Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis is the first book that specifically addresses Optical Communications from planetary distances. There are specific technologies and requirements that are unique to deep-space links and differ from either Earth-orbit to Earth, or terrestrial, optical communication links.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Chapter 1 : Introduction (James R . Lesh). 1.1 Motivation for Increased Communications. 1.2 History of JPL Optical Communications Activities. 1.3 ComponentlSubsystem Technologies. 1.3.1 Laser Transmitters. 1.3.2 Spacecraft Telescopes. 1.3.3 Acquisition, Tracking. and Pointing. 1.3.4 Detectors. 1.3.5 Filters. 1.3.6 Error Correction Coding. 1.4 Flight Terminal Developments. 1.4.1 Optical Transceiver Package (OPTRANSPAC). 1.4.2 Optical Communications Demonstrator (OCD). 1.4.3 Lasercom Test and Evaluation Station (LTES). 1.4.4 X2000 Flight Terminal. 1.4.5 International Space Station Flight Terminal. 1.5 Reception System and Network Studies. 1.5.1 Ground Telescope Cost Model. 1.5.2 Deep Space Optical Reception Antenna (DSORA). 1.5.3 Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) Studies. 1.5.4 Ground-Based Antenna Technology Study (GBATS). 1.5.5 Advanced Communications Benefits Study (ACBS). 1.5.6 Earth Orbit Optical Reception Terminal (EOORT) Study. 1.5 .7 EOORT Hybrid Study. 1.5.8 Spherical Primary Ground Telescope. 1.5.9 Space-Based versus Ground-Based Reception Trades. 1.6 Atmospheric Transmission. 1.7 Background Studies. 1.8 Analysis Tools. 1.9 System-Level Studies. 1.9.1 Venus Radar Mapping (VRM) Mission Study. 1.9.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar-C (SIR-C) Freeflyer. 1.9.3 ER-2 to Ground Study. 1.9.4 Thousand Astronomical Unit (TAU) Mission and Interstellar Mission Studies. 1.1 0 System-Level Demonstrations. 1 .1 0. 1 Galileo Optical Experiment (GOPEX). 1.10.2 Compensated Earth-Moon-Earth Retro-Reflector Laser Link (CEMERLL). 1.1 0.3 Groundlorbiter Lasercomm Demonstration (GOLD). 1.10 .4 Ground-Ground Demonstrations. 1.11 Other Telecommunication Functions. 1.11.1 Opto-Metric Navigation. 1.11.2 Light Science. 1.12 The Future. 1.12.1 Optical Communications Telescope Facility (OCTL). 1.12.2 Unmanned Aria1 Vehicle (UAVFGround Demonstration. 1.12.3 Adaptive Optics. 1.12.4 Optical Receiver and Dynamic Detector Array. 1.1 2.5 Alternate Ground-Reception Systems. 1.13 Mars Laser Communication Demonstration. 1.14 Summary of Following Chapters. References. Chapter 2: Link and System Design (Chien-Chung Chen). 2.1 Overview of Deep-Space Lasercom Link. 2.2 Communications Link Design. 2.2.1 Link Equation and Receive Signal Power. 2.2.2 Optical-Receiver Sensitivity. 2.2.2.1 Photon Detection Sensitivity. 2.2.2.2 Modulation Format. 2.2.2.3 Background Noise Control. 2.2.3 Link Design Trades. 2.2.3.1 Operating Wavelength. 2.2.3.2 Transmit Power and Size of Transmit and Receive Apertures. 2.2.3.3 Receiver Optical Bandwidth and Field of View versus Signal Throughput. 2.2.3.4 Modulation and Coding. 2.2.4 Communications Link Budget. 2.2.5 Link Availability Considerations. 2.2.5.1 Short-Term Data Outages. 2.2.5.2 Weather-Induced Outages. 2.2.5.3 Other Long-Term Outages. 2.2.5.4 Critical-Mission-Phase Coverage. 2.3 Beam Pointing and Tracking. 2.3.1 Downlink Beam Pointing. 2.3.1.1 Jitter Isolation and Rejection. 2.3.1.2 Precision Beam Pointing and Point Ahead. 2.3.2 Uplink Beam Pointing. 2.3.3 Pointing Acquisition. 2.4 Other Design Drivers and Considerations. 2.4.1 System Mass and Power. 2.4.2 Impact on Spacecraft Design. 2.4.3 Laser Safety. 2.5 Summary. References. Chapter 3: The Atmospheric Channel (Abhijit Biswas and Sabino Piazzolla). 3.1 Cloud Coverage Statistics. 3.1.1 National Climatic Data Center Data Set. 3.1.2 Single-Site and Two-Site Diversity Statistics. 3.1.3 Three-Site Diversity. 3.1.4 NCDC Analysis Conclusion. 3.1.5 Cloud Coverage Statistics by Satellite Data Observation. 3.2 Atmospheric Transmittance and Sky Radiance. 3.2.1 Atmospheric Transmittance. 3.2.2 Molecular Absorption and Scattering. 3.2.3 Aerosol Absorption and Scattering. 3.2.3.1 Atmospheric Attenuation Statistics. 3.2.4 Sky Radiance. 3.2.4.1 Sky Radiance Statistics. 3.2.5 Point Sources of Background Radiation. 3.3 Atmospheric Issues on Ground Telescope Site Selection for an Optical Deep Space Network. 3.3.1 Optical Deep Space Network. 3.3.2 Data RateJBER of a Mission. 3.3.3 Telescope Site Location. 3.3.4 Network Continuity and Peaks. 3.4 Laser Propagation Through the Turbulent Atmosphere. 3.4.1 Atmospheric Turbulence. 3.4.2 Atmospheric "Seeing" Effects. 3.4.3 Optical Scintillation or Irradiance Fluctuations. 3.4.4 Atmospheric Turbulence Induced Angle of Arrival. References. Chapter 4: Optical Modulation and Coding (Samuel J . Dolinar. Jon Hamkins. Bruce E . Moision and Victor A . Vilnrotter). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Statistical Models for the Detected Optical Field. 4.2.1 Quantum Models of the Optical Field. 4.2.1.1 Quantization of the Electric Field. 4.2.1.2 The Coherent State Representation of a Single Field Mode. 4.2.1.3 Quantum Representation of Thermal Noise. 4.2.1.4 Quantum Representation of Signal Plus Thermal Noise. 4.2.2 Statistical Models for Direct Detection. 4.2.2.1 The Poisson Channel Model for Ideal Photodetectors or Ideal PMTs. 4.2.2.2 The McIntyre-Conradi Model for APD Detectors. 4.2.2.3 The Webb, McIntyre, and Conradi Approximation to the McIntyre-Conradi Model. 4.2.2.4 The WMC Plus Gaussian Approximation. 4.2.2.5 Additive White Gaussian Noise Approximation. 4.2.3 Summary of Statistical Models. 4.3 Modulation Formats. 4.3.1 On-Off Keying (OOK). 4.3.2 Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM). 4.3.3 Differential PPM (DPPM). 4.3.4 Overlapping PPM (OPPM). 4.3.5 Wavelength Shift Keying (WSK). 4.3.6 Combined PPM and WSK. 4.4 Rate Limits Imposed by Constraints on Modulation. 4.4.1 Shannon Capacity. 4.4.1.1 Characterizing Capacity: Fixed Duration Edges. 4.4.1.2 Characterizing Capacity: Variable Duration Edges. 4.4.1.3 Characterizing Capacity: Probabilistic Characterization. 4.4.1.4 Characterizing Capacity: Energy Efficiency. 4.4.2 Constraints. 4.4.2.1 Dead Time. 4.4.2.2 Runlength. 4.4.3 Modulation Codes. 4.4.3.1 M-ary PPM with Deadtime. 4.4.3.2 M-ary DPPM with Deadtime. 4.4.3.3 Synchronous Variable-Length Codes. 4.5 Performance of Uncoded Optical Modulations. 4.5.1 Direct Detection of OOK on the Poisson Channel. 4.5.2 Direct Detection of PPM. 4.5.2.1 Poisson Channel. 4.5.2.2 AWGN Channel. 4.5.3 Direct Detection of Combined PPM and WSK. 4.5.4 Performance of Modulations Using Receivers Based on Quantum Detection Theory. 4.5.4.1 Receivers Based on Quantum Detection Theory. 4.5.4.2 Performance of Representative Modulations. 4.6 Optical Channel Capacity. 4.6.1 Capacity of the PPM Channel: General Formulas. 4.6.2 Capacity of Soft-Decision PPM: Specific Channel Models. 4.6.2.1 Poisson Channel. 4.6.2.2 AWGN Channel. 4.6.3 Hard-Decision Versus Soft-Decision Capacity. 4.6.4 Losses Due to Using PPM. 4.6.5 Capacity of the Binary Channel with Quantum Detection. 4.7 Channel Codes for Optical Modulations. 4.7.1 Reed-Solomon Codes. 4.7.2 Turbo and Turbo-Like Codes for Optical Modulations. 4.7.2.1 Parallel Concatenated (Turbo) Codes. 4.7.2.2 Serially Concatenated Codes with Iterative Decoding. 4.8 Performance of Coded Optical Modulations. 4.8.1 Parameter Selection. 4.8.2 Estimating Performance. 4.8.2.1 Reed-Solomon Codes. 4.8.2.2 Iterative Codes. 4.8.3 Achievable Data Rates Versus Average Signal Power. References. Chapter 5: Flight Transceiver (Hamid Hemmati. Gerardo G . Ortiz. William T . Roberts, Malcolm W . Wright, and Shinhak Lee) 5.1 Optomechanical Subsystem (Hamid Hemmati). 5.1 . 1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Optical Beam Paths. 5.1.3 Optical Design Requirements, Design Drivers, and Challenges. 5.1.4 Optical Design Drivers and Approaches. 5.1.5 Transmit-Receive-Isolation. 5.1.6 Stray-Light Control. 5.1.6.1 Operation at Small Sun Angles. 5.1.6.2 Surface Cleanliness Requirements. 5.1.7 Transmission, Alignment, and Wavefront Quality Budgets. 5.1.8 Efficient Coupling of Lasers to Obscured Telescopes. 5.1.8.1 Axicon Optical Element. 5.1.8.2 Sub-Aperture Illumination. 5.1.8.3 Prism Beam Slicer. 5.1.8.4 Beam Splitter/Combiner. 5.1.9 Structure, Materials, and Structural Analysis. 5.1.10 Use of Fiber Optics. 5.1.1 1 Star-Tracker Optics for Acquisition and Tracking. 5.1 . 12 Thermal Management. 5.1.13 Optical System Design Example. 5.1.13.1 Afocal Fore-Optics. 5.1.13.2 Receiver Channel. 5.1.13.3 Stellar Reference Channel. 5.1.13.4 Align and Transmit Channels. 5.1.13.5 Folded Layouts. 5.1.13.6 Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis. 5.1.13.7 Thermal Soak Sensitivity Analysis. 5.1.13.8 Solid Model of System. 5.2 Laser Transmitter (Hamid Hemmati). 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Requirements and Challenges. 5.2.3 Candidate Laser Transmitter Sources. 5.2.3.1 Pulsed Laser Transmitters. 5.2.3.2 Fiber- Waveguide Amplifiers. 5.2.3.3 Bulk-Crystal Amplifiers. 5.2.3.4 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. 5.2.4 Lasers for Coherent Communications. 5.2.5 Laser Modulators. 5.2.6 Efficiency. 5.2.7 Laser Timing Jitter Control. 5.2.7.1 Jitter Control Options. 5.2.8 Redundancy. 5.2.9 Thermal Management. 5.3 Deep-Space Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing (Gerardo G . Ortiz and Shinhak Lee). 5.3.1 Unique Challenges of Deep Space Optical Beam Pointing. 5.3.1.1 State-of-the-Art ATP Performance. 5.3.2 Link Overview and System Requirements. 5.3.2.1 Pointing Requirement. 5.3.2.2 Pointing-Error Budget Allocations. 5.3.3 ATP System. 5.3.3.1 Pointing Knowledge Reference Sources. 5.3.3.2 Pointing System Architecture. 5.3.3.3 Design Considerations. 5.3.4 Cooperative Beacon (Ground Laser) Tracking. 5.3.5 Noncooperative Beacon Tracking. 5.3.5.1 Earth Tracker-Visible Spectrum. 5.3.5.2 Star Tracker. 5.3.5.3 Earth Tracker-Long Wavelength Infrared Band. 5.3.6 ATP Technology Demonstrations. 5.3.6.1 Reduced Complexity ATP Architecture. 5.3.6.2 Centroiding Algorithms-Spot Model Method. 5.3.6.3 High Bandwidth, Windowing, CCD-Based Camera. 5.3.6.4 Accelerometer-Assisted Beacon Tracking. 5.4 Flight Qualification (Hamid Hemmati, William T . Roberts, and Malcolm W . Wright). 5.4.1 Introduction. 5.4.2 Approaches to Flight Qualification. 5.4.3 Flight Qualification of Electronics and Opto-Electronic Subsystem. 5.4.3.1 MIL-PRF-19500. 5.4.3.2 MIL STD 750. 5.4.3.3 MIL STD 883. 5.4.3.4 Telcordia. 5.4.3.5 NASA Electronics Parts and Packaging (NEPP). 5.4.4 Number of Test Units. 5.4.5 Space Environments. 5.4.5.1 Environmental Requirements. 5.4.5.2 Ionizing Radiation. 5.4.5.3 Vibration Environment. 5.4.5.4 Mechanical, Thermal, and Pyro Shock Environment. 5.4.5.5 Thermal Gradients Environment. 5.4.5.6 Depressurization Environment. 5.4.5.7 Electric and Magnetic Field Environment. 5.4.5.8 Outgassing. 5.4.6 Flight Qualification of Detectors. 5.4.6.1 Flight Qualification Procedures. 5.4.6.2 Detector Radiation Testing. 5.4.7 Flight Qualification of Laser Systems. 5.4.7.1 Past Laser Systems Flown in Space. 5.4.7.2 Design of Semiconductor Lasers for High Reliability Applications. 5.4.7.3 Degradation Mechanisms. 5.4.7.4 Qualification Process for Lasers. 5.4.8 Flight Qualification of Optics. References. Chapter 6: Earth Terminal Architectures (Keith E . Wilson, Abhijit Biswas, Andrew A . Gray, Victor A . Vilnrotter, Chi-Wung Lau. Mera Srinivasan, and William H . Farr). 6.1 Introduction (Keith E . Wilson). 6.1.1 Single-Station Downlink Reception and Uplink Transmission (Keith E . Wilson). 6.1.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.1.2 Deep-Space Optical Ground Receivers. 6.1.1.3 Mitigating Cloud Cover and Sky Background Effects at the Receiver. 6.1.1.4 Daytime Sky Background Effects. 6.1.1.5 Earth-Orbiting and Airborne Receivers. 6.1.1.6 Uplink Beacon and Command. 6.1.1.7 Techniques for Mitigating Atmospheric Effects. 6.1.1.8 Adaptive Optics. 6.1.1.9 Multiple-Beam Propagation. 6.1.1.10 Safe Laser Beam Propagation into Space. 6.1.1. I 1 Concept Validation Experiments Supporting Future Deep-Space Optical links. 6.1.1.12 Conclusion. 6.1.2 Optical-Array Receivers for Deep-Space Communication (Victor A . Vilnrotter, Chi-Wung Lau, and Meera Srinivasan). 6.1.2.1 Introduction. 6.1.2.2 The Optical-Array Receiver Concept. 6.1.2.3 Aperture-Plane Expansions. 6.1.2.4 Array Receiver Performance. 6.1.2.5 Conclusions. 6.2 Photodetectors. 6.2.1 Single-Element Detectors (Abhijit Biswas and William H . Farr). 6.2.1.1 Deep-Space Detector Requirements and Challenges. 6.2.1.2 Detector System Dependencies. 6.2.1.3 Detectors for Deep-Space Communications. 6.2.2 Focal-Plane Detector Arrays for Communication Through Turbulence (Victor A . Vilnrotter and Meera Srinivasan). 6.2.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2.2 Optical Direct Detection with Focal-Plane Arrays. 6.2.2.3 Numerical Results. 6.2.2.4 Summary And Conclusions. 6.3 Receiver Electronics (Andrew A . Gray, Victor A . Vilnrotter, and Meera Srinivasan). 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Introduction to Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.3 Discrete-Time Synchronization and Post-Detection Filtering Overview. 6.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Post-Detection Filtering. 6.3.3.2 Slot and Symbol Synchronization and Decision Processing. 6.3.4 Discrete-Time Demodulator Variations. 6.3.5 Discrete-Time Demodulator with Time-Varying Post-Detection Filter. 6.3.6 Parallel Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.7 Asynchronous Discrete-Time Processing. 6.3.8 Parallel Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.8.1 Simple Example Architecture. 6.3.8.2 Performance with a Simple Optical Channel Model. 6.3.8.3 Evolved Parallel Architectures. 6.3.9 Primary System Models and Parameters. 6.3.10 Conclusion and Future Work. References. Chapter 7: Future Prospects and Applications (Hamid Hemmati and Abhijit Biswas). 7.1 Current and Upcoming Projects in the United States, Europe. and Japan. 7.1.1 LUCE (Laser Utilizing Communications Experiment). 7.1.2 Mars Laser-Communication Demonstrator (MLCD). 7.2 Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.1 Advantages of Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.2 Disadvantages of Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.3 Airborne Terminals. 7.2.3.1 Balloons. 7.2.3.2 Airships. 7.2.3.3 Airplanes. 7.2.4 Spaceborne Receiver Terminals. 7.2.5 Alternative Receiver Sites. 7.3 Light Science. 7.3.1 Light-Propagation Experiments. 7.3.2 Occultation Experiments to Probe Planetary Atmospheres, Rings. Ionospheres. Magnetic Fields. and the Interplanetary Medium. 7.3.2.1 Atmospheric Occultations. 7.3.2.2 Ring-Investigation Experiments. 7.3.3 Enhanced Knowledge of Solar-System-Object Masses and Gravitational Fields. Sizes. Shapes. and Surface Features. 7.3.3.1 Improved Knowledge of Solar-System Body Properties. 7.3.3.2 Optical Reference-Frame Ties.. 7.3.4 Tests of the Fundamental Theories: General Relativity, Gravitational Waves, Unified Field Theories, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. 7.3.4.1 Tests of General Relativity and Unified Field Theories, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. 7.3.4.2 Effects of Charged Particles on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Including Test of I/f Hypothesis. 7.3.5 Enhanced Solar-System Ephemerides. 7.3.5.1 Science Benefits of Remote Optical Tracking: Ephemeris Improvement. 7.3.6 Applications of Coherent Laser Communications Technology. 7.4 Conclusions. References.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to biological networks and methods for their analysis Analysis of Biological Networks is the first book of its kind to provide readers with a comprehensive introduction to the structural analysis of biological networks at the interface of biology and computer science.Trade Review"This book is a wonderful text for biological network analysis. It comprehensively presents a numbers of analysis tools and their applications for understanding real biological problems. This book is a must-read for entry-level students and researchers, and a complete reference source for experts." (Computing Reviews, March 6, 2009) "This book is an excellent introduction to the analysis of biological networks. The exercise provided after each chapter make the book suitable for self-study, and the extensive references provide the interested reader with good sources for further reading." (Computing Reviews, August 21, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Contributors xix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Networks in Biology 3 Bjorn H. Junker 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Biology 101 4 1.3 Systems Biology 8 1.4 Properties of Biological Networks 8 1.5 Summary 12 1.6 Exercises 12 2 Graph Theory 15 Falk Schreiber 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Basic Notation 16 2.3 Special Graphs 19 2.4 Graph Representation 23 2.5 Graph Algorithms 24 2.6 Summary 27 2.7 Exercises 27 PART II NETWORK ANALYSIS 29 3 Global Network Properties 31 Ralf Steuer and Gorka Zamora Lopez 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Global Properties of Complex Networks 33 3.3 Models of Complex Networks 43 3.4 Additional Properties of Complex Networks 48 3.5 Statistical Testing of Network Properties 52 3.6 Summary 57 3.7 Exercises 58 4 Network Centralities 65 Dirk Koschutzki 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Centrality Definition and Fundamental Properties 67 4.3 Degree and Shortest Path-Based Centralities 69 4.4 Feedback-Based Centralities 77 4.5 Tools 80 4.6 Summary 80 4.7 Exercises 81 5 Network Motifs 85 Henning Schwobbermeyer 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Definitions and Basic Concepts 86 5.3 Motif Statistics and Motif-Based Network Distance 89 5.4 Complexity of Network Motif Detection 94 5.5 Methods and Tools for Network Motif Analysis 96 5.6 Analyses and Applications of Network Motifs 97 5.7 Summary 106 5.8 Exercises 108 6 Network Clustering 113 Balabhaskar Balasundaram and Sergiy Butenko 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Notations and Definitions 115 6.3 Network Clustering Problem 118 6.4 Clique-Based Clustering 119 6.5 Center-Based Clustering 125 6.6 Conclusion 131 6.7 Summary 133 6.8 Exercises 133 7 Petri Nets 139 Ina Koch and Monika Heiner 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Qualitative Modeling 141 7.3 Qualitative Analysis 152 7.4 Quantitative Modeling and Analysis 169 7.5 Tool Support 171 7.6 Case Studies 172 7.7 Summary 174 7.8 Exercises 175 PART III BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 181 8 Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation Networks 183 Anatolij P. Potapov 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Decisive Role of Regulatory Networks in the Evolution and Existence of Organisms 184 8.3 Gene Regulatory Network as a System of Many Subnetworks 186 8.4 Databases on Gene Regulation and Software Tools for Network Analysis 187 8.5 Peculiarities of Signal Transduction Networks 188 8.6 Topology of Signal Transduction Networks 190 8.7 Topology of Transcription Networks 191 8.8 Intercellular Molecular Regulatory Networks 198 8.9 Summary 200 8.10 Exercises 201 9 Protein Interaction Networks 207 Frederik Bornke 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Detecting Protein Interactions 209 9.3 Establishing Protein Interaction Networks 220 9.4 Analyzing Protein Interaction Networks 223 9.5 Summary 225 9.6 Exercises 226 10 Metabolic Networks 233 Marcio Rosa da Silva, Jibin Sun, Hongwu Ma, Feng He, and An-Ping Zeng 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Visualization and Graph Representation 234 10.3 Reconstruction of Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks 234 10.4 Connectivity and Centrality in Metabolic Networks 239 10.5 Modularity and Decomposition of Metabolic Networks 242 10.6 Elementary Flux Modes and Extreme Pathways 246 10.7 Summary 249 10.8 Exercises 249 11 Phylogenetic Networks 255 Birgit Gemeinholzer 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Character Selection, Character Coding, and Matrices for Phylogenetic Reconstruction 257 11.3 Tree Reconstruction Methodologies 260 11.4 Phylogenetic Networks 264 11.5 Summary 276 11.6 Exercises 276 12 Ecological Networks 283 Ursula Gaedke 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Binary Food Webs 289 12.3 Quantitative Trophic Food Webs 293 12.4 Ecological Information Networks 298 12.5 Summary 300 12.6 Exercises 301 13 Correlation Networks 305 Dirk Steinhauser, Leonard Krall, Carsten Mussig, Dirk Bussis, and Bjorn Usadel 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 General Remarks 306 13.3 Basic Notation 307 13.4 Construction and Analyses of Correlation Networks 314 13.5 Biological Use of Correlation Networks 321 13.6 Summary 328 13.7 Exercises 329 References 330 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on a fundamental feature of vacuum electronics: the strong interaction of the physics of electron beams and vacuum microwave electronics, including millimeter-wave electronics. The author guides readers from the roots of classical vacuum electronics to the most recent achievements in the field.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Introduction. I.1 Outline of the Book. I.2 List of Symbols. I.3 Electromagnetic Fields and Potentials. I.4 Principle of Least Action. Lagrangian. Generalized Momentum. Lagrangian Equations. I.5 Hamiltonian. Hamiltonian Equations. I.6 Liouville Theorem. I.7 Emittance. Brightness. PART I ELECTRON BEAMS. 1 Motion of Electrons in External Electric and Magnetic Static Fields. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Energy of a Charged Particle. 1.3 Potential–Velocity Relation (Static Fields). 1.4 Electrons in a Linear Electric Field e0E ¼ kx. 1.5 Motion of Electrons in Homogeneous Static Fields. 1.6 Motion of Electrons in Weakly Inhomogeneous Static Fields. 1.6.1 Small Variations in Electromagnetic Fields Acting on Moving Charged Particles. 1.7 Motion of Electrons in Fields with Axial and Plane Symmetry. Busch’s Theorem. 2 Electron Lenses. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Maupertuis’s Principle. Electron-Optical Refractive Index. Differential Equations of Trajectories. 2.3 Differential Equations of Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields. 2.4 Differential Equations of Paraxial Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields Without a Space Charge. 2.5 Formation of Images by Paraxial Trajectories. 2.6 Electrostatic Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.7 Magnetic Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.8 Aberrations of Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.9 Comparison of Electrostatic and Magnetic Lenses. Transfer Matrix of Lenses . 2.10 Quadrupole lenses. 3 Electron Beams with Self Fields. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Self-Consistent Equations of Steady-State Space-Charge Electron Beams. 3.3 Euler’s Form of a Motion Equation. Lagrange and Poincare´ Invariants of Laminar Flows. 3.4 Nonvortex Beams. Action Function. Planar Nonrelativistic Diode. Perveance. Child–Langmuir Formula. r- and T-Modes of Electron Beams. 3.5 Solutions of Self-Consistent Equations for Curvilinear Space-Charge Laminar Beams. Meltzer Flow. Planar Magnetron with an Inclined Magnetic Field. Dryden Flow. 4 Electron Guns. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Pierce’s Synthesis Method for Gun Design. 4.3 Internal Problems of Synthesis. Relativistic Planar Diode. Cylindrical and Spherical Diodes. 4.4 External Problems of Synthesis. Cauchy Problem. 4.5 Synthesis of Electrode Systems for Two-Dimensional Curvilinear Beams with Translation Symmetry (Lomax–Kirstein Method). Magnetron Injection Gun. 4.6 Synthesis of Axially Symmetric Electrode Systems. 4.7 Electron Guns with Compressed Beams. Magnetron Injection Gun. 4.8 Explosive Emission Guns. 5 Transport of Space-Charge Beams. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Unrippled Axially Symmetric Nonrelativistic Beams in a Uniform Magnetic field. 5.3 Unrippled Relativistic Beams in a Uniform External Magnetic Field.. 5.4 Cylindrical Beams in an Infinite Magnetic Field. 5.5 Centrifugal Electrostatic Focusing. 5.6 Paraxial-Ray Equations of Axially Symmetric Laminar Beams. 5.7 Axially Symmetric Paraxial Beams in a Uniform Magnetic Field with Arbitrary Shielding of a Cathode Magnetic Field. 5.8 Transport of Space-Charge Beams in Spatial Periodic Fields. PART II MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS. 6 Quasistationary Microwave Devices. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Currents in Electron Gaps. Total Current and the Shockley–Ramo Theorem. 6.3 Admittance of a Planar Electron Gap. Electron Gap as an Oscillator. Monotron. 6.4 Equation of Stationary Oscillations of a Resonance Self-Excited Circuit. 6.5 Effects of a Space-Charge Field. Total Current Method. High-Frequency Diode in the r-Mode. Llewellyn–Peterson Equations. 7 Klystrons. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Velocity Modulation of an Electron beam. 7.3 Cinematic (Elementary) Theory of Bunching. 7.4 Interaction of a Bunched Current with a Catcher Field. Output Power of A Two-Cavity Klystron. 7.5 Experimental Characteristics of a Two-Resonator Amplifier and Frequency-Multiplier Klystrons. 7.6 Space-Charge Waves in Velocity-Modulated Beams. 7.7 Multicavity and Multibeam Klystron Amplifiers. 7.8 Relativistic Klystrons. 7.9 Reflex Klystrons. 8 Traveling-Wave Tubes and Backward-Wave Oscillators (O-Type Tubes). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Qualitative Mechanism of Bunching and Energy Output in a TWTO. 8.3 Slow-Wave Structures. 8.4 Elements of SWS Theory. 8.5 Linear Theory of a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Dispersion Equation, Gain, Effects of Nonsynchronism, Space Charge, and Loss in a Slow-Wave Structure. 8.6 Nonlinear Effects in a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Enhancement of TWTO Efficiency (Velocity Tapering, Depressed Collectors). 8.7 Basic Characteristics and Applications of Nonrelativistic TWTOs. 8.8 Backward-Wave Oscillators. 8.9 Millimeter Nonrelativistic TWTOs, BWOs, and Orotrons. 8.10 Relativistic TWTOs and BWOs. 9 Crossed-Field Amplifiers and Oscillators (M-Type Tubes). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Elementary Theory of a Planar MTWT. 9.3 MTWT Amplification. 9.4 M-type Injected Beam Backward-Wave Oscillators (MWO, M-Carcinotron). 9.5 Magnetrons. 9.6 Relativistic Magnetrons. 9.7 Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillators. 9.8 Crossed-Field Amplifiers. 10 Classical Electron Masers and Free Electron Lasers. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Spontaneous Radiation of Classical Electron Oscillators. 10.3 Stimulated Radiation of Excited Classical Electron Oscillators. 10.4 Examples of Electron Cyclotron Masers. 10.5 Resonators of Gyromonotrons (Free and Forced Oscillations). 10.6 Theory of a Gyromonotron. 10.7 Subrelativistic Gyrotrons. 10.8 Elements of Gyrotron Electron Optics. 10.9 Mode Interaction and Mode Selection in Gyrotrons. Output Power Systems. 10.10 Gyroklystrons. 10.11 Gyro-Traveling-Wave Tubes. 10.12 Applications of Gyrotrons. 10.13 Cyclotron Autoresonance Masers. 10.14 Free Electron Lasers. Appendixes. 1. Proof of the 3/2 Law for Nonrelativistic Diodes in the r-Mode. 2. Synthesis of Guns for M-Type TWTS and BWOS. 3. Magnetic Field in Axially Symmetric Systems. 4. Dispersion Characteristics of Interdigital and Comb Structures. 5. Electromagnetic Field in Planar Uniform Slow-Wave Structures. 6. Equations of Free Oscillations of Gyrotron Resonators. 7. Derivation of Eqs. (10.66) and (10.67). 8. Calculation of Fourier Coefficients in Gyrotron Equations. 9. Magnetic Systems of Gyrotrons. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe development of power semiconductors with greater ratings and improved characteristics has meant that the power industry has become more willing to develop new converter configurations. These new configurations take advantage of the higher controllability and switching frequencies of the new devices.Table of ContentsChapter 1 INTRODUCTION. Chapter 2 SEMICONDUCTOR POWER DEVICES. Chapter 3 LINE COMMUTATED HVDC CONVERSION (LCC). Chapter 4 SELF-COMMUTATING CONVERSION. Chapter 5 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM). Chapter 6 MULTI-LEVEL CONVERSION. Chapter 7 MULTI-LEVEL DC REINJECTION. Chapter 8 LINE-COMMUTATED CSC TRANSMISSION. Chapter 9 DEVELOPMENTS IN LINE COMMUTATED HVDC SCHEMES. Chapter 10 VSC TRANSMISSION. Chapter 11 MULTI-LEVEL VSC AND CSC TRANSMISSION. REFERENCES.

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Book SynopsisSince publication of the first edition of Computer Relaying for Power Systems in 1988, computer relays have been widely accepted by power engineers throughout the world and in many countries they are now the protective devices of choice. The authors have updated this new edition with the latest developments in technology and applications such as adaptive relaying, wide area measurements, signal processing, new GPS-based measurement techniques and the application of artificial intelligence to digital relays. New material also includes sigma-delta and oversampling A/D converters, self-polarizing and cross-polarizing in transmission lines protection and optical current and voltage transformers. Phadke and Thorp have been working together in power systems engineering for more than 30 years. Their impressive work in the field has been recognized by numerous awards, including the prestigious 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering for their pionTrade Review"The book will interest both students and professionals. While technical, the book is well-written." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Glossary of Acronyms. 1 Introduction to computer relaying. 1.1 Development of computer relaying. 1.2 Historical background. 1.3 Expected benefits of computer relaying. 1.4 Computer relay architecture. 1.5 Analog to digital converters. 1.6 Anti-aliasing filters. 1.7 Substation computer hierarchy. 1.8 Summary. Problems. References. 2 Relaying practices. 2.1 Introduction to protection systems. 2.2 Functions of a protection system. 2.3 Protection of transmission lines. 2.4 Transformer, reactor and generator protection. 2.5 Bus protection. 2.6 Performance of current and voltage transformers. 2.7 Summary. Problems. References. 3 Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fourier series. 3.3 Other orthogonal expansions. 3.4 Fourier transforms. 3.5 Use of fourier transforms. 3.6 Discrete fourier transform. 3.7 Introduction to probability and random process. 3.8 Random processes. 3.9 Kalman filtering. 3.10 Summary. Problems. References. 4 Digital filters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Discrete time systems. 4.3 Discrete time systems. 4.4 Z Transforms. 4.5 Digital filters. 4.6 Windows and windowing. 4.7 Linear phase. 4.8 Approximation – filter synthesis. 4.9 Wavelets. 4.10 Elements of artificial intelligence. 4.11 Conclusion. Problems. References. 5 Transmission line relaying. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sources of error. 5.3 Relaying as parameter estimation. 5.4 Beyond parameter estimation. 5.5 Symmetrical component distance relay. 5.6 Newer analytic techniques. 5.7 Protection of series compensated lines. 5.8 Summary. Problems. References. 6 Protection of transformers, machines and buses. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Power transformer algorithms. 6.3 Generator protection. 6.4 Motor protection. 6.5 Digital bus protection. 6.6 Summary. Problems. References. 7 Hardware organization in integrated systems. 7.1 The nature of hardware issues. 7.2 Computers for relaying. 7.3 The substation environment. 7.4 Industry environmental standards. 7.5 Countermeasures against EMI. 7.6 Supplementary equipment. 7.7 Redundancy and backup. 7.8 Servicing, training and maintenance. 7.9 Summary. References. 8 System relaying and control. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Measurement of frequency and phase. 8.3 Sampling clock synchronization. 8.4 Application of phasor measurements to state estimation. 8.5 Phasor measurements in dynamic state estimation. 8.6 Monitoring. 8.7 Control applications. 8.8 Summary. Problems. References. 9 Relaying applications of traveling waves. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Traveling waves on single-phase lines. 9.3 Traveling waves on three-phase lines. 9.4 Directional wave relay. 9.5 Traveling wave distance relay. 9.6 Differential relaying with phasors. 9.7 Traveling wave differential relays. 9.8 Fault location. 9.9 Other recent developments. 9.10 Summary. Problems. References. 10 Wide area measurement applications. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Adaptive relaying. 10.3 Examples of adaptive relaying. 10.4 Wide area measurement systems (WAMS). 10.5 WAMS architecture. 10.6 WAMS based protection concepts. 10.7 Summary. Problems. References. Appendix A. Representative system data. Transmission lines. Transformers. Generators. Power system. References. Appendix B. Standard sampling rates. References. Appendix C. Conversion between different sampling rates. References. Appendix D. Standard for transient data exchange. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith forewords by Jan Bosch, Nokia and Antero Taivalsaari, Sun Microsystems. Learn how to programme the mobile devices of the future! The importance of mobile systems programming has emerged over the recent years as a new domain in software development. The design of software that runs in a mobile device requires that developers combine the rules applicable in embedded environment; memory-awareness, limited performance, security, and limited resources with features that are needed in workstation environment; modifiability, run-time extensions, and rapid application development. Programming Mobile Devices is a comprehensive, practical introduction to programming mobile systems. The book is a platform independent approach to programming mobile devices: it does not focus on specific technologies, and devices, instead it evaluates the component areas and issues that are common to all mobile software platforms. This text will enable the designer to proTable of ContentsForeword by Jan Bosch. Foreword by Antero Taivalsaari. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Motivation. 1.2 Commonly Used Hardware and Software. 1.3 Development Process. 1.4 Chapter Overview. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 Exercises. 2 Memory Management. 2.1 Overview. 2.2 Strategies for Allocating Variables to Memory. 2.3 Design Patterns for Limited Memory. 2.4 Memory Management in Mobile Java. 2.5 Symbian OS Memory Management. 2.6 Summary. 2.7 Exercises. 3 Applications. 3.1 What Constitutes an Application? 3.2 Workflow for Application Development. 3.3 Techniques for Composing Applications. 3.4 Application Models in Mobile Java. 3.5 Symbian OS Application Infrastructure. 3.6 Summary. 3.7 Exercises. 4 Dynamic Linking. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Implementation Techniques. 4.3 Implementing Plugins. 4.4 Managing Memory Consumption Related to Dynamically Linked Libraries. 4.5 Rules of Thumb for Using Dynamically Loaded Libraries. 4.6 Mobile Java and Dynamic Linking. 4.7 Symbian OS Dynamic Libraries. 4.8 Summary. 4.9 Exercises. 5 Concurrency. 5.1 Motivation. 5.2 Infrastructure for Concurrent Programming. 5.3 Faking Concurrency. 5.4 MIDP Java and Concurrency. 5.5 Symbian OS and Concurrency. 5.6 Summary. 5.7 Exercises. 6 Managing Resources. 6.1 Resource-Related Concerns in Mobile Devices. 6.2 Common Concerns. 6.3 MIDP Java. 6.4 Symbian OS. 6.5 Summary. 6.6 Exercises. 7 Networking. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Design Patterns for Networking Environment. 7.3 Problems with Networking Facilities and Implementations. 7.4 MIDP Java and Web Services. 7.5 Symbian OS and Bluetooth Facilities. 7.6 Summary. 7.7 Exercises. 8 Security. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Secure Coding and Design. 8.3 Infrastructure for Enabling Secured Execution. 8.4 Security Features in MIDP Java. 8.5 Symbian OS Security Features. 8.6 Summary. 8.7 Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to employ JADE to build multi-agent systems! JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment framework) is a middleware for the development of applications, both in the mobile and fixed environment, based on the Peer-to-Peer intelligent autonomous agent approach.Trade Review"As a guide, this book is much better than online documentation because it's more comprehensive." (IEEE Distributed Systems Online) "…a comprehensive book that covers a wide range of topics related to agent-based programming with JADE." (Computing Reviews.com, October 1, 2007)Table of ContentsThe Authors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Agent Technology Overview 3 2.1 About agents 3 2.2 The Foundation for Intelligent, Physical Agents (FIPA) 10 3 The JADE Platform 29 3.1 Brief history 29 3.2 JADE and the agents paradigm 30 3.3 JADE architecture 32 3.4 Compiling the software and launching the platform 34 3.5 JADE packages 37 3.6 Message transport service 39 3.7 Admin and debugging tools 42 4 Programming with JADE – Basic Features 51 4.1 Creating agents 51 4.2 Agent tasks 57 4.3 Agent communication 65 4.4 Agent discovery: the yellow pages service 72 4.5 Agents with a GUI 75 5 Programming with JADE – Advanced Features 77 5.1 Ontologies and content languages 77 5.2 Composing behaviours to create complex tasks 91 5.3 Threaded behaviours 99 5.4 Interaction protocols 100 5.5 Interacting with the AMS 107 5.6 Starting JADE from an external Java application 111 6 Agent Mobility 115 6.1 Agent mobility 115 6.2 Intra-platform mobility 117 6.3 Inter-platform mobility service 119 6.4 Usage of the JADE mobility services 121 7 JADE Internal Architecture 131 7.1 Distributed coordinated filters 131 7.2 Creating a JADE kernel service 136 8 Running JADE Agents on Mobile Devices 145 8.1 Main limitations of the mobile environment 145 8.2 The LEAP add-on 146 8.3 The split container execution mode 150 8.4 Developing MIDP agents 154 8.5 LEAP add-on advanced 161 9 Deploying a Fault-Tolerant JADE Platform 173 9.1 The main replication service 173 9.2 Attaching the DF to a relational DB 176 10 The JADE Web Services Integration Gateway 181 10.1 Web service technology 181 10.2 The utility of agent and Web service integration 182 10.3 The WSIG architecture 182 10.4 Installation requirements 184 10.5 WSIG installation procedure 185 10.6 WSIG operation 186 10.7 Example 1: Web service client invokes an agent service 193 10.8 Example 2: Agent service invokes a Web service 203 11 Agent-Society Configuration Manager and Launcher 207 11.1 Basic terms and concepts 207 11.2 Book-trading example 209 11.3 Distributed deployment 215 11.4 The XML meta-model 218 11.5 Inside the ASCML 220 11.6 Distributed monitoring, logging and debugging 222 11.7 Outlook 223 12 JADE Semantics Framework 225 12.1 FIPA-SL language 226 12.2 Interpretation engine 230 12.3 Basic semantic agent 231 12.4 Specializing the interpretation activity 234 12.5 Customizing belief handling 237 12.6 Handling Actions 240 12.7 Synthesizing standard and advanced use of the JSA 245 12.8 Conclusions 245 13 A Selection of Other Relevant Tools 247 13.1 The Bean Generator 247 13.2 Jademx 250 13.3 The Java Sniffer 251 13.4 JADEX – engineering goal-oriented agents 254 Appendix A Command Line Options 259 A.1 Syntax 259 A.2 Options to launch containers and main containers 260 A.3 General Options 261 A.4 Options of the JADE kernel-level services 262 A.5 Options related to MTPs 265 A.6 Options to configure the yellow page DF service 267 A.7 Options specific to the JADE-LEAP platform 268 A.8 Extending the command line with user-defined options 269 Appendix B List of Symbols and Acronyms 271 Bibliography 275 References 275 FIPA Specifications 278 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThis book is a detailed investigation into how understanding the human visual system can lead to the development of colour constancy in a range of applications, from digital photography to object colour recognition in robotics. The book begins with an in-depth discussion of the human visual system and how we perceive colour.Trade Review"I think Ebner's Color Constancy is an excellent summary of current algorithms, and provides empirical tests in a womanlike manner … As an inclusive time capsule, it has no parallel, and therefore is a valuable contribution to the field." (Color Research and Application, June 2008)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Color Constancy? 1 1.2 Classic Experiments 3 1.3 Overview 7 2 The Visual System 9 2.1 Eye and Retina 9 2.2 Visual Cortex 16 2.3 On the Function of the Color Opponent Cells 30 2.4 Lightness 31 2.5 Color Perception Correlates with Integrated Reflectances 32 2.6 Involvement of the Visual Cortex in Color Constancy 35 3 Theory of Color Image Formation 39 3.1 Analog Photography 41 3.2 Digital Photography 46 3.3 Theory of Radiometry 47 3.4 Reflectance Models 52 3.5 Illuminants 56 3.6 Sensor Response 60 3.7 Finite Set of Basis Functions 63 4 Color Reproduction 67 4.1 Additive and Subtractive Color Generation 68 4.2 Color Gamut 69 4.3 Computing Primary Intensities 69 4.4 CIE XYZ Color Space 70 4.5 Gamma Correction 79 4.6 Von Kries Coefficients and Sensor Sharpening 83 5 Color Spaces 87 5.1 RGB Color Space 87 5.2 sRGB 87 5.3 CIE L∗u∗v∗Color Space 89 5.4 CIE L∗a∗b∗Color Space 92 5.5 CMY Color Space 93 5.6 HSI Color Space 93 5.7 HSV Color Space 96 5.8 Analog and Digital Video Color Spaces 99 6 Algorithms for Color Constancy under Uniform Illumination 103 6.1 White Patch Retinex 104 6.2 The Gray World Assumption 106 6.3 Variant of Horn’s Algorithm 113 6.4 Gamut-constraint Methods 115 6.5 Color in Perspective 121 6.6 Color Cluster Rotation 128 6.7 Comprehensive Color Normalization 129 6.8 Color Constancy Using a Dichromatic Reflection Model 134 7 Algorithms for Color Constancy under Nonuniform Illumination 143 7.1 The Retinex Theory of Color Vision 143 7.2 Computation of Lightness and Color 154 7.3 Hardware Implementation of Land’s Retinex Theory 166 7.4 Color Correction on Multiple Scales 169 7.5 Homomorphic Filtering 170 7.6 Intrinsic Images 175 7.7 Reflectance Images from Image Sequences 188 7.8 Additional Algorithms 190 8 Learning Color Constancy 193 8.1 Learning a Linear Filter 193 8.2 Learning Color Constancy Using Neural Networks 194 8.3 Evolving Color Constancy 198 8.4 Analysis of Chromatic Signals 204 8.5 Neural Architecture based on Double Opponent Cells 205 8.6 Neural Architecture Using Energy Minimization 209 9 Shadow Removal and Brightening 213 9.1 Shadow Removal Using Intrinsic Images 213 9.2 Shadow Brightening 215 10 Estimating the Illuminant Locally 219 10.1 Local Space Average Color 219 10.2 Computing Local Space Average Color on a Grid of Processing Elements 221 10.3 Implementation Using a Resistive Grid 230 10.4 Experimental Results 237 11 Using Local Space Average Color for Color Constancy 239 11.1 Scaling Input Values 239 11.2 Color Shifts 241 11.3 Normalized Color Shifts 246 11.4 Adjusting Saturation 249 11.5 Combining White Patch Retinex and the Gray World Assumption 251 12 Computing Anisotropic Local Space Average Color 255 12.1 Nonlinear Change of the Illuminant 255 12.2 The Line of Constant Illumination 257 12.3 Interpolation Methods 259 12.4 Evaluation of Interpolation Methods 262 12.5 Curved Line of Constant Illumination 265 12.6 Experimental Results 267 13 Evaluation of Algorithms 275 13.1 Histogram-based Object Recognition 275 13.2 Object Recognition under Changing Illumination 279 13.3 Evaluation on Object Recognition Tasks 282 13.4 Computation of Color Constant Descriptors 290 13.5 Comparison to Ground Truth Data 299 14 Agreement with Data from Experimental Psychology 303 14.1 Perceived Color of Gray Samples When Viewed under Colored Light 303 14.2 Theoretical Analysis of Color Constancy Algorithms 305 14.3 Theoretical Analysis of Algorithms Based on Local Space Average Color 312 14.4 Performance of Algorithms on Simulated Stimuli 316 14.5 Detailed Analysis of Color Shifts 319 14.6 Theoretical Models for Color Conversion 320 14.7 Human Color Constancy 324 15 Conclusion 327 Appendix A Dirac Delta Function 329 Appendix B Units of Radiometry and Photometry 331 Appendix C Sample Output from Algorithms 333 Appendix D Image Sets 339 Appendix E Program Code 349 Appendix F Parameter Settings 363 Bibliography 369 List of Symbols 381 Index 385 Permissions 391

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Book SynopsisGroup communication technologies enable users to form different types of mobile groups and to interact in real time with the participants of these groups. This book provides an in-depth overview of Multimedia Group Communications in the mobile domain. It specifies multimedia group communication concepts, introduces a range of applications, and proposes an evolution path. The concepts cover the walkie-talkie voice over IP service, XML list management, and Presence awareness technologies. The applications section embraces session control for closed professional groups and for open consumer groups. The evolution path includes exciting developments such as infotainment' and communication with non-human group members. Key Features: Easy to understand explanation of the Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC) service, as specified by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Provides technical description of XML Document Management and SIMPLE Presence services Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Group Communication Concepts. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Group Communication Roles. 1.3 Mobile Group Communication Use Cases. 1.4 Multimedia Group Communication Implementation. 1.5 Summary and Conclusions. 1.6 References. 2 OMA Push to Talk Architecture. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Architectural Considerations. 2.3 OMA PoC Functional Architecture. 2.4 PoC Client. 2.5 XML Document Management Client. 2.6 PoC Server. 2.7 PoC XML Document Management Server. 2.8 External Entities Providing Services to PoC System. 2.9 Description of OMA PoC Reference Points. 2.10 Summary and Conclusions. 2.11 References. 3 The OMA XML Document Management (XDM) Enabler. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The OMA XDM Architecture. 3.3 XDM Reference Points. 3.4 The XML Capability Access Protocol (XCAP). 3.5 User Authentication and Authorization. 3.6 XCAP Applications and Documents Used in OMA XDM. 3.7 Summary and Conclusions. 3.8 References. 4 The OMA Presence Service. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 General Presence Concepts. 4.3 The OMA Presence Service. 4.4 The Resource List Server. 4.5 XDM Presence Applications: Presence Policies and Resource Lists. 4.6 Enhancing PoC User Experience with Presence Capabilities. 4.7 Summary, Conclusions and Some Final Comments about the Presence Service. 4.8 References. 5 Deploying Group Communication with IMS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Concepts. 5.3 OMA PoC over IMS. 5.4 IMS User Identity Management. 5.5 IMS Connectivity. 5.6 Charging PoC Services with IMS. 5.7 Device Management. 5.8 Radio Access Network Parameters. 5.9 Summary and Conclusions. 5.10 References. 6 Examples of Group Communication Sessions. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 PoC Service Registration. 6.3 Ad-hoc Group Session. 6.4 Pre-arranged Group Session. 6.5 Chat Group Session. 6.6 Restricted Chat session example. 6.7 Talk Burst Control Procedures without Queuing. 6.8 Talk Burst Control Procedures with Queuing. 6.9 Summary and Conclusions. 6.10 References. 7 Value Added PoC Services. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Value Added PoC Service Roles. 7.3 Integrating PoC Service with Existing Value Added Services. 7.4 Push-to-Infotainment. 7.5 Location Based Services with PoC and Presence. 7.6 PoC PC Client Example. 7.7 PoC for Vertical Segments. 7.8 Summary and Conclusions. 8 OMA PoC2 Group Communication Concepts. 8.1 Group Communication Roles. 8.2 Multimedia Group Communication Use Cases. 8.3 Multimedia Group Communication Implementation. 8.4 Summary and Conclusions. 8.5 References. 9 Multimedia Group Communication Evolution: PoC2, XDM2, Presence 2 and Simple IM. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Architectural Elements of OMA PoC2. 9.3 OMA XDMv2. 9.4 OMA Presence Version 2. 9.5 OMA SIMPLE Messaging. 9.6 Summary and Conclusions. 9.7 References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSystems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology addresses the problems involved in achieving successful systems, exploring how these problems might be solved in theory, and how the solutions can be manifested in practice.Trade Review"This book is recommended for administrative and technical staff in industry and government agencies and for graduate students in engineering programs. It would be a good addition to academic, corporate and governmental library collections." (E-Streams, December 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Part I: Systems: Advances in Systems Science and Thinking. 1. Systems Philosophy. 2. Advances in Systems Science. 3. Advances in Systems Thinking. 4. Systems Engineering Philosophy. 5. System Models. Case A. Japanese Lean Volume Supply Systems. Part II: Systems Methodology. 6. Overview of the Systems Methodology. 7. SM1: Addressing Complex Issues and Problems. Case B. The Practice Intervention. 8. SM2: Exploring the Solution Space. 9. SM3 and 4: Focusing Solution System Purpose. Case C: The Total Weapon System Concept. 10. SM5: Architecting/Designing System Solutions. 11. SM6: Optimize Solution System Design. 12. SM7: Create and Prove Solution System (SOS). 13. The Systems Methodology - Elaborated. 14. Setting the Systems Methodology to Work. Case D: Architecting a Defense Capability. Part III: Systems Methodology and Systems Engineering. 15. Systems Engineering - The Real Deal. 16. Systems Creation: Hand of Purpose, Root of Emergence. Case E: The police Command and Control System. Case F: Fighter Avionics System Design. 17. SOS Engineering Principles and Practices. Case G. Defense Procurement in the 21st Century. 18. Systems Engineering: Intelligent Systems. Case H: Global Warming, Climate Change and Energy. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOver half a century after the discovery of the piezoresistive effect, microsystem technology has experienced considerable developments. Expanding the opportunities of microelectronics to non-electronic systems, its number of application fields continues to increase. Microsensors are one of the most important fields, used in medical applications and micromechanics. Microfluidic systems are also a significant area, most commonly used in ink-jet printer heads. This textbook focuses on the essentials of microsystems technology, providing a knowledgeable grounding and a clear path through this well-established scientific dicipline. With a methodical, student-orientated approach, Introduction to Microsystem Technology covers the following: microsystem materials (including silicon, polymers and thin films), and the scaling effects of going micro; fabrication techniques based on different material properties, descriptions of their limitations and funcTable of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is a Microsystem? 1.2 Microelectronics and Microsystem Technology. 1.3 Areas of Application and Trends of Development. 1.4 Example: Yaw Rate Sensor. 2 Scaling and Similarity. 2.1 Scaling. 2.2 Similarity and Dimensionless Numbers. 3 Materials. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Single Crystalline Silicon. 3.3 Glasses. 3.4 Polymers. 3.5 Thin Films. 3.6 Comparison of Material Characteristics. 4 Microfabrication. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Cleanliness During Production. 4.3 Lithography. 4.4 Thin-film Formation. 4.5 Layer Patterning. 4.6 Anisotropic Wet Chemical Deep Etching. 4.7 Doping. 4.8 Bonding Techniques. 4.9 Insulation Techniques. 4.10 Surface Micromachining. 4.11 Near-surface Micromachining. 4.12 HARMST. 4.13 Miniaturized Classical Techniques. 4.14 Selection of Microtechnical Manufacturing Techniques. 5 Packaging. 5.1 Tasks and Requirements. 5.2 Functions of Packaging. 6 Function and Form Elements in Microsystem Technology. 6.1 Mechanical Elements. 6.2 Fluidic Elements. 6.3 Thermal Elements. 7 Sensors and Actuators. 7.1 Reversible and Parametric Transducers. 7.2 Transducers for Sensors and Actuators. 8 Design of Microsystems. 8.1 Design Methods and Tools. 8.2 Systems with Lumped Parameters. 8.3 Systems with Distributed Parameters. 9 Effect of Technological Processes on Microsystem Properties. 9.1 Parameter-based Microsystem Design. 9.2 Robust Microsystem Design. 10 The Future of Microsystems. 10.1 Status and Trends in Microsystem Technology. 10.2 Microoptical Applications. 10.3 Probe Tips. 10.4 RF Microsystems. 10.5 Actuators. 10.6 Microfluidic Systems. 10.7 Chemical, Biological and Medical Systems. 10.8 Energy Harvesting and Wireless Communications. 10.9 Micro Fuel Cells. References. Appendix A Physical Constants. Appendix B Coordinate Transformation. B.1 Elastic Coefficients. B.2 Piezoresistive Coefficients. References. Appendix C Properties of Silicon Dioxide and Silicon Nitride Layers. References. Appendix D Nomenclature of Thin-film Processes. Reference. Appendix E Adhesion of Surface Micromechanical Structures. E.1 Capillary Forces. E.2 Critical Length of Cantilever Springs. Reference. Index.

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Book Synopsis2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS are key mobile communication technologies, chosen by more than 2 billion people around the world. In order to adapt to new services, increasing demand for user bandwidth, quality of service and requirements for network convergence, major evolutions are introduced in 3G network standard. Evolved Packet System (EPS) presents the EPS evolution of the 3G/UMTS standard introduced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard committee. This new topic is looked at from a system perspective, from the radio interface to network and service architecture. Hundreds of documents being issued by Standard organisations are summarised in one book to allow the reader to get an accessible comprehensive view of EPS evolution. Proposes a system view of Evolved UMTS, from the radio to Core and service architecture Gives a comprehensive and global view of the system that technical specifications do not provide DeTrade Review"The book is essential for industry professionals in the telecommunication business and telecommunication systems postgraduate students." (Computing Reviews, June 6, 2008) "...this is one of the best GSM texts that we’ve read, and an excellent engineer’s introduction to EPS." (IPL Telecasting, February 2008) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Wireless World Picture. 1.2 About Technologies. 1.3 Standards and Organizations. 1.4 Spectrum. 1.5 The Evolution of UMTS. 1.6 Links and Documents. 2. Evolved UMTS Overview. 2.1 The Access Network Requirements. 2.2 Evolved UMTS Concepts. 2.3 Overall Evolved UMTS Architecture. 2.4 The IMS Subsystem. 2.5 Policy Control and Charging. 2.6 The Terminal. 2.7 The Evolved UMTS Interfaces. 2.8 Major Disruptions with 3G UTRAN-FDD Networks . 3. Physical Layer of E-UTRAN. 3.1 Basic Concepts of Evolved 3G Radio Interface. 3.2 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). 3.3 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). 3.4 Architecture of the Base Station. 3.5 The E-UTRAN Physical Layer Standard. 3.6 FDD and TDD Arrangement for E-UTRAN. 3.7 Downlink Scheme: OFDMA (FDD/TDD). 3.8 Uplink Scheme: SC-FDMA (FDD/TDD). 3.8 Uplink Scheme: SC-FDMA (FDD/TDD). 4. Evolved UMTS Architecture. 4.1 Overall Architecture. 4.2 User and Control Planes. 4.3 Radio Interface Protocols. 4.4 IMS Protocols. 5. Life in EPS Networks. 5.1 Network Attachment. 5.2 Communication Sessions. 5.3 Mobility in IDLE Mode. 5.4 Mobility in ACTIVE Mode. 6. The Services. 6.1 The Role of OMA. 6.2 Push-to-talk Over Cellular. 6.3 Presence. 6.4 Broadcast and Multicast. 6.5 Voice and Multimedia Telephony. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisSplit into 4 accessible parts, the book presents: 1. An introduction to and definition of BBNs.2. Step-by-step practical guidelines to applying BBNs.3. A wide variety of applications in industry, natural sciences, services and computing.4. A discussion of the future directions BBN research and applications might take.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Bayesian networks 1 1.1 Models 1 1.2 Probabilistic vs. deterministic models 5 1.3 Unconditional and conditional independence 9 1.4 Bayesian networks 11 2 Medical diagnosis 15 2.1 Bayesian networks in medicine 15 2.2 Context and history 17 2.3 Model construction 19 2.4 Inference 26 2.5 Model validation 28 2.6 Model use 30 2.7 Comparison to other approaches 31 2.8 Conclusions and perspectives 32 3 Clinical decision support 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Models and methodology 34 3.3 The Busselton network 35 3.4 The PROCAM network 40 3.5 The PROCAM Busselton network 44 3.6 Evaluation 46 3.7 The clinical support tool: TakeHeartII 47 3.8 Conclusion 51 4 Complex genetic models 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Historical perspectives 54 4.3 Complex traits 56 4.4 Bayesian networks to dissect complex traits 59 4.5 Applications 64 4.6 Future challenges 71 5 Crime risk factors analysis 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Analysis of the factors affecting crime risk 74 5.3 Expert probabilities elicitation 75 5.4 Data preprocessing 76 5.5 A Bayesian network model 78 5.6 Results 80 5.7 Accuracy assessment 83 5.8 Conclusions 84 6 Spatial dynamics in France 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 An indicator-based analysis 89 6.3 The Bayesian network model 97 6.4 Conclusions 109 7 Inference problems in forensic science 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Building Bayesian networks for inference 116 7.3 Applications of Bayesian networks in forensic science 120 7.4 Conclusions 126 8 Conservation of marbled murrelets in British Columbia 127 8.1 Context/history 127 8.2 Model construction 129 8.3 Model calibration, validation and use 136 8.4 Conclusions/perspectives 147 9 Classifiers for modeling of mineral potential 149 9.1 Mineral potential mapping 149 9.2 Classifiers for mineral potential mapping 151 9.3 Bayesian network mapping of base metal deposit 157 9.4 Discussion 166 9.5 Conclusions 171 10 Student modeling 173 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Probabilistic relational models 175 10.3 Probabilistic relational student model 176 10.4 Case study 180 10.5 Experimental evaluation 182 10.6 Conclusions and future directions 185 11 Sensor validation 187 11.1 Introduction 187 11.2 The problem of sensor validation 188 11.3 Sensor validation algorithm 191 11.4 Gas turbines 197 11.5 Models learned and experimentation 198 11.6 Discussion and conclusion 202 12 An information retrieval system 203 12.1 Introduction 203 12.2 Overview 205 12.3 Bayesian networks and information retrieval 206 12.4 Theoretical foundations 207 12.5 Building the information retrieval system 215 12.6 Conclusion 223 13 Reliability analysis of systems 225 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Dynamic fault trees 227 13.3 Dynamic Bayesian networks 228 13.4 A case study: The Hypothetical Sprinkler System 230 13.5 Conclusions 237 14 Terrorism risk management 239 14.1 Introduction 240 14.2 The Risk Influence Network 250 14.3 Software implementation 254 14.4 Site Profiler deployment 259 14.5 Conclusion 261 15 Credit-rating of companies 263 15.1 Introduction 263 15.2 Naive Bayesian classifiers 264 15.3 Example of actual credit-ratings systems 264 15.4 Credit-rating data of Japanese companies 266 15.5 Numerical experiments 267 15.6 Performance comparison of classifiers 273 15.7 Conclusion 276 16 Classification of Chilean wines 279 16.1 Introduction 279 16.2 Experimental setup 281 16.3 Feature extraction methods 285 16.4 Classification results 288 16.5 Conclusions 298 17 Pavement and bridge management 301 17.1 Introduction 301 17.2 Pavement management decisions 302 17.3 Bridge management 307 17.4 Bridge approach embankment – case study 308 17.5 Conclusion 312 18 Complex industrial process operation 313 18.1 Introduction 313 18.2 A methodology for Root Cause Analysis 314 18.3 Pulp and paper application 321 18.4 The ABB Industrial IT platform 325 18.5 Conclusion 326 19 Probability of default for large corporates 329 19.1 Introduction 329 19.2 Model construction 332 19.3 BayesCredit 335 19.4 Model benchmarking 341 19.5 Benefits from technology and software 342 19.6 Conclusion 343 20 Risk management in robotics 345 20.1 Introduction 345 20.2 DeepC 346 20.3 The ADVOCATE II architecture 352 20.4 Model development 354 20.5 Model usage and examples 360 20.6 Benefits from using probabilistic graphical models 361 20.7 Conclusion 362 21 Enhancing Human Cognition 365 21.1 Introduction 365 21.2 Human foreknowledge in everyday settings 366 21.3 Machine foreknowledge 369 21.4 Current application and future research needs 373 21.5 Conclusion 375 22 Conclusion 377 22.1 An artificial intelligence perspective 377 22.2 A rational approach of knowledge 379 22.3 Future challenges 384 Bibliography 385 Index 427

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Book SynopsisAutomatic feedback control systems play crucial roles in many fields, including manufacturing industries, communications, naval and space systems. At its simplest, a control system represents a feedback loop in which the difference between the ideal (input) and actual (output) signals is used to modify the behaviour of the system. Control systems are in our homes, computers, cars and toys. Basic control principles can also be found in areas such as medicine, biology and economics, where feedback mechanisms are ever present. Linear and Nonlinear Multivariable Feedback Control presents a highly original, unified control theory of both linear and nonlinear multivariable (also known as multi-input multi-output (MIMO)) feedback systems as a straightforward extension of classical control theory. It shows how the classical engineering methods look in the multidimensional case and how practising engineers or researchers can apply them to the analysis and design of linear and nonlineTable of ContentsPreface. Part I Linear Multivariable Control System. 1 Canonical representations and stability analysis of linear MIMO systems. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 General linear square MIMO systems. 1.3 Uniform MIMO systems. 1.4 Normal MIMO systems. 1.5 Multivariable root loci. 2 Performance and design of linear MIMO systems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Generalized frequency response characteristics and accuracy of linear MIMO systems under sinusoidal inputs. 2.3 Dynamical accuracy of MIMO systems under slowly changing deterministic signals. 2.4 Statistical accuracy of linear MIMO systems. 2.5 Design of linear MIMO systems. Part II Nonlinear multivariable control systems. 3 Study of one-frequency self-oscillation in nonlinear harmonically linearized MIMO systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Mathematical foundations of the harmonic linearization method for one-frequency periodical processes in nonlinear MIMO systems. 3.3 One-frequency limit cycles in general MIMO systems. 3.4 Limit cycles in uniform MIMO systems. 3.5 Limit cycles in circulant and anticirculant MIMO systems. 4 Forced oscillation and generalized frequency response characteristics of nonlinear MIMO systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Nonlinear general MIMO systems. 4.3 Nonlinear uniform MIMO systems. 4.4 Forced oscillations and frequency response characteristics along the canonical basis axes of nonlinear circulant and anticirculant systems. 4.5 Design of nonlinear MIMO systems. 5 Absolute stability of nonlinear MIMO systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Absolute stability of general and uniform MIMO systems. 5.3 Absolute stability of normal MIMO systems. 5.4 Off-axis circle and parabolic criteria of the absolute stability of mimo systems. 5.5 Multidimensional circle criteria of absolute stability. 5.6 Multidimensional circle criteria of the absolute stability of forced motions. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMultimedia Signal Processing is a comprehensive and accessible text to the theory and applications of digital signal processing (DSP). The applications of DSP are pervasive and include multimedia systems, cellular communication, adaptive network management, radar, pattern recognition, medical signal processing, financial data forecasting, artificial intelligence, decision making, control systems and search engines. This book is organised in to three major parts making it a coherent and structured presentation of the theory and applications of digital signal processing. A range of important topics are covered in basic signal processing, model-based statistical signal processing and their applications. Part 1: Basic Digital Signal Processing gives an introduction to the topic, discussing sampling and quantization, Fourier analysis and synthesis, Z-transform, and digital filters. Part 2: Model-based Signal Processing covers probability and infoTrade Review"A valuable and accessible text … .Suited not only for senior undergraduates and postgraduates but also for researchers and engineers." (Zentralblatt Math, 2008/17)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgement. Symbols. Abbreviations. Part I Basic Digital Signal Processing. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Signals and Information. 1.2 Signal Processing Methods. 1.3 Applications of Digital Signal Processing. 1.4 Summary. 2 Fourier Analysis and Synthesis. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fourier Series: Representation of Periodic Signals. 2.3 Fourier Transform: Representation of Nonperiodic Signals. 2.4 Discrete Fourier Transform. 2.5 Short-Time Fourier Transform. 2.6 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 2.7 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform (2-D DFT). 2.8 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). 2.9 Some Applications of the Fourier Transform. 2.10 Summary. 3 z-Transform. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Derivation of the z-Transform. 3.3 The z-Plane and the Unit Circle. 3.4 Properties of z-Transform. 3.5 z-Transfer Function, Poles (Resonance) and Zeros (Anti-resonance). 3.6 z-Transform of Analysis of Exponential Transient Signals. 3.7 Inverse z-Transform. 3.8 Summary. 4 Digital Filters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Linear Time-Invariant Digital Filters. 4.3 Recursive and Non-Recursive Filters. 4.4 Filtering Operation: Sum of Vector Products, A Comparison of Convolution and Correlation. 4.5 Filter Structures: Direct, Cascade and Parallel Forms. 4.6 Linear Phase FIR Filters. 4.7 Design of Digital FIR Filter-banks. 4.8 Quadrature Mirror Sub-band Filters. 4.9 Design of Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters by Pole–zero Placements. 4.10 Issues in the Design and Implementation of a Digital Filter. 4.11 Summary. 5 Sampling and Quantisation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sampling a Continuous-Time Signal. 5.3 Quantisation. 5.4 Sampling Rate Conversion: Interpolation and Decimation. 5.5 Summary. Part II Model-Based Signal Processing. 6 Information Theory and Probability Models. 6.1 Introduction: Probability and Information Models. 6.2 Random Processes. 6.3 Probability Models of Random Signals. 6.4 Information Models. 6.5 Stationary and Non-Stationary Random Processes. 6.6 Statistics (Expected Values) of a Random Process. 6.7 Some Useful Practical Classes of Random Processes. 6.8 Transformation of a Random Process. 6.9 Search Engines: Citation Ranking. 6.10 Summary. 7 Bayesian Inference. 7.1 Bayesian Estimation Theory: Basic Definitions. 7.2 Bayesian Estimation. 7.3 Expectation Maximisation Method. 7.4 Cramer–Rao Bound on the Minimum Estimator Variance. 7.5 Design of Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). 7.6 Bayesian Classification. 7.7 Modelling the Space of a Random Process. 7.8 Summary. 8 Least Square Error, Wiener–Kolmogorov Filters. 8.1 Least Square Error Estimation: Wiener–Kolmogorov Filter. 8.2 Block-Data Formulation of the Wiener Filter. 8.3 Interpretation of Wiener Filter as Projection in Vector Space. 8.4 Analysis of the Least Mean Square Error Signal. 8.5 Formulation of Wiener Filters in the Frequency Domain. 8.6 Some Applications of Wiener Filters. 8.7 Implementation of Wiener Filters. 8.8 Summary. 9 Adaptive Filters: Kalman, RLS, LMS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 State-Space Kalman Filters. 9.3 Sample Adaptive Filters. 9.4 Recursive Least Square (RLS) Adaptive Filters. 9.5 The Steepest-Descent Method. 9.6 LMS Filter. 9.7 Summary. 10 Linear Prediction Models. 10.1 Linear Prediction Coding. 10.2 Forward, Backward and Lattice Predictors. 10.3 Short-Term and Long-Term Predictors. 10.4 MAP Estimation of Predictor Coefficients. 10.5 Formant-Tracking LP Models. 10.6 Sub-Band Linear Prediction Model. 10.7 Signal Restoration Using Linear Prediction Models. 10.8 Summary. 11 Hidden Markov Models. 11.1 Statistical Models for Non-Stationary Processes. 11.2 Hidden Markov Models. 11.3 Training Hidden Markov Models. 11.4 Decoding Signals Using Hidden Markov Models. 11.5 HMM in DNA and Protein Sequences. 11.6 HMMs for Modelling Speech and Noise. 11.7 Summary. 12 Eigenvector Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis. 12.1 Introduction – Linear Systems and Eigenanalysis. 12.2 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues. 12.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA). 12.4 Independent Component Analysis. 12.5 Summary. Part III Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Speech, Music and Telecommunications. 13 Music Signal Processing and Auditory Perception. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Musical Notes, Intervals and Scales. 13.3 Musical Instruments. 13.4 Review of Basic Physics of Sounds. 13.5 Music Signal Features and Models. 13.6 Anatomy of the Ear and the Hearing Process. 13.7 Psychoacoustics of Hearing. 13.8 Music Coding (Compression). 13.9 High Quality Audio Coding: MPEG Audio Layer-3 (MP3). 13.10 Stereo Music Coding. 13.11 Summary. 14 Speech Processing. 14.1 Speech Communication. 14.2 Acoustic Theory of Speech: The Source–filter Model. 14.3 Speech Models and Features. 14.4 Linear Prediction Models of Speech. 14.5 Harmonic Plus Noise Model of Speech. 14.6 Fundamental Frequency (Pitch) Information. 14.7 Speech Coding. 14.8 Speech Recognition. 14.9 Summary. 15 Speech Enhancement. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Single-Input Speech Enhancement Methods. 15.3 Speech Bandwidth Extension – Spectral Extrapolation. 15.4 Interpolation of Lost Speech Segments – Packet Loss Concealment. 15.5 Multi-Input Speech Enhancement Methods. 15.6 Speech Distortion Measurements. 15.7 Summary. 16 Echo Cancellation. 16.1 Introduction: Acoustic and Hybrid Echo. 16.2 Telephone Line Hybrid Echo. 16.3 Hybrid (Telephone Line) Echo Suppression. 16.4 Adaptive Echo Cancellation. 16.5 Acoustic Echo. 16.6 Sub-Band Acoustic Echo Cancellation. 16.7 Echo Cancellation with Linear Prediction Pre-whitening. 16.8 Multi-Input Multi-Output Echo Cancellation. 16.9 Summary. 17 Channel Equalisation and Blind Deconvolution. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Blind Equalisation Using Channel Input Power Spectrum. 17.3 Equalisation Based on Linear Prediction Models. 17.4 Bayesian Blind Deconvolution and Equalisation. 17.5 Blind Equalisation for Digital Communication Channels. 17.6 Equalisation Based on Higher-Order Statistics. 17.7 Summary. 18 Signal Processing in Mobile Communication. 18.1 Introduction to Cellular Communication. 18.2 Communication Signal Processing in Mobile Systems. 18.3 Capacity, Noise, and Spectral Efficiency. 18.4 Multi-path and Fading in Mobile Communication. 18.5 Smart Antennas – Space–Time Signal Processing. 18.6 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisDistributed power generation is a technology that could help to enable efficient, renewable energy production both in the developed and developing world. It includes all use of small electric power generators, whether located on the utility system, at the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated site not connected to the power grid. Induction generator (IG) is the most commonly used and cheapest technology, compatible with renewable energy resources. Permanent magnet (PM) generators have traditionally been avoided due to high fabrication costs; however, compared with IGs they are more reliable and productive. Distributed Generation thoroughly examines the principles, possibilities and limitations of creating energy with both IGs and PM generators. It takes an electrical engineering approach in the analysis and testing of these generators, and includes diagrams and extensive case study examples to better demonstrate how the integration of energy sources can be accoTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii About the Authors xix 1 Distributed Generation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Reasons for DG 1 1.3 Technical Impacts of DG 3 1.3.1 DG Technologies 3 1.3.2 Thermal Issues 5 1.3.3 Voltage Profile Issues 5 1.3.4 Fault-Level Contributions 7 1.3.5 Harmonics and Interactions with Loads 7 1.3.6 Interactions Between Generating Units 8 1.3.7 Protection Issues 8 1.4 Economic Impact of DG 9 1.5 Barriers to DG Development 10 1.6 Renewable Sources of Energy 11 1.7 Renewable Energy Economics 12 1.8 Interconnection 15 1.8.1 Interconnection Standardization 15 1.8.2 Rate Design 15 1.9 Recommendations and Guidelines for DG Planning 16 1.10 Summary 18 2 Generators 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Synchronous Generator 21 2.2.1 Permanent Magnet Materials 22 2.2.2 Permanent Magnet Generator 23 2.3 Induction Generator 28 2.3.1 Three-Phase IGs and SEIGs 29 2.3.2 Single-Phase IGs and SEIGs 30 2.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 31 2.4.1 Operation 31 2.4.2 Recent Work 33 2.5 Summary 34 3 Three-Phase IG Operating on a Single-Phase Power System 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Phase Balancing using Passive Circuit Elements 41 3.2.1 Analysis of IG with Phase Converters 41 3.2.2 Phase Balancing Schemes 43 3.2.3 Case Study 45 3.2.4 System Power Factor 47 3.2.5 Power and Efficiency 49 3.2.6 Operation with Fixed Phase Converters 50 3.2.7 Summary 51 3.3 Phase Balancing using the Smith Connection 52 3.3.1 Three-Phase IG with the Smith Connection 52 3.3.2 Performance Analysis 54 3.3.3 Balanced Operation 55 3.3.4 Case Study 58 3.3.5 Effect of Phase Balancing Capacitances 61 3.3.6 Dual-Mode Operation 65 3.3.7 Summary 66 3.4 Microcontroller-Based Multi-Mode Control of SMIG 67 3.4.1 Phase Voltage Consideration 67 3.4.2 Control System 67 3.4.3 Practical Implementation 71 3.4.4 Experimental Results 72 3.4.5 Summary 75 3.5 Phase Balancing using a Line Current Injection Method 77 3.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 77 3.5.2 Performance Analysis 78 3.5.3 Balanced Operation 80 3.5.4 Case Study 82 3.5.5 Summary 91 4 Finite Element Analysis of Grid-Connected IG with the Steinmetz Connection 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Steinmetz Connection and Symmetrical Components Analysis 94 4.3 Machine Model 95 4.4 Finite Element Analysis 96 4.4.1 Basic Field Equations 96 4.4.2 Stator Circuit Equations 97 4.4.3 Stator EMFs 99 4.4.4 Rotor Circuit Model 99 4.4.5 Comments on the Proposed Method 102 4.5 Computational Aspects 103 4.6 Case Study 104 4.7 Summary 109 5 SEIGs for Autonomous Power Systems 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Three-Phase SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 111 5.2.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 111 5.2.2 Solution Technique 114 5.2.3 Capacitance Requirement 115 5.2.4 Computed and Experimental Results 117 5.2.5 Capacitance Requirement on Load 121 5.2.6 Summary 123 5.3 SEIG with Asymmetrically Connected Impedances and Excitation Capacitances 123 5.3.1 Circuit Model 124 5.3.2 Performance Analysis 124 5.3.3 Computed and Experimental Results 125 5.3.4 Modified Steinmetz Connection 126 5.3.5 Simplified Steinmetz Connection 133 5.3.6 Summary 135 5.4 Self-regulated SEIG for Single-Phase Loads 136 5.4.1 Circuit Connection and Analysis 136 5.4.2 Effect of Series Compensation Capacitance 138 5.4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 143 5.4.4 Effect of Load Power Factor 147 5.4.5 Summary 149 5.5 SEIG with the Smith Connection 150 5.5.1 Circuit Connection and Operating Principle 150 5.5.2 Performance Analysis 151 5.5.3 Balanced Operation 152 5.5.4 Results and Discussion 153 5.5.5 Summary 159 6 Voltage and Frequency Control of SEIG with Slip-Ring Rotor 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Performance Analysis of SESRIG 162 6.3 Frequency and Voltage Control 165 6.4 Control with Variable Stator Load 166 6.5 Practical Implementation 168 6.5.1 Chopper-Controlled Rotor External Resistance 168 6.5.2 Closed-Loop Control 169 6.5.3 Tuning of PI Controller 170 6.5.4 Dynamic Response 170 6.6 Summary 173 7 PMSGs For Autonomous Power Systems 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Principle and Construction of PMSG with Inset Rotor 175 7.3 Analysis for Unity-Power-Factor Loads 177 7.3.1 Analysis Using the Two-Axis Model 177 7.3.2 Design Considerations 180 7.3.3 Computed Results 182 7.3.4 Experimental Results 183 7.3.5 Summary 184 7.4 A Comprehensive Analysis 185 7.4.1 Basic Equations and Analysis 185 7.4.2 Conditions for Zero Voltage Regulation 188 7.4.3 Extremum Points in the Load Characteristic 190 7.4.4 Power–Load Angle Relationship 191 7.4.5 The Saturated Two-Axis Model 192 7.4.6 Summary 194 7.5 Computation of Synchronous Reactances 194 7.5.1 Analysis Based on FEM 194 7.5.2 Computation of Xd and Xq 196 7.5.3 Computed Results 197 7.5.4 Summary 201 7.6 Analysis using Time-Stepping 2-D FEM 201 7.6.1 Machine Model and Assumptions 201 7.6.2 Coupled Circuit and Field Analysis 202 7.6.3 Magnetic Saturation Consideration 205 7.6.4 Computed Results 207 7.6.5 Experimental Verification 211 7.6.6 Summary 212 8 Conclusions 215 8.1 Accomplishments of the Book 215 8.2 Future Work 217 AppendixA Analysis for IG and SEIG 219 A.1 Symmetrical Components Equations for IG 219 A.2 Positive-Sequence and Negative-Sequence Circuits of IG 220 A.3 Vp and Vn for IG with Dual-Phase Converters 221 A.4 Derivation of Angular Relationship 223 A.5 Input Impedance of SEIG with the Steinmetz Connection 224 Appendix B The Method of Hooke and Jeeves 227 AppendixC A Note on the Finite Element Method [1] 229 C.1 Energy Functional and Discretization 229 C.2 Shape Functions 230 C.3 Functional Minimization and Global Assembly 233 Reference 234 AppendixD Technical Data of Experimental Machines 235 D.1 Machine IG1 235 D.2 Machine IG2 236 D.3 Prototype PMSG with Inset Rotor 236 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThis completely revised and updated edition of the highly successful UMTS Signaling provides a deep insight into all aspects of UMTS signalling. The chapter structure has been reworked for improved "usability" for readers, as well as including many new features and updates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xix 1 UMTS Basics 1 1.1 Standards 2 1.2 Network Architecture 4 1.2.1 GSM 4 1.2.2 UMTS Release 99 5 1.2.3 UMTS Release 4 7 1.2.4 UMTS Release 5 8 1.2.5 HSPA 12 1.2.6 UMTS Release 6 21 1.2.7 UMTS Release 7 and Beyond 24 1.2.8 TD-SCDMA 26 1.3 UMTS Interfaces 28 1.3.1 Iu Interface 28 1.3.2 Iub Interface 29 1.3.3 Iur Interface 29 1.4 UMTS Domain Architecture 31 1.5 UTRAN 31 1.5.1 RNC 33 1.5.2 Node B 35 1.5.3 Area Concept 35 1.5.4 UMTS User Equipment and USIM 36 1.5.5 Mobiles 38 1.5.6 QoS Architecture 39 1.6 UMTS Security 41 1.6.1 Historic Development 41 1.6.2 UMTS Security Architecture 46 1.6.3 Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) 48 1.6.4 Kasumi/Misty 53 1.6.5 Integrity – Air Interface Integrity Mechanism 55 1.6.6 Confidentiality – Encryption (Ciphering) on Uu and Iub 58 1.6.7 UMTS Network Transactions 63 1.7 Radio Interface Basics 63 1.7.1 Duplex Methods 64 1.7.2 Multiple Access Methods 64 1.7.3 UMTS CDMA 65 1.7.4 CDMA Spreading/Channelization 66 1.7.5 Microdiversity – Multipath (FDD and TDD) 67 1.7.6 Microdiversity – Softer Handover (FDD) 67 1.7.7 Macrodiversity – Soft Handover (FDD) 68 1.7.8 UMTS Spreading (FDD and TDD) 68 1.7.9 Scrambling 69 1.7.10 Coding Summary (FDD) 69 1.7.11 Signal to Interference (FDD) 69 1.7.12 Cell Breathing (FDD) 70 1.7.13 UMTS Channels (FDD and TDD) 72 1.7.14 Transport Channels (FDD and TDD) 74 1.7.15 Common Transport Channels (FDD and TDD) 74 1.7.16 Dedicated Transport Channels (FDD and TDD) 75 1.7.17 Initial UE Radio Access (FDD) 76 1.7.18 Power Control (FDD and TDD) 77 1.7.19 UE Random Access (FDD) 79 1.7.20 Power Control in Soft Handover (FDD) 80 1.8 UMTS Network Protocol Architecture 81 1.8.1 Iub – Control Plane 82 1.8.2 Iub – User Plane 83 1.8.3 Iur – User/Control Plane 84 1.8.4 luCS – User/Control Plane 85 1.8.5 IuPS – User/Control Plane 86 1.8.6 E – User/Control Plane 86 1.8.7 Gn – User/Control Plane 87 1.9 SIGTRAN 87 1.10 ATM 89 1.10.1 ATM Cell 90 1.10.2 ATM Layer Architecture 91 1.10.3 ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 91 1.10.4 AAL2 92 1.10.5 AAL5 92 1.11 User Plane Framing Protocol 93 1.11.1 Frame Architecture 93 1.11.2 FP Control Frame Architecture 94 1.12 Medium Access Protocol (MAC) 95 1.12.1 MAC Architecture 95 1.12.2 MAC Data PDU 96 1.12.3 MAC Header Alternatives 98 1.13 Radio Link Control (RLC) 98 1.13.1 RLC Services 99 1.13.2 RLC Functions 100 1.13.3 RLC Architecture 102 1.13.4 RLC Data PDUs 103 1.13.5 Other RLC PDUs 104 1.14 Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol (SSCOP) 104 1.14.1 Example SSCOP 105 1.15 Service Specific Coordination Function (SSCF) 106 1.16 Message Transfer Part Level 3 – Broadband (MTP3-B) 106 1.17 Internet Protocol (IP) 107 1.17.1 IPv4 Frame Architecture 108 1.18 Signaling Transport Converter (STC) 108 1.19 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 109 1.19.1 Example SCCP 110 1.20 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) in UMTS 111 1.20.1 ASN.1 BER 111 1.20.2 ASN.1 PER 112 1.21 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 112 1.21.1 RRC States (3GPP 25.331) 113 1.21.2 System Information Blocks (SIBs) 118 1.22 Node B Application Part (NBAP) 124 1.22.1 NBAP Functions 124 1.22.2 NBAP Elementary Procedures (EPs) 125 1.22.3 Example – NBAP 126 1.23 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP) 126 1.23.1 RNSAP Functions 126 1.23.2 Example – RNSAP Procedures 127 1.24 Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) 128 1.24.1 RANAP Elementary Procedures (EPs) 129 1.24.2 Example – RANAP Procedure 131 1.25 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2 – Layer 3 (AAL2L3/ALCAP) 131 1.25.1 AAL2L3 Message Format 131 1.25.2 Example – AAL2L3 Procedure 132 1.26 IU User Plane Protocol 134 1.26.1 Iu UP Transparent Mode 134 1.26.2 Iu UP Support Mode Data Frames 134 1.26.3 Iu UP Support Mode Control Frames 136 1.26.4 Example – Iu UP Support Mode Message Flow 136 1.27 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Codec 136 1.27.1 AMR IF1 Frame Architecture 138 1.28 Terminal Adaptation Function (TAF) 138 1.29 Radio Link Protocol (RLP) 139 1.30 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 140 1.30.1 PDCP PDU Format 140 1.31 Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC) 141 1.31.1 BMC Architecture 141 1.32 Circuit-Switched Mobility Management (MM) 141 1.33 Circuit-Switched Call Control (CC) 142 1.34 Example – Mobile Originated Call (Circuit Switched) 143 1.35 Packet-Switched Mobility Management (GMM) 144 1.36 Packet-Switched Session Management (SM) 144 1.37 Example – Activate PDP Context (Packet Switched) 145 2 Short Introduction to Network Monitoring, Troubleshooting, and Network Optimization 147 2.1 Iub Monitoring 147 2.1.1 IMA 147 2.1.2 Fractional ATM 148 2.1.3 Load Sharing and Addressing on Iub 149 2.1.4 Troubleshooting Iub Monitoring Scenarios 150 2.2 Iu Monitoring 151 2.2.1 Troubleshooting Iu Monitoring 154 2.3 Network Optimization and Network Troubleshooting 155 2.3.1 Cell-related Performance Relevant Data 159 2.3.2 Call-related Performance Relevant Data 164 3 UMTS UTRAN Signaling Procedures 171 3.1 Iub – Node B Setup 172 3.1.1 Overview 172 3.1.2 Message Flow 173 3.2 Iub – IMSI/GPRS Attach Procedure 191 3.2.1 Overview 191 3.2.2 Message Flow 192 3.3 Iub CS – Mobile Originated Call 205 3.3.1 Overview 206 3.3.2 Message Flow 207 3.4 Iub CS – Mobile Terminated Call 217 3.4.1 Overview 217 3.4.2 Message Flow 219 3.5 Iub PS – PDP Context Activation/Deactivation 223 3.5.1 Overview 225 3.5.2 Message Flow 226 3.6 Iub – IMSI/GPRS Detach Procedure 235 3.6.1 Overview 235 3.6.2 Message Flow 236 3.7 RRC Measurement Procedures 239 3.7.1 RRC Measurement Types 239 3.7.2 Cell Categories 239 3.7.3 Measurement Initiation for Intrafrequency Measurement 240 3.7.4 Intrafrequency Measurement Events 241 3.7.5 Intrafrequency Measurement Report 244 3.7.6 Intrafrequency Measurement Modification 245 3.7.7 Measurement Initiation for Interfrequency Measurement 247 3.7.8 Further RRC Measurement Groups 248 3.7.9 Changing Reporting Conditions After Transition to CELL FACH 249 3.8 Iub – Physical Channel Reconfiguration (PDPC) 250 3.8.1 Message Flow 251 3.9 Channel Type Switching 259 3.9.1 Overview 259 3.9.2 Message Flow 261 3.10 Iub – Mobile-Originated Call with Soft Handover (Inter-Node B, Intra-RNC) 272 3.10.1 Overview 272 3.10.2 Message Flow (Figure 3.70) 273 3.11 Iub – Softer Handover 286 3.11.1 Overview 286 3.11.2 Message Flow 287 3.12 Iub Interfrequency Hard Handover FDD 290 3.12.1 Interfrequency Hard Handover Overview 291 3.12.2 FDD Interfrequency Inter-Node B Hard Handover Call Flow 292 3.13 RRC Measurements in Compressed Mode and Typical Call Drop 296 3.13.1 Message Flow 296 3.14 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 301 3.14.1 HSDPA Cell Setup 302 3.14.2 HSDPA Basic Call 304 3.14.3 Mobility Management and Handover Procedures in HSDPA 310 3.14.4 Troubleshooting HSDPA Calls 318 3.14.5 Proprietary Descriptions of HSDPA Call/Mobility Scenarios 320 3.15 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 323 3.15.1 HSUPA Cell Setup 324 3.15.2 HSUPA Call Scenarios 325 3.15.3 HSUPA Basic Call 328 3.16 NBAP Measurements 330 3.16.1 NBAP Common Measurements 331 3.16.2 NBAP Dedicated Measurements 334 4 TDD (TD-SCDMA) Iub Signaling Procedures 339 4.1 TD-SCDMA Radio Interface Structure and Radio Resource Allocation 340 4.1.1 TD-SCDMA Mobile Originated Speech Call Setup 343 4.1.2 RRC Measurements in TD-SCDMA Radio Mode 349 4.1.3 Intra-Cell Interfrequency Handover in TD-SCDMA 352 4.1.4 Inter-Cell Interfrequency Handover 353 4.1.5 Multi-Service Call CS/PS with Inter-Node B Handover 356 5 Iu and Iur Signaling Procedures 363 5.1 Iub-Iu – Location Update 363 5.1.1 Message Flow 364 5.2 Iub-Iu – Mobile-Originated Call 370 5.2.1 Overview 370 5.2.2 Message Flow 372 5.3 Iub-Iu – Mobile-Terminated Call 378 5.3.1 Overview 378 5.3.2 Message Flow 379 5.4 Iub-Iu – Attach 384 5.4.1 Overview 384 5.4.2 Message Flow 385 5.5 Iub-Iu – PDPC Activation/Deactivation 387 5.5.1 Overview 387 5.5.2 Message Flow 388 5.6 Streaming PS Service and Secondary PDP Context 394 5.6.1 Message Flow 395 5.7 Iub-Iu – Detach 398 5.7.1 Overview 398 5.7.2 Message Flow 399 5.8 Iub-Iur – Soft Handover (Inter-Node B, Inter-RNC) 401 5.8.1 Overview 401 5.8.2 Message Flow 402 5.9 Iub-Iu – RRC Re-Establishment (Inter-Node B, Inter-RNC) 412 5.9.1 Overview 412 5.9.2 Message Flow 414 5.10 SRNS Relocation (UE not Involved) 419 5.10.1 Overview 420 5.10.2 Message Flow 421 5.11 SRNS Relocation (UE Involved) 426 5.11.1 Overview 427 5.11.2 Message Flow 429 5.12 Short Message Service (SMS) in UMTS Networks 437 5.12.1 SMS Network Architecture Overview 437 5.12.2 SMS Protocol Architecture 438 5.12.3 Mobile-Originated Short Message 439 5.12.4 Mobile-Terminated Short Message 446 6 Signaling Procedures in the 3G Core Network 453 6.1 ISUP/BICC Call Setup 453 6.1.1 Address Parameters for ISUP/BICC Messages 454 6.1.2 ISUP Call (Successful) 454 6.1.3 ISUP Call (Unsuccessful) 455 6.1.4 BICC Call Setup on E Interface Including IuCS Signaling 458 6.2 Gn Interface Signaling 462 6.2.1 PDF Context Creation on Gn (GTP-C and GTP-U) 464 6.2.2 GTP-C Location Management 465 6.2.3 GTP-C Mobility Management 465 6.2.4 SGSN Relocation 467 6.2.5 Example GTP 467 6.3 Procedures on the Gs Interface 469 6.3.1 Location Update via Gs 469 6.3.2 Detach Indication via Gs 470 6.3.3 Paging via Gs 470 6.4 Signaling on Interfaces Toward HLR 470 6.4.1 Addressing on MAP Interfaces 472 6.4.2 MAP Architecture 473 6.4.3 MAP Signaling Example 475 6.5 Inter-3G MSC Handover Procedure 477 6.5.1 Inter-3G MSC Handover Overview 480 6.5.2 Inter-3G MSC Handover Call Flow 482 6.6 Inter-3G-2G-3G MSC Handover Procedure 486 6.6.1 Inter-3G-2G MSC Handover/Relocation Overview (Figure 6.42) 489 6.6.2 Inter-3G-2G MSC Handover Call Flow 490 6.6.3 Inter-3G-2G MSC Handover Messages on E Interface 494 6.6.4 Inter-2G-3G MSC Handover/Relocation Overview 495 6.6.5 Inter-2G-3G MSC Subsequent Handover Messages on the E Interface 500 6.6.6 2G-3G CS Inter-RAT Handover on IuCS and Iub Interface 501 6.6.7 PS Inter-RAT Mobility 506 6.7 Customized Application for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) 509 6.7.1 IN/CAMEL Network Architecture 510 6.7.2 CAMEL Basic Call State Model 511 6.7.3 Charging Operation Using CAMEL 512 6.7.4 CAMEL Signaling Example for GPRS Charging 513 6.8 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 517 6.8.1 IMS PDP Context Activation Basics 517 6.8.2 IMS UE-UE Call Basics 518 Glossary 521 Bibliography 537 Index 541

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Book SynopsisDue to the complexity of power systems combined with other factors such as increasing susceptibility of equipment, power quality (PQ) is apt to waver. With electricity in growing demand, low PQ is on the rise and becoming notoriously difficult to remedy.Trade Review"Those wanting to learn more about power quality issues and causes will find this book well organized, and very easy to read and understand. It is also a good resource in that it contains many up-to-date references for further in-depth study." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 2009)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1. Frequency Variations (Hermina Albert, Nicolae Golovanov, Aleksander Kot and Janusz Brozek). 1.1 Frequency Quality Indices. 1.2 Frequency Measuring. 1.3 Load–Frequency Characteristics. 1.4 Influence of Frequency on Users' Equipment. 1.5 Governing Of Turbine Speed. 1.6 Frequency Control in Power Systems. Bibliography. 2. Continuity of Supply (Krish Gomatom and Tom Short). 2.1 Distribution Reliability. 2.2 Quality of Supply. 2.3 Factors Affecting Reliability Performance. 2.4 Improving Reliability. 2.5 Costs, Markets and Value for Reliability. Bibliography. 3. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems(Andrzej Kanicki). 3.1 Description of the Phenomena. 3.2 Disturbance Sources. 3.3 Disturbance Effects. 3.4 Methods of Effect Elimination. 3.5 Standards. Bibliography. 4. Voltage Dips and Short Supply Interruptions (Zbigniew Hanzelka). 4.1. Description of the Phenomena. 4.2. Parameters. 4.3. Sources. 4.4. Effects. 4.5. Mitigation. 4.6. Measurement. 4.7. Contract. 4.8. Standards. 4.9. Alternative Voltage Dip Indices. Acknowledgement. Bibliography. 5. Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker (Araceli Hernández Bayo). 5.1 Description of the Phenomenon. 5.2 Parameters. 5.3 Measurement. 5.4 Sources. 5.5 Effects. 5.6 Mitigation Strategies. Bibliography. 6. Voltage and Current Unbalance (Irena Wasiak). 6.1 Description of the Phenomena. 6.2 Symmetrical Components of Currents and Voltages. 6.3 Parameters. 6.4 Measurements. 6.5 Sources. 6.6 Effects. 6.7 Mitigation. 6.8 Standards. Bibliography. 7. Voltage and Current Harmonics (Angelo Baggini and Zbigniew Hanzelka). 7.1 Description of the Phenomena. 7.2 Parameters. 7.3 Measurements. 7.4 Sources of Current Harmonics. 7.5 Voltage and Current Harmonics. 7.6 Effects. 7.7 Mitigation. 7.8 Standards. Bibliography. 8. Overvoltages (Franco Bua, Francesco Buratti and Alan Ascolari). 8.1. Description of The Phenomena. 8.2. Parameters. 8.3. Sources. 8.4. Effects. 8.5. Mitigation. 8.7. Standards. Bibliography. 9. Analysis of Waveforms In Modern Power Systems (Johan Rens and Piet Swart). 9.1 Frequency Analysis Of Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms: Practical Considerations. 9.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion. 9.3 Sequence Component Analysis. 9.4 IEEE 1459: Power Definitions for Modern Power Systems. 9.5 Localization of Sources of Waveform Distortion in a Modern Power System. Bibliography. 10. Earthing (Franco Bua, Francesco Buratti and Antoni Klajn). 10.1 Typical Earthing System. 10.2 Electric Resistivity of Soil. 10.3 Electrical Properties of the Earth Electrodes. 10.4 Typical Earth-Electrode Constructions. 10.5 Earthing Arrangements in Protection Against Electric Shock. 10.6 Role Of Earthing in Electronic and Telecommunication Systems. 10.7 Lifetine Aspects of the Earthing Arrangements. 10.8 Measurements of Earthing Arrangements. Bibliography. 11. Reliability of Electricity Supply: Structure (Angelo Baggini, David Chapman and Francesco Buratti). 11.1 Basic Schemes of Electrical Grids. 11.2 General Criteria for the Study and the Choice of the Schemes. Bibliography. 12. Reliability of Electricity Supply: Appliances and Equipment (Roberto Villafáfila-Robles and Joan Bergas-Jané). 12.1 Power Quality, Reliability and Availability. 12.2 General Aspects of Reliability Appliances. 12.3 Power System Protection Alternatives. 12.4 Emergency and Standby Power Systems. 12.5 Dynamic UPS Systems. 12.6 Static UPS System. 12.7 Good Engineering Practices. Bibliography. 13. Monitoring Power Quality (Andreas Sumper and Samuel Galceran-Arellano). 13.1 Monitoring Objectives. 13.2 Measurement Issues. 13.3 Selection of Monitoring Instruments. 13.4 Successful Power Quality Monitoring. 13.5 Postprocessing Monitoring Results. Bibliography. 14. Static Converters and Power Quality (Mircea Chindris and Antoni Sudrià-Andreu). 14.1 Impact of Static Converters on the Supply Network. 14.2. Impact of Supply Network Disturbances On Static Converters. Bibliography. 15. Compensation of Reactive Power (Stefan Fassbinder and Alan Ascolari). 15.1 Basics. 15.2 Power Factor Correction. 15.3 Passive Filters. Bibliography. 16. Distributed Generation and Power Quality (Vu Van Thong and Johan Driesen). 16.1. Distribution Network Modeling. 16.2. Power Quality and DG. Bibliography. 17. Electricity Market (Pieter Vermeyen and Johan Driesen). 17.1 Market Players. 17.2 Contract Types. 17.3 Load Management in the Electricity Market. 17.4 Power Quality in the Electricity Market. Bibliography. 18. Cost of Poor Power Quality (Roman Targosz and Jonathan Manson). 18.1 Exploring PQ Cost. 18.2 Studies on Cost of Poor PQ. 18.3 Long Interruptions. 18.4 Short Interruptions. 18.5 Voltage Dips. 18.6 Harmonics. 18.7 Other Disturbances. 18.8 Profiles by Sector. 18.9 Cost Per Event of PQ Disturbances. 18.10 PQ Solutions. 18.11 Investment Analysis to Mitigate Costs of PQ. Bibliography. 19. Power Quality and Rational Use Of Energy (Pieter Vermeyen and Johan Driesen). 19.1 Reasons for Rational Use of Energy. 19.2 Techniques for Rational use of Energy. 19.3 Impact on Power Quality. Bibliography. 20. Perceived Power Quality (Maurizio Caciotta). 20.1 Customer Definition. 20.2 Customer Requirements. 20.3 Analysis Process of the Customer With Respect to the Requirements Concerning the Product. 20.4 Multiplicity of the Goods: Active Categories in the Territory of Rome. Bibliography. Index. Case Studies and Annexes Accessible on the Companion Website. Annex 1 (Angelo Baggini and Alan Ascolari). Annex 2 (Angelo Baggini and Zbigniew Hanzelka). Annex 3 Power Theory with Non-sinusoidal Waveforms (Andrzej Firlit). Annex 4 Series and Parallel Resonance (Zbigniew Hanzelka).

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Book SynopsisThe filtering of real world signals requires an adaptive mode of operation to deal with the statistically nonstationary nature of the data. Feedback and nonlinearity within filtering architectures are needed to cater for long time dependencies and possibly nonlinear signal generating mechanisms.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii 1 The Magic of Complex Numbers 1 1.1 History of Complex Numbers 2 1.2 History of Mathematical Notation 8 1.3 Development of Complex Valued Adaptive Signal Processing 9 2 Why Signal Processing in the Complex Domain? 13 2.1 Some Examples of Complex Valued Signal Processing 13 2.2 Modelling in C is Not Only Convenient But Also Natural 19 2.3 Why Complex Modelling of Real Valued Processes? 20 2.4 Exploiting the Phase Information 23 2.5 Other Applications of Complex Domain Processing of Real Valued Signals 26 2.6 Additional Benefits of Complex Domain Processing 29 3 Adaptive Filtering Architectures 33 3.1 Linear and Nonlinear Stochastic Models 34 3.2 Linear and Nonlinear Adaptive Filtering Architectures 35 3.3 State Space Representation and Canonical Forms 39 4 Complex Nonlinear Activation Functions 43 4.1 Properties of Complex Functions 43 4.2 Universal Function Approximation 46 4.3 Nonlinear Activation Functions for Complex Neural Networks 48 4.4 Generalised Splitting Activation Functions (GSAF) 53 4.5 Summary: Choice of the Complex Activation Function 54 5 Elements of CR Calculus 55 5.1 Continuous Complex Functions 56 5.2 The Cauchy–Riemann Equations 56 5.3 Generalised Derivatives of Functions of Complex Variable 57 5.4 CR-derivatives of Cost Functions 62 6 Complex Valued Adaptive Filters 69 6.1 Adaptive Filtering Configurations 70 6.2 The Complex Least Mean Square Algorithm 73 6.3 Nonlinear Feedforward Complex Adaptive Filters 80 6.4 Normalisation of Learning Algorithms 85 6.5 Performance of Feedforward Nonlinear Adaptive Filters 87 6.6 Summary: Choice of a Nonlinear Adaptive Filter 89 7 Adaptive Filters with Feedback 91 7.1 Training of IIR Adaptive Filters 92 7.2 Nonlinear Adaptive IIR Filters: Recurrent Perceptron 97 7.3 Training of Recurrent Neural Networks 99 7.4 Simulation Examples 102 8 Filters with an Adaptive Stepsize 107 8.1 Benveniste Type Variable Stepsize Algorithms 108 8.2 Complex Valued GNGD Algorithms 110 8.3 Simulation Examples 113 9 Filters with an Adaptive Amplitude of Nonlinearity 119 9.1 Dynamical Range Reduction 119 9.2 FIR Adaptive Filters with an Adaptive Nonlinearity 121 9.3 Recurrent Neural Networks with Trainable Amplitude of Activation Functions 122 9.4 Simulation Results 124 10 Data-reusing Algorithms for Complex Valued Adaptive Filters 129 10.1 The Data-reusing Complex Valued Least Mean Square (DRCLMS) Algorithm 129 10.2 Data-reusing Complex Nonlinear Adaptive Filters 131 10.3 Data-reusing Algorithms for Complex RNNs 134 11 Complex Mappings and M¨obius Transformations 137 11.1 Matrix Representation of a Complex Number 137 11.2 The M¨obius Transformation 140 11.3 Activation Functions and M¨obius Transformations 142 11.4 All-pass Systems as M¨obius Transformations 146 11.5 Fractional Delay Filters 147 12 Augmented Complex Statistics 151 12.1 Complex Random Variables (CRV) 152 12.2 Complex Circular Random Variables 158 12.3 Complex Signals 159 12.4 Second-order Characterisation of Complex Signals 161 13 Widely Linear Estimation and Augmented CLMS (ACLMS) 169 13.1 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimation in C 169 13.2 Complex White Noise 172 13.3 Autoregressive Modelling in C 173 13.4 The Augmented Complex LMS (ACLMS) Algorithm 175 13.5 Adaptive Prediction Based on ACLMS 178 14 Duality Between Complex Valued and Real Valued Filters 183 14.1 A Dual Channel Real Valued Adaptive Filter 184 14.2 Duality Between Real and Complex Valued Filters 186 14.3 Simulations 188 15 Widely Linear Filters with Feedback 191 15.1 The Widely Linear ARMA (WL-ARMA) Model 192 15.2 Widely Linear Adaptive Filters with Feedback 192 15.4 The Augmented Kalman Filter Algorithm for RNNs 198 15.5 Augmented Complex Unscented Kalman Filter (ACUKF) 200 15.6 Simulation Examples 203 16 Collaborative Adaptive Filtering 207 16.1 Parametric Signal Modality Characterisation 207 16.2 Standard Hybrid Filtering in R 209 16.3 Tracking the Linear/Nonlinear Nature of Complex Valued Signals 210 16.4 Split vs Fully Complex Signal Natures 214 16.5 Online Assessment of the Nature of Wind Signal 216 16.6 Collaborative Filters for General Complex Signals 217 17 Adaptive Filtering Based on EMD 221 17.1 The Empirical Mode Decomposition Algorithm 222 17.2 Complex Extensions of Empirical Mode Decomposition 226 17.3 Addressing the Problem of Uniqueness 230 17.4 Applications of Complex Extensions of EMD 230 18 Validation of Complex Representations – Is This Worthwhile? 233 18.1 Signal Modality Characterisation in R 234 18.2 Testing for the Validity of Complex Representation 239 18.3 Quantifying Benefits of Complex Valued Representation 243 Appendix A: Some Distinctive Properties of Calculus in C 245 Appendix B: Liouville's Theorem 251 Appendix C: Hypercomplex and Clifford Algebras 253 Appendix D: Real Valued Activation Functions 257 Appendix E: Elementary Transcendental Functions (ETF) 259 Appendix F: The O Notation and Standard Vector and Matrix Differentiation 263 Appendix G: Notions From Learning Theory 265 Appendix H: Notions from Approximation Theory 269 Appendix I: Terminology Used in the Field of Neural Networks 273 Appendix J: Complex Valued Pipelined Recurrent Neural Network (CPRNN) 275 Appendix K: Gradient Adaptive Step Size (GASS) Algorithms in R 279 Appendix L: Derivation of Partial Derivatives from Chapter 8 283 Appendix M: A Posteriori Learning 287 Appendix N: Notions from Stability Theory 291 Appendix O: Linear Relaxation 293 Appendix P: Contraction Mappings, Fixed Point Iteration and Fractals 299 References 309 Index 321

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Book SynopsisProvides an introductory survey of nanotechnology. Based on the highly acclaimed 2003 Wiley title Introduction to Nanotechnology , This new textbook includes problem sets for each chapter, updated material from the earlier book, and rewritten sections to be more pedagogical in nature. .Trade Review"This book would be an excellent choice for a one- or two-semester course in a materials science, chemistry, or physics course. It would also be of interest to any of our readers interested in learning about nanotechnology. It is written to provide the reader with a sound foundation for understanding the key fundamentals of nanotechnology. This book will be popular." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Physics of Bulk Solids 1 1.1 Structure 1 1.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 1 1.1.2 Crystal Structures 2 1.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 7 1.1.4 Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 9 1.1.5 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 10 1.1.6 Lattice Vibrations 14 1.2 Surfaces of Crystals 16 1.2.1 Surface Characteristics 16 1.2.2 Surface Energy 17 1.2.3 Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers 18 1.2.4 Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures 21 1.2.5 Adsorption of Gases 23 1.2.6 Electronic Structure of a Surface 25 1.2.7 Surface Quantum Well 26 1.3 Energy Bands 26 1.3.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 26 1.3.2 Reciprocal Space 27 1.3.3 Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors 28 1.3.4 Effective Mass 34 1.3.5 Fermi Surfaces 35 1.4 Localized Particles 36 1.4.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 36 1.4.2 Mobility 37 1.4.3 Excitons 38 Problems 40 References 41 2. Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Structure 44 2.2.1 Atomic Structures 44 2.2.2 Crystallography 45 2.2.3 Particle Size Determination 50 2.2.4 Surface Structure 54 2.3 Microscopy 54 2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 54 2.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 59 2.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 59 2.4 Spectroscopy 66 2.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 66 2.4.2 Photoemission, X-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy 72 2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 78 2.5 Various Bulk Properties 81 2.5.1 Mechanical Properties 81 2.5.2 Electrical Properties 81 2.5.3 Magnetic Properties 82 2.5.4 Other Properties 82 Problems 82 References 83 3. Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Metal Nanoclusters 86 3.2.1 Magic Numbers 86 3.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 88 3.2.3 Geometric Structure 91 3.2.4 Electronic Structure 94 3.2.5 Reactivity 97 3.2.6 Fluctuations 100 3.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 100 3.2.8 Bulk-to-Nano Transition 103 3.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 104 3.3.1 Optical Properties 104 3.3.2 Photofragmentation 106 3.3.3 Coulomb Explosion 107 3.4 Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters 107 3.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 107 3.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 108 3.4.3 Molecular Clusters 109 3.4.4 Nanosized Organic Crystals 111 3.5 Methods of Synthesis 111 3.5.1 RF Plasma 111 3.5.2 Chemical Methods 111 3.5.3 Thermolysis 112 3.5.4 Pulsed-Laser Methods 114 3.5.5 Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals 114 3.6 Summary 118 Problems 118 4. The Chemistry of Nanostructures 121 4.1 Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 121 4.1.1 Solution Synthesis 121 4.1.2 Capped Nanoclusters 122 4.1.3 Solgel Processing 124 4.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 125 4.2 Reactivity of Nanostructures 125 4.3 Catalysis 127 4.3.1 Nature of Catalysis 127 4.3.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 127 4.3.3 Porous Materials 131 4.4 Self-Assembly 135 4.4.1 The Self-Assembly Process 135 4.4.2 Semiconductor Islands 136 4.4.3 Monolayers 139 Problems 141 5. Polymer and Biological Nanostructures 143 5.1 Polymers 143 5.1.1 Polymer Structure 143 5.1.2 Sizes of Polymers 146 5.1.3 Nanocrystals of Polymers 148 5.1.4 Conductive Polymers 151 5.1.5 Block Copolymers 152 5.2 Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.1 Sizes of Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.2 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles 160 5.2.3 Nucleic Acids 162 5.2.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 162 5.2.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 166 5.2.3.3 Proteins 167 5.2.3.4 Micelles and Vesicles 169 5.2.3.5 Multilayer Films 172 Problems 174 References 174 6. Cohesive Energy 177 6.1 Ionic Solids 177 6.2 Defects in Ionic Solids 183 6.3 Covalently Bonded Solids 185 6.4 Organic Crystals 186 6.5 Inert-Gas Solids 190 6.6 Metals 191 6.7 Conclusion 193 Problems 193 7. Vibrational Properties 195 7.1 The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice 195 7.2 Ionic Solids 197 7.3 Experimental Observations 199 7.3.1 Optical and Acoustical Modes 199 7.3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers of Nanoparticles 201 7.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.3.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.4 Phonon Confinement 207 7.5 Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations 209 7.6 Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States 211 7.7 Effect of Size on Debye Frequency 215 7.8 Melting Temperature 216 7.9 Specific Heat 218 7.10 Plasmons 220 7.11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 222 7.12 Phase Transitions 223 Problems 226 References 227 8. Electronic Properties 229 8.1 Ionic Solids 229 8.2 Covalently Bonded Solids 232 8.3 Metals 234 8.3.1 Effect of Lattice Parameter on Electronic Structure 235 8.3.2 Free-Electron Model 235 8.3.3 The Tight-Binding Model 239 8.4 Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles 242 8.4.1 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 242 8.4.2 Organic Solids 248 8.4.3 Metals 250 Problems 251 9. Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures 253 9.2.1 Solution Fabrication 254 9.2.2 Lithography 257 9.3 Size and Dimensionality Effects 261 9.3.1 Size Effects 261 9.3.2 Size Effects on Conduction Electrons 263 9.3.3 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 264 9.3.4 Fermi Gas and Density of States 265 9.3.5 Potential Wells 268 9.3.6 Partial Confinement 272 9.3.7 Properties Dependent on Density of States 273 9.4 Excitons 275 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 276 9.6 Applications 280 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 280 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 280 Problems 285 References 285 10. Carbon Nanostructures 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Carbon Molecules 287 10.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 287 10.2.2 New Carbon Structures 289 10.3 Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.2 Buckyball 292 10.3.3 The Structure of Molecular C60 293 10.3.4 Crystalline C60 296 10.3.5 Larger and Smaller Buckyballs 300 10.3.6 Buckyballs of Other Atoms 300 10.4 Carbon Nanotubes 301 10.4.1 Fabrication 301 10.4.2 Structure 304 10.4.3 Electronic Properties 306 10.4.4 Vibrational Properties 312 10.4.5 Functionalization 314 10.4.6 Doped Carbon Nanotubes 322 10.4.7 Mechanical Properties 325 10.5 Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.1 Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.2 Metal–Carbon Nanotube Composites 329 10.6 Graphene Nanostructures 330 Problems 335 11. Bulk Nanostructured Materials 337 11.1 Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered Nanostructures 337 11.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 337 11.1.2 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 340 11.1.3 Porous Silicon 343 11.2 Nanocomposites 347 11.2.1 Layered Nanocomposites 347 11.2.2 Nanowire Composites 349 11.2.3 Composites of Nanoparticles 350 11.3 Nanostructured Crystals 351 11.3.1 Natural Nanocrystals 351 11.3.2 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 352 11.3.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 355 11.3.4 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 357 11.3.5 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 358 11.4 Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 359 11.4.1 Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains 359 11.4.2 Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films 364 11.5 Other Properties 364 Problems 365 12. Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 367 12.1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials 367 12.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 370 12.3 Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials 371 12.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 374 12.5 Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices 376 12.5.1 General Considerations 376 12.5.2 Nanopendulum 378 12.5.3 Vibrations of a Nanometer String 380 12.5.4 The Nanospring 381 12.5.5 The Clamped Beam 382 12.5.6 The Challenges and Possibilities of Nanomechanical Sensors 385 12.5.7 Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices 387 Problems 390 13. Magnetism in Nanostructures 393 13.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 393 13.2 Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles 398 13.2.1 Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle 398 13.2.2 Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles 400 13.2.3 Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the Blocking Temperature 402 13.2.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 405 13.3 Ferrofluids 406 13.4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 413 13.4.1 Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on Magnetic Properties 413 13.4.2 Magnetoresistive Materials 416 13.4.3 Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets 424 13.5 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 429 Problems 430 14. Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics, and Photonics 433 14.1 Nanoelectronics 433 14.1.1 N and P Doping and PN Junctions 433 14.1.2 MOSFET 435 14.1.3 Scaling of MOSFETs 436 14.2 Spintronics 440 14.2.1 Definition and Examples of Spintronic Devices 440 14.2.2 Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves 440 14.2.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 445 14.3 Molecular Switches and Electronics 449 14.3.1 Molecular Switches 449 14.3.2 Molecular Electronics 453 14.3.3 Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule 458 14.4 Photonic Crystals 459 Problems 465 Reference 466 15. Superconductivity in Nanomaterials 467 15.1 Introduction 467 15.2 Zero Resistance 467 15.2.1 The Superconducting Gap 469 15.2.2 Cooper Pairs 470 15.3 The Meissner Effect 472 15.3.1 Magnetic Field Exclusion 472 15.3.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors 474 15.4 Properties of Flux 478 15.4.1 Quantization of Flux 478 15.4.2 Vortex Configurations 479 15.4.3 Flux Creep and Flux Flow 480 15.4.4 Vortex Pinning 484 15.5 Dependence of Superconducting Properties on Size Effects 484 15.6 Resistivity and Sheet Resistance 484 15.7 Proximity Effect 488 15.8 Superconductors as Nanomaterials 490 15.9 Tunneling and Josephson Junctions 491 15.9.1 Tunneling 491 15.9.2 Weak Links 491 15.9.3 Josephson Effect 493 15.9.4 Josephson Junctions 494 15.9.5 Ultrasmall Josephson Junctions 494 15.10 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid) 495 15.11 Buckministerfullerenes 496 15.11.1 The Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 496 15.11.2 Alkali-Doped C60 496 15.11.3 Superconductivity in C60 497 Problems 498 References 499 Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality 501 A.1 Introduction 501 A.2 Delocalization 501 A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells 502 A.4 Partial Confinement 503 Appendix B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties 507 Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 515 C.1 Introduction 515 C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 515 C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 519 Index 521

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Book SynopsisTechnologies for Home Networking focuses on the latest technologies for speedier, more reliable wireless networking and explains how to facilitate workable end-to-end solutions from a user's perspective.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributor List. 1 Introduction to Networked Home. Mahbubul Alam, Sudhir Dixit, and Ramjee Prasad 1.1 Background. 1.2 Technology Adoption Trends. 1.3 Social Network. 1.3.1 Business Applications. 1.4 Consumer Trends. 1.5 Living in Real Time. 1.6 Confluence of Events. 1.7 Application and Service Convergence. 1.8 Network Convergence and Regulations. 1.9 Terminal Convergence. 1.10 Home Networking. 1.10.1 Home Computing. 1.10.2 Home Entertainment. 1.10.3 Home Communications. 1.10.4 Home Monitoring and Management. 1.11 Connected Home. 1.12 Vision of the Future. 1.13 Brief Overview of the Book. 1.14 Conclusions. References. 2 Media Format Interoperability. Anthony Vetro 2.1 Background. 2.2 Media Formats. 2.2.1 Image and Video Formats. 2.2.2 Audio Formats. 2.2.3 Transport and File Formats. 2.2.4 Profiles and Levels. 2.3 Metadata Formats. 2.3.1 Content Descriptions. 2.3.1.1 Media Format. 2.3.1.2 Data Abstraction. 2.3.1.3 Multiple Variations. 2.3.1.4 Transcoding Hints. 2.3.2 Usage Environment Descriptions. 2.3.2.1 Terminal Capabilities. 2.3.2.2 Network Characteristics. 2.3.3 User Preferences. 2.3.4 Electronic Program Guide. 2.4 Media Adaptation. 2.5 Mandatory Media Format Profiles. 2.6 Media Format Interoperability: An Example. 2.7 Conclusions. References. 3 Media Description and Distribution in Content Home Networks. Edwin A. Heredia 3.1 Diversification of Media Format Variants. 3.2 Content Home Network Architecture Components. 3.3 Content Format Variants in the Home. 3.4 Description of Content Features and Device Capabilities. 3.5 Media Exchange Description Language. 3.5.1 MXDL Media Object Descriptions. 3.5.2 MXDL Device Capability Descriptions. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Mobile Device Connectivity in Home Networks. Mika Saaranen and Dimitris Kalofonos 4.1 Related Work. 4.2 Basic Home Use Cases. 4.3 Home Networking Challenges. 4.4 Architecture and Technologies for Local and Remote Home Connectivity. 4.4.1 Overview of Home Connectivity Architecture. 4.4.2 Local Connectivity. 4.4.3 Remote Connectivity. 4.5 Conclusions. References. 5 Generic Access Network Toward Fixed - Mobile Convergence. Claus Lindholt Hansen 5.1 Trends in the Industry. 5.2 Standardization. 5.3 Gan Overview. 5.3.1 Security. 5.3.2 "Discovery" and "Registration". 5.3.3 Rove in and Rove Out. 5.3.4 Transparent Access to Services in the Mobile Core Network. 5.3.5 GPRS Support in GAN. 5.3.6 Location Services. 5.3.7 Emergency Services. 5.3.8 GAN Protocol Architecture. 5.3.9 Bluetooth or Wi-Fi? 5.4 Benefits with the GAN Technology. 5.4.1 Operators. 5.4.2 End User. 5.4.3 Terminal Availability. 5.5 Practical Experiences. 5.6 Impact on Networks and Processes. 5.7 Discussion. 5.8 Evolution of GAN. 5.9 Conclusions. 6 Secure Wireless Personal Networks: Home Extended to Anywhere. John Farserotu and Juha Saarnio 6.1 AVision of a Personal Network. 6.2 Some Example Scenarios. 6.2.1 Health. 6.2.2 Home and Daily Life. 6.2.3 Distributed Work. 6.3 System and Requirements. 6.4 User Requirements and Scenarios. 6.5 Network Architecture. 6.6 Access and Access Control Techniques. 6.7 Security. 6.8 Devices and Service Platforms. 6.9 System Optimization and Operator Perspectives. 6.10 Toward Personal Services over Personal Networks. 6.11 Conclusions. References. 7 Usable Security in Smart Homes. Saad Shakhshir and Dimitris Kalofonos 7.1 Survey of Related Work. 7.1.1 User Interaction with Security. 7.1.2 Security in Smart Spaces. 7.1.3 User Interaction with Security in Smart Spaces. 7.2 Basic Home Security Use Cases. 7.3 A Smart Home Security Model. 7.4 Design Challenges. 7.5 Usability. 7.6 Conclusions. References. 8 Multimedia Content Protection Techniques in Consumer Networks. Heather Yu 8.1 Techniques for Multimedia Content Protection. 8.1.1 Basic Security Requirements for Content Protection. 8.1.1.1 Application Requirements. 8.1.1.2 Technology Requirements. 8.1.2 Traditional Techniques. 8.1.2.1 Encryption and Authentication. 8.1.2.2 Key Management. 8.1.2.3 Challenges for Multimedia Applications. 8.1.3 Advanced Cryptography Algorithms for Multimedia Content Protection. 8.1.4 Digital Watermarking. 8.2 Techniques for Content Protection in Consumer Networking Environment. 8.2.1 Existing Consumer Entertainment Content Protection Technologies: A Quick Overview. 8.2.2 The Consumer Network "Boundary Problem". 8.2.3 Case Study: Protecting Streaming Media in Heterogeneous Network Environment. 8.2.3.1 An Application Scenario. 8.2.3.2 Scalable Plaintext Media Streaming. 8.2.3.3 Scalable Secure Media Streaming. 8.2.4 Alternative Approach for Preserving Content Copyright Without Sacrificing Consumer Convenience and Freedom of Use. 8.3 Providing User-centric Services for Content Protection in Consumer Networks. References. 9 Device and Service Discovery in Home Networks. Paul Wisner, Franklin Reynolds, Linda Ka¨llstro¨m, Sanna Suoranta, Tommi Mikkonen, and Jussi Saarinen 9.1 Device and Service Discovery. 9.1.1 Common Attributes. 9.1.2 Interoperability. 9.1.3 Distributed Middleware Toolkits. 9.1.4 Other Discovery Protocols. 9.1.5 Directory Services and Other Configuration Management Systems. 9.2 The Home and the Extended Home. 9.2.1 Characteristics of the Home Environment. 9.2.2 Characteristics of the Extended Home Environment. 9.3 User Control Devices. 9.4 Selected Discovery Protocols. 9.4.1 SLP. 9.4.2 Bonjour. 9.4.3 Universal Plug and Play/SSDP. 9.4.4 Jini. 9.4.5 JXTA and JXTA Search. 9.4.6 DHCP. 9.4.7 Bluetooth SDP. 9.4.8 Web Services Dynamic Discovery. 9.4.9 eXtensible Service Discovery Framework. 9.5 Improving Service Discovery. 9.5.1 Security. 9.5.2 Semantics and Automatic Composition. 9.5.3 Interoperability. 9.5.4 Touch. 9.5.5 Directories. 9.5.6 Location Awareness. 9.5.7 Service Browsing. 9.5.8 Proxies. 9.6 Conclusions. References. 10 Small, Cheap Devices for Wireless Sensor Networks. Zach Shelby, John Farserotu, and John F.M. Gerrits 10.1 Impulse Radio UWB. 10.2 IEEE 802.15.4A. 10.3 Frequency Modulation UWB. 10.4 System-On-a-Chip. 10.5 Embedded Operating System. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 "Spotting": A Novel Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Home. Henry Tirri 11.1 Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Architecture. 11.2 "Spotting". 11.2.1 Tagging Physical Objects: "Spots". 11.2.2 Spot Operations. 11.2.2.1 Spot Saving. 11.2.2.2 Spot Retrieval. 11.2.3 On Key Function K. 11.2.4 Spotting with Additional Sensor Information. 11.3 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe only book that provides full coverage of UWB multiband OFDM technology Ultra-wideband (UWB) has emerged as a technology that offers great promise to satisfy the growing demand for low-cost, high-speed digital networks. The enormous bandwidth available, the potential for high data rates, and the promise for small size and low processing power with reduced implementation cost all present a unique opportunity for UWB to become a widely adopted radio solution for future wireless home networking technology. Ultra-Wideband Communications Systems is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of the fundamental and advanced issues related to UWB technology, with a particular focus on multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (multiband OFDM). The multiband OFDM approach was a leading method in the IEEE 802.15.3astandard and has recently been standardized by ECMA International. The book also explores several major advanced state-of-the-art technologiesTable of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of UWB 1 1.2 Advantages of UWB 3 1.3 UWB Applications 4 1.4 UWB Transmission Schemes 5 1.5 Challenges for UWB 7 Chapter 2 Channel Characteristics 9 2.1 Large-Scale Models 10 2.1.1 Path Loss Models 10 2.1.2 Shadowing 11 2.2 Small-Scale Models 12 2.2.1 Tap-Delay-Line Fading Model 13 2.2.2 Δ− K Model 14 2.2.3 Saleh–Valenzuela Model 15 2.2.4 Standard UWB Channel Model 16 Chapter 3 UWB: Single-Band Approaches 19 3.1 Overview of Single-Band Approaches 20 3.2 Modulation Techniques 21 3.2.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 21 3.2.2 On–Off Keying 22 3.2.3 Phase Shift Keying 22 3.2.4 Pulse Position Modulation 23 3.3 Multiple Access Techniques 23 3.3.1 Time-Hopping UWB 24 3.3.2 Direct-Sequence UWB 25 3.4 Demodulation Techniques 26 3.4.1 Received Signal Model 26 3.4.2 Correlation Receiver 27 3.4.3 RAKE Receiver 28 3.5 MIMO Single-Band UWB 30 3.5.1 MIMO Space–Time-Coded Systems 30 3.5.2 Space–Time-Coded UWB Systems 32 3.6 Performance Analysis 37 3.6.1 TH-BPPM 38 3.6.2 TH-BPSK 41 3.6.3 DS-BPSK 42 3.7 Simulation Results 44 3.8 Chapter Summary 51 Chapter 4 UWB: Multiband OFDM Approach 53 4.1 Overview of Multiband OFDM Approach 54 4.1.1 Fundamental Concepts 54 4.1.2 Signal Model 56 4.2 IEEE 802.15.3a WPAN Standard Proposal 57 4.2.1 OFDM Parameters 57 4.2.2 Rate-Dependent Parameters 58 4.2.3 Operating Band Frequencies 59 4.2.4 Channelization 60 4.3 Physical Layer Design 61 4.3.1 Scrambler and De-scrambler 62 4.3.2 Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder 62 4.3.3 Bit Interleaver and De-interleaver 63 4.3.4 Constellation Mapper 67 4.3.5 OFDM Modulation 67 4.4 MAC Layer Design 69 4.4.1 Network Topology 69 4.4.2 Frame Architecture 71 4.4.3 Network Operations 72 4.5 Chapter Summary 73 Chapter 5 MIMO Multiband OFDM 75 5.1 MIMO-OFDM Communications 76 5.2 MIMO Multiband OFDM System Model 78 5.2.1 Transmitter Description 78 5.2.2 Channel Model 80 5.2.3 Receiver Processing 80 5.3 Performance Analysis 82 5.3.1 Independent Fading 83 5.3.2 Correlated Fading 86 5.4 Simulation Results 89 5.5 Chapter Summary 94 Chapter 6 Performance Characterization 97 6.1 System Model 98 6.2 Performance Analysis 99 6.2.1 Average PEP Analysis 100 6.2.2 Approximate PEP Formulation 102 6.2.3 Outage Probability 106 6.3 Analysis for MIMO Multiband OFDM Systems 110 6.3.1 MIMO Multiband OFDM System Model 110 6.3.2 Pairwise Error Probability 111 6.3.3 Example: Repetition STF Coding Based on Alamouti’s Structure 113 6.4 Simulation Results 114 6.5 Chapter Summary 120 Chapter 7 Performance Under Practical Considerations 121 7.1 System Model 122 7.2 Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio 124 7.2.1 Expressions of Fading Term ICI and ISI 124 7.2.2 Variances of Fading Term ICI and ISI 127 7.2.3 Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Performance Degradation 132 7.3 Average Bit Error Rate 132 7.3.1 Overall Spreading Gain of 1 134 7.3.2 Overall Spreading Gain of 2 136 7.3.3 Overall Spreading Gain of 4 137 7.4 Performance Bound 140 7.5 Numerical and Simulation Results 143 7.5.1 Numerical Results 143 7.5.2 Simulation and Numerical Results 145 7.6 Chapter Summary 147 Appendix: Derivations of A1 A2 B1 and B2 148 A.1 Derivation of A1 and A2 149 A.2 Derivation of B1 and B2 151 Chapter 8 Differential Multiband OFDM 155 8.1 Differential Modulation 156 8.1.1 Single-Antenna Systems 156 8.1.2 MIMO Systems 157 8.2 Differential Scheme for Multiband OFDM Systems 159 8.2.1 System Model 159 8.2.2 Differential Encoding and Transmitting Signal Structure 160 8.2.3 Multiband Differential Decoding 162 8.3 Pairwise Error Probability 163 8.4 Simulation Results 166 8.5 Chapter Summary 169 Chapter 9 Power-Controlled Channel Allocation 171 9.1 System Model 172 9.2 Power-Controlled Channel Allocation Scheme 174 9.2.1 Generalized SNR for Various Transmission Modes 175 9.2.2 PER and Rate Constraint 176 9.2.3 Problem Formulation 177 9.2.4 Subband Assignment and Power Allocation Algorithm 178 9.2.5 Joint Rate Assignment and Resource Allocation Algorithm 179 9.3 Simulation Results 182 9.3.1 Subband Assignment and Power Allocation 182 9.3.2 Joint Rate Assignment and Resource Allocation 185 9.4 Chapter Summary 186 Chapter 10 Cooperative UWB Multiband OFDM 189 10.2 System Model 191 10.2.1 Noncooperative UWB 192 10.2.2 Cooperative UWB 193 10.3 SER Analysis for Cooperative UWB 194 10.3.1 Cooperative UWB 194 10.3.2 Comparison of Cooperative and Noncooperative UWB 199 10.4 Optimum Power Allocation for Cooperative UWB 201 10.4.1 Power Minimization Using Cooperative Communications 201 10.4.2 Coverage Enhancement Using Cooperative Communications 205 10.5 Improved Cooperative UWB 208 10.6 Simulation Results 212 10.7 Chapter Summary 215 References 217 Index 227

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Book SynopsisThe trusted handbooknow in a new edition This newly revised handbook presents a multifaceted view of systems engineering from process and systems management perspectives. It begins with a comprehensive introduction to the subject and provides a brief overview of the thirty-four chapters that follow. This introductory chapter is intended to serve as a field guide that indicates why, when, and how to use the material that follows in the handbook. Topical coverage includes: systems engineering life cycles and management; risk management; discovering system requirements; configuration management; cost management; total quality management; reliability, maintainability, and availability; concurrent engineering; standards in systems engineering; system architectures; systems design; systems integration; systematic measurements; human supervisory control; managing organizational and individual decision-making; systems reengineering; project planning; human systems integrationTable of ContentsPreface xvii Contributors xxi An Introduction to Systems Engineering and Systems Management 1 Andrew P. Sage and William B. Rouse Systems Engineering 2 Importance of Technical Direction and Systems Management 6 Additional Definitions of Systems Engineering 9 Life-Cycle Methodologies, or Processes, for Systems Engineering 23 The Rest of the Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management 31 Knowledge Map of the Systems Engineering and Management Handbook 50 The Many Dimensions of Systems Engineering 55 People, Organizations, Technology, and Architectures and System Families 56 References 62 1 Systems Engineering Life Cycles: Life Cycles for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation; Acquisition; and Planning and Marketing 65 F. G. Patterson, Jr. 1.1 Introduction 65 1.2 Classification of Organizational Processes 69 1.3 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Life Cycles 72 1.4 System Acquisition or Production Life Cycles 76 1.5 The Planning and Marketing Life Cycle 86 1.6 Software Acquisition life-Cycle Models 88 1.7 Trends in Systems Engineering Life Cycles 96 1.8 Conclusion 108 2 Systems Engineering Management: The Multidisciplinary Discipline 117 Aaron J. Shenhar and Brian Sauser 2.1 Introduction 117 2.2 Defining Systems Engineering Management 118 2.3 Activities and Roles of the Systems Engineering Manager 120 2.4 Toward a Comprehensive Framework for the Implementation of Systems Engineering Management: The Four-Dimensional "Diamond Taxonomy"—NTCP 123 2.5 Different Systems Engineering Management Roles for Various Project Types 131 2.6 The Skills, Tools, and Disciplines Involved in Systems Engineering Management 145 2.7 Developing Educational and Training Programs in Systems Engineering Management 147 2.8 Conclusion 150 3 Risk Management 155 Yacov Y. Haimes 3.1 The Process of Risk Assessment and Management 155 3.2 The Holistic Approach to Risk Analysis 157 3.3 Risk of Extreme Events 167 3.4 The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method 171 3.5 The Characteristics of Risk in Human-Engineered Systems 180 3.6 Selected Cases of Risk-Based Engineering Problems 181 3.7 Conclusion 200 4 Discovering System Requirements 205 A. Terry Bahill and Frank F. Dean 4.1 Introduction 205 4.2 Stating The Problem 205 4.3 What Are Requirements? 209 4.4 Qualities of a Good Requirement 210 4.5 Characterization of Requirements 216 4.6 The Requirements Development and Management Process 227 4.7 Fitting the Requirements Process into the Systems Engineering Process 243 4.8 Related Items 245 4.9 Requirements Volatility 247 4.10 Inspections 248 4.11 A Heuristic Example of Requirements 249 4.12 The Hybrid Process for Capturing Requirements 250 4.13 Conclusion 264 5 Configuration Management 267 Peggy S. Brouse 5.1 Introduction 267 5.2 Configuration Management within the System Life Cycle 271 5.3 Configuration Status Accounting and Configuration Auditing 281 5.4 Configuration Management Responsibilities 283 5.5 Configuration Management in Process Improvement 283 5.6 Configuration Management Tools 286 5.7 Conclusion 289 6 Cost Management 291 Benjamin S. Blanchard 6.1 Introduction 291 6.2 Life-Cycle Costing 291 6.3 Functional Economic Analysis 298 6.4 Work Breakdown Structure 301 6.5 Activity-Based Costing 306 6.6 Cost and Effectiveness Analysis 310 6.7 System Evaluation and Cost Control 320 6.8 Conclusion 321 7 Total Quality Management 325 James L. Melsa 7.1 Introduction 325 7.2 Historical Background of the Quality Movement 328 7.3 Total Quality Management Tools 330 7.4 Total Quality Management Philosophies 332 7.5 Conclusion 349 8 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability 361 Michael Pecht 8.1 Introduction and Motivation 361 8.2 Evolution of RMA Engineering 362 8.3 Allocation 363 8.4 Design for Reliability 363 8.5 System Reliability Assessment Modeling 385 8.6 Fault Trees 390 8.7 Design for Maintainability 390 8.8 Data Collection, Classification, and Reporting 392 8.9 Warranties and Life-Cycle Costs 393 8.10 Operational Readiness and Availability 393 9 Concurrent Engineering 397 Andrew Kusiak and Nick Larson 9.1 Introduction 397 9.2 Concurrent Engineering and the Product Life Cycle 398 9.3 Building a Concurrent Engineering Environment: A Systems Engineering Perspective 399 9.4 Managing a Concurrent Engineering Environment: Tools and Techniques 425 9.5 Implementation 433 9.6 Concurrnt Engineering in the Future 434 9.7 Conclusion 435 10 Engineering the Enterprise as a System 441 William B. Rouse 10.1 Introduction 441 10.2 Essential Challenges 442 10.3 Enterprise Transformation 445 10.4 Enterprises as Systems 451 10.5 Transformation Framework 454 10.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 457 10.7 Conclusion 458 11 Standards in Systems Engineering 463 Stephen C. Lowell 11.1 Introduction 463 11.2 Definition 463 11.3 Historical Highlights of Standards in the United States 463 11.4 Reasons for Using Specifications and Standards 465 11.5 Proper Application of Specifications and Standards 467 11.6 Selection and Development of Specifications and Standards 468 11.7 Useful Standards in the Systems Engineering Process 477 11.8 Locating and Obtaining Specifications and Standards 477 12 System Architectures 479 Alexander H. Levis 12.1 Introduction 479 12.2 Definition of Architectures 481 12.3 Structured Analysis Approach 483 12.4 The Executable Model 491 12.5 Physical Architecture 493 12.6 Performance Evaluation 495 12.7 Object-Oriented Approach 496 12.8 Architecture Evaluation 501 12.9 The DoD Architecture Framework 503 12.10 Conclusion 504 13 Systems Design 507 K. Preston White, Jr. 13.1 Introduction 507 13.2 What is Systems Design? 508 13.3 Steps in the Design process 508 13.4 Design Tools 517 13.5 A Brief History of Recent Design Theory 519 13.6 Design and Concurrent Engineering 521 14 Systems Integration 535 James D. Palmer 14.1 Introduction 535 14.2 Systems Integration in Large, Complex Engineered Systems and a Systems Integration Life Cycle 538 14.3 Systems Integration Management and Technical Skills and Training Requirements 542 14.4 Systems Integration Strategy for Success 545 14.5 The Audit Trail 552 14.6 Quality Assurance in Systems Integration 555 14.7 Subcontractor Management for Systems Integration 559 14.8 Subsystem Integration and Delivery 561 14.9 Risk Management 564 14.10 The Lead Systems Integrator 568 15 Systematic Measurements 575 Andrew P. Sage 15.1 Introduction 575 15.2 Organizational Needs for Systematic Measurement 577 15.3 Measurement Needs 578 15.4 Organizational Measurements 587 15.5 Metrics from Widely Accepted Standards, Awards, and Government Requirements 590 15.6 Selected Measurement Approaches 609 15.7 Systematic Measurements of Customer Satisfaction 617 15.8 Systematic Measurements of Effort, Cost, and Schedule 625 15.9 Systematic Measurements of Defects 625 15.10 Metrics Process Maturity 626 15.11 Information Technology and Organizational Performance Measurement 631 15.12 Conclusion 639 16 Human Supervisory Control 645 Thomas B. Sheridan 16.1 Introduction 645 16.2 Task Analysis and Function Allocation 648 16.3 The Phases of Supervisory Control 652 16.4 Examples of Supervisory Control Applications and Problems 662 16.5 Adaptive Automation 674 16.6 Overview Considerations of Supervisory Control 676 16.7 Conclusion 685 17 Designing for Cognitive Task Performance 691 Judith M. Orasanu and Michael G. Shafto 17.1 Introduction 691 17.2 Cognitive Constraints on System Design 693 17.3 Reduction to Practice 705 17.4 Conclusion 715 18 Modeling Organizational and Individual Decision Making 723 Kathleen M. Carley and Terrill L. Frantz 18.1 Introduction 723 18.2 Computational Organization Theory 726 18.3 Modeling the Individual 730 18.4 Modeling the Organization 741 18.5 Computational Tools 745 18.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 747 18.7 Conclusion 748 19 Organizational Simulation 763 William B. Rouse and Douglas A. Bodner 19.1 Introduction 763 19.2 Scope of Organizational Simulation 764 19.3 State of the Art 766 19.4 Case Studies 768 19.5 Conclusion 790 20 Organizational Change: The Role of Culture and Leadership 793 Charles S. Harris, Betty K. Hart, and Joyce Shields 20.1 Introduction 793 20.2 Setting the Context: Culture 795 20.3 The Role of Leadership 800 20.4 Applying the Change Model 804 20.5 Profiles in Change 824 20.6 Conclusion 831 21 Model-Based Design of Human Interaction with Complex Systems 837 Christine M. Mitchell and David W. Roberts 21.1 Introduction 837 21.2 Human Interaction with Complex Systems: The Systems, Tasks, and Users 837 21.3 Emerging Technology and Design 838 21.4 Human–System Interaction Issues 840 21.5 Model-Based Design: Operator 847 21.6 Model-Based Design Using the Operator Function Model 860 21.7 Ofm-Based Design: Illustrative Applications 875 21.8 Team-OFM 889 21.9 Basic Research and Operational Relevance to Real-World Design 894 21.10 Conclusion 899 22 Evaluation of Systems 909 James M. Tien 22.1 Introduction 909 22.2 Evaluation Field 910 22.3 Evaluation Framework 911 22.4 Evaluation Design Elements 914 22.5 Evaluation Modeling 918 22.6 Conclusion 920 23 Systems Reengineering 923 Andrew P. Sage 23.1 Introduction 923 23.2 Definition of and Perspectives on Reengineering 925 23.3 Overview of Reengineering Approaches 931 23.4 Conclusion 1013 24 Issue Formulation 1027 James E. Armstrong, Jr. 24.1 Introduction: Problem and Issue Formulation 1027 24.2 Situation Assessment 1027 24.3 Problem or Issue Identification 1032 24.4 Value System Design 1043 24.5 Iteration of The Design 1053 24.6 Generation of Potential Alternatives or System Synthesis 1070 24.7 Alternatives and Feasibility Studies 1082 24.8 Conclusion 1085 25 Functional Analysis 1091 Dennis M. Buede 25.1 Introduction 1091 25.2 Elements of Functional Analysis 1091 25.3 Functional Decomposition 1092 25.4 The Systems Engineering Requirements Statement and Functional Analysis 1096 25.5 Diagrams and Software for Functional Analysis 1109 25.6 Conclusion 1125 26 Methods for the Modeling and Analysis of Alternatives 1127 C. Els Van Daalen, Wil A. H. Thissen, Alexander Verbraeck, and Pieter W. G. Bots 26.1 Introduction 1127 26.2 Quantitative Models and Methods 1128 26.3 Physical System Models 1134 26.4 System Dynamics 1141 26.5 Discrete-Event Simulation Models 1145 26.6 Agent-Based Models 1150 26.7 Economic Models of Costs and Benefits 1155 26.8 Evaluation and Discussion 1161 27 Operations Research and Refinement of Courses of Action 1171 Keith W. Hipel, D. Marc Kilgour, Siamak Rajabi, and Ye Chen 27.1 Introduction 1171 27.2 Operations Research 1171 27.3 Operations Research and Systems Engineering 1176 27.4 Operations Research Methods 1178 27.5 Generating and Screening Actions 1189 27.6 Multiple-Criteria Decision Making 1192 27.7 Multiple-Participant Decision Making 1202 27.8 Heuristic Programming 1210 27.9 Conclusions 1214 28 Decision Analysis 1223 Craig W. Kirkwood 28.1 Introduction 1223 28.2 Structuring Objectives 1223 28.3 Developing Alternatives 1228 28.4 Value Analysis 1232 28.5 Decisions With Uncertainty 1238 28.6 Multiple Objectives and Uncertainty 1245 28.7 Decision Analysis Software 1246 28.8 Conclusion 1247 29 Project Planning: Planning for Action 1251 Ruth Buys 29.1 Introduction 1251 29.2 Network-Based Systems Planning and Project Management 1253 29.3 Pricing and Estimating 1256 29.4 Risk and Cost Control 1260 29.5 Maintenance and Support 1267 29.6 Software for Planning Support 1269 29.7 Presentation and Communication of Results of Systems Planning 1272 29.8 Project Planning Pitfalls 1275 29.9 Conclusion 1279 30 Complex Adaptive Systems in Systems Engineering and Management 1283 Sarah Sheard 30.1 Introduction 1283 30.2 Order: Newtonian and Mechanical Systems 1286 30.3 History and Principles of Chaos 1289 30.4 Between Order and Chaos 1291 30.5 Complexity and Complex Systems 1292 30.6 Complex Adaptive Systems 1294 30.7 Small Worlds, Scale-Free Networks, Power Laws, and Evolving Fitness Landscapes 1297 30.8 Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering 1303 30.9 Principles for Management of Complex Adaptive Systems Engineering Efforts 1309 30.10 Conclusion 1315 31 Human Systems Integration 1319 Harold R. Booher, Robert J. Beaton, and Frances Greene 31.1 Introduction 1319 31.2 HSI Concept 1320 31.3 HSI Assessment Principles and Factors 1326 31.4 HSI Business Case 1332 31.5 HSI Process in Systems Engineering 1339 31.6 Conclusion 1355 32 Model-Based Systems Engineering 1361 David W. Oliver, James F. Andary, and Harold Frisch 32.1 Introduction 1361 32.2 A Selected History of The Modeling of Systems 1364 32.3 A Semantic Glossary and Model for Systems Engineering Concepts 1370 32.4 Product Data Management 1393 32.5 Ontologies 1396 32.6 Conclusion 1398 33 Using the Design Structure Matrix to Design Program Organizations 1401 Tyson R. Browning 33.1 Introduction 1401 33.2 A Framework for Organizational Integration 1403 33.3 Organizational Integration Analysis with the Design Structure Matrix 1405 33.4 A Systematic Approach to Designing Programs for organizational Integration 1413 33.5 Implementation barriers 1420 33.6 Conclusion 1420 34 Information Technology and Knowledge Management 1425 William B. Rouse and Andrew P. Sage 34.1 Introduction 1425 34.2 Trends 1428 34.3 Scenarios 1433 34.4 Eleven Challenges 1437 34.5 Ecological Approaches to the Challenges 1450 34.6 Conclusion 1457 References 1457 Index 1463

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Book SynopsisThis practical, user-friendly handbook specifically addresses software companies that are interested in implementing effective improvement processes into the daily work life of every employee. A wealth of checklists, templates, exercises, tips, and pitfalls to avoid make it easy for readers to integrate quality awareness into their organization's day-to-day processes at every level.Trade Review"..perfectly suitable for an audience with no or little previous knowledge…experienced readers can also find…reading it worthwhile." (Computing Reviews.com, June 22, 2007)Table of ContentsList of Figures. Preface. How to Read This Book. Introduction. Special Thanks and Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Your World-Understanding Your Situation and Preparing First Steps. Chapter 2. Welcome to the World-Establishing Advocates and Champions. Chapter 3. Drawing Your Map-Initiating your CPI Program. Chapter 4. World Vision-Training the Organization. Chapter 5. World Views-Addressing the Capital Q. Chapter 6. Around the World-Acknowledging Cultural Diversity. Chapter 7. Move Your World-Managing Change. Chapter 8. Rock Your World-Encouraging Process Perpetual Motion. Chapter 9. Your World of Influence-Sneezing and Spreading the Improvement Virus. Chapter 10. World Climate-Checking for Vital Signs. Chapter 11. World Health-Evaluating Progress. Chapter 12. World News-Rewarding and Recognizing Work. Chapter 13. Modern World-Building Meaningful Quality Pictures. Chapter 14. One World-Uniting Your Change Maps with the New World View. Definitions. Acronyms. References and Resources. Index.

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Book SynopsisReflectarray Antennas describes the configuration and principles of a reflectarray antenna, its advantages over other antennas, the history of its development, analysis techniques, practical design procedures, bandwidth issues and wideband techniques, as well as applications and recent developments.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction to Refl ectarray Antenna. 1.1 Description of Reflectarray. 1.2 Printed Reflectarray. References. 2. Development History. 2.1 Early Innovations and Developments. 2.2 Recent Developments. 2.3 Comparison with Similar Technologies. References. 3. Antenna Analysis Techniques. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Overview of Analysis Techniques. 3.3 Phase-Shift Distribution. 3.4 Analysis of Rectangular Patches with Attached Stubs. 3.5 Full-Wave Analysis of Multilayer Periodic Structures. 3.6 Phase-Shifter Element Based on Single and Stacked Variable-Sized Patches. 3.7 Phase-Shifter Element Based on Aperture-Coupled Patches. 3.8 Feed Model and Radiation Patterns. References. 4. Practical Design Approach. 4.1 Element Effects and Selection. 4.2 Path Length and Phase Delay Calculation. 4.3 Radiation Pattern Calculation. 4.4 Refl ectarray Geometry Design. 4.5 Refl ectarray Power Handling. References. 5. Broadband Techniques. 5.1 Bandwidth Limitation by the Refl ectarray Element. 5.2 Broadband Phase-Shifter Elements. 5.3 Bandwidth Limitation by Differential Spatial Phase Delay. 5.4 Broadband Techniques for Large Refl ectarrays. References. 6. Dual-Band Reflectarray. 6.1 Dual-Band with a Single-Layer Substrate. 6.2 Dual-Band with Two-Layer Substrates. 6.3 Multiband Refl ectarray with More than Two Frequencies. References. 7. Recent and Future Applications. 7.1 Infl atable/Thin-Membrane Refl ectarrays. 7.2 Contoured Beam Refl ectarrays for Space Applications. 7.3 Multi-Beam Reflectarrays. 7.4 Amplifying Reflectarray. 7.5 Folded Compact Refl ectarray. 7.6 Cassegrain Offset-Fed Confi gurations. 7.7 Very Large Aperture Applications. 7.8 Beam Scanning Reflectarrays. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a panel of experts, this book presents a high-level introduction to new technologies and methods in the field of software engineering. Divided into four clear parts, it covers software architectures, emerging methods, technologies for software evolution, and process management.Trade Review"This is an excellent book from experienced authors and talented editors." (Computing Reviews, June 23, 2008)Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I: SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES. 1 EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE COMPOSITION MECHANISMS: A SURVEY (Carlo Ghezzi and Filippo Pacifici). 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Basic Concepts. 1.3. Early Days. 1.4. Achieving Flexibility. 1.5. Software Composition in the Open World. 1.6. Challenges and Future Work. Acknowledgments. References. 2 COMPOSITIONALITY IN SOFTWARE PRODUCT LINES (Christian Prehofer, Jilles van Gurp, and Jan Bosch). 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. From Integration-Oriented to the Compositional Approach. 2.3. Components and Architectural Slices. 2.4. Research Challenges of the Compositional Approach. 2.5. Summary. References. 3 TEACHING DESIGN PATTERNS (Bernd Bru¨gge and Timo Wolf). 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. The Design of Asteroids. 3.3. Downloading and Executing Asteroids. 3.4. Exercise 1: Observer Pattern Modeling. 3.5. Exercise 2: Observer Pattern Programming. 3.6. Exercise 3: Adapter Pattern Modeling. 3.7. Exercise 4: Adapter Pattern Programming. 3.8. Exercise 5: Strategy Pattern Modeling. 3.9. Exercise 6: Strategy Pattern Programming. 3.10. Experiences and Conclusion. References. PART II: EMERGING METHODS. 4 ON THE IMPACT OF AOSE IN SERVICE-ORIENTED COMPUTING (Laura Bocchi, Paolo Ciancarini, Rocco Moretti, and Valentina Presutti). 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Agent Systems and AOSE. 4.3. The Impact of Agents in Service-Oriented Architectures. 4.4. A Model-Driven Architecture of Services for Grid Agents. 4.5. Agent Coordination and Orchestration in the Web Service Architecture. 4.6. Ontological Approach for WSA. 4.7. Conclusions. References. 5 TESTING OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE (Leonardo Mariani and Mauro Pezzè). 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Impact of Object-Oriented Design on Testing. 5.3. Specification-Based Testing Techniques. 5.4. UML Intraclass Testing. 5.5. UML Interclass Testing. 5.6. Algebraic Testing Techniques. 5.7. Code-Based Testing Techniques. 5.8. Intraclass Structural Testing. 5.9. Interclass Structural Testing. 5.10. Testing in the Presence of Inheritance. 5.11. Regression Testing. 5.12. Conclusions. References. 6 THE UML AND FORMAL METHODS: A CASE STUDY (Carlo Montangero). 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. A Biased View of the UML. 6.3. ForLySa. 6.4. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 7 MODERN WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (Mehdi Jazayeri, Cédric Mesnage, and Jeffrey Rose). 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Foundations of the Web. 7.3. Software Engineering and Web Applications. 7.4. Current Trends. 7.5. Future Directions. 7.6. Summary and Conclusions. References. PART III: TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOFTWARE EVOLUTION. 8 MIGRATING TO WEB SERVICES (Harry M. Sneed). 8.1. Forces Driving Migration. 8.2. The Emergence of Web Services. 8.3. Providing Web Services. 8.4. Web Service Mining. 8.5. Applying Wrapping Techniques. 8.6. Experience in the Field. 8.7. Conclusions. References. 9 SOFTWARE EVOLUTION ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION (Martin Pinzger, Harald Gall, and Michael Fischer). 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Multiple Evolution Metrics View. 9.3. Feature Evolution View. 9.4. Developer Contribution View. 9.5. Change Coupling View. 9.6. Related Work. 9.7. Resume. Acknowledgments. References. PART IV: PROCESS MANAGEMENT. 10 EMPIRICAL EXPERIMENTATION IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (Giuseppe Visaggio). 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Empirical Studies. 10.3. Empirical Studies for Software Engineering Science. 10.4. Empirical Investigation for Innovation Acceptance. 10.5. Building Competence through Empirical Investigation. 10.6. Conclusions. References. 11 FOUNDATIONS OF AGILE METHODS (Alberto Sillitti and Giancarlo Succi). 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Agile Methods. 11.3. The Agile Manifesto. 11.4. Extreme Programming (XP). 11.5. Tools Support for XP. 11.6. Conclusions. References. INDEX. ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND THE EDITORS.

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Book SynopsisEverything readers need to implement and support a wireless point-to-point communications environment In order to cope with the tremendous explosion of the telecommunications market, the field of wireless communications has greatly expanded in the past fifty years, especially in the domains of microwave radio systems including line-of-sight, satellites, and tropospheric-scatter. Now, Microwave Engineering: Land & Space Radio- communications answers the growing worldwide demand for an authoritative book on this important and emerging subject area. In five succinct chapters, the book introduces students and practicing engineers to the main propagation phenomena that are encountered and that must be considered in the design and planning for any given system type and frequency of operation: Electromagnetic wave propagationAn introduction to the fundamentaltheory of radiation and propagation of electromagnetic waves, polarization, antenna properties, free space aTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 1.1. Properties of Plane Electromagnetic Wave. 1.2. Radiant Continuous Aperture. 1.3. General Characteristics of Antennas. 1.4. Free-Space Loss and Electromagnetic Field Strength. 1.5. Reflector and Passive Repeater. 1.6. Model of Propagation. 1.7. Reflection and Refraction. 1.8. Influence of Atmosphere. 1.9. Propagation by Diffraction. 1.10. Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases. 1.11. Attenuation and Depolarization by Hydrometeors. 1.12. Influence of Ionosphere. 1.13. Thermal Radiation. 1.14. Probability Distributions. 2. Principles of Digital Communication Systems. 2.1. Signal Processing. 2.2. Thermal Noise. 2.3. Digital Communication Systems Design. 3. Microwave Line-of-Sight Systems. 3.1. Engineering of Line-of-Sight Systems. 3.2. Design of Line-of-Sight Microwave Radio Link: Interferometric Method. 3.3. Link Budget. 3.4. Methods of Prediction. 3.5. Protection against Jamming. 3.6. Frequency Reuse Techniques. 3.7. Comparison between Various Diversity Techniques. 3.8. Availability of Microwave Line-of-Sight Systems. 4. Microwave Transhorizon Systems. 4.1. Engineering of Transhorizon Systems. 4.2. Method of Prediction. 4.3. Link Budget. 4.4. Examples of Transhorizon Links. 4.5. Other Models of Prediction. 4.6. Total Availability of Troposcatter Links. 5. Satellite Communications. 5.1. Space Geometry of Satellite Systems. 5.2. Configuration of Satellite Communication System. 5.3. Link Budget. 5.4. Method of Prediction. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSpread spectrum and CDMA are cutting-edge technologies widely used in operational radar, navigation and telecommunication systems and play a pivotal role in the development of the forthcoming generations of systems and networks.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Spread spectrum signals and systems. 1.1 Basic definition. 1.2 Historical sketch. 2 Classical reception problems and signal design. 2.1 Gaussian channel, general reception problem and optimal decision rules. 2.2 Binary data transmission (deterministic signals). 2.3 M-ary data transmission: deterministic signals. 2.4 Complex envelope of a bandpass signal. 2.5 M-ary data transmission: noncoherent signals. 2.6 Trade-off between orthogonal-coding gain and bandwidth. 2.7 Examples of orthogonal signal sets. 2.8 Signal parameter estimation. 2.9 Amplitude estimation. 2.10 Phase estimation. 2.11 Autocorrelation function and matched filter response. 2.12 Estimation of the bandpass signal time delay. 2.13 Estimation of carrier frequency. 2.14 Simultaneous estimation of time delay and frequency. 2.15 Signal resolution. 2.16 Summary. Problems. 3 Merits of spread spectrum. 3.1 Jamming immunity. 3.2 Low probability of detection. 3.3 Signal structure secrecy. 3.4 Electromagnetic compatibility. 3.5 Propagation effects in wireless systems. 3.6 Diversity. 3.7 Multipath diversity and RAKE receiver. Problems. 4 Multiuser environment: code division multiple access. 4.1 Multiuser systems and the multiple access problem. 4.2 Frequency division multiple access. 4.3 Time division multiple access. 4.4 Synchronous code division multiple access. 4.5 Asynchronous CDMA. 4.6 Asynchronous CDMA in the cellular networks. Problems. 5 Discrete spread spectrum signals. 5.1 Spread spectrum modulation. 5.2 General model and categorization of discrete signals. 5.3 Correlation functions of APSK signals. 5.4 Calculating correlation functions of code sequences. 5.5 Correlation functions of FSK signals. 5.6 Processing gain of discrete signals. Problems. 6 Spread spectrum signals for time measurement, synchronization and time-resolution. 6.1 Demands on ACF: revisited. 6.2 Signals with continuous frequency modulation. 6.3 Criterion of good aperiodic ACF of APSK signals. 6.4 Optimization of aperiodic PSK signals. 6.5 Perfect periodic ACF: minimax binary sequences. 6.6 Initial knowledge on finite fields and linear sequences. 6.7 Periodic ACF of m-sequences. 6.8 More about finite fields. 6.9 Legendre sequences. 6.10 Binary codes with good aperiodic ACF: revisited. 6.11 Sequences with perfect periodic ACF. 6.12 Suppression of sidelobes along the delay axis. 6.13 FSK signals with optimal aperiodic ACF. Problems. 7 Spread spectrum signature ensembles for CDMA applications. 7.1 Data transmission via spread spectrum. 7.2 Designing signature ensembles for synchronous DS CDMA. 7.3 Approaches to designing signature ensembles for asynchronous DS CDMA. 7.4 Time-offset signatures for asynchronous CDMA. 7.5 Examples of minimax signature ensembles. Problems. 8 DS spread spectrum signal acquisition and tracking. 8.1 Acquisition and tracking procedures. 8.2 Serial search. 8.3 Acquisition acceleration techniques. 8.4 Code tracking. Problems. 9 Channel coding in spread spectrum systems. 9.1 Preliminary notes and terminology. 9.2 Error-detecting block codes. 9.3 Convolutional codes. 9.4 Turbo codes. 9.5 Channel interleaving. Problems. 10 Some advancements in spread spectrum systems development. 10.1 Multiuser reception and suppressing MAI. 10.2 Multicarrier modulation and OFDM. 10.3 Transmit diversity and space–time coding in CDMA systems. Problems. 11 Examples of operational wireless spread spectrum systems. 11.1 Preliminary remarks. 11.2 Global positioning system. 11.3 Air interfaces cdmaOne (IS-95) and cdma2000. 11.4 Air interface UMTS. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLocation-based Services features nine comprehensive chapters that guide readers through the fundamental areas of LBSs and provide detailed coverage of the scientific challenges facing their development. The book also deals with underlying service platforms and interfaces, which will be invaluable for developers who plan to realize LBSs.Trade Review"...an enjoyable text as the writing is very good with a good flow to the subject." (Association For Computing Machinery, 25th November 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What are Location-based Services? 1.2 Application Scenarios. 1.3 LBS Actors. 1.4 Standardization. 1.5 Structure of this Book. Part I: Fundamentals. 2 What is Location? 2.1 Location Categories. 2.2 Spatial Location. 2.3 Conclusion. 3 Spatial Databases and GIS. 3.1 What are Spatial Databases and GIS? 3.2 Geographic versus Spatial Data Models. 3.3 Representing Spatial Objects. 3.4 Features and Themes. 3.5 Algorithms of Computational Geometry. 3.6 Geography Markup Language. 3.7 Conclusion. 4 Basics of Wireless Communications. 4.1 Signals. 4.2 Propagation of Radio Signals. 4.3 Multiplexing and Multiple Access. 4.4 Conclusion. 5 Cellular Networks and Location Management. 5.1 Overview of Cellular Systems. 5.2 Principles of Cellular Networks. 5.3 Mobility Management. 5.4 Common Concepts of Location Management. 5.5 Location Management in CS Networks. 5.6 Location Management in PS Networks. 5.7 Conclusion. Part II: Positioning. 6 Fundamentals of Positioning. 6.1 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures. 6.2 Basic Positioning Methods. 6.3 Range Measurements. 6.4 Accuracy and Precision. 6.5 Error Sources. 6.6 Conclusion. 7 Satellite Positioning. 7.1 Historical Background. 7.2 Orbital Motion of Satellite Systems. 7.3 Global Positioning System. 7.4 Differential GPS. 7.5 Galileo. 7.6 Conclusion. 8 Cellular Positioning. 8.1 Positioning in GSM Networks. 8.2 Positioning in UMTS Networks. 8.3 Assisted GPS in GSM and UMTS. 8.4 Positioning in other Cellular Systems. 8.5 Conclusion. 9 Indoor Positioning. 9.1 WLAN Positioning. 9.2 RFID Positioning. 9.3 Indoor Positioning with GPS. 9.4 Non Radiolocation Systems. 9.5 Conclusion. Part III: LBS Operation. 10 Interorganizational LBS Operation. 10.1 LBS Supply Chain. 10.2 Scenarios of the LBS Supply Chain. 10.3 Supplier/Consumer Patterns for Location Dissemination. 10.4 Privacy Protection. 10.5 Conclusion. 11 Architectures and Protocols for Location Services. 11.1 GSMand UMTS Location Services. 11.2 Enhanced Emergency Services. 11.3 Mobile Location Protocol. 11.4 WAP Location Framework. 11.5 Parlay/OSA. 11.6 Geopriv. 11.7 Conclusion. 12 LBS Middleware. 12.1 Conceptual View of an LBS Middleware. 12.2 Location API for J2ME. 12.3 OpenGIS Location Services. 12.4 Conclusion. 13 LBS – The Next Generation. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresenting unified coverage of the design and modeling of smart micro- and macrosystems, this book addresses fabrication issues and outlines the challenges faced by engineers working with smart sensors in a variety of applications. Part I deals with the fundamental concepts of a typical smart system and its constituent components.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS. 1. Introduction to Smart Systems. 1.1 Components of a smart system. 1.2 Evolution of smart materials and structures. 1.3 Application areas for smart systems. 1.4 Organization of the book. References. 2. Processing of Smart Materials. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Semiconductors and their processing. 2.3 Metals and metallization techniques. 2.4 Ceramics. 2.5 Silicon micromachining techniques. 2.6 Polymers and their synthesis. 2.7 UV radiation curing of polymers. 2.8 Deposition techniques for polymer thin films. 2.9 Properties and synthesis of carbon nanotubes. References. PART 2: DESIGN PRINCIPLES. 3. Sensors for Smart Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Conductometric sensors. 3.3 Capacitive sensors. 3.4 Piezoelectric sensors. 3.5 Magnetostrictive sensors. 3.6 Piezoresistive sensors. 3.7 Optical sensors. 3.8 Resonant sensors. 3.9 Semiconductor-based sensors. 3.10 Acoustic sensors. 3.11 Polymeric sensors. 3.12 Carbon nanotube sensors. References. 4. Actuators for Smart Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electrostatic transducers. 4.3 Electromagnetic transducers. 4.4 Electrodynamic transducers. 4.5 Piezoelectric transducers. 4.6 Electrostrictive transducers. 4.7 Magnetostrictive transducers. 4.8 Electrothermal actuators. 4.9 Comparison of actuation schemes. References. 5. Design Examples for Sensors and Actuators. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Piezoelectric sensors. 5.3 MEMS IDT-based accelerometers. 5.4 Fiber-optic gyroscopes. 5.5 Piezoresistive pressure sensors. 5.6 SAW-based wireless strain sensors. 5.7 SAW-based chemical sensors. 5.8 Microfluidic systems. References. PART 3: MODELING TECHNIQUES. 6. Introductory Concepts in Modeling. 6.1 Introduction to the theory of elasticity. 6.2 Theory of laminated composites. 6.3 Introduction to wave propagation in structures. References. 7. Introduction to the Finite Element Method. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Variational principles. 7.3 Energy functionals and variational operator. 7.4 Weak form of the governing differential equation. 7.5 Some basic energy theorems. 7.6 Finite element method. 7.7 Computational aspects in the finite element method. 7.8 Superconvergent finite element formulation. 7.9 Spectral finite element formulation. References. 8. Modeling of Smart Sensors and Actuators. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Finite element modeling of a 3-D composite laminate with embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators. 8.3 Superconvergent smart thin-walled box beam element. 8.4 Modeling of magnetostrictive sensors and actuators. 8.5 Modeling of micro electromechanical systems. 8.6 Modeling of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). References. 9. Active Control Techniques. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Mathematical models for control theory. 9.3 Stability of control system. 9.4 Design concepts and methodology. 9.5 Modal order reduction. 9.6 Active control of vibration and waves due to broadband excitation. References. PART 4: FABRICATION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS. 10. Silicon Fabrication Techniques for MEMS. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Fabrication processes for silicon MEMS. 10.3 Deposition techniques for thin films in MEMS. 10.4 Bulk micromachining for silicon-based MEMS. 10.5 Silicon surface micromachining. 10.6 Processing by both bulk and surface micromachining. 10.7 LIGA process. References. 11. Polymeric MEMS Fabrication Techniques. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Microstereolithography. 11.3 Micromolding of polymeric 3-D structures. 11.4 Incorporation of metals and ceramics by polymeric processes. 11.5 Combined silicon and polymer structures. References. 12. Integration and Packaging of Smart Microsystems. 12.1 Integration of MEMS and microelectronics. 12.2 MEMS packaging. 12.3 Packaging techniques. 12.4 Reliability and key failure mechanisms. 12.5 Issues in packaging of microsystems. References. 13. Fabrication Examples of Smart Microsystems. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 PVDF transducers. 13.3 SAW accelerometer. 13.4 Chemical and biosensors. 13.5 Polymeric fabrication of a microfluidic system. References. 14. Structural Health Monitoring Applications. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Structural health monitoring of composite wing-type structures using magnetostrictive sensors/actuators. 14.3 Assesment of damage severity and health monitoring using PZT sensors/actuators. 14.4 Actuation of DCB specimen under Mode-II dynamic loading. 14.5 Wireless MEMS–IDT microsensors for health monitoring of structures and systems. References. 15. Vibration and Noise-Control Applications. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Active vibration control in a thin-walled box beam. 15.3 Active noise control of structure-borne vibration and noise in a helicopter cabin. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives readers a complete, clear and practical understanding of the technologies that enable the hot topic of Grid computing. It systematically explains OGSA (Open Grid Service Architecture), Web Service technologies (SOAP, WSDL, UDDI), GMA (Grid Monitoring Architecture), Grid Portals, Grid Workflow.Trade Review"It could serve as a good textbook and would certainly be a good addition to the reference libraries of technologists, academics, and students." (IEEE Distributed Systems Online, December 2006) "…lots of valuable information." (Computing Reviews.com, May 11, 2006) "…a complete, clear, systematic, and practical understanding of the technologies that enable the Grid." (IEEE Computer Magazine, August 2005) "…a good addition to the reference library…" (IEEE DS Online, January 2007)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix List of Abbreviations xxi 1 An Introduction to the Grid 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Characterization of the Grid 1 1.3 Grid-Related Standards Bodies 4 1.4 The Architecture of the Grid 5 1.5 References 6 Part One System Infrastructure 9 2 OGSA and WSRF 11 Learning Objectives 11 Chapter Outline 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Traditional Paradigms for Distributed Computing 13 2.2.1 Socket programming 14 2.2.2 RPC 15 2.2.3 Java RMI 16 2.2.4 DCOM 18 2.2.5 CORBA 19 2.2.6 A summary on Java RMI, DCOM and CORBA 20 2.3 Web Services 21 2.3.1 SOAP 23 2.3.2 WSDL 24 2.3.3 UDDI 26 2.3.4 WS-Inspection 27 2.3.5 WS-Inspection and UDDI 28 2.3.6 Web services implementations 29 2.3.7 How Web services benefit the Grid 33 2.4 OGSA 34 2.4.1 Service instance semantics 35 2.4.2 Service data semantics 37 2.4.3 OGSA portTypes 38 2.4.4 A further discussion on OGSA 40 2.5 The Globus Toolkit 3 (GT3) 40 2.5.1 Host environment 41 2.5.2 Web services engine 42 2.5.3 Grid services container 42 2.5.4 GT3 core services 43 2.5.5 GT3 base services 44 2.5.6 The GT3 programming model 50 2.6 OGSA-DAI 53 2.6.1 OGSA-DAI portTypes 54 2.6.2 OGSA-DAI functionality 56 2.6.3 Services interaction in the OGSA-DAI 58 2.6.4 OGSA-DAI and DAIS 59 2.7 WSRF 60 2.7.1 An introduction to WSRF 60 2.7.2 WSRF and OGSI/GT3 66 2.7.3 WSRF and OGSA 69 2.7.4 A summary of WSRF 70 2.8 Chapter Summary 70 2.9 Further Reading and Testing 72 2.10 Key Points 72 2.11 References 73 3 The Semantic Grid and Autonomic Computing 77 Learning Outcomes 77 Chapter Outline 77 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 Metadata and Ontology in the Semantic Web 79 3.2.1 RDF 81 3.2.2 Ontology languages 83 3.2.3 Ontology editors 87 3.2.4 A summary of Web ontology languages 88 3.3 Semantic Web Services 88 3.3.1 DAML-S 89 3.3.2 OWL-S 90 3.4 A Layered Structure of the Semantic Grid 91 3.5 Semantic Grid Activities 92 3.5.1 Ontology-based Grid resource matching 93 3.5.2 Semantic workflow registration and discovery in myGrid 94 3.5.3 Semantic workflow enactment in Geodise 95 3.5.4 Semantic service annotation and adaptation in ICENI 98 3.5.5 PortalLab – A Semantic Grid portal toolkit 99 3.5.6 Data provenance on the Grid 106 3.5.7 A summary on the Semantic Grid 107 3.6 Autonomic Computing 108 3.6.1 What is autonomic computing? 108 3.6.2 Features of autonomic computing systems 109 3.6.3 Autonomic computing projects 110 3.6.4 A vision of autonomic Grid services 113 3.7 Chapter Summary 114 3.8 Further Reading and Testing 115 3.9 Key Points 116 3.10 References 116 Part Two Basic Services 121 4 Grid Security 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 A Brief Security Primer 124 4.3 Cryptography 127 4.3.1 Introduction 127 4.3.2 Symmetric cryptosystems 128 4.3.3 Asymmetric cryptosystems 129 4.3.4 Digital signatures 130 4.3.5 Public-key certificate 130 4.3.6 Certification Authority (CA) 132 4.3.7 Firewalls 133 4.4 Grid Security 134 4.4.1 The Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI) 134 4.4.2 Authorization modes in GSI 136 4.5 Putting it all Together 140 4.5.1 Getting an e-Science certificate 140 4.5.2 Managing credentials in Globus 146 4.5.3 Generate a client proxy 148 4.5.4 Firewall traversal 148 4.6 Possible Vulnerabilities 149 4.6.1 Authentication 149 4.6.2 Proxies 149 4.6.3 Authorization 150 4.7 Summary 151 4.8 Acknowledgements 151 4.9 Further Reading 151 4.10 References 152 5 Grid Monitoring 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) 154 5.2.1 Consumer 155 5.2.2 The Directory Service 156 5.2.3 Producers 157 5.2.4 Monitoring data 159 5.3 Review Criteria 161 5.3.1 Scalable wide-area monitoring 161 5.3.2 Resource monitoring 161 5.3.3 Cross-API monitoring 161 5.3.4 Homogeneous data presentation 162 5.3.5 Information searching 162 5.3.6 Run-time extensibility 162 5.3.7 Filtering/fusing of data 163 5.3.8 Open and standard protocols 163 5.3.9 Security 163 5.3.10 Software availability and dependencies 163 5.3.11 Projects that are active and supported; plus licensing 163 5.4 An Overview of Grid Monitoring Systems 164 5.4.1 Autopilot 164 5.4.2 Control and Observation in Distributed Environments (CODE) 168 5.4.3 GridICE 172 5.4.4 Grid Portals Information Repository (GPIR) 176 5.4.5 GridRM 180 5.4.6 Hawkeye 185 5.4.7 Java Agents for Monitoring and Management (JAMM) 189 5.4.8 MapCenter 192 5.4.9 Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS3) 196 5.4.10 Mercury 201 5.4.11 Network Weather Service 205 5.4.12 The Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture (R-GMA) 209 5.4.13 visPerf 214 5.5 Other Monitoring Systems 217 5.5.1 Ganglia 217 5.5.2 GridMon 219 5.5.3 GRM/PROVE 220 5.5.4 Nagios 221 5.5.5 NetLogger 222 5.5.6 SCALEA-G 223 5.6 Summary 225 5.6.1 Resource categories 225 5.6.2 Native agents 225 5.6.3 Architecture 226 5.6.4 Interoperability 226 5.6.5 Homogeneous data presentation 226 5.6.6 Intrusiveness of monitoring 227 5.6.7 Information searching and retrieval 231 5.7 Chapter Summary 233 5.8 Further Reading and Testing 236 5.9 Key Points 236 5.10 References 236 Part Three Job Management and User Interaction 241 6 Grid Scheduling and Resource Management 243 Learning Objectives 243 Chapter Outline 243 6.1 Introduction 244 6.2 Scheduling Paradigms 245 6.2.1 Centralized scheduling 245 6.2.2 Distributed scheduling 246 6.2.3 Hierarchical scheduling 248 6.3 How Scheduling Works 248 6.3.1 Resource discovery 248 6.3.2 Resource selection 251 6.3.3 Schedule generation 251 6.3.4 Job execution 254 6.4 A Review of Condor, SGE, PBS and LSF 254 6.4.1 Condor 254 6.4.2 Sun Grid Engine 269 6.4.3 The Portable Batch System (PBS) 274 6.4.4 LSF 279 6.4.5 A comparison of Condor, SGE, PBS and LSF 288 6.5 Grid Scheduling with QoS 290 6.5.1 AppLeS 291 6.5.2 Scheduling in GrADS 293 6.5.3 Nimrod/G 293 6.5.4 Rescheduling 295 6.5.5 Scheduling with heuristics 296 6.6 Chapter Summary 297 6.7 Further Reading and Testing 298 6.8 Key Points 298 6.9 References 299 7 Workflow Management for the Grid 301 Learning Outcomes 301 Chapter Outline 301 7.1 Introduction 302 7.2 The Workflow Management Coalition 303 7.2.1 The workflow enactment service 305 7.2.2 The workflow engine 306 7.2.3 WfMC interfaces 308 7.2.4 Other components in the WfMC reference model 309 7.2.5 A summary of WfMC reference model 310 7.3 Web Services-Oriented Flow Languages 310 7.3.1 XLANG 311 7.3.2 Web services flow language 311 7.3.3 WSCI 313 7.3.4 BPEL4WS 315 7.3.5 BPML 317 7.3.6 A summary of Web services flow languages 318 7.4 Grid Services-Oriented Flow Languages 318 7.4.1 GSFL 318 7.4.2 SWFL 321 7.4.3 GWEL 321 7.4.4 GALE 322 7.4.5 A summary of Grid services flow languages 323 7.5 Workflow Management for the Grid 323 7.5.1 Grid workflow management projects 323 7.5.2 A summary of Grid workflow management 329 7.6 Chapter Summary 330 7.7 Further Reading and Testing 331 7.8 Key Points 332 7.9 References 332 8 Grid Portals 335 Learning Outcomes 335 Chapter Outline 335 8.1 Introduction 336 8.2 First-Generation Grid Portals 337 8.2.1 A three-tiered architecture 337 8.2.2 Grid portal services 338 8.2.3 First-generation Grid portal implementations 339 8.2.4 First-generation Grid portal toolkits 341 8.2.5 A summary of the four portal tools 348 8.2.6 A summary of first-generation Grid portals 349 8.3 Second-Generation Grid Portals 350 8.3.1 An introduction to portlets 350 8.3.2 Portlet specifications 355 8.3.3 Portal frameworks supporting portlets 357 8.3.4 A Comparison of Jetspeed, WebSphere Portal and GridSphere 368 8.3.5 The development of Grid portals with portlets 369 8.3.6 A summary on second-generation Grid portals 371 8.4 Chapter Summary 372 8.5 Further Reading and Testing 373 8.6 Key Points 373 8.7 References 374 Part Four Applications 377 9 Grid Applications – Case Studies 379 Learning Objectives 379 Chapter Outline 379 9.1 Introduction 380 9.2 GT3 Use Cases 380 9.2.1 GT3 in broadcasting 381 9.2.2 GT3 in software reuse 382 9.2.3 A GT3 bioinformatics application 387 9.3 OGSA-DAI Use Cases 387 9.3.1 eDiaMoND 387 9.3.2 ODD-Genes 388 9.4 Resource Management Case Studies 388 9.4.1 The UCL Condor pool 388 9.4.2 SGE use cases 389 9.5 Grid Portal Use Cases 390 9.5.1 Chiron 390 9.5.2 GENIUS 390 9.6 Workflow Management – Discovery Net Use Cases 391 9.6.1 Genome annotation 391 9.6.2 SARS virus evolution analysis 391 9.6.3 Urban air pollution monitoring 392 9.6.4 Geo-hazard modelling 394 9.7 Semantic Grid – myGrid Use Case 394 9.8 Autonomic Computing – AutoMate Use Case 395 9.9 Conclusions 397 9.10 References 398 Glossary 401 Index 419

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Book SynopsisTopology control is fundamental to solving scalability and capacity problems in large-scale wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Forthcoming wireless multi-hop networks such as ad hoc and sensor networks will allow network nodes to control the communication topology by choosing their transmitting ranges.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Abbreviations. List of Figures. List of Tables. I: Introduction. 1. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 1.1 The Future ofWireless Communication. 1.2 Challenges. 2. Modeling Ad Hoc Networks. 2.1 The Wireless Channel. 2.2 The Communication Graph. 2.3 Modeling Energy Consumption. 2.4 Mobility Models. 2.5 Asymptotic Notation. 3. Topology Control. 3.1 Motivations for Topology Control. 3.2 A Definition of Topology Control. 3.3 A Taxonomy of Topology Control. 3.4 Topology Control in the Protocol Stack. II: The Critical Transmitting Range. 4. The CTR for Connectivity: Stationary Networks. 4.1 The CTR in Dense Networks. 4.2 The CTR in Sparse Networks. 4.3 The CTR with Different Deployment Region and Node Distribution. 4.4 Irregular Radio Coverage Area. 5. The CTR for Connectivity: Mobile Networks. 5.1 The CTR in RWPMobile Networks. 5.2 The CTR with Bounded, Obstacle-free Mobility. 6. Other Characterizations of the CTR 63 6.1 The CTR for k-connectivity. 6.2 The CTR for Connectivity with Bernoulli Nodes. 6.3 The Critical Coverage Range. III: Topology Optimization Problems. 7. The Range Assignment Problem. 7.1 Problem Definition. 7.2 The RA Problem in One-dimensional Networks. 7.3 The RA Problem in Two- and Three-dimensional Networks. 7.4 The Symmetric Versions of the Problem. 7.5 The Energy Cost of the Optimal Range Assignment. 8. Energy-efficient Communication Topologies. 8.1 Energy-efficient Unicast. 8.2 Energy-efficient Broadcast. IV: Distributed Topology Control. 9. Distributed Topology Control: Design Guidelines. 9.1 Ideal Features of a Topology Control Protocol. 9.2 The Quality of Information. 9.3 Logical and Physical Node Degrees. 10. Location-based Topology Control. 10.1 The R&M Protocol. 10.2 The LMST Protocol. 11. Direction-based Topology Control. 11.1 The CBTC Protocol. 11.2 The DistRNG Protocol. 12. Neighbor-based Topology Control. 12.1 The Number of Neighbors for Connectivity. 12.2 The KNeigh Protocol. 12.3 The XTC Protocol. 13. Dealing with Node Mobility. 13.1 TC Design Guidelines with Mobility. 13.2 TC in Mobile Networks: an Example. 13.3 The Effect of Mobility on the CNN. 13.4 Distributed TC in Mobile Networks: Existing Solutions. V: Toward an Implementation of Topology Control. 14. Level-based Topology Control. 14.1 Level-based TC:Motivations. 14.2 The COMPOW Protocol. 14.3 The CLUSTERPOW Protocol. 14.4 The KNeighLev Protocol. 14.5 Comparing CLUSTERPOW and KneighLev. 15. Open Issues. 15.1 TC for Interference. 15.2 More-realistic Models. 15.3 Mobility and Topology Control. 15.4 Considering MultiHop Data Traffic. 15.5 Implementation of TC. VI: Case Study and Appendices. 16. Case Study: TC and Cooperative Routing in Ad hoc Networks. 16.1 Cooperation in Ad hoc Networks. 16.2 Reference Application Scenario. 16.3 Modeling Routing as a Game. 16.4 A Practical Interpretation of Truthfulness. 16.5 Truthful Routing without TC. 16.6 Truthful Routing with TC. 16.7 Conclusion. A: Elements of Graph Theory. A.1 Basic Definitions. A.2 Proximity Graphs. B: Elements of Applied Probability. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMotivated by the evolution of the consecutive generations of wireless communication systems, this volume provides an overview of the majority of single- and multi-carrier QAM techniques.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Related Wiley and IEEE Press Books. Preface. Acknowledgements. I: QAM Basics. 1. Introduction and Background. 2. Communications Channels. 3. Introduction to Modems. 4. Basic QAM Techniques. 5. Square QAM. 6. Clock and Carrier Recovery. 7. Trained and Blind Equaliser Techniques. 8. Classic QAM Modems. II: Adaptive QAM Techniques for Fading Channels. 9. Square QAM for fading channels. 10. Star QAM for Fading Channels. 11. Timing Recovery for Fading Channels. 12. Wideband QAM Transmissions over Fading Channels. 13. Quadrature-Quadrature AM. 14. Area Spectral Efficiency of Adaptive Cellular QAM Systems. III: Advanced QAM: Adaptive versus Space-Time Block- and Trellis-Coded OFDM. 15. Introduction to OFDM. 16. OFDM Transmission over Gaussian Channels. 17. OFDM Transmission over Wideband Channels. 18. Time and Frequency Domain Synchronisation for OFDM. 19. Adaptive Single- and Multi-user OFDM. 20. Block-Coded Adaptive OFDM. 21. Space-Time Coded versus Adaptive QAM-aided OFDM. 22. Adaptive QAM Optimisation for OFDM and MC-CDMA. IV: Advanced QAM:Turbo-Equalised Adaptive TCM, TTCM, BICM, BICM-ID and Space-Time Coding Assisted OFDM and CDMA Systems. 23. Capacity and Cutoff Rate of Gaussian and Rayleigh Channels. 24. Coded Modulation Theory. 25. Coded Modulation Performance in Non-dispersive Propagation Environments. 26. Coded Modulation Assisted Channel Equalised Systems. 27. Coded Modulation Assisted Code-Division Multiple Access. 28. Coded Modulation and Space Time Block Coded Aided CDMA. 29. Comparative Study of Various Coded Modulation Schemes. 30. QAM-Based Terrestrial and Satellite Video Broadcast Systems. 31 Appendix. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other.Trade Review"I am deeply impressed by the book of Karl & Willig. It is by far the most complete source for wireless sensor networks...The book covers almost all topics related to sensor networks, gives an amazing number of references, and, thus, is the perfect source for students, teachers, and researchers. Throughout the book the reader will find high quality text, figures, formulas, comparisons etc. - all you need for a sound basis to start sensor network research." (Prof. Jochen Schiller, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universitat Berlin, January 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of abbreviations xv A guide to the book xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The vision of Ambient Intelligence 1 1.2 Application examples 3 1.3 Types of applications 6 1.4 Challenges for WSNs 7 1.4.1 Characteristic requirements 7 1.4.2 Required mechanisms 9 1.5 Why are sensor networks different? 10 1.5.1 Mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks 10 1.5.2 Fieldbuses and wireless sensor networks 12 1.6 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks 13 Part I Architectures 15 2 Single-node architecture 17 2.1 Hardware components 18 2.1.1 Sensor node hardware overview 18 2.1.2 Controller 19 2.1.3 Memory 21 2.1.4 Communication device 21 2.1.5 Sensors and actuators 31 2.1.6 Power supply of sensor nodes 32 2.2 Energy consumption of sensor nodes 36 2.2.1 Operation states with different power consumption 36 2.2.2 Microcontroller energy consumption 38 2.2.3 Memory 39 2.2.4 Radio transceivers 40 2.2.5 Relationship between computation and communication 44 2.2.6 Power consumption of sensor and actuators 44 2.3 Operating systems and execution environments 45 2.3.1 Embedded operating systems 45 2.3.2 Programming paradigms and application programming interfaces 45 2.3.3 Structure of operating system and protocol stack 47 2.3.4 Dynamic energy and power management 48 2.3.5 Case Study: TinyOS and nesC 50 2.3.6 Other examples 53 2.4 Some examples of sensor nodes 54 2.4.1 The “Mica Mote” family 54 2.4.2 EYES nodes 54 2.4.3 BTnodes 54 2.4.4 Scatterweb 54 2.4.5 Commercial solutions 55 2.5 Conclusion 56 3 Network architecture 59 3.1 Sensor network scenarios 60 3.1.1 Types of sources and sinks 60 3.1.2 Single-hop versus multihop networks 60 3.1.3 Multiple sinks and sources 62 3.1.4 Three types of mobility 62 3.2 Optimization goals and figures of merit 63 3.2.1 Quality of service 64 3.2.2 Energy efficiency 65 3.2.3 Scalability 66 3.2.4 Robustness 67 3.3 Design principles for WSNs 67 3.3.1 Distributed organization 67 3.3.2 In-network processing 67 3.3.3 Adaptive fidelity and accuracy 70 3.3.4 Data centricity 70 3.3.5 Exploit location information 73 3.3.6 Exploit activity patterns 73 3.3.7 Exploit heterogeneity 73 3.3.8 Component-based protocol stacks and cross-layer optimization 74 3.4 Service interfaces of WSNs 74 3.4.1 Structuring application/protocol stack interfaces 74 3.4.2 Expressibility requirements for WSN service interfaces 76 3.4.3 Discussion 77 3.5 Gateway concepts 78 3.5.1 The need for gateways 78 3.5.2 WSN to Internet communication 79 3.5.3 Internet to WSN communication 80 3.5.4 WSN tunneling 81 3.6 Conclusion 81 Part II Communication Protocols 83 4 Physical layer 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Wireless channel and communication fundamentals 86 4.2.1 Frequency allocation 86 4.2.2 Modulation and demodulation 88 4.2.3 Wave propagation effects and noise 90 4.2.4 Channel models 96 4.2.5 Spread-spectrum communications 98 4.2.6 Packet transmission and synchronization 100 4.2.7 Quality of wireless channels and measures for improvement 102 4.3 Physical layer and transceiver design considerations in WSNs 103 4.3.1 Energy usage profile 103 4.3.2 Choice of modulation scheme 104 4.3.3 Dynamic modulation scaling 108 4.3.4 Antenna considerations 108 4.4 Further reading 109 5 MAC protocols 111 5.1 Fundamentals of (wireless) MAC protocols 112 5.1.1 Requirements and design constraints for wireless MAC protocols 112 5.1.2 Important classes of MAC protocols 114 5.1.3 MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks 119 5.2 Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts 120 5.2.1 Sparse topology and energy management (STEM) 121 5.2.2 S-mac 123 5.2.3 The mediation device protocol 126 5.2.4 Wakeup radio concepts 127 5.2.5 Further reading 128 5.3 Contention-based protocols 129 5.3.1 CSMA protocols 129 5.3.2 Pamas 131 5.3.3 Further solutions 132 5.4 Schedule-based protocols 133 5.4.1 Leach 133 5.4.2 Smacs 135 5.4.3 Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol (TRAMA) 137 5.4.4 Further solutions 139 5.5 The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol 139 5.5.1 Network architecture and types/roles of nodes 140 5.5.2 Superframe structure 141 5.5.3 GTS management 141 5.5.4 Data transfer procedures 142 5.5.5 Slotted CSMA-CA protocol 142 5.5.6 Nonbeaconed mode 144 5.5.7 Further reading 145 5.6 How about IEEE 802.11 and bluetooth? 145 5.7 Further reading 146 5.8 Conclusion 148 6 Link-layer protocols 149 6.1 Fundamentals: tasks and requirements 150 6.2 Error control 151 6.2.1 Causes and characteristics of transmission errors 151 6.2.2 ARQ techniques 152 6.2.3 FEC techniques 158 6.2.4 Hybrid schemes 163 6.2.5 Power control 165 6.2.6 Further mechanisms to combat errors 166 6.2.7 Error control: summary 167 6.3 Framing 167 6.3.1 Adaptive schemes 170 6.3.2 Intermediate checksum schemes 172 6.3.3 Combining packet-size optimization and FEC 173 6.3.4 Treatment of frame headers 174 6.3.5 Framing: summary 174 6.4 Link management 174 6.4.1 Link-quality characteristics 175 6.4.2 Link-quality estimation 177 6.5 Summary 179 7 Naming and addressing 181 7.1 Fundamentals 182 7.1.1 Use of addresses and names in (sensor) networks 182 7.1.2 Address management tasks 183 7.1.3 Uniqueness of addresses 184 7.1.4 Address allocation and assignment 184 7.1.5 Addressing overhead 185 7.2 Address and name management in wireless sensor networks 186 7.3 Assignment of MAC addresses 186 7.3.1 Distributed assignment of networkwide addresses 187 7.4 Distributed assignment of locally unique addresses 189 7.4.1 Address assignment algorithm 189 7.4.2 Address selection and representation 191 7.4.3 Further schemes 194 7.5 Content-based and geographic addressing 194 7.5.1 Content-based addressing 194 7.5.2 Geographic addressing 198 7.6 Summary 198 8 Time synchronization 201 8.1 Introduction to the time synchronization problem 201 8.1.1 The need for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 202 8.1.2 Node clocks and the problem of accuracy 203 8.1.3 Properties and structure of time synchronization algorithms 204 8.1.4 Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 206 8.2 Protocols based on sender/receiver synchronization 207 8.2.1 Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS) 207 8.2.2 How to increase accuracy and estimate drift 212 8.2.3 Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) 214 8.3 Protocols based on receiver/receiver synchronization 217 8.3.1 Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) 217 8.3.2 Hierarchy referencing time synchronization (HRTS) 223 8.4 Further reading 226 9 Localization and positioning 231 9.1 Properties of localization and positioning procedures 232 9.2 Possible approaches 233 9.2.1 Proximity 233 9.2.2 Trilateration and triangulation 234 9.2.3 Scene analysis 237 9.3 Mathematical basics for the lateration problem 237 9.3.1 Solution with three anchors and correct distance values 238 9.3.2 Solving with distance errors 238 9.4 Single-hop localization 240 9.4.1 Active Badge 240 9.4.2 Active office 240 9.4.3 Radar 240 9.4.4 Cricket 241 9.4.5 Overlapping connectivity 241 9.4.6 Approximate point in triangle 242 9.4.7 Using angle of arrival information 243 9.5 Positioning in multihop environments 243 9.5.1 Connectivity in a multihop network 244 9.5.2 Multihop range estimation 244 9.5.3 Iterative and collaborative multilateration 245 9.5.4 Probabilistic positioning description and propagation 247 9.6 Impact of anchor placement 247 9.7 Further reading 248 9.8 Conclusion 249 10 Topology control 251 10.1 Motivation and basic ideas 251 10.1.1 Options for topology control 252 10.1.2 Aspects of topology-control algorithms 254 10.2 Controlling topology in flat networks – Power control 256 10.2.1 Some complexity results 256 10.2.2 Are there magic numbers? – bounds on critical parameters 257 10.2.3 Some example constructions and protocols 259 10.2.4 Further reading on flat topology control 265 10.3 Hierarchical networks by dominating sets 266 10.3.1 Motivation and definition 266 10.3.2 A hardness result 266 10.3.3 Some ideas from centralized algorithms 267 10.3.4 Some distributed approximations 270 10.3.5 Further reading 273 10.4 Hierarchical networks by clustering 274 10.4.1 Definition of clusters 274 10.4.2 A basic idea to construct independent sets 277 10.4.3 A generalization and some performance insights 278 10.4.4 Connecting clusters 278 10.4.5 Rotating clusterheads 279 10.4.6 Some more algorithm examples 280 10.4.7 Multihop clusters 281 10.4.8 Multiple layers of clustering 283 10.4.9 Passive clustering 284 10.4.10 Further reading 284 10.5 Combining hierarchical topologies and power control 285 10.5.1 Pilot-based power control 285 10.5.2 Ad hoc Network Design Algorithm (ANDA) 285 10.5.3 Clusterpow 286 10.6 Adaptive node activity 286 10.6.1 Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) 286 10.6.2 Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks’ Topologies (ASCENT) 287 10.6.3 Turning off nodes on the basis of sensing coverage 288 10.7 Conclusions 288 11 Routing protocols 289 11.1 The many faces of forwarding and routing 289 11.2 Gossiping and agent-based unicast forwarding 292 11.2.1 Basic idea 292 11.2.2 Randomized forwarding 292 11.2.3 Random walks 293 11.2.4 Further reading 294 11.3 Energy-efficient unicast 295 11.3.1 Overview 295 11.3.2 Some example unicast protocols 297 11.3.3 Further reading 301 11.3.4 Multipath unicast routing 301 11.3.5 Further reading 304 11.4 Broadcast and multicast 305 11.4.1 Overview 305 11.4.2 Source-based tree protocols 308 11.4.3 Shared, core-based tree protocols 314 11.4.4 Mesh-based protocols 314 11.4.5 Further reading on broadcast and multicast 315 11.5 Geographic routing 316 11.5.1 Basics of position-based routing 316 11.5.2 Geocasting 323 11.5.3 Further reading on geographic routing 326 11.6 Mobile nodes 328 11.6.1 Mobile sinks 328 11.6.2 Mobile data collectors 328 11.6.3 Mobile regions 329 11.7 Conclusions 329 12 Data-centric and content-based networking 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.1.1 The publish/subscribe interaction paradigm 331 12.1.2 Addressing data 332 12.1.3 Implementation options 333 12.1.4 Distribution versus gathering of data – In-network processing 334 12.2 Data-centric routing 335 12.2.1 One-shot interactions 335 12.2.2 Repeated interactions 337 12.2.3 Further reading 340 12.3 Data aggregation 341 12.3.1 Overview 341 12.3.2 A database interface to describe aggregation operations 342 12.3.3 Categories of aggregation operations 343 12.3.4 Placement of aggregation points 345 12.3.5 When to stop waiting for more data 345 12.3.6 Aggregation as an optimization problem 347 12.3.7 Broadcasting an aggregated value 347 12.3.8 Information-directed routing and aggregation 350 12.3.9 Some further examples 352 12.3.10 Further reading on data aggregation 355 12.4 Data-centric storage 355 12.5 Conclusions 357 13 Transport layer and quality of service 359 13.1 The transport layer and QoS in wireless sensor networks 359 13.1.1 Quality of service/reliability 360 13.1.2 Transport protocols 361 13.2 Coverage and deployment 362 13.2.1 Sensing models 362 13.2.2 Coverage measures 364 13.2.3 Uniform random deployments: Poisson point processes 365 13.2.4 Coverage of random deployments: Boolean sensing model 366 13.2.5 Coverage of random deployments: general sensing model 368 13.2.6 Coverage determination 369 13.2.7 Coverage of grid deployments 374 13.2.8 Further reading 375 13.3 Reliable data transport 376 13.3.1 Reliability requirements in sensor networks 377 13.4 Single packet delivery 378 13.4.1 Using a single path 379 13.4.2 Using multiple paths 384 13.4.3 Multiple receivers 388 13.4.4 Summary 389 13.5 Block delivery 389 13.5.1 PSFQ: block delivery in the sink-to-sensors case 389 13.5.2 RMST: block delivery in the sensors-to-sink case 395 13.5.3 What about TCP? 397 13.5.4 Further reading 399 13.6 Congestion control and rate control 400 13.6.1 Congestion situations in sensor networks 400 13.6.2 Mechanisms for congestion detection and handling 402 13.6.3 Protocols with rate control 403 13.6.4 The CODA congestion-control framework 408 13.6.5 Further reading 411 14 Advanced application support 413 14.1 Advanced in-network processing 413 14.1.1 Going beyond mere aggregation of data 413 14.1.2 Distributed signal processing 414 14.1.3 Distributed source coding 416 14.1.4 Network coding 420 14.1.5 Further issues 421 14.2 Security 422 14.2.1 Fundamentals 422 14.2.2 Security considerations in wireless sensor networks 423 14.2.3 Denial-of-service attacks 423 14.2.4 Further reading 425 14.3 Application-specific support 425 14.3.1 Target detection and tracking 426 14.3.2 Contour/edge detection 429 14.3.3 Field sampling 432 Bibliography 437 Index 481

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Book SynopsisTaking quantum computing out of the realm of theoretical physics, Quantum Computing Explained is a self-contained text that teaches the necessary tools and presents the topic in a clear and conversational tone for the non-physicist.Trade Review“It is informal, with the goal of introducing the concepts used in the field and then showing through explicit examples how to work with them.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 2012) "This book is friendly alternative for beginners…rookies can self-train by using the book, while gurus can follow the contents to deliver lectures." (Computing Reviews, August 13, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to Information Theory. Chapter 2: Qubits and Quantum States. Chapter 3: Matrices and Operators. Chapter 4: Tensor Products. Chapter 5: The Density Operator. Chapter 6: Quantum Measurement Theory. Chapter 7: Entanglement. Chapter 8: Quantum Gates and Circuits. Chapter 9: Quantum Algorithms. Chapter 10: Applications of Entanglement: Teleportation and Superdense Coding. Chapter 11: Quantum Cryptography. Chapter 12: Quantum Noise and Error Correction. Chapter 13: Tools of Quantum Information Theory. Chapter 14. Adiabatic Quantum Computation. Chapter 15. Cluster State Quantum Computing. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance and recent success of computational intelligence methods over a diverse range of bioinformatics problems. It encourages others to use these methods and approaches in their research, while also serving as an introduction to computational intelligence methods and applications to the consumers of the research.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part One Gene Expression Analysis and Systems Biology. 1. Hybrid of Neural Classifi er and Swarm Intelligence in Multiclass Cancer Diagnosis with Gene Expression Signatures (Rui Xu, Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos, and Donald C. Wunsch II). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Methods and Systems. 1.3 Experimental Results. 1.4 Conclusions. 2. Classifying Gene Expression Profi les with Evolutionary Computation (Jin-Hyuk Hong and Sung-Bae Cho). 2.1 DNA Microarray Data Classifi cation. 2.2 Evolutionary Approach to the Problem. 2.3 Gene Selection with Speciated Genetic Algorithm. 2.4 Cancer Classifi ction Based on Ensemble Genetic Programming. 2.5 Conclusion. 3. Finding Clusters in Gene Expression Data Using EvoCluster (Patrick C. H. Ma, Keith C. C. Chan, and Xin Yao). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Related Work. 3.3 Evolutionary Clustering Algorithm. 3.4 Experimental Results. 3.5 Conclusions. 4. Gene Networks and Evolutionary Computation (Jennifer Hallinan). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Evolutionary Optimization. 4.3 Computational Network Modeling. 4.4 Extending Reach of Gene Networks. 4.5 Network Topology Analysis. 4.6 Summary. Part Two Sequence Analysis and Feature Detection. 5. Fuzzy-Granular Methods for Identifying Marker Genes from Microarray Expression Data (Yuanchen He, Yuchun Tang, Yan-Qing Zhang, and Rajshekhar Sunderraman). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Traditional Algorithms for Gene Selection. 5.3 New Fuzzy-Granular-Based Algorithm for Gene Selection. 5.4 Simulation. 5.5 Conclusions. 6. Evolutionary Feature Selection for Bioinformatics (Laetitia Jourdan, Clarisse Dhaenens, and El-Ghazali Talbi). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Feature Selection. 6.3 Feature Selection for Clustering in Bioinformatics. 6.4 Feature Selection for Classifi cation in Bioinformatics. 6.5 Frameworks and Data Sets. 6.6 Conclusion. 7. Fuzzy Approaches for the Analysis CpG Island Methylation Patterns (Ozy Sjahputera, Mihail Popescu, James M. Keller, and Charles W. Caldwell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Methods. 7.3 Biological Signifi cance. 7.4 Conclusions. Part Three Molecular Structure and Phylogenetics. 8. Protein–Ligand Docking with Evolutionary Algorithms(René Thomsen). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Biochemical Background. 8.3 The Docking Problem. 8.4 Protein–Ligand Docking Algorithms. 8.5 Evolutionary Algorithms. 8.6 Effect of Variation Operators. 8.7 Differential Evolution. 8.8 Evaluating Docking Methods. 8.9 Comparison between Docking Methods. 8.10 Summary. 8.11 Future Research Topics. 9. RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Employing Evolutionary Algorithms (Kay C. Wiese, Alain A. Deschênes, and Andrew G. Hendriks). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Thermodynamic Models. 9.3 Methods. 9.4 Results. 9.5 Conclusion. 10. Machine Learning Approach for Prediction of Human Mitochondrial Proteins (Zhong Huang, Xuheng Xu, and Xiaohua Hu). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Methods and Systems. 10.3 Results and Discussion. 10.4 Conclusions. 11. Phylogenetic Inference Using Evolutionary Algorithms(Clare Bates Congdon). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background in Phylogenetics. 11.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Evolutionary Computation. 11.4 One Contribution of Evolutionary Computation: Graphyl. 11.5 Some Other Contributions of Evolutionary computation. 11.6 Open Questions and Opportunities. Part Four Medicine. 12. Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Chemotherapy Optimization (John McCall, Andrei Petrovski, and Siddhartha Shakya). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Nature of Cancer. 12.3 Nature of Chemotherapy. 12.4 Models of Tumor Growth and Response. 12.5 Constraints on Chemotherapy. 12.6 Optimal Control Formulations of Cancer Chemotherapy. 12.7 Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Chemotherapy Optimization. 12.8 Encoding and Evaluation. 12.9 Applications of EAs to Chemotherapy Optimization Problems. 12.10 Related Work. 12.11 Oncology Workbench. 12.12 Conclusion. 13. Fuzzy Ontology-Based Text Mining System for Knowledge Acquisition, Ontology Enhancement, and Query Answering from Biomedical Texts (Lipika Dey and Muhammad Abulaish). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Brief Introduction to Ontologies. 13.3 Information Retrieval form Biological Text Documents: Related Work. 13.4 Ontology-Based IE and Knowledge Enhancement System. 13.5 Document Processor. 13.6 Biological Relation Extractor. 13.7 Relation-Based Query Answering. 13.8 Evaluation of the Biological Relation Extraction Process. 13.9 Biological Relation Characterizer. 13.10 Determining Strengths of Generic Biological Relations. 13.11 Enhancing GENIA to Fuzzy Relational Ontology. 13.12 Conclusions and Future Work. References. Appendix Feasible Biological Relations. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith the rapid growth of wireless technologies, more and more people are trying to gain a better understanding of electromagnetics. After all, electromagnetic fields have a direct impact on reception in all wireless applications.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction. PART I: FUNDAMENTAL ELECTROMAGNETICS. Chapter 2. Electrostatics. Chapter 3. Magnetostatics. Chapter 4. Dynamic Fields. Chapter 5. Plane Waves. PART II: APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS. Chapter 6. Transmission Lines. Chapter 7. Waveguide. Chapter 8. Antennas. Chapter 9. Electromagnetic Interference. Chapter 10. Microwave Engineering. Appendices.

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Book Synopsis* There has been growing interest in the model of semiconductor lasers with non-Markovian relaxation partially due to the dissatisfaction with the conventional model * Example programs based on Fortran 77 will also be provided for band-structures of zinc-blende and wurtzite quantum wells.Trade Review“The present book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, physics, and material science. It also provides the necessary theoretical back-ground for researchers in optoelectronics or semiconductor devices.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 2012) "Ahn (quantum electronics, U. of Seoul) and Park (electronic engineering, Catholic U. of Daegu, Korea) present a textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in electrical engineering, physics, and materials science and engineering on quantum mechanics as it is increasingly being used in these fields. It also provides the necessary theoretical background for researchers in optoelectronics or semiconductor devices." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface vii PART I Fundamentals 1 1 Basic Quantum Mechanics 3 1.1 Measurements and Probability 3 1.2 Dirac Formulation 4 1.3 Brief Detour to Classical Mechanics 8 1.4 A Road to Quantum Mechanics 14 1.5 The Uncertainty Principle 21 1.6 The Harmonic Oscillator 22 1.7 Angular Momentum Eigenstates 29 1.8 Quantization of Electromagnetic Fields 35 1.9 Perturbation Theory 38 Problems 41 References 43 2 Basic Quantum Statistical Mechanics 45 2.1 Elementary Statistical Mechanics 45 2.2 Second Quantization 51 2.3 Density Operators 54 2.4 The Coherent State 58 2.5 The Squeezed State 62 2.6 Coherent Interactions Between Atoms and Fields 68 2.7 The Jaynes–Cummings Model 69 Problems 71 References 72 3 Elementary Theory of Electronic Band Structure in Semiconductors 73 3.1 Bloch Theorem and Effective Mass Theory 73 3.2 The Luttinger–Kohn Hamiltonian 84 3.3 The Zinc Blende Hamiltonian 105 3.4 The Wurtzite Hamiltonian 114 3.5 Band Structure of Zinc Blende and Wurtzite Semiconductors 123 3.6 Crystal Orientation Effects on a Zinc Blende Hamiltonian 135 3.7 Crystal Orientation Effects on a Wurtzite Hamiltonian 152 Problems 168 References 169 PART II Modern Applications 171 4 Quantum Information Science 173 4.1 Quantum Bits and Tensor Products 173 4.2 Quantum Entanglement 175 4.3 Quantum Teleportation 178 4.4 Evolution of the Quantum State: Quantum Information Processing 180 4.5 A Measure of Information 183 4.6 Quantum Black Holes 184 Appendix A: Derivation of Equation (4.82) 202 Appendix B: Derivation of Equations (4.93) and (4.106) 203 Problems 204 References 205 5 Modern Semiconductor Laser Theory 207 5.1 Density Operator Description of Optical Interactions 209 5.2 The Time-Convolutionless Equation 211 5.3 The Theory of Non-Markovian Optical Gain in Semiconductor Lasers 223 5.4 Optical Gain of a Quantum Well Laser with Non-Markovian Relaxation and Many-Body Effects 232 5.5 Numerical Methods for Valence Band Structure in Nanostructures 235 5.6 Zinc Blende Bulk and Quantum Well Structures 252 5.7 Wurtzite Bulk and Quantum Well Structures 258 5.8 Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots 265 Appendix: Fortran 77 Code for the Band Structure 274 Problems 286 References 287 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to RFID technology. It describes and addresses the following: How RFID works, how it is and can be used in current and future applications. The History of RFID technology, the current state of practice and where RFID is expected to be taken in the future. The role of middleware software to route data between the RFID network and the information technology systems within an organization. Commercial and government use of RFID technology with an emphasis on a wide range of applications including retail and consumer packaging, transportation and distribution of products, industrial and manufacturing operations, security and access control. Industry standards and the regulatory compliance environment and finally, the privacy issues faced by the public and industry regarding the deployment of RFID technology.Trade Review"This is a well-written primer that should be in the library of any engineer, as well as non-engineers and decision makers, involved in the implementation and application of RFID in any domain." (IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, August 2008) "A consultants' overview of a difficult field has large dissemination and awareness potential; from that point of view, this volume is a well-balanced one." (Computing Reviews, February 4, 2008)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. STAFF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ABOUT THE AUTHORS. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 What Is RFID? 1.2 What Explains the Current Interest in RFID Technology? 1.3 Goals of This Book. 2 AN OVERVIEW OF RFID TECHNOLOGY. 2.1 The Three Core Components of an RFID System. 2.2 RFID Tags. 2.3 RFID Interrogators. 2.4 RFID Controllers. 2.5 Frequency. 2.6 Automatic Identifi cation and Data Capture (AIDC) Systems. 2.7 “Smart” Tags vs. Bar Codes. 2.8 RFID Technology in Supply Chain Management. 3 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF RFID TECHNOLOGY. 3.1 The Convergence of Three Technologies. 3.2 Milestones in RFID and the Speed of Adoption. 3.3 RFID in the Future. 4 RFID MIDDLEWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION. 4.1 What Is RFID Middleware? 4.2 The Recent Focus on Middleware. 4.3 Core Functions of RFID Middleware. 4.4 Middleware as Part of an RFID System—The EPC Architecture. 4.5 The Present State of Middleware Development. 4.6 Middleware Vendors. 5 COMMERCIAL AND GOVERNMENT RFID TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Effect of the Wal-Mart and Department of Defense Mandates. 5.3 Strategic Dimensions of the Wal-Mart and DoD Mandates. 5.4 RFID Technology for Business Applications. 5.5 RFID and Supply Chain Management. 5.6 The Business Case for RFID. 5.7 Government Use of RFID Technology. 5.8 RFID and the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. 5.9 RFID Implanted in Humans. 6 RFID TECHNOLOGY IN HOMELAND SECURITY, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND CORRECTIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 RFID Technology in Homeland Security. 6.3 RFID in Law Enforcement. 6.4 RFID Use in Law Enforcement—Looking to the Future. 6.5 RFID Technology in Corrections. 7 RFID REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS. 7.1 Governmental RFID Regulation. 7.2 World Regulatory Bodies. 7.3 Industrial-Scientifi c-Medical (ISM) Bands. 7.4 Spectrum Allocations for RFID. 7.5 Industrial RFID Standards. 7.6 International Standards Organization (ISO). 7.7 EPCglobal. 7.8 The Wal-Mart and DoD Mandates and EPC. 8 ISSUES SURROUNDING THE DEPLOYMENT OF RFID TECHNOLOGY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Privacy Issues in Applying RFID Technology. 8.3 The Costs of Developing and Deploying RFID Technology. 8.4 The Growth of Global Standards and Regulations. 8.5 Technological Immaturity and Integration with Legacy Systems. 8.6 Lack of Robustness. 8.7 Lack of Knowledge and Experience, End-User Confusion, and Skepticism. 8.8 Ethical Issues. 8.9 Data Management. 9 THE FUTURE PREDICTIONS FOR RFID. APPENDIX A WAL-MART RFID INITIATIVE. APPENDIX B DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE RFID POLICY OVERVIEW. LIST OF ACRONYMS. GLOSSARY. RFID VENDOR LIST. POINTS OF CONTACT. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThe first book on Localized Waves-a subject of phenomenal worldwide research with important applications from secure communications to medicine Localized waves-also known as non-diffractive waves-are beams and pulses capable of resisting diffraction and dispersion over long distances even in non-guiding media.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xv 1 Localized Waves: A Historical and Scientific Introduction 1Erasmo Recami, Michel Zamboni-Rached, and Hugo E. Hernández-Figueroa 1.1 General Introduction 2 1.2 More Detailed Information 6 1.2.1 Localized Solutions 9 Appendix: Theoretical and Experimental History 17 Historical Recollections: Theory 17 X-Shaped Field Associated with a Superluminal Charge 20 A Glance at the Experimental State of the Art 23 References 34 2 Structure of Nondiffracting Waves and Some Interesting Applications 43Michel Zamboni-Rached, Erasmo Recami, and Hugo E. Hernández-Figueroa 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Spectral Structure of Localized Waves 44 2.2.1 Generalized Bidirectional Decomposition 46 2.3 Space–Time Focusing of X-Shaped Pulses 54 2.3.1 Focusing Effects Using Ordinary X-Waves 55 2.4 Chirped Optical X-Type Pulses in Material Media 57 2.4.1 Example: Chirped Optical X-Type Pulse in Bulk Fused Silica 62 2.5 Modeling the Shape of Stationary Wave Fields: Frozen Waves 63 2.5.1 Stationary Wave Fields with Arbitrary Longitudinal Shape in Lossless Media Obtained by Superposing Equal-Frequency Bessel Beams 63 2.5.2 Stationary Wave Fields with Arbitrary Longitudinal Shape in Absorbing Media: Extending the Method 70 References 76 3 Two Hybrid Spectral Representations and Their Applications to the Derivations of Finite-Energy Localized Waves and Pulsed Beams 79Ioannis M. Besieris and Amr M. Shaarawi 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Overview of Bidirectional and Superluminal Spectral Representations 80 3.2.1 Bidirectional Spectral Representation 81 3.2.2 Superluminal Spectral Representation 83 3.3 Hybrid Spectral Representation and Its Application to the Derivation of Finite-Energy X-Shaped Localized Waves 84 3.3.1 Hybrid Spectral Representation 84 3.3.2 (3 + 1)-Dimensional Focus X-Wave 85 3.3.3 (3 + 1)-Dimensional Finite-Energy X-Shaped Localized Waves 86 3.4 Modified Hybrid Spectral Representation and Its Application to the Derivation of Finite-Energy Pulsed Beams 89 3.4.1 Modified Hybrid Spectral Representation 89 3.4.2 (3 + 1)-Dimensional Splash Modes and Focused Pulsed Beams 89 3.5 Conclusions 93 References 93 4 Ultrasonic Imaging with Limited-Diffraction Beams 97Jian-yu Lu 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Fundamentals of Limited-Diffraction Beams 99 4.2.1 Bessel Beams 99 4.2.2 Nonlinear Bessel Beams 101 4.2.3 Frozen Waves 101 4.2.4 X-Waves 101 4.2.5 Obtaining Limited-Diffraction Beams with Variable Transformation 102 4.2.6 Limited-Diffraction Solutions to the Klein–Gordon Equation 103 4.2.7 Limited-Diffraction Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation 106 4.2.8 Electromagnetic X-Waves 108 4.2.9 Limited-Diffraction Beams in Confined Spaces 109 4.2.10 X-Wave Transformation 114 4.2.11 Bowtie Limited-Diffraction Beams 115 4.2.12 Limited-Diffraction Array Beams 115 4.2.13 Computation with Limited-Diffraction Beams 115 4.3 Applications of Limited-Diffraction Beams 116 4.3.1 Medical Ultrasound Imaging 116 4.3.2 Tissue Characterization (Identification) 116 4.3.3 High-Frame-Rate Imaging 116 4.3.4 Two-Way Dynamic Focusing 116 4.3.5 Medical Blood-Flow Measurements 117 4.3.6 Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials 117 4.3.7 Optical Coherent Tomography 117 4.3.8 Optical Communications 117 4.3.9 Reduction of Sidelobes in Medical Imaging 117 4.4 Conclusions 117 References 118 5 Propagation-Invariant Fields: Rotationally Periodic and Anisotropic Nondiffracting Waves 129Janne Salo and Ari T. Friberg 5.1 Introduction 129 5.1.1 Brief Overview of Propagation-Invariant Fields 130 5.1.2 Scope of This Chapter 133 5.2 Rotationally Periodic Waves 134 5.2.1 Fourier Representation of General RPWs 135 5.2.2 Special Propagation Symmetries 135 5.2.3 Monochromatic Waves 136 5.2.4 Pulsed Single-Mode Waves 138 5.2.5 Discussion 142 5.3 Nondiffracting Waves in Anisotropic Crystals 142 5.3.1 Representation of Anisotropic Nondiffracting Waves 143 5.3.2 Effects Due to Anisotropy 146 5.3.3 Acoustic Generation of NDWs 148 5.3.4 Discussion 149 5.4 Conclusions 150 References 151 6 Bessel X-Wave Propagation 159Daniela Mugnai and Iacopo Mochi 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Optical Tunneling: Frustrated Total Reflection 160 6.2.1 Bessel Beam Propagation into a Layer: Normal Incidence 160 6.2.2 Oblique Incidence 164 6.3 Free Propagation 169 6.3.1 Phase, Group, and Signal Velocity: Scalar Approximation 169 6.3.2 Energy Localization and Energy Velocity: A Vectorial Treatment 172 6.4 Space–Time and Superluminal Propagation 180 References 181 7 Linear-Optical Generation of Localized Waves 185Kaido Reivelt and Peeter Saari 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Definition of Localized Waves 186 7.3 The Principle of Optical Generation of LWs 191 7.4 Finite-Energy Approximations of LWs 193 7.5 Physical Nature of Propagation Invariance of Pulsed Wave Fields 195 7.6 Experiments 198 7.6.1 LWs in Interferometric Experiments 198 7.6.2 Experiment on Optical Bessel X-Pulses 200 7.6.3 Experiment on Optical LWs 203 7.7 Conclusions 211 References 213 8 Optical Wave Modes: Localized and Propagation-Invariant Wave Packets in Optically Transparent Dispersive Media 217Miguel A. Porras, Paolo Di Trapani, and Wei Hu 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Localized and Stationarity Wave Modes Within the SVEA 219 8.2.1 Dispersion Curves Within the SVEA 221 8.2.2 Impulse-Response Wave Modes 222 8.3 Classification of Wave Modes of Finite Bandwidth 224 8.3.1 Phase-Mismatch-Dominated Case: Pulsed Bessel Beam Modes 226 8.3.2 Group-Velocity-Mismatch-Dominated Case: Envelope Focus Wave Modes 227 8.3.3 Group-Velocity-Dispersion-Dominated Case: Envelope X- and Envelope O-Modes 229 8.4 Wave Modes with Ultrabroad Bandwidth 231 8.4.1 Classification of SEWA Dispersion Curves 233 8.5 About the Effective Frequency, Wave Number, and Phase Velocity of Wave Modes 236 8.6 Comparison Between Exact, SEWA, and SVEA Wave Modes 238 8.7 Conclusions 240 References 240 9 Nonlinear X-Waves 243Claudio Conti and Stefano Trillo 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 NLX Model 245 9.3 Envelope Linear X-Waves 247 9.3.1 X-Wave Expansion and Finite-Energy Solutions 250 9.4 Conical Emission and X-Wave Instability 252 9.5 Nonlinear X-Wave Expansion 255 9.5.1 Some Examples 255 9.5.2 Proof 256 9.5.3 Evidence 257 9.6 Numerical Solutions for Nonlinear X-Waves 257 9.6.1 Bestiary of Solutions 259 9.7 Coupled X-Wave Theory 262 9.7.1 Fundamental X-Wave and Fundamental Soliton 264 9.7.2 Splitting and Replenishment in Kerr Media as a Higher-Order Soliton 264 9.8 Brief Review of Experiments 265 9.8.1 Angular Dispersion 265 9.8.2 Nonlinear X-Waves in Quadratic Media 265 9.8.3 X-Waves in Self-Focusing of Ultrashort Pulses in Kerr Media 266 9.9 Conclusions 266 References 267 10 Diffraction-Free Subwavelength-Beam Optics on a Nanometer Scale 273Sergei V. Kukhlevsky 10.1 Introduction 273 10.2 Natural Spatial and Temporal Broadening of Light Waves 275 10.3 Diffraction-Free Optics in the Overwavelength Domain 281 10.4 Diffraction-Free Subwavelength-Beam Optics on a Nanometer Scale 286 10.5 Conclusions 292 Appendix 292 References 293 11 Self-Reconstruction of Pulsed Optical X-Waves 299Ruediger Grunwald, Uwe Neumann, Uwe Griebner, Günter Steinmeyer, Gero Stibenz, Martin Bock, and Volker Kebbel 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 Small-Angle Bessel-Like Waves and X-Pulses 300 11.3 Self-Reconstruction of Pulsed Bessel-Like X-Waves 303 11.4 Nondiffracting Images 306 11.5 Self-Reconstruction of Truncated Ultrabroadband Bessel–Gauss Beams 307 11.6 Conclusions 310 References 311 12 Localization and Wannier Wave Packets in Photonic Crystals Without Defects 315Stefano Longhi and Davide Janner 12.1 Introduction 315 12.2 Diffraction and Localization of Monochromatic Waves in Photonic Crystals 317 12.2.1 Basic Equations 317 12.2.2 Localized Waves 319 12.3 Spatiotemporal Wave Localization in Photonic Crystals 324 12.3.1 Wannier Function Technique 325 12.3.2 Undistorted Propagating Waves in Two- and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals 329 12.4 Conclusions 334 References 335 13 Spatially Localized Vortex Structures 339Zdeněk Bouchal, Radek Č elechovsk, and Grover A. Swartzlander, Jr. 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Single and Composite Optical Vortices 342 13.3 Basic Concept of Nondiffracting Beams 346 13.4 Energetics of Nondiffracting Vortex Beams 350 13.5 Vortex Arrays and Mixed Vortex Fields 352 13.6 Pseudo-nondiffracting Vortex Fields 354 13.7 Experiments 357 13.7.1 Fourier Methods 357 13.7.2 Spatial Light Modulation 358 13.8 Applications and Perspectives 361 References 363 Index 367

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Book SynopsisBrings the latest advances in nanotechnology and biology to computing This pioneering book demonstrates how nanotechnology can create even faster, denser computing architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, it draws from the latest advances in biology with a focus on bio-inspired computing at the nanoscale, bringing to light several new and innovative applications such as nanoscale implantable biomedical devices and neural networks. Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing features an expert team of interdisciplinary authors who offer readers the benefit of their own breakthroughs in integrated computing as well as a thorough investigation and analyses of the literature. Carefully edited, the book begins with an introductory chapter providing a general overview of the field. It ends with a chapter setting forth the common themes that tie the chapters together as well as a forecast of emerging avenues of research. Among the important topics addressed in the bookTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xiii 1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1 Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip 2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31 Alireza Nojeh 3 Quantum Computing 67 John H. Reif 4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111 Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien 5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155 Alexander D. Wissner-Gross 6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175 S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov 7 Spin-wave Architectures 203 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang 8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243 Shiva Navab 10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263 Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla 11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295 James M. Tour and Lin Zhong 12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327 Mario Ruben 13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349 John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean 14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen 15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391 Robert A. Freitas, Jr. 16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429 Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai 17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455 Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng 18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483 Tulin Mangir 19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535 Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing Yip Index 547

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Book SynopsisMachine learning techniques such as Markov models, support vector machines, neural networks, graphical models, etc. , have been successful in analyzing life science data because of their capabilities of handling randomness and uncertainties of data and noise and in generalization.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Contributors. 1 Feature Selection for Genomic and Proteomic Data Mining (Sun-Yuan Kung and Man-Wai Mak). 2 Comparing and Visualizing Gene Selection and Classification Methods for Microarray Data (Rajiv S. Menjoge and Roy E. Welsch). 3 Adaptive Kernel Classifiers Via Matrix Decomposition Updating for Biological Data Analysis (Hyunsoo Kim and Haesun Park). 4 Bootstrapping Consistency Method for Optimal Gene Selection from Microarray Gene Expression Data for Classification Problems (Shaoning Pang, Ilkka Havukkala, Yingjie Hu, and Nikola Kasabov). 5 Fuzzy Gene Mining: A Fuzzy-Based Framework for Cancer Microarray Data Analysis (Zhenyu Wang and Vasile Palade). 6 Feature Selection for Ensemble Learning and Its Application (Guo-Zheng Li and Jack Y. Yang). 7 Sequence-Based Prediction of Residue-Level Properties in Proteins (Shandar Ahmad, Yemlembam Hemjit Singh, Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo, and Akinori Sarai). 8 Consensus Approaches to Protein Structure Prediction (Dongbo Bu, ShuaiCheng Li, Xin Gao, Libo Yu, Jinbo Xu, and Ming Li). 9 Kernel Methods in Protein Structure Prediction (Jayavardhana Gubbi, Alistair Shilton, and Marimuthu Palaniswami). 10 Evolutionary Granular Kernel Trees for Protein Subcellular Location Prediction (Bo Jin and Yan-Qing Zhang). 11 Probabilistic Models for Long-Range Features in Biosequences (Li Liao). 12 Neighborhood Profile Search for Motif Refinement (Chandan K. Reddy, Yao-Chung Weng, and Hsiao-Dong Chiang). 13 Markov/Neural Model for Eukaryotic Promoter Recognition (Jagath C. Rajapakse and Sy Loi Ho). 14 Eukaryotic Promoter Detection Based on Word and Sequence Feature Selection and Combination (Xudong Xie, Shuanhu Wu, and Hong Yan). 15 Feature Characterization and Testing of Bidirectional Promoters in the Human Genome—Significance and Applications in Human Genome Research (Mary Q. Yang, David C. King, and Laura L. Elnitski). 16 Supervised Learning Methods for MicroRNA Studies (Byoung-Tak Zhang and Jin-Wu Nam). 17 Machine Learning for Computational Haplotype Analysis (Phil H. Lee and Hagit Shatkay). 18 Machine Learning Applications in SNP–Disease Association Study (Pritam Chanda, Aidong Zhang, and Murali Ramanathan). 19 Nanopore Cheminformatics-Based Studies of Individual Molecular Interactions (Stephen Winters-Hilt). 20 An Information Fusion Framework for Biomedical Informatics (Srivatsava R. Ganta, Anand Narasimhamurthy, Jyotsna Kasturi, and Raj Acharya). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book was written to arm engineers qualified and knowledgeable in the area of VLSI circuits with the essential knowledge they need to get into this exciting field and to help those already in it achieve a higher level of proficiency. Few people truly understand how a large chip is developed, but an understanding of the whole process is necessary to appreciate the importance of each part of it and to understand the process from concept to silicon. It will teach readers how to become better engineers through a practical approach of diagnosing and attacking real-world problems.Table of ContentsForeword xiRichard Templeton Foreword xiiiHans Stork Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii CHAPTER 1 THE BIG PICTURE 1 1. What is a chip? 1 2. What are the requirements of a successful chip design? 3 3. What are the challenges in today’s very deep submicron (VDSM), multimillion gate designs? 4 4. What major process technologies are used in today’s design environment? 5 5. What are the goals of new chip design? 8 6. What are the major approaches of today’s very large scale integration (VLSI) circuit design practices? 9 7. What is standard cell-based, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design methodology? 11 8. What is the system-on-chip (SoC) approach? 12 9. What are the driving forces behind the SoC trend? 15 10. What are the major tasks in developing a SoC chip from concept to silicon? 15 11. What are the major costs of developing a chip? 16 CHAPTER 2 THE BASICS OF THE CMOS PROCESS AND DEVICES 1712. What are the major process steps in building MOSFET transistors? 17 13. What are the two types of MOSFET transistors? 19 14. What are base layers and metal layers? 20 15. What are wafers and dies? 24 16. What is semiconductor lithography? 28 17. What is a package? 33 CHAPTER 3 THE CHALLENGES IN VLSI CIRCUIT DESIGN 41 18. What is the role of functional verification in the IC design process? 4119. What are some of the design integrity issues? 44 20. What is design for testability? 46 21. Why is reducing the chip’s power consumption so important? 48 22. What are some of the challenges in chip packaging? 49 23. What are the advantages of design reuse? 50 24. What is hardware/software co-design? 51 25. Why is the clock so important? 54 26. What is the leakage current problem? 57 27. What is design for manufacturability? 60 28. What is chip reliability? 62 29. What is analog integration in the digital environment? 65 30. What is the role of EDA tools in IC design? 67 31. What is the role of the embedded processor in the SoC environment? 69 CHAPTER 4 CELL-BASED ASIC DESIGN METHODOLOGY 73 32. What are the major tasks and personnel required in a chip design project? 73 33. What are the major steps in ASIC chip construction? 74 34. What is the ASIC design flow? 75 35. What are the two major aspects of ASIC design flow? 77 36. What are the characteristics of good design flow? 80 37. What is the role of market research in an ASIC project? 81 38. What is the optimal solution of an ASIC project? 82 39. What is system-level study of a project? 84 40. What are the approaches for verifying design at the system level? 85 41. What is register-transfer-level (RTL) system-level description? 86 42. What are methods of verifying design at the register-transfer-level? 87 43. What is a test bench? 88 44. What is code coverage? 89 45. What is functional coverage? 89 46. What is bug rate convergence? 90 47. What is design planning? 91 48. What are hard macro and soft macro? 92 49. What is hardware description language (HDL)? 92 50. What is register-transfer-level (RTL) description of hardware? 93 51. What is standard cell? What are the differences among standard cell, gate-array, and sea-of-gate approaches? 94 52. What is an ASIC library? 103 53. What is logic synthesis? 105 54. What are the optimization targets of logic synthesis? 106 55. What is schematic or netlist? 107 56. What is the gate count of a design? 111 57. What is the purpose of test insertion during logic synthesis? 111 58. What is the most commonly used model in VLSI circuit testing? 112 59. What are controllability and observability in a digital circuit? 114 60. What is a testable circuit? 115 61. What is the aim of scan insertion? 116 62. What is fault coverage? What is defect part per million (DPPM)? 117 63. Why is design for testability important for a product’s financial success? 119 64. What is chip power usage analysis? 120 65. What are the major components of CMOS power consumption? 121 66. What is power optimization? 123 67. What is VLSI physical design? 123 68. What are the problems that make VLSI physical design so challenging? 124 69. What is floorplanning? 128 70. What is the placement process? 131 71. What is the routing process? 133 72. What is a power network? 135 73. What is clock distribution? 139 74. What are the key requirements for constructing a clock tree? 143 75. What is the difference between time skew and length skew in a clock tree? 145 76. What is scan chain? 149 77. What is scan chain reordering? 151 78. What is parasitic extraction? 152 79. What is delay calculation? 155 80. What is back annotation? 156 81. What kind of signal integrity problems do place and route tools handle? 156 82. What is cross-talk delay? 157 83. What is cross-talk noise? 158 84. What is IR drop? 159 85. What are the major netlist formats for design representation? 162 86. What is gate-level logic verification before tapeout? 162 87. What is equivalence check? 163 88. What is timing verification? 164 89. What is design constraint? 165 90. What is static timing analysis (STA)? 165 91. What is simulation approach on timing verification? 169 92. What is the logical-effort-based timing closure approach? 173 93. What is physical verification? 178 94. What are design rule check (DRC), design verification (DV), and geometry verification (GV)? 179 95. What is schematic verification (SV) or layout versus schematic (LVS)? 181 96. What is automatic test pattern generation (ATPG)? 182 97. What is tapeout? 184 98. What is yield? 184 99. What are the qualities of a good IC implementation designer? 187 Conclusion 189 Acronyms 191 Bibliography 195 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThis book is an electromagnetics classic. Originally published in 1941, it has been used by many generations of students, teachers, and researchers ever since. Since it is classic electromagnetics, every chapter continues to be referenced to this day. This classic reissue contains the entire, original edition first published in 1941.Trade Review"…very well organized, and the different chapters and subchapters are described in great detail." (CHOICE, September 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. CHAPTER I: THE FIELD EQUATIONS. MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS. 1.1 The Field Vectors. 1.2 Charge and Current. 1.3 Divergence of the Field Vectors. 1.4 Integral Form of the Field Equations. MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER. 1.5 The Inductive Capacities c and p. 1.6 Electric and Magnetic Polarization. 1.7 Conducting Media. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS. 1.8 M.K.S. or Giorgi System. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIALS. 1.9 Vector and Scalar Potentials. 1.10 Conducting Media. 1.11 Hertz Vectors, or Polarization Potentials. 1.12 Complex Field Vectors and Potentials. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. 1.13 Discontinuities in the Field Vectors. COORDINATE SYSTEMS. 1.14 Unitary and Reciprocal Vectors. 1.15 Differential Operators. 1.16 Orthogonal Systems. 1.17 Field Equations in General Orthogonal Coordinates. 1.18 Properties of Some Elementary Systems. THE FIELD SENSORS. 1.19 Orthogonal Transformations and Their Invariants. 1.20 Elements of Tensor Analysis. 1.21 Space-time Symmetry of the Field Equations. 1.22 The Lorentz Transformation. 1.23 Transformation of the Field Vectors to Moving Systems. CHAPTER II: STRESS AND ENERGY. STRESS AND STRAIN IN ELASTIC MEDIA. 2.1 Elastic Stress Tensor. 2.2 Analysis of Strain. 2.3 Elastic Energy and the Relations of Stress to Strain. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ON CHARGES AND CURRENTS. 2.4 Definition of the Vectors E and B. 2.5 Electromagnetic Stress Tensor in Free Space. 2.6 Electromagnetic Momentum. 2.7 Electrostatic Energy as a Function of Charge Density. 2.8 Electrostatic Energy as a Function of Field Intensity. 2 3 A Theorem on Vector Fields. 2.10 Energy of a Dielectric Body in an Electrostatic Field. 2.11 Thornson's Theorem. 2.12 Earnshaw's Theorem. 2.13 Theorem on the Energy of Uncharged Conductors. MAGNETOSTATIC ENERGY. 2.14 Magnetic Energy of Stationary Currents. 2.15 Magnetic Energy as a Function of Field Intensity. 2.16 Ferromagnetic Materials. 2.17 Energy of a Magnetic Body in a Magnetostatic Field. 2.18 Potential Energy of a Permanent Magnet. ENERGY FLOW. 2.19 Poynting's Theorem. 2.20 Complex Poynting Vector. FORCES ON A DIELECTRIC IN AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD. 2.21 Body Forces in Fluids. 2.22 Body Forces in Solids. 2.23 The Stress Tensor. 2.24 Surfaces of Discontinuity. 2.25 Electrostriction. 2.26 Force on a Body Immersed in a Fluid. FORCES IN THE MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD. 2.27 Nonferromagnetic Materials. 2.28 Ferromagnetic Materials. FORCES IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. 2.29 Force on a Body Immersed in a Fluid. CHAPTER III: THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD. 3.1 Equations of Field and Potential. 3.2 Boundary Conditions. CALCULATION OF THE FIELD FROM THE CHARGE DISTRIBUTION. 3.3 Green's Theorem. 3.4 Integration of Poisson's Equation. 3.5 Behavior at Infinity. 3.6 Coulomb Field. 3.7 Convergence of Integrals. EXPANSION OF THE POTENTIAL IN SPHERICAL HARMONICS. 3.8 Axial Distributions of Charge. 3.9 The Dipole. 3.10 Axial Multipoles. 3.11 Arbitrary Distributions of Charge. 3.12 General Theory of Multipoles. DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION. 3.13 Interpretation of the Vectors P and IT. 3.14 Volume Distributions of Charge and Dipole Moment. 3.15 Single-layer Charge Distributions. 3.16 Double-layer Distributions. 3.17 Interpretation of Green's Theorem. 3.18 Images. BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS. 3.19 Formulation of Electrostatic Problems. 3.20 Uniqueness of Solution. 3.21 Solution of Laplace's Equation. PROBLEM OF THE SPHERE. 3.22 Conducting Sphere in Field of a Point Charge 3.23 Dielectric Sphere in Field of a Point Charge 3.24 Sphere in a Parallel Field 3.25 Free Charge on a Conducting Ellipsoid. 3.26 Conducting Ellipsoid in a Parallel Field. 3.27 Dielectric Ellipsoid in a Parallel Field. 3.28 Cavity Definitions of E and D. 3.29 Torque Exerted on an Ellipsoid. CHAPTER IV: THE MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF A MAGNETOSTATFIC FIELD. 4.1 Field Equations and the Vector Potential. 4.2 Scalar Potential. 4.3 Poisson's Analysis. CALCULATION OF THE FIELD OF A CURRENT DISTRIBUTION. 4.4 Biot-Savart Law. 4.5 Expansion of the Vector Potential. 4.6 The Magnetic Dipole. 4.7 Magnetic Shells. A DIGRESSION ON UNITS AND DIMENSIONS. 4.8 Fundamental Systems. 4.9 Coulomb's Law for Magnetic Matter. MAGNETIC POLARIZATION. 4.10 Equivalent Current Distributions 4.11 Field of hfagnetized Rods and Spheres DISCONTINUITIES OF THE VECTORS A AND B. 4.12 Surface Distributions of Current. 4.13 Surface Distributions of Magnetic Moment. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATION. 4.14 Vector Analogue of Green's Theorem. 4.15 Application to the Vector Potential. BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS. 4.16 Formulation of the Magnetostatic Problem. 4.17 Uniqueness of Solution. PROBLEM OF THE ELLIPSOID. 4.18 Field of a Uniformly Magnetized Ellipsoid. 4.19 Magnetic Ellipsoid in a Parallel Field. CYLINDER IN A PARALLEL FIELD. 4.20 Calculation of the Field. 4.21 Force Exerted on the Cylinder. PROBLEMS. CHAPTER V: PLANE WAVES IN UNBOUNDED ISOTROPIC MEDIA. PROPAGATION OF PLANE WAVES. 5.1 Equations of a One-dimensional Field. 5.2 Plane Waves Harmonic in Time. 5.3 Plane Waves Harmonic in Space. 5.4 Polarization. 5.5 Energy Flow. 5.6 Impedance. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF THE ONE-DIMENSION WAVE EQUATION. 5.7 Elements of Fourier Analysis. 5.8 General Solution of the One-dimensional Wave Equation in a Nondissipative Medium. 5.9 Dissipative Medium; Prescribed Distribution in Time. 5.10 Dissipative Medium; Prescribed Distribution in Space. 5.11 Discussion of a Numerical Example. 5.12 Elementary Theory of the Laplace Transformation. 5.13 Application of the Laplace Transformation to Maxwell's Equations.18 DISPERSION. 5.14 Dispersion in Dielectrics. 5.15 Dispersion in Metals. 5.16 Propagation in an Ionized Atmosphere. VELOCITIES OF PROPAGATION. 5.17 Group Velocity. 5.18 Wave-front and Signal Velocities. PROBLEMS. CHAPTER VI: CYLINDRICAL WAVES. EQUATIONS OF A CYLINDRICAL FIE LD. 6.1 Representation by Hertz Vectors. 6.2 Scalar and Vector Potentials. 6.3 Impedances of Harmonic Cylindrical Fields. WAVE FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULAR CYLINDER. 6.4 Elementary Waves. 6.5 Properties of the Functions Zp(p). 6.6 The Field of Circularly Cylindrical Wave Functions. 6.7 Construction from Plane Wave Solutions. 6.8 Integral Representations of the Functions Zp(p). 6.9 Fourier-Bessel Integrals. 6.10 Representation of a Plane Wave. 6.11 The Addition Theorem for Circularly Cylindrical Waves. WAVE FUNCTIONS OF THE ELLIPTIC CYLINDER. 6.12 Elementary Waves. 6.13 Integral Representations. 6.14 Expansion of Plane and Circular Waves. PROBLEMS. CHAPTER VII: SPHERICAL WAVES. THE VECTOR WAVE EQUATION. 7.1 A Fundamental Set of Solutions. 7.2 Application to Cylindrical Coordinates. THE SCALAR WAVE EQUATION IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES. 7.3 Elementary Spherical Waves. 7.4 Properties of the Radial Functions. 7.5 Addition Theorem for the Legendre Polynomials. 7.6 Expansion of Plane Waves. 7.7 Integral Representations. 7.8 A Fourier-Bessel Integral. 7.9 Expansion of a Cylindrical Wave Function. 7.10 Addition Theorem for zp(kR). THE VECTOR WAVE EQUATION IN SPHERICACL COORDINATES. 7.11 Spherical Vector Wave Functions. 7.12 Integral Representations. 7.13 Orthogonality. 7.14 Expansion of a Vector Plane Wave. PROBLEMS. CHAPTER VIII: RADIATION. THE INHOMOGENEOUS SOLAR WAVE EQUATION. 8.1 Kirchhoff Method of Integration. 8.2 Retarded Potentials. 8.3 Retarded Hertz Vector. A MULTIPOLE EXPANSION. 8.4 Definition of the Moments. 8.5 Electric Dipole. 8.6 Magnetic Dipole. RADIATION THEORY OF LINEAR ANTENNA SYSTEMS. 8.7 Radiation Field of a Single Linear Oscillator. 8.8 Radiation Due to Traveling Waves. 8.9 Suppression of Alternate Phases. 8.10 Directional Arrays. 8.11 Exact Calculation of the Field of a Linear Oscillator. 8.12 Radiation Resistance by the E.M.F. Method. THE KIRCHHOFF-HUYGENS PRINCIPLE. 8.13 Scalar Wave Functions. 8.14 Direct Integration of the Field Equations. 8.15 Discontinuous Surface Distributions. FOUR-DIMENSIONAL FORMULATION OF THE RADIATION PROBLEM. 8.16 Integration of the Wave Equation. 8.17 Field of a Moving Point Charge. PROBLEMS. CHAPTER IX: BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS. GENERAL THEOREMS. 9.1 Boundary Conditions. 9.2 Uniqueness of Solution. 9.3 Electrodynamic Similitude. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT A PLANE SURFACE. 9.4 Snell's Laws. 9.5 Fresnel's Equations. 9.6 Dielectric Media. 9.7 Total Reflection. 9.8 Refraction in a Conducting Medium. 9.9 Reflection at a Conducting Surface. PLANE SHEETS. 9.10 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients. 9.11 Application to Dielectric Media. 9.12 Ahsorbing Layers. SURFACE WAVES. 9.13 Complex Angles of Incidence 9.14 Skin Effect. PROPAGATION ALONG A CIRCULAR CYLINDER. 9 15 Natural Modes. 9 16 Conductor Ernbeded in a Dielectric. 9 17 Further Discussion of the Principal Wave. 9 18 Waves in Hollow Pipes. COAXIA LINES. 9.19 Propagation Constant. 9.20 Infinite Conductivity. 9.21 Finite Conductivity. OSCILLATIONS OF A SPHERE. 9.22 Natural Modes. 9.23 Oscillations of a Conducting Sphere. 9.24 Oscillations in a Spherical Cavity. DIFFRACTION OF A PLANE WAVE BY A SPHERE. 9.25 Expansion of the Diffracted Field. 9.26 Total Radiation. 9.27 Limiting Cases. EFFECT OF THE EARTH ON THE PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES. 9.28 Sommerfeld Solution. 9.29 Weyl Solution. 9.30 van der Pol Solution. 9.31 Approximation of the Integrals. PROBLEMS. APPENDIX I. A. NUMERICAL VALUES OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS. B. DIMENSIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTITIES. C. CONVERSION TABLES. APPENDIX II. FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS. APPENDIX III. CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS. SPECIFIC INDUCTIVE CAPACITY OF DIELECTRICS. APPENDIX IV. ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition has been reorganized to present each broad analysis topic (e.g. , per-unit-length parameters, frequency-domain analysis, time domain analysis, incident field excitation and transmission-line networks) with a chapter concerning two-conductor lines followed immediately by a chapter on MTLs for that topic.Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Examples of Multiconductor Transmission-Line Structures 5 1.2 Properties of the TEM Mode of Propagation 8 1.3 The Transmission-Line Equations: A Preview 18 1.3.1 Unique Definition of Voltage and Current for the TEM Mode of Propagation 19 1.3.2 Defining the Per-Unit-Length Parameters 22 1.3.3 Obtaining the Transmission-Line Equations from the Transverse Electromagnetic Field Equations 28 1.3.4 Properties of the Per-Unit-Length Parameters 30 1.4 Classification of Transmission Lines 32 1.4.1 Uniform versus Nonuniform Lines 33 1.4.2 Homogeneous versus Inhomogeneous Surrounding Media 35 1.4.3 Lossless versus Lossy Lines 36 1.5 Restrictions on the Applicability of the Transmission-Line Equation Formulation 37 1.5.1 Higher Order Modes 38 1.5.1.1 The Infinite, Parallel-Plate Transmission Line 38 1.5.1.2 The Coaxial Transmission Line 43 1.5.1.3 Two-Wire Lines 44 1.5.2 Transmission-Line Currents versus Antenna Currents 45 1.6 The Time Domain versus the Frequency Domain 47 1.6.1 The Fourier Series and Transform 50 1.6.2 Spectra and Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms 52 1.6.3 Computing the Time-Domain Response of Transmission Lines Having Linear Terminations Using Fourier Methods and Superposition 56 Problems 61 References 69 2 The Transmission-Line Equations for Two-Conductor Lines 71 2.1 Derivation of the Transmission-Line Equations from the Integral Form of Maxwell’s Equations 71 2.2 Derivation of the Transmission-Line Equations from the Per-Unit-Length Equivalent Circuit 77 2.3 Properties of the Per-Unit-Length Parameters 78 2.4 Incorporating Frequency-Dependent Losses 79 2.4.1 Properties of the Frequency-Domain Per-Unit-Length Impedance ẑ(ω) and Admittance ŷ(ω) 81 Problems 85 References 88 3 The Transmission-Line Equations for Multiconductor Lines 89 3.1 Derivation of the Multiconductor Transmission-Line Equations from the Integral Form of Maxwell’s Equations 89 3.2 Derivation of the Multiconductor Transmission-Line Equations from the Per-Unit-Length Equivalent Circuit 99 3.3 Summary of the MTL Equations 101 3.4 Incorporating Frequency-Dependent Losses 102 3.5 Properties of the Per-Unit-Length Parameter Matrices L, C, G 103 Problems 108 References 109 4 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters for Two-Conductor Lines 110 4.1 Definitions of the Per-Unit-Length Parameters l, c,and g 111 4.2 Lines Having Conductors of Circular, Cylindrical Cross Section (Wires) 113 4.2.1 Fundamental Subproblems for Wires 113 4.2.1.1 The Method of Images 118 4.2.2 Per-Unit-Length Inductance and Capacitance for Wire-Type Lines 119 4.2.3 Per-Unit-Length Conductance and Resistance for Wire-Type Lines 130 4.3 Lines Having Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section (PCB Lands) 144 4.3.1 Per-Unit-Length Inductance and Capacitance for PCB-Type Lines 145 4.3.2 Per-Unit-Length Conductance and Resistance for PCB-Type Lines 148 Problems 156 References 158 5 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters for Multiconductor Lines 160 5.1 Definitions of the Per-Unit-Length Parameter Matrices L, C, and G 161 5.1.1 The Generalized capacitance Matrix c 167 5.2 Multiconductor Lines Having Conductors of Circular, Cylindrical Cross Section (Wires) 171 5.2.1 Wide-Separation Approximations for Wires in Homogeneous Media 171 5.2.1.1 n + 1 Wires 173 5.2.1.2 n Wires Above an Infinite, Perfectly Conducting Plane 173 5.2.1.3 n Wires Within a Perfectly Conducting Cylindrical Shield 174 5.2.2 Numerical Methods for the General Case 176 5.2.2.1 Applications to Inhomogeneous Dielectric Media 181 5.2.3 Computed Results: Ribbon Cables 187 5.3 Multiconductor Lines Having Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section 189 5.3.1 Method of Moments (MoM) Techniques 190 5.3.1.1 Applications to Printed Circuit Boards 199 5.3.1.2 Applications to Coupled Microstrip Lines 211 5.3.1.3 Applications to Coupled Striplines 219 5.4 Finite Difference Techniques 223 5.5 Finite-Element Techniques 229 Problems 237 References 239 6 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 240 6.1 The Transmission-Line Equations in the Frequency Domain 241 6.2 The General Solution for Lossless Lines 242 6.2.1 The Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance 244 6.2.2 Solutions for the Terminal Voltages and Currents 247 6.2.3 The SPICE (PSPICE) Solution for Lossless Lines 250 6.2.4 Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line 252 6.2.5 Matching and VSWR 255 6.2.6 Power Flow on a Lossless Line 256 6.3 The General Solution for Lossy Lines 258 6.3.1 The Low-Loss Approximation 260 6.4 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 265 6.5 Alternative Two-Port Representations of the Line 269 6.5.1 The Chain Parameters 270 6.5.2 Approximating Abruptly Nonuniform Lines with the Chain-Parameter Matrix 273 6.5.3 The Z and Y Parameters 275 Problems 278 7 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Multiconductor Lines 282 7.1 The MTL Transmission-Line Equations in the Frequency Domain 282 7.2 The General Solution for An (n + 1)-Conductor Line 284 7.2.1 Decoupling the MTL Equations by Similarity Transformations 284 7.2.2 Solution for Line Categories 291 7.2.2.1 Perfect Conductors in Lossy, Homogeneous Media 292 7.2.2.2 Lossy Conductors in Lossy, Homogeneous Media 293 7.2.2.3 Perfect Conductors in Lossless, Inhomogeneous Media 296 7.2.2.4 The General Case: Lossy Conductors in Lossy, Inhomogeneous Media 298 7.2.2.5 Cyclic-Symmetric Structures 298 7.3 Incorporating the Terminal Conditions 305 7.3.1 The Generalized Thevenin Equivalent 305 7.3.2 The Generalized Norton Equivalent 308 7.3.3 Mixed Representations 310 7.4 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 312 7.5 Alternative 2n-Port Characterizations 314 7.5.1 Analogy of the Frequency-Domain MTL Equations to State-Variable Equations 314 7.5.2 Characterizing the Line as a 2n-Port with the Chain-Parameter Matrix 316 7.5.3 Properties of the Chain-Parameter Matrix 318 7.5.4 Approximating Nonuniform Lines with the Chain-Parameter Matrix 322 7.5.5 The Impedance and Admittance Parameter Matrix Characterizations 323 7.6 Power Flow and the Reflection Coefficient Matrix 327 7.7 Computed and Experimental Results 332 7.7.1 Ribbon Cables 332 7.7.2 Printed Circuit Boards 335 Problems 338 References 342 8 Time-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 343 8.1 The Solution for Lossless Lines 344 8.1.1 Wave Tracing and the Reflection Coefficients 346 8.1.2 Series Solutions and the Difference Operator 356 8.1.3 The Method of Characteristics and a Two-Port Model of the Line 361 8.1.4 The SPICE (PSPICE) Solution for Lossless Lines 365 8.1.5 The Laplace Transform Solution 368 8.1.5.1 Lines with Capacitive and Inductive Loads 370 8.1.6 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 373 8.1.6.1 When is the Line Electrically Short in the Time Domain? 374 8.1.7 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method 375 8.1.8 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 379 8.1.8.1 The Magic Time Step 385 8.1.9 Matching for Signal Integrity 392 8.1.9.1 When is Matching Required? 398 8.1.9.2 Effects of Line Discontinuities 399 8.2 Incorporation of Losses 406 8.2.1 Representing Frequency-Dependent Losses 408 8.2.1.1 Representing Losses in the Medium 408 8.2.1.2 Representing Losses in the Conductors and Skin Effect 410 8.2.1.3 Convolution with Frequency-Dependent Losses 415 8.2.2 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method 421 8.2.3 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 423 8.2.3.1 Including Frequency-Independent Losses 423 8.2.3.2 Including Frequency-Dependent Losses 427 8.2.3.3 Prony’s Method for Representing a Function 431 8.2.3.4 Recursive Convolution 434 8.2.3.5 An Example: A High-Loss Line 439 8.2.3.6 A Correction for the FDTD Errors 443 8.2.4 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 447 8.2.5 The Use of Macromodels in Modeling the Line 450 8.2.6 Representing Frequency-Dependent Functions in the Time Domain Using Pade Methods 453 Problems 461 References 467 9 Time-Domain Analysis of Multiconductor Lines 470 9.1 The Solution for Lossless Lines 470 9.1.1 The Recursive Solution for MTLs 471 9.1.2 Decoupling the MTL Equations 476 9.1.2.1 Lossless Lines in Homogeneous Media 478 9.1.2.2 Lossless Lines in Inhomogeneous Media 479 9.1.2.3 Incorporating the Terminal Conditions via the SPICE Program 482 9.1.3 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 487 9.1.4 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method 488 9.1.5 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 488 9.1.5.1 Including Dynamic and/or Nonlinear Terminations in the FDTD Analysis 490 9.2 Incorporation of Losses 496 9.2.1 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Method 498 9.2.2 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 498 9.2.3 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 499 9.2.4 Representation of the Lossy MTL with the Generalized Method of Characteristics 501 9.2.5 Model Order Reduction (MOR) Methods 512 9.2.5.1 Pade Approximation of the Matrix Exponential 512 9.2.5.2 Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE) 515 9.2.5.3 Complex Frequency Hopping (CFH) 518 9.2.5.4 Vector Fitting 518 9.3 Computed and Experimental Results 524 9.3.1 Ribbon Cables 526 9.3.2 Printed Circuit Boards 530 Problems 537 References 541 10 Literal (Symbolic) Solutions for Three-Conductor Lines 544 10.1 The Literal Frequency-Domain Solution for a Homogeneous Medium 548 10.1.1 Inductive and Capacitive Coupling 554 10.1.2 Common-Impedance Coupling 556 10.2 The Literal Time-Domain Solution for a Homogeneous Medium 558 10.2.1 Explicit Solution 560 10.2.2 Weakly Coupled Lines 562 10.2.3 Inductive and Capacitive Coupling 564 10.2.4 Common-Impedance Coupling 567 10.3 Computed and Experimental Results 567 10.3.1 A Three-Wire Ribbon Cable 568 10.3.2 A Three-Conductor Printed Circuit Board 569 Problems 575 References 576 11 Incident Field Excitation of Two-Conductor Lines 578 11.1 Derivation of the Transmission-Line Equations for Incident Field Excitation 578 11.1.1 Equivalence of Source Representations 585 11.2 The Frequency-Domain Solution 586 11.2.1 Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations 586 11.2.2 Simplified Forms of the Excitations 592 11.2.3 Incorporating the Line Terminations 594 11.2.4 Uniform Plane-Wave Excitation of the Line 598 11.2.4.1 Special Cases 602 11.2.4.2 One Conductor Above a Ground Plane 606 11.2.5 Comparison with Predictions of Method of Moments Codes 610 11.3 The Time-Domain Solution 611 11.3.1 The Laplace Transform Solution 611 11.3.2 Uniform Plane-Wave Excitation of the Line 620 11.3.3 A SPICE Equivalent Circuit 625 11.3.4 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Transformation 628 11.3.5 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Solution Method 628 11.3.6 Computed Results 635 Problems 638 References 639 12 Incident Field Excitation of Multiconductor Lines 641 12.1 Derivation of the MTL Equations for Incident Field Excitation 642 12.1.1 Equivalence of Source Representations 648 12.2 Frequency-Domain Solutions 650 12.2.1 Solution of the MTL Equations 651 12.2.2 Simplified Forms of the Excitations 653 12.2.3 Incorporating the Line Terminations 655 12.2.3.1 Lossless Lines in Homogeneous Media 658 12.2.4 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 660 12.2.5 Uniform Plane-Wave Excitation of the Line 660 12.3 The Time-Domain Solution 667 12.3.1 Decoupling the MTL Equations 668 12.3.2 A SPICE Equivalent Circuit 674 12.3.3 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Characterizations 681 12.3.4 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain (TDFD) Transformation 681 12.3.5 The Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Solution Method 682 12.4 Computed Results 686 Problems 691 References 692 13 Transmission-Line Networks 693 13.1 Representation of Lossless Lines with the SPICE Model 696 13.2 Representation with Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models 699 13.3 Representation via the Admittance or Impedance 2n-Port Parameters 699 13.4 Representation with the BLT Equations 712 13.5 Direct Time-Domain Solutions in Terms of Traveling Waves 721 13.6 A Summary of Methods for Analyzing Multiconductor Transmission Lines 726 Problems 727 References 728 Publications by the Author Concerning Transmission Lines 729 Appendix A. Description of Computer Software 736 A.1 Programs for the Calculation of the Per-Unit-Length Parameters 738 A.1.1 Wide-Separation Approximations for Wires: WIDESEP.FOR 738 A.1.2 Ribbon Cables: RIBBON.FOR 740 A.1.3 Printed Circuit Boards: PCB.FOR 743 A.1.4 Coupled Microstrip Structures: MSTRP.FOR 745 A.1.5 Coupled Stripline Structures: STRPLINE.FOR 746 A.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 747 A.2.1 General: MTL.FOR 747 A.3 Time-Domain Analysis 748 A.3.1 Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain Transformation: TIMEFREQ.FOR 748 A.3.2 Branin’s Method Extended to Multiconductor Lines: BRANIN.FOR 748 A.3.3 Finite Difference-Time Domain Method: FINDIF.FOR 749 A.3.4 Finite-Difference-Time-Domain Method: FDTDLOSS.FOR 749 A.4 SPICE/PSPICE Subcircuit Generation Programs 749 A.4.1 General Solution, Lossless Lines: SPICEMTL.FOR 750 A.4.2 Lumped-Pi Circuit, Lossless Lines: SPICELPI.FOR 750 A.4.3 Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Model: SPICELC.FOR 751 A.5 Incident Field Excitation 752 A.5.1 Frequency-Domain Program: INCIDENT.FOR 752 A.5.2 SPICE/PSPICE Subcircuit Model: SPICEINC.FOR 753 A.5.3 Finite-Difference, Time-Domain (FDTD) Model: FDTDINC.FOR 754 References 755 Appendix B. A SPICE (PSPICE) Tutorial 756 B.1 Creating the SPICE or PSPICE Program 757 B.2 Circuit Description 758 B.3 Execution Statements 763 B.4 Output Statements 765 B.5 Examples 767 B.6 The Subcircuit Model 769 References 771 Index 773

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Book SynopsisThe use of agile software development processes continues to grow in both the software development and project management sectors. This book explains how to run an agile software development project, concentrating on the practical, social, business, and management aspects, as well as the technical issues involved.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1. What Is an Agile Methodology? 1 1.1 Rapid Business Change: The Ultimate Driver 1 1.2 What Must Agile Methodologies be Able to Do? 2 1.3 Agility: What Is It and How Do We Achieve It? 2 1.4 Evolving Software: Obstacles and Possibilities 5 1.5 The Quality Agenda 6 1.6 Do We Really Need All This Mountain of Documentation? 9 1.7 The Human Factor 10 1.8 Some Agile Methodologies 11 1.8.1 Dynamic Systems Development Method 12 1.8.2 Feature-Driven Design 13 1.8.3 Crystal 14 1.8.4 Agile Modeling 14 1.8.5 Scrum 15 1.8.6 Summary Table 15 1.9 Review 16 Exercise 17 Conundrum 17 References 18 2. Extreme Programming Outlined 19 2.1 Some Guiding Principles 19 2.2 The Five Values 20 2.2.1 Communication 20 2.2.2 Feedback 22 2.2.3 Simplicity 24 2.2.4 Courage 24 2.2.5 Respect 25 2.3 The 12 Basic Practices of XP 25 2.3.1 Test-First Programming 25 2.3.2 Pair Programming 26 2.3.3 On-Site Customer 27 2.3.4 The Planning Game 28 2.3.5 System Metaphor 29 2.3.6 Small, Frequent Releases 30 2.3.7 Always Use the Simplest Solution That Adds Business Value 30 2.3.8 Continuous Integration 31 2.3.9 Coding Standards 32 2.3.10 Collective Code Ownership 32 2.3.11 Refactoring 33 2.3.12 Forty-Hour Week 33 2.4 Can XP Work? 34 2.5 The Evidence for XP 35 2.5.1 Evidence for Test First 35 2.5.2 Evidence for Pair Programming 36 2.5.3 Evidence for XP 36 2.6 Preparing to XP 37 Exercise 37 Conundrum 38 References 39 3. Foundations: People and Teams Working Together 41 3.1 Software Engineering in Teams 41 3.2 Personalities and Team Success 42 3.3 Observations of Team Behavior in XP Projects 46 3.4 Setting Up a Team 50 3.5 Developing Team Skills 52 3.6 Training Together 54 3.7 Finding and Keeping a Client for a University-Based Project or a Small Business Start-Up 54 3.8 The Organizational Framework 56 3.9 Planning 60 3.9.1 PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) 61 3.9.2 Gantt Charts 62 3.10 Dealing with Problems 65 3.10.1 Basic Strategies 65 3.10.2 When Things Go Really Wrong 66 3.11 Risk Analysis 68 3.12 Review 69 Exercises 69 Conundrum 70 References 70 4. Starting an XP Project 73 4.1 Project Beginnings 73 4.1.1 Researching the Business Background 74 4.1.2 Exploring the Outline System Description 76 4.2 The First Meetings with the Client 79 4.3 Business Analysis and Problem Discovery 80 4.4 The Initial Stages of Building a Requirements Document 82 4.5 Techniques for Requirements Elicitation 84 4.6 Putting Your Knowledge Together 85 4.7 Getting Technical 85 4.8 Developing the Requirements Documents 88 4.9 Specifying and Measuring the Quality Attributes of the System 91 4.9.1 Identifying Attributes 92 4.9.2 Specifying the Acceptable Level of an Attribute 94 4.9.3 User Characteristics and User Interface Characteristics 95 4.10 The Formal Requirements Document and System Metaphor 96 4.10.1 Commentary 106 4.11 Contract Negotiation 108 4.12 Case Study: The Impact of Organizational Politics 114 4.13 Review 116 Conundrum 116 References 117 5. Identifying Stories and Preparing to Build 119 5.1 Looking at the User Stories 119 5.2 Collections of Stories 128 5.2.1 Pharmacovigilance 129 5.2.2 Stamps System 131 5.2.3 DELTAH (Developing European Leadership Through Action-Learning in Healthcare) 131 5.3 User Interfaces 139 5.4 Communicating Clearly with the Customer and Building Confidence 141 5.5 Demonstrating the Non-Functional Requirements 143 5.5.1 Non-Functional Requirements 143 5.6 Estimating Resources 144 5.6.1 Software Cost Estimation 145 5.6.2 Object Point Analysis 146 5.6.3 Cosmic Ffp 147 5.7 Review 149 Exercises 149 Conundrum 150 References 151 6. Bringing the System Together as a Coherent Concept 153 6.1 What is the Problem? 153 6.2 A Simple Common Metaphor 156 6.3 Architectures and Patterns 159 6.4 Finite State Machines 160 6.5 Extreme Modeling (XM) 163 6.6 Multiple Stories and XXMs 166 6.7 Building the Architecture to Suit the Application: A Dynamic System Metaphor 171 6.8 Another Look at Estimation 177 6.9 Review 179 Exercise 180 Conundrum 180 References 180 7. Designing the System Tests 181 7.1 Preparing to Build Functional Test Sets 181 7.1.1 Tests and Testing 181 7.1.2 Testing from a Model 183 7.1.3 Developing the Model 187 7.2 Testing with the Data in Mind 191 7.3 The Full Functional System Testing Strategy 192 7.4 The Thinking Behind the System Test Process 193 7.4.1 An Algorithm for Determining the Transition Cover 198 7.5 Design for Test 201 7.5.1 Design for Test Principle 1: Controllability 202 7.5.2 Design for Test Principle 2: Observability 202 7.6 Test Documentation 203 7.7 Non-Functional Testing 205 7.7.1 Reliability 206 7.7.2 Usability 206 7.7.3 Efficiency 207 7.7.4 Portability 207 7.8 Testing Internet Applications and Web Sites 207 7.9 Review 209 Exercise 210 Conundrum 213 References 213 8. Units and Their Tests 215 8.1 Basic Considerations 215 8.2 Identifying the Units 216 8.3 Unit Testing 219 8.4 More Complex Units 222 8.4.1 Case Example: The AddElement Function in JHotDraw 223 8.5 Automating Unit Tests 232 8.5.1 Writing Unit Tests in JUniti 233 8.5.2 Managing Tests 235 8.6 Documenting Unit Test Results 235 8.7 Review 237 Exercises 237 Conundrum 237 References 238 9. Evolving the System 239 9.1 Requirements Change 239 9.2 Changes to Basic Business Model and Functionality 240 9.3 Dealing with Change: Refining Stories 241 9.3.1 Changes to the Underlying Data Model 241 9.3.2 Changes to the Structure of the Interface, Perhaps the Introduction of a New Screen 242 9.3.3 Adding a New Function 242 9.3.4 Changing the Functionality of a Function 242 9.4 Changing the Model 242 9.4.1 Changing a Process 242 9.4.2 Removing States 244 9.4.3 Adding States 245 9.4.4 Adding a Complete Machine 246 9.4.5 Adding Processes 246 9.5 Testing for Changed Requirements 247 9.6 Refactoring the Code 248 9.7 Estimating the Cost of Change 249 9.8 Review 249 Exercises 250 Conundrum 250 Reference 250 10. Documenting and Delivering the System 251 10.1 What is Documentation for and Who Is Going to Use It? 251 10.2 Coding Standards and Documents for Programmers 252 10.3 Coding Standards for Java 253 10.3.1 Genesys Coding Standard for Java 253 10.3.2 Blank Lines 255 10.4 Maintenance Documentation 262 10.5 User Manuals 263 10.6 Version Control 264 10.6.1 The Project Archive 265 10.6.2 Naming Conventions 265 10.7 Delivery and Finalization 266 10.8 Review 267 Exercises 267 Conundrum 267 Reference 267 11. Reflecting on the Process 269 11.1 Skills and Lessons Learned 269 11.2 The XP Experience 270 11.3 Personal and Team Assessment 270 11.4 Review 271 Exercises 271 11.5 Conundrums: Discussion 271 11.6 A Final Word 277 12. Lifestyle Matters 281 12.1 Keeping Fit 282 12.1.1 Correct Sitting Position 283 12.1.2 Combating RSI 284 12.2 General Well-Being 285 12.3 Mental Preparation 285 12.4 Diet 286 12.4.1 Diet and Brain Function 286 12.4.2 Summary of Dietary Information 287 12.5 Music and Work 288 12.6 Review 289 References 290 Appendix 291 Bibliography 305 Index 309

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