are far more easily understood when modelled as continuous systems.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Vibrations of strings and bars 1 1.1 Dynamics of strings and bars: the Newtonian formulation 1 1.1.1 Transverse dynamics of strings 1 1.1.2 Longitudinal dynamics of bars 6 1.1.3 Torsional dynamics of bars 7 1.2 Dynamics of strings and bars: the variational formulation 9 1.2.1 Transverse dynamics of strings 10 1.2.2 Longitudinal dynamics of bars 11 1.2.3 Torsional dynamics of bars 13 1.3 Free vibration problem: Bernoulli’s solution 14 1.4 Modal analysis 18 1.4.1 The eigenvalue problem 18 1.4.2 Orthogonality of eigenfunctions 24 1.4.3 The expansion theorem 25 1.4.4 Systems with discrete elements 27 1.5 The initial value problem: solution using Laplace transform 30 1.6 Forced vibration analysis 31 1.6.1 Harmonic forcing 32 1.6.2 General forcing 36 1.7 Approximate methods for continuous systems 40 1.7.1 Rayleigh method 41 1.7.2 Rayleigh–Ritz method 43 1.7.3 Ritz method 44 1.7.4 Galerkin method 47 1.8 Continuous systems with damping 50 1.8.1 Systems with distributed damping 50 1.8.2 Systems with discrete damping 53 1.9 Non-homogeneous boundary conditions 56 1.10 Dynamics of axially translating strings 57 1.10.1 Equation of motion 58 1.10.2 Modal analysis and discretization 58 1.10.3 Interaction with discrete elements 61 Exercises 62 References 67 2 One-dimensional wave equation: d’Alembert’s solution 69 2.1 D’Alembert’s solution of the wave equation 69 2.1.1 The initial value problem 72 2.1.2 The initial value problem: solution using Fourier transform 76 2.2 Harmonic waves and wave impedance 77 2.3 Energetics of wave motion 79 2.4 Scattering of waves 83 2.4.1 Reflection at a boundary 83 2.4.2 Scattering at a finite impedance 87 2.5 Applications of the wave solution 93 2.5.1 Impulsive start of a bar 93 2.5.2 Step-forcing of a bar with boundary damping 95 2.5.3 Axial collision of bars 99 2.5.4 String on a compliant foundation 102 2.5.5 Axially translating string 104 Exercises 107 References 112 3 Vibrations of beams 113 3.1 Equation of motion 113 3.1.1 The Newtonian formulation 113 3.1.2 The variational formulation 116 3.1.3 Various boundary conditions for a beam 118 3.1.4 Taut string and tensioned beam 120 3.2 Free vibration problem 121 3.2.1 Modal analysis 121 3.2.2 The initial value problem 132 3.3 Forced vibration analysis 133 3.3.1 Eigenfunction expansion method 134 3.3.2 Approximate methods 135 3.4 Non-homogeneous boundary conditions 137 3.5 Dispersion relation and flexural waves in a uniform beam 138 3.5.1 Energy transport 140 3.5.2 Scattering of flexural waves 142 3.6 The Timoshenko beam 144 3.6.1 Equations of motion 144 3.6.2 Harmonic waves and dispersion relation 147 3.7 Damped vibration of beams 149 3.8 Special problems in vibrations of beams 151 3.8.1 Influence of axial force on dynamic stability 151 3.8.2 Beam with eccentric mass distribution 155 3.8.3 Problems involving the motion of material points of a vibrating beam 159 3.8.4 Dynamics of rotating shafts 163 3.8.5 Dynamics of axially translating beams 165 3.8.6 Dynamics of fluid-conveying pipes 168 Exercises 171 References 178 4 Vibrations of membranes 179 4.1 Dynamics of a membrane 179 4.1.1 Newtonian formulation 179 4.1.2 Variational formulation 182 4.2 Modal analysis 185 4.2.1 The rectangular membrane 185 4.2.2 The circular membrane 190 4.3 Forced vibration analysis 197 4.4 Applications: kettledrum and condenser microphone 197 4.4.1 Modal analysis 197 4.4.2 Forced vibration analysis 201 4.5 Waves in membranes 202 4.5.1 Waves in Cartesian coordinates 202 4.5.2 Waves in polar coordinates 204 4.5.3 Energetics of membrane waves 207 4.5.4 Initial value problem for infinite membranes 208 4.5.5 Reflection of plane waves 209 Exercises 213 References 214 5 Vibrations of plates 217 5.1 Dynamics of plates 217 5.1.1 Newtonian formulation 217 5.2 Vibrations of rectangular plates 222 5.2.1 Free vibrations 222 5.2.2 Orthogonality of plate eigenfunctions 228 5.2.3 Forced vibrations 229 5.3 Vibrations of circular plates 231 5.3.1 Free vibrations 231 5.3.2 Forced vibrations 234 5.4 Waves in plates 236 5.5 Plates with varying thickness 238 Exercises 239 References 241 6 Boundary value and eigenvalue problems in vibrations 243 6.1 Self-adjoint operators and eigenvalue problems for undamped free vibrations 243 6.1.1 General properties and expansion theorem 243 6.1.2 Green’s functions and integral formulation of eigenvalue problems 252 6.1.3 Bounds for eigenvalues: Rayleigh’s quotient and other methods 255 6.2 Forced vibrations 259 6.2.1 Equations of motion 259 6.2.2 Green’s function for inhomogeneous vibration problems 260 6.3 Some discretization methods for free and forced vibrations 261 6.3.1 Expansion in function series 261 6.3.2 The collocation method 262 6.3.3 The method of subdomains 266 6.3.4 Galerkin’s method 267 6.3.5 The Rayleigh–Ritz method 269 6.3.6 The finite-element method 272 References 288 7 Waves in fluids 289 7.1 Acoustic waves in fluids 289 7.1.1 The acoustic wave equation 289 7.1.2 Planar acoustic waves 294 7.1.3 Energetics of planar acoustic waves 295 7.1.4 Reflection and refraction of planar acoustic waves 297 7.1.5 Spherical waves 300 7.1.6 Cylindrical waves 305 7.1.7 Acoustic radiation from membranes and plates 307 7.1.8 Waves in wave guides 314 7.1.9 Acoustic waves in a slightly viscous fluid 318 7.2 Surface waves in incompressible liquids 320 7.2.1 Dynamics of surface waves 320 7.2.2 Sloshing of liquids in tanks 323 7.2.3 Surface waves in a channel 330 Exercises 334 References 337 8 Waves in elastic continua 339 8.1 Equations of motion 339 8.2 Plane elastic waves in unbounded continua 344 8.3 Energetics of elastic waves 346 8.4 Reflection of elastic waves 348 8.4.1 Reflection from a free boundary 349 8.5 Rayleigh surface waves 353 8.6 Reflection and refraction of planar acoustic waves 357 Exercises 359 References 361 A The variational formulation of dynamics 363 References 365 B Harmonic waves and dispersion relation 367 B.1 Fourier representation and harmonic waves 367 B.2 Phase velocity and group velocity 369 References 372 C Variational formulation for dynamics of plates 373 References 378 Index 379

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe creation of affordable high speed optical communications using standard semiconductor manufacturing technology is a principal aim of silicon photonics research. This would involve replacing copper connections with optical fibres or waveguides, and electrons with photons.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction to Silicon Photonics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 VLSI: Past, Present, and Future Roadmap 2 1.3 The Interconnect Problem in VLSI 3 1.4 The Long-Haul Optical Communication Link 4 1.5 Data Network 7 1.6 Conclusions 7 1.7 Scope of the Book 8 2 Basic Properties of Silicon 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Band Structure 12 2.3 Density-of-States Function 17 2.4 Impurities 19 2.5 Alloys of Silicon and Other Group IV Elements 21 2.6 Heterojunctions and Band Lineup 23 2.7 Si-Based Heterostructures 24 2.8 Direct GAP: Ge/SiGeSn Heterojunctions 33 3 Quantum Structures 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Quantum Wells 41 3.3 Quantum Wires and Dots 48 3.4 Superlattices 50 3.5 Si-Based Quantum Structures 52 3.6 Effect of Electric Field 56 4 Optical Processes 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Optical Constants 61 4.3 Basic Concepts 64 4.4 Absorption Processes in Semiconductors 66 4.5 Fundamental Absorption in Direct GAP 66 4.6 Fundamental Absorption in Indirect GAP 73 4.7 Absorption and Gain 77 4.8 Intervalence Band Absorption 79 4.9 Free-carrier Absorption 80 4.10 Recombination and Luminescence 82 4.11 Nonradiative Recombination 86 4.12 Excitonic and Impurity Absorption 91 5 Optical Processes in Quantum Structures 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Optical Processes in QWs 98 5.3 Intersubband Transitions 105 5.4 Excitonic Processes in QWs 109 5.5 Effect of Electric Fields 114 5.6 Optical Processes in QWRs 118 5.7 Optical Processes in QDS 119 6 Light Emitters in Si 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Basic Theory of Light Emission 124 6.3 Early Efforts: Zone Folding 125 6.4 Band Structure Engineering Using Alloys 126 6.5 Quantum Confinement 129 6.6 Imputities in Silicon 134 6.7 Stimulated Emission: Prospect 139 6.8 Intersubband Emission 143 6.9 Tensile-Strained Ge Layers 146 7 Si Light Modulators 151 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Physical Effects 152 7.3 Electrorefraction in Silicon 156 7.4 Thermo-Optic Effects in Si 158 7.5 Modulators: Some Useful Characteristics 159 7.6 Modulation Bandwidth under Injection 160 7.7 Optical Structures 161 7.8 Electrical Structures 164 7.9 High-Bandwidth Modulators 168 7.10 Performance of EO Modulators 170 8 Silicon Photodetectors 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Optical Detection 176 8.3 Important Characteristics of Photodetectors 180 8.4 Examples of Types of Photodetectors 187 8.5 Examples of Photodiodes in Standard Silicon Technology 192 8.6 Phototransistors in Standard Silicon Technology 196 8.7 CMOS and BiCMOS 197 8.8 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) 198 8.9 Photodetectors Using Heteroepitaxy 202 9 Raman Lasers 219 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Raman Scattering: Basic Concepts 220 9.3 Simplified Theory of Raman Scattering 222 9.4 Raman Effect in Silicon 224 9.5 Raman Gain Coefficient 224 9.6 Continuous-Wave Raman Laser 228 9.7 Further Developments 230 10 Guided Lightwaves: Introduction 233 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Ray Optic Theory for Light Guidance 233 10.3 Reflection Coefficients 234 10.4 Modes of a Planar Waveguide 235 10.5 Wave Theory of Light Guides 238 10.6 3D Optical Waveguides 244 10.7 Loss Mechanisms in Waveguides 252 10.8 Coupling to Optical Devices 257 10.9 Tapers 261 11 Principle of Planar Waveguide Devices 267 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Model for Mode Coupling 267 11.3 Directional Coupler 270 11.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector 273 11.5 Some Useful Planar Devices 277 12 Waveguides for Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Systems 293 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Structure and Operation of AWGs 294 12.3 AWG Characteristics 297 12.4 Methods for Improving Performance 300 12.5 Applications of AWGs 303 12.6 PHASAR-Based Devices on Different Materials 306 12.7 Echelle Grating 307 13 Fabrication Techniques and Materials Systems 311 13.1 Introduction 311 13.2 Planar Processing 312 13.3 Substrate Growth and Preparation 312 13.4 Material Modification 318 13.5 Etching 322 13.6 Lithography 326 13.7 Fabrication of Waveguides 328 13.8 Grating Formation Process 331 13.9 Materials Systems for Waveguide Formation 334 Problems 348 References 349 Further Reading 352 Appendix A: k.p Method 355 Appendix B: Values of Parameters 371 Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by academics with more than 30 years experience teaching physics and material science, Physics of Functional Materials outlines the modern theory of atoms and molecules as well as different types of bonds in solids. This essential text is a one-stop reference on functional materials.Trade Review"[The book contains] a great deal of useful information." (The Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre, December 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Structures of Melts and Solids. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. X-ray Analysis. 1.3. The Hard Sphere Model of Atoms. 1.4. Crystal Structure. 1.5. Crystal Structures of Solid Metals. 1.6. Crystal Defects in Pure Metals. 1.7. Structures of Alloy Melts and Solids. 2. Theory of Atoms and Molecules. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure. 2.3. The Quantum Mechanical Model of Atomic Structure. 2.4. Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Atoms. 2.5. Quantum Mechanics and Probability: Selection Rules. 2.6. The Quantum Mechanical Model of Molecular Structure. 2.7. Diatomic Molecules. 2.8. Polyatomic Molecules. 3. Theory of Solids. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Bonds in Molecules and Solids: Some Definitions. 3.3. Bonds in Molecules and Nonmetallic Solids. 3.4. Metallic Bonds. 3.5. Band Theory of Solids. 3.6. Elastic Vibrations in Solids. 3.7. Influence of Lattice Defects on Electronic Structures in Crystals. 4. Properties of Gases. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Kinetic Theory of Gases. 4.3. Energy Distribution in Particle Systems: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law. 4.4. Gas Laws. 4.5. Heat Capacity. 4.6. Mean Free Path. 4.7. Viscosity. 4.8. Thermal Conduction. 4.9. Diffusion. 4.10. Molecular Sizes. 4.11. Properties of Gas Mixtures. 4.12. Plasma - The Fourth State of Matter. 5. Transformation Kinetics: Diffusion in Solids. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Thermodynamics. 5.3. Transformation Kinetics. 5.4. Reaction Rates. 5.5. Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions in Gases. 5.6. Diffusion in Solids. 6. Mechanical, Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Total Energy of Metallic Crystals. 6.3. Elasticity and Compressibility. 6.4. Expansion. 6.5. Heat Capacity. 6.6. Magnetism. 7. Transport Properties of Solids. Optical Properties of Solids. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Thermal Conduction. 7.3. Electrical Conduction. 7.4. Metallic Conductors. 7.5. Insulators. 7.6. Semiconductors. 7.7. Optical Properties of Solids. 8. Properties of Liquids and Melts. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. X-ray Spectra of Liquids and Melts. 8.3. Models of Pure Liquids and Melts. 8.4. Melting Points of Solid Metals. 8.5. Density and Volume. 8.6. Thermal Expansion. 8.7. Heat Capacity. 8.8. Transport Properties of Liquids. 8.9. Diffusion. 8.10. Viscosity. 8.11. Thermal Conduction. 8.12. Electrical Conduction. Answers to Exercises. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe cutting-edge guide on advancing the science of molecular imaging using nanoparticles Nanoplathform-Based Molecular Imaging provides rationale for using nanoparticle-based probes for molecular imaging, then discusses general strategies for this underutilized, yet promising, technology. It addresses general strategies of particle synthesis and surface chemistry, applications in computed tomography optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, multimodality imaging, theranostics, and finally, the clinical perspectives of nanoimaging. This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application. Trade Review“This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application.” (Imaging & Microscopy, 1 March 2012) "This monumental work of more than 800 pages is dedicated to the visualization of cellular behavior and molecular processes in living organisms using nanotechnologies. The book is written in a clear manner by tens of experts in the field." (Optics & Photonics News, 2011) "This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those in the forefront of research and describes the latest developments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application." (Global Print Monitor, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Part I Basics of Molecular Imaging and Nanobiotechnology. 1. Basic Principles of Molecular Imaging (Sven H. Hausner). 2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials as a Platform for Molecular Imaging (Jinhao Gao, Jin Xie, Bing Xu, and Xiaoyuan Chen). 3. Nanoparticle Surface Modification and Bioocnjugation (Jin Xie, Jinhao Gao, Mark Michalski, and Xiaoyuan Chen). 4. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Nanoprobes (Nagesh Kolishetti, Frank Alexis, Eric M. Pridgen, and Omid C. Farokhzad). Part II Nanoparticles for Single Modality Molecular Imaging. 5. Computed Tomography as a Tool for Anatomical and Molecular Imaging (Pingyu Liu, Hu Zhou, and Lei Xing). 6. Carbon Nanotube X-Ray for Dynamic Micro-CT Imaging of Small Animal Models (Otto Zhou, Guohua Cao, Yueh Z. Lee, and Jianping Lu). 7. Quantum Dots for In Vivo Molecular Imaging (Yun Xing). 8. Biopolymer, Dendrimer and Liposome Nanoplatforms for Optical Molecular Imaging (David Pham, Ling Zhang, Bo Chen, and Ella F. Jones). 9. Nanoplatforms for Raman Molecular Imaging in Biological Systems (Zhuang Liu). 10. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensors for Biological Systems (Jingqing Zhang, and Michael S. Strano). 11. Microparticle- and Nanoparticle-Based Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging (Nirupama Deshpande, and Jurgen K. Willmann). 12. Ultrasound-Based Molecular Imaging Using Nanoagents (Srivalleesha Mallidi, Mohammad Mehrmohammadi, Kimberly Homan, Bo Wang, Min Qu, Timothy Larson, Konstantin Sokolov, and Stanislav Emelianov). 13. MRI Contrast Agents Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles (Hyon B. Na, and Taghwan Hyeon). 14. Cellular Magnetic Labeling with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Sebastien Boutry, Sophie Laurent, Luce V. Elst, and Robert N. Muller). 15. Nanoparticles Containing Rare Earth Ions: A Tunable Tool for MRI (C. Riviére, S. Roux, R. Bazzi, J.-L. Bridot, C. Billotey, P. Perriat, and O. Tillement). 16. Microfabricated Multispectral MRI Contrast Agents (Gary Zabow, and Alan Koretsky). 17. Radiolabeled Nanoplatforms: Imaging Hot Bullets Hitting Their Targets (Raffaella Rossin). Part III: Nanoparticle Platforms as Multimodality Imaging and Therapy Agents. 18. Lipoprotein-Based Nanoplatforms for Cancer Molecular Imaging (Ian R. Corbin, Kenneth Ng, and Gang Zheng). 19. Protein Cages as Multimode Imaging Agents (Masaki Uchida, Lars Liepold, Peter Suci, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas). 20. Biomedical Applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Weibo Cai, Ting Gao, and Hao Hong). 21. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging (Yonglong Hou, and Rui Hao). 22. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theragnostics (Seulki Lee, Ick Chan Kwon, and Kwangmeyung Kim). 23. Nanoparticles for Combined Cancer Imaging and Therapy (Vaishali Bagolkot, Mikyung Yu, and Sangyong Jon). 24. Multimodal Imaging and Therapy with Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles (Jason McCarthy, and Ralph Weissleder). 25. Gold Nanocages: A Multifunctional Platform for Molecular Optical Imaging and Photothermal Treatment (Leslie Au, Claire M. Cobley, Jingyi Chen, and Younan Xia). 26. Theranostic Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer (Parmeswaran Diagaradjane, Pranshu Mohindra, and Sunil Krishnan). 27. Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Agents (Alexander Wei, Qingshan Wei, and Alexei P. Lenov). 28. Theranostic Applications of Gold Core-Shell Structured Nanoparticles (Wei Lu, Marites Melancon, and Chun Li). 29. Magnetic Nanoparticle Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery: Perspective, Outlook and Design (R.D.K. Misra). 30. Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles: A Multidimensional Platform for Targeted Image-Guided Drug Delivery (Gregory M. Lanza, Shelton D. Caruthers, Anne H. Schmieder, Patrick M. Winter, Tillmann Cyrue, Samuel and A. Wickline). 31. Radioimmunonanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy (Arutselvan Natarajan). Part IV: Translational Nanomedicine. 32. Current Status and Future Prospects for Nanoparticle-Based Technology in Human Medicine (Nuria Sanvicens, Fatima Fernandez, J.-Pablo Salvador, and M.-Pilar Marco). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book addresses the many important problems in service operations management, which can be analyzed using two core methodologies: optimization and queueing theory (including numerical simulation of queues).Trade Review"The book is well written and very easy to follow. The reviewer highly recommends the book to be considered as a textbook for courses on service operations at the senior-undergraduate and graduate levels." (A Journal for the Worldwide Service Science Community, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Why study services? 1.1 What are services. 1.2 Services as a percent of the economy. 1.3 Public versus private service delivery. 1.4 Why model services? 1.5 Key service decisions. 1.6 Philosophy about models. 1.7 Outline of the book. 1.8 Problems. 1.9 References. METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS. 2 Optimization. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Five key elements of optimization. 2.3 Taxonomy of optimization models. 2.4 You probably have seen one already. 2.5 Linear programming. 2.6 Special network form. 2.7 Integer problems. 2.8 Multiple objective problems. 2.9 Mark’s ten rules of formulating problems. 2.10 Problems. 2.11 References. 3 Queueing theory. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 What is a queueing theory? 3.3 Key performance metrics for queues and Little’s formula. 3.4 A framework for Markovian queues. 3.5 Key results for non-Markovian queues. 3.6 Solving queueing models numerically. 3.7 When conditions change over time. 3.8 Conclusions. 3.9 Problems. 3.10 References. APPLICATION AREAS. 4 Location and districting problems in services. 4.1 Example applications. 4.2 Taxonomy of location problems. 4.3 Covering problems. 4.4 Median problems - minimizing the demand-weighted average distance. 4.5 Multi-objective models. 4.6 Districting problems. 4.7 Franchise location problems. 4.8 Summary and software. 4.9 Problems. 4.10 References. 5 Inventory decisions in services. 5.1 Why is inventory in a service modeling book? 5.2 EOQ - a basic inventory model. 5.3 Extensions of the EOQ model. 5.4 Time varying demand. 5.5 Uncertain demand and lead times. 5.6 Newsvendor problem and applications. 5.7 Summary. 5.8 Problems. 5.9 References. 6 Resource allocation problems and decisions in services. 6.1 Example resource allocation problems. 6.2 How to formulate an assignment or resource allocation problem. 6.3 Infeasible solutions. 6.4 Assigning students to freshman seminars. 6.5 Assigning students to intersession courses. 6.6 Improving the assignment of zip codes to Congressional districts. 6.7 Summary. 6.8 Problems. 6.9 References. 7 Short-term workforce scheduling. 7.1 Overview of scheduling. 7.2 Simple model. 7.3 Extensions of the simple model. 7.4 More difficult extensions. 7.5 Linking scheduling to service. 7.6 Time-dependent queueing analyzer. 7.7 Assigning specific employees to shifts. 7.8 Summary. 7.9 Problems. 7.10 References. 8 Long-term workforce planning. 8.1 Why is long-term workforce planning an issue? 8.2 Basic model. 8.3 Grouping of skills. 8.4 Planning over time. 8.5 Linking to project scheduling. 8.6 Linking to personnel training and planning in general. 8.7 Simple model of training. 8.8 Summary. 8.9 Problems. 8.10 References. 9 Priority services, call center design and customer scheduling. 9.1 Examples. 9.2 Priority queueing for emergency and other services. service in each class with non-preemptive priorities. 9.2.3 Priority service with Poisson arrivals, multiple servers and identically distributed exponential service times.. 9.2.4 Preemptive queueing. 9.3 Call center design. 9.4 Scheduling in services. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 Problems. 9.7 References. 10 Vehicle routing and services. 10.1 Example routing problems. 10.2 Classification of routing problems. 10.3 Arc routing. 10.4 The traveling salesman problem. 10.5 Vehicle routing problems. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 Problems. 10.8 References. 11 Where to from here? 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Other methodologies. 11.3 Other applications in services. 11.4 Summary. 11.5 References. APPENDICES. A. Sums of series - basic formulae. B. Overview of probability. B.1. Introduction and basic definitions. B.2 Axioms of probability .. B.3 Joint, marginal and conditional probabilities and Bayes’ theorem. B.4 Counting, ordered pairs, permutations and combinations. B.5 Random variables. B.6 Discrete random variables. B.7 Continuous random variables. B.8 Moment and probability generating functions. B.9 Generating random variables. B.10 Random variables in Excel. C. References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to chemical engineering topics in an integrated fashion and illustrates the methodology of process design through the processes followed in the text. It provides an all-in-one coverage of topics from process plant interactions to economic analyses and thermodynamic properties of streams.Trade Review“The author, a professor emeritus of chemical engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology, guides readers step by step through the execution of both chemical process analysis and equipment design, allowing readers to master such chemical engineering operations and equipment as separators, reactors, heat exchangers, and more.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 September 2013) Table of ContentsPREFACE xix PART I MACROSCOPIC VIEW 1 1 Chemical Process Perspective 3 1.1 Some Basic Concepts in Chemical Processing, 3 1.2 Acrylic Acid Production, 5 1.3 Biocatalytic Processes—Enzymatic Systems, 21 1.4 Basic Database, 24 Problems, 26 2 Macroscopic Mass Balances 28 2.1 Chemical Processing Systems, 28 2.2 Steady-State Mass Balances Without Chemical Reactions, 37 2.3 Steady-State Mass Balances with Single Chemical Reactions, 41 2.4 Steady-State Mass Balances with Multiple Chemical Reactions, 46 3 Macroscopic Energy and Entropy Balances 53 3.1 Basic Thermodynamic Functions, 53 3.2 Evaluation of H and S for Pure Materials, 55 3.3 Evaluation of H and S Functions for Mixtures, 59 3.4 Energy Flows and the First Law, 62 3.5 Energy Balances Without Reaction, 64 3.6 Energy Balances with Reaction-Ideal Solution, 70 3.7 Entropy Balances, 77 4 Macroscopic Momentum and Mechanical Energy Balances 86 4.1 Momentum Balance, 86 4.2 Mechanical Energy Balance, 88 4.3 Applications to Incompressible Flow Systems, 89 5 Completely Mixed Systems—Equipment Considerations 95 5.1 Mixing and Residence Time Distributions—Definitions, 95 5.2 Measurement and Interpretation of Residence Time Distributions, 97 5.3 Basic Aspects of Stirred Tank Design, 99 6 Separation and Reaction Processes in Completely Mixed Systems 107 6.1 Phase Equilibrium: Single-Stage Separation Operations, 107 6.2 Gas–Liquid Operations, 109 6.3 Flash Vaporization, 133 6.4 Liquid–Liquid Extraction, 145 6.5 Adsorption, 151 6.6 Single-Phase Stirred Tank Reactors, 159 6.7 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium, 174 PART II MICROSCOPIC VIEW 181 7 Multistage Separation and Reactor Operations 183 7.1 Absorption and Stripping, 183 7.2 Distillation, 200 7.3 Liquid–Liquid Extraction, 221 7.4 Multiple Reactor Stages, 235 7.5 Staged Fixed-Bed Converters for Exothermic Gas Phase Reaction, 238 8 Microscopic Equations of Change 243 8.1 Mass Flux: Average Velocities and Diffusion, 244 8.2 Momentum Flux: Stress Tensor, 249 8.3 Energy Flux: Conduction, 250 8.4 Balance Equations, 251 8.5 Entropy Balance and Flux Expressions, 254 8.6 Turbulence, 265 8.7 Application of Balance Equations, 269 9 Nonturbulent Isothermal Momentum Transfer 276 9.1 Rectangular Models, 276 9.2 Cylindrical Systems, 280 9.3 Spherical Systems, 287 9.4 Microfluidics—Gas Phase Systems, 289 10 Nonturbulent Isothermal Mass Transfer 296 10.1 Membranes, 296 10.2 Diffusion Models for Porous Solids, 307 10.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis, 311 10.4 Transient Adsorption by Porous Solid, 316 10.5 Diffusion with Laminar Flow, 318 11 Energy Transfer Under Nonturbulent Conditions 324 11.1 Conduction in Solids–Composite Walls, 325 11.2 Thermal Effects in Porous Catalysts, 327 11.3 Heat Transfer to Falling Film—Short Contact Times, 330 11.4 Moving Boundary Problem, 332 12 Isothermal Mass Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 335 12.1 Intraphase Mass Transfer Coefficients, 335 12.2 Interphase Mass Transfer Coefficients—Controlling Resistances, 338 12.3 Measurement and Correlation of Mass Transfer Coefficients, 339 12.4 Fixed Beds, 342 12.5 Pipes, 345 12.7 Packed Towers—Gas Absorption, 349 12.8 Applification of Experimental Mass Transfer Coefficients, 357 13 Interphase Momentum Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 367 13.1 Pressure Drop in Conduits and Fixed Beds, 368 13.2 Flow Over Submerged Spheres, 376 14 Interphase Energy Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 384 14.1 Heat Transfer Coefficients—Analogy with Mass Transfer, 384 14.2 Heat Exchangers, 385 14.3 Multi-Tubular Catalytic Reactors, 395 15 Microscopic to Macroscopic 400 15.1 Macroscopic Mass Balance, 400 15.2 Macroscopic Energy Balance, 401 15.3 Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance, 402 APPENDIX A PERIODIC TABLE 405 APPENDIX B CONVERSION FACTORS 406 APPENDIX C PARTIAL DATABASE FOR ACRYLIC ACID PROCESS 409 APPENDIX D SOME MATHEMATICAL RESULTS 414 APPENDIX E MASS BALANCE IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES AND LAMINAR FLOW IN Z DIRECTION 418 NOMENCLATURE 419 REFERENCES 423 INDEX 427

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by the author who helped crystalize the field of technology management and the management of innovation with the first two editions of Managing Technological Innovation, this Third Edition brings the subject in line with current business strategy.Table of ContentsPreface. I Technology Competitiveness—Business Base of Innovation. 1 Technological Innovation. 2 Innovation and Economy. 3 Innovation and National Systems. 4 Innovation Research. 5 Innovation and Corporate R&D. 6 Innovation and Markets. 7 Innovation and Product Development. 8 Innovation and Strategy. II Technology Strategy—Technical Base of Innovation. 9 Integrating Technology and Business Strategy. 10 Inventing Technology. 11 Technology Systems. 12 Product Systems. 13 Service Systems. 14 Biotechnology Systems. 15 Ethics and Technology. III Innovation Handbook. 16 Innovation Practice. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a repository of cases and articles on the broad applications of human factors knowledge across the globe.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Historical Perspective 1 References 4 1 Natural and Engineered Systems 7 Purposeful Design 7 User-Centered Design 8 Design against Failure 10 Summary 12 References 12 2 Historical Roots 14 Engineering for Physical Limitations 14 Size 14 Strength 17 Speed and Efficiency 17 Engineering for Human Cognition 21 Writing 21 Number Systems 24 Point-and-Click Interfaces 25 The Modern Era 25 Aviation 26 The Digital Computer 28 A Fractured Field 30 Human Factors/Ergonomics 31 Human-Computer Interaction 33 Human-Systems Integration 33 Summary 34 References 34 3 The Current Practice 37 Aerospace 38 The Human-System Specialist in Aerospace 39 Medicine 40 The Human-System Specialist in Medicine 42 Automotive Industry 42 The Human-System Specialist in the Automotive Industry 43 Computer Industry 43 The Human-System Specialist in Human-Computer Interfaces 44 Summary 44 References 45 Part II The Environment 49 References 51 4 The Varied Nature of Environments 53 Static vs. Dynamic Domains 54 Sources of Difficulty in Static Environments 56 Modes 56 Comprehension 57 Sources of Difficulty in Dynamic Environments 58 Lag 58 Plant Dynamics 59 Control Order 63 Perturbation and Noise 66 Internal vs. External Pacing 67 Error Tolerance 68 Summary 69 References 69 5 The Social Context 71 Methodological Consequences of Group Size 74 Length/Variability of Response Times 74 Methods of Study and Analysis 75 Communication and Coordination Consequences of Group Size 76 Summary 79 References 80 6 Analysis Techniques 81 Modeling Static Environments: Finite State Representations 82 Modeling Dynamic Environments 84 Control Theory 85 Signal Detection Theory 88 Task Analysis 93 Measuring Complexity Using Information Theory 94 Modeling Throughput Using Queuing Theory 97 Summary 99 References 99 Part III The Human Element 101 References 103 7 Determinants of Human Behavior 105 The Human Factor 106 Structure and Content 107 Levels of Analysis 109 Summary 111 References 111 8 The Structure of Human Information Processing 113 Processing Stages 115 Cognition and Action 117 Cognition and Goal-Directed Behavior 119 Response Selection 119 The Hick-Hyman Law 120 Compatibility 123 The Nature of Capacity Limitations 125 Summary 126 References 126 9 Acquiring Information 127 Sensory Processing 127 Vision 127 Illumination 128 Reflectance of the Surface 128 Reflectance of Surrounding Surfaces 131 Anatomy of the Eye 131 Visual Acuity 132 Acuity and Retinal Eccentricity 135 Adaptation 138 Saccadic Eye Movements 139 Temporal Vision 141 Masking and Crowding 141 The What and Where of Vision 142 Summary 143 Color Vision 143 CIE Color Space 144 The Uses of Color 147 Audition 147 The Human Auditory System 149 Auditory Perception 150 Pitch, Masking, and Critical Bands 152 Auditory Localization 153 Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Interactions 154 Sensory Processing Summary 157 Attention 157 Selective Attention 157 The Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Echoic Memory 158 Iconic Memory in Vision 159 Resource and Data Limits 160 The Capacity of Attention 163 The Processing of Unattended Items 163 Controlling Attention 164 Visual Search 164 Visual Monitoring 170 Information Foraging Theory 170 Summary 171 References 172 10 Central Processing Limitations on Multitasking 181 Bottleneck Theories 181 Central Bottleneck Theory 182 The Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm 183 Central Bottleneck Theory and Driving 185 Central Bottleneck Theory and Human-Computer Interaction 187 Fitts’ Law 189 Project Ernestine 190 Capacity Theories 191 Complexity in Resource Allocation 191 Allocation of Limited-Capacity Resources 192 Multiple Resource Theory 195 Using Multiple Resource Theory 198 Applications of Single-Channel and Multiple Resource Theories 200 Timesharing 201 Task-Switching Costs 201 Cognitive Operations in Task Switching 202 Timesharing Strategies and the Control of Processing 203 Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off 204 Optimal Strategies 205 Summary 205 References 206 11 Memory 210 Types of Memories 210 Short-Term Memory 211 Working Memory 213 Long-Term Memory 215 Episodic versus Semantic Memory 217 Retaining and Forgetting Information 218 Interference 220 Forgetting to Remember to Remember: Prospective Memory 223 Retrieving Information 224 Short-Term Memory Retrieval 225 Long-Term Memory Retrieval 226 Summary 230 References 231 12 Decision Making 236 Anatomy of a Decision 236 Normative Approaches to Decision Making 239 Rational Decisions 240 Bayes Theorem 240 Utility and Expected Value 242 Nonoptimality of Human Decisions 243 Failure to Consider Base Rate Information 244 Judging Numerical Quantities 245 Failure to Appreciate Statistical Properties 245 Cognitive Approaches to Decision Making 246 Confirmation Bias 247 Framing Effects 248 Overconfidence 249 Heuristics in Human Decisions 250 Availability 250 Representativeness 251 Anchoring 253 The Use of Heuristics 254 Other Influences on Decision Making 254 Process Models of Human Decision Making 256 Naturalistic Decision Making 259 Relationship between Decision-Making Models and Systems Engineering 262 Summary 263 References 263 Part IV Human-System Integration 267 References 269 13 A Case Study in Human-System Performance: The Exxon Valdez 271 An Account of the Grounding of the Tankship Exxon Valdez 272 The Nature of the Error 274 Mode Errors 274 Control Dynamics and Detection Times 276 Time Estimation 277 Decision Biases 278 Multitasking 279 Summary 281 References 282 14 Human Error 284 Human Error and System Error 284 The Nature of Human Error 285 Theories of Human Error 288 Error Types 289 Error Forms 290 Situation Awareness 292 Situation Awareness in Individuals 292 Situation Awareness of Teams 294 Cognitive Processing in Establishing Situation Awareness 295 Measuring Situation Awareness 296 Inferring Situation Awareness from Eye Fixation Patterns 299 Summary of Situation Awareness 300 Summary 301 References 301 15 Contextual Factors Affecting Human-System Performance 307 Workload 307 Defining and Measuring Workload 308 Performance-Based Metrics 308 Cognitive Task Analysis 313 Physiological Indices of Workload 316 Subjective Ratings of Workload 318 Workload Summary 320 Interruption 320 Operator State 323 Fatigue 324 Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythms 326 Summary 327 References 327 16 The Role of Automation in Human-System Performance 339 Using Automated Devices 341 Levels of Automation 343 A Taxonomy of Automation Levels 345 Automation as a Decision Support Aid 348 Automation and System Safety 352 Summary 354 References 354 0 Alarms and Alerts 360 Sensory Characteristics of Good Alerts and Alarms 361 Design Considerations in Alerts and Alarms 362 Human Factors Issues with Alerts and Alarms 363 Information Displays 364 Transform Information to Take Advantage of Human Perceptual Systems 365 Match Perceptual Cues to the Nature of the Judgment 365 Choose Perceptual Depictions Compatible with Internal Representations 367 Provide Feedback 371 Use Presentation Techniques That Minimize Demand for Focal Visual Attention 372 Use Perceptual Distinctions That Match Visual and Auditory Capabilities 372 Apply the Proximity Compatibility Principle 374 Create Barriers 374 Summary 377 References 377 Index 383

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is the first of its kind to collectively address design-based and mechanical micro-manufacturing topics in one place. Itfocuses on design andmaterials selection, as well as the manufacturing of micro-products using mechanical-based micro-manufacturing process technologies. After addressing the fundamentals andnon-metallic-based micro-manufacturing processes in the semiconductor industry, it goes on to address specific metallic-based micro-manufacturing processes, such as:micro-forming, micro-machining, micro-molding, micro-laser processing, micro-layered manufacturing, micro-joining, micro-assembly and materials handling, and microEDM and ECM. The book provides an in-depth understanding of materials behavior at micro-scales and under different micro-scale processing conditions, while also including a wide variety of emerging micro-scale manufacturing issues and examples.Table of ContentsForeword vii Contributors ix 1 Fundamentals of Micro-Manufacturing 1 2 Micro-Fabrication Processes in Semiconductor Industry 25 3 Modeling and Analysis at Micro-Scales 43 4 Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control in Micro-Scales 71 5 Micro-Layered Manufacturing 97 6 Micro-Laser Processing 159 7 Polymer Micro-Molding/Forming Processes 197 8 Mechanical Micro-Machining 235 9 Micro-Forming 275 10 Micro-Electro Discharge Machining (μEDM) 301 11 Metal Injection Molding at Micro-Scales (μMIM) 347 Index 371

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe one-stop resource for rubber-clay nanocomposite information The first comprehensive, single-volume book to compile all the most important data on rubber-clay nanocomposites in one place, Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites: Science, Technology, and Applications reviews rubber-clay nanocomposites in an easy-to-reference format designed for R&D professionals. Including contributions from experts from North America, Europe, and Asia, the book explores the properties of compounds with rubber-clay nanocomposites, including their rheology, curing kinetics, mechanical properties, and many others. Rubber-clay nanocomposites are of growing interest to the scientific and technological community, and have been shown to improve rubber compound reinforcement and impermeability. These natural mineral fillers are of potential interest for large-scale applications and are already making an impact in several major fields. Packed with valuable information about the synthesis, Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS xxi SECTION I CLAYS FOR NANOCOMPOSITES 1 CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 3 1.1 What’s in a Name / 3 1.2 Multiscale Organization of Clay Minerals / 6 1.2.1 Dispersion Versus Aggregation / 6 1.2.2 Delamination/Exfoliation Versus Stacking / 6 1.3 Intimate Organization of the Layer / 8 1.3.1 Cationic and Neutral Clay Minerals / 8 1.3.2 Anionic Clay Minerals (O) / 21 1.4 Most Relevant Physicochemical Properties of Clay Mineral / 22 1.4.1 Surface Area and Porosity / 22 1.4.2 Chemical Landscape of the Clay Surfaces / 24 1.4.3 Cation (and Anion) Exchange Capacity / 24 1.4.4 Intercalation and Confinement in the Interlayer Space / 27 1.4.5 Swelling / 30 1.4.6 Rheology / 31 1.5 Availability of Natural Clays and Synthetic Clay Minerals / 33 1.6 Clays and (Modified) Clay Minerals as Fillers / 35 Acknowledgment / 37 References / 37 2 ORGANOPHILIC CLAY MINERALS 45 2.1 Organophilicity/Lipophilicity and the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) / 45 2.2 From Clays to Organoclays in Polymer Technology / 47 2.3 Methods of Organoclay Synthesis / 49 2.3.1 Cation Exchange from Solutions / 49 2.3.2 Solid-State Intercalation / 58 2.3.3 Grafting from Solution / 59 2.3.4 Direct Synthesis of Grafted Organoclays / 62 2.3.5 Postsynthesis Modifications of Organoclays: The “PCH” / 64 2.3.6 An Overview of Commercial Organoclays / 64 2.3.7 One-Pot CPN Formation / 66 2.4 Other Types of Clay Modifications for Clay-Based Nanomaterials / 66 2.4.1 Organo-Pillared Clays / 66 2.4.2 Plasma-Treated Clays / 69 2.5 Fine-Tuning of Organoclays Properties / 69 2.5.1 Maximizing the Dispersion of the Filler: Effect of Surfactant/CEC Ratio / 69 2.5.2 Improving Thermal Stability / 70 2.5.3 Chemical Treatments / 71 2.5.4 Physical Treatments (Freeze-Drying, Sonication, Microwave) / 71 2.6 Some Introductory Reflections on Organoclay Polymer Nanocomposites / 72 References / 75 3 INDUSTRIAL TREATMENTS AND MODIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS 87 3.1 Bentonite: From Mine to Plant / 87 3.1.1 A Largely Diffused Clay / 87 3.1.2 Geological Occurrence / 89 3.1.3 Mining / 89 3.2 Processing of Bentonite / 90 3.2.1 Modification of Bentonite Properties / 90 3.2.2 Processing Technologies / 91 3.3 Purification of Clay / 93 3.3.1 Influence of Clay Concentration / 94 3.3.2 Influence of Swelling Time / 94 3.3.3 Influence of Temperature / 95 3.4 Reaction of Clay with Organic Substances / 97 3.5 Particle Size Modification / 99 References / 99 4 ALKYLAMMONIUM CHAINS ON LAYERED CLAY MINERAL SURFACES 101 4.1 Structure and Dynamics / 101 4.1.1 Packing Density and Self-Assembly / 102 4.1.2 Dynamics and Diffusion at the Clay–Surfactant Interface / 110 4.1.3 Utility of Molecular Simulation to Obtain Molecular-Level Insight / 111 4.2 Thermal Properties / 111 4.2.1 Reversible Melting Transitions of Alkyl Chains in the Interlayer / 111 4.2.2 Solvent Evaporation and Thermal Elimination of Alkyl Surfactants / 113 4.3 Layer Separation and Miscibility with Polymers / 115 4.3.1 Thermodynamics Model for Exfoliation in Polymer Matrices / 115 4.3.2 Cleavage Energy / 116 4.3.3 Surface Energy / 121 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Clay Minerals / 121 References / 123 5 CHEMISTRY OF RUBBER–ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 127 5.1 Introduction / 127 5.2 Organic Cation Decomposition in Salts, Organoclays and Polymer Nanocomposites / 128 5.2.1 Experimental Techniques / 128 5.2.2 Decomposition of Organoclays Versus Precursor Organic Cation Salts / 133 5.3 Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Organoclays / 135 5.4 Role of Organic Cations in Organoclays as Rubber Vulcanization Activators / 137 References / 141 SECTION II PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 6 PROCESSING METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 147 6.1 Introduction / 147 6.2 Latex Compounding Method / 148 6.2.1 Mechanism / 148 6.2.2 Influencing Factors / 149 6.3 Melt Compounding / 157 6.3.1 Mechanism / 157 6.3.2 Influencing Factors / 160 6.4 Solution Intercalation and In Situ Polymerization Intercalation / 170 6.5 Summary and Prospect / 170 Acknowledgment / 171 References / 171 7 MORPHOLOGY OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 181 7.1 Introduction / 181 7.1.1 Focus, Objective and Structure of Chapter 7 / 181 7.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis for the Investigation of RCN / 182 7.2 Background for the Review of RCN Morphology / 182 7.2.1 Cationic Clays Used for the Preparation of Rubber Nanocomposites / 182 7.2.2 Multiscale Organization of Layered Clays / 184 7.2.3 Clay Distribution and Dispersion / 184 7.2.4 Clay Modification: Intercalation of Low Molecular Mass Substances / 184 7.2.5 Types of Polymer–Clay Composites / 184 7.2.6 Specific Literature on RCN / 186 7.3 Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites with Pristine Clays / 186 7.3.1 Rubber Nanocomposites with Cationic Clays / 187 7.3.2 In a Nutshell / 187 7.3.3 Distribution and Dispersion of a Pristine Clay in a Rubber Matrix / 190 7.3.4 Organization of Aggregated Pristine Clays / 194 7.4 Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites with Clays Modified with Primary Alkenylamines / 197 7.4.1 In a Nutshell / 197 7.4.2 Composites with Montmorillonite and Bentonite / 198 7.4.3 Composites with Fluorohectorite Modified with a Primary Alkenylamine / 202 7.5 Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites with Clays Modified with an Ammonium Cation Having three Methyls and One Long-Chain Alkenyl Substituents / 206 7.5.1 In a Nutshell / 206 7.5.2 Composites with Montmorillonite and Bentonite / 207 7.6 Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites with Montmorillonite Modified with Two Substituents Larger Than Methyl / 212 7.6.1 In a Nutshell / 212 7.6.2 Hydrogenated Tallow and Benzyl Groups as Ammonium Cation Substituents / 213 7.6.3 Hydrogenated Tallow and Ethylhexyl Groups as Ammonium Cation Substituents / 213 7.6.4 Other Long- and Short-Chain Alkenyl Groups as Ammonium Cation Substituents / 215 7.7 Rubber Composites with Montmorillonite Modified with an Ammonium Cation Containing a Polar Group / 215 7.7.1 In a Nutshell / 217 7.7.2 Composites with Diene Rubbers / 217 7.8 Rubber Nanocomposites with Montmorillonite Modified with an Ammonium Cation Containing Two Long-Chain Alkenyl Substituents / 219 7.8.1 In a Nutshell / 220 7.8.2 Composites with Two Talloyl Groups as Ammonium Cation Substituents / 220 7.9 Proposed Mechanisms for the Formation of Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 228 7.9.1 Two Mechanisms for the Formation of an Exfoliated Clay / 228 7.9.2 Two Mechanisms for the Formation of an Intercalated Organoclay / 228 7.9.3 Intercalation of Polymer Chains in the Interlayer Space / 229 7.9.4 Intercalation of Low Molecular Mass Substances in the Interlayer Space / 230 Abbreviations / 232 Acknowledgment / 233 References / 233 8 RHEOLOGY OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 241 8.1 Introduction / 241 8.2 Rheological Behavior of Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 242 8.2.1 Natural Rubber (NR), Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) and Polyisoprene Rubber (IR)–Clay Nanocomposites / 243 8.2.2 Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR)–Clay Nanocomposites / 246 8.2.3 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)–Clay Nanocomposites / 247 8.2.4 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)–Clay Nanocomposites / 250 8.2.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 253 8.2.6 Fluoroelastomer–Clay Nanocomposites / 254 8.2.7 Poly(isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene) (BIMS) Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 257 8.2.8 Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) (EVA) Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 257 8.2.9 Polyepichlorohydrin Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 259 8.2.10 Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)–Clay Nanocomposites / 261 8.2.11 Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene (SEBS) Block Copolymer–Clay Nanocomposites / 262 8.3 General Remarks on Rheology of Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 263 8.4 Overview of Rheological Theories of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites / 269 8.5 Conclusion and Outlook / 270 References / 271 9 VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS AND CURING KINETIC OF RUBBER–ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 275 9.1 Introduction / 275 9.2 Vulcanization Reaction / 276 9.3 Rubber Cross-Linking Systems / 278 9.3.1 Sulfur Vulcanization / 278 9.3.2 Peroxide Vulcanization / 282 9.4 The Role of Organoclay on Vulcanization Reaction / 283 9.4.1 Influence of Organoclay Structural Characteristics on Rubber Vulcanization / 288 9.5 Vulcanization Kinetics of Rubber–Organoclay Nanocomposites / 290 9.6 Conclusions / 297 References / 298 10 MECHANICAL AND FRACTURE MECHANICS PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOSITIONS WITH REINFORCING COMPONENTS 305 10.1 Introduction / 305 10.2 Testing of Viscoelastic and Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Elastomeric Materials / 307 10.2.1 Dynamic–Mechanical Analysis / 307 10.2.2 Tensile Testing / 310 10.2.3 Assessment of Toughness Behavior under Impact-Like Loading Conditions / 313 10.2.4 Hardness Testing / 315 10.2.5 Special Methods / 316 10.3 Characterization of the Fracture Behavior of Elastomers / 319 10.3.1 Fracture Mechanics Concepts / 319 10.3.2 Experimental Methods / 321 10.4 Mechanism of Reinforcement in Rubber–Clay Composites / 328 10.5 Theories and Modeling of Reinforcement / 333 Acknowledgment / 336 References / 336 11 PERMEABILITY OF RUBBER COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING CLAY 343 11.1 Introduction / 343 11.1.1 Butyl Rubbers as Nanocomposite Base Elastomers / 343 11.1.2 Measurement of Tire Innerliner Compound Permeability / 345 11.1.3 Further Improvement in Tire Permeability / 346 11.2 Nanocomposites / 346 11.3 Preparation of Elastomer Nanocomposites / 352 11.4 Temperature and Compound Permeability / 352 11.5 Vulcanization of Nanocomposite Compounds and Permeability / 356 11.6 Thermodynamics and BIMSM Montmorillonite Nanocomposites / 358 11.7 Nanocomposites and Tire Performance / 362 11.8 Summary / 364 References / 364 SECTION III COMPOUNDS WITH RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 12 RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON APOLAR DIENE RUBBER 369 12.1 Introduction / 369 12.2 Preparation Methods / 371 12.2.1 Latex / 371 12.2.2 Solution / 373 12.2.3 Melt Blending / 374 12.3 Cure Characteristics / 377 12.4 Clay Dispersion / 379 12.4.1 Detection / 380 12.4.2 Characterization / 383 12.5 Properties / 387 12.5.1 Mechanical (Dynamic–Mechanical) / 387 12.5.2 Friction/Wear/Abrasion / 392 12.5.3 Barrier / 393 12.5.4 Fire Resistance / 396 12.5.5 Others / 397 12.6 Applications and Future Trends / 398 Acknowledgment / 399 References / 399 13 RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON NITRILE RUBBER 409 13.1 Introduction / 409 13.2 Preparation Methods and Clay Dispersion / 410 13.2.1 Solution / 410 13.2.2 Latex / 411 13.2.3 Melt Blending / 412 13.3 Cure Characteristics / 414 13.4 Properties / 416 13.4.1 Mechanical (Dynamic–Mechanical) / 416 13.4.2 Friction/Wear / 421 13.4.3 Barrier / 423 13.4.4 Fire Resistance / 424 13.4.5 Others / 425 13.5 Outlook / 425 Acknowledgment / 426 References / 426 xii CONTENTS FOR SCREEN VIEWING IN DART ONLY 14 RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON BUTYL AND HALOBUTYL RUBBERS 431 14.1 Introduction / 431 14.1.1 Butyl Rubber: Key Properties and Applications / 431 14.1.2 Butyl Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 433 14.2 Types of Clays Useful in Butyl Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 435 14.2.1 Montmorillonite Clays / 435 14.2.2 Hydrotalcite Clays / 435 14.2.3 High Aspect Ratio Talc Fillers / 436 14.2.4 Other Clays / 437 14.3 Compatibilizer Systems for Butyl Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 438 14.3.1 Surfactants and Swelling Agents / 439 14.3.2 Butyl Rubber Ionomers / 439 14.3.3 Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polymers / 443 14.3.4 Low Molecular Weight Polymers and Resins / 444 14.4 Methods of Preparation of Butyl Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 444 14.4.1 Melt Method / 445 14.4.2 Solution Method / 445 14.4.3 Latex Method / 447 14.4.4 In Situ Polymerization / 448 14.5 Properties and Applications of Butyl Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 449 14.5.1 Air Barrier Properties / 449 14.5.2 Reinforcement Properties / 452 14.5.3 Vulcanization Properties / 454 14.5.4 Adhesion Properties / 456 14.5.5 Other Properties / 457 14.6 Conclusions / 457 References / 458 15 RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON OLEFINIC RUBBERS (EPM, EPDM) 465 15.1 Introduction / 465 15.2 Types of Clay Minerals Useful in EPM–, EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 466 15.3 Compatibilizer Systems for Olefinic Rubber–Clay Nanocomposites / 467 15.4 Preparation of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites by an In Situ Intercalation Method / 469 15.5 Characteristics of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 473 15.5.1 Gas Barrier Properties of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 473 15.5.2 Rheological Properties of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 474 15.5.3 Stability of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 475 15.5.4 Swelling Properties of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 475 15.5.5 Mechanical Properties of EPDM–Clay Nanocomposites / 476 15.6 Preparation and Characteristics of EPM–Clay Nanocomposites / 479 15.6.1 Tensile Properties of EPM–CNs / 480 15.6.2 Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Storage Moduli of EPM–CNs / 481 15.6.3 Creep Properties of EPM–CNs / 482 15.6.4 Swelling Properties of EPM–CNs / 483 15.7 Conclusions / 486 References / 486 16 RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 489 16.1 Introduction / 489 16.2 Selection of Materials / 491 16.2.1 Polymer Resin / 491 16.2.2 Nanoparticles / 493 16.3 Experimental / 493 16.3.1 Processing of Thermoplastic Elastomer Nanocomposites / 493 16.3.2 Morphological Characterization / 494 16.3.3 Thermal Properties Characterization / 495 16.3.4 Flammability Properties Characterization / 495 16.3.5 Thermophysical Properties Characterization / 496 16.4 Numerical / 497 16.4.1 Modeling of Decomposition Kinetics / 497 16.5 Discussion of Results / 501 16.5.1 Nanoparticle Dispersion / 501 16.5.2 Thermal Properties / 503 16.5.3 Flammability Properties / 507 16.5.4 Microstructures of Posttest Specimens / 511 16.5.5 Thermophysical Properties / 512 16.5.6 Kinetic Parameters / 513 16.6 Summary and Conclusions / 516 16.7 Nomenclature / 517 Acknowledgments / 518 References / 518 SECTION IV APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 17 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 525 17.1 Introduction / 525 17.2 Automotive Application of Rubber / 526 17.2.1 Automotive Hose / 527 17.2.2 Automotive Seals / 528 17.2.3 Automotive Belts / 529 17.2.4 Automotive Tubing / 529 17.2.5 Door Seal and Window Channels / 529 17.2.6 Diaphragms and Rubber Boots / 529 17.2.7 Tire, Tube and Flap / 529 17.2.8 Other Miscellaneous Rubber Parts / 531 17.3 Prime Requirement of Different Elastomeric Auto Components from Application Point of View / 531 17.4 Elastomeric Nanocomposites and Rubber Industry / 531 17.5 Superiority of Clay/Clay Mineral in Comparison to Other Nanofillers / 534 17.6 Organo-Modified Clay/Clay Minerals / 534 17.7 Scope of Application of Elastomeric Nanocomposites in Automotive Industry / 534 17.7.1 Lighter Weight and Balanced Mechanical Property / 535 17.7.2 Barrier Property or Air Retention Property / 538 17.7.3 Aging and Ozone Resistance / 539 17.7.4 Solvent Resistance / 541 17.7.5 Better Processability / 542 17.7.6 Elastomeric Polyurethane–Organoclay Nanocomposites / 544 17.7.7 Use of Organoclay Nanocomposites in Tire / 545 17.8 Disadvantages of Use of Organoclay Elastomeric Nanocomposites in Automotive Industry / 548 17.9 Conclusion / 549 Acknowledgment / 550 References / 550 18 NONAUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 557 18.1 Water-Based Nanocomposites / 557 18.1.1 Barrier Properties / 557 18.1.2 Comparison with Thermally Processed Elastomers / 566 18.2 Applications / 566 18.2.1 Sports Balls and Other Pneumatic Applications / 566 18.2.2 Breakthrough Time Applications / 571 References / 573 INDEX 575

Read more less

Book SynopsisProcess safety metrics is a topic of frequent conversation within chemical industry associations. Guidelines for Process Safety Metrics provides basic information on process safety performance indicators, including a comprehensive list of metrics for measuring performance and examples as to how they can be successfully applied over both the short and long term. For engineers, insurers, corporate traininers, military personnel, government officials, students, and managers involved in production, product and process development, Guidelines for Process Safety Metrics can help determine appropriate metrics useful in monitoring performance and improving process safety programs. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.Table of ContentsItems on The CD Accompanying This Book xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgments xix Preface xxi INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 An Introduction to Process Safety and Metrics 1 1.2 Purpose of This Book 3 1.3 Key Audiences for the Guidelines 5 1.4 An Organization's Personnel Hierarchy 6 1.5 Organization of This Guideline 7 1.6 Using This Guideline 7 WHY IMPLEMENT PROCESS SAFETY METRICS 9 2.1 Preventing Process Safety Incidents 11 2.2 Benefits from Measuring Performance 13 2.3 Tracking Operational Performance and Process Safety Performance 16 2.4 Avoiding Complacency 17 2.5 Conclusion 17 PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT METRICS 19 3.1 Metrics and the Process Safety Models 19 3.2 Other Metric Dimensions 24 3.3 Forms of Metrics 26 3.4 Characteristics of Good Metrics 27 3.5 Conclusion 30 CHOOSING APPROPRIATE METRICS 33 4.1 Process Safety Goals and Objectives 33 4.2. Define the Process Safety Goals 35 4.3 Define Process Safety Objectives 37 4.4 Develop the Metrics Strategy for Improving the Process Safety System 42 4.5 Select Metrics 46 4.6 Conclusion 51 IMPLEMENTING A METRICS PROGRAM 53 5.1 Management Support and Leadership 53 5.2 Develop an Implementation Strategy 53 5.3 Develop the Framework for the Metrics Implementation Strategy 56 5.4 Implementation Analysis 61 5.5 Prepare for Rollout 69 5.6 Rollout 72 5.7 Reevaluate Metrics Based Upon Experience 75 5.8 Conclusion 75 COMMUNICATING RESULTS 77 6.1 Communication Analysis 78 6.2 Select Appropriate Communication Characteristics 82 6.3 Report Appropriate Data to Different Audiences 85 6.4 Tools for Communicating Metrics 90 6.5 Conclusion 93 USING METRICS TO DRIVE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS 97 7.1 Identify Weaknesses and Deficiencies in Process Safety Performance 98 7.2 Leadership Commitment to Process Safety Performance 99 7.3 Hold Responsible Parties Accountable 99 7.4 Engage the Public 102 7.5 Conduct Periodic Management Reviews 103 7.6 Cultivate a Positive Process Safety Culture 105 7.7 Communicate Process Safety and Other Organizational Successes 107 7.8 Conclusion 108 IMPROVING INDUSTRY-WIDE PERFORMANCE 111 8.1 Performance Benchmarking 111 8.2 Metrics Allow Performance Comparisons for Multiple Parties 112 8.3 Sharing Data Across Industry Leads to Improved Performance 114 8.4 Conclusion 118 FUTURE TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF PROCESS SAFETY METRICS 121 9.1 Improving Process Safety 121 9.2 Societal Interests 126 APPENDIX I: LISTING OF POTENTIAL PROCESS SAFETY METRICS TO CONSIDER (BASED ON THE RISK BASED PROCESS SAFETY ELEMENTS) 131 APPENDIX II: PROCESS SAFETY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: BP CHEMICALS HULL CASE STUDY 163 APPENDIX III: NOVA CHEMICALS UNCONTROLLED PROCESS FIRE AND LOPC METRICS 171 INDEX 173

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplores the latest applications arising from the intersection of nanotechnology and microfluidics In the past two decades, microfluidics research has seen phenomenal growth, with many new and emerging applications in fields ranging from chemistry, physics, and biology to engineering. With the emergence of nanotechnology, microfluidics is currently undergoing dramatic changes, embracing the rising field of nanofluidics. This volume reviews the latest devices and applications stemming from the merging of nanotechnology with microfludics in such areas as drug discovery, bio-sensing, catalysis, electrophoresis, enzymatic reactions, and nanomaterial synthesis. Each of the ten chapters is written by a leading pioneer at the intersection of nanotechnology and microfluidics. Readers not only learn about new applications, but also discover which futuristic devices and applications are likely to be developed. Topics explored in this volume include: New lab-on-a-chip Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Microfluidics for Nanoneuroscience (Pamela G. Gross and Emil P. Kartalov). 2 Nanoporous Membranes-Based Microfluidic Biosensors (Shalini Prasad, Yamini Yadav, Manish Bothara, Vindhya Kunduru, and Sriram Muthukumar). 3 Nanoparticle-Based Microfluidic Biosensors (Giovanna Marrazza). 4 Microfluidic Enzymatic Reactors Using Nanoparticles (Chunhui Deng and Yan Li). 5 Microfluidic Devices for Nanodrug Delivery (Clement Kleinstreuer and Jie Li). 6 Microchip and Capillary Electrophoresis Using Nanoparticles (Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky and Yoon-Bo Shim) 7 Pillars and Pillar Arrays Integrated in Microfluidic Channels: Fabrication Methods and Applications in Molecular and Cell Biology (Jian Shi and Yong Chen). 8 Nanocatalysis in Microreactor for Fuels (Shihuai Zhao and Debasish Kuila). 9 Microfluidic Synthesis of Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles (Ali Abou-Hassan, Olivier Sandre, and Valerie Cabuil). 10 Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis in Microreactors (Peter Mike Günther, Andrea Knauer, and Johann Michael Kohler). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis issue contains the proceedings of the Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications and Next Generation Bioceramics symposia, which were held on January 24-29, 2010 at the Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and the Ocean Center in Daytona Beach, Florida, USA. The interaction between ceramic materials and living organisms is a leading area of ceramics research. Novel bioceramic materials are being developed that will provide improvements in diagnosis and treatment of medical and dental conditions. In addition, bioinspired ceramics and biomimetic ceramics have generated considerable interest in the scientific community. The Next Generation Bioceramics symposium addressed several leading areas related to the development and use of novel bioceramics, including advanced processing of bioceramics; biomineralization and tissue-material interactions; bioinspired and biomimetic ceramics; ceramics for drug delivery; ceramic biosensors; in vitro and in vivo characterization of biocTable of ContentsPreface. Introduction. BIOCERAMICS. Biodegradable Rare Earth Lithium Aluminoborate Glasses for Brachytherapy Use (J. E. White, D. E. Day, R. F. Brown, and G. J. Ehrhardt). Analytical Model for Prediction of Residual Stress in Zirconia-Porcelain Bi-Layer (M. Allahkarami, H. A. Bale, and J. C. Hanan). Calcium-Aiuminate Based Dental Luting Cement with Improved Sealing Properties—An Overview (Leif Hermansson, Adam Faris, Gunilla Gomez-Ortega, Emil Abrahamsson, and Jesper Lööf). Bioglass/Chitosan Composite as a New Bone Substitute (P. Khoshakhlagh, F. Moztarzadeh, S. M. Rabiee, R. Moradi, P. Heidari, R. Ravariani, S. Amanpour). Development and Characterization of High Strength Porous Tissue Scaffolds (James J. Liu, Juha-Pekka Nuutinen, Kitu Patel and Adam Wallen). Grape Technology or Bone-Like Apatite Deposition in Narrow Grooves (A. Sugino, K. Uetsuki, K. Kuramoto, S. Hayakawa, Y. Shirosaki, A. Osaka, K. Tsuru, T. Nakano, and C. Ohtsuki). Rapid Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Coating on Metals, Bioceramics and Biopolymers at Room Temperature with 10xSBF (A. Cuneyt Tas). Chemically Bonded Bioceramic Carrier Systems for Drug Delivery (Leif Hermansson). POROUS CERAMICS. Low-Og Technology for Thermal Treatment of High Quality Porous Ceramics (Hartmut Weber). Reticulated SiC Foam X-ray CT, Meshing, and Simulation (Alberto Ortona, Simone Pusteria, and Solene Valton). The Effects of ß-Si3N4 Seeding and a-Si3N4 Powder Size on the Development of Porous ß-Si3N4 Ceramics (Daniel A. Gould, Kevin P. Plucknett, Liliana B. Garrido, and Luis A. Genova). Development of Novel Microporous ZrO2 Membranes for H2/CO2 Separation (Tim Van Gestel, Felix Hauler, Doris Sebold, Wilhelm A. Meulenberg, and Hans-Peter Buchkremer). Thermal Shock Properties of Porous Alumina for Support Carrier of Hydrogen Membrane Materials (Sawao Honda, Yuuki Ogihara, Shinobu Hashimoto, and Yuji Iwamoto). In Situ Processing of Porous MgTi2O5 Ceramics with Pseudobrookite-Type Structure toward Third Generation Diesel Particulate Filter Materials (Yoshikazu Suzuki). Aluminum Titanate Composites for Diesel Particulate Filter Applications (Monika Backhaus-Ricoult, Chris Glose, Patrick Tepesch, Bryan Wheaton, and Jim Zimmermann). Weibull Analysis of 4-Point Flexure Strengths in Honeycomb Ceramic Structures (Cordierite and Silicon Carbide) (Randall J. Stafford and Srephen T. Gonczy). Author Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisContributions from three symposia that were part of the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), inDaytona Beach,FL, January 24-29, 2010 are presented in this volume. The broad range of topics is captured by the symposia titles, which are listed as follows: International Symposium on Ceramics for Electric Energy Generation, Storage, and Distribution (debuted in 2010); Thermal Management Materials and Technologies (debuted in 2010); and lastly, and Advanced Sensor Technology, Developments and Applications (debuted in 2010). These new symposia emerged during this ICACC meeting due to community growth and interest, and thus each of these subject areas were established as stand-alone symposia. The current volume represents 15 contributions from the above listed symposia that embody the latest developments in engineering ceramics for energy technologies, thermal management utilizing either highly conductive or insulating materials, as well as advaTrade Review"The current volume represents 15 contributions from the above listed symposia that embody the latest developments in engineering ceramics for energy technologies, thermal management utilizing either highly conductive or insulating materials, as well as advances regarding the utilization of ceramics for sensors." (PR-Inside.com, 28 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Anodic Ti02 Nanotubes Produced from Anodization in Fluoride-Free Electrolyte 1 Narges F. Fahim and Tohru Sekino Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Calcium Cobaltate Thermoelectric Powders 15 Sidney Lin, Jiri Selig, Dan F. Smith, Hua-Tay Lin, and Hsin Wang Effect of Rare-Earth Doping on Thermoelectric Properties of Porous SiC Synthesized by Silicon Carbonization Technique 25 Yusuke Yamamoto, Hiroshi Mabuchi, and Toshiyuki Matsui Powder Synthesis, Characterization and Sintering Behavior of Lithium Titanate 33 Srinivasan Ramanathan Processing of Titania Nanoceramics Via Conventional Sintering, Two-Step Sintering and Two-Step Sintering Assisted by Phase Transformation 41 Zohreh Razavi Hesabi and Mehdi Mazaheri Strength of N- and P-Type Skutterudites 49 A. A. Wereszczak, M. E. Ragan, K. T. Strong, Jr., P. J. Ritt, H. Wang, J. R. Salvador, and J. Yang Graphite and Ceramic Coated Particles for the HTR 61 Heinz Nabielek and Mark Mitchell Development and Characterization of High Conductivity Graphite Foams for Thermal Management Applications 75 A. L. Gyekenyesi, M. Singh, C. E. Smith, P. G. Stansberry, M. K. Alam, and D. L. Vrable Integration of Graphite Foams to Titanium for Thermal Management Applications 83 M. Singh, Rajiv Asthana, C. E. Smith, and A. L. Gyekenyesi Fabrication of Novel Heat Insulator using Porous Ceramics Materials 91 Kazuma Kugimiya, Mitsue Ogawa, and Hideaki Matsubara Detection and Classification of Gaseous Compounds by Solid Electrolyte Cyclic Voltammetry Sensors 99 Grzegorz Jasinski Wireless Chemical Sensor for Combustion Species at High Temperatures using 4H-SÍC 109 Geunsik Lim and Aravinda Kar High Temperature Acoustic Wave Gas Sensor using Langasite Crystal Resonator 119 Hongbin Cheng, Lifeng Qin, and Qing-Ming Wang Synthesis of (La,Nd):Y203 and (La,Yb):Y203 Laser Ceramics and Their Optical Properties 125 Yihua Huang and Dongliang Jiang Metal Oxide Nanoelectrodes for Environmental Sensors—ZnO Rods and Particulate Films 131 Yoshitake Masuda, Dewei Chu, Xiulan Hu, Tatsuki Ohji, Kazumi Kato, Masako Ajimi, Makoto Bekki, and Shuji Sonezaki Author Index 139

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiomedical applications of Polymers from Scaffolds to Nanostructures The ability of polymers to span wide ranges of mechanical properties and morph into desired shapes makes them useful for a variety of applications, including scaffolds, self-assembling materials, and nanomedicines. With an interdisciplinary list of subjects and contributors, this book overviews the biomedical applications of polymers and focuses on the aspect of regenerative medicine. Chapters also cover fundamentals, theories, and tools for scientists to apply polymers in the following ways: Matrix protein interactions with synthetic surfaces Methods and materials for cell scaffolds Complex cell-materials microenvironments in bioreactors Polymer therapeutics as nano-sized medicines for tissue repair Functionalized mesoporous materials for controlled delivery Nucleic acid delivery nanocarriers Concepts include macro and nano requiTable of ContentsPreface xi Contributors xvii Part A Methods for Synthetic Extracellular Matrices and Scaffolds 1 1 Polymers as Materials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 3 Ana Vallés Lluch Dunia Mercedes García Cruz Jorge Luis Escobar Ivirico Cristina Martínez Ramos and Manuel Monleón Pradas 1.1 The Requirements Imposed by Application on Material Structures Intended as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 3 1.2 Composition and Function 5 1.2.1 General Considerations 5 1.2.2 Some Families of Polymers for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 8 1.2.3 Composite Scaffold Matrices 12 1.3 Structure and Function 14 1.3.1 General Considerations 14 1.3.2 Structuring Polymer Matrices 15 1.4 Properties of Scaffolds Relevant for Tissue Engineering Applications 24 1.4.1 Porous Architecture 24 1.4.2 Solid State Properties: Glass Transition Crystallinity 25 1.4.3 Mechanical and Structural Properties 26 1.4.4 Swelling Properties 28 1.4.5 Degradation Properties 29 1.4.6 Diffusion and Permeation 30 1.4.7 Surface Tension and Contact Angle 31 1.4.8 Biological Properties 31 1.5 Compound Multicomponent Constructs 32 1.5.1 Scaffold-Cum-Gel Constructs 32 1.5.2 Scaffolds and Membranes Containing Microparticles 34 1.5.3 Other Multicomponent Scaffold Constructs 34 1.6 Questions Arising from Manipulation and Final Use 35 1.6.1 Sterilization 35 1.6.2 Cell Seeding Cell Culture Analysis 36 1.6.3 In the Surgeon’s Hands 37 References 37 2 Natural-Based and Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 49 Mariana B. Oliveira and João F. Mano 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Natural Polymers and Their Application in TE & RM 52 2.2.1 Polysaccharides 52 2.2.2 Protein-Based Polymers 60 2.2.3 Polyesters 65 2.3 Natural Polymers in Stimuli-Responsive Systems 65 2.3.1 pH-Sensitive Natural Polymers 67 2.3.2 Temperature Sensitive Natural Polymers 67 2.3.3 Natural Polymers Modified to Show Thermoresponsive Behavior—Modifying Responsive Polymers and Agents 71 2.3.4 Light-Sensitive Polymers—Potential Use of Azobenzene/α-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes 72 2.4 Conclusions 73 References 74 3 Matrix Proteins Interactions with Synthetic Surfaces 91 Patricia Rico Marco Cantini George Altankov and Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Protein Adsorption 92 3.2.1 Cell Adhesion Proteins 93 3.2.2 Experimental Techniques to Follow Protein Adsorption 94 3.2.3 Effect of Surface Properties on Protein Adsorption 97 3.3 Cell Adhesion 109 3.3.1 Experimental Techniques to Characterize Cell Adhesion 112 3.3.2 Cell Adhesion at Cell–Material Interface 115 3.4 Remodeling of the Adsorbed Proteins 122 3.4.1 Protein Reorganization and Secretion at the Cell–Material Interface 122 3.4.2 Proteolytic Remodeling at Cell–Materials Interface 126 References 128 4 Focal Adhesion Kinase in Cell–Material Interactions 147 Cristina González-García Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez and Andrés J. García 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Role of FAK in Cell Proliferation 149 4.3 Role of FAK in Migratory and Mechanosensing Responses 150 4.4 Role of FAK in the Generation of Adhesives Forces 152 4.5 Influence of Material Surface Properties on FAK Signaling 156 4.5.1 Effect of Mechanical Properties on FAK Signaling 156 4.5.2 Effect of Surface Topography on FAK Signaling 160 4.5.3 Effect of Surface Chemistry on FAK Signaling 163 4.5.4 Effect of Surface Functionalization in FAK Expression 165 References 168 5 Complex Cell–Materials Microenvironments in Bioreactors 177 Stergios C. Dermenoudis and Yannis F. Missirlis 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Cell–ECM Interactions 178 5.2.1 ECM Chemistry 179 5.2.2 ECM Topography 181 5.2.3 ECM Mechanical Properties 183 5.2.4 ECM 3D Structure 184 5.2.5 ECM-Induced Mechanical Stimuli 186 5.3 Cell–Nutrient Medium 187 5.3.1 Composition and Volume-Related Phenomena 188 5.3.2 Mechanical Stresses Induced by Nutrient Medium 191 5.4 Other Aspects of Interaction 194 5.4.1 Co-Culture Systems 195 5.4.2 Material Interactions 196 5.5 Conclusions 197 References 197 Part B N anostructures for Tissue Engineering 207 6 Self-Curing Systems for Regenerative Medicine 209 Julio San Román Blanca Vázquez and María Rosa Aguilar 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Self-Curing Systems for Hard Tissue Regeneration 210 6.2.1 Antimicrobial Self-Curing Formulations 211 6.2.2 Self-Curing Formulations for Osteoporotic Bone 214 6.2.3 Antineoplastic Drug-Loaded Self-Curing Formulations 216 6.2.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Loaded Formulations 217 6.2.5 Self-Curing Formulations with Biodegradable Components 218 6.3 Self-Curing Hydrogels for Soft Tissue Regeneration 219 6.3.1 Chemically Cross-Linked Hydrogels 220 6.3.2 Chemically and Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels 225 6.4 Expectative and Future Directions 226 References 226 7 Self-Assembling Peptides as Synthetic Extracellular Matrices 235 M.T. Fernandez Muiños and C.E. Semino 7.1 Introduction 235 7.2 In Vitro Applications 238 7.3 In Vivo Applications 242 References 245 8 Polymer Therapeutics as Nano-Sized Medicines for Tissue Regeneration and Repair 249 Ana Armiñán Pilar Sepúlveda and María J. Vicent 8.1 Polymer Therapeutics as Nano-Sized Medicines 249 8.1.1 The Concept and Biological Rationale behind Polymer Therapeutics 249 8.1.2 Current Status and Future Trends 252 8.2 Polymer Therapeutics for Tissue Regeneration and Repair 254 8.2.1 Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries 255 8.2.2 Wound Healing/Repair 260 8.2.3 Musculoskeletal Disorders 263 8.2.4 Diseases of the Central Nervous System 267 8.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 272 References 273 9 How Regenerative Medicine Can Benefit from Nucleic Acids Delivery Nanocarriers? 285 Erea Borrajo Anxo Vidal Maria J. Alonso and Marcos Garcia-Fuentes 9.1 Introduction 285 9.1.1 Learning from Viruses: How to Overcome Cellular Barriers 286 9.2 Nanotechnology in Gene Delivery 292 9.2.1 Lipid Nanocarriers 292 9.2.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers 294 9.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 300 9.3 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine 302 9.3.1 Bone Regeneration 303 9.3.2 Cartilage Regeneration 305 9.3.3 Tendon Regeneration 308 9.3.4 Myocardium Regeneration 309 9.3.5 Neurological Tissue 311 9.4 Conclusions 313 References 313 10 Functionalized Mesoporous Materials with Gate-Like Scaffoldings for Controlled Delivery 337 Elena Aznar Estela Climent Laura Mondragon Félix Sancenón and Ramón Martínez-Máñez 10.1 Introduction 337 10.2 Mesoporous Silica Materials with Gate-Like Scaffoldings 339 10.2.1 Controlled Delivery by pH Changes 339 10.2.2 Controlled Delivery Using Redox Reactions 345 10.2.3 Controlled Delivery Using Photochemical Reactions 349 10.2.4 Controlled Delivery via Temperature Changes 352 10.2.5 Controlled Delivery Using Small Molecules 355 10.2.6 Controlled Delivery Using Biomolecules 356 10.3 Concluding Remarks 360 References 361 11 Where Are We Going? Future Trends and Challenges 367 Sang Jin Lee and Anthony Atala 11.1 Introduction 367 11.2 Classification of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 368 11.2.1 N aturally Derived Materials 368 11.2.2 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers 370 11.2.3 Tissue Matrices 372 11.3 Basic Principles of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering 373 11.4 Development of Smart Biomaterials 374 11.5 Scaffold Fabrication Technologies 376 11.5.1 Injectable Hydrogels 376 11.5.2 Electrospinning 377 11.5.3 Computer-Aided Scaffold Fabrication 378 11.5.4 Functionalization of Tissue-Engineered Biomaterial Scaffolds 379 11.6 Summary and Future Directions 381 References 384 Index 391

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe accessible compendium of polymers in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)?extremely thin tubes only a few nanometers in diameter but able to attain lengths thousands of times greater?are prime candidates for use in the development of polymer composite materials. Bringing together thousands of disparate research works, Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Manufacture, Properties, and Applications covers CNT-polymers from synthesis to potential applications, presenting the basic science and engineering of this dynamic and complex area in an accessible, readable way. Designed to be of use to polymer scientists, engineers, chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, the book covers carbon nanotube fundamentals to help polymer experts understand CNTs, and polymer physics to help those in the CNT field, making it an invaluable resource for anyone working with CNT-polymer composites. Detailed chapters describe the mechanical, rheological, electrical, and theTable of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Similarities Between Polymers and Nanotubes 1 1.2 Organization of the Book 3 1.3 Why Write This Book? 7 References 9 CHAPTER 2 CARBON NANOTUBES 11 2.1 Overview 11 2.2 Synthesis 16 2.2.1 Arc Discharge 19 2.2.2 Visible Light Vaporization 21 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 22 2.3 Purification 25 2.4 Properties 26 2.4.1 Mechanical Properties 27 2.4.2 Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermal Properties 29 2.4.3 Optical Properties 32 2.5 Chemistry 36 2.5.1 Characterizing the Nature of Functionalization 38 2.5.2 Common Functionalization Chemistries 40 2.5.3 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting From” 42 2.5.4 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting To” 44 2.6 Challenges 44 References 45 CHAPTER 3 DISPERSION, ORIENTATION, AND LENGTHS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN POLYMERS 59 3.1 Overview 59 3.2 Dispersion Characterization 66 3.2.1 Microscopy 67 3.2.2 Spectroscopy 72 3.3 Methods to Disperse Nanotubes into Low-Viscosity Liquids, Including Monomers 77 3.3.1 Mixing Protocols: Sonication and High-Shear Mixing 79 3.3.2 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Water 81 3.3.3 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Other Solvents 86 3.4 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Solution Methods 88 3.4.1 Dispersion–Reaction 88 3.4.2 Dissolution–Dispersion–Precipitation 90 3.4.3 Dispersion–Dispersion–Evaporation 93 3.5 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Melt Mixing 94 3.6 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: No Fluid Mixing 96 3.7 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Impregnation/Infusion 97 3.7.1 Nanotube Fiber–Polymer Composites 97 3.7.2 Nanotube Sheet–Polymer Composites 99 3.7.3 Nanotube Forests–Polymer Composites 101 3.7.4 Nanotubes on Already Existing Fibers 101 3.8 Challenges 102 References 103 CHAPTER 4 EFFECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON POLYMER PHYSICS 119 4.1 Overview 119 4.2 Amorphous Polymers 122 4.2.1 Statics: Adsorption and Chain Configuration 122 4.2.2 Dynamics: Glass Transition and Diffusion Coefficient 129 4.3 Semicrystalline Polymers 142 4.3.1 Statics: Unit Cells, Lamellae, Spherulites, and Shish-Kebabs 147 4.3.2 Rate Effects: Glass Transition, Crystal Nucleation, and Growth 169 4.4 Blends and Block Copolymers 174 4.5 Challenges 176 References 177 CHAPTER 5 MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 191 5.1 Overview 191 5.2 Rheological Properties (Measurement of Melt and Solution Properties) 200 5.2.1 Nonoscillatory Measurements 204 5.2.2 Oscillatory Measurements and the Percolation Threshold 208 5.3 Mechanical Properties (Measurement of Solid Properties) 212 5.3.1 Interfacial Shear Strength 214 5.3.2 Tensile, Compressive, and Bending Properties 216 5.3.3 Fracture Toughness and Crack Propagation 228 5.3.4 Impact Energy 230 5.3.5 Oscillatory Measurements 230 5.3.6 Other Mechanical Properties 232 5.4 Challenges 232 References 233 CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 249 6.1 Overview 249 6.2 Mixed Composites 252 6.2.1 Maximum or Plateau Conductivity 260 6.2.2 Broadness of Percolation Region (Critical Exponent) 264 6.2.3 Percolation Threshold 264 6.2.4 Dielectric Constant 268 6.3 Impregnated/Infused Composites 269 6.4 Composites with Electrically Conducting Polymers 271 6.5 Challenges 274 References 275 CHAPTER 7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 283 7.1 Overview 283 7.2 Interfacial Resistance and Thermal Conductivity 292 7.3 Dispersion, Percolation, and Thermal Conductivity 295 7.4 Effects of Other Variables on Thermal Conductivity 296 7.5 Challenges 299 References 299 CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER–NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 305 8.1 Overview 305 8.2 Electrical Conductivity: EMI Shielding, ESD, and Transparent Electrodes 305 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Shielding 306 8.2.2 Electrostatic Dissipation 308 8.2.3 Transparent Electrodes 310 8.2.4 Other Applications Based on Nanotube Conductivity on Polymeric Substrates 312 8.3 Thermal Properties: Flame Retardancy 312 8.4 Electromechanical Properties: Strain Sensing and Actuators 315 8.4.1 Electromechanical Actuation 316 8.4.2 Strain Sensing 318 8.5 Other Applications 320 8.6 Challenges 322 References 322 GLOSSARY 331 INDEX 337

Read more less

Book Synopsis* Includes easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement costreduction concepts organized into five general areas (labour,material, design, process, and overhead), with several chapters ineach. * Each chapter gets to the point without a lot of extraneousdata, providing proven tactics for cutting costs.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Chapter 1: Organizing a Cost-Reduction Program. Part I Labor. Chapter 2: Head Count. Chapter 3: Time Standards. Chapter 4: Efficiency. Chapter 5: Utilization. Chapter 6: Overtime. Chapter 7: Multiple Shifts. Chapter 8: Lost Time. Chapter 9: The Learning Curve. Part II Material. Chapter 10: Make-versus-Buy Determinations. Chapter 11: Inventory Minimization. Chapter 12: Material Utilization. Chapter 13: Minimizing Supplier Costs. Chapter 14: Supplier Negotiation. Chapter 15: Supplier Competition. Part III Process. Chapter 16: Work-Flow Optimization. Chapter 17: Setup Time Reduction. Chapter 18: Material-Handling Improvements. Chapter 19: Scrap and Rework Reduction. Chapter 20: Cleanliness. Part IV Design. Chapter 21: The Design Approach. Chapter 22: Requirements Relaxation. Chapter 23: Tolerance Relaxation. Chapter 24: Materials Substitution. Chapter 25: Packaging. Part V Overhead. Chapter 26: General Overhead Expenses. Chapter 27: Travel. Chapter 28: Inspection. Part VI Gaining Disciples and Measuring Progress. Chapter 29: Suggestion Programs. Chapter 30: Measuring Progress. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFluidics originated as the description of pneumatic and hydraulic control systems, where fluids were employed (instead of electric currents) for signal transfer and processing. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Theory and Selected Applications offers an accessible, broad-based coverage of the basics through advanced applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics. It is essential reading for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in engineering and professionals in industry.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part A: A REVIEW OF ESSENTIALS IN MACROFLUIDICS 1 CHAPTER 1 Theory 3 1.1 Introduction and Overview 3 1.2 Definitions and Concepts 8 1.3 Conservation Laws 23 1.4 Homework Assignments 74 CHAPTER 2 Applications 79 2.1 Internal Fluid Flow 79 2.2 Porous Medium Flow 108 2.3 Mixture Flows 118 2.4 Heat Transfer 151 2.5 Convection-Diffusion Mass Transfer 162 2.6 Homework Assignments 176 References (Part A) 186 Part B: MICROFLUIDICS 189 CHAPTER 3 Microchannel Flow Theory 191 3.1 Introduction 191 3.2 Basic Concepts and Limitations 195 3.3 Homework Assignments 251 CHAPTER 4 Applications in Microfluidics 255 4.1 Introduction 255 4.2 Micropumps and Microchannel Flow 256 4.3 Micromixing 280 4.4 Laboratory-on-a-Chip Devices 284 4.5 Homework Assignments and Course Projects 288 References (Part B) 290 Part C: NANOFLUIDICS 293 CHAPTER 5 Fluid Flow and Nanofluid Flow in Nanoconduits 295 5.1 Introduction 295 5.2 Liquid Flow in Nanoconduits 303 5.3 Rarefied Gas Flow in Nanochannels 328 5.4 Homework Assignments and Course Projects 335 CHAPTER 6 Applications in Nanofluidics 339 6.1 Introduction 339 6.2 Nanoparticle Fabrication 340 6.3 Forced Convection Cooling with Nanofluids 342 6.4 Nanodrug Delivery 351 6.5 Homework Assignments and Course Projects 356 References (Part C) 358 Part D: COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF FLUID-PARTICLE MIXTURE FLOWS 361 CHAPTER 7 Modeling and Simulation Aspects 363 7.1 Introduction 363 7.2 Mathematical Modeling 365 7.3 Computer Simulation 367 CHAPTER 8 Computational Case Studies 375 8.1 Introduction 375 8.2 Model Validation and Physical Insight 376 8.3 Solid Tumor Targeting with Microspheres 386 8.4 Homework Assignments and Course Projects 390 References (Part D) 393 APPENDICES 395 APPENDIX A 397 A.1 Tensor Calculus 397 A.2 Differentiation 403 A.3 Integral Transformations 407 A.4 Ordinary Differential Equations 411 A.5 Transport Equations (Continuity, Momentum, and Heat Transfer) 415 APPENDIX B 420 B.1 Conversion Factors 420 B.2 Properties 423 B.3 Drag Coefficient: (A) Smooth Sphere and (B) An Infinite Cylinder as a Function of Reynolds Number 427 B.4 Moody Chart 428 References (Appendices) 429 INDEX 431

Read more less

Book SynopsisPrinciples of HVAC in Buildings by J. W. Mitchell and J. E. Braun provides foundational knowledge for the behavior and analysis of HVAC systems and related devices. The emphasis is on the application of engineering principles, and features a tight integration of physical descriptions with a software program that allows performance to be directly calculated, with results that provide insight into actual behavior. The examples, end-of-chapter problems, and design projects are more than exercises; they represent situations that an engineer might face in practice and are selected to illustrate the complex and integrated nature of an HVAC system or piece of equipment. Coverage of material applicable to the field is broad: a Fundamentals section on thermodynamics, fluid flow, heat transfer, and psychrometrics; types of HVAC systems and components; comfort and air quality criteria; a Loads section on weather data processing; design heating and cooling loads; an Equipment section on airTable of ContentsFundamentals 1 Introduction to HVAC Systems 1 1.1 Systems and Definitions 1 1.2 History of Air Conditioning 3 1.3 Trends in Energy Use and Impact 5 1.4 HVAC System Design and Operation 7 1.5 Energy Costs 1.6 Book Philosophy and Organization 11 1.7 Units 13 1.8 Summary 14 Problems 14 2 System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Introduction to EES 19 2.3 Common Problems Encountered when Using EES 22 2.4 Curve Fitting Using EES 26 2.5 Optimization Using EES 29 2.6 Successful Problem Solving Using EES 31 2.7 Summary 34 Problems 35 3 Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow in HVAC Applications 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Conservation of Mass 39 3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 3.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances 43 3.5 Thermodynamic Limits on Performance 45 3.6 Thermodynamic Work Relations for Pure Substances 47 3.7 Thermodynamic Relations for Fluid Flow 48 3.8 Energy Loss Mechanisms in Fluid Flow 54 3.9 Summary 59 Problems 59 4 Heat Transfer in HVAC Applications 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Conduction Heat Transfer 61 4.3 Convection Heat Transfer 67 4.4 Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer 76 4.5 Transient Heat Transfer 83 4.6 Combined-Mode Heat Transfer 87 4.7 Summary 92 Problems 92 5 Psychrometrics for HVAC Applications 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Moist Air Properties 95 5.3 The Psychrometric Chart 102 5.4 The Standard Atmosphere 103 5.5 Determining Psychrometric Properties Using EES 105 5.6 Psychrometric Applications 109 5.7 Heat and Mass Transfer for Air–Water Vapor Mixtures 126 5.8 Summary 132 Problems 133 6 Overview of HVAC Systems 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Overview of HVAC Systems and Components 137 6.3 Energy Comparison Between CAV and VAV Systems 144 6.4 HVAC System Performance Calculations 145 6.5 ASHRAE Load Calculation Equations 153 6.6 HVAC System Improvements and Alternatives 156 6.7 Summary 167 Problems 167 7 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Criteria for Occupant Comfort Inside Buildings 171 7.3 Criteria for Indoor Air Quality 179 7.4 Summary 182 Problems 183 Building Heating and Cooling Loads 8 Weather Data, Statistics, and Processing 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Design Temperature Parameters for HVAC Systems 186 8.3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Correlations 190 8.4 Degree-Day Data and Correlations 195 8.5 Bin Method Data 200 8.6 Ground Temperature Correlations 202 8.7 Solar Radiation Fundamentals 205 8.8 Clear-Sky Solar Radiation 213 8.9 Weather Records 216 8.10 Summary 219 Problems 219 9 Components of Building Heat Loss and Gain 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Thermal Resistance and Conductance of Building Elements 222 9.3 Heat Flow Through Opaque Exterior Surfaces 225 9.4 Transient Heat Flow Through Building Elements 228 9.5 Heat Flow Through Building Elements—Transfer Function Approach 234 9.6 Heat Flow Through Building Elements—Thermal Network Approach 240 9.7 Heat Flow Through Glazing 244 9.8 Energy Flows Due to Ventilation and Infiltration 247 9.9 Internal Thermal Gains 256 9.10 Summary 258 Problems 259 10 Heating and Cooling Loads 265 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Design Heating Load 266 10.3 Design Sensible Cooling Load Using the Heat Balance Method 268 10.4 The Heat Balance Method Using the Thermal Network Approach 273 10.5 Design Latent Cooling Load 276 10.6 Design Loads Using the Thermal Network Method 277 10.7 Summary 286 Problems 287 Equipment 11 Air Distribution Systems 289 11.1 Introduction 289 11.2 Pressure Drops in Duct Systems 290 11.3 Design Methods for Air Distribution Systems 298 11.4 Fan Characteristics 311 11.5 Interaction Between Fan and Distribution System 315 11.6 Air Distribution in Zones 318 11.7 Heat Losses and Gains for Ducts 320 11.8 Air Leakage from Ducts 322 11.9 Summary 323 Problems 324 12 Liquid Distribution Systems 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Head Loss and Pressure Drop in Liquid Distribution Systems 329 12.3 Water Distribution Systems 332 12.4 Steam Distribution Systems 335 12.5 Pump Characteristics 338 12.6 Heat Loss and Gain for Pipes 340 12.7 Summary 342 Problems 342 13 Heat Exchangers for Heating and Cooling Applications 345 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Overall Heat Transfer Conductance 347 13.3 Heat Exchanger Thermal Performance 349 13.4 Heating Coil Selection Process 355 13.5 Cooling Coil Processes 361 13.6 Cooling Coil Performance Using a Heat Transfer Analogy 362 13.7 Cooling Coil Selection Procedure 368 13.8 Summary 376 Problems 376 14 Cooling Towers and Desiccant Dehumidification Systems 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Cooling Towers 379 14.3 Cooling Tower Performance using an Analogy to Heat Transfer 381 14.4 Cooling Tower Selection Procedure 385 14.5 Desiccant Dehumidifiers 388 14.6 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems 393 14.7 Summary 397 Problems 398 15 Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems 401 15.1 Introduction 401 15.2 Vapor Compression System 401 15.3 Refrigerants 407 15.4 Vapor Compression System Compressors 412 15.5 Vapor Compression System Performance 416 15.6 Alternative Vapor Compression System Concepts 421 15.7 Summary 429 Problems 429 16 Heat Pump Systems 433 16.1 Introduction 433 16.2 Air Source Heat Pumps 435 16.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps 441 16.4 Water Loop Heat Pump Systems 443 16.5 Summary 444 Problems 444 17 Thermal Storage Systems 447 17.1 Introduction 447 17.2 Ice Storage Systems 451 17.3 Chilled Water Storage Systems 452 17.4 Cold Air Distribution Systems 453 17.5 Building Thermal Storage 454 17.6 Thermal Storage Control Strategies 456 17.7 Performance Characteristics of Ice Storage Tanks 460 17.8 Selection of Ice Storage Capacity 466 17.9 Summary 471 Problems 471 Design and Control of HVAC Systems 18 Building and HVAC Energy Use 475 18.1 Introduction 475 18.2 Weather Data for Energy Use Calculations 475 18.3 Degree-day Method for Estimation of Heating Energy Use 476 18.4 Bin Method for Estimating Energy Use 479 18.5 Simulation Methods for Estimating Energy Use 486 18.6 Thermal Network Method for Estimating Building Energy Use 487 18.7 Summary 491 Problems 492 19 HVAC Control Principles 497 19.1 Introduction 497 19.2 Feedback Control Techniques 500 19.3 Implementation of Local Loop Control 517 19.4 Advanced Control Techniques 518 19.5 Summary 521 Problems 521 20 Supervisory Control 523 20.1 Introduction 523 20.2 Introduction to Optimal Operation of HVAC Systems 525 20.3 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants Without Storage 531 20.4 Model-based Optimization Procedure 531 20.5 Quadratic Optimization Procedure 533 20.6 Simplified Control Strategies for System Components 536 20.7 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants with Storage 544 20.8 Simplified Control Strategies for Systems with Storage 545 20.9 Methods for Forecasting Building Loads 548 20.10 Summary 550 Problems 551 21 Designing HVAC Systems 555 21.1 Introduction 555 21.2 Design Methodology 555 21.3 Life-Cycle Cost 562 21.4 Rules of Thumb 564 21.5 Design Problems for the Students 565 Problems 566 Appendix A: Thermal Property Values 573 Appendix B: Psychrometric Charts for Sea-Level Conditions 575 Appendix C: Wall and Roof Property Data 577 References 583 Nomenclature 589 Index 595

Read more less

Book SynopsisBennett's Transport by Advection and Diffusion provides a focused foundation for the principles of transport at the senior or graduate level, with illustrations from a wide range of topics. The text uses an integrated approach to teaching transport phenomena, but widens coverage to include topics such as transport in compressible flows and in open channel flows. Transport by Advection and Diffusion helps students develop the requisite math skills as well as the conceptual understanding needed to succeed in research and education. It presents analytical and numerical tools to aid problem solving in each topic area. The text is designed for senior or graduate level courses for chemical and mechanical engineering, environmental studies, earth science, materials science, and physics, but it will also appeal to practitioners.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Thermodynamic Preliminaries 1 1.1 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Fundamental Equations 2 1.3 Ideal Gas 7 1.4 Constant Density Solid or Liquid 8 1.5 Properties of Mixtures 9 1.6 Summary of Thermodynamic Results 9 1.7 Problems 10 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Transport 12 2.1 Physics of Advection and Diffusion 12 2.2 Advection Fluxes 14 2.3 Diffusion Fluxes 17 2.4 Reversible vs. Irreversible Transport 22 2.5 Looking Ahead 23 2.6 Problems 23 Chapter 3 Index Notation 25 3.1 Indices 25 3.2 Representation of Cartesian Differential Equations 26 3.3 Special Operators 27 3.4 Operators in Non-Cartesian Coordinates 31 3.5 Problems 34 Chapter 4 Transport by Advection and Diffusion 36 4.1 Continuity Equation 37 4.2 Transport of Species 39 4.3 Transport of Heat 42 4.4 Transport of Momentum 43 4.5 Summary of Transport Equations without Sources 44 4.6 Conservation Statements from a Finite Volume 44 4.7 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates and the Substantial Derivative 46 4.8 Problems 48 Chapter 5 Transport with Source Terms 50 5.1 Continuity Equation 51 5.2 Species Equation 51 5.3 Heat Equation (without Viscous Heating) 52 5.4 Momentum Equation 54 5.5 Kinetic Energy Equation 55 5.6 Heat Equation (with Viscous Heating) 57 5.7 Entropy Generation in Irreversible Flows 58 5.8 Conservation Statements Derived from a Finite Volume 59 5.9 Leibniz’s Theorem 62 5.10 Looking Ahead 63 5.11 Problems 64 Chapter 6 Specification of Transport Problems 66 6.1 Classification of Equations 66 6.2 Boundary Conditions 67 6.3 Elementary Linear Examples 69 6.4 Nonlinear Example 73 6.5 Scaling Estimates 75 6.6 Problems 78 Chapter 7 Transient One-Dimensional Diffusion 82 7.1 Separation of Time and Space Variables 83 7.2 Silicon Doping 89 7.3 Plane Wall With Heat Generation 93 7.4 Transient Groundwater Contamination 97 7.5 Problems 101 Chapter 8 Steady Two-Dimensional Diffusion 103 8.1 Separation of Two Spatial Variables 103 8.2 Nonhomogeneous Conditions on Nonadjoining Boundaries 105 8.3 Nonhomogeneous Conditions on Adjoining Boundaries 107 8.4 Nonhomogeneous Condition in Governing Equation 111 8.5 Looking Ahead 115 8.6 Problems 115 Chapter 9 Eigenfunction Expansion 119 9.1 Method of Eigenfunction Expansion 119 9.2 Non-Cartesian Coordinate Systems 127 9.3 Transport in Non-Cartesian Coordinates 130 9.4 Problems 139 Chapter 10 Similarity Solution 140 10.1 The Similarity Variable 140 10.2 Laser Heating of a Semi-Infinite Solid 142 10.3 Transient Evaporation 146 10.4 Power Series Solution 148 10.5 Mass Transfer with Time-Dependent Boundary Condition 152 10.6 Problems 157 Chapter 11 Superposition of Solutions 159 11.1 Superposition in Time 159 11.2 Superposition in Space 164 11.3 Problems 169 Chapter 12 Diffusion-Driven Boundaries 172 12.1 Thermal Oxidation 172 12.2 Solidification of an Undercooled Liquid 174 12.3 Solidification of a Binary Alloy from an Undercooled Liquid 178 12.4 Melting of a Solid Initially at the Melting Point 183 12.5 Problems 186 Chapter 13 Lubrication Theory 188 13.1 Lubrication Flows Governed by Diffusion 188 13.2 Scaling Arguments for Squeeze Flow 189 13.3 Squeeze Flow Damping in an Accelerometer Design 191 13.4 Coating Extrusion 194 13.5 Coating Extrusion on a Porous Surface 198 13.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Theory 202 13.7 Problems 203 Chapter 14 Inviscid Flow 206 14.1 The Reynolds Number 207 14.2 Inviscid Momentum Equation 208 14.3 Ideal Plane Flow 209 14.4 Steady Potential Flow through a Box with Staggered Inlet and Exit 210 14.5 Advection of Species through a Box with Staggered Inlet and Exit 215 14.6 Spherical Bubble Dynamics 217 14.7 Problems 221 Chapter 15 Catalog of Ideal Plane Flows 224 15.1 Superposition of Simple Plane Flows 224 15.2 Potential Flow over an Aircraft Fuselage 225 15.3 Force on a Line Vortex in a Uniform Stream 227 15.4 Flow Circulation 229 15.5 Potential Flow over Wedges 231 15.6 Problems 233 Chapter 16 Complex Variable Methods 234 16.1 Brief Review of Complex Numbers 234 16.2 Complex Representation of Potential Flows 235 16.3 The Joukowski Transform 236 16.4 Joukowski Symmetric Airfoils 238 16.5 Joukowski Cambered Airfoils 240 16.6 Heat Transfer between Nonconcentric Cylinders 242 16.7 Transport with Temporally Periodic Conditions 244 16.8 Problems 246 Chapter 17 MacCormack Integration 249 17.1 Flux-Conservative Equations 249 17.2 MacCormack Integration 250 17.3 Transient Convection 255 17.4 Steady-State Solution of Coupled Equations 259 17.5 Problems 262 Chapter 18 Open Channel Flow 265 18.1 Analysis of Open Channel Flows 265 18.2 Simple Surface Waves 267 18.3 Depression and Elevation Waves 268 18.4 The Hydraulic Jump 269 18.5 Energy Conservation 271 18.6 Dam-Break Example 273 18.7 Tracer Transport in the Dam-Break Problem 280 18.8 Problems 280 Chapter 19 Open Channel Flow with Friction 284 19.1 The Saint-Venant Equations 284 19.2 The Friction Slope 286 19.3 Flow through a Sluice Gate 287 19.4 Problems 293 Chapter 20 Compressible Flow 296 20.1 General Equations of Momentum and Energy Transport 296 20.2 Reversible Flows 298 20.3 Sound Waves 299 20.4 Propagation of Expansion and Compression Waves 300 20.5 Shock Wave (Normal to Flow) 302 20.6 Shock Tube Analytic Description 304 20.7 Shock Tube Numerical Description 307 20.8 Shock Tube Problem with Dissimilar Gases 311 20.9 Problems 312 Chapter 21 Quasi-One-Dimensional Compressible Flows 315 21.1 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow Equations 315 21.2 Quasi-One-Dimensional Steady Flow Equations without Friction 318 21.3 Numerical Solution to Quasi-One-Dimensional Steady Flow 323 21.4 Problems 330 Chapter 22 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows 333 22.1 Flow through a Diverging Nozzle 333 22.2 Problems 342 Chapter 23 Runge-Kutta Integration 344 23.1 Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Integration of First-Order Equations 344 23.2 Runge-Kutta Integration of Higher Order Equations 347 23.3 Numerical Integration of Bubble Dynamics 349 23.4 Numerical Integration with Shooting 351 23.5 Problems 355 Chapter 24 Boundary Layer Convection 359 24.1 Scanning Laser Heat Treatment 359 24.2 Convection to an Inviscid Flow 363 24.3 Species Transfer to a Vertically Conveyed Liquid Film 369 24.4 Problems 374 Chapter 25 Convection into Developing Laminar Flows 376 25.1 Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat Plate (Blasius Flow) 376 25.2 Species Transfer across the Boundary Layer 383 25.3 Heat Transfer across the Boundary Layer 387 25.4 A Correlation for Forced Heat Convection from a Flat Plate 389 25.5 Transport Analogies 390 25.6 Boundary Layers Developing on a Wedge (Falkner-Skan Flow) 392 25.7 Viscous Heating in the Boundary Layer 394 25.8 Problems 396 Chapter 26 Natural Convection 399 26.1 Buoyancy 399 26.2 Natural Convection from a Vertical Plate 400 26.3 Scaling Natural Convection from a Vertical Plate 401 26.4 Exact Solution to Natural Convection Boundary Layer Equations 404 26.5 Problems 411 Chapter 27 Internal Flow 412 27.1 Entrance Region 412 27.2 Heat Transport in an Internal Flow 414 27.3 Entrance Region of Plug Flow between Plates of Constant Heat Flux 415 27.4 Plug Flow between Plates of Constant Temperature 417 27.5 Fully Developed Transport Profiles 419 27.6 Fully Developed Heat Transport in Plug Flow between Plates of Constant Heat Flux 421 27.7 Fully Developed Species Transport in Plug Flow Between Surfaces of Constant Concentration 424 27.8 Problems 426 Chapter 28 Fully Developed Transport in Internal Flows 429 28.1 Momentum Transport in a Fully Developed Flow 429 28.2 Heat Transport in a Fully Developed Flow 430 28.3 Species Transport in a Fully Developed Flow 441 28.4 Problems 444 Chapter 29 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Properties 447 29.1 Temperature-Dependent Conductivity in a Solid 447 29.2 Temperature-Dependent Diffusivity in Internal Convection 451 29.3 Temperature-Dependent Gas Properties in Boundary Layer Flow 457 29.4 Problems 462 Chapter 30 Turbulence 465 30.1 The Transition to Turbulence 466 30.2 Reynolds Decomposition 468 30.3 Decomposition of the Continuity Equation 469 30.4 Decomposition of the Momentum Equation 470 30.5 The Mixing Length Model of Prandtl 471 30.6 Regions in a Wall Boundary Layer 473 30.7 Parameters of the Mixing Length Model 476 30.8 Problems 477 Chapter 31 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 479 31.1 Turbulent Poiseuille Flow Between Smooth Parallel Plates 480 31.2 Turbulent Couette Flow between Smooth Parallel Plates 485 31.3 Turbulent Poiseuille Flow in a Smooth-Wall Pipe 488 31.4 Utility of the Hydraulic Diameter 490 31.5 Turbulent Poiseuille Flow in a Smooth Annular Pipe 490 31.6 Reichardt’s Formula for Turbulent Diffusivity 495 31.7 Poiseuille Flow with Blowing between Walls 497 31.8 Problems 504 Chapter 32 Turbulent Heat and Species Transfer 507 32.1 Reynolds Decomposition of the Heat Equation 507 32.2 The Reynolds Analogy 508 32.3 Thermal Profile Near the Wall 510 32.4 Mixing Length Model for Heat Transfer 513 32.5 Mixing Length Model for Species Transfer 514 32.6 Problems 515 Chapter 33 Fully Developed Transport in Turbulent Flows 517 33.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition in Turbulent Tube Flow with Generation 517 33.2 Heat Transfer in a Fully Developed Internal Turbulent Flow 522 33.3 Heat Transfer in a Turbulent Poiseuille Flow between Smooth Parallel Plates 523 33.4 Fully Developed Transport in a Turbulent Flow of a Binary Mixture 532 33.5 Problems 543 Chapter 34 Turbulence over Rough Surfaces 545 34.1 Turbulence over a Fully Rough Surface 546 34.2 Turbulent Heat and Species Transfer from a Fully Rough Surface 547 34.3 Application of the Rough Surface Mixing Length Model 549 34.4 Application of Reichardt’s Formula to Rough Surfaces 553 34.5 Problems 563 Chapter 35 Turbulent Boundary Layer 565 35.1 Formulation of Transport in Turbulent Boundary Layer 565 35.2 Formulation of Heat Transport in the Turbulent Boundary Layer 575 35.3 Problems 580 Chapter 36 The K-Epsilon Model of Turbulence 581 36.1 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Equation 581 36.2 Dissipation Equation for Turbulent Kinetic Energy 585 36.3 The Standard K-Epsilon Model 586 36.4 Problems 587 Chapter 37 The K-Epsilon Model Applied to Fully Developed Flows 589 37.1 K-Epsilon Model for Poiseuille Flow between Smooth Parallel Plates 589 37.2 Transition Point between Mixing Length and K-Epsilon Models 591 37.3 Solving the K and E Equations 593 37.4 Solution of the Momentum Equation with the K-Epsilon Model 597 37.5 Turbulent Diffusivity Approaching the Centerline of the Flow 598 37.6 Turbulent Heat Transfer with Constant Temperature Boundary 601 37.7 Problems 604 Appendix A 606 Index 611

Read more less

Book Synopsis*Manufacturing Processes incorporates design topics, balance quantitative and qualitative coverage. The text also includes several case studies expanded upon online with related assessment content along with videos with related assessment questions.Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING. 1.1 What Is Manufacturing? 1.2 Manufacturing Processes. 1.3 Organization of the Book. Part I Engineering Materials and Product Attributes. 2 ENGINEERING MATERIALS. 2.1 Metals and Their Alloys. 2.2 Ceramics. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 2.3 Polymers. 2.4 Composites. 3 PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS. 3.1 Stress–Strain Relationships. 3.2 Hardness. 3.3 Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties. 3.4 Fluid Properties. 3.5 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers. 3.6 Volumetric and Melting Properties. 3.7 Thermal Properties. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 4 DIMENSIONS, TOLERANCES AND SURFACES. 4.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes. 4.2 Surfaces. 4.3 Effect of Manufacturing Processes. Appendix A4 Measurement of Dimensions and Surfaces. A4.1 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages. A4.2 Measurement of Surfaces. Part II Solidification Processes. 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING. 5.1 Overview of Casting Technology. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 5.2 Heating and Pouring. 5.3 Solidification and Cooling. 6 METAL CASTING PROCESSES. 6.1 Sand Casting. 6.2 Other Expendable-Mold Casting Processes. 6.3 Permanent-Mold Casting Processes. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 6.4 Foundry Practice. 6.5 Casting Quality. 6.6 Metals for Casting. 6.7 Product Design Considerations. 7 GLASSWORKING. 7.1 Raw Materials Preparation and Melting. 7.2 Shaping Processes in Glassworking. 7.3 Heat Treatment and Finishing. 7.4 Product Design Considerations. 8 SHAPING PROCESSES FOR PLASTICS. 8.1 Properties of Polymer Melts. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 8.2 Extrusion. 8.3 Production of Sheet and Film. 8.4 Fiber and Filament Production (Spinning). 8.5 Coating Processes. 8.6 Injection Molding. 8.7 Compression and Transfer Molding. 8.8 Blow Molding and Rotational Molding. 8.9 Thermoforming. 8.10 Casting. 8.11 Polymer Foam Processing and Forming. 8.12 Product Design Considerations. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 9 SHAPING PROCESSES FOR RUBBER AND POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES. 9.1 Rubber Processing and Shaping. 9.2 Manufacture of Tires and Other Rubber Products. 9.3 PMC Shaping Processes and Materials. 9.4 Open Mold Processes. 9.5 Closed Mold Processes. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 9.6 Filament Winding. 9.7 Pultrusion Processes. 9.8 Other PMC Shaping Processes. Part III Particulate Processing of Metals and Ceramics. 10 POWDER METALLURGY. 10.1 Production of Metallic Powders. 10.2 Conventional Pressing and Sintering. 10.3 Alternative Pressing and Sintering Techniques. 10.4 Materials and Products for PM. 10.5 Design Considerations in Powder Metallurgy. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. Appendix 10 Characterization of Engineering Powders. A10.1 Geometric Features. A10.2 Other Features. 11 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS AND CERMETS. 11.1 Processing of Traditional Ceramics. 11.2 Processing of New Ceramics. 11.3 Processing of Cermets. 11.4 Product Design Considerations. Part IV Metal Forming and Sheet Metalworking. 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING. 12.1 Overview of Metal Forming. 12.2 Material Behavior in Metal Forming. 12.3 Temperature in Metal Forming. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 12.4 Friction and Lubrication in Metal Forming. 13 BULK DEFORMATION PROCESSES IN METAL WORKING. 13.1 Rolling. 13.2 Forging. 13.3 Extrusion. 13.4 Wire and Bar Drawing. 14 SHEET METALWORKING. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 14.1 Cutting Operations. 14.2 Bending Operations. 14.3 Drawing. 14.4 Other Sheet-Metal-Forming Operations. 14.5 Dies and Presses for Sheet-Metal Processes. 14.6 Sheet-Metal Operations Not Performed on Presses. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. Part V Material Removal Processes. 15 THEORY OF METAL MACHINING. 15.1 Overview of Machining Technology. 15.2 Theory of Chip Formation in Metal Machining. 15.3 Force Relationships and the Merchant Equation. 15.4 Power and Energy Relationships in Machining. 15.5 Cutting Temperature. 16 MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINE TOOLS. 16.1 Machining and Part Geometry. 16.2 Turning and Related Operations. 16.3 Drilling and Related Operations. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 16.4 Milling. 16.5 Machining Centers and Turning Centers. 16.6 Other Machining Operations. 16.7 High-Speed Machining. 16.8 Tolerances and Surface Finish. 16.9 Product Design Considerations in Machining. 17 CUTTING-TOOL TECHNOLOGY AND RELATED TOPICS. 17.1 Tool Life. 17.2 Tool Materials. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 17.3 Tool Geometry. 17.4 Cutting Fluids. 17.5 Machinability. 17.6 Machining Economics. 18 GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES. 18.1 Grinding. 18.2 Related Abrasive Processes. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 19 NONTRADITIONAL MACHINING PROCESSES. 19.1 Mechanical Energy Processes. 19.2 Electrochemical Machining Processes. 19.3 Thermal Energy Processes. 19.4 Chemical Machining. 19.5 Application Considerations. Part VI Property Enhancing and Surface Processing Operations. 20 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS. 20.1 Annealing. 20.2 Martensite Formation in Steel. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 20.3 Precipitation Hardening. 20.4 Surface Hardening. 21 SURFACE PROCESSING OPERATIONS. 21.1 Industrial Cleaning Processes. 21.2 Diffusion and Ion Implantation. 21.3 Plating and Related Processes. 21.4 Conversion Coating. 21.5 Vapor Deposition Processes. 21.6 Organic Coatings. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. Part VII Joining and Assembly Processes 22 FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING. 22.1 Overview of Welding Technology. 22.2 The Weld Joint. 22.3 Physics of Welding. 22.4 Features of a Fusion-Welded Joint. 23 WELDING PROCESSES. 23.1 Arc Welding. 23.2 Resistance Welding. 23.3 Oxyfuel Gas Welding. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 23.4 Other Fusion-Welding Processes. 23.5 Solid-State Welding. 23.6 Weld Quality. 23.7 Design Considerations in Welding. 24 BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND ADHESIVE BONDING. 24.1 Brazing. 24.2 Soldering. 24.3 Adhesive Bonding. 25 MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY. 25.1 Threaded Fasteners. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 25.2 Rivets and Eyelets. 25.3 Assembly Methods Based on Interference Fits. 25.4 Other Mechanical Fastening Methods. 25.5 Molding Inserts and Integral Fasteners. 25.6 Design for Assembly. Part VIII Special Processing and Assembly Technologies. 26 RAPID PROTOTYPING. 26.1 Fundamentals of Rapid Prototyping. 26.2 Rapid Prototyping Technologies. 26.3 Application Issues in Rapid Prototyping. 27 MICROFABRICATION AND NANOFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES. 27.1 Microsystem Products. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 27.2 Microfabrication Processes. 27.3 Nanotechnology Products. 27.4 Scanning Probe Microscopes. 27.5 Nanofabrication Processes. Part IX Systems Topics in Manufacturing. 28 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND PROCESS PLANNING. 28.1 Overview of Production Systems. 28.2 Process Planning. 28.3 Concurrent Engineering and Design for Manufacturability. 29 SURVEY OF AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 29.1 Computer Numerical Control. 29.2 Cellular Manufacturing. 29.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems and Cells. 29.4 Lean Production. 29.5 Computer Integrated Manufacturing. 30 QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION. 30.1 Product Quality. 30.2 Process Capability and Tolerances. 30.3 Statistical Process Control. 30.4 Quality Programs in Manufacturing. Groover: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes. 30.5 Inspection Principles. 30.6 Modern Inspection Technologies.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis cutting-edge book covers emerging, evolutionary and nature inspired optimization techniques in the field of advanced manufacturing. The complexity of real life advanced manufacturing problems often cannot be solved by traditional engineering or computational methods.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Production Planning using Genetic Algorithm (S. K. Kumar and M. K. Tiwari). 2. Process Planning through Ant Colony Optimization (Puneet Bhardwaj and M K. Tiwari). 3. Introducing a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Integration of Set Up and Process Planning (S. H. Chung and F. T. S. Chan). 4. Design for Supply Chain with Product Development Issues Using Cellular Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) Technique (Vikas Kumar and F. T. S. Chan). 5. Genetic Algorithms with Chromosome Differentiation (GACD) Based Approach for Process Plan Selection Problems (Nishikant Mishra and Vikas Kumar). 6. Operation Allocation in Flexible Manufacturing System Using Immune Algorithm (Mayank K. Pandey). 7. Tool Selection in FMS an Hybrid SA-TABU Algorithm Based Approach (Nitesh Khilwani, J. A. Harding and Nishikant Mishra). 8. Integrating AGVs and Production Planning with Memetic Particle Swarm Optimization (Sri Krishna, M. K. Tiwari and J. Harding). 9. Simulation-based Aircraft Assembly Planning Using a Self-Guided Ant Colony Algorithm (Sai Srinivas Nageshwaraniyer, Nurcin Celik, Young-Jun Son and Roberto Lu). 10. Applications of Evolutionary Computing to Additive Manufacturing (Candice Majewski). 11. Multiple Fault Diagnosis Using Psycho-Clonal Algorithms (Nagesh Shukla and Prakash). 12. Platform Formation Under Stochastic Demand (D. Ben-Arieh and A. M. Choubey). 13. A Hybrid Particle Swarm and Ant Colony Optimizer for Multi-attribute Partnership Selection in Virtual Enterprises (S. H. Niu, S. K. Ong and A. Y. C. Nee). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA key text for Psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, as well as trainees in the area. Presenting a clinical model which has close connections with American constructivist psychotherapy and Bowlby's Attachment Theory.Trade Review"This book will be an important addition to overcoming this problem. Well done Peter Martin!." (Society of Vacuum Coaters Bulletin, 2012)Table of Contents1 Properties of Solid Surfaces 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Tribological Properties of Solid Surfaces 7 1.3 Optical Properties of Solid Surfaces 25 1.4 Electrical and Opto-electronic Properties of Solid Surfaces 29 1.5 Corrosion of Solid Surfaces34 2 Thin Film Deposition Processes 39 2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 40 2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 90 2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 114 2.4 Hybrid Deposition Processes 120 3 Thin Film Structures and Defects 143 3.1 Thin Film Nucleation and Growth 144 3.2 Structure of Thin Films 155 3.3 Thin Film Structure Zone Models 172 4. Thin Film Tribological Materials 187 4.1 Wear Resistant Thin Film Materials 188 4.2 Ultrifunctional Nanostructured, Nanolaminate and Nanocomposite Triboligical Materials 256 5. Optical Thin Films and Composites 283 5.1 Optical Properties at an Interface 285 5.2 Single Layer Optical Coatings 292 5.3 Multilayer Thin Film Optical Coatings 296 5.4 Color and Chromaticity in Thin Films 307 5.5 Decorative and Architectural Coatings 330 6 Fabrication Processes for Electrical and Electro-Optical Thin Films 337 6.1 Plasma Processing: Introduction 338 6.2 Etching Processes 347 6.3 Wet Chemical Etching 359 6.4 Metallization 360 6.5 Photolithography 368 6.6 Deposition Process for Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films 372 6.7 Deposition Processes for Semiconductor Thin Films 376 7 Functionally Engineered Materials 387 7.1 Energy Band Structure of Solids 388 7.2 Low Dimensional Structures 392 7.3 Energy Band Engineering 400 7.4 Artificially Structured and Sculpted Micro and NanoStructures 431 8.0 Multifunctional Surface Engineering Applications 457 8.1 Thin Film Photovoltaics 457 8.2 Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films 462 8.3 Electrochromic and Thermochromic Coatings 480 8.4 Thin Film Permeation barriers 485 8.5 Photocatalytic Thin Films and Low Dimensional Structures 493 8.6 Frequency selective surfaces 498 9 Looking into the Future: Bio-Inspired Materials and Surfaces 509 9.1 Functional Biomaterials 509 9.2 Functional Biomaterials: Self Cleaning Biological Materials 515 9.3 Functional Biomaterials: Self Healing Biological Materials 522 9.4 Self Assembled and Composite Nanostructures 521 9.5 Introduction to Biophotonics 536 9.6 Advanced Biophotonics Applications 545Index 559

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnergy efficiency is today a crucial topic in the built environment - for both designers and managers of buildings. This increased interest is driven by a combination of new regulations and directives within the EU and worldwide to combat global warming. All buildings now must now acquire and display an EPC (energy performance certificate), a rating similar to the AG rating given to white goods. But in order to understand how to be more efficient in energy use, you need first to understand the mechanisms of both energy requirements and how energy is used in buildings. Energy Audits: a workbook for energy management in buildings tackles the fundamental principles of thermodynamics through day-to-day engineering concepts and helps students understand why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced. It provides the tools to measure process efficiency and sustainability in power and heating applications, helping engineers to recognize why energy losses occur and how thTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Dimensions and Units xv List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxv 1 Energy and the Environment 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Forms of energy 2 1.2.1 Mechanical energy 2 1.2.2 Electrical energy 3 1.2.3 Chemical energy 4 1.2.4 Nuclear energy 4 1.2.5 Thermal energy 5 1.3 Energy conversion 6 1.4 The burning question 8 1.4.1 Combustion of coal 9 1.4.2 Combustion of oil 10 1.4.3 Combustion of natural gas 10 1.5 Environmental impact from fossil fuels 11 1.6 Energy worldwide 12 1.7 Energy and the future 13 1.7.1 The dream scenario 15 1.7.2 The renewable scenario 15 1.8 Worked examples 15 1.9 Tutorial problems 19 1.10 Case Study: Future energy for the world 20 2 Energy Audits for Buildings 23 2.1 The need for an energy audit 24 2.2 The energy benchmarking method 25 2.2.1 Benchmarking step by step 25 2.2.2 How savings can be achieved 29 2.3 The degree-days concept 33 2.3.1 Regression of degree-day and energy consumption data 33 2.4 Energy Performance Certificates 34 2.5 Worked examples 36 2.6 Tutorial problems 43 3 Building Fabric’s Heat Loss 45 3.1 Modes of heat transfer 46 3.2 Fourier’s law of thermal conduction 46 3.2.1 Conduction through a planar wall 46 3.2.2 Radial conduction through a pipe wall 47 3.3 Heat transfer by convection 48 3.3.1 Convective heat transfer: experimental correlations 49 3.3.2 Free convection 50 3.3.3 Forced convection 50 3.4 Heat transfer through a composite wall separating two fluids 51 3.5 Heat exchange through a tube with convection on both sides 52 3.6 A composite tube with fluid on the inner and outer surfaces 53 3.7 Heat transfer by radiation 54 3.8 Building fabric’s heat load calculations 55 3.9 Energy efficiency and the environment 57 3.9.1 Space heating 57 3.9.2 Insulation standards 58 3.9.3 The economics of heating 58 3.10 Worked examples 60 3.11 Tutorial problems 67 4 Ventilation 69 4.1 Aims of ventilation 70 4.2 Air quality 70 4.2.1 Minimum fresh air requirements 71 4.2.2 Composition of respired air 71 4.3 Ventilation methods 73 4.3.1 Natural ventilation 74 4.3.2 Mechanical or forced ventilation 75 4.4 Ventilation flow calculations 76 4.4.1 Volume flow calculations 76 4.4.2 Ventilation heat load calculations 76 4.4.3 Ventilation calculations based on CO2 build-up 76 4.5 Fans 77 4.5.1 Fan laws 78 4.5.2 Selection of fans 78 4.5.3 Calculation of ventilation fan duty 79 4.5.4 Pressure drop calculation 79 4.5.5 Energy efficiency in ventilation systems 81 4.6 Worked examples 82 4.7 Tutorial problems 91 4.8 Case Study: The National Trust’s ventilation system 92 5 Heat Gains in Buildings 99 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Lighting 100 5.2.1 Lighting criteria 100 5.2.2 Lighting terminology 101 5.2.3 Measurement of light intensity 102 5.2.4 Types of lamp 102 5.3 Energy-saving measures for lighting 104 5.4 Casual heat gains from appliances 105 5.5 Occupants’ heat gains 106 5.6 Worked examples 106 5.7 Tutorial problems 110 5.8 Case Study: Calculation of heating load for a building – options 111 6 Thermal Comfort 115 6.1 Thermal comfort in human beings 116 6.2 Energy balance of the human body 116 6.3 Latent heat losses 117 6.3.1 Heat loss by diffusion 118 6.3.2 Heat loss by evaporation 119 6.3.3 Heat loss by respiration 119 6.4 Sensible heat losses 119 6.4.1 Heat loss by conduction 120 6.4.2 Heat loss by convection 120 6.4.3 Heat loss by radiation 120 6.5 Estimation of thermal comfort 124 6.5.1 Determination of comfort temperature, PMV and PPD 124 6.6 Worked examples 125 6.7 Tutorial problems 131 7 Refrigeration, Heat Pumps and the Environment 133 7.1 Introduction 134 7.2 History of refrigeration 135 7.3 Refrigeration choice and environmental impact 136 7.3.1 TEWI calculation 139 7.4 Refrigeration system components 139 7.4.1 The compressor unit 140 7.4.2 The expansion valve 142 7.4.3 The condenser 144 7.4.4 The evaporator 145 7.5 Heat pump and refrigeration cycles 146 7.5.1 The heat engine 146 7.5.2 Reversed heat engine (heat pump/refrigerator) 147 7.5.3 Carnot refrigeration cycle 149 7.5.4 Simple refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.5 Practical refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.6 Irreversibilities in the refrigeration cycle 152 7.5.7 Multi-stage compression 153 7.5.8 Multipurpose refrigeration systems with a single compressor 155 7.6 Worked examples 156 7.7 Tutorial problems 164 7.8 Case Study: Star Refrigeration Ltd – heat pumps in a chocolate factory. May 2010, UK 165 8 Design of Heat Exchangers 169 8.1 Types of heat exchanger 170 8.1.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 170 8.1.2 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 170 8.1.3 Cross-flow heat exchangers 170 8.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient 172 8.3 Analysis of heat exchangers 173 8.3.1 The logarithmic mean temperature difference method 173 8.3.2 The F-method for analysis of heat exchangers 175 8.3.3 The effectiveness–NTU method for analysis of heat exchangers 176 8.4 Optimisation of heat transfer surfaces (fins) 181 8.4.1 Fin types 181 8.4.2 Theory of fins 182 8.5 Worked examples 184 8.6 Tutorial problems 197 9 Instrumentation for Energy Management 201 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Temperature measurement 202 9.2.1 Expansion thermometers 202 9.2.2 Electrical resistance thermometers 205 9.2.3 Thermocouples 208 9.2.4 Change-of-state thermometers 209 9.2.5 Optical pyrometers 209 9.2.6 Infrared temperature sensors 210 9.2.7 Selection guides for temperature measurement 211 9.3 Humidity measurement 211 9.3.1 Wet and dry bulb hygrometer 211 9.3.2 Liquid-in-steel hygrometers 212 9.3.3 Electrical resistance hygrometer 213 9.3.4 Hair hygrometer 213 9.3.5 Thermal conductivity hygrometer 214 9.3.6 Capacitive humidity sensors 215 9.4 Pressure measurement 216 9.4.1 Barometers 216 9.4.2 Bourdon pressure gauge 216 9.4.3 Pressure transducers 217 9.4.4 Manometers 218 9.5 Flow measurement 219 9.5.1 Flow measurement by collection 219 9.5.2 Flow measurement by rotameter 219 9.5.3 Flow measurement by turbine flow meter 219 9.5.4 Flow measurement by differential pressure flow meter 220 9.5.5 Velocity and flow measured by anemometers 223 9.6 Electrical measurements 225 9.6.1 Energy in electrical circuits 225 9.6.2 Ohm’s law 225 9.6.3 Electrical power 225 9.6.4 Alternating current power 226 9.6.5 Electrical measurements 227 9.7 Worked examples 230 9.8 Tutorial problems 234 10 Renewable Energy Technology 235 10.1 Introduction 236 10.2 Solar energy 237 10.2.1 Solar declination 238 10.2.2 Solar altitude angle and azimuth angle 238 10.2.3 Solar time and angles 238 10.2.4 Solar radiation 239 10.2.5 Incidence angle 240 10.2.6 Fixed aperture 240 10.2.7 Solar tracking 241 10.2.8 The aperture intensity 241 10.2.9 Energy conversion efficiency 243 10.2.10 Installation of photovoltaic modules 243 10.2.11 Technology status 243 10.2.12 PV system components 245 10.3 Wind energy 248 10.3.1 Ideal wind power calculation 249 10.3.2 Theory of wind turbines 250 10.3.3 Wind turbine components 253 10.3.4 Types of wind turbine 253 10.4 Biomass 255 10.4.1 Sources of biomass 255 10.4.2 Combustion equation for biomass 257 10.5 Hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.1 Theory of hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.2 Fluid power 263 10.5.3 Classification of hydraulic turbines 264 10.5.4 Design and selection of hydraulic turbines 267 10.5.5 Relationship between specific speed and type of hydraulic turbine 267 10.6 Worked examples 268 10.7 Tutorial problems 277 Appendix: Case Study: Energy audit for a school 279 Index 289

Read more less

Book SynopsisComputational Dynamics, 3rd edition, thoroughly revised and updated, provides logical coverage of both theory and numerical computation techniques for practical applications. The author introduces students to this advanced topic covering the concepts, definitions and techniques used in multi-body system dynamics including essential coverage of kinematics and dynamics of motion in three dimensions. He uses analytical tools including Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods as well as Newton-Euler Equations. An educational version of multibody computer code is now included in this new edition www.wiley.com/go/shabana that can be used for instruction and demonstration of the theories and formulations presented in the book, and a new chapter is included to explain the use of this code in solving practical engineering problems. Most books treat the subject of dynamics from an analytical point of view, focusing on the techniques for analyzing the problems presented. This bTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Computational Dynamics. 1.2 Motion and Constraints. 1.3 Degrees of Freedom. 1.4 Kinematic Analysis. 1.5 Force Analysis. 1.6 Dynamic Equations and Their Different Forms. 1.7 Forward and Inverse Dynamics. 1.8 Planar and Spatial Dynamics. 1.9 Computer and Numerical Methods. 1.10 Organization, Scope, and Notations of the Book. 2 Linear Algebra. 2.1 Matrices. 2.2 Matrix Operations. 2.3 Vectors. 2.4 Three-Dimensional Vectors. 2.5 Solution of Algebraic Equations. 2.6 Triangular Factorization. 2.7 QR Decomposition. 2.8 Singular Value Decomposition. Problems. 3 Kinematics. 3.1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies. 3.2 Velocity Equations. 3.3 Acceleration Equations. 3.4 Kinematics of a Point Moving on a Rigid Body. 3.5 Constrained Kinematics. 3.6 Classical Kinematic Approach. 3.7 Computational Kinematic Approach. 3.8 Formulation of the Driving Constraints. 3.9 Formulation of the Joint Constraints. 3.10 Computational Methods in Kinematics. 3.11 Computer Implementation. 3.12 Kinematic Modeling and Analysis. 3.13 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 4 Forms of the Dynamic Equations. 4.1 D’Alembert’s Principle. 4.2 D’Alembert’s Principle and Newton–Euler Equations. 4.3 Constrained Dynamics. 4.4 Augmented Formulation. 4.5 Lagrange Multipliers. 4.6 Elimination of the Dependent Accelerations. 4.7 Embedding Technique. 4.8 Amalgamated Formulation. 4.9 Open-Chain Systems. 4.10 Closed-Chain Systems. 4.11 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 5 Virtual Work and Lagrangian Dynamics. 5.1 Virtual Displacements. 5.2 Kinematic Constraints and Coordinate Partitioning. 5.3 Virtual Work. 5.4 Examples of Force Elements. 5.5 Workless Constraints. 5.6 Principle of Virtual Work in Statics. 5.7 Principle of Virtual Work in Dynamics. 5.8 Lagrange’s Equation. 5.9 Gibbs–Appel Equation. 5.10 Hamiltonian Formulation. 5.11 Relationship between Virtual Work and Gaussian Elimination. Problems. 6 Constrained Dynamics. 6.1 Generalized Inertia. 6.2 Mass Matrix and Centrifugal Forces. 6.3 Equations of Motion. 6.4 System of Rigid Bodies. 6.5 Elimination of the Constraint Forces. 6.6 Lagrange Multipliers. 6.7 Constrained Dynamic Equations. 6.8 Joint Reaction Forces. 6.9 Elimination of Lagrange Multipliers. 6.10 State Space Representation. 6.11 Numerical Integration. 6.12 Algorithm and Sparse Matrix Implementation. 6.13 Differential and Algebraic Equations. 6.14 Inverse Dynamics. 6.15 Static Analysis. Problems. 7 Spatial Dynamics. 7.1 General Displacement. 7.2 Finite Rotations. 7.3 Euler Angles. 7.4 Velocity and Acceleration. 7.5 Generalized Coordinates. 7.6 Generalized Inertia Forces. 7.7 Generalized Applied Forces. 7.8 Dynamic Equations of Motion. 7.9 Constrained Dynamics. 7.10 Formulation of the Joint Constraints. 7.11 Newton–Euler Equations. 7.12 D’Alembert’s Principle. 7.13 Linear and Angular Momentum. 7.14 Recursive Methods. Problems. 8 Special Topics in Dynamics. 8.1 Gyroscopes and Euler Angles. 8.2 Rodriguez Formula. 8.3 Euler Parameters. 8.4 Rodriguez Parameters. 8.5 Quaternions. 8.6 Rigid Body Contact. 8.7 Stability and Eigenvalue Analysis. Problems. 9 Multibody Sysyem Computer Codes. 9.1 Introduction to SAMS/2000. 9.2 Code Structure. 9.3 System Identification and Data Structure. 9.4 Installing the Code and Theoretical Background. 9.5 SAMS/2000 Setup. 9.6 Use of the Code. 9.7 Body Data. 9.8 Constraint Data. 9.9 Performing Simulations. 9.10 Batch Jobs. 9.11 Graphics Control. 9.12 Animation Capabilities. 9.13 General Use of the Input Data Panels. 9.14 Spatial Analysis. 9.15 Special Modules and Features of the Code. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisStatistical Theory and Modeling for Turbulent Flows offers a thorough grounding in the subject of turbulence that is unavailable elsewhere in a single text, developing both the physical insight and the mathematical framework needed to express the theory.Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to second edition. Preface to first edition. Motivation. Epitome. Acknowledgements. Part I FUNDAMENTALS OF TURBULENCE. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The turbulence problem. 1.2 Closure modeling. 1.3 Categories of turbulent flow. Exercises. 2 Mathematical and statistical background. 2.1 Dimensional analysis. 2.1.1 Scales of turbulence. 2.2 Statistical tools. 2.2.1 Averages and probability density functions. 2.2.2 Correlations. 2.3 Cartesian tensors. 2.3.1 Isotropic tensors. 2.3.2 Tensor functions of tensors; Cayley–Hamilton theorem. Exercises. 3 Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. 3.1 Background to the equations. 3.2 Reynolds averaged equations. 3.3 Terms of kinetic energy and Reynolds stress budgets. 3.4 Passive contaminant transport. Exercises. 4 Parallel and self-similar shear flows. 4.1 Plane channel flow. 4.1.1 Logarithmic layer. 4.1.2 Roughness. 4.2 Boundary layer. 4.2.1 Entrainment. 4.3 Free-shear layers. 4.3.1 Spreading rates. 4.3.2 Remarks on self-similar boundary layers. 4.4 Heat and mass transfer. 4.4.1 Parallel flow and boundary layers. 4.4.2 Dispersion from elevated sources. Exercises. 5 Vorticity and vortical structures. 5.1 Structures. 5.1.1 Free-shear layers. 5.1.2 Boundary layers. 5.1.3 Non-random vortices. 5.2 Vorticity and dissipation. 5.2.1 Vortex stretching and relative dispersion. 5.2.2 Mean-squared vorticity equation. Exercises. Part II SINGLE-POINT CLOSURE MODELING. 6 Models with scalar variables. 6.1 Boundary-layer methods. 6.1.1 Integral boundary-layer methods. 6.1.2 Mixing length model. 6.2 The k –ε model. 6.2.1 Analytical solutions to the k –ε model. 6.2.2 Boundary conditions and near-wall modifications. 6.2.3 Weak solution at edges of free-shear flow; free-stream sensitivity. 6.3 The k –ω model. 6.4 Stagnation-point anomaly. 6.5 The question of transition. 6.5.1 Reliance on the turbulence model. 6.5.2 Intermittency equation. 6.5.3 Laminar fluctuations. 6.6 Eddy viscosity transport models. Exercises. 7 Models with tensor variables. 7.1 Second-moment transport. 7.1.1 A simple illustration. 7.1.2 Closing the Reynolds stress transport equation. 7.1.3 Models for the slow part. 7.1.4 Models for the rapid part. 7.2 Analytic solutions to SMC models. 7.2.1 Homogeneous shear flow. 7.2.2 Curved shear flow. 7.2.3 Algebraic stress approximation and nonlinear eddy viscosity. 7.3 Non-homogeneity. 7.3.1 Turbulent transport. 7.3.2 Near-wall modeling. 7.3.3 No-slip condition. 7.3.4 Nonlocal wall effects. 7.4 Reynolds averaged computation. 7.4.1 Numerical issues. 7.4.2 Examples of Reynolds averaged computation. Exercises. 8 Advanced topics. 8.1 Further modeling principles. 8.1.1 Galilean invariance and frame rotation. 8.1.2 Realizability. 8.2 Second-moment closure and Langevin equations. 8.3 Moving equilibrium solutions of SMC. 8.3.1 Criterion for steady mean flow. 8.3.2 Solution in two-dimensional mean flow. 8.3.3 Bifurcations. 8.4 Passive scalar flux modeling. 8.4.1 Scalar diffusivity models. 8.4.2 Tensor diffusivity models. 8.4.3 Scalar flux transport. 8.4.4 Scalar variance. 8.5 Active scalar flux modeling: effects of buoyancy. 8.5.1 Second-moment transport models. 8.5.2 Stratified shear flow. Exercises. Part III THEORY OF HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE. 9 Mathematical representations. 9.1 Fourier transforms. 9.2 Three-dimensional energy spectrum of homogeneous turbulence. 9.2.1 Spectrum tensor and velocity covariances. 9.2.2 Modeling the energy spectrum. Exercises. 10 Navier–Stokes equations in spectral space. 10.1 Convolution integrals as triad interaction. 10.2 Evolution of spectra. 10.2.1 Small-k behavior and energy decay. 10.2.2 Energy cascade. 10.2.3 Final period of decay. Exercises. 11 Rapid distortion theory. 11.1 Irrotational mean flow. 11.1.1 Cauchy form of vorticity equation. 11.1.2 Distortion of a Fourier mode. 11.1.3 Calculation of covariances. 11.2 General homogeneous distortions. 11.2.1 Homogeneous shear. 11.2.2 Turbulence near a wall. Exercises. Part IV TURBULENCE SIMULATION. 12 Eddy-resolving simulation. 12.1 Direct numerical simulation. 12.1.1 Grid requirements. 12.1.2 Numerical dissipation. 12.1.3 Energy-conserving schemes. 12.2 Illustrations. 12.3 Pseudo-spectral method. Exercises. 13 Simulation of large eddies. 13.1 Large eddy simulation. 13.1.1 Filtering. 13.1.2 Subgrid models. 13.2 Detached eddy simulation. Exercises. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisExperimental solid mechanics is the study of materials to determine their physical properties. This study might include performing a stress analysis or measuring the extent of displacement, shape, strain and stress which a material suffers under controlled conditions.Trade Review“The book is highly recommended as a textbook in courses of experimental mechanics and can be used as a basis on which the researcher, the student and the practitioner can develop their ideas and promote research and applications of the experimental methods in engineering problems. The connection and interrelation of the various optical techniques is astonishing.” (Wiley Experimental Techniques journal, 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface xix Foreword xxi 1 Continuum Mechanics – Historical Background 1 1.1 Definition of the Concept of Stress 4 1.2 Transformation of Coordinates 5 1.3 Stress Tensor Representation 6 1.4 Principal Stresses 8 1.5 Principal Stresses in Two Dimensions 10 1.6 The Equations of Equilibrium 11 1.7 Strain Tensor 13 1.8 Stress – Strain Relations 15 1.9 Equations of Compatibility 18 References 19 2 Theoretical Stress Analysis – Basic Formulation of Continuum Mechanics. Theory of Elasticity 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Fundamental Assumptions 21 2.3 General Problem 22 2.4 St. Venant’s Principle 25 2.5 Plane Stress, Plane Strain 28 2.6 Plane Stress Solution of a Simply Supported Beam with a Uniform Load 30 2.7 Solutions in Plane Strain and in Plane Stress 33 2.8 The Plane Problem in Polar Coordinates 35 2.9 Thick Wall Cylinders 36 References 39 3 Strain Gages – Introduction to Electrical Strain Gages 41 3.1 Strain Measurements – Point Methods 41 3.2 Electrical Strain Gages 42 3.3 Basics of Electrical Strain Gages 43 3.4 Gage Factor 45 3.5 Basic Characteristics of Electrical Strain Gages 48 3.6 Errors Due to the Transverse Sensitivity 54 3.7 Errors Due to Misalignment of Strain Gages 58 3.8 Reinforcing Effect of the Gage 60 3.9 Effect of the Resistance to Ground 61 3.10 Linearity of the Gages. Hysteresis 63 3.11 Maximum Deformations 64 3.12 Stability in Time 64 3.13 Heat Generation and Dissipation 64 3.14 Effect of External Ambient Pressure 65 3.15 Dynamic Effects 67 References 71 4 Strain Gages Instrumentation – TheWheatstone Bridge 75 4.1 Introduction 75 References 109 5 Strain Gage Rosettes: Selection, Application and Data Reduction 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Errors, Corrections, and Limitations for Rosettes 119 5.3 Applications of Gages to Load Cells 119 References 121 6 Optical Methods – Introduction 123 6.1 Historical Perspective and Overview 123 6.2 Fundamental Basic Definitions of Optics 127 6.3 The Electromagnetic Theory of Light 128 6.4 Properties of Polarized Light 137 6.5 The Jones Vector Representation 138 6.6 Light Intensity 141 6.7 Refraction of the Light 141 6.8 Geometrical Optics. Lenses and Mirrors 146 References 154 7 Optical Methods – Interference and Diffraction of Light 155 7.1 Connecting Light Interference with Basic Optical Concepts 155 7.2 Light Sources 155 7.3 Interference 161 7.4 Interferometers 166 7.5 Diffraction of the Light 171 References 181 8 Optical Methods – Fourier Transform 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Simple Properties 185 8.3 Transition to Two Dimensions 187 8.4 Special Functions 188 8.5 Applications to Diffraction Problems 191 8.6 Diffraction Patterns of Gratings 193 8.7 Angular Spectrum 195 8.8 Utilization of the FT in the Analysis of Diffraction Gratings 199 References 205 9 Optical Methods – Computer Vision 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Study of Lens Systems 208 9.3 Lens System, Coordinate Axis and Basic Layout 210 9.4 Diffraction Effect on Images 211 9.5 Analysis of the Derived Pupil Equations for Coherent Illumination 216 9.6 Imaging with Incoherent Illumination 217 9.7 Digital Cameras 230 9.8 Illumination Systems 242 9.9 Imaging Processing Systems 245 9.10 Getting High Quality Images 246 References 249 10 Optical Methods – Discrete Fourier Transform 251 10.1 Extension to Two Dimensions 253 10.2 The Whittaker-Shannon Theorem 257 10.3 General Representation of the Signals Subjected to Analysis 261 10.4 Computation of the Phase of the Fringes 271 10.5 Fringe Patterns Singularities 276 10.6 Extension of the Fringes beyond Boundaries 279 References 283 11 Photoelasticity – Introduction 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Derivation of the Fundamental Equations 286 11.3 Wave Plates 291 11.4 Polarizers 293 11.5 Instrument Matrices 294 11.6 Polariscopes 296 11.7 Artificial Birefringence 304 11.8 Polariscopes 307 11.9 Equations of the Intensities of the Plane Polariscope and the Circular Polariscope for a Stressed Plate 309 References 311 12 Photoelasticity Applications 313 12.1 Calibration Procedures of a Photoelastic Material 313 12.2 Interpretation of the Fringe Patterns 319 12.3 Determination of the Fringe Order 319 12.4 Relationship between Retardation Changes of Path and Sign of the Stress Differences 327 12.5 Isoclinics and Lines of Principal Stress Trajectories 328 12.6 Utilization of White Light in Photoelasticity 333 12.7 Determination of the Sign of the Boundary Stresses 338 12.8 Phase Stepping Techniques 342 12.9 RGB Photoelasticity 343 12.10 Reflection Photoelasticity 355 12.11 Full Field Analysis 364 12.12 Three Dimensional Analysis 366 12.13 Integrated Photoelasticity 375 12.14 Dynamic Photoelasticity 380 References 383 13 Techniques that Measure Displacements 387 13.1 Introduction 387 13.2 Formation of Moir´e Patterns. One Dimensional Case 388 13.3 Formation of Moir´e Patterns. Two Dimensional Case 390 13.4 Relationship of the Displacement Vector and the Strain Tensor Components 393 13.5 Properties of the Moire Fringes (Isothetic Lines) 395 13.6 Sections of the Surface of Projected Displacements 396 13.7 Singular Points and Singular Lines 401 13.8 Digital Moir´e 402 13.9 Equipment Required to Apply the Moir´e Method for Displacement and Strain Determination Utilizing Incoherent Illumination 412 13.10 Strain Analysis at the Sub-Micrometer Scale 419 13.11 Three Dimensional Moir´e 424 13.12 Dynamic Moir´e 426 References 432 14 Moir´e Method. Coherent Ilumination 435 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 Moir´e Interferometry 435 14.3 Optical Developments to Obtain Displacement, Contours and Strain Information 439 14.4 Determination of All the Components of the Displacement Vector 3-D Interferometric Moir´e 446 14.5 Application of Moir´e Interferometry to High Temperature Fracture Analysis 451 References 456 15 Shadow Moir´e & Projection Moir´e – The Basic Relationships 459 15.1 Introduction 459 15.2 Basic Equation of Shadow Moir´e 460 15.3 Basic Differential Geometry Properties of Surfaces 461 15.4 Connection between Differential Geometry and Moir´e 463 15.5 Projective Geometry and Projection Moir´e 467 15.6 Epipolar Model of the Two Projectors and One Camera System 469 15.7 Approaches to Extend the Moir´e Method to More General Conditions of Projection and Observation 471 15.8 Summary of the Chapter 482 References 482 16 Moir´e Contouring Applications 485 16.1 Introduction 485 16.2 Basic Principles of Optical Contouring Measuring Devices 486 16.3 Contouring Methods that Utilize Projected Carriers 486 16.4 Parallax Determination in an Area 489 16.5 Mathematical Modeling of the Parallax Determination in an Area 490 16.6 Limitations of the Contouring Model 492 16.7 Applications of the Contouring Methods 494 16.8 Double Projector System with Slope and Depth-of-Focus Corrections 506 16.9 Sensitivity Limits for Contouring Methods 518 References 520 17 Reflection Moir´e 523 17.1 Introduction 523 17.2 Incoherent Illumination. Derivation of the Fundamental Relationship 523 17.3 Interferometric Reflection Moir´e 526 17.4 Analysis of the Sensitivity that can be Achieved with the Described Setups 530 17.5 Determination of the Deflection of Surfaces Using Reflection Moir´e 531 17.6 Applications of the Reflection Moir´e Method 532 17.7 Reflection Moir´e Application – Analysis of a Shell 539 References 545 18 Speckle Patterns and Their Properties 547 18.1 Introduction 547 18.2 First Order Statistics 550 18.3 Three Dimensional Structure of Speckle Patterns 558 18.4 Sensor Effect on Speckle Statistics 560 18.5 Utilization of Speckles to Measure Displacements. Speckle Interferometry 562 18.6 Decorrelation Phenomena 564 18.7 Model for the Formation of the Interference Fringes 567 18.8 Integrated Regime. Metaspeckle 569 18.9 Sensitivity Vector 572 18.10 Speckle Techniques Set-Ups 573 18.11 Out-of-Plane Interferometer 576 18.12 Shear Interferometry (Shearography) 577 18.13 Contouring Interferometer 578 18.14 Double Viewing. Duffy Double Aperture Method 579 References 581 19 Speckle 2 583 19.1 Speckle Photography 583 19.2 Point-Wise Observation of the Speckle Field 584 19.3 Global View 585 19.4 Different Set-Ups for Speckle Photography 589 19.5 Applications of Speckle Interferometry 590 19.6 High Temperature Strain Measurement 593 19.7 Four Beam Interferometer Sensitive to in Plane Displacements 597 References 606 20 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 607 20.1 Introduction 607 20.2 Process to Obtain the Displacement Information 608 20.3 Basic Formulation of the Problem 610 20.4 Introduction of Smoothing Functions to Solve the Optimization Problem 613 20.5 Determination of the Components of the Displacement Vector 618 20.6 Important Factors that Influence the Packages of DIC 619 20.7 Evaluation of the DIC Method 621 20.8 Double Viewing DIC. Stereo Vision 627 References 628 21 Holographic Interferometry 631 21.1 Holography 631 21.2 Basic Elements of the Holographic Process 632 21.3 Properties of Holograms 634 21.4 Set up to Record Holograms 636 21.5 Holographic Interferometry 641 21.6 Derivation of the Equation of the Sensitivity Vector 644 21.7 Measuring Displacements 646 21.8 Holographic Moir´e 651 21.9 Lens Holography 658 21.10 Holographic Moir´e. Real Time Observation 661 21.11 Displacement Analysis of Curved Surfaces 665 21.12 Holographic Contouring 669 21.13 Measurement of Displacements in 3D of Transparent Bodies 675 21.14 Fiber Optics Version of the Holographic Moir´e System 675 References 677 22 Digital and Dynamic Holography 681 22.1 Digital Holography 681 22.2 Determination of Strains from 3D Holographic Moir´e Interferograms 685 22.3 Introduction to Dynamic Holographic Interferometry 689 22.4 Vibration Analysis 693 22.5 Experimental Set up for Time Average Holography 695 22.6 Investigation on Fracture Behavior of Turbine Blades Under Self-Exciting Modes 700 22.7 Dynamic Holographic Interferometry. Impact Analysis. Wave Propagation 708 22.8 Applications of Dynamic Holographic Interferometry 712 References 721 Index 723

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Duffing Equation: Nonlinear Oscillators and their Behaviour brings together the results of a wealth of disseminated research literature on the Duffing equation, a key engineering model with a vast number of applications in science and engineering, summarizing the findings of this research.Trade Review"The book is a very well written and tightly edited exposition, not only of Duffing equations, but also of the general behavior of nonlinear oscillators. The book is likely to be of interest and use to students, engineers, and researchers in the ongoing studies of nonlinear phenomena. The book cites over 340 references." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Background: On Georg Duffing and the Duffing Equation (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical perspective. 1.3 A brief biography of Georg Duffing. 1.4 The work of Georg Duffing. 1.5 Contents of Duffing's book. 1.6 Research inspired by Duffing’s work. 1.7 Some other books on nonlinear dynamics. 1.8 Overview of this book. References. 2 Examples of Physical Systems Described by the Duffing Equation (Michael J. Brennan and Ivana Kovacic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nonlinear stiffness. 2.3 The pendulum. 2.4 Example of geometrical nonlinearity. 2.5 A system consisting of the pendulum and nonlinear stiffness. 2.6 Snap-through mechanism. 2.7 Nonlinear isolator. 2.8 Large deflection of a beam with nonlinear stiffness. 2.9 Beam with nonlinear stiffness due to inplane tension. 2.10 Nonlinear cable vibrations. 2.11 Nonlinear electrical circuit. 2.12 Summary. References. 3 Free Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Viscous Damping (Hiroshi Yabuno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fixed points and their stability. 3.3 Local bifurcation analysis. 3.4 Global analysis for softening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.5 Global analysis for hardening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Analysis Techniques for the Various Forms of the Duffing Equation (Livija Cveticanin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exact solution for free oscillations of the Duffing equation with cubic nonlinearity. 4.3 The elliptic harmonic balance method. 4.4 The elliptic Galerkin method. 4.5 The straightforward expansion method. 4.6 The elliptic Lindstedt–Poincaré method. 4.7 Averaging methods. 4.8 Elliptic homotopy methods. 4.9 Summary. References. Appendix AI: Jacob elliptic function and elliptic integrals. Appendix 4AII: The best L2 norm approximation. 5 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Linear Viscous Damping (Tamas Kalmar-Nagy and Balakumar Balachandran). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Free and forced responses of the linear oscillator. 5.3 Amplitude and phase responses of the Duffing oscillator. 5.4 Periodic solutions, Poincare sections, and bifurcations. 5.5 Global dynamics. 5.6 Summary. References. 6 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Different Damping Mechanisms (Asok Kumar Mallik). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of nonlinear characteristics. 6.3 Harmonically excited Duffing oscillator with generalised damping. 6.4 Viscous damping. 6.5 Nonlinear damping in a hardening system. 6.6 Nonlinear damping in a softening system. 6.7 Nonlinear damping in a double-well potential oscillator. 6.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Forced Harmonic Vibration in a Duffing Oscillator with Negative Linear Stiffness and Linear Viscous Damping (Stefano Lenci and Giuseppe Rega). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Literature survey. 7.3 Dynamics of conservative and nonconservative systems. 7.4 Nonlinear periodic oscillations. 7.5 Transition to complex response. 7.6 Nonclassical analyses. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Forced Harmonic Vibration of an Asymmetric Duffing Oscillator (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Models of the systems under consideration. 8.3 Regular response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.4 Regular response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.5 Chaotic response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.6 Chaotic response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.7 Summary. References. Appendix Translation of Sections from Duffing's Original Book (Keith Worden and Heather Worden). Glossary. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents a new teaching methodology in Dynamics using E-learning, simulations and animation of mechanisms and mechanical vibrating systems. It covers Dynamics and Vibration modules that are taught at different undergraduate levels to the engineering students at Universities in the UK and worldwide.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of symbols xiv Part I: Dynamics 1 Kinematics of Particles 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Rectilinear motion 8 1.3 Curvilinear motion 17 1.4 Tutorial sheet 36 2 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies 57 2.1 Introduction 58 2.2 Rigid body motion 58 2.3 Kinematics of wheels and gears 60 2.4 Kinematics of linkages and mechanisms 71 2.5 Tutorial sheet 95 3 Kinetics of Particles 113 3.1 Introduction 114 3.2 Newton’s laws 115 3.3 Force and acceleration 119 3.4 Work and energy 127 3.5 Impulse and momentum 136 3.6 Tutorial sheet 147 4 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies 167 4.1 Introduction 168 4.2 Force and acceleration 168 4.3 Work and energy 191 4.4 Impulse and momentum 201 4.5 Tutorial sheet 210 5 Balancing of Machines 229 5.1 Introduction 230 5.2 Balancing of rotating masses 230 5.3 Balancing of reciprocating engines 242 5.4 Tutorial sheet 253 Part II: Vibration 6 Free Vibration of Systems with a Single Degree of Freedom 265 6.1 Introduction 266 6.2 Undamped free vibration 268 6.3 Viscous damped free vibration 286 6.4 Tutorial sheet 300 7 Forced Vibration of Systems with a Single Degree of Freedom 315 7.1 Introduction 316 7.2 Undamped forced vibration – Harmonic force 317 7.3 Viscous damped forced vibration – harmonic force 324 7.4 General forced response 333 7.5 Vibration isolation 339 7.6 Tutorial sheet 350 8 Vibration of Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom 363 8.1 Introduction 364 8.2 Deriving the equations of motion 365 8.3 Undamped free vibration 371 8.4 Torsional vibration 385 8.5 Undamped forced vibrations 388 8.6 Vibration absorbers 394 8.7 Viscous damping 401 8.8 Tutorial sheet 405 9 Vibration of Continuous Systems 417 9.1 Introduction 418 9.2 Lateral vibration of a cable or string 418 9.3 Longitudinal vibration of a bar 428 9.4 Lateral vibration of a beam 438 9.5 Whirling shafts 448 9.6 Tutorial sheet 456 10 Finite-Element Method 467 10.1 Introduction 468 10.2 Bar element 468 10.3 Beam element 484 10.4 Guidelines for using Ansys 508 10.5 Tutorial sheet 510 Appendix A DAMA and Guidelines for Simulations 519 Appendix B Properties of Area 555 Appendix c Equivalent Stiffness for Combinations of Springs 557 Appendix d Summary of Formulas 561 Index 567

Read more less

Book SynopsisFocusing on spectroscopic properties of molecular systems, Quantum Modeling of Molecular Materials presents the state-of-the-art methods in theoretical chemistry that are used to determine molecular properties relevant to different spectroscopies.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Quantum Mechanics 11 2.1 Fundamentals 11 2.1.1 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 11 2.1.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalisms 11 2.1.3 Wave Functions and Operators 18 2.2 Time Evolution of Wave Functions 22 2.3 Time Evolution of Expectation Values 25 2.4 Variational Principle 27 Further Reading 29 3 Particles and Fields 31 3.1 Microscopic Maxwell’s Equations 32 3.1.1 General Considerations 32 3.1.2 The Stationary Case 34 3.1.3 The General Case 38 3.1.4 Electromagnetic Potentials and Gauge Freedom 39 3.1.5 Electromagnetic Waves and Polarization 41 3.1.6 Electrodynamics: Relativistic and Nonrelativistic Formulations 45 3.2 Particles in Electromagnetic Fields 48 3.2.1 The Classical Mechanical Hamiltonian 48 3.2.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Hamiltonian 52 3.3 Electric and Magnetic Multipoles 57 3.3.1 Multipolar Gauge 57 3.3.2 Multipole Expansions 59 3.3.3 The Electric Dipole Approximation and Beyond 63 3.3.4 Origin Dependence of Electric and Magnetic Multipoles 64 3.3.5 Electric Multipoles 65 3.3.5.1 General Versus Traceless Forms 65 3.3.5.2 What We Can Learn from Symmetry 68 3.3.6 Magnetic Multipoles 69 3.3.7 Electric Dipole Radiation 70 3.4 Macroscopic Maxwell’s Equations 72 3.4.1 Spatial Averaging 72 3.4.2 Polarization and Magnetization 73 3.4.3 Maxwell’s Equations in Matter 77 3.4.4 Constitutive Relations 79 3.5 Linear Media 81 3.5.1 Boundary Conditions 82 3.5.2 Polarization in Linear Media 86 3.5.3 Electromagnetic Waves in a Linear Medium 92 3.5.4 Frequency Dependence of the Permittivity 96 3.5.4.1 Kramers–Kronig Relations 97 3.5.4.2 Relaxation in the Debye Model 98 3.5.4.3 Resonances in the Lorentz Model 101 3.5.4.4 Refraction and Absorption 105 3.5.5 Rotational Averages 107 3.5.6 A Note About Dimensions, Units, and Magnitudes 110 Further Reading 111 4 Symmetry 113 4.1 Fundamentals 113 4.1.1 Symmetry Operations and Groups 113 4.1.2 Group Representation 117 4.2 Time Symmetries 120 4.3 Spatial Symmetries 125 4.3.1 Spatial Inversion 125 4.3.2 Rotations 127 Further Reading 134 5 Exact-State Response Theory 135 5.1 Responses in Two-Level System 135 5.2 Molecular Electric Properties 145 5.3 Reference-State Parameterizations 151 5.4 Equations of Motion 156 5.4.1 Time Evolution of Projection Amplitudes 157 5.4.2 Time Evolution of Rotation Amplitudes 159 5.5 Response Functions 163 5.5.1 First-Order Properties 166 5.5.2 Second-Order Properties 166 5.5.3 Third-Order Properties 169 5.5.4 Fourth-Order Properties 174 5.5.5 Higher-Order Properties 179 5.6 Dispersion 179 5.7 Oscillator Strength and Sum Rules 183 5.8 Absorption 185 5.9 Residue Analysis 190 5.10 Relaxation 194 5.10.1 Density Operator 195 5.10.2 Liouville Equation 196 5.10.3 Density Matrix from Perturbation Theory 200 5.10.4 Linear Response Functions from the Density Matrix 201 5.10.5 Nonlinear Response Functions from the Density Matrix 204 5.10.6 Relaxation in Wave Function Theory 204 5.10.7 Absorption Cross Section 207 5.10.8 Einstein Coefficients 210 Further Reading 211 6 Electronic and Nuclear Contributions to Molecular Properties 213 6.1 Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 213 6.2 Separation of Response Functions 216 6.3 Molecular Vibrations and Normal Coordinates 221 6.4 Perturbation Theory for Vibrational Wave Functions 225 6.5 Zero-Point Vibrational Contributions to Properties 227 6.5.1 First-Order Anharmonic Contributions 227 6.5.2 Importance of Zero-Point Vibrational Corrections 231 6.5.3 Temperature Effects 234 6.6 Pure Vibrational Contributions to Properties 235 6.6.1 Perturbation Theory Approach 235 6.6.2 Pure Vibrational Effects from an Analysis of the Electric-Field Dependence of the Molecular Geometry 238 6.7 Adiabatic Vibronic Theory for Electronic Excitation Processes 244 6.7.1 Franck–Condon Integrals 248 6.7.2 Vibronic Effects in a Diatomic System 250 6.7.3 Linear Coupling Model 252 6.7.4 Herzberg–Teller Corrections and Vibronically Induced Transitions 252 Further Reading 253 7 Approximate Electronic State Response Theory 255 7.1 Reference State Parameterizations 255 7.1.1 Single Determinant 255 7.1.2 Configuration Interaction 263 7.1.3 Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent Field 266 7.1.4 Coupled Cluster 268 7.2 Equations of Motion 271 7.2.1 Ehrenfest Theorem 271 7.2.2 Quasi-Energy Derivatives 275 7.3 Response Functions 276 7.3.1 Single Determinant Approaches 276 7.3.2 Configuration Interaction 281 7.3.3 Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent Field 281 7.3.4 Matrix Structure in the SCF, CI, and MCSCF Approximations 281 7.3.5 Coupled Cluster 285 7.4 Residue Analysis 288 7.5 Relaxation 291 Further Reading 293 8 Response Functions and Spectroscopies 295 8.1 Nuclear Interactions 296 8.1.1 Nuclear Charge Distribution 296 8.1.2 Hyperfine Structure 301 8.1.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Dipole Moment 301 8.1.2.2 Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment 305 8.2 Zeeman Interaction and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 310 8.3 Polarizabilities 317 8.3.1 Linear Polarizability 317 8.3.1.1 Weak Intermolecular Forces 321 8.3.2 Nonlinear Polarizabilities 325 8.4 Magnetizability 326 8.4.1 The Origin Dependence of the Magnetizability 328 8.4.2 Magnetizabilities from Magnetically Induced Currents 331 8.4.3 Isotropic Magnetizabilities and Pascal’s Rule 332 8.5 Electronic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies 335 8.5.1 Visible and Ultraviolet Absorption 338 8.5.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 343 8.5.3 Phosphorescence 344 8.5.4 Multiphoton Absorption 347 8.5.4.1 Multiphoton Absorption Cross Sections 348 8.5.4.2 Few-State Models for Two-Photon Absorption Cross Section 350 8.5.4.3 General Multiphoton Absorption Processes 351 8.5.5 X-ray Absorption 354 8.5.5.1 Core-Excited States 355 8.5.5.2 Field Polarization 358 8.5.5.3 Static Exchange Approximation 360 8.5.5.4 Complex or Damped Response Theory 362 8.6 Birefringences and Dichroisms 364 8.6.1 Natural Optical Activity 366 8.6.2 Electronic Circular Dichroism 372 8.6.3 Nonlinear Birefringences 375 8.6.3.1 Magnetic Circular Dichroism 376 8.6.3.2 Electric Field Gradient-Induced Birefringence 379 8.7 Vibrational Spectroscopies 381 8.7.1 Infrared Absorption 381 8.7.1.1 Double-Harmonic Approximation 381 8.7.1.2 Anharmonic Corrections 383 8.7.2 Vibrational Circular Dichroism 384 8.7.3 Raman Scattering 388 8.7.3.1 Raman Scattering from a Classical Point of View 388 8.7.3.2 Raman Scattering from a Quantum Mechanical Point of View 392 8.7.4 Vibrational Raman Optical Activity 402 8.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 408 8.8.1 The NMR Experiment 408 8.8.2 NMR Parameters 413 Further Reading 417 Appendicies A Abbreviations 419 B Units 421 C Second Quantization 423 C.1 Creation and Annihilation Operators 423 C.2 Fock Space 425 C.3 The Number Operator 426 C.4 The Electronic Hamiltonian on Second-Quantized Form 427 C.5 Spin in Second Quantization 429 D Fourier Transforms 431 E Operator Algebra 435 F Spin Matrix Algebra 439 G Angular Momentum Algebra 441 H Variational Perturbation Theory 445 I Two-Level Atom 451 I.1 Rabi Oscillations 452 I.2 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 454 I.3 The Quasi-energy Approach 455 Index 457

Read more less

Book SynopsisPath Planning Strategies for Cooperative Autonomous Air Vehicles offers a dedicated, practical guide to computational path planning for cooperative autonomous vehicles. Focusing path planning for multiple UAVs for simultaneous arrival on target, it also covers path planners that are applicable to land, sea, or space-borne vehicles.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Figures. List of Tables. Nomenclature. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Path Planning Formulation. 1.2 Path Planning Constraints. 1.3 Cooperative Path Planning and Mission Planning. 1.4 Path Planning – An Overview. 1.5 The Road Map Method. 1.6 Probabilistic Methods. 1.7 Potential Field. 1.8 Cell Decomposition. 1.9 Optimal Control. 1.10 Optimization Techniques. 1.11 Trajectories for Path Planning. 1.12 Outline of the Book. References. 2. Path Planning in Two Dimensions. 2.1 Dubins Paths. 2.2 Designing Dubins Path using Analytical Geometry. 2.3 Existence of Dubins Paths. 2.4 Length of Dubins Paths. 2.5 Design of Dubins Paths using Principles of Differential Geometry. 2.6 Path of Continuous Curvature. 2.7 Producing Flyable Clothoid Paths. 28 Producing Flyable Pythagorean Hodograph Paths (2D). References. 3. Path Planning in Three Dimensions. 3.1 Dubins Paths in Three Dimensions Using Differential Geometry. 3.2 Path Length – Dubins 3D. 3.3 Pythagorean Hodograph Paths – 3D. 3.4 Design of Flyable Paths Using PH Curves. References. 4. Collision Avoidance. 4.1 Research into Obstacle Avoidance. 4.2 Obstacle Avoidance for Mapped Obstacles. 4.3 Obstacle Avoidance of Unmapped Static Obstacles. 4.4 Algorithmic Implementation. References. 5. Path-Following Guidance. 5.1 Path Following the Dubins Path. 5.2 Linear Guidance Algorithm. 5.3 Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Guidance. 5.4 Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance Guidance. References. 6. Path Planning for Multiple UAVs. 6.1 Problem Formulation. 6.2 Simultaneous Arrival. 6.3 Phase I: Producing Flyable Paths. 6.4 Phase II: Producing Feasible Paths. 6.5 Phase III: Equalizing Path Length. 6.6 Multiple Path Algorithm. 6.7 Algorithm Application for Multiple UAVs. 6.8 2D Pythagorean Hodograph Paths. 6.9 3D Dubins Paths. 6.10 3D Pythagorean Hodograph Paths. References. Appendix A Differential Geometry. Appendix B. Pythagorean Hodograph. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims to enable readers to understand and implement, via the widely used statistical software package Minitab (Release 16), statistical methods fundamental to the Six Sigma approach to the continuous improvement of products, processes and services.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Author. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Quality and Quality Improvement. 1.2 Six Sigma Quality Improvement. 1.3 The Six Sigma Roadmap and DMAIC. 1.4 The Role of Statistical Methods in Six Sigma. 1.5 Minitab and its Role in the Implementation of Statistical Methods. 1.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 2 Data Display, Summary and Manipulation. 2.1 The Run Chart – a First Minitab Session. 2.1.1 Input of Data Via Keyboard and Creation of a Run Chart in Minitab. 2.1.2 Minitab Projects and Their Components. 2.2 Display and Summary of Univariate Data. 2.2.1 Histogram and Distribution. 2.2.2 Shape of a Distribution. 2.2.3 Location. 2.2.4 Variability. 2.3 Data Input, Output, Manipulation and Management. 2.3.1 Data Input and Output. 2.3.2 Stacking and Unstacking of Data; Changing Data Type and Coding. 2.3.3 Case Study Demonstrating Ranking, Sorting and Extraction of Information from Date/Time Data. 2.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Display and Summary of Multivariate Data. 3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3.1.1 Stem-and-Leaf Displays. 3.1.2 Outliers and Outlier Detection. 3.1.3 Boxplots. 3.1.4 Brushing. 3.2 Display and Summary of Bivariate and Multivariate Data. 3.2.1 Bivariate Data – Scatterplots and Marginal Plots. 3.2.2 Covariance and Correlation. 3.2.3 Multivariate Data – Matrix Plots. 3.2.4 Multi-Vari Charts. 3.3 Other Displays. 3.3.1 Pareto Charts. 3.3.2 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams. 3.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 4 Statistical Models. 4.1 Fundamentals of Probability. 4.1.1 Concept and Notation. 4.1.2 Rules for Probabilities. 4.2 Probability Distributions for Counts and Measurements. 4.2.1 Binomial Distribution. 4.2.2 Poisson Distribution. 4.2.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution. 4.3 Distribution of Means and Proportions. 4.3.1 Two Preliminary Results. 4.3.2 Distribution of the Sample Mean. 4.3.3 Distribution of the Sample Proportion. 4.4 Multivariate Normal Distribution. 4.5 Statistical Models Applied to Acceptance Sampling. 4.5.1 Acceptance Sampling by Attributes. 4.5.2 Acceptance Sampling by Variables. 4.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 5 Control Charts. 5.1 Shewhart Charts for Measurement Data. 5.1.1 I and MR Charts for Individual Measurements. 5.1.2 Tests for Evidence of Special Cause Variation on Shewhart Charts. 5.1.3 Xbar and R Charts for Samples (Subgroups) of Measurements. 5.2 Shewhart Charts for Attribute Data. 5.2.1 P Chart for Proportion Nonconforming. 5.2.2 NP Chart for Number Nonconforming. 5.2.3 C Chart for Count of Nonconformities. 5.2.4 U Chart for Nonconformities Per Unit. 5.2.5 Funnel Plots. 5.3 Time-Weighted Control Charts. 5.3.1 Moving Averages and their Applications. 5.3.2 Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts. 5.3.3 Cumulative Sum Control Charts. 5.4 Process Adjustment. 5.4.1 Process Tampering. 5.4.2 Autocorrelated Data and Process Feedback Adjustment. 5.5 Multivariate Control Charts. 5.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 6 Process Capability Analysis. 6.1 Process Capability. 6.1.1 Process Capability Analysis with Measurement Data. 6.1.2 Process Capability Indices and Sigma Quality Levels. 6.1.3 Process Capability Analysis with Nonnormal Data. 6.1.4 Tolerance Intervals. 6.1.5 Process Capability Analysis with Attribute Data. 6.2 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 7 Process Experimentation with a Single Factor. 7.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 7.2 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Means and Proportions with a Standard. 7.2.1 Tests Based on the Standard Normal Distribution – z-Tests. 7.2.2 Tests Based on the Student t-Distribution – t-Tests. 7.2.3 Tests for Proportions. 7.2.4 Nonparametric Sign and Wilcoxon Tests. 7.3 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Two Means or Two Proportions. 7.3.1 Two-Sample t-Tests. 7.3.2 Tests for Two Proportions. 7.3.3 Nonparametric Mann–Whitney Test. 7.4 The Analysis of Paired Data – t-Tests and Sign Tests. 7.5 Experiments with a Single Factor Having More Than Two Levels. 7.5.1 Design and Analysis of a Single-Factor Experiment. 7.5.2 The Fixed Effects Model. 7.5.3 The Random Effects Model. 7.5.4 The Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis Test. 7.6 Blocking in Single-Factor Experiments. 7.7 Experiments with a Single Factor, with More Than Two Levels, where the Response is a Proportion. 7.8 Tests for Equality of Variances. 7.9 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 8 Process Experimentation with Two or More Factors. 8.1 General Factorial Experiments. 8.1.1 Creation of a General Factorial Experimental Design. 8.1.2 Display and Analysis of Data from a General Factorial Experiment. 8.1.3 The Fixed Effects Model, Comparisons. 8.1.4 The Random Effects Model, Components of Variance. 8.2 Full Factorial Experiments in the 2k Series. 8.2.1 22 Factorial Experimental Designs, Display and Analysis of Data. 8.2.2 Models and Associated Displays. 8.2.3 Examples of 23 and 24 Experiments, the Use of Pareto and Normal Probability Plots of Effects. 8.3 Fractional Factorial Experiments in the 2k-p Series. 8.3.1 Introduction to Fractional Factorial Experiments, Confounding and Resolution. 8.3.2 Case Study Examples. 8.4 Taguchi Experimental Designs. 8.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 9 Evaluation of Measurement Processes. 9.1 Measurement Process Concepts. 9.1.1 Bias, Linearity, Repeatability and Reproducibility. 9.1.2 Inadequate Measurement Units. 9.2 Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Studies. 9.3 Comparison of Measurement Systems. 9.4 Attribute Scenarios. 9.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 10 Regression and Model Building. 10.1 Regression with a Single Predictor Variable. 10.2 Multiple Regression. 10.3 Response Surface Methods. 10.4 Categorical Data and Logistic Regression. 10.4.1 Tests of Association Using the Chi-Square Distribution. 10.4.2 Binary Logistic Regression. 10.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 11 Learning More and Further Minitab. 11.1 Learning More about Minitab and Obtaining Help. 11.1.1 Meet Minitab. 11.1.2 Help. 11.1.3 StatGuide. 11.1.4 Tutorials. 11.1.5 Assistant. 11.1.6 Glossary, Methods and Formulas. 11.1.7 Minitab on the Web and Knowledgebase/FAQ. 11.2 Macros. 11.2.1 Minitab Session Commands. 11.2.2 Global and Local Minitab Macros. 11.3 Further Features of Minitab. 11.4 Quality Companion. 11.5 Postscript. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims to enable readers to understand and implement, via the widely used statistical software package Minitab (Release 16), statistical methods fundamental to the Six Sigma approach to the continuous improvement of products, processes and services.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Author. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Quality and Quality Improvement. 1.2 Six Sigma Quality Improvement. 1.3 The Six Sigma Roadmap and DMAIC. 1.4 The Role of Statistical Methods in Six Sigma. 1.5 Minitab and its Role in the Implementation of Statistical Methods. 1.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 2 Data Display, Summary and Manipulation. 2.1 The Run Chart – a First Minitab Session. 2.1.1 Input of Data Via Keyboard and Creation of a Run Chart in Minitab. 2.1.2 Minitab Projects and Their Components. 2.2 Display and Summary of Univariate Data. 2.2.1 Histogram and Distribution. 2.2.2 Shape of a Distribution. 2.2.3 Location. 2.2.4 Variability. 2.3 Data Input, Output, Manipulation and Management. 2.3.1 Data Input and Output. 2.3.2 Stacking and Unstacking of Data; Changing Data Type and Coding. 2.3.3 Case Study Demonstrating Ranking, Sorting and Extraction of Information from Date/Time Data. 2.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Display and Summary of Multivariate Data. 3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3.1.1 Stem-and-Leaf Displays. 3.1.2 Outliers and Outlier Detection. 3.1.3 Boxplots. 3.1.4 Brushing. 3.2 Display and Summary of Bivariate and Multivariate Data. 3.2.1 Bivariate Data – Scatterplots and Marginal Plots. 3.2.2 Covariance and Correlation. 3.2.3 Multivariate Data – Matrix Plots. 3.2.4 Multi-Vari Charts. 3.3 Other Displays. 3.3.1 Pareto Charts. 3.3.2 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams. 3.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 4 Statistical Models. 4.1 Fundamentals of Probability. 4.1.1 Concept and Notation. 4.1.2 Rules for Probabilities. 4.2 Probability Distributions for Counts and Measurements. 4.2.1 Binomial Distribution. 4.2.2 Poisson Distribution. 4.2.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution. 4.3 Distribution of Means and Proportions. 4.3.1 Two Preliminary Results. 4.3.2 Distribution of the Sample Mean. 4.3.3 Distribution of the Sample Proportion. 4.4 Multivariate Normal Distribution. 4.5 Statistical Models Applied to Acceptance Sampling. 4.5.1 Acceptance Sampling by Attributes. 4.5.2 Acceptance Sampling by Variables. 4.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 5 Control Charts. 5.1 Shewhart Charts for Measurement Data. 5.1.1 I and MR Charts for Individual Measurements. 5.1.2 Tests for Evidence of Special Cause Variation on Shewhart Charts. 5.1.3 Xbar and R Charts for Samples (Subgroups) of Measurements. 5.2 Shewhart Charts for Attribute Data. 5.2.1 P Chart for Proportion Nonconforming. 5.2.2 NP Chart for Number Nonconforming. 5.2.3 C Chart for Count of Nonconformities. 5.2.4 U Chart for Nonconformities Per Unit. 5.2.5 Funnel Plots. 5.3 Time-Weighted Control Charts. 5.3.1 Moving Averages and their Applications. 5.3.2 Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts. 5.3.3 Cumulative Sum Control Charts. 5.4 Process Adjustment. 5.4.1 Process Tampering. 5.4.2 Autocorrelated Data and Process Feedback Adjustment. 5.5 Multivariate Control Charts. 5.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 6 Process Capability Analysis. 6.1 Process Capability. 6.1.1 Process Capability Analysis with Measurement Data. 6.1.2 Process Capability Indices and Sigma Quality Levels. 6.1.3 Process Capability Analysis with Nonnormal Data. 6.1.4 Tolerance Intervals. 6.1.5 Process Capability Analysis with Attribute Data. 6.2 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 7 Process Experimentation with a Single Factor. 7.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 7.2 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Means and Proportions with a Standard. 7.2.1 Tests Based on the Standard Normal Distribution – z-Tests. 7.2.2 Tests Based on the Student t-Distribution – t-Tests. 7.2.3 Tests for Proportions. 7.2.4 Nonparametric Sign and Wilcoxon Tests. 7.3 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Two Means or Two Proportions. 7.3.1 Two-Sample t-Tests. 7.3.2 Tests for Two Proportions. 7.3.3 Nonparametric Mann–Whitney Test. 7.4 The Analysis of Paired Data – t-Tests and Sign Tests. 7.5 Experiments with a Single Factor Having More Than Two Levels. 7.5.1 Design and Analysis of a Single-Factor Experiment. 7.5.2 The Fixed Effects Model. 7.5.3 The Random Effects Model. 7.5.4 The Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis Test. 7.6 Blocking in Single-Factor Experiments. 7.7 Experiments with a Single Factor, with More Than Two Levels, where the Response is a Proportion. 7.8 Tests for Equality of Variances. 7.9 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 8 Process Experimentation with Two or More Factors. 8.1 General Factorial Experiments. 8.1.1 Creation of a General Factorial Experimental Design. 8.1.2 Display and Analysis of Data from a General Factorial Experiment. 8.1.3 The Fixed Effects Model, Comparisons. 8.1.4 The Random Effects Model, Components of Variance. 8.2 Full Factorial Experiments in the 2k Series. 8.2.1 22 Factorial Experimental Designs, Display and Analysis of Data. 8.2.2 Models and Associated Displays. 8.2.3 Examples of 23 and 24 Experiments, the Use of Pareto and Normal Probability Plots of Effects. 8.3 Fractional Factorial Experiments in the 2k-p Series. 8.3.1 Introduction to Fractional Factorial Experiments, Confounding and Resolution. 8.3.2 Case Study Examples. 8.4 Taguchi Experimental Designs. 8.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 9 Evaluation of Measurement Processes. 9.1 Measurement Process Concepts. 9.1.1 Bias, Linearity, Repeatability and Reproducibility. 9.1.2 Inadequate Measurement Units. 9.2 Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Studies. 9.3 Comparison of Measurement Systems. 9.4 Attribute Scenarios. 9.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 10 Regression and Model Building. 10.1 Regression with a Single Predictor Variable. 10.2 Multiple Regression. 10.3 Response Surface Methods. 10.4 Categorical Data and Logistic Regression. 10.4.1 Tests of Association Using the Chi-Square Distribution. 10.4.2 Binary Logistic Regression. 10.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 11 Learning More and Further Minitab. 11.1 Learning More about Minitab and Obtaining Help. 11.1.1 Meet Minitab. 11.1.2 Help. 11.1.3 StatGuide. 11.1.4 Tutorials. 11.1.5 Assistant. 11.1.6 Glossary, Methods and Formulas. 11.1.7 Minitab on the Web and Knowledgebase/FAQ. 11.2 Macros. 11.2.1 Minitab Session Commands. 11.2.2 Global and Local Minitab Macros. 11.3 Further Features of Minitab. 11.4 Quality Companion. 11.5 Postscript. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text outlines the concepts of modern control theory applied to the design and analysis of general flight control systems in a concise and mathematically rigorous style. It presents a comprehensive treatment of atmospheric and space flight control systems including aircraft, rockets and entry vehicles and spacecraft.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Notation and Basic Definitions 1 1.2 Control Systems 3 1.2.1 Linear Tracking Systems 7 1.2.2 Linear Time-Invariant Tracking Systems 9 1.3 Guidance and Control of Flight Vehicles 10 1.4 Special Tracking Laws 13 1.4.1 Proportional Navigation Guidance 13 1.4.2 Cross-Product Steering 16 1.4.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control 19 1.5 Digital Tracking System 24 1.6 Summary 25 Exercises 26 References 28 2 Optimal Control Techniques 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Multi-variable Optimization 31 2.3 Constrained Minimization 33 2.3.1 Equality Constraints 34 2.3.2 Inequality Constraints 38 2.4 Optimal Control of Dynamic Systems 41 2.4.1 Optimality Conditions 43 2.5 The Hamiltonian and the Minimum Principle 44 2.5.1 Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equation 45 2.5.2 Linear Time-Varying System with Quadratic Performance Index 47 2.6 Optimal Control with End-Point State Equality Constraints 48 2.6.1 Euler–Lagrange Equations 50 2.6.2 Special Cases 50 2.7 Numerical Solution of Two-Point Boundary Value Problems 52 2.7.1 Shooting Method 54 2.7.2 Collocation Method 57 2.8 Optimal Terminal Control with Interior Time Constraints 61 2.8.1 Optimal Singular Control 62 2.9 Tracking Control 63 2.9.1 Neighboring Extremal Method and Linear Quadratic Control 64 2.10 Stochastic Processes 69 2.10.1 Stationary Random Processes 75 2.10.2 Filtering of Random Noise 77 2.11 Kalman Filter 77 2.12 Robust Linear Time-Invariant Control 81 2.12.1 LQG/LTR Method 82 2.12.2 H2/H?E?E Design Methods 89 2.13 Summary 96 Exercises 98 References 101 3 Optimal Navigation and Control of Aircraft 103 3.1 Aircraft Navigation Plant 104 3.1.1 Wind Speed and Direction 110 3.1.2 Navigational Subsystems 112 3.2 Optimal Aircraft Navigation 115 3.2.1 Optimal Navigation Formulation 116 3.2.2 Extremal Solution of the Boundary-Value Problem: Long-Range Flight Example 119 3.2.3 Great Circle Navigation 121 3.3 Aircraft Attitude Dynamics 128 3.3.1 Translational and Rotational Kinetics 132 3.3.2 Attitude Relative to the Velocity Vector 135 3.4 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 136 3.5 Longitudinal Dynamics 139 3.5.1 Longitudinal Dynamics Plant 142 3.6 Optimal Multi-variable Longitudinal Control 145 3.7 Multi-input Optimal Longitudinal Control 147 3.8 Optimal Airspeed Control 148 3.8.1 LQG/LTR Design Example 149 3.8.2 H?E?E Design Example 160 3.8.3 Altitude and Mach Control 166 3.9 Lateral-Directional Control Systems 173 3.9.1 Lateral-Directional Plant 173 3.9.2 Optimal Roll Control 177 3.9.3 Multi-variable Lateral-Directional Control: Heading-Hold Autopilot 180 3.10 Optimal Control of Inertia-Coupled Aircraft Rotation 183 3.11 Summary 189 Exercises 192 References 194 4 Optimal Guidance of Rockets 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Optimal Terminal Guidance of Interceptors 195 4.3 Non-planar Optimal Tracking System for Interceptors: 3DPN 199 4.4 Flight in a Vertical Plane 208 4.5 Optimal Terminal Guidance 211 4.6 Vertical Launch of a Rocket (Goddard’s Problem) 216 4.7 Gravity-Turn Trajectory of Launch Vehicles 219 4.7.1 Launch to Circular Orbit: Modulated Acceleration 220 4.7.2 Launch to Circular Orbit: Constant Acceleration 227 4.8 Launch of Ballistic Missiles 228 4.8.1 Gravity-Turn with Modulated Forward Acceleration 232 4.8.2 Modulated Forward and Normal Acceleration 233 4.9 Planar Tracking Guidance System 237 4.9.1 Stability, Controllability, and Observability 241 4.9.2 Nominal Plant for Tracking Gravity-Turn Trajectory 243 4.10 Robust and Adaptive Guidance 247 4.11 Guidance with State Feedback 250 4.11.1 Guidance with Normal Acceleration Input 250 4.12 Observer-Based Guidance of Gravity-Turn Launch Vehicle 254 4.12.1 Altitude-Based Observer with Normal Acceleration Input 255 4.12.2 Bi-output Observer with Normal Acceleration Input 260 4.13 Mass and Atmospheric Drag Modeling 266 4.14 Summary 274 Exercises 275 References 275 5 Attitude Control of Rockets 277 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Attitude Control Plant 277 5.3 Closed-Loop Attitude Control 281 5.4 Roll Control System 281 5.5 Pitch Control of Rockets 282 5.5.1 Pitch Program 282 5.5.2 Pitch Guidance and Control System 283 5.5.3 Adaptive Pitch Control System 288 5.6 Yaw Control of Rockets 294 5.7 Summary 295 Exercises 295 Reference 296 6 Spacecraft Guidance Systems 297 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 Orbital Mechanics 297 6.2.1 Orbit Equation 298 6.2.2 Perifocal and Celestial Frames 299 6.2.3 Time Equation 301 6.2.4 Lagrange’s Coefficients 304 6.3 Spacecraft Terminal Guidance 305 6.3.1 Minimum Energy Orbital Transfer 307 6.3.2 Lambert’s Theorem 311 6.3.3 Lambert’s Problem 313 6.3.4 Lambert Guidance of Rockets 322 6.3.5 Optimal Terminal Guidance of Re-entry Vehicles 327 6.4 General Orbital Plant for Tracking Guidance 334 6.5 Planar Orbital Regulation 339 6.6 Optimal Non-planar Orbital Regulation 345 6.7 Summary 352 Exercises 352 References 355 7 Optimal Spacecraft Attitude Control 357 7.1 Introduction 357 7.2 Terminal Control of Spacecraft Attitude 357 7.2.1 Optimal Single-Axis Rotation of Spacecraft 358 7.3 Multi-axis Rotational Maneuvers of Spacecraft 364 7.4 Spacecraft Control Torques 375 7.4.1 Rocket Thrusters 375 7.4.2 Reaction Wheels, Momentum Wheels and Control Moment Gyros 377 7.4.3 Magnetic Field Torque 378 7.5 Satellite Dynamics Plant for Tracking Control 379 7.6 Environmental Torques 380 7.6.1 Gravity-Gradient Torque 382 7.7 Multi-variable Tracking Control of Spacecraft Attitude 383 7.7.1 Active Attitude Control of Spacecraft by Reaction Wheels 385 7.8 Summary 389 Exercises 389 References 390 Appendix A: Linear Systems 391 A.1 Definition 391 A.2 Linearization 392 A.3 Solution to Linear State Equations 392 A.3.1 Homogeneous Solution 393 A.3.2 General Solution 393 A.4 Linear Time-Invariant System 394 A.5 Linear Time-Invariant Stability Criteria 395 A.6 Controllability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 395 A.7 Observability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 395 A.8 Transfer Matrix 396 A.9 Singular Value Decomposition 396 A.10 Linear Time-Invariant Control Design 397 A.10.1 Regulator Design by Eigenstructure Assignment 397 A.10.2 Regulator Design by Linear Optimal Control 398 A.10.3 Linear Observers and Output Feedback Compensators 398 References 400 Appendix B: Stability 401 B.1 Preliminaries 401 B.2 Stability in the Sense of Lagrange 402 B.3 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov 404 B.3.1 Asymptotic Stability 406 B.3.2 Global Asymptotic Stability 406 B.3.3 Lyapunov’s Theorem 407 B.3.4 Krasovski’s Theorem 408 B.3.5 Lyapunov Stability of Linear Systems 408 References 408 Appendix C: Control of Underactuated Flight Systems 409 C.1 Adaptive Rocket Guidance with Forward Acceleration Input 409 C.2 Thrust Saturation and Rate Limits (Increased Underactuation) 415 C.3 Single- and Bi-output Observers with Forward Acceleration Input 417 References 432 Index 433

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less