Biochemistry Books

Book SynopsisIn recent years, organo-fluorine chemistry has made a marked impacton the design and synthesis of a large variety of biologicallyactive molecules, such as steroids, carbohydrates, amines, aminoacids, peptides and other natural products. Naturally occurringamino acids play a pivotal role in living systems, and thereforesynthetic fluorine-containing amino acids have been of significantinterest to researchers working towards the understanding andmodification of physiological processes. Fluorine-containing AminoAcids: * is the first volume devoted to the synthesis and properties offluorine-containing amino acids * pays special attention to the preparation of enantiomericallypure acids (which are essential to the modern pharmaceuticalindustry) * deals with a rapidly expanding field of research * has been written by experienced researchers who are responsiblefor many developments in the field * highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this topic Fluorine-containing Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Syntheses of Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids by Methods ofClassical Amino Acid Chemistry (V. Tolman). Preparation of Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids by Methods ofOrganofluorine Chemistry (V. Kukhar). Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids by Means ofHomogeneous Catalysis (I. Ojima & Q. Dong). Synthesis of beta-Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids (N. Sewald &K. Burger). Asymmetric Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids (V. Kukhar,et. al). Enzymatic Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids (Y.Matsumura & M. Urushihara). Enzymatic Resolution of Racemic Fluorine-Containing Amino Acids (T.Miyazawa). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Fluorine-Containing AminoAcids (S. Galushko). Renin Inhibitors with Fluorine-Containing Amino Acid Derivatives(H. Sham). Index.

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Book SynopsisImmunoassays are in use in many laboratories and across many disciplines. They involve the use of antibodies to detect and quantitate proteins. The Essential Data Series is a series of handy pocket-sized books which allow researchers to have all the key experimental facts at their fingertips.Table of ContentsHistory and Classification (R. Edwards). Antibodies and Antisera (R. Edwards). Assay Design (R. Edwards). Seperation (R. Edwards). Radiolabeled Immunoassays (R. Edwards). Enzyme-labeled Immunoassay (J. Little). Flurescent and Phosphorescent Labeled Assays (S. Blincko). Chemiluminescent and Bioluminescent Labeled Assays (S. Blincko). Precipitation and Agglutination Methods (J. Little). Dry Surface Immunoassays and Immunosensors (R. Edwards). Data Processing (I. Howes). Manufacturers and Suppliers. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis study explores the movement of pesticides into ground water, describing how computers can be used to model this phenomenon. It features novel approaches to the analysis of environmental samples and reviews analytical methods for the detection of agrochemical run-off.Table of ContentsEstimation of Physicochemical Properties: Theoretical andExperimental Approaches (P. Fisk). Recommended Approaches to Assess Pesticide Mobility in Soil (M.Russell). Soils and Pesticide Mobility (C. Brown, et al.). Pesticide Leaching Models and Their Use for Management Purposes (N.Jarvis, et al.). Pesticides in Run-Off and Surface Waters (B. Burgoa & R.Wauchope). The Volatization of Pesticide Residues (A. Taylor). Biosensors for Detection of Pesticides (M. Eldefrawi, etal.). Techniques and Procedures for the Determination of Pesticides inWater (C. Eadsforth & A. Woodbridge). Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by international experts in the field, this book sets out the scientific arguments for and against the use of methyl bromide which is both naturally occurring and also a man-made product believed to have played a significant role in the depletion of the ozone layer.Trade Review"The four chapters covering the chemistry and mammalian toxicology of the compound, its effects on target organisms, uses in storage practice, uses in storage practice, and alternative method sof preventing infestation and spoilage are written by scientists with established reputations in the fields of fumigation and food storage practice from this institution. What makes the book particularly useful is the juxtaposition of these chapters with contributions from leading experts in atmospheric ozone depletion and environmental analysis (in both the chemical and political sense)." Pesticide ScienceTable of ContentsMethyl Bromide in Perspective (N. Price). Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere (J. Butler & J.Rodriguez). Methyl Bromide and the Environment (M. Miller). Effects on Target Organisms (O. Macdonald & C.Reichmuth). Methyl Bromide as a Soil Fumigant (L. Klein). Methyl Bromide in Storage Practice and Quarantine (B.Chakrabarti). Alternatives--Chemicals (P. Annis & C. Waterford). Alternatives--Physical Methods and Emission Reduction (C.Bell). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisMetal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems is thefirst comprehensive review to deal with fundamental concepts andmodels, speciation measurements and field applications in metalspeciation and bioavailability in aquatic environments. This volumeprovides a thorough review of current developments concerning theinteractions between trace metals and aquatic organisms. MetalSpeciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems provides: * The first comprehensive approach to the subject covering allaspects of trace metal ecotoxicology in the environment. * Essential reading for researchers and graduate students who willappreciate critical reviews of classical and modern methods ofmetal speciation. * Contributions from leading scientists from many disciplinesassessing both analytical and physical methods applied to thisgrowing field of environmental analysis. * An introduction to the use of laboratory bioassays as predictivetools for understanding trace metal organism iTable of ContentsTransport of Metals Across Membranes (K. Simkiss & M.Taylor). Interactions between Trace Metals and Aquatic Organisms: A Critiqueof the Free-Ion Activity Model (P. Campbell). Environmental Organometallic Chemistry of Mercury, Tin and Lead:Present Status and Perspectives (E. Pelletier). Problems in Trace Metal Speciation Modeling (D. Turner). Trace Metal Speciation of Labile Chemical Species in Natural Water:Electrochemical Methods (A. Mota & M. Correia dosSantos). Trace Metal Speciation of Labile Chemical Species in Natural Watersand Sediments: Non-Electrochemical Approaches (S. Apter & G.Batley). Chromatographic Approaches to Trace Element Speciation ofNon-Labile Chemical Species (W. Marshall & G.-M. Momplaisir). The Trophic Transfer of Metals in Marine Systems (N. Fisher &J. Reinfelder). Biological Factors Involved in Metal Concentrations Observed inAquatic Organisms (W. Langston & S. Spence). Metal Detoxification in Aquatic Organisms (A. Mason & K.Jenkins). Prediction of Metal Toxicity in Nature from Bioassays: Limitationsand Research Needs (S. Luoma). Index.

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Book SynopsisPractical Organic Mass Spectrometry Second Edition A Guide for Chemical and Biochemical Analysis J. R. Chapman Kratos Analytical Instruments, Manchester, UK This volume provides a comprehensive survey of current techniques for the use of mass spectrometry in organic chemical and biochemical analysis. Every aspect of modern instrumentation and technique is discussed. The new edition retains the effective division of material applied in the author''s previous volume-theory, practical requirements and applications. However, it has been thoroughly revised and extended to include all recent advances in mass spectrometry, and is complete with extensive references. This is essentially a book for the practising mass spectroscopist which will appeal to both biochemists and organic chemists. Some familiarity with basic principles is assumed but the author has employed a style which makes this volume suitable for beginners and more advanced students alike. The present volume will be particularly Table of ContentsInstrumentation. Sample Introduction. Chemical Ionization: Ion-Molecule Reactions. Negative Ion Chemical Ionization. The Ionization of Labile Materials I. The Ionization of Labile Materials II. Tandem Mass Spectrometry: The Dissociation of Ions. Quantitative Analysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisTransgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial andPharmaceutical Proteins provides a detailed guide to the principlesand practice of using transgenic plants as a system for theproduction of heterologous proteins. It is unique in that it coversthe complete process of heterologous protein production in plants,from the initial transformation of the plant, through totranscription, transgene stability and finally the downstreamingprocessing events for protein purification. Written by aninternational team of industrialists and academics, this bookdescribes: * the fundamental issues associated with expressing heterologousproteins in plants; * a number of detailed examples of the successful small-andlarge-scale production of proteins; * the essentials of patenting; and * the commercial exploitation. Transgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial andPharmaceutical Proteins will be of interest to plantbiotechnologists, molecular biologists and protein biochemistTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS INPLANTS. Expression in Plants. The Production of Recombinant Glycoproteins with DefinedNon-Immunogenic Glycans. Downstream Processing of Proteins from Transgenic Plants. Comparison of Host Systems for the Production of RecombinantProteins. Transgene Stability. EXAMPLES. Industrial Enzymes. Pharmaceutical Proteins. COMMERCIALIZATION. Patents and Biotechnology. Commercialization of Phytase-Containing Seed. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlant lectins are extensively used as tools and as bioactiveproteins in different areas of biomedical and biological research.The Handbook of Plant Lectins provides a comprehensive yet conciseoverview of the biochemical properties, carbohydrate-bindingspecificity, biological activities and applications of most of thecurrently known plant lectins. This handbook consists of two majorsections: an introductory guide and a quick reference dictionary.Part I acquaints the newcomer to the lectin field with theessential information on lectins and their importance tobiomedicine: * what are lectins? * their carbohydrate-binding specificity * effects on nutrition and immunology * use in histochemistry * application as therapeutic agents Part II lists approximately 200 lectin entries in alphabeticalorder. Each entry deals with the lectin(s) of a particular plantand provides, (where known), details of: * isolation and characterisation; * sugar binding specificity;Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION TO LECTINS. Plant Lectins: A Special Class of Plant Proteins. Plant Lectins in Mammalian Nutrition, Immunology, Metabolism and asOral Therapeutic and Immune Agents. Lectin Histochemistry in Histology and Histopathology. LECTIN CLASSIFICATION. Key to the Use of the Lectin Entries. Classification Codes. Lectin Entries. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEndocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Edited by Philip W. Harvey, Kevin C. Rush and Andrew Cockburn AgrEvo UK Ltd, Saffron Walden, UK This is the first book to consider the integrated role of the classical endocrine system and hormones (including those from tissues outside the classical endocrine system) in toxicological responses. Although focusing on the latest knowledge on endocrine glands as target organs and the mechanistic and molecular basis for toxicity in these organs, Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology has been written to cover toxicological responses at the whole body level mediated by endocrine or hormonal mechanisms. This whole body, multi-organ approach significantly broadens the relevance of this volume to toxicologists. Following an introductory section on the types of endocrine toxicity including primary, secondary and indirect mechanisms, the next section deals with endocrine organs as toxicological targets. International contributions focus on the pituitary, thyroid and pTrade Review"section III of this book is a classic" (Clinical Endocrinology, No.53 2000)Table of ContentsSection 1: An Integrated Approach to Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Section 2: Endocrine Organs as Toxicological Targets Section 3: Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology: A Target System Approach Section 4: Endocrine Toxicology: Human and Environmental Health Perspectives

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Book SynopsisThis landmark book, which contains contributions from the worlda s foremost mammalian ecotoxicologists, is a truly impressive summary of research undertaken in this field in recent years. It is also the first book to draw such information together in a seamless and unified approach.Trade Review"...these 15 papers consider the differing effects of toxins on various species, the accuracy of predictions...and the significance of toxins relative to other threats." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "excellent reference book" (The BritishToxicology Society Newsletter, December 2001) "I believe this to be a unique reference work in the field of ecotoxicology which should be invaluable to researchers in the field." (Ecotoxicology, Vol.11, No. 75, 2002) "...a superb summary of over 30 years of toxicity studies available on wild mammals...unparalleled in its breadth and depth and should become a desktop reference for anybody in academics or industry who is involved with mammalian ecotoxicology." (Journal of Mammalogoy, Vol. 83, No. 4, November 2002)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Series Foreword. Editors' Preface. Abbreviations. Environmental Contaminants (D. Hoffman, et al.). Mammal Classification and Characteristics (G. Amori & R. Nowak). Marsupialia and Monotremata (R. Bolton-Grob, et al.). Insectivora (W.-C. Ma & S. Talmage). Chiroptera (D. Clark & R. Shore). Rodentia and Lagomorpha (S. Sheffield, et al.). Carnivora (C. Mason & C. Wren). Pinnipedia (P. Ross & G.Troisi). Cetacea and Sirenia (T. O'Shea & A. Aguilar). Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla (A. Fr?slie, et al.). Biomarkers for Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Mammals (D. Peakall & K. McBee). Extrapolation of Laboratory Tests to Field Populations (D. Forsyth). Assessing Hazard and Risk of Chemical Exposures to Wild Mammals: Food-chain Analysis and its Role in Ecological Risk Assessment (G. Linder & G. Joermann). Putting the Impacts of Environmental Contamination into Perspective (A. Fairbrother). Summation (R. Ringer). Index.

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Book SynopsisA catalyst is a substance which alters rate at which a chemical reaction occurs but is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction. This book includes approximately 40 proceduces describing the use of different catalysts.Trade Review"Everyone who is concerned with...pure compounds will be able to use this handy book..." (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol. 42, 2003) "...the book clearly fulfills its purpose to provide a practical introduction?it will be useful..." (CATTECH, August 2003)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface to Volume 1. Abbreviations. PART I: REVIEW. 1. The Integration of Biotransformations into the Catalyst Portfolio. PART II: PROCEDURES. 2. General Information. 3. Asymmetric Epoxidation. 4. Epoxidation of , -Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. 5. Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols. 6. Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Alkenes and , -Unsaturated Esters. 7. Asymmetric Hydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation. 8. Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. 9. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Organometallic Catalysts. 10. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Baker's Yeast. 11. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Nonmetallic Catalysts. 12. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Using Organometallic Cataluysts. 13. Employment of Catalysts Working in Tandem. Index.

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Book SynopsisInsect-Plant Interactions and Induced Plant DefenceChair: John A. Pickett, 1999 This book examines the sophisticated mechanisms that plants use to defend themselves against attack by insects and pathogens, focusing on the networks of plant signalling pathways that underlie these defences. In response to herbivory, plants release a complex blend of as many as 100 volatile chemicals, known as semiochemicals (''sign chemicals''). These act as an airborne SOS signal, revealing the presence of the herbivore to the predators and parasitoids that are its natural enemies. Plants also have endogenous defence mechanisms that can be induced in response to pathogens, and separate chapters deal with systemic acquired resistance, phytoalexins, and the interacting pathways in pathogen and pest resistance. The book discusses underlying biochemical mechanisms by which plant stress leads to the biosynthesis of chemical signals from pools of secondary metabolite precursors, or even from tTrade Review"...will be of immense value to researchers in the field." --Biologist, November 2000 "...an extremely stimulating book..." --Entomologica Fennica, 13th November 2000Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Evolutionary Aspects of Plant-Carnivore Interactions (L. Vet). Attraction of Parasitic Wasps by Caterpillar-Damaged Plants (T. Turlings & M. Fritzsche). Specificity of Herbivore-Induced Plant Defences (M. Dicke). Aphids, Predators and Parasitoids (L. Wadhams, et al.). Functional Interactions in the Use of Direct and Indirect Defences in Native Nicotiana Plants (I. Baldwin). Plant Production of Volatile Semiochemicals in Response to Insect-Derived Elicitors (J. Tumlinson, et al.). The Hydroxamic Acid Pathway (A. Gierl & M. Frey). Cross-Talk Between the Signal Pathways for Pathogen-Induced Systemic Acquired Resistance and Grazing-Induced Insect Resistance (G. Felton, et al.). Genetics and Evolution of Insect Resistance in Arabidopsis (T. Mitchell-Olds). Exploiting Insect Responses in Identifying Plant Signals (J. Pickett, et al.). Final Discussion. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental pollution is one of the most serious threats to the future health of our planet. This book takes a broad view of ecotoxicology starting with the nature, properties and behavior of environmental toxicants, and extends to dose/response relationships and effects on organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 The Ecotoxicology Concept: Introduction. 2 Sources, Types and Properties of Ecotoxicants. 3 Distribution and Transformation of Chemicals in the Environment. 4 Molecular, Biochemical, Physiological and Behavioural Responses.of Organisms. 5 Effects on Population, Community and Ecosystem. 6 Dose and Concentration: Response Relationships. 7 Biomarkers and Biomonitoring of Hazards in the Environment. 8 Ecological Risk Assessment. 9 Ecotoxicology and Management of Chemicals. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe 11th Hour Series of revision guides are designed for quick reference. The organization of these books actively involves studetns in the learning process and reinforces concepts. At the end of each chapter there is a test including multiple choice questions, true/false questions and short answer questions, and every answer involves an explanation. Each book contains icons in the text indicating additional support on a dedicated web page. Students having difficulties with their courses will find this an excellent way to raise their grades. Clinical correlations or everyday applications include examples from the real world to help students understand key concepts more readily. Dedicated web page, there 24 hours a day, will give extra help, tips, warnings of trouble spots, extra visuals and more. A quick check on what background students will need to apply helps equip them to conquer a topic. The most important infoTable of ContentsPreface. Unit I: Basic Concepts. 1 Properties of Immunity. 2 Inducing, Detecting, and Investigating Immunity. Unit II: Antigen Recognition. 3 Antibody Structure and Function. 4 Antibody Gene Organisation and Expression. 5 Major Histocompatibility Complex. 6 T-Cell Antigen Recognition. Midterm Exam. Unit III: Immune Effector Mechanisms. 7 Cytokines. 8 Complement. 9 Innate Immunity and Inflammation. 10 Adaptive Immunity. Unit IV: Clinical Immunology. 11 Hypersensitivity and Allergies. 12 Autoimmunity and Immune Deficiencies. 13 Manipulating the Immune System. Final Exam. Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a guide to the use and meaning of toxicological and ecological information in the paper industry, where the information provided by suppliers of paper chemicals to paper mills is analyzed in detail.Trade Review' a clearly written and concise guide to the terminology and its broader meaning.' Mark Macaulay, Paper technology, July 2001Table of ContentsToxicology: Toxicity; Acute studies; Short-term (repeated dose) studies; Long term studies; Chemical Irritancy and Corrosive Effects: The skin; The eye; Respiratory irritation; Chemical Allergies: The immune system; Chemical hypersensitivity; Contact hypersensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis); Respiratory hypersensitivity (Occupational asthma); How to test for allergic reactions; Genetic Toxicology and Carcinogenicity: Mutagenicity; Genetic toxicity testing; Testing for chemical carcinogenicity; Reproductive Toxicology: Reproductive toxicity testing; Ecotoxicology: Aquatic toxicity testing; Short term (acute) and long term (chronic) effects; Test design; Test species; Vertebrates; Invertebrates; Aquatic plants; Chemical Persistence and Bioaccumulation: Biodegradation; BOD and COD tests; Bioaccumulation; Classification and Labelling of Chemicals According to Their Hazardous Nature: Europe, Canada; USA; Handling Chemicals in the Workplace: Risk assessment; Chemical hazards; Regulatory Affairs: Chemical inventories; Food contact regulations; Ecolabelling; HPV programme; Issues of concern; The Material Safety Data Sheet: How to deal with toxicological or ecotoxicological data gaps; Chemical summary sheets; Glossary of terms

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Book SynopsisThis text covers the major aspects of human nutrition, emphasising the chemical nature of nutrients and their metabolism. Nutrition is looked at in the context of the history of food, the food chain, and epidemiology.Table of Contents1. Introduction And Overview. Part I factors influencing the food that a community eats. 2. History of food. 3.Social, population and environmental influences on nutrition. Part II Calculating how much food a community eats. 4. The food chain. 5. Nutritional requirements. 6. Nutritional epidemiology. Part III Factors influencing how an individual metabolises nutrients. 7. Genetics. Part IV Calculating the nutritional status of an individual. 8. Evaluation of dietary intake. 9. Measurements of energy. 10. Body compositionPart V Nutrients and non-nutrients. 11. Principles, amino acids and proteins. 12. Lipids. 13. Carbohydrates. 14. Dietary fibre. 15. Alcohol as a nutrient. 16. Vitamins. 17. Plant secondary metabolites and herbs. 18. Water, electrolytes, minerals and trace elements. 19. Non-nutritive components of food. 20. Agricultural chemicals in the food chain. 21. Drugs and nutrition. Part VI Eating, digestion and metabolism. 22. Smell and taste. 23. Intake and satiety. 24 The gastrointestinal tract and food availability. 25. Carbohydrate digestion and absorption. 26. Protein absorption. 27. Lipid absorption. 28. Foetal and placental nutrition. 29. Thermodynamics and metabolism. 30. Mitochondria. 31. Cytochrome P450. 32. Free radicals. 33 Carbohydrate metabolism. 34. Lipid metabolism. 35. Eicosanoids. 36. Cholesterol and lipoproteins. 37. Amino acid metabolism. 38. Amino acid neurotransmitters. 39. Organ metabolic fuel selection. 40. Growth. 41. Bone. Part VII Special nutritional requirements and conditions . 42. Pregnancy, lactation, weaning. 43. Childhood and youth; middle age and elderly. 44. Sport. 45. Nutrition in outer space. 46. Dietary deficiency. 47. Nutrition in the aetiology of disease

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Book SynopsisThis book is an intellectual history of the major theoretical problem in immunology and its resolution in the postâWorld War II period. In recent years immunology has been one of the most excitingâand successfulâfields of biomedical research; this book provides essential background for understanding the conceptual conflicts occurring in the field.Trade ReviewScott Podolsky and Alfred Tauber have written a dense and exhaustive scholarly treatise about the history of [the generation of diversity]. They explore the intellectual setting in which the Tonegawa experiment was performed by reviewing original literature and interviewing the major actors in the drama...Everyone interested in the history of immunology and genetics should read this book. -- Fred S. Rosen * Nature *The Generation of Diversity is a remarkable mixture of formal history, literature review, and 'immunophilosophy.' It traces the origins of Burnet's clonal selection theory as a central paradigm of contemporary immunology, then reconciles that theory with the discoveries of the molecular era, and concludes with consideration of 'the immune self'...The authors' meticulously detailed background to the experimental work is a tour de force, which one would never expect to be attempted again, and it stands as a vibrant testament to an extraordinary era for immunology. -- Ian R. Mackay * Science *This book is thoroughly researched, well written, and obviously intended to be definitive with respect to clonal selection and the generation of antibody diversity… Despite, or perhaps because of, the great amount of detail in this book, I enjoyed reading it… For an immunologist, it is satisfying to have the history of two major areas of research recapitulated. This book includes many details I missed earlier or had forgotten, and it is of interest to compare the authors’ assignment of priorities for correct conclusions with those of the principals, as expresses in their own reviews of the topic. This book will be an essential part of the collection of anyone with an interest in the history of immunology. -- Alfred Nisonoff * New England Journal of Medicine *This scholarly historiography is a must for those with more than a passing interest in immunology. Nine well-structured chapters cover the issues that have led to a general acceptance of the clonal selection theory and the establishment of molecular immunology as the arbiter of current thinking… Scott Podolsky and Alfred Tauber’s conceptual grasp of the ideas is anchored by a thorough explanation of critical experiments. They bring an almost extravagant degree of research, and attention to every argument, rendering the finished product as readable as a good novel. -- Richard Lake * Times Higher Education Supplement *Several recent studies have shown the central role of techniques, instruments, reagents and experimental systems in the ‘molecularization of biology and medicine’, first by focusing on the structure of proteins, then on the structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). The Generation of Diversity is a fascinating account of how exactly this change took place in immunology. The book’s main strength [is] telling a very detailed story of a transformation of a single domain of scientific inquiry. -- Ilana Löwy * Medical History [UK] *A balanced and lucid conceptual history of postwar immunology, documenting one of its most fundamental transformations. This is an important and original contribution to the history of twentieth century biology. -- Angela Creager, Princeton UniversityTable of ContentsA conceptual orientation; the Burnet legacy; CST and molecular immunology - a dogmatic alliance; interlude - the conventional history; germline, somatic mutation and recombinatorial models - 1960-1974; immunobiological theories of antibody diversity; from protein to DNA; the recombinant revolution; interlude - a historigraphic reappraisal; heavy chain diversity and the molecular finale; an accounting; the fate of the immune self.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to understanding the evolution and ecology of photosynthesis in aquatic environments. This second edition describes how one of the most fundamental metabolic processes evolved and transformed the surface chemistry of the Earth. It focuses on biochemical and biophysical advances and the molecular biological techniques.Trade Review"Despite the ubiquity and critical importance of this topic to the study of aquatic ecology, there are very few books dedicated primarily to aquatic photosynthesis, and none cover the subject matter with comparable elegance or continuity from the molecule to the ecosystem as does this one, authored by two of the leading researchers in the subject... [I]t is a pleasure to have this important volume back in print after a hiatus of several years. No other text covers the subject as lucidly or completely as this one, and that makes it an extremely valuable pedagogical reference. It will be a welcome addition to any library or personal collection."--Richard C. Zimmerman, Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin "Indeed a magnificent book that will, perhaps, be welcomed as one of the best and the most useful ones for all biologists and oceanographers... No other text covers the subject as lucidly or completely as this one, and that makes it an extremely valuable pedagogical reference. It will be a welcome addition to any library or personal collection."--Richard C. Zimmerman, Current Engineering PracticeTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xi Chapter 1: An Introduction to Photosynthesis in Aquatic Systems 1 Chapter 2: Light Absorption and Energy Transfer in the Photosynthetic Apparatus 44 Chapter 3: The Photosynthetic Light Reactions 81 Chapter 4: Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation 118 Chapter 5: Carbon Acquisition and Assimilation 156 Chapter 6: The Molecular Structure of the Photosynthetic Apparatus 201 Chapter 7: Photosynthesis in Continuous Light 237 Chapter 8: Making Cells 278 Chapter 9: Photosynthesis and Primary Production in Nature 319 Chapter 10: Aquatic Photosynthesis in Biogeochemical Cycles 364 References 411 Index 465

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Combining a limited number of basic components, animals have developed a tremendous diversity of materials, most of which have not been scientifically examined or understood fully. Even the most detailed information about their chemical composition and genetic background has not answered questions about mechanical performance. In this outstanding book, Gosline shows us how to analyze the relationship between structure and function and how to exploit this knowledge to design original bioinspired materials."—Stanislav Gorb, Kiel University"This excellent book is useful for teaching materials science or biomechanics to biologists, as well as for giving materials scientists and engineers a biological or bioinspirational perspective."—Peter Fratzl, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces"This book argues that adaptive design in load-bearing biological materials necessarily involves contributions at multiple length and time scales ranging from nanometers and microseconds to meters and years. Well-supported through his analysis of case studies, Gosline succeeds in reconciling and integrating contributions to function at different scales as no other writer has done to date."—J. Herbert Waite, University of California, Santa Barbara

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Book SynopsisThis collection provides a critical, interdisciplinary analysis of how everyday exposures to common chemicals are adversely affecting the health of Canadians and reveals the connections between social inequity, environmental risks, and the gendered division of health burdens in Canada.Trade ReviewThe book... provides a wide variety of scholarship on chemical threats from a feminist political economy perspective. It is particularly effective at arguing for both extended producer responsibility for potentially harmful substances and the precautionary principle as a policy adoption strategy when dealing with uncertainties in the science of chemical pollution. -- Angela Cope * Health Tomorrow *Our Chemical Selves is a fascinating book that raises important questions about the impact of chemicals on women’s health in Canada … This book should be read by environmental historians or anyone concerned with the impact of chemicals in our world. Not only do the contributors highlight important issues regarding women’s health, but they offer useful solutions to change our collective indifference toward the intensification of chemicals in our world. -- David Kinkela, State University of New York at Fredonia * Environmental History 22 *The strength of this work lies in its success at bringing recent developments in science together with legal and policy analysis and recommendations. For anyone interested in women’s environmental health issues, it is a must-read … This book will help to provide researchers, policy-makers and advocates with tools to understand and address links between social inequity, environmental health and gendered differences in chemical exposure and effects -- Kaitlyn Mitchell * Herizons *[U]nique and valuable for its focus on gender and environmental justice. -- M. Gochfeld * Choice *Table of ContentsForeword: Water Is Life / Josephine MandaminIntroduction: The Production of Pollution and Consumption of Chemicals in Canada / Dayna Nadine Scott, Lauren Rakowski, Laila Zahra Harris, and Troy DixonPart 1: “Consuming” Chemicals1 Wonderings on Pollution and Women’s Health / M. Ann Phillips2 Protecting Ourselves from Chemicals: A Study of Gender and Precautionary Consumption / Norah MacKendrick3 Sex and Gender in Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan / Dayna Nadine Scott and Sarah LewisPart 2: Routes of Women’s Exposures4 Trace Chemicals on Tap: The Potential for Gendered Health Effects of Chronic Exposures via Drinking Water / Jyoti Phartiyal5 Consuming “DNA as Chemicals” and Chemicals as Food / Bita Amani6 Consuming Carcinogens: Women and Alcohol / Nancy Ross, Jean Morrison, Samantha Cukier, and Tasha SmithPart 3: Hormones as the “Messengers of Gender”?7 The Impact of Phthalates on Women’s Reproductive Health / Maria P. Velez, Patricia Monnier, Warren G. Foster, and William D. Fraser8 Plastics Recycling and Women’s Reproductive Health / Aimée L. Ward and Annie Sasco9 Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer: Chemical Risk, Exposure, and Corporate Power / Sarah Young and Dugald SeelyPart 4: Consumption in the Production Process10 Plastics Industry Workers and Breast Cancer Risk: Are We Heeding the Warnings? / Margaret M. Keith, James T. Brophy, Robert DeMatteo, Michael Gilbertson, Andrew E. Watterson, and Matthias Beck11 Power and Control at the Production-Consumption Nexus: Migrant Women Farmworkers and Pesticides / Adrian A. Smith and Alexandra StiverConclusion: Thinking about Thresholds, Literal and Figurative / Dayna Nadine ScottGlossary; Index

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Book Synopsis* Thorough coverage of plant nitrogen acquisition within larger ecological community * Sections explore plant interactions with a wide variety of organisms ranging soil microbes to arthropods * Valuable source of information for plant scientists, crop scientists, and ecologists .Trade Review"This interesting volume has 17 chapters, each written by one or more acknowledged experts in their field, grouped into five sections." (Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2012)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Section 1 The Nitrogen Cycle. 1 The New Global Nitrogen Cycle (Jan Willem Erisman). Section 2 Plant-Soil Microbe Interactions. 2 Plant Associations with Mycorrhizae and Rhizobium—Evolutionary Origins and Divergence of Strategies in Recruiting Soil Microbes (Gerben Bijl, Stéphane De Mita, and René Geurts). 3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and N Acquisition by Plants (Luisa Lanfranco, Mike Guether, and Paola Bonfante). 4 Ectomycorrhiza and Nitrogen Provision to the Host Tree (Michel Chalot and Claude Plassard). 5 Proteins in the Rhizosphere: Another Example of Plant-Microbe Exchange (Clelia De-la-Peña and Jorge M. Vivanco). 6 Actinorhizal Symbioses (Katharina Pawlowski). 7 Two in the Far North: The Alder-Frankia Symbiosis, with an Alaskan Case Study (Mike Anderson). 8 The Path of Rhizobia: From a Free-Living Soil Bacterium to Root Nodulation (Pedro F. Mateos, Raúl Rivas, Marta Robledo, Encarna Velázquez, Eustoquio Martínez-Molina, and David W. Emerich). 9 Exploiting Mycorrhizae and Rhizobium Symbioses to Recover Seriously Degraded Soils (Sérgio Miana de Faria, Alexander S. Resende, Orivaldo J. Saggin Júnior, and Robert M. Boddey). Section 3 Epi- and Endo-Phytic Microbes. 10 Nitrogen: Give and Take from Phylloplane Microbes (Mark A. Holland). 11 N2-Fixing Endophytes of Grasses and Cereals (Veronica Massena Reis, Jos Vanderleyden, and Stijn Spaepen). Section 4 Arthropods. 12 Effects of Insect Herbivores on the Nitrogen Economy of Plants (Leiling Tao and Mark D. Hunter). 13 Plant Defense Proteins That Inhibit Insect Peptidases (Carlos Peres Silva and Richard Ian Samuels). 14 Nutrient Acquisition and Concentration by Ant Symbionts: The Incidence and Importance of Biological Interactions to Plant Nutrition (Cynthia L. Sagers). Section 5 Environmental Signalling in N Acquisition. 15 The Functions of Flavonoids in Legume-Rhizobia Interactions (Oliver Yu and Yechun Wang). 16 Plant Hormones and Initiation of Legume Nodulation and Arbuscular Mycorrhization (Arijit Mukherjee and Jean-Michel Ané). 17 Nitric Oxide as a Signal Molecule in Intracellular and Extracellular Bacteria-plant Interactions (Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma, Lorenzo Lamattina, and Cecilia M. Creus). Index.

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Book Synopsis1 Introduction.- 2 Viticulture for Winemakers.- 3 Preparation of Musts and Juice.- 4 Yeast and Biochemistry of Ethanol Fermentation.- 5 Red and White Table Wines.- 6 Malolactic Fermentation.- 7 The Fining and Clarification of Wines.- 8 The Physical and Chemical Stability of Wine.- 9 Microbiological Spoilage of Wine and Its Control.- 10 The Maturation and Aging of Wines.- 11 The Bottling and Storage of Wines.- 12 The Role of Sulfur Dioxide in Wine.- 13 Must, Juice, and Wine Transfer Methods.- 14 Heating and Cooling Applications.- 15 Juice and Wine Acidity.- 16 Preparation, Analysis, and Evaluation of Experimental Wines.- Appendices.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Viticulture for Winemakers. Preparation of Musts and Juice. Yeast and Biochemistry of Ethanol Fermentation. Red and White Table Wines. Malodactic Fermentation. The Fining and Clarification of Wines. The Physical and Chemical Stability of Wine. Microbiological Spoilage of Wine and its Control. The Maturation and Aging of Wine. The Bottling and Storage of Wines. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide in Wine. Must, Juice and Wine Transfer Methods. Heating and Cooling Applications. Juice and Wine Acidity. Preparation. Analysis and Evaluation of Experimental Wines. Appendixes. Glossary

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Book SynopsisThis practical guide covers the commonly used detection methods for seed-transmitted viruses and viroids that affect both tropical and temperate crops. It contains 25 complete step-by-step procedures for biological, serological and molecular techniques to detect and identify such viruses. Combining helpful practical notes with more detailed explanations of the principles behind the techniques, the book describes the general characteristics of seed-transmitted viral diseases and discusses outlines for the organization and interpretation of seed health assays. The techniques reviewed are also applicable to non-seed-transmitted viral agents.Table of ContentsPART I: Introduction 1: Seed transmission of viruses 2: Ecology, epidemiology and control PART II: Biological assays 3: Serological testing methods 4: Nucleic acid-based testing methods 5: Nucleic acid hybridization 6: Epilogue i: Appendix 1. List of seed-transmitted viruses and viroids ii: Appendix 2. Reagents, solutions and buffers iii: Appendix 3. Suppliers of laboratory equipment and materials

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Book SynopsisToxic plants and other natural toxicants have a variety of roles in the fields of human health, medical research and the production of safe food and also represent an economic problem in terms of animal health and crop production. Estimates of economic impact on livestock have ranged in the millions of dollars in countries such as Australia and the United States. This book brings together applied and fundamental research from botanists, chemists, biochemists, agricultural scientists, veterinarians and physicians and advice from regulatory bodies. It consists of more than 100 edited papers from the Fifth International Symposium on Poisonous Plants, held in Texas in May 1997. All aspects of poisonous plants, mycotoxicoses and herbal intoxications are covered. Their adverse effects are described, such as fatalities, reduced or failed reproduction, fetotoxicity, spontaneous abortions, deformities, reduced productivity and organ-specific toxicity. Methods of detection, isolation and identifTable of Contents1: Regional and Epidemiological Issues 2: Cardiopulmonary System 3: Diagnostic/Treatment Issues 4: Miscellaneous Topics 5: The Reproductive System and the Embryo 6: Public Health and Herbal Medicine Corners 7: The Musculoskeletal and the Neurological System 8: Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses 9: Detoxification, Digestion and Elimination 10: Index

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the biology of seeds.Table of ContentsSECTION I: OPENING PRESENTATIONS 1: Travels With Seeds: a Cartography of Seed Science, M Black 2: Protein Synthesis in Seed Germination, E Sánchez de Jiménez SECTION II: DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY 3: bZIP and DOF Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Gene Expression in Barley Endosperm, P Carbonero et al. 4: Impact of Amphiphile Partitioning on Desiccation Tolerance, F A Hoekstra et al. 5: Unravelling the Responses of Metabolism to Dehydration Points to a Role for Cytoplasmic Viscosity in Desiccation Tolerance, O Leprince, et al. 6: Soluble Sugars in Maturing Pea Seeds of Different Lines in Relation to Desiccation Tolerance, R J Górecki et al. 7: The Role of Stachyose Synthase in the Oligosaccharide Metabolism of Legume Seeds, A Richter, et al. 8: Compartmentation of Abscisic Acid in Developing Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) Seeds, G E Welbaum, et al. 9: Involvement of ABA and GAs in the Regulation of Dormancy in Developing Sorghum Seeds, R Benech-Arnold, et al. 10: Irrigation and Seed Quality Development in Rapid-Cycling Brassica, R H Ellis, et al. 11: Molecular Genetic Analysis of Arabidopsis Seed Quality, S P C Groot, et al. 12: Analysis of the Cell Cycle in Sugar Beet Seed During Development, Maturation and Germination, E Sliwinska 13: Phospheonolpyruvate Carboxylase and Pyruvate Kinase in Assimilate Partitioning in Maize Embryos, R Rodríguez-Sotres, et al. SECTION III: STORAGE AND VIGOUR 14: Effects of Seed Ageing on the Enzymic Antioxidant System of Maize Cultivars, I Bernal-Lugo, et al. 15: Towards the ex situ Conservation of Aquatic Angiosperms: A Review of Seed Storage Behaviour, F Hay, et al. 16: Treatment of Immature Embryos of Maize With Water Reduces Their Storability and Desiccation Tolerance, A Bochicchio, et al. 17: Maillard Reactions Cause Browning in Bean Seed coats During Ageing: Inhibition by Aminoguanidine, A G Taylor, et al. 18: Effects of Desiccation on the Subcellular Matrix of the Embryonic Axes of Quercus robur, D J Mycock, et al. 19: Loss of Viability in Rye Embryos at Different Levels of Hydration, I Boubriak, et al. 20: The Effect of Drying Rate on Recalcitrant Seeds, N W Pammenter, et al. 21: Conservation of Genetic Resources Naturally Occurring as Recalcitrant Seeds, P Berjak, et al. SECTION IV: GERMINATION 22: Gene Expression Prior to Radicle Emergence in Imbibed Tomato Seeds (Conference Lecture), K J Bradford, et al. 23: Characterization of Germination-Related Genes in Avena fatua Seeds, R Johnson 24: Cell Cycle Control During Maize Germination, J M Vázquez-Ramos 25: Recent Advances in ABA-Regulated Gene Expression in Cereal Seeds: Regulation by PKABA1 Protein Kinases, M K Walker-Simmons 26: Lettuce Endosperm Weakening: a Role for Endo-ß-Mannanase in Seed Germination at High Temperature, D J Cantiliffe, et al. 27: Effect of Free Mg2+ on the Kinetics of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase from Dry and Hydrated Maize Embryos, S Sánchez-Nieto, et al. 28: The Barley Scutellar Peptide Transporter: Relationship to Germination and Loss of Seed Viability, W M Waterworth, et al. 29: Molecular Cloning and Possible Role of an Asparaginyl Endopeptidase (REP-2) from Germinated Rice Seeds, H Kato et al. 30: Metabolism of Essential Oils During Inhibition of Wheat Seed Germination, N Dudai, et al. SECTION V: DORMANCY 30: Genetic Model for Dormancy in Wild Oat, M E Foley 31: Characterization and Expression of Two Protein Kinase and an EIN3-Like Genes in Dormant Fagus Seeds, O Lorenzo, et al. 32: Effects Of Fusicoccin and Gibberellic Acid on Germination and a-Amylase Expression in Barley Grains, R M van der Meulen, et al. 33: Smoke and Germination of Arable and Rangeland Weeds, S W Adkins, et al. SECTION VI: ECOLOGY 34: Intermittent Germination: Causes and Ecological Implications, P B Cavers, et al. 35: Seed Ecology at the Northern Limit of the Tropical Rain Forest in America, C Vázquez-Yanes, et al. 36: Genotypic and Phenotypic Germination Survival Strategies of Ecotypes and Species in the Negev Desert, Y Gutterman 37: Hydrothermal Time as a Tool in Comparative Germination Studies, P S Allen, et al. 38: Emergent Weedy Foxtail (Setaria spp) Seed Germinability Behaviour, J Dekker SECTION VII: APPLICATIONS OF SEED BIOLOGY 39: Biotechnological Applications of Seed Biology, D J Murphy 40: Manipulating Starch Quality in Seeds: a Genetic Approach, T L Wang, et al. 41: Identification of Germination-Specific Protein Markers and their Use in Seed Priming Technology, D Job, et al. 42: A Critical Assessment of the Role of Oligosaccharides on Intracellular Glass Stability, J Buitink et al. 43: Improvement of Tomato Seed Germination by Osmopriming as Related to Energy Metabolism, F Corbineau et al. 44: Bio-osmopriming Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Seeds for Improved Seedling Establishment, J E Warren et al. 45: Use of Threshold Germination Models Under Variable Field Conditions, W E Finch-Savage, et al.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an essential reference source covering the chemical elements that are nutrients for plants or grazing animals. It deals with the concentrations and transformations of these elements in soils, grassland plants, and ruminant animals, particularly cattle and sheep. For each element, the following data are given: forms occurring in soil, factors that affect availability and concentration, uptake and distribution in grassland plants, role in animal nutrition, amounts and forms excreted by grazing animals, and concentrations needed by ruminant animals.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Amounts, Sources and Availability of Nutrient Elements in Soils 3: Uptake and Concentrations of Nutrient Elements in Grassland Herbage 4: Nutrient Elements in Ruminant Animals 5: Nitrogen 6: Phosphorus 7: Sulphur 8: Macronutrient Cations: Potassium, Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium 9: Micronutrient Cations: Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Cobalt 10: The Nutrient Halogens: Chlorine and Iodine 11: Boron, Molybdenum and Selenium

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Book SynopsisThis book presents refereed and edited papers from the 6th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants, held in Scotland in August 2001. It covers a range of topics from plant biochemistry to toxic effects in animals (particularly grazing farmed animals) and humans. The contents include the evolution of antinutrients and toxins in plants, biomedical applications of toxins in plants, isolation, identification and effects of plant and fungal toxins and the effect of plant toxins on aversion to plants in animal diets.Table of Contents1: Evolution of Toxins and Anti-nutritional Factors in Plants with Special Emphasis on Leguminosae 2: Lack of Apparent Base Sequence Preference of Activated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Cross-links with DNA 3: Correlation of an Endophytic Fungus (Alternaria spp.) with the Presence of Swainsonine in Lambert Locoweed (Oxytropis lambertii) 4: Delphinium Alkaloid Toxicosis in Cattle from Switzerland 5: Toxicity of a Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid, Riddelliine, in Neonatal Pigs 6: Bacteria and Corynetoxin-like Toxins in Nematode Seed-galls in Festuca nigrescens from North America and New Zealand 7: Preliminary in vitro Studies of Cistus salvifolius Leaves in Relation to Metabolic Disorders in Sheep 8: Fusarochromanone and Wortmannin: Novel Fusarium Toxins 9: Improved Methods for the Extraction and Purification of Corynetoxins for Preparative or Analytical Purposes using Water Solublizing Additives 10: Nephrotic Syndrome in Cattle Caused by the Shrub Nolletia gariepina in the Kalahari Sandveld of Southern Africa 11: The Concentration of Steroidal Sapogenins in and the Degree of Fungal Infection on Narthecium ossifragum Plants in More and Romsdal County, Norway 12: Calcinosis in Ruminants due to Plant Poisoning: Contributions on the Pathogenesis 13: Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea Toxicity to Growing Goats: Clinical, Biochemical, Haematological and Pathological Alterations 14: Chemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Macrocyclic Diterpenoids Isolated from Euphorbia Species 15: Disposition of Swainsonine in Sheep Following Acute Oral Exposure 16: Stimulating Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on Lipid Peroxidation in the in vitro Model Systems 17: An Indirect Competitive ELISA for Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum 18: Victor King Chesnut (1867-1938), A Poisonous Plant Pioneer 19: Phomopsin Intoxication of the Rat Causes Prodigious Loss of Body Weight and Liver Weight 20: The Role of Condensed Tannins on the Rumen Degradation of Lotus pedunculatus 21: Cyclopiazonic Acid: Food Chain Contaminant? 22: Calystegines Isolated from Ipomoea spp. Possibly Associated with an Ataxia Syndrome in Cattle in North Western Australia 23: Spectrofluorometric Analysis of Phylloerythrin in Plasma and Skin from Sheep Suffering from Hepatogenous Photosensitization 24: Plants Toxic for Domestic Animals in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil 25: Occurrence of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Seeds and Seedlings of Idiospermum australiense, a Primitive Rainforest Angiosperm from Tropical Australia 26: Photosensitization in Cattle in Southern Brazil 27: Transformed Root Cultures of Solanum dulcamara and Production of Secondary Metabolites 28: Antibacterial Properties of Phytochemicals in Aromatic Plants in Poultry Diets 29: Microbial Metabolism of Tannins 30: Modulation of Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin Activity on Vero Cells by the Use of the Secondary Plant Compound Swainsonine 31: The Identification of Corynetoxin-like Tunicaminyluracil-glycolipids from Nematode Galls in Festuca nigrescens from North America and New Zealand 32: The Metabolism of Saponins from Yucca schidigera in Sheep 33: Ecological, Physiological and Behavioural Interactions between Marsupial Folivores and Eucalyptus Antifeedants 34: PCR Amplification for Detection of Synergistes jonesii, the Ruminal Bacterium that Degrades the Toxins of Leucaena leucocephala 35: Bracken Fern (genus Pteridium) Toxicity - A Global Problem 36: Histochemical Studies of Bracken Fern: Localization of Phenolic and Tannin Defences in Bracken Accessions along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Neotropics 37: Chronic Toxicity in Cattle due to Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken Fern) in Tarija Department, Bolivia: An Interdisciplinary Investigation 38: Ptaquiloside in Bracken and in Topsoil in 20 Danish Bracken Populations 39: Pathological Aspects of Cyanobacterial Toxicity 40: Effect of Senna occidentalis Seed in Laying Hens: Evaluation of the Toxicity and Egg Production 41: Intoxication by Crotalaria retusa in Ruminants and Equidae in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil 42: Pathology of Experimental Stemodia kingii Intoxication in the Mouse 43: A Procedure for the Estimation of the Daily Intake of Saponins from Pasture by Sheep 44: Exposure of Native Australian Parrots to Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids 45: Poisonous Sedges: The Galegine Content of Schoenus rigens at Various Growth Stages 46: Lupin Non-starch Polysaccharides and their Effects on Chickens 47: Lectin Histochemical Study of Lipopigments Present in the Cerebellum of Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum Intoxicated Cattle 48: Ipomoea carnea Induced Enhanced Macrophage Activity (Phagocytosis and Peroxide Production) in Immunocompetent Rats 49: Advanced Multidimensional NMR Experiments as Tools for Structure Determination of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids 50: Characterization of Steroidal Sapogenins in Panicum virgatum L. (Switchgrass) 51: Common Natural and Experimental Plant Intoxications in Animals Reported in Cuba 52: Intoxication by Prosopis juliflora Pods (Mesquite Beans) in Cattle and Goats in Northeastern Brazil 53: Screening Poisonous Plant Toxins for Cytotoxicity Using Bovine Embryos Produced by in vitro Fertilization Techniques 54: Growth of Bracken in Denmark and the Content of Ptaquiloside in Fronds, Rhizomes and Roots 55: Poisonous Plant Research: Biomedical Applications 56: Essential Amino Acids and Antimetabolites in the Seed Kernel of an Unconventional Legume, Gila Bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) 57: The Detection and Estimation of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Plants and Feeds using an ELISA 58: Monocrotaline Pyrrole Protein Targets in Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells 59: Analysis of Corynetoxins: A Comparative Study of an Indirect Competitive ELISA and HPLC 60: Pavetamine: an Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis in the Heart 61: Effects of the Mycotoxins Lolitrem B and Paxilline on Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Temperature in Sheep 62: Conditioned Feed Aversion as a Means of Preventing Sheep from Grazing Vermeerbos (Geigeria ornativa) 63: Prenatal Toxicity of Cyanide in Goats - a Model for Teratological Studies in Ruminants 64: The Clinical and Morphological Changes of Intermittent Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) Poisoning in Sheep 65: Biological Control of the Toxic Shrub Juniper 66: The Effect on Quail of Feed Contaminated with the Mycotoxin Aurofusarin 67: Effect of Tunicamycins on GlcNAc-1-P Transferase Activity in Rat Tissues and Toxic Effects during Pregnancy and Lactation 68: Experiences with the Quantitative Trace Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids using GCMS and LCMS 69: Perinatal Study of Senna occidentalis Intoxication in Rabbits 70: Fetal Effects of Maternal Ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon: Evaluation in Rats 71: A Survey of Venezuelan Plants Toxic to Livestock and their Potential as Anti-insect Materials 72: Dietary Butylated Hydroxytoluene Protects Against Aflatoxicosis in Turkeys 73: Mycotoxins in Agricultural Crops 74: Intoxication by Ramaria flavo-brunnescens in Domestic Animals 75: Natural Antioxidants and Mycotoxins: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications 76: Rumex obtusifolius: Its Costs and the Benefits of Control 77: Effect of Varying Trypsin Inhibitor Activity of Full Fat Soya on Nutritional Value for Broiler Chicks 78: The Bioactivity-guided Isolation and Structural Identification of Two Novel Toxic Steroidal Glucosides, Stemodiosides B3 and B4 from Stemodia kingii 79: The Effect of Pattern of Feeding on the Development of Food Preferences in Goats in Response to Positive and Negative Post-ingestive Consequences 80: Conditioned Feed Aversion as a Means of Preventing Intake of Yellow-tulp (Homeria pallida) by Livestock 81: Plant-associated Diseases, Either New or New to the State, Encountered Over the Last Decade (1991-2001) in Western Australia 82: Steroidal Sapogenins and Saponins in Narthecium ossifragum from Scotland 83: Transfer of Cyanide and its Main Metabolite Thiocyanate in Milk: Study of Cyanogenic Plants Ingestion during Lactation in Goats 84: The Effect of Feeding Broilers Tall Fescue Grass (Festuca arundinacea) Seeds Containing the Endophyte Toxin Ergovaline on Ascites Syndrome Morbidity 85: Bovine Enzootic Haematuria on São Miguel Island - Azores 86: Toxicophenology and Grazing Risk Models of Tall Larkspur

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides an overview of the current successes as well as pitfalls and caveats that are hindering the design of membrane proteins. Divided into six parts, chapters detail membrane transporter, FoldX force field, protein stability, G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) structures, transmembrane helices, membrane molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, pH-dependent protonation states, membrane permeability, and passive transport. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge,  Computational Design of Membrane Proteins aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.Chapter 4 is available open access under a Creative Commons AttrTable of ContentsPART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Guardians of the Cell: State-of-the-Art of Membrane Proteins from a Computational Point-of-View Nícia Rosário-Ferreira, Catarina Marques-Pereira, Raquel P. Gouveia, Joana Mourão, and Irina S. Moreira PART II METHODS IN SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2 Integrating Membrane Transporter Proteins into Droplet Interface Bilayers Heather E. Findlay, Nicola J. Harris, and Paula J. Booth 3 Membrane Protein Engineering with Rosetta Rebecca F. Alford and Jeffrey J. Gray 4 Engineering of Biological Pathways: Complex Formation and Signal Transduction Philipp Junk and Christina Kiel PART III STRUCTURE PREDICTION AND OLIGOMERIZATION 5 Homology Modeling of Class a G-protein-coupled Receptors in the Age of the Structure Boom Asma Tiss, Rym Ben Boubaker, Daniel Henrion, Hajer Guissouma, and Marie Chabbert 6 Interface Prediction for GPCR Oligomerization between Transmembrane Helices Wataru Nemoto and Akira Saito 7 Memdock: An α-Helical Membrane Protein Docking Algorithm Naama Hurwitz and Haim J. Wolfson PART IV COARSE-GRAINED AND ATOMISTIC MD SIMULATIONS 8 Identification and Characterization of specific Protein-Lipid Interactions using Molecular Simulation Robin A. Corey, Mark S. P. Sansom, and Phillip J. Stansfeld 9 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Lipid-modified Signaling Proteins Vinay Nair and Alemayehu A. Gorfe 10 In silico Prediction of the Binding, Folding, Insertion, and Overall Stability of Membrane-Active Peptides Nicolas Frazee, Violeta Burns, Chitrak Gupta, and Blake Mertz PART V PH AND POLARIZATION EFFECTS 11 pKa Calculations in Membrane Proteins from Molecular Dynamics Simulations Nuno F. B. Oliveira, Tomás F. D. Silva, Pedro B. P. S. Reis, and Miguel Machuqueiro 12 Poor person’s pH Simulation of Membrane Proteins Chitrak Gupta, Umesh Khaniya, John W. Vant, Mrinal Shekhar, Junjun Mao, M. R. Gunner, and Abhishek Singharoy 13 Preparing and Analyzing Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Classical Drude Oscillator Model Justin Lemkul PART VI MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND TRANSPORT 14 In silico Prediction of Permeability Coefficients Ricardo J. Ferreira 15 Identification of Pan Assay INterference compoundS (PAINS) using an MD-Based Protocol Pedro R. Magalhães, Pedro B. P. S. Reis, Diogo Vila-Viçosa, Miguel Machuqueiro, and Bruno Victor 16 Transmembrane Anion Transport Mediated by Halogen Bonds: using Off-Center Charges Paulo J. Costa

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Book SynopsisThis volume covers all methods used to discover the composition, structure, and dynamics of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), as well as the soluble transport factors involved in the transport process.Table of ContentsPart I: The Nuclear Pore Complex and Nucleoporins 1. Affinity Isolation of Endogenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nuclear Pore Complexes Ilona Nudelman, Javier Fernandez-Martinez, and Michael P. Rout 2. Transformation of Chaetomium thermophilum and affinity-purification of native thermostable protein complexes Nikola Kellner and Ed Hurt 3. Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly using Xenopus Egg Extract Guillaume Holzer and Wolfram Antonin Part II: Nucleo-cytoplasmic Passage 4. Analysis of Nuclear Pore Complex Permeability in Mammalian Cells and Isolated Nuclei Using Fluorescent Dextrans Marcela Raices and Maximiliano A. D’Angelo 5. Hormone-inducible Transport Reporter Assay to Study Nuclear Import Defects in Neurodegenerative Diseases Saskia Hutten and Dorothee Dormann 6. Subcellular Fractionation Suitable for Studies of RNA and Protein Trafficking Biljana Culjkovic-Kraljacic and Katherine L.B. Borden 7. Localising Total mRNA in Plant Cells Geraint Parry 8. Using Single Molecule RNA FISH to Determine Nuclear Export and Transcription Phenotypes in Drosophila Tissues Jennifer R. Aleman, Shawn C. Little, and Maya Capelson Part III: Functional Analysis of Nucleoporins 9. Analysis of Nucleoporin Function using Inducible Degron Techniques Vasilisa Aksenova, Alexei Arnaoutov, and Mary Dasso 10. Monitoring of Chromatin Organization at the Nuclear Pore Complex, Inner Nuclear Membrane and Nuclear Interior in Live Cells by Fluorescence Ratiometric Imaging of Chromatin (FRIC) Frida Niss, Cecilia Bergqvist, Anna-Lena Ström, and Einar Hallberg 11. Analysis of Nuclear Pore Complexes in Caenorhabditis elegans by Live Imaging and Functional Genomic Patricia de la Cruz Ruiz, Raquel Romero-Bueno, and Peter Askjaer 12. Protein Retargeting in Aspergillus nidulans to Study the Function of Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins Subbulakshmi Suresh and Stephen A. Osmani Part IV: Protein-Protein Interactions 13. Split-GFP Complementation to Study the Nuclear Membrane Proteome using Microscopy. Shary N. Shelton, Sarah E. Smith, and Sue L. Jaspersen 14. Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: Quantitative Analysis of In Cell Interaction of Nuclear Transporter Importin a with Cargo Proteins Alexander Lee, Marie A. Bogoyevitch and David A. Jans 15. Validation of Nuclear Pore Complex Protein-Protein Interactions by Transient Expression in Plants Fumika Ikeda and Kentaro Tamura 16. Binding affinity measurement of Nuclear Export Signal peptides to their exporter CRM1. Ho Yee Joyce Fung, and Yuh Min Chook Part V: Post Translational Modifications 17. Analysis of Ubiquitylation and SUMOylation of Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins Catherine Dargemont 18. Purification of Cdk-CyclinB-Kinase-Targeted Phosphopeptides from Nuclear Envelope Justin D. Blethrow, Amanda L. DiGuilio, and Joseph S. Glavy Part VI: Biophysical Methods 19. Crystallization of Nuclear Export Signals or Small Molecule Inhibitors Bound to Nuclear Exporter CRM1 Yee Joyce Fung and Yuh Min Chook 20. Atomic Force Microscopy for Structural and Biophysical Investigations on Nuclear Pore Complexes Ivan Liashkovich, Gonzalo Rosso, and Victor Shahin 21. Multivalent Interactions with Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance Larisa E. Kapinos and Roderick Y. H. Lim 22. Assembly and Use of a Microfluidic Device to Study Nuclear Mechanobiology during Confined Migration Richa Agrawal, Aaron Windsor, and Jan Lammerding Part VII: Imaging NPCs and Transport 23. SPEED Microscopy: High-Speed Single-Molecule Tracking and Mapping of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Steven J. Schnell, Mark Tingey, and Weidong Yang 24. Imaging Fluorescent Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins in C. elegans Courtney Lancaster, Giulia Zavagno, James Groombridge, Adelaide Raimundo, David Weinkove, Tim Hawkins, Joanne Robson and Martin W. Goldberg 25. Visualizing Nuclear Pore Complexes in Xenopus Egg Extracts Sampada Mishra and Daniel L. Levy 26. TEM Imaging of Membrane Choreography During Mitosis of Drosophila Tissue Culture Cells Anton Strunov, Lidiya V. Boldyreva, Alexey V. Pindyurin, Maurizio Gatti, and Elena Kiseleva 27. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Immuno-SEM of Nuclear Pore Complexes from Amphibian Oocytes, Mammalian Cell Cultures, Yeast and Plants Martin W. Goldberg and Jindřiška Fišerová 28. NPC Structure in Model Organisms: Transmission Electron Microscopy and Immuno-gold Labelling using High Pressure Freezing/Freeze Substitution of Yeast, Worms and Plants A. Christine Richardson, Jindřiška Fišerová, and Martin W. Goldberg 29. High Resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Nuclear Pore Complexes Boris Fichtman, Saroj G. Regmi, Mary Dasso, and Amnon Harel 30. Live CLEM imaging of Tetrahymena to Analyze the Dynamic Behavior of the Nuclear Pore Complex Tokuko Haraguchi, Hiroko Osakada, and Masaaki Iwamoto 31. Visualizing Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly In Situ in Human Cells at Nanometer Resolution by Correlating Live Imaging with Electron Microscopy Helena Bragulat-Teixidor, M. Julius Hossain, and Shotaro Otsuka

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Book SynopsisThis detailed volume explores protocols for the production of membrane proteins in a panel of heterologous organisms for structural studies. Beginning with techniques using E. coli as a host for the overproduction and purification of membrane proteins, the book continues with chapters covering mammalian membrane protein production in yeast, insect cells, mammalian cells, as well as using virus like particles and acellular systems. Additionally, new detergents and alternatives to detergents allowing membrane protein purification for structural analyses are described. The book closes with a chapter exploring the use of microscale thermophoresis (MST) to evaluate the binding activity of heterologously expressed proteins directly in crude membrane extracts. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratoryTable of Contents1. Solubilization and Purification of a5b1 Integrin from Rat Liver for Reconstitution into Nanodiscs Estelle Dransart, Aurélie Di Cicco, Ahmed El Marjou, Daniel Lévy, Staffan Johansson, Ludger Johannes, and Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah 2. Membrane Proteins Production in Escherichia coli: Protocols and Rules Jordi Royes, Pauline Talbot, Christel Le Bon, Karine Moncoq, Marc Uzan, Francesca Zito, and Bruno Miroux 3. Functional Overexpression of Membrane Proteins in E. coli: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Margot Di Cesare, Aissatou Maty Diagne, Benjamin Bourgey, Jean-Michel Jault, and Cédric Orelle 4. Heterologous Expression of Membrane Proteins in E. coli Peer Depping, María Monserrat Román Lara, Athanasios Kesidis, Roslyn M. Bill, Alice J. Rothnie, Douglas F. Browning, and Alan D. Goddard 5. Overexpression of the ABC Transporter BmrA within Intracellular Caveolæ in Escherichia coli Alexia Gobet, Christine Jaxel, Sandrine Magnard, Manuel Garrigos, Stéphane Orlowski, Nadège Jamin, Pierre Falson, and Vincent Chaptal 6. Production of Membrane Proteins in Pseudomonas stutzeri Hao Xie, Cornelia Muenke, Manuel Sommer, Sabine Buschmann, and Hartmut Michel 7. Overproduction of Membrane-Associated, and Integrated, Proteins Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Landon Haslem, Marina Brown, Xin A. Zhang, Jennifer M. Hays, and Franklin A. Hays 8. Purification of Membrane Proteins Overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Landon Haslem, Marina Brown, Xin A. Zhang, Jennifer M. Hays, and Franklin A. Hays 9. Production and Purification of a GFP-Tagged ABC Transporter CaCdr1p Jorgaq Pata, Alexis Moreno, Sandrine Magnard, Atanu Banerjee, Rajendra Prasad, and Pierre Falson 10. Membrane Protein Production in the Yeast, P. pastoris Hoor Ayub, Michelle Clare, Luke Broadbent, John Simms, Alan D. Goddard, Alice J. Rothnie, and Roslyn M. Bill 11. Production and Preparation of Isotopically-Labelled Human Membrane Proteins in Pichia pastoris for Fast-MAS-NMR Analyses Lina Barret, Tobias Schubeis, Valérie Kugler, Lucile Guyot, Guido Pintacuda, and Renaud Wagner 12. Membrane Protein Production in Insect Cells Afroditi Vaitsopoulou, Peer Depping, Roslyn M. Bill, Alan D. Goddard, and Alice J. Rothnie 13. Thromboxane A2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Production and Crystallization for Structure Studies Pawel Krawinski and Martin Caffrey 14. Production of Human ABC Transporters and Oligosaccharyltransferase Complexes for Structural Studies Ana S. Ramírez, Kamil Nosol, and Kaspar P. Locher 15. The Heterologous Expression and Purification of GPCRs Xiaoting Li, Ling Shen, Junlin Liu, Xiaoyan Liu, Zhi-Jie Liu, and Tian Hua 16. Expression and Purification of the Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Lukas Helfinger and Christopher G. Tate 17. Optimization of Recombinant GPCR Proteins for Biophysical and Structural Studies Using Virus-Like Particles Kathleen Aertgeerts, Thao T. Ho, and Yingzhou G. Yan 18. Peptide Tags and Domains for Expression and Detection of Mammalian Membrane Proteins at the Cell Surface Valeria Jaramillo-Martinez, Vadivel Ganapathy, and Ina L. Urbatsch 19. Tailor the Purification and Analysis of Membrane Proteins with Modular Detergents Leonhard H. Urner 20. Detergent Alternatives: Membrane Protein Purification Using Synthetic Nanodisc Polymers Valentina S. Dimitrova, Saemee Song, Alexandra Karagiaridi, Anika Marand, and Heather W. Pinkett 21. Detergent-Free Membrane Protein Purification Using SMA Polymer Luke Broadbent, Peer Depping, Alexis Lodé, Afroditi Vaitsopoulou, David Hardy, Hoor Ayub, James Mitchell-White, Ian D. Kerr, Alan D. Goddard, Roslyn M. Bill, and Alice J. Rothnie 22. Cell-Free Expression of GPCRs into Nanomembranes for Functional and Structural Studies Simon Umbach, Volker Dötsch, and Frank Bernhard 23. Cell-Free Expression of Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter in the Presence of Nanodiscs Hoa Quynh Do and Michaela Jansen 24. Microscale Thermophoresis to Evaluate the Functionality of Heterologously Overexpressed Membrane Proteins in Membrane Preparations Sandra Kovachka, Pierre Soule, and Isabelle Mus-Veteau

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Book SynopsisThis detailed volume explores newly-developed methods in PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) research, methods currently applied to other ncRNAs involved in nuclear regulation which can be used to study piRNAs, and piRNA methods applied in non-classical organisms. It also includes several bioinformatic and biophysical methods related to piRNA studies, consistent with the increasing importance of high-throughput sequencing and computational methods. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, piRNA: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers seeking to elucidate the numerous mysteries of this area of multicellular biology.Table of ContentsPart I: Methods to Study the Nature and Function of piRNAs in Non-Classical Organisms 1. Functional Analysis of Individual piRNAs in Aedes aegypti Cells and Embryos Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Rebecca Halbach and Pascal Miesen 2. CRISPR-Mediated Genome Engineering in Aedes aegypti Ruichen Sun, Ming Li, Conor J. McMeniman, and Omar S. Akbari 3. PIWI-Directed DNA Elimination for Tetrahymena Genetics Salman Shehzada and Kazufumi Mochizuki 4. Planarian PIWI-piRNA Interaction Analysis Using Immunoprecipitation and piRNA-Sequencing Makoto Kashima, Atsumi Miyata, and Norito Shibata 5. Isolation and Processing of Bovine Oocytes for Small RNA Sequencing Minjie Tan, Helena T.A. van Tol, and Elke F. Roovers 6. 3D Imaging and In Situ Hybridization for Uncovering the Functions of MicroRNA in Rice Anther Koji Koizumi and Reina Komiya Part II: Methods to Study Roles of piRNAs in Classic Model Organisms 7. Cloning, Sequencing, and Linkage Analysis of piRNAs Rippei Hayashi 8. Drosophila Genetic Resources for Elucidating piRNA Pathway Kuniaki Saito 9. Generation of Stable Drosophila Ovarian Somatic Cell Lines Using the piggyBac System Chikara Takeuchi, Kensaku Murano, Mitsuru Ishikawa, Hideyuki Okano, and Yuka W. Iwasaki Part III: Methods to Study Nuclear Regulation by Other Non-Coding RNAs 10. Whole Mount RNA FISH Combined with Immunofluorescence for Analysis of the Telomeric Ribonucleoproteins in the Drosophila Germline Valeriya Morgunova, Maria M. Sukhova, and Alla Kalmykova 11. CRISPR-Mediated Activation of Transposable Elements in Embryonic Stem Cells Akihiko Sakashita, Masaru Ariura, and Satoshi H. Namekawa 12. Method for Evaluating Effects of Non-Coding RNAs on Nucleosome Stability Mariko Dacher, Risa Fujita, Tomoya Kujirai, and Hitoshi Kurumizaka 13. Revisiting the Glass Treatment for Single Molecule Analysis of ncRNA Function Shuting Shen, Masahiro Naganuma, Yukihide Tomari, and Hisashi Tadakuma 14. Low Input Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis with Minimal Library Amplification Wan Kin Au Yeung and Hiroyuki Sasaki 15. Solid-Support Directional (SSD) RNA-Seq as a Companion Method to CLIP-Seq Abd-El Monsif Shawky, Mahmoud Dondeti, Zissimos Mourelatos, and Anastasios Vourekas 16. UPA-Seq-Based Search Method for Functional lncRNA Candidates Saori Yokoi and Shinichi Nakagawa 17. Large-Scale Analysis of RNA-Protein Interactions for Functional RNA Motif Discovery Using FOREST Emi Miyashita, Kaoru R. Komatsu, and Hirohide Saito Part IV: Bioinformatic and Biophysical Methods to Study Non-Coding RNAs 18. Computational Methods for the Discovery and Annotation of Viral Integrations Umberto Palatini, Elisa Pischedda, and Mariangela Bonizzoni 19. Bioinformatics Approaches for Determining the Functional Impact of Repetitive Elements on Non-Coding RNAs Chao Zeng, Atsushi Takeda, Kotaro Sekine, Naoki Osato, Tsukasa Fukunaga, and Michiaki Hamada 20. Extending and Running the Mosquito Small RNA Genomics Resource Pipeline Gargi Dayama, Katia Bulekova, and Nelson C. Lau 21. Preparation of Non-Overlapping Transposable Elements (TE) Annotation by Interval Tree Shohei Kojima 22. Statistical Thermodynamics Approach for Intracellular Phase Separation Tomohiro Yamazaki and Tetsuya Yamamoto

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Book SynopsisThis collection explores the latest advances in riboregulators, such as RNA-only systems and ribonucleoprotein systems, and provides detailed techniques to study, evolve, and design them. Beginning with a set of chapters focused on the design and application of small RNA (sRNA) regulator systems, the book continues with sections on techniques to create switchable riboregulator systems known as riboswitches, technologies that leverage RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas systems to edit the epigenome, control gene expression, and create diagnostics, as well as computational and experimental techniques to investigate the sequence-structure-function relationship of RNA systems that can both advance fundamental understanding and rational design of riboregulators. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and Table of Contents1. RNP-Based Control Systems for Genetic Circuits in Synthetic Biology Beyond CRISPR Trevor. R Simmons, Andrew D. Ellington, and Lydia M. Contreras 2. Computational Design of RNA Toehold-Mediated Translation Activators Kaiyue Wu, Zhaoqing Yan, and Alexander A. Green 3. Design of RNA-Based Translational Repressors Seongho Hong, Dongwon Park, Soma Chaudhary, Griffin McCutcheon, Alexander A. Green, and Jongmin Kim 4. Design of Ribocomputing Devices for Complex Cellular Logic Griffin McCutcheon, Soma Chaudhary, Seongho Hong, Dongwon Park, Jongmin Kim, and Alexander A. Green 5. Computational Design of Small Transcription Activating RNAs (STARs) Baiyang Liu and James Chappell 6. Design and Assembly of Multi-Level Transcriptional and Translational Regulators for Stringent Control of Gene Expression F. Veronica Greco, Thea Irvine, Claire S. Grierson, and Thomas E. Gorochowski 7. Model-Based Design of Synthetic Antisense RNA for Predictable Gene Repression Tae Seok Moon 8. Design of a Toolbox of RNA Thermometers Shaunak Sen, Abhilash Patel, and Krishan Kumar Gola 9. Development of Synthetic Riboswitches to Guide the Evolution of Metabolite Production in Microorganisms Minsun Kim, Sungho Jang, and Gyoo Yeol Jung 10. Efficient Method to Identify Synthetic Riboswitches Using RNA-Based Capture-SELEX Combined with In Vivo Screening Janice Kramat and Beatrix Suess 11. RNA Design Principles for Riboswitches that Regulate RNase P-Mediated tRNA Processing Anna Ender, Peter Stadler, Mario Mörl, and Sven Findeiß 12. Design, Characterization, and Application of Targeted Gene Activation in Bacteria Using a Modular CRISPRa System Maria Claudia Villegas Kcam and James Chappell 13. Reprogramming TracrRNAs for In Vitro RNA Detection and In Vivo Transcriptional Recording Chunlei Jiao and Chase L. Beisel 14. Harnessing CRISPR-Cas9 for Epigenetic Engineering Rosa S. Guerra-Resendez and Isaac B. Hilton 15. RNA Structure Prediction, Analysis, and Design: An Introduction to Web-Based Tools Raphael Angelo I. Zambrano, Carmen Hernandez-Perez, and Melissa K. Takahashi 16. Single-Molecule FRET Studies of RNA Structural Rearrangements and RNA-RNA Interactions Ewelina M. Małecka, Boyang Hua, and Sarah A. Woodson 17. Cotranscriptional RNA Chemical Probing Courtney E. Szyjka and Eric J. Strobel

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Book SynopsisThis third edition provides new and updated chapters detailing preparation of liposomes, physicochemical characterization of liposomes, lipid analysis, drug encapsulation, surface modification, stimuli response as well as cellular interaction, and biodistribution.  Also included is an updated chapter on the history and evolution of the field of liposomology. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Liposomes: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition aims to serve as a reference for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers as well as established investigators utilizing lipid-based systems.Table of Contents1. From olive oil emulsions to COVID-19 Vaccines - Liposomes Came First Volkmar Weissig 2 Preparation of DRV liposomes Sophia G. Antimisiaris 3 Preparation of small unilamellar vesicles using detergent dialysis method Qingyue Zhong and Hongwei Zhang 4 Thin-film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation Hongwei Zhang 5 Ethanol injection method for liposome preparation Guangsheng Du and Xun Sun 6 Preparation of giant vesicles with mixed single-tail and double-tail lipids Lauren A Lowe and Anna Wang 7 Scalable Liposome Synthesis by High Aspect Ratio Microfluidic Flow Focusing Jung Yeon Han, Zhu Chen, and Don L. DeVoe 8 Preparation of doxorubicin liposomes by remote loading method Jian Chen 9 Magnetic thermosensitive liposomes loaded with Doxorubicin Mohamad Alawak, Alice Abu Dayyih, Ibrahim Awak, Bernd Gutberlet, Konrad Engelhardt, and Udo Bakowsky 10 Preparation and physical characterization of DNA binding cationic liposomes Vaibhav Saxena 11 Tunable pH sensitive lipoplexes Helene Dhotel, Michel Bessodes and Nathalie Mignet 12 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Wei-Chung Luo and Xiuling Lu 13 Stable Discoidal Bicelles – Formulation, Characterization and Functions Ying Liu, Yan Xia, Armin Tahmasbi Rad, Wafa Aresh, Justin M. Fang, and Mu-Ping Nieh 14 The post-insertion method for the preparation of PEGylated liposomes Sherif E. Emam, Nehal E. Elsadek, Taro Shimizua, and Tatsuhiro Ishidaa 15 Click chemistry for liposome surface modification Maria Vittoria Spanedda, Marcella De Giorgi, Béatrice Heurtault, Antoine Kichler, Line Bourel-Bonnet and Benoît Frisch 16 Surface Modification of Liposomes Using Folic Acid Mengran Guo, Zhongshan He, Xi He and Xiangrong Song 17 Preparation and Characterization of Trastuzumab Fab conjugated liposomes (immunoliposomes) Yuhong Xu 18 Pyrophosphorylated cholesterol modified bone-targeting liposomes formulation procedure Yanzhi Liu, Zhenshan Jia, Luoyang Ma, and Dong Wang 19 Method of simultaneous analysis of liposome components using HPTLC/FID Sophia Hatziantoniou and Costas Demetzos 20 HPLC-MS/MS Method for Identification and Quantification of Lipids in Liposomes Yujie Shi and Xiaona Li 21 DPH probe method for liposome-membrane fluidity determination Wei He 22 Imaging of Liposomes by Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy Anand S. Ubhe 23 Visualization and characterization of liposomes by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Konrad Engelhardt, Eduard Preis and Udo Bakowsky 24 Determination of the sub-cellular distribution of fluorescently labeled liposomes using confocal microscopy Melani A. Solomon 25 Liposome biodistribution via europium complexes Nathalie Mignet and Daniel Scherman 26 Quantification of a fluorescent lipid DOPE-NBD by an HPLC method in biological tissue: application to study liposome’s uptake by human placenta Louise Fliedel, Nathalie Mignet, Thierry Fournier, Karine Andrieux, and Khair Alhareth

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Table of ContentsPart I: Measurement of Carbohydrate Modification 1. A low-volume, parallel copper-bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for glycoside hydrolases Gregory Arnal, Mohamed A. Attia, Jathavan Asohan, Zhenhuan Lei, Benedikt Golisch, and Harry Brumer 2. Measuring enzyme kinetics of glycoside hydrolases using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay He Li and Lauren S. McKee 3. Analyzing activities of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry Bjørge Westereng, Magnus Ø. Arntzen, Heidi Østby, Jane Wittrup Agger, Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, and Vincent G.H. Eijsink 4. Carbohydrate depolymerization by intricate cellulosomal systems Sarah Moraïs, Johanna Stern, Lior Artzi, Carlos M.G.A. Fontes, Edward A Bayer, and Itzhak Mizrahi 5. Biomechanical weakening of paper and plant cell walls by bacterial expansins Daniel J. Cosgrove, Nathan K. Hepler, Edward R. Wagner, and Daniel M. Durachko Part II: Quantitation of Carbohydrate Binding 6. Affinity Electrophoresis for Analysis of Catalytic Module-Carbohydrate Interactions Darrell W Cockburn, Casper Wilkens, and Birte Svensson 7. Quantifying CBM carbohydrate interactions using microscale thermophoresis Haiyang Wu, Cédric Y. Montanier, and Claire Dumon 8. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein-carbohydrate interactions by NMR spectroscopy Julie M. Grondin, David N. Langelaan, and Steven P. Smith 9. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for quantification of protein-carbohydrate interactions Haley A. Brown and Nicole M. Koropatkin 10. Surface plasmon resonance analysis for quantifying protein-carbohydrate interactions Marie Sofie Møller, Darrell Cockburn, and Casper Wilkens 11. Bioinspired polymer assemblies of plant cell walls for measuring protein-carbohydrate interactions by FRAP Berangère Lebas and Gabriel Paës 12. CBMs as probes to explore plant cell wall heterogeneity using immunocytochemistry Louise Badruna, Vincent Burlat, and Cédric Y. Montanier 13. Flow Cytometry-based Detection of Siglec Ligands Edward N. Schmidt, Jaesoo Jung, and Matthew S. Macauley Part III: Purification and visualization of carbohydrates 14. Extraction and Verification of Mouse and Human Mucins from Tissue and Fecal Material Mackenzie Melvin, Noah Fancy, Darrek Kniffen, and Kirk Bergstrom 15. Analysis of complex carbohydrate composition in plant cell wall using Fourier transformed mid-infrared spectroscopy Ajay Badhan, Yuxi Wang, and Tim A. McAllister 16. Separation and Visualisation of Glycans by Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis Mélissa Robb, Joanne K. Hobbs, and Alisdair B. Boraston 17. A rapid protocol for preparing 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate-labelled glycans for capillary electrophoresis-based enzyme assays Jolene M. Garber, Osei B. Fordwour, and Wesley F. Zandberg 18. Visualization of Carbohydrate Uptake using Fluorescent Polysaccharides Greta Reintjes, Leeann Klassen, and D. Wade Abbott Part IV: Computational methods for studying protein-carbohydrate interactions 19. Long-read Metagenomics and CAZyme discovery A. Ferrillo, C.M. Kobel, A.Vera-Ponce de León, S.Leanti La Rosa, B.J. Kunath, P.B. Pope, and L.H. Hagen 20. Identification of genes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose using comparative transcriptomics Gruninger R.J., Tsang A., and McAllister T.A. 21. Isolation and preparation of extracellular proteins from lignocellulose degrading fungi for comparative proteomic studies using mass spectrometry Gruninger R.J., Tsang A., and McAllister T.A.

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Book SynopsisAnalytical techniques.- Microscopy.- Single molecule techniques.- Preparation of cells and tissues for microscopy.- Principles of optical spectroscopy.- Photometry.- Fluorimetry.- Chemiluminescence.- Electrophoresis.- Immunological methods.- Isotope techniques.- Purification of proteins.- Homogenisation and fractionisation of cells and tissues.- Isolation of organelles.- Precipitation methods.- Chromatography.- Membrane proteins.- Determination of protein concentration.- Cell culture.- Protein modification and inactivation.- General technical remarks.- Amine-reactive reagents.- Thiol- and disulphide reactive reagents.- Reagents for other groups.- Cross-linkers.- Detection methods.- Spontaneous reactions in proteins.- Protein size and shape.- Centrifugation.- Osmotic pressure.- Diffusion.- Viscosity.- Non-resonant interactions with electromagnetic waves.- Protein structure.- Protein sequencing.- Synthesis of peptides.- Protein secondary structure.- Structure of protein-ligand complex

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Book SynopsisFOXO Transcription Factors: A Brief Overview.- Phosphorylation of FOXO Proteins as a Key Mechanism to Regulate Their Activity.- Identification of DAF-16/FOXO Binding Partners in Caenorhabditis elegans by Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry.- Measuring FOXO Activity by Using qPCR-Based Expression Analysis of FOXO Target Genes.-   Reporter Gene Assays to Measure FOXO-Specific Transcriptional Activity.- Functional Motif Discovery in FOXO1 through CRISPR/Cas9 Exon Tiling Scan.- Cardiomyocyte-Specific FoxO1 Knockout Mice as Tools to Assess Cardiac Hypertrophy and Key Experimental Considerations using Cre-loxP.- Methods to Study Structure and Dynamics of FOXO Proteins.- Fluorescence Polarization Method to Assess the FOXO Phosphopeptide Interaction with 14-3-3.- Characterization of FOXO3-14-3-3 Interaction by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry.- Identification of Small-Molecule Modulators of FOXO3 through Virtual Screening.- Me

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Book SynopsisA Transgenic Method to Measure Mitotic Exit in Drosophila Embryos.- Generation of Cdc20 RNAi-Sensitive Cell Lines to Study Mitotic Exit.- Overexpression of GFP Fusions of Regulators of the SAC from Arabidopsis thaliana.- Production of SAC Proteins in a Baculovirus-Based Heterologous Gene Expression System.- Quantitative Live-Cell Imaging to Study Chromatin Segregation and Nuclear Reformation.- Determination of Anaphase Duration by Time-Lapse Microscopy in Budding Yeast.- Visualizing Cartwheel Disassembly Process During Mitosis in Fixed and Live Cells by Fluorescence Microscope.- FRET-FLIM for the Study of Protein-Protein Interactions Underpinning Mitosis Checkpoints.- Using FRET to Define Cdk1-Dependent Ordering of Events during Exit from Second Meiotic M-Phase in Oocytes.- Time-Lapse Imaging to Analyze Cell Fate in Response to Antimitotics.- The Role of Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) O-GlcNAcylation in Mitosis.- Luciferase-Based

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Book SynopsisSets the stage for the design and application of new protein cages Featuring contributions from a team of international experts in the coordination chemistry of biological systems, this book enables readers to understand and take advantage of the fascinating internal molecular environment of protein cages. With the aid of modern organic and polymer techniques, the authors explain step by step how to design and construct a variety of protein cages. Moreover, the authors describe current applications of protein cages, setting the foundation for the development of new applications in biology, nanotechnology, synthetic chemistry, and other disciplines. Based on a thorough review of the literature as well as the authors'' own laboratory experience, Coordination Chemistry in Protein Cages Sets forth the principles of coordination reactions in natural protein cages Details the fundamental design of coordination sites of small artificial metTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Contributors xvii PART I COORDINATION CHEMISTRY IN NATIVE PROTEIN CAGES 1 The Chemistry of Nature’s Iron Biominerals in Ferritin Protein Nanocages 3 Elizabeth C. Theil and Rabindra K. Behera 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Ferritin Ion Channels and Ion Entry 6 1.2.1 Maxi- and Mini-Ferritin 6 1.2.2 Iron Entry 7 1.3 Ferritin Catalysis 8 1.3.1 Spectroscopic Characterization of -1,2 Peroxodiferric Intermediate (DFP) 8 1.3.2 Kinetics of DFP Formation and Decay 12 1.4 Protein-Based Ferritin Mineral Nucleation and Mineral Growth 13 1.5 Iron Exit 16 1.6 Synthetic Uses of Ferritin Protein Nanocages 17 1.6.1 Nanomaterials Synthesized in Ferritins 18 1.6.2 Ferritin Protein Cages in Metalloorganic Catalysis and Nanoelectronics 19 1.6.3 Imaging and Drug Delivery Agents Produced in Ferritins 19 1.7 Summary and Perspectives 20 Acknowledgments 20 References 21 2 Molecular Metal Oxides in Protein Cages/Cavities 25 Achim M¨uller and Dieter Rehder 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Vanadium: Functional Oligovanadates and Storage of VO2+ in Vanabins 26 2.3 Molybdenum and Tungsten: Nucleation Process in a Protein Cavity 28 2.4 Manganese in Photosystem II 33 2.5 Iron: Ferritins, DPS Proteins, Frataxins, and Magnetite 35 2.6 Some General Remarks: Oxides and Sulfides 38 References 38 PART II DESIGN OF METALLOPROTEIN CAGES 3 De Novo Design of Protein Cages to Accommodate Metal Cofactors 45 Flavia Nastri, Rosa Bruni, Ornella Maglio, and Angela Lombardi 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Mononuclear Metal Cofactors 47 3.3 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Dinuclear Metal Cofactors 59 3.4 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Heme Cofactor 66 3.5 Summary and Perspectives 79 Acknowledgments 79 References 80 4 Generation of Functionalized Biomolecules Using Hemoprotein Matrices with Small Protein Cavities for Incorporation of Cofactors 87 Takashi Hayashi 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Hemoprotein Reconstitution with an Artificial Metal Complex 89 4.3 Modulation of the O2 Affinity of Myoglobin 90 4.4 Conversion of Myoglobin into Peroxidase 95 4.4.1 Construction of a Substrate-Binding Site Near the Heme Pocket 95 4.4.2 Replacement of Native Heme with Iron Porphyrinoid in Myoglobin 99 4.4.3 Other Systems Used in Enhancement of Peroxidase Activity of Myoglobin 100 4.5 Modulation of Peroxidase Activity of HRP 102 4.6 Myoglobin Reconstituted with a Schiff Base Metal Complex 103 4.7 A Reductase Model Using Reconstituted Myoglobin 106 4.7.1 Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Cobalt Myoglobin 106 4.7.2 A Model of Hydrogenase Using the Heme Pocket of Cytochrome c 107 4.8 Summary and Perspectives 108 Acknowledgments 108 References 108 5 Rational Design of Protein Cages for Alternative Enzymatic Functions 111 Nicholas M. Marshall, Kyle D. Miner, Tiffany D. Wilson, and Yi Lu 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Mononuclear Electron Transfer Cupredoxin Proteins 112 5.3 CuA Proteins 116 5.4 Catalytic Copper Proteins 118 5.4.1 Type 2 Red Copper Sites 118 5.4.2 Other T2 Copper Sites 120 5.4.3 Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase 121 5.4.4 Multicopper Oxygenases and Oxidases 122 5.5 Heme-Based Enzymes 124 5.5.1 Mb-Based Peroxidase and P450 Mimics 124 5.5.2 Mimicking Oxidases in Mb 125 5.5.3 Mimicking NOR Enzymes in Mb 127 5.5.4 Engineering Peroxidase Proteins 128 5.5.5 Engineering Cytochrome P450s 129 5.6 Non-Heme ET Proteins 131 5.7 Fe and Mn Superoxide Dismutase 132 5.8 Non-Heme Fe Catalysts 133 5.9 Zinc Proteins 134 5.10 Other Metalloproteins 135 5.10.1 Cobalt Proteins 135 5.10.2 Manganese Proteins 136 5.10.3 Molybdenum Proteins 137 5.10.4 Nickel Proteins 137 5.10.5 Uranyl Proteins 138 5.10.6 Vanadium Proteins 138 5.11 Summary and Perspectives 139 References 142 PART III COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN ASSEMBLY CAGES 6 Metal-Directed and Templated Assembly of Protein Superstructures and Cages 151 F. Akif Tezcan 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 152 6.2.1 Background 152 6.2.2 Design Considerations for Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 153 6.2.3 Interfacing Non-Natural Chelates with MDPSA 155 6.2.4 Crystallographic Applications of Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 159 6.3 Metal-Templated Interface Redesign 162 6.3.1 Background 162 6.3.2 Construction of a Zn-Selective Tetrameric Protein Complex Through MeTIR 163 6.3.3 Construction of a Zn-Selective Protein Dimerization Motif Through MeTIR 166 6.4 Summary and Perspectives 170 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 7 Catalytic Reactions Promoted in Protein Assembly Cages 175 Takafumi Ueno and Satoshi Abe 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Incorporation of Metal Compounds 176 7.1.2 Insight into Accumulation Process ofMetal Compounds 177 7.2 Ferritin as a Platform for Coordination Chemistry 177 7.3 Catalytic Reactions in Ferritin 179 7.3.1 Olefin Hydrogenation 179 7.3.2 Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction in Protein Cages 182 7.3.3 Polymer Synthesis in Protein Cages 185 7.4 Coordination Processes in Ferritin 188 7.4.1 Accumulation of Metal Ions 188 7.4.2 Accumulation of Metal Complexes 192 7.5 Coordination Arrangements in Designed Ferritin Cages 194 7.6 Summary and Perspectives 197 Acknowledgments 198 References 198 8 Metal-Catalyzed Organic Transformations Inside a Protein Scaffold Using Artificial Metalloenzymes 203 V. K. K. Praneeth and Thomas R. Ward 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Enantioselective Reduction Reactions Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes 204 8.2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation 204 8.2.2 Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones 206 8.2.3 Artificial Transfer Hydrogenation of Cyclic Imines 208 8.3 Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation 211 8.4 Oxidation Reaction Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes 212 8.4.1 Artificial Sulfoxidase 212 8.4.2 Asymmetric cis-Dihydroxylation 215 8.5 Summary and Perspectives 216 References 218 PART IV APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY 9 Selective Labeling and Imaging of Protein Using Metal Complex 223 Yasutaka Kurishita and Itaru Hamachi 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Tag–Probe Pair Method Using Metal-Chelation System 225 9.2.1 Tetracysteine Motif/Arsenical Compounds Pair 225 9.2.2 Oligo-Histidine Tag/Ni(ii)-NTA Pair 227 9.2.3 Oligo-Aspartate Tag/Zn(ii)-DpaTyr Pair 230 9.2.4 Lanthanide-binding Tag 235 9.3 Summary and Perspectives 237 References 237 10 Molecular Bioengineering of Magnetosomes for Biotechnological Applications 241 Atsushi Arakaki, Michiko Nemoto, and Tadashi Matsunaga 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Magnetite Biomineralization Mechanism in Magnetosome 242 10.2.1 Diversity of Magnetotactic Bacteria 242 10.2.2 Genome and Proteome Analyses of Magnetotactic Bacteria 244 10.2.3 Magnetosome Formation Mechanism 246 10.2.4 Morphological Control of Magnetite Crystal in Magnetosomes 250 10.3 Functional Design of Magnetosomes 251 10.3.1 Protein Display on Magnetosome by Gene Fusion Technique 252 10.3.2 Magnetosome Surface Modification by In Vitro System 255 10.3.3 Protein-mediated Morphological Control of Magnetite Particles 257 10.4 Application 258 10.4.1 Enzymatic Bioassays 259 10.4.2 Cell Separation 260 10.4.3 DNA Extraction 262 10.4.4 Bioremediation 264 10.5 Summary and Perspectives 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 PART V APPLICATIONS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 11 Protein Cage Nanoparticles for Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Materials 275 Shefah Qazi, Janice Lucon, Masaki Uchida, and Trevor Douglas 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Biomineral Formation in Protein Cage Architectures 277 11.2.1 Introduction 277 11.2.2 Mineralization 278 11.2.3 Model for Synthetic Nucleation-Driven Mineralization 279 11.2.4 Mineralization in Dps: A 12-Subunit Protein Cage 279 11.2.5 Icosahedral Protein Cages: Viruses 282 11.2.6 Nucleation of Inorganic Nanoparticles Within Icosahedral Viruses 282 11.3 Polymer Formation Inside Protein Cage Nanoparticles 283 11.3.1 Introduction 283 11.3.2 Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry in sHsp and P22 285 11.3.3 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in P22 287 11.3.4 Application as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents 290 11.4 Coordination Polymers in Protein Cages 292 11.4.1 Introduction 292 11.4.2 Metal–Organic Branched Polymer Synthesis by Preforming Complexes 292 11.4.3 Coordination Polymer Formation from Ditopic Ligands and Metal Ions 295 11.4.4 Altering Protein Dynamics by Coordination: Hsp-Phen-Fe 296 11.5 Summary and Perspectives 298 Acknowledgments 298 References 298 12 Nanoparticles Synthesized and Delivered by Protein in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications 305 Ichiro Yamashita, Kenji Iwahori, Bin Zheng, and Shinya Kumagai 12.1 Nanoparticle Synthesis in a Bio-Template 305 12.1.1 NP Synthesis by Cage-Shaped Proteins for Nanoelectronic Devices and Other Applications 305 12.1.2 Metal Oxide or Hydro-Oxide NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin Cavity 307 12.1.3 Compound Semiconductor NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin Cavity 308 12.1.4 NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin with the Metal-Binding Peptides 311 12.2 Site-Directed Placement of NPs 312 12.2.1 Nanopositioning of Cage-Shaped Proteins 312 12.2.2 Nanopositioning of Au NPs by Porter Proteins 313 12.3 Fabrication of Nanodevices by the NP and Protein Conjugates 317 12.3.1 Fabrication of Floating Nanodot Gate Memory 318 12.3.2 Fabrication of Single-Electron Transistor Using Ferritin 321 References 326 13 Engineered “Cages” for Design of Nanostructured Inorganic Materials 329 Patrick B. Dennis, Joseph M. Slocik, and Rajesh R. Naik 13.1 Introduction 329 13.2 Metal-Binding Peptides 331 13.3 Discrete Protein Cages 332 13.4 Heat-Shock Proteins 334 13.5 Polymeric Protein and Carbohydrate Quasi-Cages 340 13.6 Summary and Perspectives 346 References 347 PART VI COORDINATION CHEMISTRY INSPIRED BY PROTEIN CAGES 14 Metal–Organic Caged Assemblies 353 Sota Sato and Makoto Fujita 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Construction of Polyhedral Skeletons by Coordination Bonds 355 14.2.1 Geometrical Effect on Products 356 14.2.2 Structural Extension Based on Rigid, Designable Framework 358 14.2.3 Mechanistic Insight into Self-Assembly 366 14.3 Development of Functions via Chemical Modification 366 14.3.1 Chemistry in the Hollow of Cages 367 14.3.2 Chemistry on the Periphery of Cages 368 14.4 Metal–Organic Cages for Protein Encapsulation 370 14.5 Summary and Perspectives 370 References 371 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThe tools for detecting false positives, false negatives, and interference in interactions when testing and monitoring therapeutic drug use For physicians monitoring a patient''s progress, efficacy of treatment is often linked to a patient''s response to medication. Determining whether a patient is taking the prescribed amount, the drug or dosage is effective, or the prescribed medication is interacting with other drugs can be determined through drug testing. Written as a guide for toxicologists, chemists, and health professionals involved in patient care, Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring provides an up-to-date introduction to the tests and methodologies used in a toxicology lab as well as the sources of testing error that can lead to false positives, false negatives, and unreliable conclusions of drug abuse or under use. Covering a host of common therapeutic drugs as well as specific types of interference in immunTable of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1 An Introduction to Tests Performed in Toxicology Laboratories 1 Chapter 2 Challenges in Drugs of Abuse Testing 31 Chapter 3 False-Positive Results Using Immunoassays for Drugs of Abuse Testing 53 Chapter 4 True-Positive Drugs of Abuse Test Results Due to Use of Prescriptions and Nonprescription Drugs 67 Chapter 5 When Toxicology Report Is Negative in a Suspected Overdosed Patient: The World of Designer Drugs 85 Chapter 6 Abuse of Magic Mushrooms, Peyote Cactus, Khat, and Solvents: No Readily Available Laboratory Tests 101 Chapter 7 Limitations of Blood Alcohol Measurements Using Automated Analyzers and Breath Analyzers 121 Chapter 8 Role of the Laboratory in Detecting Other Poisoning, Including Pesticides, Ethylene Glycol, and Methanol 139 Chapter 9 Poisoning with Warfarin and Superwarfarin: What Can Laboratory Testing Do? 161 Chapter 10 Plant Poisoning and the Clinical Laboratory 185 Chapter 11 Sources of Erroneous Results in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Due to Preanalytical Errors, High Bilirubin, Hemolysis, and Lipids 213 Chapter 12 Challenges in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Digoxin Using Immunoassays 237 Chapter 13 Interference in Immunoassays Used for Monitoring Anticonvulsants and the Usefulness of Monitoring Free Anticonvulsants 265 Chapter 14 Interference in Immunoassays Used to Monitor Tricyclic Antidepressants 293 Chapter 15 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants: Limitations of Immunoassays and the Need for Chromatographic Methods 323 Chapter 16 Effect of Drug–Herb Interactions on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 355 Chapter 17 Pharmacogenomics and the Toxicology Laboratory 385 Chapter 18 Approaches for Eliminating Interference/Discordant Specimens in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Drugs of Abuse Testing 411 Index 429

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Book SynopsisA clear explanation of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes Written for a broad range of readers, including students, researchers, policymakers, health care providers, and diabetes patients and caregivers, this book explains the underlying biochemistry and physiology of diabetes mellitus.Trade Review“I think that it would be of most use to young diabetologists and chemical pathologists early in their training to ensure that they understand the foundations and principles of the condition they are seeing every day.” (Diabetes Update, 1 October 2013) “Without doubt, this is an interesting and unique book with major merits. It succeeds in closing a gap not filled by other books and in giving fresh insights into biochemistry.” (ChemMedChem, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: A PANDEMIC IN THE MAKING 1 Diabetes Prevalence and Cost in the United States 2 A Dire Prediction Based on Alarming Data 2 The Increase of Diabetes in Youths 4 The Cost 6 Diabetes Prevalence and Cost Worldwide 7 A Worldwide Epidemic 7 Numbers of Cases of Diabetes 7 Cost 7 Obesity and Overweight; Another Epidemic in the United States 9 A Parallel Pandemic 9 Definitions of Overweight and Obesity 9 Overweight and Obesity among Adults in the United States 9 Obesity and Overweight among Children and Adolescents in the United States 12 Overweight and Obesity Worldwide 14 Overweight and Obesity Globally in Adults 14 Overweight and Obesity in Children 16 The Relationship Between Obesity and Diabetes 16 Projects and Questions 18 Glossary 18 References 19 2 AN EARLY HISTORY OF DIABETES MELLITUS 23 Translation 24 More simply stated 24 The Ebers Papyrus 24 Neandertals 25 Hippocrates, Aretaeus, and Demetrius 25 Galen 26 Sushruta 27 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 28 The Yellow Emperor 29 Japanese Medicine 29 Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) 30 Thomas Willis 31 Johann Conrad Brunner 31 Matthew Dobson 31 John Rollo and William Cruickshane 32 Thomas Cawley 33 Michel Eugene Chevreul 34 Claude Bernard 34 Paul Langerhans (Edouard Laguesse and Eugene L. Opie) 35 Oscar Minkowski and Josef von Mering 36 Advances in Sugar (Glucose) Determinations 37 Earliest Approaches—Taste and Fermentation 37 Evaporation of Urine to Yield Sugar Crystals 38 Moore’s Test 38 Trommer’s Test 39 Barreswil and Fehling’s Solutions 39 Frederick Pavy 40 Benedict’s Solution 40 Folin–Wu Determination of Blood Glucose 41 Banting, Best, and MacLeod 43 Leonard Thompson 44 John Jacob Abel 45 Frederick Sanger 45 Pedro Cuatrecasas 48 Questions and Crossword Puzzle 50 References 52 3 A PRIMER: GLUCOSE METABOLISM 55 Prolog 55 The Carbohydrates and their Function 56 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 57 Salivary and Pancreatic Amylase 57 Disaccharidases 58 Absorption 59 Overview of Glucose Metabolism 60 Adenosine 5 -Triphosphate (ATP) 61 Glucose Metabolism 63 Glucose Transport into Cells 63 Phosphorylation of Glucose 64 Introduction to Glycogen Synthesis and Hydrolysis 65 Beautiful Concepts 65 Glycogen Synthesis 66 Uridine Bisphosphate Glucose (UBP-Glucose) 67 Glycogen Synthase 67 Branching Enzyme 69 Glycogenolysis 69 Debranching Enzyme 70 Glycogen Phosphorylase 71 Phosphoglucomutase 71 Glucose 6-Phosphatase 72 α(1 → 4)-Glucosidase 72 Synchronization of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (A Beautiful Pathway) 72 Dephosphorylation 73 Effectors 73 Glycolysis (Glycolytic Pathway) 75 Phosphoglucose Isomerase 75 Phosphofructokinase 76 Aldolase 76 Triose Phosphate Isomerase 76 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 77 Erythrocyte Bisphosphoglyceromutase and Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphatase 77 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase 78 Phosphoglyceromutase 78 Enolase 78 Pyruvate Kinase 78 Lactate Dehydrogenase 79 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 80 The Coenzymes: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH) 81 Steps in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 83 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase; Acetyl CoA 83 Pyruvate Decarboxylase 84 Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase 85 Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase 86 Citrate Synthase 86 Aconitase 86 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 87 α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase 87 Succinate Dehydrogenase 88 Fumarase 89 l-Malate Dehydrogenase 89 Pyruvate Carboxylase 89 Glycolysis 90 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 90 Sum Total of Glycolysis and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 90 Summary 90 The Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation 91 Steps in the Electron Transport System 92 Oxidative Phosphorylation (ATP Synthase) 95 Shuttles 97 Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle 97 Malate–Aspartate Shuttle 97 Moles ATP Produced by Oxidative Phosphorylation from 1 mol of Glucose 97 The Phosphogluconate Oxidative Cycle 98 Steps in The Phosphogluconate Oxidative Cycle 99 Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; Lactonase 99 Transaldolase 101 Transketolase 101 The Fate of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 101 Uronic Acid Pathway 103 Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway 104 The Steps of Gluconeogenesis 105 Conclusions 108 Questions 108 Glossary 109 4 REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM 113 Insulin 114 Structure 114 Transport and Secretion of Insulin 114 Insulin Signaling Pathways 118 Akt Pathway 119 GLUT4 Translocation 120 Insulin-Stimulated Glycogenesis 121 Insulin-Stimulated Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis 123 Insulin-Stimulated Protein Synthesis 123 Insulin-Stimulated Lipogenesis (Fatty Acid Synthesis) 124 Insulin-Inhibited Lipolysis (Fatty Acid Hydrolysis) 124 Scaffold Proteins 125 The Incretin Hormones (Incretins) 128 Amylin 131 Other Hormones 133 Glucagon 133 Epinephrine 135 Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) 137 Somatostatin (SST) 139 Cortisol 140 Adrenocorticotropin 142 Thyroid Hormones 143 Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) 146 Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 146 Adenosine 5 -Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase 147 Glossary 149 References 150 5 GLUCOSE METABOLISM GONE WRONG 153 Pancreatic β-Cell Mass 156 Glucose Transport and Hexokinase 158 Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown 160 Glycogen Cycling 161 Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis 164 Glycolysis, Glucose Oxidation, and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 166 Mitochondrial Defects 169 Tricarboxylic Acid Pathway and Oxidative Phosphorylation 169 Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway 174 Techniques Used in the Investigations 175 Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp 175 Vastus Lateralis Muscle Biopsy 176 Glossary 176 References 177 6 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DIABETES MELLITUS 183 T1D 184 Latent Autoimmune Diabetes (LADA) or Type 1.5 184 T2D 187 Hybrid 187 Idiopathic Diabetes (T1b) 187 Secondary 187 Genetic Defects of β-islet Function 188 Mody 188 Other Genetic Defects of the β-cell 189 Genetic Defects in Insulin Action 189 Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas 190 Endocrinopathies 190 Drug or Chemically Caused Diabetes 190 Infections 191 Uncommon Forms of Immune-Mediated Diseases 191 Other Genetic Syndromes Sometimes Associated With Diabetes 192 Prediabetes 192 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 193 Statistical Risk Classes 194 Metabolic Syndrome 195 Glossary 197 References 198 7 DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 201 PART 1: Establishing a Normal Range 201 The Concept of Normal and Abnormal Populations 201 The Probability Factor in Diagnosing Disease 203 Probability of Disease and Prevalence 203 The Normal Range 204 Assay Sensitivity and Specificity 205 Relationships Among Sensitivity, Specificity, Prevalence, Predictability, and Normal Range 207 Exercise 208 How Does One Choose a Normal Range? 209 Truthfulness (Efficiency) 209 Non-gaussian Distribution 210 The Effect of Reproducibility on Sensitivity and Specificity 210 Severity of Disease and Assay Results 211 Parallel and Series Multiparameter Testing 212 Exercise 213 Example 215 Example 216 References 216 PART 2: Modern Techniques for the Quantitation of Glucose 216 Methods of Historical Interest 216 Modern-day Methods of Measuring Glucose 218 Glucose OxidasePeroxidaseChromogen 218 HexokinaseNADP 220 Exercise 221 Glycated Hemoglobin 221 Specimen Collection 223 Exercise 225 The Gold Standard 225 Instrumentation 226 References 229 PART 3: Symptoms and Tools for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 230 The Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus 231 Individuals Who Should be Tested for Diabetes 231 Tools for the Diagnosis of Diabetes 233 Urinary Glucose 233 Fasting Blood Glucose 233 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 234 HbA1c 235 Cut Points for the Diagnosis of Diabetes 237 Diagnosis of Diabetes Using FBG, 2-h PG, or HbA1c 239 Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 239 Autoimmune Antibodies as Predictors for T1D And LADA 241 Glossary 245 References 246 8 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND THEIR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 249 The Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 249 Retinopathy and Other Eye Complications 249 Neuropathy and Related Conditions 252 Nephropathy, Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), and End-Stage Renal Disease 254 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Artery Disease (CHD), Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), Pathophysiology of CVD: Endothelial Dysfunction 258 The Pathophysiology of CVD: Endothelium Dysfunction 260 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) 265 Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome 266 Hypoglycemia 266 Infections 267 Alzheimer’s Disease or Alzheimer Disease (AD) 269 Diabetes and Cancer 270 Pathophysiology of Diabetic Complications 272 Glycation 272 Sorbitol Accumulation 275 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Diabetes 275 Glossary 278 References 278 9 HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF DIABETES MELLITUS 283 Inheritance of T1D in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins 284 Pairwise and Probandwise Concordance in T1D 284 Pairwise and Probandwise Concordance in T2D 286 Diabetes in Offspring of One or Two Diabetic Conjugal (Biological) Parents 288 Diabetes in Siblings of Diabetics 289 Summary 289 The Genetic Component of Diabetes Mellitus 290 The Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins or Human Lymphocyte Antigens and Disease 290 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 293 HLA Nomenclature 294 HLas and Diabetes Mellitus 295 T1D and Class II Genes 295 T1D and Class I Genes 297 Non-HLA T1D Promoting Alleles 298 Genetics of T2D 298 T1D and Environment 306 Enteroviruses (Coxsackie B Virus) 308 Rubella Virus (German Measles) 309 Mumps Virus 310 Cytomegalovirus 310 Retrovirus 310 Reovirus and Rotavirus 310 Epstein–Barr Virus 311 Viruses that Need More Evidence for the Assumption that They Promote T1D in Humans 311 Viruses That Produce T1D in Animals but so Far no Evidence in Humans 311 Other Environmental Factors 312 Early Exposure to Cow’s Milk as Opposed to Breast Milk 312 Vitamin D 313 Summary 314 Genes and Obesity 314 The FTO Gene 315 The KLF14 Gene 316 Projects 317 Glossary 317 References 318 10 TREATMENT 323 PART 1: Medicinal Treatment 323 Insulin (Early Treatment) 323 It is Not Your Father’s Insulin Any More Modern-Day Human Insulin 326 Genetically Engineered Insulin Derivatives 327 Other Modes of Delivering Insulin: Tablets or Capsules, Inhalable Insulin and Nasal Spray Insulin 330 Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery (Artificial Pancreas) 330 Islet Transplantation and Stem Cell Therapy 331 Antidiabetic Oral Drugs 332 Sulfonylureas 332 Biguanides 333 Thiazolidinediones 335 Incretin-Based Inhibitors 335 Exenatide 337 Liraglutide 337 Albiglutide and Taspoglutide (Long-Acting Release) 337 Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, and Saxagliptin 337 Amylin Derivatives (Pramlintide) 339 Glucokinase Activators (GKA): Potential Anti Diabetic Compounds 340 α-Glucosidase Inhibitors 341 Other New Strategies that are in the Clinical Trials Phase 342 SGLT2 Inhibitors 342 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors 342 References 343 PART 2: Prevention, Delay and Management 345 Prevention and Delay 345 Exercise 346 Evidence 347 Diet 349 Biochemistry of the Beneficial Effects of Exercise 349 Gastric Bypass Surgery (A Cure for T2D?) 350 Project 352 Glossary 352 References 352 POSTSCRIPT 355 The Future 355 APPENDIX A 357 General Assembly 358 The White House 359 APPENDIX B 361 Problems 361 INDEX 377

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Book SynopsisGeneral, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 4th Edition has been written for students preparing for careers in health-related fields such as nursing, dental hygiene, nutrition, medical technology and occupational therapy. It is also suited for students majoring in other fields where it is important to have an understanding of the basics of chemistry. An integrated approach is employed in which related general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry topics are presented in adjacent chapters. This approach helps students see the strong connections that exist between these three branches of chemistry, and allows instructors to discuss these, interrelationships while the material is still fresh in students'' minds.Table of Contentschapter 1 Science and Measurements 1 1.1 The Scientific Method 2 HealthLink Science and Medicine5 1.2 Matter and Energy 5 1.3 Units of Measurement 9 1.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 13 1.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15 HealthLink Body Mass Index 18 HealthLink Body Temperature 21 1.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 22 1.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25 HealthLink Making Weight 28 1.8 Measurements in General Chemistry,Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29 chapter 2 A toms and Elements 42 2.1 Atoms 44 2.2 Elements 46 2.3 Trace Elements 48 2.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51 HealthLink Stable Isotopes and Drug Testing 53 2.5 Periodic Table 54 HealthLink Lead 58 2.6 The Mole 59 2.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62 BiochemistryLink Bioluminescence 67 2.8 Radioactive Isotopes 68 2.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71 HealthLink Radioisotopes for Sale 79 HealthLink CT and MRI Imaging 79 chapter 3 Compounds 88 3.1 Ions 90 3.2 The Octet Rule 93 BiochemistryLink Ionophores and Biological Ion Transport 95 3.3 Ionic Compounds 96 HealthLink Pass the Salt, Please 100 3.4 Covalent Bonds 101 3.5 Molecules 103 HealthLink Dental Fillings 105 3.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight,and Molar Mass 105 HealthLink Nitric Oxide 108 chapter 4 An Introduct ion to Organic Compounds 116 4.1 Structural Formulas 118 4.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123 HealthLink Prion Diseases 128 4.3 Noncovalent Interactions 130 4.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132 BiochemistryLink Ethylene, a Plant Hormone 134 HealthLink Sunscreens 139 chapter 5 Reactions 150 5.1 Chemical Equations 152 5.2 Reaction Types 156 5.3 Reactions Involving Water 158 5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161 HealthLink Antiseptics and Oxidation 166 5.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 167 5.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 171 5.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174 HealthLink Carbonic Anhydrase 177 chapter 6 Gases, Solutions,Colloids, and Suspensions 190 6.1 Gases and Pressure 192 HealthLink Blood Pressure 196 6.2 The Gas Laws 197 6.3 Partial Pressure 202 HealthLink Breathing 203 6.4 Solutions 204 6.5 Precipitation Reactions 207 6.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 209 6.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212 HealthLink Prodrugs 215 6.8 Concentration 216 6.9 Dilution 221 6.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222 HealthLink Saliva 224 6.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225 HealthLink Diffusion and the Kidneys 227 chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium 238 7.1 Acids and Bases 240 7.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 241 7.3 Equilibrium 243 7.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 246 BiochemistryLink Diving Mammals, Oxygen, and Myoglobin 249 7.5 Ionization of Water 250 7.6 The pH Scale 251 7.7 Acid and Base Strength 254 BiochemistryLink Plants as pH Indicators 257 7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 257 7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 259 7.10 Buffers 261 BiochemistryLink The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation 262 7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263 chapter 8 Organic Reactions 1—Hydrocarbons,Carboxylic Acids,Amines, and Related Compounds 276 8.1 Alkanes 278 8.2 Constitutional Isomers 282 8.3 Conformations 284 8.4 Cycloalkanes 285 8.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 287 8.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 291 8.7 Carboxylic Acids 297 8.8 Phenols 299 HealthLink A Chili Pepper Painkiller 300 8.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 301 8.10 Preparing Esters 304 HealthLink Alpha Hydroxy Acids 306 8.11 Amines 307 HealthLink Adrenaline and Related Compounds 310 8.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 311 8.13 Amides 313 HealthLink Biofilms 315 BiochemistryLink A Cure for Fleas 316 chapter 9 Organic Reactions 2—Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 334 9.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 336 9.2 Preparation 339 9.3 Reactions 341 9.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 344 9.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 347 HealthLink Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 349 9.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 349 HealthLink Protective Enzymes 351 9.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352 HealthLink Drugs in the Environment 354 chapter 10 Carbohydrates 370 10.1 Monosaccharides 372 10.2 Stereoisomers 374 10.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 381 10.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 384 10.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 386 10.6 Oligosaccharides 390 HealthLink Natural and Artificial Sweeteners 397 HealthLink Stevia 400 10.7 Polysaccharides 401 chapter 11 Lipids and Membranes 420 11.1 Fatty Acids 422 HealthLink Omega-3 Fatty Acids 426 11.2 Waxes 427 11.3 Triglycerides 429 HealthLink Trans Fats 435 HealthLink Olestra 436 11.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 437 11.5 Steroids 441 HealthLink Anabolic Steroids 445 11.6 Eicosanoids 445 11.7 Membranes 447 chapter 12 Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes 458 12.1 Amino Acids 460 12.2 The Peptide Bond 464 12.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 468 12.4 Protein Structure 469 BiochemistryLink Hemoglobin, a Globular Protein, and Collagen, a Fibrous Protein 475 HealthLink Immunotherapy 476 12.5 Denaturation 477 12.6 Enzymes 478 12.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482 HealthLink Tamiflu and Relenza as Enzyme Inhibitors 486 HealthLink Proteins in Medicine 489 chapter 13 Nucleic Acids 498 13.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 500 13.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 505 13.3 Polynucleotides 506 13.4 DNA Structure 509 13.5 Denaturation 512 13.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 514 13.7 DNA Replication 515 13.8 Transcription and RNA 517 HealthLink Lupus 519 13.9 Translation 520 13.10 Control of Gene Expression 522 HealthLink RNA Interference 524 13.11 Mutation 524 13.12 Recombinant DNA 525 BiochemistryLink Glowing Cats 528 13.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529 chapter 14 Metabolism 540 14.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 542 14.2 Overview of Metabolism 543 14.3 Digestion 548 14.4 Glycolysis 551 14.5 Gluconeogenesis 556 14.6 Glycogen Metabolism 558 14.7 Citric Acid Cycle 560 14.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 562 HealthLink Brown Fat 566 14.9 Lipid Metabolism 566 14.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571 Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582 Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and Organic Compounds 584 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591 Appendix D Glossary 639 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisThis book serves as a manual of research techniques for electrochemically active biofilm research. Using examples from real biofilm research to illustrate the techniques used for electrochemically active biofilms, this book is of most use to researchers and educators studying microbial fuel cell and bioelectrochemical systems. The book emphasizes the theoretical principles of bioelectrochemistry, experimental procedures and tools useful in quantifying electron transfer processes in biofilms, and mathematical modeling of electron transfer in biofilms. It is divided into three sections: Biofilms: Microbiology and microbioelectrochemistry - Focuses on the microbiologic aspect of electrochemically active biofilms and details the key points of biofilm preparation and electrochemical measurement Electrochemical techniques to study electron transfer processes - Focuses on electrochemical characterization and data interpretation, highlighting key factors in the experimTable of ContentsLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii PREFACE xi 1 Introduction to Electrochemically Active Biofilms 1Jerome T. Babauta and Haluk Beyenal 2 Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Culturing Geobacter Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells and Other Bioelectrochemical Systems 37Allison M. Speers and Gemma Reguera 3 Microbial Community Characterization on Polarized Electrode Surfaces 61John M. Regan and Hengjing Yan 4 Characterization of Electrode-Associated Biomass and Microbial Communities 83Orianna Bretschger, Shino Suzuki, Shun’ichi Ishii, Crystal Snowden, and Lisa McDonald 5 Biofilm Electrochemistry 121Jerome T. Babauta and Haluk Beyenal 6 Theory of Redox Conduction and The Measurement of Electron Transport Rates Through Electrochemically Active Biofilms 177Darryl A. Boyd, Jeffrey S. Erickson, Jared N. Roy, Rachel M. Snider, Sarah M. Strycharz-Glaven, and Leonard M. Tender 7 Electronic Conductivity in Living Biofilms: Physical Meaning, Mechanisms, and Measurement Methods 211Nikhil S. Malvankar and Derek R. Lovley 8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as A Powerful Analytical Tool for The Study of Microbial Electrochemical Cells 249Rachel A. Yoho, Sudeep C. Popat, Francisco Fabregat-Santiago, Sixto Giménez, Annemiek Ter Heijne, and César I. Torres 9 Mathematical Modeling of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Biofilms 281Ryan Renslow, Jerome Babauta, Andrew Kuprat, Jim Schenk, Cornelius Ivory, Jim Fredrickson, and Haluk Beyenal 10 Applications of Bioelectrochemical Energy Harvesting in The Marine Environment 345Clare E. Reimers 11 Large-Scale Benthic Microbial Fuel Cell Construction, Deployment, and Operation 367Jeff Kagan, Lewis Hsu, and Bart Chadwick INDEX 00

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