Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisOn a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services.The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.Table of ContentsForeword xv Ronnie BELMANS Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1 1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5 1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7 1.4. The European energy perspective 10 1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15 1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16 1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17 1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18 1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18 1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19 1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20 1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21 1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22 1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23 1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23 1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28 1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30 1.13. Conclusion 30 1.14. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33 Catherine FAILLIET 2.1. Key trends 33 2.1.1. The crisis 33 2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35 2.1.3. New technologies 35 2.2. The evolution of the individual’s relationship to energy 37 2.2.1. Curiosity 37 2.2.2. The need for transparency 38 2.2.3. Responsibility 38 2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39 2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39 2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40 2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40 2.4. SmartGrids from the customer’s point of view 42 2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42 2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45 2.4.3. The consumers’ reluctance 47 2.5. What about possible business models? 49 2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz… and the search for a business model 49 2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52 2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54 2.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57 Hervé MIGNON 3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58 3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62 3.3. New challenges 68 3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72 3.5. Conclusion 76 3.6. Bibliography 77 Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79 Jean-Louis COULLON 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80 4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81 4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83 4.3. Demand response 87 4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90 4.4.1. New storage methods 90 4.4.2. Microgrids 91 4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92 4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92 4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94 4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94 4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95 4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97 4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98 4.7. Smart asset management 99 4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102 4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102 4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103 4.8.3. Renewables 103 4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 103 4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 104 4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 104 4.9. Standards 105 4.9.1. The case of smart grids 105 4.9.2. Work in progress 106 4.9.3. Cooperation 107 4.10. System architecture items 107 4.10.1. Broaden the vision 108 4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 112 4.10.3. Developing integration tools 112 4.11. Acknowledgements 113 4.12. Bibliography 113 Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115 Pierre MALLET 5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 116 5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 117 5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 118 5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 118 5.5. Smart Life 119 5.6. Smart Operation 120 5.7. Smart Metering 121 5.7.1. The Linky project 121 5.7.2. New services for customers 122 5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 122 5.8. Smart Services 123 5.9. Smart local optimization 123 5.9.1. Distributed generation 124 5.9.2. Active management of demand 126 5.9.3. Means of distributed storage 126 5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 127 5.9.5. Local optimization of the system 128 5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 128 5.11. Bibliography 129 Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. The structure of distribution grids 133 6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 133 6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 135 6.2.3. Types of conductor 138 6.2.4. Underground/overhead 139 6.2.5. MV/LV substations 140 6.3. Planning of the distribution grids 140 6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 141 6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 143 6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 143 6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 148 6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 155 6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 162 6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 164 6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 166 6.4.1. The problem of copper losses 166 6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 169 6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 176 6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 181 6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 191 6.5. Bibliography 193 Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197 Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Voltage control 198 7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 198 7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 199 7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 199 7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 210 7.3. Protection schemes 211 7.3.1. MV protection scheme 212 7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 214 7.3.3. Fault characteristics 215 7.3.4. Power outages 216 7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 217 7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.2. Demonstrator description 221 7.4.3. General self-healing principles 224 7.4.4. Some results 227 7.5. Reliability 231 7.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 232 7.5.2. Conclusion on reliability 239 7.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks 243 Florent CADOUX and George GROSS 8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport 244 8.1.1. An increasingly credible technology 244 8.1.2. Example: the Fluence ZE 244 8.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network? 245 8.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid 246 8.2 Vehicles as “active loads” 246 8.2.1. Energetic services 247 8.2.2. Frequency regulation 248 8.2.3. Load reserve and shedding 248 8.2.4. Other services 249 8.3. Economic impacts 250 8.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market 250 8.3.2. New business models 250 8.3.3. Market integration 252 8.4. Environmental impacts 252 8.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources 252 8.4.2. Energetic efficiency 253 8.4.3. Other advantages 253 8.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts 254 8.5. Technological challenges 254 8.5.1. Architecture 255 8.5.2. Communication infrastructure 255 8.5.3. Control strategy 256 8.5.4. Feedback 256 8.6. Uncertainty factors 257 8.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption 257 8.6.2. Viability of demand management 257 8.6.3. Technological factors 258 8.6.4. Economic factors 258 8.7. Conclusion 259 8.8. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids 263 Gilles PRIVAT 9.1. Introduction 263 9.2. Control decentralization 264 9.2.1. Why smart grids will not be “intelligent networks” 264 9.2.2. From the “home area network” to the “smart home grid”: extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home 265 9.2.3. The “smart home grid” for the local optimization of energy efficiency 267 9.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks 270 9.3. Interoperability and connectivity 270 9.3.1. “Utility computing”: when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies 270 9.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models 271 9.4. From synchronism to asynchronism 273 9.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism 273 9.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity 274 9.4.3. From data packets to energy packets 275 9.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids 277 9.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors 277 9.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud 278 9.6. Conclusion 279 9.7. Bibliography 280 Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid 281 Hervé BARANCOURT 10.1. Introduction 281 10.1.1. Classification of the information systems 281 10.1.2. Approach 283 10.2. The metering information system 283 10.2.1. Presentation of the metering system 283 10.2.2. Architecture of the metering system 286 10.2.3. The manipulated data 291 10.2.4. The deployment of a metering system 293 10.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid 295 10.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network 295 10.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych 296 10.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system 297 10.4.1. Two approaches 297 10.4.2. The “pro’sumer’s” information 298 10.4.3. Summary 299 10.5. Bibliography 300 Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach 301 Jacques PERCEBOIS 11.1. “Demand response”: a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns 302 11.1.1. The specific features of electricity 302 11.1.2. The impact of introducing competition 303 11.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions 306 11.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of “failure” during peaks 306 11.2.1. Coping with failures 306 11.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest 307 11.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices 308 11.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity 311 11.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal 311 11.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters? 314 11.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation? 314 11.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids – the results 317 11.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321 Didier LAFFAILLE 12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids 321 12.1.1. Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? 322 12.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? 323 12.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? 323 12.1.4. Should cooperation be established? 323 12.2. Regulation and economic models 324 12.3. Evolution of the value chain 326 12.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? 326 12.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? 328 12.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids 329 12.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? 329 12.4.2. What variation is there in France? 331 12.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids 333 12.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? 334 12.5.2. The Linky smart meter 334 12.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids? 337 12.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? 337 12.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? 338 12.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? 338 12.6. The business models are yet to be created 339 12.7. The standardization of SmartGrids 340 12.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? 340 12.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? 342 12.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe? 344 12.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? 346 12.8. Conclusion 347 12.9. Bibliography 348 List of Authors 351 Index 355

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Book SynopsisWithin the framework of the Sixth I-ESA International Conference, supported by the INTEROP VLab (International Virtual Laboratory on Enterprise Interoperability, http://www.interop-vlab.eu), three workshops and a Doctoral Symposium have been organized in order to strengthen some key topics related to interoperability for enterprise applications and software. The workshops were selected to complement the conference topics, leaving more time to researchers for brainstorming and then coming up, at the end of the workshops, with new research directions for the future. The goal of the workshop “Standards – a Foundation for Interoperability” is to increase awareness and understanding of interoperability standards as a fundamental need. The workshop “Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry” promotes the application of MDI (Model-Driven Interoperability) combined with SOA (Services Oriented Architecture) and the associated technology (BPM, Enterprise Modeling, ontology, mediation, model transformation, etc.) in industry. The workshop on “Dynamic Management across Interoperating Enterprises” investigates the need for enhancements to current business management systems and processes to address the needs of global trading across enterprises utilizing the new service-oriented Internet. Finally, the Doctoral Symposium has given the opportunity for students involved in the preparation of their PhDs in this emerging area to present and discuss their research issues and ideas with senior researchers.Table of ContentsEditorial Hervé Panetto, Nacer Boudjlida xi Session 1. Standards – A Foundation for Interoperability 1 Standards Workshop Chairs’ Message Martin Zelm, David Chen 5 Standards for Enterprise Interoperation – How to Improve? Martin Zelm, Kurt Kosanke 7 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability and Maturity Model (CEN/ISO 11354) David Chen 15 Testing Interoperability Standards – A Test Case Generation Methodology Nenad Ivezic, Jungyub Woo 23 OMG Specifications for Enterprise Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 31 Standards Creation and Adoption for SME Networks Piero De Sabbata, Nicola Gessa, Arianna Brutti, Cristiano Novelli, Angelo Frascella, Gianluca D’Agosta 41 The European Public Procurement Initiative and Standards for Information Exchange Tim McGrath 53 Challenges in Project Management Georgios Kapogiannis, Colin Piddington 61 Session 2. Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry 67 MDI/SOA Workshop Chairs’ Message Guy Doumeingts, Martine Grandin-Dubost 71 Application of SHAPE Technologies in Production and Process Optimization Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre, Einar Landre 73 An Exploration of Foundation Ontologies and Verification Methods for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing R. Young, N. Chungoora, Z. Usman, N. Anjum, G. Gunendran, C. Palmer, J.A. Harding, K. Case, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 83 ISTA3 Methodology Application Case Nabila Zouggar, Mickaël Romain, Guy Doumeingts, Sébastien Cazajous, Yves Ducq, Christophe Merlo, Martine Grandin-Dubost 95 Session 3. Doctoral Symposium 111 Doctoral Symposium Chair’s Message Jenny A. Harding 115 The Mediation Information System Engineering Project: Status and Perspectives N. Boissel-Dallier, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud, J.-P. Lorré 117 Quality Measurement of Semantic Standards E.J.A. Folmer, P.H.W.M. Oude Luttighuis, J. van Hillegersberg 125 Towards a Model-Driven and Role-Configurable Methodology Suite for Enterprise and Service-Oriented Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 133 Mediation Information System Engineering: Business and Logic Characterization in a Collaborative Situation W. Mu, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud 139 Role of Semantic Web in the Changing Context of Enterprise Collaboration N. Khilwani, J. A. Harding 147 A Dynamic Knowledge Management Framework B. A. Piorkowski, J. X. Gao 155 Author Index 163

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Book SynopsisThis book aims at describing the wide variety of new technologies and concepts of non-standard antenna systems – reconfigurable, integrated, terahertz, deformable, ultra-wideband, using metamaterials, or MEMS, etc, and how they open the way to a wide range of applications, from personal security and communications to multifunction radars and towed sonars, or satellite navigation systems, with space-time diversity on transmit and receive. A reference book for designers in this lively scientific community linking antenna experts and signal processing engineers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv François LE CHEVALIER PART 1. EMERGING CONCEPTS 1 Chapter 1. Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications 3 Luc FÉTY, Danilo ZANATA-FILHO, João Marcos TRAVASSOS ROMANO and Michel TERRÉ Chapter 2. Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging 25 Louis-Pascal TRAN-HUU-HUE, Franck LEVASSORT, Dominique CERTON and Marc LETHIECQ Chapter 3. Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars 69 François LE CHEVALIER Chapter 4. Multifunction Antenna System Concepts: Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars? 93 Joël LEMORTON, Christophe LE MOINE, Christian DELHOTE and Florent CHRISTOPHE PART 2. TECHNOLOGIES 101 Chapter 5. From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna 103 Annabelle SCARPACI, Sylvain LE TACON, Arnaud GARDELEIN, Fabrice ODOBEL, Errol BLART, Dominique AVERTY, Hartmut GUNDEL, Nicolas BREUIL, Tchanguiz RAZBAN and Eric TANGUY Chapter 6. Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging 119 Alain KREISLER, Ibrahim TÜRER, Xabier GAZTELU, Alexander SCHEURING and Annick DÉGARDIN Chapter 7. Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed 147 Jean-Pierre ADAM, Yannick BÉNIGUEL, André BERTHON, Laurent COSTES and Maarten VAN DER VORST Chapter 8. Reconfigurable Printed Antennas 157 Robert STARAJ Chapter 9. Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors 183 Xavier BEGAUD Chapter 10. High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole 201 PART 3. DETECTION/LOCALIZATION 213 Chapter 11. Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation 215 Pascal CHEVALIER and Anne FERRÉOL Chapter 12. Multifunction Airborne Antennas 241 Christian RENARD, Maxime ROMIER and Michel SOIRON Chapter 13. Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays 255 Yves DOISY Chapter 14. Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources 271 Thierry DELOUES, Dominique MÉDYNSKI and Dominique LE BIHAN Chapter 15. Ground-based Deformable Antennas 299 Guillaume LESUEUR Chapter 16. Automatic Take-off and Landing System 327 Pascal CORNIC Chapter 17. Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation 343 Franck LETESTU, Fabien BERNARD and Guillaume CARRIE PART 4. ULTRA-WIDEBAND 385 Chapter 18. Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems 387 Joël ANDRIEU and Michèle LALANDE Chapter 19. Co-design of the Antenna with LNA for Ultra-wideband Applications 409 Michaël PELISSIER, Serge BORIES, Raffi BOURTOUTIAN and Christophe DELAVEAUD Chapter 20. Vector Spherical Harmonic Modeling of 3D-antenna Radiation Function or an UWB-RT Simulator 425 Roxana BURGHELEA, Stéphane AVRILLON and Bernard UGUEN List of Authors 453 Index 459

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Book SynopsisThe human-computer interactions are more and more present in our everyday life, and lead to many conceptual and methodological problems for the designers and evaluators of interactive systems. This book is about Human-Computer Interaction in Transport domain, in which the traveler becomes a user of information systems, particularly before and during the travel(s). This book will focus on traveler information and personalized systems, using a human-centered design approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xix Chapter 1. Principles, Issues and Viewpoints of Traveler Information in a Multimodal Context 1 Guillaume USTER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A complexity that must be mastered 2 1.3. Multimodal information 5 1.4. The viatic concept: accompany the traveler 8 1.5. Other traveler information-based representative research projects in a multimodal context 10 1.6. Viewpoints 16 1.7. Bibliography 17 Chapter 2. User Needs Analysis Methodology for the Design of Traveler Information Systems 21 Pierre MORIZET-MAHOUDEAUX, Annette VALENTIN and Assia MOULOUDI 2.1.Introduction 21 2.2. Traveler information: a pluridisciplinary matter 22 2.3. The example of the P@ss-ITS project 23 2.4. RAMSES methodology for the collection, analysis and modeling of user needs 24 2.5. RAMSES in the context of the P@ss-ITS project 35 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Bibliography 46 Chapter 3. A Generic Method for Personalizing Interactive Systems: Application to Traveler Information 51 Mourad ABED, Abdouroihamane ANLI, Christophe KOLSKI and Emmanuelle GRISLIN 3.1.Introduction 51 3.2. Personalization in HCI: examples of existing approaches, at the origin of the approach proposed 52 3.3. PerMet: method for the development of personalized information systems 57 3.4. PerSyst: personalization system supporting the PerMet method 62 3.5. Application to the public transport of people: itinerary search 65 3.6. Discussion about the possibility of generalization relative to personalization 84 3.7. Conclusion 86 3.8. Bibliography 87 Chapter 4. A Formal Framework for Design and Validation of Multimodal Interactive Systems in Transport Domain 93 Linda MOHAND OUSSAÏD, Nadjet KAMEL, Idir AÏT SADOUNE, Yamine AÏT AMEUR, Mohamed AHMED NACER 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Concepts of multimodality 94 4.3. Formal design 97 4.4. Use of formal methods for input multimodality 100 4.5. Use of formal methods for output multimodality 109 4.6. Conclusion 124 4.7. Bibliography 125 Chapter 5. From Human-machine Interaction to Cooperation: Towards the Integrated Copilot 129 Thierry BELLET, Jean-Michel HOC, Serge BOVERIE and Guy BOY 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Copiloting and human-machine cooperation: context and stakes for the automobile 131 5.3. Three realizations of cooperative devices for the purposes of automobile copiloting 135 5.4. Discussion: towards an “intelligent” and “integrated” copilot 146 5.5. Conclusion 150 5.6. Acknowledgements 151 5.7. Bibliography 152 Chapter 6. ICT and New Human-machine Interactions for Trucks and Buses of the Future: e-Truck and e-Bus Perspectives 157 Bertrand DAVID, René CHALON and Bernard FAVRE 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Trucks in the context of ICT 159 6.3. Informational context of the truck 160 6.4. Bus in the context of ICT 161 6.5. Principles of IMERA and HMTD 163 6.6. RAE (real augmented environment) for e-Trucks and e-Buses 163 6.7. HMI (Human-Machine Interface) needs for the e-Truck and e-Bus 165 6.8. Mobile Learning from e-Truck and e-Bus perspectives 168 6.9. ICT in city delivery 171 6.10. ICT in the dynamic management of road networks 178 6.11. Examples of initiatives and projects in direct or indirect link with the e-Truck and e-Bus concepts 183 6.12. Conclusion 196 6.13. Bibliography 198 Chapter 7. User-centered Approach to Design an Adaptive Truck Driving Assistance: Detection of Vulnerable Users in Urban Areas 203 Annick MAINCENT, Hélène TATTEGRAIN, Marie-Pierre BRUYAS and Arnaud BONNARD 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. Methodological principles for an anthropocentric design 205 7.3. Contextual analyses in natural situations 209 7.4. Specification of the assistance 214 7.5. Development and integration of assistance solutions on a driving simulator 218 7.6. Evaluation of solutions on a driving simulator 224 7.7. Conclusions and viewpoints 229 7.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 8. Menu Sonification in an Automotive Media Center: Design and Evaluation 233 Nicolas MISDARIIS, Julien TARDIEU, Sabine LANGLOIS and Séverine LOISEAU 8.1. General context 233 8.2. Specifications of the problem: identification of functions 235 8.3. State of the art 239 8.4. Method of sound design: hybrid model for the sonification of a hierarchical menu 250 8.5. Evaluation protocols: general evaluation methods 255 8.6. Methodology adopted for evaluation of the system and initial results 265 8.7. Discussion and perspectives 274 8.8. Bibliography 278 Chapter 9. Consideration of the Travel Time Experience in the Conceptual Models of Personalized Interactive Applications 283 Arnaud BROSSARD, Mourad ABED, Christophe KOLSKI and Guillaume USTER 9.1. Transport: a field with particular needs in terms of personalization of information 283 9.2. The modeling of applications and consideration of the needs of users in the context of personalizing interactive applications 284 9.3. Specificities in the field of transport in the framework of a method of modeling personalized interactive applications 290 9.4. Application of the method 299 9.5. Conclusion 306 9.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 10. Towards New Interactive Displays in Stations and Airports 311 Christophe JACQUET, Yacine BELLIK and Yolaine BOURDA 10.1. Introduction 311 10.2. Related work 313 10.3. Targeted characteristics of the system 314 10.4. The KUP model 315 10.5. Agent architecture 320 10.6. Allocation and instantiation in KUP 321 10.7. Implementation 324 10.8. Experiments 325 10.9. Conclusions and perspectives 339 10.10. Bibliography 340 Chapter 11. Transport: a Fertile Ground for the Plasticity of User Interfaces 343 Gaëlle CALVARY, Audrey SERNA, Christophe KOLSKI and Joëlle COUTAZ 11.1. Introduction 343 11.2. Evolution of human-computer interaction 344 11.3. User interface plasticity: user viewpoint 352 11.4. User interface plasticity: system viewpoint 355 11.5. Towards a problem space for the implementation of plastic user interfaces 358 11.6. Conclusion and perspectives 363 11.7. Acknowledgements 364 11.8. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 369 Index 373

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Book SynopsisIncreasing urbanization throughout the world, the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have transformed the city into a physical problem of prime importance. This book proposes a multi-disciplinary and systematic approach concerning specialities as different as meteorology, geography, architecture and urban engineering systems, all surrounding the essential problem of solar radiation. It collects the points of view of 18 specialists from around the world on the interaction between solar energy and constructions, combining territorial, urban and architectural scales to better regulate energetic efficiency and light comfort for the sustainable city. The main subjects covered are: measures and models of solar irradiance (satellite observations, territorial and urban ground measurements, sky models, satellite data and urban mock-up), radiative contribution to the urban climate (local heat balance, radiative-aerodynamics coupling, evapotranspiration, Urban Heat Island), light and heat modeling (climate-based daylight modeling, geometrical models of the city, solar radiation modeling for urban environments, thermal simulation methods and algorithms) and urban planning, with special considerations for solar potential, solar impact and daylight rights in the temperate, northern and tropical climates, and the requirement of urban solar regulation. Contents 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements, Marius Paulescu and Viorel Badescu. 3. Sky Luminance Models, Matej Kobav and Grega Bizjak. 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation, Bella Espinar and Philippe Blanc. 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact, Benoit Beckers. 6. Local Energy Balance, Pierre Kastendeuch. 7. Evapotranspiration, Marjorie Musy. 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments, John Mardaljevic and George Janes. 9. Geometrical Models of the City, Daniel G. Aliaga. 10. Radiative Simulation Methods, Pierre Beckers and Benoit Beckers. 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method, Tom van Eekelen. 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone, Edward Ng. 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights, Guedi Capeluto. 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact, Frédéric Monette and Benoit Beckers. Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012), Théo Pirard. Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Benoit Beckers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii The Authors xvi Chapter 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations 1 Théo PIRARD 1.1. To improve the weather forecasts 2 1.2. Technological challenges to spy and to map from orbit 3 1.3. Toward global environmental observers in space 6 1.4. The digital revolution of the ICTs for GIS applications 9 1.5. Suggested reading 12 Chapter 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements 13 Marius PAULESCU and Viorel BADESCU 2.1. Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface 13 2.2. Instrumentation 17 2.3. Radiation measurements in urban environment 29 2.4. Conclusions 33 2.5. Acknowledgments 33 2.6. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Sky Luminance Models 37 Matej KOBAV and Grega BIZJAK 3.1. CIE standard overcast sky (1955) 39 3.2. CIE standard clear sky (1996) 39 3.3. CIE standard general sky 40 3.4. All-weather model for sky luminance distribution – Perez 45 3.5. ASRC–CIE model 48 3.6. Igawa all-sky model 49 3.7. Absolute luminance 52 3.8. Visualization 54 3.9. Conclusion 54 3.10. Bibliography 55 Chapter 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation 57 Bella ESPINAR and Philippe BLANC 4.1. The solar resource 57 4.2. Ground measurements of the solar resource 60 4.3. Satellite images for SSI estimation 64 4.4. Two different approaches for satellite-based SSI estimation 68 4.5. Accuracy of satellite-based SSI estimations 74 4.6. Use of satellite observations for high-resolution solar radiation estimation78 4.7. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact 99 Benoit BECKERS 5.1. Global energy budget at the Earth level 99 5.2. The distribution of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface 102 5.3. The Sun at different latitudes 107 5.4. The solar diagrams 108 5.5. Climate and housing 111 5.6. Solar energy at urban scale 113 5.7. Conclusions and perspectives 115 5.8. Bibliography 117 Chapter 6. Local Energy Balance 119 Pierre KASTENDEUCH 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model 120 6.3. Physiographic data and boundary conditions 121 6.4. Solar radiation transfers 123 6.5. Infrared radiation transfers 129 6.6. Other heat fluxes 131 6.7. Conclusions 134 6.8. Bibliography 135 Chapter 7. Evapotranspiration 139 Marjorie MUSY 7.1. Physical bases 140 7.2. Related interest of different types of evapotranspirating surfaces 142 7.3. From microscale to city scale: the modeling approaches 149 7.4. Conclusions154 7.5. Bibliography 154 Chapter 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments 159 John MARDALJEVIC and George M. JANES 8.1. Introduction 159 8.2. Background160 8.3. Visualizing the urban solar microclimate 167 8.4. The ASL building: a solar access study 173 8.5. Daylighting the New York Times building 180 8.6. Summary 187 8.7. Acknowledgments 187 8.8. Bibliography 187 Chapter 9. Geometrical Models of the City 191 Daniel G. ALIAGA 9.1. Introduction 191 9.2. Forward procedural modeling 194 9.3. Inverse procedural modeling 196 9.4. Simulation-based modeling 199 9.5. Example systems 200 9.6. Bibliography 200 Chapter 10. Radiative Simulation Methods 205 Pierre BECKERS and Benoit BECKERS 10.1. Introduction 205 10.2. Geometry 206 10.3. Loading 218 10.4. Computation model 223 10.5. Transient thermal coupled problem 232 10.6. Conclusion 234 10.7. Bibliography 234 Chapter 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method 237 Tom van EEKELEN 11.1. Basic assumptions 237 11.2. Visibility and view factors 239 11.3. Thermal balance equations 245 11.4. Finite element formulation 250 11.5. Example problems 254 11.6. Bibliography 257 Chapter 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone 259 Edward NG 12.1. Introduction 259 12.2. Access to the sky 261 12.3. Designing for daylight 266 12.4. Designing for solar access 272 12.5. Designing with solar renewable energy 281 12.6. Conclusion 287 12.7. Bibliography 288 Chapter 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights 291 Guedi CAPELUTO 13.1. Introduction 291 13.2. Solar rights in urban design 292 13.3. Solar envelopes as a design tool 293 13.4. Solar envelopes as a tool for urban development 295 13.5. Regulations and applications 297 13.6. Methods of application 299 13.7. A simple design tool 300 13.8. Modeling the building shape for self-shading using the solar collection envelope 302 13.9. Daylight rights 306 13.10. Daylight access 306 13.11. Conclusions 308 13.12. Bibliography 309 Chapter 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact 311 Frédéric MONETTE and Benoit BECKERS 14.1. Methodological considerations 312 14.2. Definition of the residential area 312 14.3. Estimation of irradiance and solar gains 319 14.4. Estimation of energy needs for heating 321 14.5. Results analysis 322 14.6. Perspectives and conclusions 331 14.7. Acknowledgments 332 14.8. Bibliography 332 Conclusion 335 Benoit BECKERS APPENDICES 339 Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations 341 Théo PIRARD Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012) 347 Théo PIRARD Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget 355 Benoit BECKERS List of Authors 357 Index 361

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Book SynopsisA real-time system is a complex system which is an integral part of an industrial or experimental system, a vehicle or a construction machine. The peculiarity of these systems is that they are driven by real-time targets in distributed environments. Command-control for Real-time Systems presents the calculation of correction for industrial systems of different physical natures, their implementation on real-time target industrial systems (PLC-SCADA, embedded systems with distributed networks, Networked Control Systems) and their validation by simulation. It optimizes industrial processes by the use of automatic tools, industrial computing and communications networks and aims to successively integrate new control laws (linear, nonlinear and fuzzy controllers) so that users can leverage the power of engineering science as an automatic service process optimization while maintaining their high maintainability facilities. Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Modeling Tools, Sébastien Cabaret and Mohammed Chadli. 3. Control Tools, Mohammed Chadli and Hervé Coppier. 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems, Marco Pezzetti, Hervé Coppier and Mohammed Chadli. 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems, Sébastien Cabaret and Hervé Coppier. 6. Application to Vehicles, Elie Kafrouni and Mohammed Chadli. 7. Real-time Implementation, Marco Pezzetti and Hervé Coppier. About the Authors Mohamed Chadli is a senior lecturer and research supervisor at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV) in France. His main research interests lie in robust control, the diagnosis and fault tolerant control of polytopic systems and applications for automobiles. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and Vice President of the AAI Club as part of SEE-France. He is the author/co-author of 3 books, book chapters and more than 100 articles published in international journals and conferences. Hervé Coppier is a lecturing researcher at ESIEE-Amiens in France. He has collaborated with industrialists in the field of automation and industrial computing, particularly with CERN, and has spearheaded various international European projects.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Modeling Tools 7 Sébastien CABARET and Mohammed CHADLI 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Models 9 2.2.1. Knowledge models 9 2.2.2. Behavioral models 11 2.3. The classic parametric identification methods 14 2.3.1. Graphic methods 14 2.3.2. Algorithmic methods 15 2.3.3. Validation and estimation of the model identified 19 2.4. Multi-model approach 23 2.4.1. Introduction 23 2.4.2. Techniques for obtaining multi-models 23 2.5. Bibliography 40 Chapter 3. Control Tools 43 Mohammed CHADLI and Hervé COPPIER 3.1. Linear controls 43 3.1.1. The PID corrector 43 3.1.2. The Smith predictor 44 3.1.3. Predictive functional control 49 3.1.4. Generalized predictive control 55 3.1.5. The RST controller 60 3.1.6. Implementation of the advance algorithms on a programmable logic controller: results 63 3.2. Multi-model control 82 3.2.1. Introduction 82 3.2.2. Stability analysis 83 3.2.3. State feedback control 86 3.2.4. Reconstructed state feedback control 90 3.2.5. Static output feedback control 93 3.2.6. Conclusion 97 3.3. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems 103 Marco PEZZETTI, Hervé COPPIER and Mohammed CHADLI 4.1. Introduction 103 4.1.1. Cryogenics and its applications at CERN 103 4.1.2. Some basics about cryogenics 109 4.2. Modeling and control of a cryogenic exchanger for the NA48 calorimeter at CERN 112 4.2.1. Description of the cryogenic installations in the NA48 calorimeter 115 4.2.2. Thermal model 118 4.2.3. The TDC (Time Delay Control) corrector: application to a liquid-krypton cryogenic exchanger 120 4.3. Modeling and control of the cryogenics of the ATLAS experiment at CERN 128 4.3.1. Context and objectives of the study 128 4.3.2. Process of identification of cryogenic systems 130 4.3.3. Experimental protocol of parametric identification 136 4.3.4. Mono-variable system 142 4.3.5. Compensation for the delay with a Smith controller based on the PI corrector UNICOS 149 4.3.6. Multi-variable system 151 4.4. Conclusion 158 4.4.1. Motivations 159 4.4.2. Main contributions 160 4.5. Appendices 160 4.5.1. Appendix A 160 4.6. Bibliography 164 Chapter 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems 165 Sébastien CABARET and Hervé COPPIER 5.1. Advanced control of the steam temperature on exiting a superheater at a coal-burning power plant 165 5.1.1. The issue 165 5.1.2. The internal model corrector (IMC) 166 5.1.3. Multi-order regulator: 4th-order IMC 169 5.1.4. Results 171 5.2. Application to gas systems 174 5.2.1. The gas systems 174 5.2.2. The major regulations 180 5.2.3. The control system and acquisition of measurements 183 5.2.4. Modeling, identification and experimental results 184 5.3. Conclusion 202 5.4. Bibliography 202 Chapter 6. Application to Vehicles 203 Elie KAFROUNI and Mohammed CHADLI 6.1. Introduction 203 6.2. Hydraulic excavator-loader 204 6.2.1. Conventional manual piloting 205 6.3. Principle of movement of a part of the arm 206 6.3.1. Role of the drivers 206 6.3.2. Objectives 207 6.3.3. Functional specification of the interface 211 6.3.4. Limit of articular position and velocities 238 6.3.5. Articular limits 248 6.3.6. Limits of the articular velocities 259 6.3.7. 3D simulation 267 6.3.8. Onboard computer architecture 271 6.3.9. Conclusion 275 6.4. Automobiles 275 6.4.1. Models of automobiles 275 6.4.2. Validation of vehicle models 286 6.4.3. Robust control of the vehicle’s dynamics 298 6.4.4. Conclusion 318 6.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 7. Real-time Implementation 323 Marco PEZZETTI and Hervé COPPIER 7.1. Implementation of algorithms on real-time targets around distributed architectures 323 7.1.1. Introduction 323 7.1.2. Object-oriented programming in the case of a framework 324 7.1.3. MultiController 333 7.2. A distributed architecture for control (rapidity/reliability): excavator-loader testing array 347 7.2.1. Objectives of the testing array 347 7.2.2. Presentation of the onboard computer platform 348 7.2.3. Examination of the rapidity of the onboard computer structure 350 7.2.4. Results 358 7.3. Conclusion 361 7.4. Bibliography 362 General Conclusion 363 List of Authors 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to deal with biometrics in terms of signal and image processing methods and algorithms. This will help engineers and students working in digital signal and image processing deal with the implementation of such specific algorithms. It discusses numerous signal and image processing techniques that are very often used in biometric applications. In particular, algorithms related to hand feature extraction, speech recognition, 2D/3D face biometrics, video surveillance and other interesting approaches are presented. Moreover, in some chapters, Matlab codes are provided so that readers can easily reproduce some basic simulation results. This book is suitable for final-year undergraduate students, postgraduate students, engineers and researchers in the field of computer engineering and applied digital signal and image processing. 1. Introduction to Biometrics, Bernadette Dorizzi.2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition, Amine Nait-Ali and Dalila Cherifi.3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition, Antitza Dantcheva, Christelle Yemdji, Petros Elia and Jean-Luc Dugelay.4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking 
for Face Recognition, Catherine Herold, Vincent Despiegel, Stéphane Gentric,
Séverine Dubuisson and Isabelle Bloch.5. 3D Face Recognition, Mohsen Ardabilian, Przemyslaw Szeptycki, Di Huang and Liming Chen.6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics, Kamel Aloui, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier and Saber Naceur.7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification, Foezur Chowdhury, Sid-Ahmed Selouani
and Douglas O’Shaughnessy.8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics, Régis Fournier and Amine Nait-Ali.9. Multibiometrics, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Estelle Cherrier and
Christophe Rosenberger.10. Hidden Biometrics, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier, Kamel Aloui and
Noureddine Belgacem.11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems, Mohamad El-Abed, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Julien Mahier
and Christophe Rosenberger.12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics, Amel Bouchemha, Chérif Nait-Hamoud, Amine Nait-Ali and
Régis Fournier.13. Data Cryptography, Islam Naveed and William Puech.14. Visual Data Protection, Islam Naveed and William Puech.15. Biometrics in Forensics, Guillaume Galou and Christophe Lambert.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER Chapter 1. Introduction to Biometrics 1 Bernadette DORIZZI 1.1. Background: from anthropometry to biometrics 1 1.2. Biometrics today 2 1.3. Different modes of use of a biometric system and associated uses 3 1.4. Biometrics as a pattern recognition problem 4 1.5. Evaluation of different modalities 8 1.6. Quality 9 1.7. Multimodality 10 1.8. Biometrics and preservation of privacy 11 1.9. Conclusion 12 1.10. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition 15 Amine NAÏT-ALI and Dalila CHERIFI 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Global face recognition techniques 16 2.3. Local face recognition techniques 25 2.4. Hybrid face recognition techniques 28 2.5. Some guidances 32 2.6. Some databases 35 2.7. Conclusion 35 2.8. Bibliography 36 Chapter 3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition 39 Antitza DANTCHEVA, Christelle YEMDJI, Petros ELIA and Jean-Luc DUGELAY 3.1. Introduction to soft biometrics 39 3.2. Soft biometric systems for human identification 42 3.3. Overall error probability of a soft biometrics system 48 3.4. Conclusions and future directions 53 3.5. Bibliography 53 Chapter 4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking for Face Recognition 57 Catherine HEROLD, Vincent DESPIEGEL, Stéphane GENTRIC, Séverine DUBUISSON and Isabelle BLOCH 4.1. Background 57 4.2. Types of available information 61 4.3. Geometric approaches for the reconstruction 63 4.4. Model-based approaches for reconstruction 67 4.5. Hybrid approaches 76 4.6. Integration of the time aspect 77 4.7. Conclusion 82 4.8. Bibliography 83 Chapter 5. 3D Face Recognition 89 Mohsen ARDABILIAN, Przemyslaw SZEPTYCKI, Di HUANG and Liming CHEN 5.1. Introduction 89 5.2. 3D face databases 90 5.3. 3D acquisition 92 5.4. Preprocessing and normalization 94 5.5. 3D face recognition 101 5.6. Asymmetric face recognition 109 5.7. Conclusion 110 5.8. Bibliography 111 Chapter 6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics 117 Kamel ALOUI, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER and Saber NACEUR 6.1. Introduction 117 6.2. Iris biometric systems 118 6.3. Iris recognition methods: state-of-the-art 119 6.4. Preprocessing of iris images 122 6.5. Features extraction and encoding 125 6.6. Similarity measure between two IrisCodes 126 6.7. Iris biometrics: emerging methods 127 6.8. Conclusion 128 6.9. Bibliography 128 Chapter 7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification 131 Foezur CHOWDHURY, Sid-Ahmed SELOUANI and Douglas O’SHAUGHNESSY 7.1. Introduction 131 7.2. Acoustic analysis for robust speaker recognition 134 7.3. Distributed speaker recognition through UBM–GMM models 138 7.4. Performance evaluation of DSIDV 142 7.5. Conclusion 145 7.6. Bibliography 146 Chapter 8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics 149 Régis FOURNIER and Amine NAÏT-ALI 8.1. Introduction 149 8.2. Characterization by minutiae extraction 151 8.3. A few databases 160 8.4. Conclusion 165 8.5. Bibliography 165 Chapter 9. Multibiometrics 167 Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Estelle CHERRIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 9.1. Introduction 167 9.2. Different principles of multibiometrics 169 9.3. Fusion levels 171 9.4. Applications and illustrations 189 9.5. Conclusion 191 9.6. Bibliography 192 Chapter 10. Hidden Biometrics 195 Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER, Kamel ALOUI and Noureddine BELGACEM 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. Biometrics using ECG 196 10.3. Biometrics using EMG: preliminary experiments 198 10.4. Biometrics using medical imaging 200 10.5. Conclusion 205 10.6. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems 207 Mohamad EL ABED, Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Julien MAHIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 11.1. Introduction 207 11.2. Reminders on biometric systems 208 11.3. Results analysis tools 212 11.4. Illustration of the GREYC-Keystroke system 223 11.5. Conclusion 228 11.6. Bibliography 229 Chapter 12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics 231 Amel BOUCHEMHA, Chérif NAIT-HAMOUD, Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER 12.1. Introduction 231 12.2. Generalization aptitude and performance measures 232 12.3. Parametric approaches 234 12.4. Non-parametric approaches 241 12.5. Conclusion 260 12.6. Bibliography 261 Chapter 13. Data Cryptography 263 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 13.1. Introduction 263 13.2. Cryptography 263 13.3. Conclusion 276 13.4. Bibliography 276 Chapter 14. Visual Data Protection 279 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 14.1. Introduction 279 14.2. Visual data hiding 279 14.3. A proposed homomorphism-based visual secret sharing scheme 284 14.4. Conclusion 294 14.5. Bibliography 294 Chapter 15. Biometrics in Forensics 297 Guillaume GALOU and Christophe LAMBERT 15.1. Introduction 297 15.2. Facial comparison 298 15.3. Voice comparison in forensics 301 15.4. Bibliography 311 List of Authors 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes systemic design methodologies applied to electrical energy systems, in particular integrated optimal design with modeling and optimization methods and tools. It is made up of six chapters dedicated to integrated optimal design. First, the signal processing of mission profiles and system environment variables are discussed. Then, optimization-oriented analytical models, methods and tools (design frameworks) are proposed. A “multi-level optimization” smartly coupling several optimization processes is the subject of one chapter. Finally, a technico-economic optimization especially dedicated to electrical grids completes the book. The aim of this book is to summarize design methodologies based in particular on a systemic viewpoint, by considering the system as a whole. These methods and tools are proposed by the most important French research laboratories, which have many scientific partnerships with other European and international research institutions. Scientists and engineers in the field of electrical engineering, especially teachers/researchers because of the focus on methodological issues, will find this book extremely useful, as will PhD and Masters students in this field.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Mission and Environmental Data Processing 1 Amine JAAFAR, Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Considerations of the mission and environmental variables 3 1.3. New approach for the characterization of a “representative mission” 6 1.4. Classification of missions and environmental variables 16 1.5. Synthesis of mission and environmental variable profiles 21 1.6. From classification to simultaneous design by optimization of a hybrid traction chain 25 1.7. Conclusion 39 1.8. Bibliography 41 Chapter 2. Analytical Sizing Models for Electrical Energy Systems Optimization 45 Christophe ESPANET, Daniel DEPERNET, Anne-Claire SAUTTER and Zhenwei WU 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. The problem of modeling for synthesis 46 2.3. System decomposition and model structure 55 2.4. General information about the modeling of the various possible components in an electrical energy system 60 2.5. Development of an electrical machine analytical model 61 2.6. Development of an analytical static converter model 73 2.7. Development of a mechanical transmission analytical model 82 2.8. Development of an analytical energy storage device model 91 2.9. Use of models for the optimum sizing of a system 91 2.10. Conclusions 102 2.11. Bibliography 103 Chapter 3. Simultaneous Design by Means of Evolutionary Computation 107 Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 3.1. Simultaneous design of energy systems 107 3.2. Evolutionary algorithms and artificial evolution 113 3.3. Consideration of multiple objectives 119 3.4. Consideration of design constraints 123 3.5. Integration of robustness into the simultaneous design process 126 3.6. Example applications 130 3.7. Conclusions 150 3.8. Bibliography 151 Chapter 4. Multi-Level Design Approaches for Electro-Mechanical Systems Optimization 155 Stéphane BRISSET, Frédéric GILLON and Pascal BROCHET 4.1. Introduction 155 4.2. Multi-level approaches 156 4.3. Optimization using models with different granularities 160 4.4. Hierarchical decomposition of an optimization problem 178 4.5. Conclusion 187 4.6. Bibliography 188 Chapter 5. Multi-criteria Design and Optimization Tools 193 Benoit DELINCHANT, Laurence ESTRABAUD, Laurent GERBAUD and Frédéric WURTZ 5.1. The CADES framework: example of a new tools approach 194 5.2. The system approach: a break from standard tools 195 5.3. Components ensuring interoperability around a framework 203 5.4. Some calculation modeling formalisms for optimization 210 5.5. The principles of automatic Jacobian generation 218 5.6. Services using models and their Jacobian 223 5.7. Applications of CADES in system optimization 227 5.8. Perspectives 231 5.9. Conclusions 238 5.10. Bibliography 239 Chapter 6. Technico-economic Optimization of Energy Networks 247 Guillaume SANDOU, Philippe DESSANTE, Marc PETIT and Henri BORSENBERGER 6.1. Introduction 247 6.2. Energy network modeling 249 6.3. Resolution of the energy network optimization problem for a deterministic case 255 6.4. Introduction to uncertainty consideration 266 6.5. Consideration of uncertainties on consumer demand 269 6.6. Consideration of uncertainties over production costs 273 6.7. From optimization to control 279 6.8. Conclusions 280 6.9. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 287 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to give a broad overview of the TLM (Transmission Line Matrix) method, which is one of the “time-domain numerical methods”. These methods are reputed for their significant reliance on computer resources. However, they have the advantage of being highly general. The TLM method has acquired a reputation for being a powerful and effective tool by numerous teams and still benefits today from significant theoretical developments. In particular, in recent years, its ability to simulate various situations with excellent precision, including complex materials, has been demonstrated. Application examples are included in the last two chapters of the book, enabling the reader to draw conclusions regarding the performance of the implemented techniques and, at the same time, to validate them. Contents 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method. 2. 3D Nodes. 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method. 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform. Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh. Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method 1 1.1. Historical introduction 1 1.2. 2D simulation 5 1.2.1. Parallel node 5 1.2.2. Series node 8 1.2.3. Simulation of inhomogeneous media with losses 9 1.2.4. Scattering matrices 11 1.2.5. Boundary conditions 14 1.2.6. Dielectric interface passage conditions 15 1.2.7. Dispersion of 2D nodes. 17 1.3. The TLM process 22 1.3.1. Basic algorithm 22 1.3.2. Excitation 23 1.3.3. Output signal processing 24 Chapter 2. 3D Nodes 29 2.1. Historical development 29 2.1.1. Distributed nodes 29 2.1.2. Asymmetrical condensed node (ACN) 30 2.1.3. The symmetrical condensed node (SCN) 31 2.1.4. Other types of nodes 33 2.2. The generalized condensed node 37 2.2.1. General description 37 2.2.2. Derivation of 3D TLM nodes 41 2.2.3. Scattering matrices 46 2.3. Time step. 54 2.4. Dispersion of 3D nodes. 55 2.4.1. Theoretical study in simple cases 56 2.4.2. Case of inhomogeneous media. 60 2.5. Absorbing walls 60 2.5.1. Matched impedance 61 2.5.2. Segmentation techniques 62 2.5.3. Perfectly matched layers 62 2.5.4. Optimization of the PML layer profile 65 2.5.5. Anisotropic and dispersive layers 67 2.5.6. Conclusion 70 2.6. Orthogonal curvilinear mesh 70 2.6.1. 3D TLM curvilinear cell. 70 2.6.2. The TLM algorithm 73 2.6.3. Scattering matrices for curvilinear nodes 75 2.6.4. Stability conditions and the time step 78 2.6.5. Validation of the algorithm 79 2.7. Non-Cartesian nodes 81 Chapter 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method 85 3.1. Introduction of discrete elements 85 3.1.1. History of 2D TLM 85 3.1.2. 3D TLM 89 3.1.3. Application example: modeling of a p-n diode 100 3.2. Introduction of thin wires 105 3.2.1. Arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 106 3.2.2. Validation of the arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 119 Chapter 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform 123 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. Matrix form of Maxwell’s equations 124 4.3. Cubic mesh normalized Maxwell’s equations 125 4.4. The propagation process 127 4.5. Wave-matter interaction 130 4.6. The normalized parallelepipedic mesh Maxwell's equations 133 4.7. Application example: plasma modeling 136 4.7.1. Theoretical model 136 4.7.2. Validation of the TLM simulation 139 4.8. Conclusion 144 APPENDICES 145 Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh 147 Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method 155 Bibliography 161 Index 171

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the main problems posed by the design of a man–machine dialogue system and offers ideas on how to continue along the path towards efficient, realistic and fluid communication between humans and machines. A culmination of ten years of research, it is based on the author's development, investigation and experimentation covering a multitude of fields, including artificial intelligence, automated language processing, man–machine interfaces and notably multimodal or multimedia interfaces.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xv PART 1 HISTORICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL LANDMARKS 1 Chapter 1 An Assessment of the Evolution of Research and Systems 3 1.1 A few essential historical landmarks 5 1.2 A list of possible abilities for a current system 16 1.3 The current challenges 23 1.4 Conclusion 27 Chapter 2 Man–Machine Dialogue Fields 29 2.1 Cognitive aspects 30 2.2 Linguistic aspects 40 2.3 Computer aspects 45 2.4 Conclusion 46 Chapter 3 The Development Stages of a Dialogue System 47 3.1 Comparing a few development progresses 48 3.2 Description of the main stages of development 52 3.3 Conclusion 62 Chapter 4 Reusable System Architectures 63 4.1 Run-time architectures 64 4.2 Design-time architectures 69 4.3 Conclusion 73 PART 2 INPUTS PROCESSING 75 Chapter 5 Semantic Analyses and Representations 77 5.1 Language in dialogue and in man–machine dialogue 78 5.2 Computational processes: from the signal to the meaning 85 5.3 Enriching meaning representation 91 5.4 Conclusion 94 Chapter 6 Reference Resolution 95 6.1 Object reference resolution 96 6.2 Action reference resolution 105 6.3 Anaphora and coreference processing 109 6.4 Conclusion 112 Chapter 7 Dialogue Acts Recognition 113 7.1 Nature of dialogue acts 114 7.2 Identification and processing of dialogue acts 119 7.3 Multimodal dialogue act processing 122 7.4 Conclusion 124 PART 3 SYSTEM BEHAVIOR AND EVALUATION 125 Chapter 8 A Few Dialogue Strategies 127 8.1 Natural and cooperative aspects of dialogue management 128 8.2 Technical aspects of dialogue management 136 8.3 Conclusion 147 Chapter 9 Multimodal Output Management 149 9.1 Output management methodology 151 9.2 Multimedia presentation pragmatics 156 9.3 Processes 159 9.4 Conclusion 165 Chapter 10 Multimodal Dialogue System Assessment 167 10.1 Dialogue system assessment feasibility 168 10.2 Multimodal system assessment challenges 176 10.3 Methodological elements 180 10.4 Conclusion 190 Conclusion 191 Bibliography 193 Index 203

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Book SynopsisSince the construction of the first embedded system in the 1960s, embedded systems have continued to spread. They provide a continually increasing number of services and are part of our daily life. The development of these systems is a difficult problem which does not yet have a global solution. Another difficulty is that systems are plunged into the real world, which is not discrete (as is generally understood in computing), but has a richness of behaviors which sometimes hinders the formulation of simplifying assumptions due to their generally autonomous nature and they must face possibly unforeseen situations (incidents, for example), or even situations that lie outside the initial design assumptions. Embedded Systems presents the state of the art of the development of embedded systems and, in particular, concentrates on the modeling and analysis of these systems by looking at “model-driven engineering”, (MDE2): SysML, UML/MARTE and AADL. A case study (based on a pacemaker) is presented which enables the reader to observe how the different aspects of a system are addressed using the different approaches. All three systems are important in that they provide the reader with a global view of their possibilities and demonstrate the contributions of each approach in the different stages of the software lifecycle. Chapters dedicated to analyzing the specification and code generation are also presented. Contents Foreword, Brian R. Larson.Foreword, Dominique Potier.Introduction, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.Part 1. General Concepts1. Elements for the Design of Embedded Computer Systems, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.2. Case Study: Pacemaker, Fabrice Kordon, Jérôme Hugues, Agusti Canals and Alain Dohet.Part 2. SysML3. Presentation of SysML Concepts, Jean-Michel Bruel and Pascal Roques.4. Modeling of the Case Study Using SysML, Loïc Fejoz, Philippe Leblanc and Agusti Canals.5. Requirements Analysis, Ludovic Apvrille and Pierre De Saqui-Sannes.Part 3. MARTE6. An Introduction to MARTE Concepts, Sébastien Gérard and François Terrier.7. Case Study Modeling Using MARTE, Jérôme Delatour and Joël Champeau.8. Model-Based Analysis, Frederic Boniol, Philippe Dhaussy, Luka Le Roux and Jean-Charles Roger.9. Model-Based Deployment and Code Generation, Chokri Mraidha, Ansgar Radermacher and Sébastien Gérard.Part 4. AADL10. Presentation of the AADL Concepts, Jérôme Hugues and Xavier Renault.11. Case Study Modeling Using AADL, Etienne Borde.12. Model-Based Analysis, Thomas Robert and Jérôme Hugues.13. Model-Based Code Generation, Laurent Pautet and Béchir Zalila.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Brian R. LARSON Foreword xv Dominique POTIER Introduction xix Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET PART 1. General Concepts 1 Chapter 1. Elements for the Design of Embedded Computer Systems 3 Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. System modeling 5 1.3. A brief presentation of UML 6 1.3.1. The UML static diagrams 7 1.3.2. The UML dynamic diagrams 9 1.4. Model-driven development approaches 10 1.4.1. The concepts 10 1.4.2. The technologies 11 1.4.3. The context of the wider field 12 1.5. System analysis 14 1.5.1. Formal verification via proving 15 1.5.2. Formal verification by model-checking 15 1.5.3. The languages to express specifications 16 1.5.4. The actual limits of formal approaches 19 1.6. Methodological aspects of the development of embedded computer systems 20 1.6.1. The main technical processes 22 1.6.2. The importance of the models 23 1.7. Conclusion 24 1.8. Bibliography 25 Chapter 2. Case Study: Pacemaker 29 Fabrice KORDON, Jérôme HUGUES, Agusti CANALS and Alain DOHET 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. The heart and the pacemaker 30 2.2.1. The heart 30 2.2.2. Presentation of a pacemaker 32 2.3. Case study specification 33 2.3.1. System definition 34 2.3.2. System lifecycle 35 2.3.3. System requirements 36 2.3.4. Pacemaker behavior 39 2.4. Conclusion 42 2.5. Bibliography 43 PART 2. SysML 45 Chapter 3. Presentation of SysML Concepts 47 Jean-Michel BRUEL and Pascal ROQUES 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. The origins of SysML 48 3.3. General overview: the nine types of diagrams 49 3.4. Modeling the requirements 50 3.4.1. Use case diagram 50 3.4.2. Requirement diagram 51 3.5. Structural modeling 53 3.5.1. Block definition diagram 54 3.5.2. Internal block diagram 56 3.5.3. Package diagram 58 3.6. Dynamic modeling 59 3.6.1. Sequence diagram 59 3.6.2. State machine diagram 61 3.6.3. Activity diagram 63 3.7. Transverse modeling 65 3.7.1. Parametric diagram 65 3.7.2. Allocation and traceability 67 3.8. Environment and tools 68 3.9. Conclusion 68 3.10. Bibliography 68 Chapter 4. Modeling of the Case Study Using SysML 71 Loïc FEJOZ, Philippe LEBLANC and Agusti CANALS 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. System specification 73 4.2.1. Context 73 4.2.2. Requirements model and operational scenarios 75 4.2.3. Requirements model 78 4.3. System design 80 4.3.1. Functional model 81 4.3.2. Domain-specific data 83 4.3.3. Logical architectural model 86 4.3.4. Physical architectural model 90 4.4. Traceability and allocations 90 4.4.1. “Technical needs: divers” traceability diagram 90 4.4.2. Traceability diagram “technical needs: behavior of the pacemaker” 91 4.4.3. Allocation diagram 92 4.5. Test model 93 4.5.1. Traceability diagram “system test: requirements verification” 93 4.5.2. Sequence diagram for the test game TC-PM-07 94 4.5.3. Diagrams presenting a general view of the requirements 94 4.6. Conclusion 95 4.7. Bibliography 97 Chapter 5. Requirements Analysis 99 Ludovic APVRILLE and Pierre DE SAQUI-SANNES 5.1. Introduction 99 5.2. The AVATAR language and the TTool tool 100 5.2.1. Method 101 5.2.2. AVATAR language and SysML standard 101 5.2.3. The TEPE language for expressing properties 102 5.2.4. TTool 103 5.3. An AVATAR expression of the SysML model of the enhanced pacemaker 103 5.3.1. Functioning of the pacemaker and modeling hypotheses 103 5.3.2. Requirements diagram 104 5.4. Architecture 105 5.5. Behavior 106 5.6. Formal verification of the VVI mode 107 5.6.1. General properties 108 5.6.2. Expressing properties using TEPE 108 5.6.3. The use of temporal logic 109 5.6.4. Observer-guided verification 111 5.6.5. Coming back to the model 112 5.7. Related work 113 5.7.1. Languages 113 5.7.2. Tools 114 5.8. Conclusion 115 5.9. Appendix: TTool 116 5.10. Bibliography 116 PART 3. MARTE 119 Chapter 6. An Introduction to MARTE Concepts 121 Sébastien GÉRARD and François TERRIER 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. General remarks 121 6.2.1. Possible uses of MARTE 122 6.2.2. How should we read the norm? 123 6.2.3. The MARTE architecture 124 6.2.4. MARTE and SysML 127 6.2.5. An open source support 128 6.3. Several MARTE details 128 6.3.1. Modeling non-functional properties 128 6.3.2. A components model for the real-time embedded system 133 6.4. Conclusion 137 6.5. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Case Study Modeling Using MARTE 139 Jérôme DELATOUR and Joël CHAMPEAU 7.1. Introduction 139 7.1.1. Hypotheses used in modeling 139 7.1.2. The modeling methodology used 140 7.1.3. Chapter layout 141 7.2. Software analysis 141 7.2.1. Use case and interface characterization 141 7.2.2. The sphere of application 144 7.3. Preliminary software design – the architectural component 145 7.3.1. The candidate architecture 146 7.3.2. Identifying the components 146 7.3.3. Presentation of the candidate architecture 148 7.3.4. A presentation of the detailed interfaces 150 7.4. Software preliminary design – behavioral component 151 7.4.1. The controller 151 7.4.2. The cardiologist 153 7.4.3. The operating modes of the cardiologist 153 7.5. Conclusion 155 7.6. Bibliography 156 Chapter 8. Model-Based Analysis 157 Frederic BONIOL, Philippe DHAUSSY, Luka LE ROUX and Jean-Charles ROGER 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Model and requirements to be verified 161 8.2.1. The UML-MARTE model that needs to be translated in Fiacre 161 8.2.2. Fiacre language 162 8.2.3. The translation principles of the UML model in Fiacre 163 8.2.4. Requirements 165 8.3. Model-checking of the requirements 166 8.3.1. Use case 166 8.3.2. Properties 167 8.3.3. Property check 170 8.3.4. First assessment 172 8.4. Context exploitation 172 8.4.1. Identifying the context scenarios 173 8.4.2. Automatic partitioning of the context graphs 174 8.4.3. CDL language 175 8.4.4. CDL model exploitation in a model-checker 177 8.4.5. Description of a CDL context 178 8.4.6. Results 179 8.5. Assessment 180 8.6. Conclusion 181 8.7. Bibliography 182 Chapter 9. Model-Based Deployment and Code Generation 185 Chokri MRAIDHA, Ansgar RADERMACHER and Sébastien GÉRARD 9.1. Introduction 185 9.2. Input models 187 9.2.1. Description of the executable component-based model 187 9.2.2. Description of the platform model 188 9.2.3. Description of the deployment model 189 9.3. Generation of the implementation model 190 9.3.1. Main concepts 191 9.3.2. Connector pattern 191 9.3.3. Container pattern 193 9.3.4. Implementation of the components 195 9.3.5. Resulting implementation components 197 9.4. Code generation 197 9.4.1. Deployment of the components 198 9.4.2. Transformation into an object-oriented model 199 9.4.3. Generating code 200 9.5. Support tools 201 9.6. Conclusion 202 9.7. Bibliography 202 PART 4. AADL 205 Chapter 10. Presentation of the AADL Concepts 207 Jérôme HUGUES and Xavier RENAULT 10.1. Introduction 207 10.2. General ADL concepts 207 10.3. AADLv2, an ADL for design and analysis 208 10.3.1. A history of the AADL 208 10.3.2. A brief introduction to AADL 209 10.3.3. Tools 211 10.4. Taxonomy of the AADL entities 211 10.4.1. Language elements: the components 212 10.4.2. Connections between the components 214 10.4.3. Language elements: attributes 215 10.4.4. Language elements: extensions and refinements 219 10.5. AADL annexes 220 10.5.1. Data modeling annex 220 10.6. Analysis of AADL models 221 10.6.1. Structural properties 222 10.6.2. Qualitative properties 222 10.6.3. Quantitative properties 223 10.7. Conclusion 224 10.8. Bibliography 225 Chapter 11. Case Study Modeling Using AADL 227 Etienne BORDE 11.1. Introduction 227 11.2. Review of the structure of a pacemaker 229 11.3. AADL modeling of the structure of the pacemaker 230 11.3.1. Decomposition of the system into several subsystems 230 11.3.2. Execution and communication infrastructure 233 11.4. Overview of the functioning of the pacemaker 235 11.4.1. The operational modes of the pacemaker 235 11.4.2. The operational sub-modes of the pacemaker 235 11.4.3. Some functionalities of the pacemaker 237 11.5. AADL modeling of the software architecture of the pulse generator 240 11.5.1. AADL modeling of the operational modes of the pulse generator 240 11.5.2. AADL modeling of the features of the pulse generator in the permanent mode 242 11.6. Modeling of the deployment of the pacemaker 247 11.7. Conclusion 249 11.8. Bibliography 250 Chapter 12. Model-Based Analysis 251 Thomas ROBERT and Jérôme HUGUES 12.1. Introduction 251 12.2. Behavioral validation, per mode and global 252 12.2.1. Validation context and fine tuning of the requirements 253 12.2.2. Translation of the behavioral automata into UPPAAL 253 12.2.3. Refining requirements 22-23/P 258 12.2.4. Study of the permanent/VVT mode 260 12.2.5. Study of the changing of the permanent/VVT→Magnet/VOO mode 261 12.3. Conclusion 262 12.4. Bibliography 263 Chapter 13. Model-Based Code Generation 265 Laurent PAUTET and Béchir ZALILA 13.1. Introduction 265 13.2. Software component generation 268 13.2.1. Data conversion 269 13.2.2. Conversion of subprograms 272 13.2.3. Conversion of execution threads 275 13.2.4. Conversion of the instances of shared data 283 13.3. Middleware components generation 283 13.4. Configuration and deployment of middleware components 284 13.4.1. Deployment 284 13.5. Integration of the compilation chain 285 13.6. Conclusion 287 13.7. Bibliography 287 List of Authors 289 Index 291

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Book SynopsisBuilding computers that can be used to design embedded real-time systems is the subject of this title. Real-time embedded software requires increasingly higher performances. The authors therefore consider processors that implement advanced mechanisms such as pipelining, out-of-order execution, branch prediction, cache memories, multi-threading, multicorearchitectures, etc. The authors of this book investigate the timepredictability of such schemes.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1. REAL-TIME SYSTEMS AND TIME PREDICTABILITY 1 1.1. Real-time systems 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.2. Soft, firm and hard real-time systems 4 1.1.3. Safety standards 6 1.1.4. Examples 7 1.2. Time predictability 15 1.3. Book outline 16 CHAPTER 2. TIMING ANALYSIS OF REAL-TIME SYSTEMS 19 2.1. Real-time task scheduling 19 2.1.1. Task model 19 2.1.2. Objectives of task scheduling algorithms 20 2.1.3. Mono-processor scheduling for periodic tasks 21 2.1.4. Scheduling sporadic and aperiodic tasks 23 2.1.5. Multiprocessor scheduling for periodic tasks 23 2.2. Task-level analysis 24 2.2.1. Flow analysis: identifying possible paths 25 2.2.2. Low-level analysis: determining partial execution times 27 2.2.3. WCET computation 29 2.2.4. WCET analysis tools 32 2.2.5. Alternative approaches to WCET analysis 32 2.2.6. Time composability 35 CHAPTER 3. CURRENT PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES 37 3.1. Pipelining 37 3.1.1. Pipeline effects 38 3.1.2. Modeling for timing analysis 41 3.1.3. Recommendations for predictability 49 3.2. Superscalar architectures 49 3.2.1. In-order execution 50 3.2.2. Out-of-order execution 52 3.2.3. Modeling for timing analysis 55 3.2.4. Recommendations for predictability 56 3.3. Multithreading 57 3.3.1. Time-predictability issues raised by multithreading 58 3.3.2. Time-predictable example architectures 60 3.4. Branch prediction 62 3.4.1. State-of-the-art branch prediction 62 3.4.2. Branch prediction in real-time systems 64 3.4.3. Approaches to branch prediction modeling 65 CHAPTER 4. MEMORY HIERARCHY 69 4.1. Caches 71 4.1.1. Organization of cache memories 71 4.1.2. Static analysis of the behavior of caches 74 4.1.3. Recommendations for timing predictability 81 4.2. Scratchpad memories 87 4.2.1. Scratchpad RAM 87 4.2.2. Data scratchpad 87 4.2.3. Instruction scratchpad 88 4.3. External memories 93 4.3.1. Static RAM 93 4.3.2. Dynamic RAM 97 4.3.3. Flash memory 103 CHAPTER 5. MULTICORES 105 5.1. Impact of resource sharing on time predictability 105 5.2. Timing analysis for multicores 106 5.2.1. Analysis of temporal/bandwidth sharing 107 5.2.2. Analysis of spatial sharing 110 5.3. Local caches 111 5.3.1. Coherence techniques 112 5.3.2. Discussion on timing analyzability 115 5.4. Conclusion 121 5.5. Time-predictable architectures 121 5.5.1. Uncached accesses to shared data 121 5.5.2. On-demand coherent cache 123 CHAPTER 6. EXAMPLE ARCHITECTURES 127 6.1. The multithreaded processor Komodo 127 6.1.1. The Komodo architecture 128 6.1.2. Integrated thread scheduling 130 6.1.3. Guaranteed percentage scheduling 131 6.1.4. The jamuth IP core 132 6.1.5. Conclusion 134 6.2. The JOP architecture 134 6.2.1. Conclusion 136 6.3. The PRET architecture 136 6.3.1. PRET pipeline architecture 136 6.3.2. Instruction set extension 137 6.3.3. DDR2 memory controller 137 6.3.4. Conclusion 138 6.4. The multi-issue CarCore processor 138 6.4.1. The CarCore architecture 139 6.4.2. Layered thread scheduling 140 6.4.3. CarCore thread scheduling algorithms 142 6.4.4. Conclusion 146 6.5. The MERASA multicore processor 146 6.5.1. The MERASA architecture 147 6.5.2. The MERASA processor core 148 6.5.3. Interconnection bus 149 6.5.4. Memory hierarchy 149 6.5.5. Conclusion 150 6.6. The T-CREST multicore processor 151 6.6.1. The Patmos processor core 151 6.6.2. The T-CREST interconnect 152 6.6.3. Conclusion 153 6.7. The parMERASA manycore processor 154 6.7.1. System overview 154 6.7.2. Memory hierarchy 155 6.7.3. Communication infrastructure 157 6.7.4. Peripheral devices and interrupt system 159 6.7.5. Conclusion 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 INDEX 179

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Book SynopsisThis book includes a study of trustworthiness, percentile response time, service availability, and authentication in the networks between users and cloud service providers, and at service stations or sites that may be owned by different service providers. The first part of the book contains an analysis of percentile response time, which is one of the most important SLA (service level agreements) metrics. Effective and accurate numerical solutions for the calculation of the percentile response time in single-class and multi-class queueing networks are obtained. Then, the numerical solution is incorporated in a resource allocation problem. Specifically, the authors present an approach for the resource optimization that minimizes the total cost of computer resources required while preserving a given percentile of the response time. In the second part, the approach is extended to consider trustworthiness, service availability, and the percentile of response time in Web services. These QoS metrics are clearly defined and their quantitative analysis provided. The authors then take into account these QoS metrics in a trust-based resource allocation problem in which a set of cloud computing resources is used by a service provider to host a typical Web services application for single-class customer services and multipleclass customer services respectively. Finally, in the third part of the book a thorough performance evaluation of two notable public key cryptography-based authentication techniques; Public-Key Cross Realm Authentication in Kerberos (PKCROSS) and Public Key Utilizing Tickets for Application Servers (PKTAPP, a.k.a. KX.509/KCA); is given, in terms of computational and communication times. The authors then demonstrate their performance difference using queuing networks. PKTAPP has been proposed to address the scalability issue of PKCROSS. However, their in-depth analysis of these two techniques shows that PKTAPP does not perform better than PKCROSS in a large-scale system. Thus, they propose a new public key cryptography-based group authentication technique. The performance analysis demonstrates that the new technique can scale better than PKCORSS and PKTAPP.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Current Approaches for Resource Optimization and Security 13 Chapter 3. Single Class Customers 27 Chapter 4. Multiple-Class Customers 69 Chapter 5. A Trustworthy Service Model 95 Chapter 6. Performance Analysis of Public-Key Cryptography-Based Group Authentication 141 Chapter 7. Summary and Future Work 173 Bibliography 181 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book presents correct-by-design control techniques for switching systems, using different methods of stability analysis. Switching systems are increasingly used in the electronics and mechanical industries; in power electronics and the automotive industry, for example. This is due to their flexibility and simplicity in accurately controlling industrial mechanisms. By adopting appropriate control rules, we can steer a switching system to a region centered at a desired equilibrium point, while avoiding “unsafe” regions of parameter saturation. The authors explain various correct-by-design methods for control synthesis, using different methods of stability and invariance analysis. They also provide several applications of these methods to industrial examples of power electronics. Contents 1. Control Theory: Basic Concepts. 2. Sampled Switched Systems. 3. Safety Controllers. 4. Stability Controllers. 5. Application to Multilevel Converters. 6. Other Issues: Reachability, Sensitivity, Robustness and Nonlinearity. About the Authors Laurent Fribourg is head of the LSV (Laboratoire Spécification et Vérification) and Scientific Coordinator of the Institut Farman, Institut Fédératif de Recherche CNRS, which brings together the expertise of five laboratories from ENS Cachan, in France, in the fields of modeling, simulation and validation of complex systems. He has published over 70 articles in international journals and reviewed proceedings of international conferences, in the domain of the theory of formal methods and their industrial applications. Romain Soulat is in the third year of his doctorate at the LSV at ENS Cachan in France, under the supervision of Laurent Fribourg. He is working on the modeling and verification of hybrid systems. In particular, his interests concern robustness in scheduling problems – especially as part of a collaborative project with EADS Astrium on the verification of a component in the launcher for the future Ariane 6 rocket. He has published 5 articles in reviewed proceedings of international conferences.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. CONTROL THEORY: BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1.1. Model of control systems 1 1.2. Digital control systems 3 1.2.1. Digitization 3 1.2.2. Quantization 6 1.2.3. Switching 6 1.3. Control of switched systems using invariant sets 8 1.3.1. Controlled invariants 9 1.3.2. Safety control problem 9 1.3.3. Stability control problem 10 1.3.4. Other controllers 11 1.4. Notes 11 CHAPTER 2. SAMPLED SWITCHED SYSTEMS 13 2.1. Model 13 2.2. Illustrative examples 18 2.3. Zonotopes 21 2.4. Notes 23 CHAPTER 3. SAFETY CONTROLLERS 25 3.1. Backward fixed point computation (direct approach) 26 3.2. Approximate bisimulation (indirect approach) 29 3.3. Application to a three-cell Boost DC–DC converter 35 3.3.1. Model 35 3.3.2. Direct method 37 3.3.3. Indirect method 37 3.4. Notes 40 CHAPTER 4. STABILITY CONTROLLERS 41 4.1. Motivation 42 4.2. Preliminaries 42 4.2.1. Control induced by the decomposition 45 4.3. Decomposition function 46 4.3.1. Basic procedure 46 4.3.2. Enhancement for safety 48 4.4. Limit cycles 52 4.4.1. Discussion of the assumptions H1 and H2 53 4.4.2. Illustrative examples 54 4.5. Implementation 58 4.6. Notes 59 CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION TO MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS 61 5.1. Multilevel converters 62 5.2. Application of the decomposition procedure 62 5.2.1. Five-level converter 63 5.2.2. Seven-level converter 67 5.3. Physical experimentations 70 5.4. Notes 73 CHAPTER 6. OTHER ISSUES: REACHABILITY, SENSITIVITY, ROBUSTNESS AND NONLINEARITY 75 6.1. Reachability control 75 6.2. Sensitivity 78 6.3. Robust safety control 79 6.4. Nonlinearity 82 6.5. Notes 87 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 89 APPENDIX 1. SUFFICIENT CONDITION OF DECOMPOSITION 93 APPENDIX 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE ENHANCED DECOMPOSITION PROCEDURE 97 APPENDIX 3. PROOF OF THEOREM 4.3 103 APPENDIX 4. EXAMPLE WITH |R∗Δ| = ∞ 107 APPENDIX 5. CODE 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisThis book contains more than 150 problems and solutions on the control of linear continuous systems. The main definitions and theoretical tools are summarized at the beginning of each chapter, after which the reader is guided through the problems and how to solve them. The author provides coverage of the ideas behind the developments of the main PID tuning techniques, as well as presenting the proof of the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion and giving some new results dealing with the design of root locus.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Chapter 1. Introduction to Signals and Systems 1 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU, Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Signals: categories, representations and characterizations 1 1.2.1. Definition of continuous-time and discrete-time signals 1 1.2.2. Deterministic and random signals 6 1.2.3. Periodic signals 8 1.2.4. Mean, energy and power 9 1.2.5. Autocorrelation function 12 1.3. Systems 15 1.4. Properties of discrete-time systems 16 1.4.1. Invariant linear systems 16 1.4.2. Impulse responses and convolution products 16 1.4.3. Causality 17 1.4.4. Interconnections of discrete-time systems 18 1.5. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Discrete System Analysis 21 Mohamed NAJIM and Eric GRIVEL 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. The z-transform 21 2.2.1. Representations and summaries 21 2.2.2. Properties of the z-transform 28 2.2.2.1. Linearity 28 2.2.2.2. Advanced and delayed operators 29 2.2.2.3. Convolution 30 2.2.2.4. Changing the z-scale 31 2.2.2.5. Contrasted signal development 31 2.2.2.6. Derivation of the z-transform 31 2.2.2.7. The sum theorem 32 2.2.2.8. The final-value theorem 32 2.2.2.9. Complex conjugation 32 2.2.2.10. Parseval’s theorem 33 2.2.3. Table of standard transform 33 2.3. The inverse z-transform 34 2.3.1. Introduction 34 2.3.2. Methods of determining inverse z-transforms 35 2.3.2.1. Cauchy’s theorem: a case of complex variables 35 2.3.2.2. Development in rational fractions 37 2.3.2.3. Development by algebraic division of polynomials 38 2.4. Transfer functions and difference equations 39 2.4.1. The transfer function of a continuous system 39 2.4.2. Transfer functions of discrete systems 41 2.5. Z-transforms of the autocorrelation and intercorrelation functions 44 2.6. Stability 45 2.6.1. Bounded input, bounded output (BIBO) stability 46 2.6.2. Regions of convergence 46 2.6.2.1. Routh’s criterion 48 2.6.2.2. Jury’s criterion 49 Chapter 3. Frequential Characterization of Signals and Filters 51 Eric GRIVEL and Yannick BERTHOUMIEU 3.1. Introduction 51 3.2. The Fourier transform of continuous signals 51 3.2.1. Summary of the Fourier series decomposition of continuous signals 51 3.2.1.1. Decomposition of finite energy signals using an orthonormal base 51 3.2.1.2. Fourier series development of periodic signals 52 3.2.2. Fourier transforms and continuous signals 57 3.2.2.1. Representations 57 3.2.2.2. Properties 58 3.2.2.3. The duality theorem 59 3.2.2.4. The quick method of calculating the Fourier transform 59 3.2.2.5. The Wiener-Khintchine theorem 63 3.2.2.6. The Fourier transform of a Dirac comb 63 3.2.2.7. Another method of calculating the Fourier series development of a periodic signal 66 3.2.2.8. The Fourier series development and the Fourier transform 68 3.2.2.9. Applying the Fourier transform: Shannon’s sampling theorem 75 3.3. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 78 3.3.1. Expressing the Fourier transform of a discrete sequence 78 3.3.2. Relations between the Laplace and Fourier z-transforms 80 3.3.3. The inverse Fourier transform 81 3.3.4. The discrete Fourier transform 82 3.4. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) 86 3.5. The fast Fourier transform for a time/frequency/energy representation of a non-stationary signal 90 3.6. Frequential characterization of a continuous-time system 91 3.6.1. First and second order filters 91 3.6.1.1. 1st order system 91 3.6.1.2. 2nd order system 93 3.7. Frequential characterization of discrete-time system 95 3.7.1. Amplitude and phase frequential diagrams 95 3.7.2. Application 96 Chapter 4. Continuous-Time and Analog Filters 99 Daniel BASTARD and Eric GRIVEL 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Different types of filters and filter specifications 99 4.3. Butterworth filters and the maximally flat approximation 104 4.3.1. Maximally flat functions (MFM) 104 4.3.2. A specific example of MFM functions: Butterworth polynomial filters 106 4.3.2.1. Amplitude-squared expression 106 4.3.2.2. Localization of poles 107 4.3.2.3. Determining the cut-off frequency at –3 dB and filter orders 110 4.3.2.4. Application 111 4.3.2.5. Realization of a Butterworth filter 112 4.4. Equiripple filters and the Chebyshev approximation 113 4.4.1. Characteristics of the Chebyshev approximation 113 4.4.2. Type I Chebyshev filters 114 4.4.2.1. The Chebyshev polynomial 114 4.4.2.2. Type I Chebyshev filters 115 4.4.2.3. Pole determination 116 4.4.2.4. Determining the cut-off frequency at –3 dB and the filter order 118 4.4.2.5. Application 121 4.4.2.6. Realization of a Chebyshev filter 121 4.4.2.7. Asymptotic behavior 122 4.4.3. Type II Chebyshev filter 123 4.4.3.1. Determining the filter order and the cut-off frequency 123 4.4.3.2. Application 124 4.5. Elliptic filters: the Cauer approximation 125 4.6. Summary of four types of low-pass filter: Butterworth, Chebyshev type I, Chebyshev type II and Cauer 125 4.7. Linear phase filters (maximally flat delay or MFD): Bessel and Thomson filters 126 4.7.1. Reminders on continuous linear phase filters 126 4.7.2. Properties of Bessel-Thomson filters 128 4.7.3. Bessel and Bessel-Thomson filters 130 4.8. Papoulis filters (optimum (On)) 132 4.8.1. General characteristics 132 4.8.2. Determining the poles of the transfer function 135 4.9. Bibliography 135 Chapter 5. Finite Impulse Response Filters 137 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU, Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 5.1. Introduction to finite impulse response filters 137 5.1.1. Difference equations and FIR filters 137 5.1.2. Linear phase FIR filters 142 5.1.2.1. Representation 142 5.1.2.2. Different forms of FIR linear phase filters 147 5.1.2.3. Position of zeros in FIR filters 150 5.1.3. Summary of the properties of FIR filters 152 5.2. Synthesizing FIR filters using frequential specifications 152 5.2.1. Windows 152 5.2.2. Synthesizing FIR filters using the windowing method 159 5.2.2.1. Low-pass filters 159 5.2.2.2. High-pass filters 164 5.3. Optimal approach of equal ripple in the stop-band and passband 165 5.4. Bibliography 172 Chapter 6. Infinite Impulse Response Filters 173 Eric GRIVEL and Mohamed NAJIM 6.1. Introduction to infinite impulse response filters 173 6.1.1. Examples of IIR filters 174 6.1.2. Zero-loss and all-pass filters 178 6.1.3. Minimum-phase filters180 6.1.3.1. Problem 180 6.1.3.2. Stabilizing inverse filters 181 6.2. Synthesizing IIR filters 183 6.2.1. Impulse invariance method for analog to digital filter conversion 183 6.2.2. The invariance method of the indicial response 185 6.2.3. Bilinear transformations 185 6.2.4. Frequency transformations for filter synthesis using low-pass filters 188 6.3. Bibliography 189 Chapter 7. Structures of FIR and IIR Filters 191 Mohamed NAJIM and Eric GRIVEL 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Structure of FIR filters 192 7.3. Structure of IIR filters 192 7.3.1. Direct structures 192 7.32. The cascade structure 209 7.3.3. Parallel structures 211 7.4. Realizing finite precision filters 211 7.4.1. Introduction 211 7.4.2. Examples of FIR filters 212 7.4.3. IIR filters 213 7.4.3.1. Introduction 213 7.4.3.2. The influence of quantification on filter stability 221 7.4.3.3. Introduction to scale factors 224 7.4.3.4. Decomposing the transfer function into first- and second-order cells 226 7.5. Bibliography 231 Chapter 8. Two-Dimensional Linear Filtering 233 Philippe BOLON 8.1. Introduction 233 8.2. Continuous models 233 8.2.1. Representation of 2-D signals 233 8.2.2. Analog filtering 235 8.3. Discrete models 236 8.3.1. 2-D sampling 236 8.3.2. The aliasing phenomenon and Shannon’s theorem 240 8.3.2.1. Reconstruction by linear filtering (Shannon’s theorem) 240 8.3.2.2. Aliasing effect 240 8.4. Filtering in the spatial domain 242 8.4.1. 2-D discrete convolution 242 8.4.2. Separable filters 244 8.4.3. Separable recursive filtering 246 8.4.4. Processing of side effects 249 8.4.4.1. Prolonging the image by pixels of null intensity 250 8.4.4.2. Prolonging by duplicating the border pixels 251 8.4.4.3. Other approaches 252 8.5. Filtering in the frequency domain 253 8.5.1. 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 253 8.5.2. The circular convolution effect 255 8.6. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. Two-Dimensional Finite Impulse Response Filter Design 261 Yannick BERTHOUMIEU 9.1. Introduction 261 9.2. Introduction to 2-D FIR filters 262 9.3. Synthesizing with the two-dimensional windowing method 263 9.3.1. Principles of method 263 9.3.2. Theoretical 2-D frequency shape 264 9.3.2.1. Rectangular frequency shape 264 9.3.2.2. Circular shape 266 9.3.3. Digital 2-D filter design by windowing 271 9.3.4. Applying filters based on rectangular and circular shapes 271 9.3.5. 2-D Gaussian filters 274 9.3.6. 1-D and 2-D representations in a continuous space 274 9.3.6.1. 2-D specifications 276 9.3.7. Approximation for FIR filters 277 9.3.7.1. Truncation of the Gaussian profile 277 9.3.7.2. Rectangular windows and convolution 279 9.3.8. An example based on exploiting a modulated Gaussian filter 280 9.4. Appendix: spatial window functions and their implementation 286 9.5. Bibliography 291 Chapter 10. Filter Stability 293 Michel BARRET 10.1. Introduction 293 10.2. The Schur-Cohn criterion 298 10.3. Appendix: resultant of two polynomials 314 10.4. Bibliography 319 Chapter 11. The Two-Dimensional Domain 321 Michel BARRET 11.1. Recursive filters 321 11.1.1. Transfer functions 321 11.1.2. The 2-D z-transform 322 11.1.3. Stability, causality and semi-causality 324 11.2. Stability criteria 328 11.2.1. Causal filters 329 11.2.2. Semi-causal filters 332 11.3. Algorithms used in stability tests 334 11.3.1. The jury Table 334 11.3.2. Algorithms based on calculating the Bezout resultant 339 11.3.2.1. First algorithm 340 11.3.2.2. Second algorithm 343 11.3.3. Algorithms and rounding-off errors 347 11.4. Linear predictive coding 351 11.5. Appendix A: demonstration of the Schur-Cohn criterion 355 11.6. Appendix B: optimum 2-D stability criteria 358 11.7. Bibliography 362 List of Authors 365 Index 367

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