Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisAn Authoritative Introduction to a Major Subject in Systems Engineering and Management This important volume fills the need for a textbook on the fundamentals of economic systems analysis and assessment, illustrating their vital role in systems engineering and systems management. Providing extensive coverage on key topics, it assumes no prior background in mathematics or economics in order to comprehend the material. The book is comprised of five major parts: Microeconomics: a concise overview that covers production and the theory of the firm; theory of the consumer; market equilibria and market imperfections; and normative or welfare economics, including imperfect competition effects and consumer and producer surplus Program Management Economics: discusses economic valuation of programs and projects, including investment rates of return; cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis; earned value management; cost structures and estimTable of ContentsPREFACE. Chapter 1 Introduction to Economic Systems Analysis and Assessment: Cost, Value, and Competition in Information and Knowledge Intensive Systems, Organizations, and Enterprises. 1.1 Inroduction. 1.2 A Framework for Systems Engineering and Management. 1.3 Theory of the Firm. 1.4 Theory of the Consumer. 1.5 The Interaction of the Theories of the Firms and Consumers: Microeconomic Models of Economic Activity. 1.6 Welfare or Normative Economics. 1.7 Program and Program Management Economics. 1.8 Contemporary Issues Concerning Information and Information Technology Economic. 1.9 Economic Pitfalls in the Engineering of Systems. 1.10 Summary. Chapter 2 Production and the Theory of the Firm. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Production Function. 2.3 Multiproduct Firms and Multiproduct Production Functions. 2.4 Classical Theory of the Firm. 2.5 Imperfect Competition. 2.6 Summary. Chapter 3 The Theory of the Consumer. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Economic Utility Theory and Its Axioms. 3.3 Property of Utility Functions. 3.4 The Fundamental Problem of the Consumer. 3.5 Sensitivity and Substitution Effects. 3.6 Summary. Chapter 4 Supply-Demand Equilibria and Microeconomic Systems Analysis and Assessment Models. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Supply-Demand Equilibrium for a Single Good. 4.3 General Supply-Demand Equilibrium Conditions. 4.4 Extensions to General Equilibrium to Include Market Interdependencies. 4.5 Microeconomics Models. 4.6 Summary. Chapter 5 Normative or Welfare Economics, Decisions and Games, and Behavioral Economics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Pareto Optimality Under Perfect Competitive Conditions. 5.3 External Effects and Imperfect Competition-Public Goods. 5.4 External Effects and Imperfect Competition-Nonindependent Production and Consumption. 5.5 Welfare Maximization and Social Choice. 5.6 Summary. 5.7 Selected Bibliography. Chapter 6 Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Assessments. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Time Value of Money. 6.3 Identification of Costs and Benefits. 6.4 The Identification and Quantification of Effectiveness. 6.5 A Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis. Chapter 7 Cost Assessment. 7.1 Model-Based Parameters for Productivity. 7.2 Early Models for Estimation of Costs, Including Effort and Schedule. 7.3 The Constructive Cost Model. 7.4 Summary. CHAPTER 8 APPROACHES TO INVESTMENT VALUATION. 8.1. Microeconomics. 8.2. The Investment Problem. 8.3. Investment Valuation. 8.4. Summary. CHAPTER 9 REAL OPTIONS FOR INVESTMENT VALUATION. 9.1. Nature of Options. 9.2. Option Pricing Theory. 9.3. Option Calculator. 9.4. Strategic Metrics. 9.5. Investment Decision Making. 9.6. Value-Centered R&D. 9.7. Summary. CHAPTER 10 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Evolutionary Economics. 10.3. Path Dependence and Network Effects. 10.4. Intellectual Capital. 10.5. Value of Information. 10.6. Investing in Humans. 10.7. Summary. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDigital Signal Processing and Applications with the TMS320C6713 and TMS320C6416 DSK Now in a new editionthe most comprehensive, hands-on introduction to digital signal processing The first edition of Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the TMS320C6713 and TMS320C6416 DSK is widely accepted as the most extensive text available on the hands-on teaching of Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Now, it has been fully updated in this valuable Second Edition to be compatible with the latest version (3.1) of Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio (CCS) development environment. Maintaining the original's comprehensive, hands-on approach that has made it an instructor's favorite, this new edition also features: Added program examples that illustrate DSP concepts in real-time and in the laboratory Expanded coverage of analog input and output New material on frame-based processing A revised chapter on IIR, whichTrade Review"While there are numerous texts on DSP, this one is very useful due to the succinct style of presentation and the inclusion of many illustrative programming examples and student projects. The typesetting and layout are praiseworthy, and the coverage of topics is laudable." (Computing Reviews, October 1, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the First Edition xvii List of Examples xxi Programs/Files on Accompanying CD xxvii 1 DSP Development System 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 DSK Support Tools 3 1.3 Code Composer Studio 6 1.4 Quick Tests of the DSK (On Power On and Using CCS) 7 1.5 Programming Examples to Test the DSK Tools 9 1.6 Support Files 30 1.7 Assignments 38 References 41 2 Input and Output with the DSK 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 TLV320AIC23 (AIC23) Onboard Stereo Codec for Input and Output 46 2.3 Programming Examples Using C Code 48 2.4 Assignments 101 References 101 3 Architecture and Instruction Set of the C6x Processor 102 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 TMS320C6x Architecture 104 3.3 Functional Units 105 3.4 Fetch and Execute Packets 106 3.5 Pipelining 108 3.6 Registers 110 3.7 Linear and Circular Addressing Modes 110 3.8 TMS320C6x Instruction Set 112 3.9 Assembler Directives 115 3.10 Linear Assembly 116 3.11 ASM Statement Within C 117 3.12 C-Callable Assembly Function 117 3.13 Timers 118 3.14 Interrupts 118 3.15 Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports 121 3.16 Direct Memory Access 122 3.17 Memory Considerations 122 3.18 Fixed- and Floating-Point Format 124 3.19 Code Improvement 126 3.20 Constraints 128 3.21 Programming Examples Using C, Assembly, and Linear Assembly 130 3.22 Assignments 142 References 145 4 Finite Impulse Response Filters 146 4.1 Introduction to the z-Transform 146 4.1.1 Mapping from s-Plane to z-Plane 149 4.1.2 Difference Equations 150 4.2 Discrete Signals 151 4.3 FIR Filters 152 4.4 FIR Lattice Structure 154 4.5 FIR Implementation Using Fourier Series 158 4.6 Window Functions 162 4.7 Programming Examples Using C and ASM Code 165 4.8 Assignments 207 References 207 5 Infinite Impulse Response Filters 210 5.1 Introduction 210 5.2 IIR Filter Structures 211 5.3 Bilinear Transformation 217 5.4 Programming Examples Using C and ASM Code 220 5.5 Assignments 252 References 253 6 Fast Fourier Transform 255 6.1 Introduction 255 6.2 Development of the FFT Algorithm with Radix-2 256 6.3 Decimation-in-Frequency FFT Algorithm with Radix-2 257 6.4 Decimation-in-Time FFT Algorithm with Radix-2 263 6.5 Bit Reversal for Unscrambling 268 6.6 Development of the FFT Algorithm with Radix-4 269 6.7 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 272 6.8 Programming Examples 273 References 318 7 Adaptive Filters 319 7.1 Introduction 319 7.2 Adaptive Structures 321 7.3 Adaptive Linear Combiner 324 7.4 Performance Function 327 7.5 Searching for the Minimum 329 7.6 Programming Examples for Noise Cancellation and System Identification 332 References 352 8 Code Optimization 354 8.1 Introduction 354 8.2 Optimization Steps 355 8.3 Procedure for Code Optimization 356 8.4 Programming Examples Using Code Optimization Techniques 356 8.5 Software Pipelining for Code Optimization 363 8.6 Execution Cycles for Different Optimization Schemes 372 References 373 9 DSP/BIOS and RTDX Using MATLAB, Visual C++, Visual Basic, and LabVIEW 374 9.1 Introduction to DSP/BIOS 374 9.2 RTDX Using MATLAB to Provide Interface Between PC and DSK 386 9.3 RTDX Using Visual C++ to Interface with DSK 400 9.4 RTDX Using Visual Basic to Provide Interface Between PC and DSK 411 9.5 RTDX Using LabVIEW to Provide Interface Between PC and DSK 415 Acknowledgments 421 References 421 10 DSP Applications and Student Projects 422 10.1 DTMF Signal Detection Using Correlation, FFT, and Goertzel Algorithm 422 10.2 Beat Detection Using Onboard LEDs 429 10.3 FIR with RTDX Using Visual C++ for Transfer of Filter Coefficients 434 10.4 Radix-4 FFT with RTDX Using Visual C++ and MATLAB for Plotting 435 10.5 Spectrum Display Through EMIF Using a Bank of 32 LEDs 438 10.6 Spectrum Display Through EMIF Using LCDs 440 10.7 Time–Frequency Analysis of Signals with Spectrogram 445 10.8 Audio Effects (Echo and Reverb, Harmonics, and Distortion) 451 10.9 Voice Detection and Reverse Playback 453 10.10 Phase Shift Keying—BPSK Encoding and Decoding with PLL 454 10.11 Binary Phase Shift Keying 468 10.12 Modulation Schemes—PAM and PSK 470 10.13 Selectable IIR Filter and Scrambling Scheme Using Onboard Switches 479 10.14 Convolutional Encoding and Viterbi Decoding 482 10.15 Speech Synthesis Using Linear Prediction of Speech Signals 493 10.16 Automatic Speaker Recognition 496 10.17 u-Law for Speech Companding 500 10.18 SB-ADPCM Encoder/Decoder: Implementation of G.722 Audio Coding 501 10.19 Encryption Using the Data Encryption Standard Algorithm 503 10.20 Phase-Locked Loop 506 10.21 Miscellaneous Projects 508 Acknowledgments 522 References 523 Appendix A TMS320C6x Instruction Set 528 A.1 Instructions for Fixed- and Floating-Point Operations 528 A.2 Instructions for Floating-Point Operations 528 References 528 Appendix B Registers for Circular Addressing and Interrupts 530 Reference 530 Appendix C Fixed-Point Considerations 533 C.1 Binary and Two’s-Complement Representation 533 C.2 Fractional Fixed-Point Representation 536 C.3 Multiplication 536 Reference 539 Appendix D MATLAB and Goldwave Support Tools 540 D.1 fdatool for FIR Filter Design 540 D.2 fdatool for IIR Filter Design 542 D.3 MATLAB for FIR Filter Design Using the Student Version 544 D.4 MATLAB for IIR Filter Design Using the Student Version 546 D.5 Using the Goldwave Shareware Utility as a Virtual Instrument 548 References 549 Appendix E Fast Hartley Transform 550 References 556 Appendix F Goertzel Algorithm 557 F.1 Design Considerations 557 References 560 Appendix G TMS320C6416 DSK 561 G.1 TMS320C64x Processor 561 G.2 Programming Examples Using the C6416 DSK 562 References 566 Index 567

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn introduction to color in three-dimensional image processing and the emerging area of multi-spectral image processing The importance of color information in digital image processing is greater than ever. However, the transition from scalar to vector-valued image functions has not yet been generally covered in most textbooks.Trade Review“This book is recommended for first and second-year graduate students in electrical and computing engineer and computer science courses, as well as for researchers with basic knowledge in image processing who wish to extend their knowledge in the area of color image processing.” (Blogcritics.org, April 30, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgment xv 1. Introduction 1 2. Eye and Color 23 3. Color Spaces and Color Distances 37 4. Color Image Formation 71 5. Color Image Enhancement 99 6. Edge Detection in Color Images 125 7. Color Image Segmentation 149 8. Highlights, Interreflections, and Color Constancy 177 9. Static Stereo Analysis in Color Images 219 10. Dynamic and Photometric Stereo Analyses in Color Images 253 11. Color-Based Tracking with PTZ Cameras 267 12. Multispectral Imaging for Biometrics 301 13. Pseudo-Coloring in Single Energy X-Ray Images 339 Index 373

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe only single, comprehensive textbook on all aspects of digital television The next few years will see a major revolution in the technology used to deliver television services as the world moves from analog to digital television. Presently, all existing textbooks dealing with analog television standards (NTSC and PAL) are becoming obsolete as the prevalence of digital technology continues to become more widespread. Now, Digital Television: Technology and Standards fills the need for a single, authoritative textbook that covers all aspects of digital television technology. Divided into three main sections, Digital Television explores: * Video: MPEG-2, which is at the heart of all digital video broadcasting services * Audio: MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding and Dolby AC-3, which will be used internationally in digital video broadcasting systems * Systems: MPEG, modulation transmission, forward error correctiTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Analog and Digital Television. 2. Characteristics of Video Material. 3. Predictive Encoding. 4. Transform Coding. 5. Video Coder Syntax. 6. The MPEG-2 Video Compression Standard. 7. Perceptual Audio Coding. 8. Frequency Analysis and Synthesis. 9. MPEG Audio. 10. Dolby AC-3 Audio. 11. MPEG-2 Systems. 12. DVB Service Information and ATSC Program and System Information Protocol. 13. Digital Television Channel Coding and Modulation. 14. Closed Captioning, Subtitling, and Teletext. Appendix: MPEG Tables. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book targets the two most difficult skills facing RF/RFIC designer: impedance matching and RF/RFIC grounding. The selection, organization, and treatment of the subjects in this book are quite different from other books related to RF/RFIC design. This enables RF circuit designers to master the correct methodology of RF circuit design.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I INDIVIDUAL RF BLOCKS. 1. LNA (LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Single-Ended Single Device LNA. 1.3 Single-Ended Cascode LNA. 1.4 LNA with AGC (Automatic Gain Control). 2. MIXERS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Passive Mixers. 2.3 Active Mixers. 2.4 Design Schemes. 3. DIFFERENTIAL PAIRS. 3.1 Why Differential Pairs? 3.2 Can DC Offset be Blocked by a Capacitor? 3.3 Fundamentals of Differential Pairs. 3.4 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio). 4. RF BALUN. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Transformer Baluns. 4.3 LC Baluns. 4.4 Micro Strip Line Baluns. 4.5 Mixed Types of Baluns. 5. TUNABLE FILTERS. 5.1 Tunable Filters in Communication Systems. 5.2 Coupling Between Two Tank Circuits. 5.3 Circuit Description. 5.4 Effect of Second Coupling. 5.5 Performance. 6. VCO (VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR) 6.1 “Three-Point” Type Oscillators. 6.2 Other Single-Ended Oscillators. 6.3 VCO and PLL. 6.4 Design Example of a Single-Ended VCO. 6.5 Differential VCO and Quad Phases VCO. 7. POWER AMPLIFIERS (PA). 7.1 Classifications of Power Amplifiers. 7.2 Single-Ended PA Design. 7.3 Single-Ended PA-IC Design. 7.4 Push-Pull PA Design. 7.5 PA with Temperature Compensation. 7.6 PA with Output Power Control. 7.7 Linear PA. PART II DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES AND SCHEMES. 8. DIFFERENT METHODOLOGY BETWEEN RF AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN. 8.1 Controversy. 8.2 Differences between RF and Digital Blocks in a Communication System. 8.3 Conclusion. 8.4 Notes for High-Speed Digital Circuit Design. 9. VOLTAGE AND POWER TRANSPORTATION. 9.1 Voltage Delivered from a Source to a Load. 9.2 Power Delivered from a Source to a Load. 9.3 Impedance Conjugate Matching. 9.4 Additional Effects of Impedance Matching. 10. IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN NARROW-BAND CASE. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Impedance Matching by Means of Return Loss Adjustment. 10.3 Impedance Matching Network Built of One Part. 10.4 Impedance Matching Network Built of Two Parts. 10.5 Impedance Matching Network Built of Three Parts. 10.6 Impedance Matching When ZS or ZL Is Not 50 Ω. 10.7 Parts in an Impedance Matching Network. 11. IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN A WIDE-BAND CASE. 11.1 Appearance of Narrow- and Wide-Band Return Loss on a Smith Chart. 11.2 Impedance Variation Due to Insertion of One Part per Arm or per Branch. 11.3 Impedance Variation Due to the Insertion of Two Parts per Arm or per Branch. 11.4 Impedance Matching in IQ Modulator Design for a UWB System. 11.5 Discussion of Wide-band Impedance Matching Networks. 12. IMPEDANCE AND GAIN OF A RAW DEVICE. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Miller Effect. 12.3 Small Signal Model of a Bipolar Transistor. 12.4 Bipolar Transistor with CE (Common Emitter) Configuration. 12.5 Bipolar Transistor with CB (Common Base) Configuration. 12.6 Bipolar Transistor with CC (Common Collector) Configuration.. 12.7 Small Signal Model of a MOSFET Transistor 12.8 Similarity between Bipolar and MOSFET Transistors. 12.9 MOSFET Transistor with CS (Common Source) Configuration. 12.10 MOSFET Transistor with CG (Common Gate) Configuration. 12.11 MOSFET Transistor with CD (Common Drain) Configuration. 12.12 Comparison of Bipolar and MOSFET Transistors in Various Configurations. 13. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Scale and Vector Voltage Measurement. 13.3 Direct Impedance Measurement by Network Analyzer. 13.4 Alternative Impedance Measurement by Network Analyzer. 13.5 Impedance Measurement with the Assistance of a Circulator. Appendices. References. 14. GROUNDING. 14.1 Implications of Grounding. 14.2 Possible Grounding Problems Hidden in a Schematic. 14.3 Imperfect or Inappropriate Grounding Examples. 14.4 “Zero” Capacitor. 14.5 Quarter Wavelength of Micro Strip Line. 15. EQUIPOTENTIALITY AND CURRENT COUPLING ON THE GROUND SURFACE. 15.1 Equipotentiality on the Ground Surface. 15.2 Forward and Return Current Coupling. 15.3 PCB or IC Chip with Multi-metallic Layers. 16. RFIC (RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) AND SOC (SYSTEM ON CHIP). 16.1 Interference and Isolation. 16.2 Shielding for an RF Module by a Metallic Shielding Box. 16.3 Strong Desirability to Develop RFIC. 16.4 Interference Going Along an IC Substrate Path. 16.5 Solution for Interference Coming from the Sky. 16.6 Common Grounding Rules for an RF Module and RFIC Design. 16.7 Bottlenecks in RFIC Design. 16.8 Prospect of SOC. 16.9 What Is Next? 17. MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Implication of 6σ Design. 17.3 Approaching 6σ Design. 17.4 Monte Carlo Analysis. PART III RF SYSTEM ANALYSIS. 18. MAIN PARAMETERS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN RF CIRCUIT DESIGN. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Power Gain. 18.3 Noise. 18.4 Non-Linearity. 18.5 Other Parameters. 18.6 Example of RF System Analysis. Appendices. References. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDECISIONS focuses on how organizations can improve decision-making processes to improve organizational performance in a global economy. Presents research related to problems associated with meeting requirements, schedules, and costs Defines the scope of macro and micro decisions Raises the issue of the role of engineering, manufacturing, and marketing in making organizational decisions Includes references to Peter Drucker's studies on decision-making Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 CONFRONTING THE REALITIES IN DECISION-MAKING 1 History of Failed Projects 2 Organizational Discipline 5 Sources of Decision-Making Knowledge 7 Making Organizational Decisions 9 Key Points 11 Notes 12 2 MANAGING THE ORGANIZATION 13 Management Model 14 New Management Paradigm 15 Executives 17 Managers 19 Engineers and Other Discipline Specialists 24 Project Managers 25 Common Requirements for Executives, Managers, Engineers and Other Discipline Professionals, and Project Managers 28 Key Points 40 Notes 41 3 DECISIONS HAVE CONSEQUENCES 43 The Knowledge Chain 44 External Decision Drivers 46 Expanding Worldwide Operations 48 Dealing with Acquisitions and Mergers 49 Restructuring Organizations 52 Investing in New-to-the-Market Product/Services 55 Investing in New Technologies 57 Entering New Markets 59 Discontinuing a Product Line 60 Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship 61 Locating Business Operations 65 Key Points 66 Notes 67 4 DECISIONS AND PROJECT SCOPE 69 Organizational Decisions 70 Low Impact to High Impact 71 Simple to Complex 72 Low Cost to High Cost 74 Low Risk to High Risk 74 Upgrade to Innovative 76 Current Business to New Business Unit 77 Current Business Unit to a New Game 78 Decisions in Functional Units 79 Limited Scope to Expanded Scope 80 Strategic to Operational 81 Knockouts 82 Thinking Before Doing 83 Key Points 87 Note 88 5 MACRO DECISION TO IMPLEMENTATION 89 Executing the Decision 90 Using Tools and Techniques 91 Describing the Problem 94 Improving IT Project Performance 96 Advancing Project Management Practice 99 Managing Project Cycle Time 103 Managing with a Systems Perspective 109 Key Points 111 Notes 112 6 MAKING PEOPLE DECISIONS 113 Energizing the Human Resource Department 114 Hiring Practices 116 Evaluating Employee Performance 120 Assessing Employee Potential 122 Promotions and Appointments 124 Selecting Team Members 126 Selecting the Right People 130 Assigning Work 131 Transitioning From Specialist to Manager 132 Salary Schedules 134 Continuing Education 134 Building a Succession Competence 136 Key Points 137 Notes 138 7 DEVELOPING DECISION-MAKING COMPETENCIES 139 Decision Dilemmas 140 Learning to Make Decisions 144 Educating for Decision-Making 147 Dealing with Ambiguity 153 Executing the Deliverables 156 Key Points 162 Notes 163 8 IBM ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA: THE SILVERLAKE PROJECT 165 Birth of IBMR Minnesota 166 Project Fort Knox 167 IBMR Faces Market Challenges 168 New Directions for IBM Rochester 168 Furey Asks the Hard Questions 169 Ambitious Goals 173 Market Launch 176 Lessons Learned 177 Key Points 184 Notes 185 9 BOEING AND THE 787 DREAMLINER 187 Dreamliner Scope and Expectations 188 Boeing—The Enterprise 189 The 787 Dreamliner Challenges 192 Commentary 198 Key Points 213 Notes 216 10 COMMUNICATION IN DECISION-MAKING 219 New-to-the-Market Product 221 What is Communication? 226 Types of Communication 228 Organizational Context 231 Barriers to Effective Communication 234 Ethical Issues in Communication 253 Eliminating the Communication Barriers 255 Key Points 258 Notes 259 11 EVALUATING DECISION-MAKING PERFORMANCE 261 People 262 Purposes 264 Processes 265 Strategic Thinking 266 Culture 267 Products and Services 268 Resources 270 Leadership 275 Innovation and Entrepreneurship 276 Organizational Readiness 278 Policies and Procedures 279 Employee Benefits 279 Downsizing 280 Going Global 281 Government Regulations 282 Offshore Operations 282 Integrating Organizational Units 283 General Governance Issues 284 Key Points 289 Notes 292 Index 293

Read more less

Book SynopsisDescribes the major architectures, standards, and technologies of Passive Optical Networks (PONs)The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks provides readers with a concise explanation of the key features of Passive Optical Networks (PONs); the different types of PON architectures and standards; key issues of PON devices, management, and implementation; and the promising business opportunities in access networks.Written for a broad audience, ranging from developers to users, this indispensable book provides an understanding o the evolutionary path of PON access systems and their positioning with respect to the cable, copper, and wireless competitors for broadband access networks. In addition, The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks: Provides brief, high-level overviews of the architectures and applications of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) or Fiber-to-the-Curb (FTTC) access networks and the alternative HFC, subscriber line, and WiMAX accesTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 PON in the Access Picture 1 1.1 Why Passive Optical Network (PON) for the Last Mile Access?, 1 1.2 Services and Applications, 4 1.2.1 Displacement of Legacy High-Speed Access Services, 4 1.2.2 Internet Protocol (IP) over PON, 6 1.2.3 Triple Play and Quadruple Play, 6 1.2.4 Multimedia Conferencing and Shared Environments, 8 1.2.5 Backhaul Services, 8 1.2.6 Cloud-Based Services, 10 1.3 Legacy Access Technologies, 10 1.3.1 Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Cable Data System, 10 1.3.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 13 1.3.3 Broadband over Powerline (BoPL), 15 1.3.4 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), 16 1.4 Fiber-Optic Access Systems, 18 1.4.1 PON as a Preferred Optical Access Network, 20 1.5 PON Deployment and Evolution, 22 References, 24 2 PON Architecture and Components 27 2.1 Architectural Concepts and Alternatives, 27 2.1.1 Topologies, 27 2.1.2 Downstream and Upstream Requirements, 30 2.1.3 BPON, GPON, and EPON Systems, 30 2.1.4 Medium Access Techniques, 34 2.2 Passive and Active PON Components, 37 2.2.1 Passive Optical Coupler, 37 2.2.2 Splitter, 38 2.2.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG), 40 2.2.4 Optical Line Termination (OLT), 41 2.2.5 ONU/ONT, 41 2.3 Management and Control Elements, 43 2.3.1 Bandwidth Allocation, 43 2.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS), 44 2.3.3 Deployment and Maintenance, 46 2.3.4 Problems and Troubleshooting, 47 References, 50 3 Techniques and Standards 53 3.1 BPON Overview, 55 3.1.1 Basic Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Concepts, 56 3.2 The Full Service Access Network (FSAN) (ITU-T G.983) BPON Standard, 58 3.2.1 Downstream Transmission, 62 3.2.2 Upstream Transmission, 64 3.2.3 Management Functions, 65 3.2.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), 65 3.2.5 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA), 67 3.2.6 Protection Switching, 67 3.3 GPON, 68 3.3.1 GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM), 69 3.3.2 Downstream Transmission, 70 3.3.3 Upstream Transmission, 72 3.3.4 Ranging, 73 3.3.5 Security, 74 3.4 EPON, 74 3.4.1 EPON Switched Ethernet, 77 3.4.2 1000BASE-PX10, 1000BASE-PX20, and 10G EPON PMD Types, 78 3.4.3 Medium Access Control (MAC), 79 3.4.4 Comparison of 1G EPON and GPON, 83 3.4.5 Service Interoperability in EPON (SIEPON), 85 References, 86 4 Recent Advances and Looking to the Future 87 4.1 Interoperability, 87 4.1.1 Implementing 1:1 and 1:N Interoperability Testing, 89 4.1.2 Management and Quality-of-Service (QoS) Challenges, 91 4.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexed PON (WDM-PON), 91 4.2.1 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)-PON and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)-PON, 93 4.2.2 WDM Devices, 95 4.3 Subcarrier PON, 97 4.4 Long-Reach PON, 100 4.5 Optical–Wireless Integration, 100 4.5.1 Architecture, 101 4.5.2 Integration Modes, Benefits, and Challenges, 103 4.5.3 Support of Next-Generation Cellular Mobile, 106 4.5.4 The Future of Optical–Wireless Integration, 107 4.6 Scaling Up PON to Much Higher Transmission Rates, 108 4.7 Conclusion, 111 References, 111 Appendix: Excerpts from the IEEE 10 Gbps EPON Standard 802.3av-2009 115 Index 183

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book reviews the cutting-edge significant research in the field of smart light-responsive materials based on azobenzene polymers and liquid crystals. Emphasis is placed on the discovery of new phenomena from the past 5 years, their underlying mechanisms, new functionalities, and properties achieved through rational design. Edited by leading authorities in the field, Zhao and Ikeda, the chapters are authored by an internationally-recognized team of experts from North America, Europe, and Asia. Smart Light-Responsive Materials will serve to catalyze new research that will lead this field over the next 5-10 years.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Azobenzene Polymers for Photonic Applications (Kevin G. Yager and Christopher J. Barrett). 2. Photo-Induced Phenomena in Supramolecular Azobenzene Materials (Joachim Stumpe, Olga Kulikovska, Leonid M. Goldenberg and Yuriy Zakrevskyy). 3. Photodeformable Materials and Photo-Mechanical Effects Based on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers and Liquid Crystals (Yanlei Yu and Tomiki Ikeda). 4. Amorphous Azobenzene Polymers for Light-Induced Surface Patterning (Kevin G. Yager and Christopher J. Barrett). 5. Azo Polymer Colloidal Spheres: Formation, Two-dimensional Array and Photoresponsive Properties (Xiaogong Wang). 6. Azobenzene-Containing Block Copolymer Micelles: toward Light-Controllable Nanocarriers (Yue Zhao). 7. Associates between Azobenzene-modified Polymers and Surfactants or Nanoparticles to Amplify Macroscopic Photo-transitions in Solution (Christophe Tribet). 8. Light-Responsive 2D Motions and Manipulations in Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystalline Polymer Materials (Takahiro Seki). 9. Photo-induced Immobilization of Molecules on the surface of Azobezene Polymers: Principles and Application (Osamu Watanabe). 10. Photo-tuning of Helical Structure of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (Seiji Kurihara). 11. Tunable Diffraction Gratings Based on Azobenzene Polymers and Liquid Crystals (Yue Zhao). 12. Azo Block Copolymers in Solid State (Haifeng Yu and Tomiki Ikeda). 13. Photoresponsive Hybrid Silica Materials Containing Azobenzene Ligands (Nanguo Liu and C. Jeffrey Brinker).

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book will cover the development of devices which called wearable interfaces. They are small, lightweight, portable, distributed, and intelligent. The authors will address the development of the intelligent cap, glasses, shoes, finger rings, etc, as mobile devices for control, communication, and recognition.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Network Architecture for Wearable Robots. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Wearable Robots and Interactions. 2.3 Wearable Robot Design. 2.4 Distributed Service-based Architecture. 2.4.1 Extension to the Jini Model. 2.4.2 The Matching Service. 2.5 Application Scenario. 2.6 Related Works. 2.7 Conclusion. 3. Wearable Interface for Automatic Language Translation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 System Architecture. 3.3 Text Detection Algorithm. 3.3.1 Demands of Text Detection Algorithm. 3.3.2 Intrinsic Characteristic of a Character. 3.3.3 CIC-based Text Detection Algorithm. 3.3.4 Combine Line Segments into a Character. 3.4 Image Cutting, Rotation & Binarization. 3.4.1 Image Cutting and Rotation. 3.4.2 Image Binarization. 3.5 Real-Time Translation. 3.6 Conclusion. 4. Intelligent Cap Interface for Wheelchair Control. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electromyography and Electrooculopraghy. 4.3 Approach. 4.4 Interface. 4.4.1 Hardware. 4.4.2 Implementation. 4.5 Experimental Study. 4.5.1 Doorways (A-B). 4.5.2 U-turning (B-C-B). 4.5.3 General Path (C-D). 4.6 Conclusion. 5. Intelligent Shoes for Human-Computer Interface. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Hardware Design. 5.2.1 Sensing the Parameters inside the Shoe. 5.2.2 Gathering Information from the Sensors. 5.2.3 Wireless Communication. 5.2.4 Data Visualization. 5.3 Three Applications of the Intelligent Shoes. 5.3.1 Intelligent Shoes for Human-Computer Interface: Shoe-Mouse. 5.3.2 Intelligent Shoes for Pressure Measurement. 5.3.3 Intelligent Shoes for Human Identification. 5.4 Conclusion. 6. Finger-Tip Human-Computer Interface. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Hardware Design. 6.2.1 MEMS Accelerator for Motion Detection. 6.2.2 Signal Processing and Analysis. 6.2.3 RF Wireless System. 6.2.4 System Evaluation. 6.3 Specific Applications. 6.3.1 Human-Robotic-Hand Interaction Using MIDS. 6.3.2 Computer Mouse on a Finger Tip (MIDS-VM). 6.3.3 Computer Game Interaction Using MIDS. 6.3.4 MIDS for PDA Interaction (Embedded-MIDS: E-MIDS). 6.4 Conclusion. 7. Ubiquitous 3D Digital Writing Instrument. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Hardware Design. 7.3 Signal Processing and Analysis. 7.3.1 Kalman Filtering for MEMS Sensors. 7.4 Time Update Model. 7.4.1 Attitude Strapdown Theory for a Quaternion. 7.4.2 Error Model for Time Update. 7.5 Measurement Update Model. 7.6 Testing. 7.6.1 Simulation Test. 7.6.2 Experiment Test. 7.7 Writing Application based on Attitude EKF Compensation. 7.8 Experimental Results of Integrated System. 7.9 Conclusion. 8. Intelligent Mobile Human Airbag System. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Hardware Design. 8.2.1 µIMU System Design. 8.2.2 Mechanical Release Mechanism. 8.2.3 Minimization of Airbag Inflation Time. 8.2.4 The Punch Test for the Second Mechanism. 8.2.5 System Integration. 8.3 Support Vector Machine for Human Motion Determination. 8.3.1 Principal Component Analysis for Feature Generation. 8.3.2 Support Vector Machine Classifier. 8.4 Experimental Results. 8.4.1 Motion Detection Experiments and Database Forming. 8.4.2 SVM Training and Falling-Down Recognition. 8.5 Conclusion. Topic Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDRAM Circuit Design, Second Edition brings students and practicing chip designers an easy-to-follow, yet thorough, introductory to the subject. Focusing on the chip designer rather than the end-user, this Second Edition offers expanded, up-to-date coverage of DRAM circuit design by presenting both standard and high-speed implementations.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. An Introduction to DRAM. Chapter 2. The DRAM Array. Chapter 3. Array Architectures. Chapter 4. The Peripheral Circuitry. Chapter 5. Global Circuitry and Considerations. Chapter 6. Voltage Converters. Chapter 7. An Introduction to High-Speed DRAM. Chapter 8. High-Speed Die Architectures. Chapter 9. Input Circuit Paths. Chapter 10. Output Circuit Paths. Chapter 11. Timing Circuits. Chapter 12. Control Logic Design. Chapter 13. Power Delivery. Chapter 14. Future Work in High-Performance Memory. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn introductory text, this book introduces the HDL (hardware description languages) and FPGA development process to designers through a series of hands-on experiments. The main focus of the book is on the effective derivation of hardware.Trade Review"The book is well organized and contains many useful synthesizable VHDL examples. Moreover, design concepts are clearly explained … This book is indeed an excellent text for people who wish to learn PFGA and VHDL from practical examples and exercises." (Computing Reviews, February 18, 2009) "Brimming with code examples, flowcharts and other illustrations, the book serves as a good starting point for a development project. It's recommended to anyone looking to get started with FPGA prototyping using VHDL." (Electronic Design, February 4, 2008) "It's recommended to anyone looking to get started with FGPA prototyping using VHDL." (Electronic Design Online, February 4, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. PART I: BASIC DIGITAL CIRCUITS. 1. Gate-level combinational circuit. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 General description. 1.2.1 Basic lexical rules. 1.2.2 Library and package. 1.2.3 Entity declaration. 1.2.4 Data type and operators. 1.2.5 Architecture body. 1.2.6 Code of a 2-bit comparator. 1.3 Structural description. 1.4 Testbench. 1.5 Bibliographic notes. 1.6 Suggested experiments. 1.6.1 Code for gate-level greater-than circuit. 1.6.2 Code for gate-level binary decoder. 2. Overview of FPGA and EDA software. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 FPGA. 2.2.1 Overview of general FPGA device. 2.2.2 Overview of Xilinx Spartan-3 device. 2.3 Overview of Digilent S3 board. 2.4 Design flow. 2.5 Overview of Xilinx ISE project navigator. 2.6 Short tutorial of ISE project navigator. 2.6.1 Create the design project and HDL codes. 2.6.2 Create a testbench and perform RTL simulation. 2.6.3 Add a constraint file and synthesize and implement the code. 2.6.4 Generate and download the configuration file to FPGA devices. 2.7 Short tutorial of ModelSim HDL simulator. 2.8 Bibliographic notes. 2.9 Suggested experiments. 2.9.1 Gate-level greater-than circuit. 2.9.2 Gate-level binary decoder. 3. RT-level combinational circuit. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 RT-level components. 3.2.1 Relational operators. 3.2.2 Arithmetic operators. 3.2.3 Other synthesis related VHDL constructs. 3.2.4 Summary. 3.3 Routing circuit with concurrent assignment statements. 3.3.1 Conditional signal assignment statement. 3.3.2 Selected signal assignment statement. 3.4 Modeling with process. 3.4.1 Process. 3.4.2 Sequential signal assignment statement. 3.5 Routing circuit with if and case statements. 3.5.1 If statement. 3.5.2 Case statement. 3.5.3 Comparison to concurrent statements. 3.5.4 Unintended memory. 3.6 Constant and generic. 3.6.1 Constant. 3.6.2 Generic. 3.7 Design examples. 3.7.1 Hexadecimal digit to seven-segment LED decoder. 3.7.2 Sign-magnitude adder. 3.7.3 Barrel shifter. 3.7.4 A simplified floating-point adder. 3.8 Bibliographic notes. 3.9 Suggested experiments. 3.9.1 Multi-function barrel shifter. 3.9.2 Dual priority encoder. 3.9.3 BCD incrementor. 3.9.4 Floating-point greater-than circuit. 3.9.5 Floating-point and signed integer conversion circuit. 3.9.6 Enhanced floating-point adder. 4. Regular Sequential Circuit. 4.1 Overview. 4.1.1 D FF and register. 4.1.2 Synchronous system. 4.1.3 Code development. 4.2 HDL code of FF and register. 4.2.1 D FF. 4.2.2 Register. 4.2.3 Register File. 4.2.4 Storage components in Spartan-3 deviceXilinx specific. 4.3 Simple design examples. 4.3.1 Shift register. 4.3.2 Binary counter and variant. 4.4 Testbench for sequential circuits. 4.5 Case study. 4.5.1 LED time multiplexing circuit. 4.5.2 Stopwatch. 4.5.3 FIFO buffer. 4.6 Bibliographic notes. 4.7 Suggested experiments. 4.7.1 Programmable square wave generator. 4.7.2 PWM and LED dimmer. 4.7.3 Rotating square circuit. 4.7.4 Heartbeat circuit. 4.7.5 Rotating LED banner circuit. 4.7.6 Enhanced stopwatch. 4.7.7 Stack. 5. FSM. 5.1 Overview. 5.1.1 Mealy and Moore outputs. 5.1.2 FSM representation. 5.2 FSM code development. 5.3 Design examples. 5.3.1 Rising edge detector. 5.3.2 Debouncing circuit. 5.3.3 Testing circuit. 5.4 Bibliographic notes. 5.5 Suggested experiments. 5.5.1 Dual-edge detector. 5.5.2 Alternative debouncing circuit. 5.5.3 Parking lot occupancy counter. 6. FSMD. 6.1 Overview. 6.1.1 Single RT operation. 6.1.2 ASMD chart. 6.1.3 Decision box with register. 6.2 Code development of FSMD. 6.2.1 Debouncing circuit based on RT methodology. 6.2.2 Code with explicit data path components. 6.2.3 Code with implicit data path components. 6.2.4 Comparison. 6.2.5 Testing circuit. 6.3 Design examples. 6.3.1 Fibonacci number circuit. 6.3.2 Division circuit. 6.3.3 Binary-to-BCD conversion circuit. 6.3.4 Period counter. 6.3.5 Accurate low-frequency counter. 6.4 Bibliographic notes. 6.5 Suggested experiments. 6.5.1 Alternative debouncing circuit. 6.5.2 BCD-to-binary conversion circuit. 6.5.3 Fibonacci circuit with BCD I/O: design approach 1. 6.5.4 Fibonacci circuit with BCD I/O: design approach 2. 6.5.5 Auto-scaled low-frequency counter. 6.5.6 Reaction timer. 6.5.7 Babbage difference engine emulation circuit. PART II: I/O MODULES. 7. UART. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 UART receiving subsystem. 7.2.1 Oversampling procedure. 7.2.2 Baud rate generator. 7.2.3 UART receiver. 7.2.4 Interface circuit. 7.3 UART transmitting subsystem. 7.4 Overall UART system. 7.4.1 Complete UART core. 7.4.2 UART verification configuration. 7.5 Customizing the UART. 7.6 Bibliographic notes. 7.7 Suggested experiments. 7.7.1 Full-featured UART. 7.7.2 A UART with an automatic baud rate detection circuit. 7.7.3 A UART with an automatic baud rate and parity detection circuit. 7.7.4 UART controlled stopwatch. 7.7.5 UART controlled rotating LED banner. 8. PS2 Keyboard. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 PS2 receiving subsystem. 8.2.1 Physical interface of PS2 port. 8.2.2 Device-to-host communication protocol. 8.2.3 Design and code. 8.3 PS2 keyboard scan code. 8.3.1 Overview of scan code. 8.3.2 Scan code monitor circuit. 8.4 PS2 keyboard interface circuit. 8.4.1 Basic design and HDL code. 8.4.2 Verification circuit. 8.5 Bibliographic notes. 8.6 Suggested experiments. 8.6.1 Alternative keyboard interface I. 8.6.2 Alternative keyboard interface II. 8.6.3 PS2 receiving subsystem with watchdog timer. 8.6.4 Keyboard controlled stopwatch. 8.6.5 Keyboard controlled rotating LED banner. 9. PS2 Mouse. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 PS2 mouse protocol. 9.2.1 Basic operation. 9.2.2 Basic initialization procedure. 9.3 PS2 transmitting subsystem. 9.3.1 Host-to-PS2-device communication protocol. 9.3.2 Design and code. 9.4 Bidirectional PS2 interface. 9.4.1 Basic design and code. 9.4.2 Verification circuit. 9.5 PS2 mouse interface. 9.5.1 Basic design. 9.5.2 Testing circuit. 9.6 Bibliographic notes. 9.7 Suggested experiments. 9.7.1 Keyboard control circuit. 9.7.2 Enhanced mouse interface. 9.7.3 Mouse controlled seven-segment LED display. 10. External SRAM. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Specification of the IS61LV25616AL SRAM. 10.2.1 Block diagram and I/O signals. 10.2.2 Timing parameters. 10.3 Basic memory controller. 10.3.1 Block diagram. 10.3.2 Timing requirement. 10.3.3 Register file versus SRAM. 10.4 A safe design. 10.4.1 ASMD chart. 10.4.2 Timing analysis. 10.4.3 HDL implementation. 10.4.4 Basic testing circuit. 10.4.5 Comprehensive SRAM testing circuit. 10.5 More aggressive design. 10.5.1 Timing issues. 10.5.2 Alternative design I. 10.5.3 Alternative design II. 10.5.4 Alternative design III. 10.5.5 Advanced FPGA featuresXilinx specific. 10.6 Bibliographic notes. 10.7 Suggested experiments. 10.7.1 Memory with 512K-by-16 configuration. 10.7.2 Memory with 1M-by-8 configuration. 10.7.3 Memory with 8M-by-1 configuration. 10.7.4 Expanded memory testing circuit. 10.7.5 Memory controller and testing circuit for alternative design I. 10.7.6 Memory controller and testing circuit for alternative design II. 10.7.7 Memory controller and testing circuit for alternative design III. 10.7.8 Memory controller with DCM. 10.7.9 High-performance memory controller. 11. Xilinx Spartan-3 Specific Memory. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Embedded memory of Spartan-3 device. 11.2.1 Overview. 11.2.2 Comparison. 11.3 Method to incorporate memory modules. 11.3.1 Memory module via HDL component instantiation. 11.3.2 Memory module via Core Generator. 11.3.3 Memory module via HDL inference. 11.4 HDL templates for memory inference. 11.4.1 Single-port RAM. 11.4.2 Dual-port RAM. 11.4.3 ROM. 11.5 Bibliographic notes. 11.6 Suggested experiments. 11.6.1 Block RAM based FIFO. 11.6.2 Block RAM based stack. 11.6.3 ROM based sign-magnitude adder. 11.6.4 ROM based sin(x) function. 11.6.5 ROM based sin(x) and cos(x) functions. 12. VGA controller I: graphic. 12.1 Introduction. 12.1.1 Basic operation of a CRT. 12.1.2 VGA port of S3 board. 12.1.3 Video controller. 12.2 VGA synchronization. 12.2.1 Horizontal synchronization. 12.2.2 Vertical synchronization. 12.2.3 Timing calculation of VGA synchronization signals. 12.2.4 HDL implementation. 12.2.5 Testing circuit. 12.3 Overview of pixel generation circuit. 12.4 Graphic generation with object-mapped scheme. 12.4.1 Rectangular objects. 12.4.2 Non-rectangular object. 12.4.3 Animated object. 12.5 Graphic generation with bit-mapped scheme. 12.5.1 Dual-port RAM implementation. 12.5.2 Single-port RAM implementation. 12.6 Suggest experiments. 12.6.1 VGA test pattern generator. 12.6.2 SVGA mode synchronization circuit. 12.6.3 Visible screen adjustment circuit. 12.6.4 Ball-in-a-box circuit. 12.6.5 Two-balls-in-a-box circuit. 12.6.6 Two-player pong game. 12.6.7 Breakout game. 12.6.8 Full-screen dot trace. 12.6.9 Mouse pointer circuit. 12.6.10 Small-screen mouse scribble circuit. 12.6.11 Full-screen mouse scribble circuit. 13. VGA controller II: text. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Text generation. 13.2.1 Character as tile. 13.2.2 Font ROM. 13.2.3 Basic text generation circuit. 13.2.4 Font display circuit. 13.2.5 Font scaling. 13.3 Full-screen text display. 13.4 The complete pong game. 13.4.1 Text subsystem. 13.4.2 Modified graphic subsystem. 13.4.3 Auxiliary counters. 13.4.4 Top-level system. 13.5 Bibliographic notes. 13.6 Suggested experiments. 13.6.1 Rotating banner. 13.6.2 Underline for cursor. 13.6.3 Dual-mode text display. 13.6.4 Keyboard text entry. 13.6.5 UART terminal. 13.6.6 Square wave display. 13.6.7 Simple four-trace logic analyzer. 13.6.8 Complete two-player pong game. 13.6.9 Complete breakout game. PART III: PICOBLAZE MICROCONTROLLERXILINX SPECIFIC. 14. PicoBlaze Overview. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Customized hardware and customized software. 14.2.1 From special-purpose FSMD to general-purpose microcontroller. 14.2.2 Application of microcontroller. 14.3 Overview of PicoBlaze. 14.3.1 Basic organization. 14.3.2 Top-level HDL modules. 14.4 Development flow. 14.5 Instruction set. 14.5.1 Programming model. 14.5.2 Instruction format. 14.5.3 Logical instructions. 14.5.4 Arithmetic instructions. 14.5.5 Compare and test instructions. 14.5.6 Shift and rotate instructions. 14.5.7 Data movement instructions. 14.5.8 Program flow control instructions. 14.5.9 Interrupt related instructions. 14.6 Assembler directives. 14.6.1 The KCPSM3 directives. 14.6.2 The PBlazeIDE directives. 14.7 Bibliographic notes 343. 14.8 Suggested experiments 343. 15. PicoBlaze Assembly Code Development. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Useful code segments. 15.2.1 KCPSM3 conventions. 15.2.2 Bit manipulation. 15.2.3 Multiple-byte manipulation. 15.2.4 Control structure. 15.3 Subroutine development. 15.4 Program development. 15.4.1 Demonstration example. 15.4.2 Program documentation. 15.5 Processing of assembly code. 15.5.1 Compiling with KCSPM3. 15.5.2 Simulation by PBlazeIDE. 15.5.3 Reload code via JTAG port. 15.5.4 Compiling by PBlazeIDE. 15.6 Syntheses with PicoBlaze. 15.7 Bibliographic notes. 15.8 Suggested experiments. 15.8.1 Signed multiplication. 15.8.2 Multi-bytes multiplication. 15.8.3 Barrel shift function. 15.8.4 Reverse function. 15.8.5 Binary-to-BCD conversion. 15.8.6 BCD-to-binary conversion. 15.8.7 Heartbeat circuit. 15.8.8 Rotating LED circuit. 15.8.9 Discrete LED dimmer. 16. PicoBlaze I/O Interface. 16.1 Overview. 16.2 Output port. 16.2.1 Output instruction and timing. 16.2.2 Output interface. 16.3 Input port. 16.3.1 Input instruction and timing. 16.3.2 Input interface. 16.4 Square program with switch and seven-segment LED display interface. 16.4.1 Output interface. 16.4.2 Input interface. 16.4.3 Assembly code development. 16.4.4 VHDL code development. 16.5 Square program with combinational multiplier and UART console. 16.5.1 Multiplier interface. 16.5.2 UART interface. 16.5.3 Assembly code development. 16.5.4 VHDL code development. 16.6 Bibliographic notes. 16.7 Suggested experiments. 16.7.1 Low-frequency counter I. 16.7.2 Low frequency counter II. 16.7.3 Auto-scaled low-frequency counter. 16.7.4 Basic reaction timer with software timer. 16.7.5 Basic reaction timer with hardware timer. 16.7.6 Enhanced reaction timer. 16.7.7 Small-screen mouse scribble circuit. 16.7.8 Full-screen mouse scribble circuit. 16.7.9 Enhanced rotating banner. 16.7.10 Pong game. 16.7.11 Text editor. 17. PicoBlaze Interrupt Interface. 17.1 Overview. 17.2 Interrupt handling in PicoBlaze. 17.2.1 Software processing. 17.2.2 Timing. 17.3 External interface. 17.3.1 Single interrupt request. 17.3.2 Multiple interrupt requests. 17.4 Software development considerations. 17.4.1 Interrupt as alternative scheduling scheme. 17.4.2 Development of interrupt service routine. 17.5 Design example. 17.5.1 interrupt interface. 17.5.2 Interrupt service routine development. 17.5.3 Assembly code development. 17.5.4 VHDL code development. 17.6 Bibliographic notes. 17.7 Suggested experiments. 17.7.1 Alternative timer interrupt service routine. 17.7.2 Programmable timer. 17.7.3 Set-button interrupt service routine. 17.7.4 Interrupt interface with two requests. 17.7.5 Four-request interrupt controller. Appendix A: Sample VHDL templates. A.1 General VHDL constructs. A.1.1 Overall code structure. A.1.2 Component instantiation. A.2 Combinational circuits. A.2.1 Arithmetic operations. A.2.2 Fixed-amount shift operations. A.2.3 Routing with concurrent statements. A.2.4 Routing with case and if statements. A.2.5 Combinational circuit using process. A.3 Memory Components. A.3.1 Register template. A.3.2 Register file. A.4 Regular sequential circuits. A.5 FSM. A.6 FSMD. A.7 S3 board constraint file (s3.ucf). References.

Read more less

Book Synopsis* Provides practical oriented system analysis and synthesis that is instructional and inspiring for engineers. * Topics cover major power conversion applications that tend to help professionals from a variety of industries. * Includes well designed and class tested homework and project assignments.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Smart Grid Distributed Generation Systems 1 2 Inverter Control Voltage and Current in Distributed Generation Systems 26 3 Parallel Operation of Inverters in Distributed Generation Systems 71 4 Power Converter Topologies for Distributed Generation Systems 105 5 Voltage and Current Control of a Three-Phase Four-Wire Distributed Generation (DG) Inverter in Island Mode 119 6 Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit 179 7 Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems 203 8 PWM Rectifier Control for Three-Phase Distributed Generation System 224 9 MATLAB Simulink Simulation Testbed 234 Appendix A: Simulink Model Dsimservo.Mdl 250 Appendix B: File Ssmode.M 267 Bibliography 293 Index 310

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn essential reference for deploying IPv6 in broadband networks With the exponential growth of the Internet and increasing number of end users, service providers are increasingly looking for ways to expand their networks to meet the scalability requirements of the growing number of Internet-ready appliances or always-on devices. This book bridges a gap in the literature by providing coverage of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), specifically in broadband access networks. The authors, who are Cisco Certified Internetworking Experts (CCIE), provide comprehensive and first-rate coverage of: IPv6 drivers in broadband networks IPv6 deployment in Cable, DSL, ETTH, and Wireless networks Configuring and troubleshooting IPv6 gateway routers and host Configuring and troubleshooting IPv6 edge routers Configuring and troubleshooting IPv6 provisioning servers The authors also discTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers xvi 1 IPv6 Drivers in Broadband Networks 1 1.1 IPv6-Based Services 2 1.2 Broadband Access Models 3 1.2.1 ISP-Operated Deployment Model 5 1.2.2 Wholesale Deployment Model 6 1.3 Summary 7 References 7 2 IPv6 Overview 9 2.1 IPv6 Protocol Basics 9 2.1.1 IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison 9 2.1.2 IPv6 Extension Headers 11 2.1.3 IPv6 Addressing 12 2.1.4 ICMPv6 19 2.1.5 Neighbor Discovery 20 2.1.6 Secure Neighbor Discovery 27 2.1.7 Provisioning 27 2.2 Summary 34 References 35 3 Deploying IPv6 in Cable Networks 37 3.1 Cable Network Elements 37 3.2 Cable Networks Today 38 3.2.1 Bridged CMTS Networks 39 3.2.2 Routed CMTS Networks 42 3.3 Summary 58 References 58 4 IPv6 Deployment in DSL, ETTH, and Wireless Networks 61 4.1 New Remote Access Architecture for IPv6 61 4.2 DSL Networks 61 4.2.1 DSL Network Elements 62 4.2.2 DSL Service Models 64 4.2.3 Protocol Considerations 67 4.2.4 DSL Network Access Technologies 69 4.2.5 PPP Options 70 4.2.6 Addressing and Routing 71 4.2.7 Routing Considerations 72 4.2.8 Routed Bridged Encapsulation 74 4.2.9 IPv6 Security in DSL Networks 74 4.3 Ethernet Networks 75 4.3.1 Ethernet Network Elements 76 4.3.2 Ethernet Deployment Options 76 4.3.3 Subscriber Identification 79 4.3.4 IPv6 Security in Ethernet Networks 79 4.4 IEEE 802.11A/B/G Wireless Networks 80 4.4.1 Wireless Network Elements 81 4.4.2 Layer2 NAP with Layer3 Termination at ER 81 4.4.3 Layer3-Aware NAP with Layer3 Termination at AR 84 4.4.4 IPv6 Security in Wireless Networks 85 4.5 Summary 85 References 86 5 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Gateway Routers and Hosts 89 5.1 IPv6 Support on Gateway Routers 91 5.2 IPv6 Support on Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2003 and 2008 95 5.2.1 IPv6 Deployment Options on Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2003 and 2008 96 5.3 IPv6 Support on Linux 105 5.3.1 Deploying IPv6 on Linux 105 5.4 IPv6 Support on MAC OS X 107 5.4.1 Enabling IPv6 on MAC OS X 108 5.4.2 Tunneling IPv6 on MAC OS X 109 5.5 PPPv6 Support on MAC OS X 110 5.6 IPv6 Support on Solaris 110 5.6.1 Manually Activating IPv6 on Solaris 111 5.6.2 Tunneling IPv6 on Solaris 111 5.7 Troubleshooting IPv6 on GWR and Hosts 113 5.8 Summary 115 References 115 6 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Edge Routers 117 6.1 IPv6 Configuration on the Edge Router 117 6.1.1 Enabling IPv6 on ER 117 6.1.2 Configuring ER Upstream Interfaces 118 6.1.3 Configuring SP ER Downstream Interfaces 124 6.2 Summary 154 References 155 7 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Provisioning Servers 157 7.1 IPv6 Support on DHCP Servers 157 7.1.1 DHCPv6 Support in a Cisco Network Registrar 157 7.1.2 Configuring DHCPv6 on CNR 158 7.1.3 Troubleshooting a CNR DHCPv6 Server 167 7.2 IPv6 Support on DNS Servers 170 7.2.1 IPv6 Support on a DNS Server in a Cisco Network Registrar 170 7.2.2 Configuring a CNR DNS Server for IPv6 170 7.2.3 Troubleshooting a CNR DNS Server 175 7.3 IPv6 Support on TFTP Servers 177 7.3.1 Enabling TFTPv6 on Solaris 10 177 7.3.2 Troubleshooting TFTPv6 179 7.4 IPv6 Support on AAA and RADIUS Servers 180 7.4.1 Generic AAA Configuration on an ER 181 7.5 Troubleshooting IPv6 on an ER and on RADIUS AAA Servers 186 7.5.1 Troubleshooting AAA and IPv6 Configurations on an ER 186 7.5.2 Troubleshooting User Profile and VSA Configurations on a RADIUS AAA Server 187 7.6 Summary 188 References 189 8 Conclusion 191 8.1 IPv6 Addressing Considerations 191 8.2 IPv4-IPv6 and IPv6-IPv6 Interworking 192 8.3 Subscriber Logging 192 8.4 Recovery Options 193 8.5 Summary 194 Appendix A IPv6 Case Study 195 Appendix B DHCPv6 Message Types and Option Codes 207 Index 211

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresents primary hardware-based computer security approaches in an easy-to-read toolbox format Protecting valuable personal information against theft is a mission-critical component of today''s electronic business community. In an effort to combat this serious and growing problem, the Intelligence and Defense communities have successfully employed the use of hardware-based security devices. This book provides a road map of the hardware-based security devices that can defeatand preventattacks by hackers. Beginning with an overview of the basic elements of computer security, the book covers: Cryptography Key generation and distribution The qualities of security solutions Secure co-processors Secure bootstrap loading Secure memory management and trusted execution technology Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPTrade Review“The experienced editors have written an easily comprehended book that is international in scope, and covers the last 25 years in computer and telecommunications developments and the Web.” (CHOICE, April 2010) Table of Contents1. The Elements of Computer Security. 2. Cryptography Approaches and Attacks. 3. Key Generation and Distribution Approaches and Attacks. 4. The Qualities of Workable Security Solutions. 5. Secure Coprocessors. 6. Secure bootstrap Loading. 7. Secure Memory Management and Trusted Execution Technology. 8. The Trusted Platform Module. 9. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. 10. Hardware-Based Authentication. 11. A Closer Look At Biometrics. 12. Tokens: Something You Have. 13. Location Technologies. 14. Putting It All Together. Glossary. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhen Speech and Audio Signal Processing published in 1999, it stood out from its competition in its breadth of coverage and its accessible, intutiont-based style. This book was aimed at individual students and engineers excited about the broad span of audio processing and curious to understand the available techniques. Since then, with the advent of the iPod in 2001, the field of digital audio and music has exploded, leading to a much greater interest in the technical aspects of audio processing. This Second Edition will update and revise the original book to augment it with new material describing both the enabling technologies of digital music distribution (most significantly the MP3) and a range of exciting new research areas in automatic music content processing (such as automatic transcription, music similarity, etc.) that have emerged in the past five years, driven by the digital music revolution. New chapter topics include: PsychoacTable of ContentsPREFACE TO THE 2011 EDITION xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PART I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER 2 SYNTHETIC A UDIO: A BRIEF HISTORY 9 CHAPTER 3 SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW 21 CHAPTER 4 BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION 40 CHAPTER 5 SPEECH-RECOGNITION OVERVIEW 59 PART II MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER 6 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 73 CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL FILTERSAND DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 87 CHAPTER 8 PATTERN CLASSIFICATION 105 CHAPTER 9 STATISTICAL PATTERN CLASSIFICATION 124 PART III ACOUSTICS CHAPTER 10 WAVE BASICS 141 CHAPTER 11 ACOUSTIC TUBE MODELING OF SPEECH PRODUCTION 152 CHAPTER 12 MUSICAL INSTRUMENT ACOUSTICS 158 CHAPTER 13 ROOM ACOUSTICS 179 PART IV AUDITORY PERCEPTION CHAPTER 14 EAR PHYSIOLOGY 193 CHAPTER 15 PSYCHOACOUSTICS 209 CHAPTER 16 MODELS OF PITCH PERCEPTION 218 CHAPTER 17 SPEECH PERCEPTION 232 CHAPTER 18 HUMAN SPEECH RECOGNITION 250 PART V SPEECH FEATURES CHAPTER 19 THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AS A FILTER BANK 263 CHAPTER 20 THE CEPSTRUM AS A SPECTRAL ANALYZER 277 CHAPTER 21 LINEAR PREDICTION 286 PART VI A UTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION CHAPTER 22 FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR ASR 301 CHAPTER 23 LINGUISTIC CATEGORIES FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION 319 CHAPTER 24 DETERMINISTIC SEQUENCE RECOGNITION FOR ASR 337 CHAPTER 25 STATISTICAL SEQUENCE RECOGNITION 350 CHAPTER 26 STATISTICAL MODEL TRAINING 364 CHAPTER 27 DISCRIMINANT ACOUSTIC PROBABILITY ESTIMATION 381 CHAPTER 28 ACOUSTIC MODEL TRAINING: FURTHER TOPICS 394 CHAPTER 29 SPEECH RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING 416 PART VII SYNTHESIS AND CODING CHAPTER 30 SPEECH SYNTHESIS 431 CHAPTER 31 PITCH DETECTION 455 CHAPTER 32 VOCODERS 473 CHAPTER 33 LOW-RATE VOCODERS 493 CHAPTER 34 MEDIUM-RATE AND HIGH-RATE VOCODERS 505 CHAPTER 35 PERCEPTUAL A UDIO CODING 531 PART VIII OTHER APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 36 SOME ASPECTS OF COMPUTER MUSIC SYNTHESIS 553 CHAPTER 37 MUSIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS 567 CHAPTER 38 MUSIC RETRIEVAL 581 CHAPTER 39 SOURCE SEPARATION 59 CHAPTER 40 SPEECH TRANSFORMATIONS 617 CHAPTER 41 SPEAKER VERIFICATION 633 CHAPTER 42 SPEAKER DIARIZATION 644

Read more less

Book SynopsisDiscover the emerging science and engineering of System of Systems Many challenges of the twenty-first century, such as fossil fuel energy resources, require a new approach. The emergence of System of Systems (SoS) and System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) presents engineers and professionals with the potential for solving many of the challenges facing our world today. This groundbreaking book brings together the viewpoints of key global players in the field to not only define these challenges, but to provide possible solutions. Each chapter has been contributed by an international expert, and topics covered include modeling, simulation, architecture, the emergence of SoS and SoSE, net-centricity, standards, management, and optimization, with various applications to defense, transportation, energy, the environment, healthcare, service industry, aerospace, robotics, infrastructure, and information technology. The book has been complemented with several case studiTable of ContentsPreface ix About the Editor xi Contributors xiii 1. Introduction to System of Systems 1 Mo Jamshidi 2. An Open Systems Approach to System of Systems Engineering 21 Cyrus Azani 3. Engineering of a System of Systems 44 Gary D. Wells and Andrew P. Sage 4. System of Systems Architecting 77 Cihan H. Dagli and Nil Kilicay-Ergin 5. Modeling and Simulation for Systems of Systems Engineering 101 Saurabh Mittal, Bernard P. Zeigler, Jose L. Risco Martın, Ferat Sahin, and Mo Jamshidi 6. Net Centricity and System of Systems 150 Robert J. Cloutier, Michael J. DiMario, and Hans W. Polzer 7. Emergence in System of Systems 169 Charles B. Keating 8. System of Systems Management 191 Brian Sauser, John Boardman, and Alex Gorod 9. Systems Engineering for Department of Defense Systems of Systems 218 Judith S. Dahmann 10. Boeing's SoSE Approach to e-Enabling Commercial Airlines 232 George F. Wilber 11. System of Systems Perspectives on Infrastructures 257 Wil A.H. Thissen and Paulien M. Herder 12. Advances in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Case Study in System of Systems Perspective 275 Prasanna Sridhar, Asad M. Madni, and Mo Jamshidi 13. A System of Systems View of Services 293 James M. Tien 14. System of Systems Engineering in Space Exploration 317 Steven D. Jolly and Brian K. Muirhead 15. Communication and Navigation Networks in Space System of Systems 348 Kul B. Bhasin and Jeffrey L. Hayden 16. Operation and Control of Electrical Power Systems 385 Petr Korba and Ian A. Hiskens 17. Future Transportation Fuel System of Systems 409 Michael Duffy, Bobi Garrett, Cynthia Riley, and Debra Sandor 18. Sustainable Environmental Management from a System of Systems Engineering Perspective 443 Keith W. Hipel, Amer Obeidi, Liping Fang, and D. Marc Kilgour 19. Robotic Swarms as System of Systems 482 Ferat Sahin 20. Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Problem 520 Daniel A. DeLaurentis 21. Health Care System of Systems 542 Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Suresh Chalasani, Rajendra V. Boppana, and Asad M. Madni 22. System of Systems Engineering of GEOSS 551 Ryosuke Shibasaki and Jay S. Pearlman Author Index 573 Subject Index 576

Read more less

Book SynopsisMuch of project management writing addresses only the basics of time, cost, and scope management (or people and organizational issues) and fails to address the day-to-day nuances that become so important in practice. The reality is that there is far more than this to managing projects successfully.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. 1: Project Control (Peter Harpum). 2: Time and Cost (Asbjørn Rolstadås). 3: Critical Chain Project Management (Lawrence P. Leach). 4: Project Performance Measurement (Daniel M. Brandon). 5: Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Management (Stephen J. Simister). 6: Making Risk Management More Effective (Stephen Ward and Chris Chapman). 7: Improving Quality in Projects and Programs (Martina Huemann). 8: The Project Management Support Office (Martin Powell and James Young). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisComplete and systematic signal processing reference on VoIP Voice and Fax signal processing Covers several aspects of deployment and connecting practical aspects with the module and the algorithms. Shows the reader how to troubleshoot the problems discussed in the book.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xix About the Author xxi Preface xxiii Glossary xxvii 1 PSTN Basic Infrastructure, Interfaces, and Signals 1 1.1 PSTN CO and DLC 2 1.2 PSTN User Interfaces 3 1.3 Data Services on Telephone Lines 7 1.4 Power Levels and Digital Quantization for G.711 μA-Law 9 1.5 Significance of Power Levels on Listening 11 1.6 TR-57, IEEE-743, and TIA Standards Overview 13 2 VoIP Overview and Infrastructure 19 2.1 PSTN and VoIP 20 2.2 Typical VoIP Deployment Example 25 2.3 Network and Acoustic Interfaces for VoIP 26 2.4 VoIP Systems Working Principles 27 2.5 VoIP Signaling 41 3 Voice Compression 49 3.1 Compression Codecs 50 3.2 G.711 Compression 50 3.3 Speech Redundancies and Compression 60 3.4 G.726 or ADPCM Compression 60 3.5 Wideband Voice 62 3.6 G.729 Family of Low-Bit-Rate Codecs 63 3.7 Miscellaneous Narrow and Wideband Codecs 67 3.8 Codecs and Overload Levels 70 3.9 Voice Quality of Codecs 70 3.10 C-Source Code for Codecs 74 3.11 Codecs in VoIP Deployment 74 4 Generic VADCNG for Waveform codecs 76 4.1 VADCNG and Codecs 77 4.2 Generic VADCNG Functionality 78 4.3 Comfort Noise Payload Format 78 4.4 G.711 Appendix II VADCNG Algorithm 80 4.5 Power-Based VADCNG 83 4.6 VADCNG in Low-Bit-Rate Codecs 85 4.7 Miscellaneous Aspects of VADCNG 86 4.8 Summary on VADCNG 89 5 Packet Loss Concealment Techniques 91 5.1 Packet Loss Concealment Overview 91 5.2 Packet Loss Concealment Techniques 92 5.3 Transmitter- and Receiver-Based Techniques 94 5.4 Decoder-Only Based PLC Techniques 99 5.5 PLC Techniques Description 101 5.6 PLC for Low-Bit-Rate Codecs 108 5.7 PLC Testing 110 5.8 PLC Summary and Discussion 111 6 ECHO Cancellation 113 6.1 Talker and Listener Echo in PSTN Voice Call 114 6.2 Naming Conventions in Echo Canceller 119 6.3 Line and Acoustic Echo Canceller 120 6.4 Talker Echo Levels and Delay 123 6.5 Echo Cancellation in VoIP Adapters 127 6.6 Echo Path 131 6.7 Adaptation Filtering Algorithms 132 6.8 Echo Canceller Control Functions 137 6.9 Echo Cancellation in Multiple VoIP Terminals 144 6.10 Echo Canceller Testing 145 7 DTMF Detection, Generation, and Rejection 151 7.1 Specifications of DTMF Tones 152 7.2 DTMF Tones Generation 152 7.3 DTMF Detection 156 7.4 Goertzel Filtering with Linear Filtering 158 7.5 Tone Detection Using Teager and Kaiser Energy Operator 167 7.6 DFT or FFT Processing 171 7.7 DTMF Rejection 171 7.8 DTMF RFC2833 Processing 174 7.9 DTMF Testing 177 7.10 Summary and Discussions 178 8 Caller ID Features in VoIP 179 8.1 FSK Caller ID on PSTN 180 8.2 FSK Caller ID Data Transport Protocol 183 8.3 DTMF-Based Caller ID 188 8.4 Country-Specific Caller ID Overview 190 8.5 Caller ID in VoIP 191 8.6 Call Wait Caller ID 193 8.7 Caller ID on FXO Interfaces 198 8.8 Summary and Discussions 202 9 Wideband Voice Modules Operation 203 9.1 Wideband Voice Examples 204 9.2 Wideband VoIP Adapter 207 9.3 Wideband Voice Summary 214 10 Packetization—RTP, RTCP, and Jitter Buffer 215 10.1 Real-Time Protocol (RTP) 215 10.2 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) 218 10.3 VoIP Packet Impediments 219 10.4 Jitter Buffer 222 10.5 Adaptive Jitter Buffer 224 10.6 Adapting to Delay Variations 228 10.7 AJB Algorithms Overview 230 10.8 Adaptive Jitter Buffer Implementation Guidelines 239 10.9 Fixed Jitter Buffer Implementation Guidelines 241 11 VoIP Voice—Network Bit Rate Calculations 242 11.1 Voice Compression and Bit Rate Overview 243 11.2 Voice Payload and Headers 244 11.3 Ethernet, DSL, and Cable Interfaces for VoIP 245 11.4 VoIP Voice Packets on a DSL Interface 249 11.5 VoIP Voice Packets on a Cable Interface 249 11.6 Bit Rate Calculation for Different codecs 253 11.7 Bit Rate with VADCNG 253 11.8 Bit Rate with RTCP, RTCP-XR, and Signaling 254 11.9 Summary on VoIP Bit Rate 254 12 Clock Sources for VoIP Applications 257 12.1 PSTN Systems and Clocks 259 12.2 VoIP System Clock Options 259 12.3 Clock Timing Deviations Relating to VoIP Packets 263 12.4 Measuring Clock PPM 266 12.5 Clock Drift Influence on Voice and Fax Calls 268 13 VoIP Voice Testing 269 13.1 Basic Test Setup 269 13.2 First-Level VoIP Manual Tests 272 13.3 Analog Front-End Voice Transmission Tests 274 13.4 Telephone Line Monitor for Tones and Timing Characteristics 274 13.5 MOS—PSQM, PAMS, and PESQ Measurements 275 13.6 Bulk Calls for Stress Testing 276 13.7 Network Impediments Creation 277 13.8 VoIP Packets Analysis 278 13.9 Compliance Tests 278 13.10 VoIP Interoperability 278 13.11 Deployment Tests 279 13.12 Voice Quality Certifications 280 13.13 VoIP Speech Quality Tests by the ETSI 280 13.14 User Operational Considerations 281 14 Fax Operation on PSTN, Modulations, and Fax Messages 282 14.1 Fax Machine Overview 284 14.2 Fax Image Coding Schemes 286 14.3 Fax Modulation Rates 290 14.4 PSTN Fax Call Phases 291 14.5 Fax and Modem Tones Basics 300 14.6 Tones Detection 303 14.7 Fax Modulations and Demodulations 309 14.8 V.21 Fax Modem 311 14.9 V.27ter Fax Modem 313 14.10 V.29 Modem 318 14.11 V.17 Modem 321 14.12 V.34 Fax Modem 325 14.13 V.21 HDLC Framing and Deframing 326 14.14 HDLC Messages in ECM 331 14.15 Summary and Discussions on Fax 332 15 Fax Over IP and Modem Over IP 333 15.1 Fax over IP Overview 333 15.2 Fax over IP Benefits 336 15.3 Fax Basic Functionality and Detecting Fax Call 337 15.4 T.38 Fax Relay 339 15.5 Fax Pass-Through 346 15.6 Fax over IP Interoperability Challenges 348 15.7 Modem Basic Functions on PSTN 356 15.8 Migrating Modem Functions to IP 358 15.9 Guidelines for Fax and Modem Pass-Through in VoIP 362 15.10 VoIP Fax Tests 365 16 Fax Over IP Payload Formats and Bit Rate Calculations 371 16.1 Overview on T.38 and G.711 Pass-Through Bit Rate 372 16.2 G.711 Fax Pass-Through Bit Rate 374 16.3 T.38 Basic Payload Bytes for V.27ter, V.29, V.17, and V.34 374 16.4 Overview on Redundant and Duplicate Fax Packets 376 16.5 T.38 IFP Packets 378 16.6 IFP over TCP (TCPIPIFP) 381 16.7 IFP over UDP 382 16.8 T.38 UDPTL-Based Bit Rate Calculation with Redundancy 387 16.9 Fax UDPTL-Based Bit Rate on Ethernet and DSL Interfaces 388 16.10 T.38 Bit Rate Recommendations 392 17 Country Deviations of the PSTN Mapped to VoIP 393 17.1 Country-Specific Deviations 394 17.2 Country-Specific Deviations on VoIP Interfaces 396 17.3 Call Progress Tones for Multiple Countries 399 17.4 Call Progress Tone Detectors 404 18 Voice Packets Jitter with Large Data Packets 406 18.1 ATM Cells and Transmission 408 18.2 IPQoS and Queuing Jitter on an Interface 410 19 VoIP on Different Processors and Architectures 414 19.1 VoIP on Personal Computers 415 19.2 VoIP on PC Add-On Cards 416 19.3 VoIP on Dedicated Processors 417 19.4 Operating System Aspects on Different Platforms 419 19.5 Voice Processing Complexity 422 20 VoIP Voice Quality 425 20.1 Voice Quality Measurements 426 20.2 E-model-Based Voice Quality Estimation 435 20.3 VoIP Voice Quality Considerations 446 20.4 VoIP Voice Quality Summary 459 20.5 Voice Quality Monitoring and RTCP-XR 459 20.6 Summary and Discussions 463 21 VoIP Voice FAQs 464 22 Basic Fax and Fax Over IP FAQs 484 Index 517

Read more less

Book SynopsisWireless Broadband utilizes a reader-friendly approach to clearly explain the business, regulatory, and technology issues of the future market for wireless services. It covers broadband and the information society; drivers of broadband consumption; global wireless market analysis; broadband IP core networks; convergence; and contention and conflict. Complemented with more than eighty illustrations, this book provides unparalleled insight into the emerging technologies, service delivery options, applications, and digital content that will influence and shape the next phase of the wireless revolution.Trade Review"[The authors] provide an interesting historical perspective of the telecoms industry looking at how it has developed since the break-up of the Bell monopoly in 1956 … .An extremely informative, insightful and thought-provoking volume." (Engineering and Technology, February 2009)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Figures xxi INTRODUCTION 1 1 WHERE WE ARE—WIRELESS MEETS THE BROADBAND INTERNET 5 Where We Are 5 How We Got Here: Reintegration of the Telecom Oligopoly and Cracks in the Walled Gardens 6 Flexibility Comes to Wireless Spectrum 22 The Wireless Technology Diaspora 23 Cellular Carriers: Stuck on Stickiness 26 Managed Network Services: The Outsourced Network 30 Enhanced Broadband Voice 31 Fixed Mobile Convergence 33 Boundary Blurring 34 References 35 2 BROADBAND AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 37 Impact of Telecommunications on the Economy 39 Wireless Versus Wired Network Economics 40 Broadband Matters 42 So What of Broadband Wireless in All This? 42 How Does the United States Rank Against the Rest of the World? 44 Expansion of the DOI 47 References 49 3 GLOBAL WIRELESS MARKET ANALYSIS 51 Macro Trends 52 The Era of ‘‘Mass Specialization’’ 61 Review of Major Markets 68 The Developing World is Catching Up Rapidly 75 References 76 4 THE VIRTUAL DISPLACES THE PHYSICAL 77 From Circuits to Packets 78 ‘‘Lies, Damn Lies and Statistical Access Networks’’ 79 Moore’s Law Finally Reaches Telecom 80 The ‘‘New Broadband’’ Eclipses ‘‘Neo Broadband’’ 82 Regulatory and Public Policy Collide with Technology Shifts 83 References 87 5 CONVERGENCE FINALLY ARRIVES 89 The Quad Play: Voice, Data, Video, and Mobility 89 The Quad-Play Advantage 90 Fixed Mobile Convergence and Unlicensed Mobile Access 93 Broadband Market Overview 100 6 DRIVERS OF BROADBAND CONSUMPTION 105 Trends in Mobile and Converged Content Markets 105 User Interface 105 Handset Display Graphics 107 Mobile Video Content 109 Music 109 Audio 110 GPS/Location-Based Services 110 Messaging and Hosting 113 Internet 2/Web 2.0 Social Networking 115 User Device Form Factors 116 Processing Power 117 Data Management 117 Camera/Video Management 117 Mobile Advertising 118 Voice 119 Video 122 Video Compression Technologies 123 Fixed Digital Video Services 127 Traditional Data Services 131 SCADA (Supervision, Control, and Data Acquisition) 131 Gaming 132 Sensor Networks 132 7 THE EMERGING INFLUENCE OF THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY 135 Wireless Local Area Networks Grow Up and Out: Municipal WiFi 135 Organic WiFi Networks 138 Public Safety WiFi Derivative 140 License-Exempt Spectrum 140 The Coordinated ‘‘Shared Commons’’ 141 The WiFi Alliance 142 WiMAX Forum 143 8 ALWAYS BEST CONNECTED 145 Product Definition for Broadband Wireless Systems 145 Technology Drivers 146 Evolving Wireless Broadband Market Segments 150 Open Systems and Intelligence at the Edge 152 Radio Network System Engineering 153 References 154 9 BROADBAND IP CORE NETWORKS 155 User Authentication and Log-In 155 Provisioning 156 Fixed- and Mobile-Converged Services Over a Unified Packet Network 157 Fixed Broadband Wireless Networks 159 10 WIDEBAND 3G TO BROADBAND 4G—COLLISION AND CONVERGENCE OF STANDARDS 167 Collision of 3G and WiMAX Standards 168 3GPP and Long-Term Evolution 169 WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX 175 11 RADIO TECHNOLOGY—MOVING THE GOAL POSTS 191 Enabling Technologies 191 Generic Radio Devices 195 12 CONTENTION AND CONFLICT—REGULATORY, POLITICAL, FINANCIAL, AND STANDARDS BATTLES 199 Regulatory Drivers 200 Radio Spectrum Allocations 202 Radio Spectrum Auctions: A Failed Policy? 203 Financial Realities 205 The Standards Wars: Proprietary Versus Open Standards 207 The Many Faces of the Standards Process 208 13 CONCLUSION 213 Economic Growth 214 Public Policy 215 A WIRELESS BROADBAND GLOSSARY 217 B A SCENARIO OF A BROADBAND WIRELESS CUSTOMER, CIRCA 2012 231 2012 Scenario 231 C SPECTRUM TABLES—WIRELESS BROADBAND 235 Mobile Network Spectrum Allocations 235 Index 237 About the Authors 251

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe only book available on fuel cell modeling and control with distributed power generation applications The emerging fuel cell (FC) technology is growing rapidly in its applications from small-scale portable electronics to large-scale power generation. This book gives students, engineers, and scientists a solid understanding of the FC dynamic modeling and controller design to adapt FCs to particular applications in distributed power generation. The book begins with a fascinating introduction to the subject, including a brief history of the U.S. electric utility formation and restructuring. Next, it provides coverage of power deregulation and distributed generation (DG), DG types, fuel cell DGs, and the hydrogen economy. Building on that foundation, it covers: Principle operations of fuel cells Dynamic modeling and simulation of PEM and solid-oxide fuel cells Principle operations and modeling of electrolyzers Trade Review?Nehrir and Wang have written this guide for students, engineers and professionals on fuel cell modeling and their emergence as large-scale power generators.? ( Book News, September 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Background: A Brief History of U.S. Electric Utility Formation and Restructuring. 1.2 Power Deregulation and Distributed Generation. 1.3 DG Types. 1.4 Fuel Cell DG. 1.5 The Hydrogen Economy. 2 Principles of Operation of Fuel Cells. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Chemical and Thermal Energy of an Element. 2.3 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. 2.4 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Processes. 2.5 Energy Balance in Chemical Reactions. 2.6 The Nernst Equation. 2.7 Fuel Cell Basics. 2.8 Types of Fuel Cells. 2.9 Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit. 2.10 Capacitance of Double-Layer Charge Effect. 2.11 Summary. 3 Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of PEM Fuel Cells. 3.1 Introduction: Need for Fuel Cell Dynamic Models. 3.2 Nomenclature (PEMFC). 3.3 PEMFC Dynamic Model Development. 3.4 PEMFC Model Structure. 3.5 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model of PEMFC. 3.6 PEMFC Model Validation. 4 Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Nomenclature (SOFC). 4.3 SOFC Dynamic Model Development. 4.4 SOFC Dynamic Model Structure. 4.5 SOFC Model Response—Constant Fuel Flow Operation. 4.6 SOFC Model Response—Constant Fuel Utilization Operation. 5 Principles of Operation and Modeling of Electrolyzers. 5.1 Principle of Operation of Electrolyzers. 5.2 Dynamic Modeling of Electrolyzers. 5.3 Electrolyzer Model Implementation. 6 Power Electronic Interfacing Circuits for Fuel Cell Applications. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of Basic Power Electronic Switches. 6.3 ac/dc Rectifiers. 6.4 dc to dc Converters. 6.5 Three-Phase dc/ac Inverters. 7 Control of Grid-Connected Fuel Cell Power Generation Systems. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Grid-Connected System Configuration. 7.3 Controller Designs for dc/dc Converters and the Inverter. 7.4 Simulation Results. 7.5 Summary. 8 Control of Stand-Alone Fuel Cell Power Generation Systems. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 System Description and Control Strategy. 8.3 Load Transient Mitigation Control. 8.4 Simulation Results. 8.5 Summary. 9 Hybrid Fuel Cell Based Energy System Case Studies. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Hybrid Electronically Interfaced Systems. 9.3 Fuel Cells in Hybrid Combined Heat and Power Operation Mode. 9.4 Case Study I: A Hybrid Stand-Alone Wind–PV–FC System. 9.5 Case Study II: SOFC Efficiency Evaluation in Hybrid Operation Mode. 9.6 Summary. 10 Present Challenges and Future of Fuel Cells. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Fuel Cell System Operations. 10.3 Present Challenges and Opportunities. 10.4 U.S. Fuel Cell R&D Programs. 10.5 Future of Fuel Cells: A Summary and Authors Opinions. References. Appendix A Instruction for Running the PEMFC and SOFC Models and Their Distributed Generation Application Models. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe theory, design, construction, and operation of microbial fuel cells Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), devices in which bacteria create electrical power by oxidizing simple compounds such as glucose or complex organic matter in wastewater, represent a new and promising approach for generating power.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Energy needs. 1.2. Energy and the challenge of global climate change. 1.3. Bioelectricity generation using a microbial fuel cell --the process of electrogenesis. 1.4. MFCs and energy sustainability of the water infrastructure. 1.5. MFC technologies for wastewater treatment. 1.6. Renewable energy generation using MFCs. 1.7. Other applications of MFC technologies. 2. Exoelectrogens. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Mechanisms of electron transfer. 2.3. MFC studies using known exoelectrogenic strains. 2.4. Community analysis. 2.5. MFCs as tools for studying exoelectrogens. 3. Voltage generation. 3.1. Voltage and current. 3.2. Maximum voltages based on thermodynamic relationships. 3.3. Anode potentials and enzyme potentials. 3.4. Role of enzymes versus communities in setting anode potentials. 3.5. Voltage generation by fermentative bacteria? 4. Power generation. 4.1. Calculating power. 4.2. Coulombic and energy efficiency. 4.3. Polarization and power density curves. 4.4. Measuring internal resistance. 4.5. Chemical and electrochemical analysis of reactors. 5. Materials. 5.1. Finding low-cost, highly efficient materials. 5.2. Anode materials. 5.3. Membranes and separators (and chemical transport through them). 5.4. Cathode materials. 5.5. Long term stability of different materials. 6. Architecture. 6.1. General requirements. 6.2. Air-cathode MFCs. 6.3. Aqueous cathodes using dissolved oxygen. 6.4. Two chamber reactors with soluble catholytes or poised potentials. 6.5. Tubular packed bed reactors. 6.6. Stacked MFCs. 6.7. Metal catholytes. 6.8. Biohydrogen MFCs. 6.9. Towards a scaleable MFC architecture. 7. Kinetics and Mass transfer. 7.1. Kinetic or mass transfer models? 7.2. Boundaries on rate constants and bacterial characteristics. 7.3. Maximum power from a monolayer of bacteria. 7.4. Maximum rate of mass transfer to a biofilm. 7.5. Mass transfer per reactor volume. 8. MECs for hydrogen production. 8.1. Principle of operation. 8.2. MEC systems. 8.3. Hydrogen yields. 8.4. Hydrogen recovery. 8.5. Energy recovery. 8.6. Hydrogen losses. 8.7. Differences between the MEC and MFC systems. 9. MFCs for Wastewater Treatment. 9.1. Process trains for WWTPs. 9.2. Replacement of the biological treatment reactor with an MFC. 9.3. Energy balances for WWTPs. 9.4. Implications for reduced sludge generation. 9.5. Nutrient removal. 9.6. Electrogenesis versus methanogensis. 10. Other MFC Technologies. 10.1. Different applications for MFC-based technologies. 10.2. Sediment MFCs. 10.3. Enhanced sediment MFCs. 10.4. Bioremediation using MFC technologies. 11. Fun! 11.1 MFCs for new scientists and inventors. 11.2 Choosing your inoculum and media. 11.3 MFC materials: electrodes and membranes. 11.4 MFC architectures that are easy to build. 11.5 MFC reactors 11.6 Operation and assessment of MFCs. 12. Outlook. 12.1 MFCs yesterday and today. 12.2 Challenges for bringing MFCs to commercialization. 12.3 Accomplishments and outlook. Notation. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRANDOM DATA A TIMELY UPDATE OF THE CLASSIC BOOK ON THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF RANDOM DATA ANALYSIS First published in 1971, Random Data served as an authoritative book on the analysis of experimental physical data for engineering and scientific applications. This Fourth Edition features coverage of new developments in random data management and analysis procedures that are applicable to a broad range of applied fields, from the aerospace and automotive industries to oceanographic and biomedical research. This new edition continues to maintain a balance of classic theory and novel techniques. The authors expand on the treatment of random data analysis theory, including derivations of key relationships in probability and random process theory. The book remains unique in its practical treatment of nonstationary data analysis and nonlinear system analysis, presenting the latest techniques on modern data acquisition, storage, conversion, and qualifiTable of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Glossary of Symbols xix 1. Basic Descriptions and Properties 1 1.1. Deterministic Versus Random Data 1 1.2. Classifications of Deterministic Data 3 1.2.1. Sinusoidal Periodic Data 3 1.2.2. Complex Periodic Data 4 1.2.3. Almost-Periodic Data 6 1.2.4. Transient Nonperiodic Data 7 1.3. Classifications of Random Data 8 1.3.1. Stationary Random Data 9 1.3.2. Ergodic Random Data 11 1.3.3. Nonstationary Random Data 12 1.3.4. Stationary Sample Records 12 1.4. Analysis of Random Data 13 1.4.1. Basic Descriptive Properties 13 1.4.2. Input/Output Relations 19 1.4.3. Error Analysis Criteria 21 1.4.4. Data Analysis Procedures 23 2. Linear Physical Systems 25 2.1. Constant-Parameter Linear Systems 25 2.2. Basic Dynamic Characteristics 26 2.3. Frequency Response Functions 28 2.4. Illustrations of Frequency Response Functions 30 2.4.1. Mechanical Systems 30 2.4.2. Electrical Systems 39 2.4.3. Other Systems 41 2.5. Practical Considerations 41 3. Probability Fundamentals 45 3.1. One Random Variable 45 3.1.1. Probability Density and Distribution Functions 46 3.1.2. Expected Values 49 3.1.3. Change of Variables 50 3.1.4. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 52 3.1.5. Chebyshev’s Inequality 53 3.2. Two Random Variables 54 3.2.1. Expected Values and Correlation Coefficient 55 3.2.2. Distribution for Sum of Two Random Variables 56 3.2.3. Joint Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 57 3.3. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 59 3.3.1. Central Limit Theorem 60 3.3.2. Joint Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 62 3.3.3. Moment-Generating and Characteristic Functions 63 3.3.4. N-Dimensional Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 64 3.4. Rayleigh Distribution 67 3.4.1. Distribution of Envelope and Phase for Narrow Bandwidth Data 67 3.4.2. Distribution of Output Record for Narrow Bandwidth Data 71 3.5. Higher Order Changes of Variables 72 4. Statistical Principles 79 4.1. Sample Values and Parameter Estimation 79 4.2. Important Probability Distribution Functions 82 4.2.1. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 82 4.2.2. Chi-Square Distribution 83 4.2.3. The t Distribution 84 4.2.4. The F Distribution 84 4.3. Sampling Distributions and Illustrations 85 4.3.1. Distribution of Sample Mean with Known Variance 85 4.3.2. Distribution of Sample Variance 86 4.3.3. Distribution of Sample Mean with Unknown Variance 87 4.3.4. Distribution of Ratio of Two Sample Variances 87 4.4. Confidence Intervals 88 4.5. Hypothesis Tests 91 4.5.1. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 94 4.5.2. Nonparametric Trend Test 96 4.6. Correlation and Regression Procedures 99 4.6.1. Linear Correlation Analysis 99 4.6.2. Linear Regression Analysis 102 5. Stationary Random Processes 109 5.1. Basic Concepts 109 5.1.1. Correlation (Covariance) Functions 111 5.1.2. Examples of Autocorrelation Functions 113 5.1.3. Correlation Coefficient Functions 115 5.1.4. Cross-Correlation Function for Time Delay 116 5.2. Spectral Density Functions 118 5.2.1. Spectra via Correlation Functions 118 5.2.2. Spectra via Finite Fourier Transforms 126 5.2.3. Spectra via Filtering–Squaring–Averaging 129 5.2.4. Wavenumber Spectra 132 5.2.5. Coherence Functions 134 5.2.6. Cross-Spectrum for Time Delay 135 5.2.7. Location of Peak Value 137 5.2.8. Uncertainty Relation 138 5.2.9. Uncertainty Principle and Schwartz Inequality 140 5.3. Ergodic and Gaussian Random Processes 142 5.3.1. Ergodic Random Processes 142 5.3.2. Sufficient Condition for Ergodicity 145 5.3.3. Gaussian Random Processes 147 5.3.4. Linear Transformations of Random Processes 149 5.4. Derivative Random Processes 151 5.4.1. Correlation Functions 151 5.4.2. Spectral Density Functions 154 5.5. Level Crossings and Peak Values 155 5.5.1. Expected Number of Level Crossings per Unit Time 155 5.5.2. Peak Probability Functions for Narrow Bandwidth Data 159 5.5.3. Expected Number and Spacing of Positive Peaks 161 5.5.4. Peak Probability Functions for Wide Bandwidth Data 162 5.5.5. Derivations 164 6. Single-Input/Output Relationships 173 6.1. Single-Input/Single-Output Models 173 6.1.1. Correlation and Spectral Relations 173 6.1.2. Ordinary Coherence Functions 180 6.1.3. Models with Extraneous Noise 183 6.1.4. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 187 6.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Models 190 6.2.1. Single-Input/Two-Output Model 191 6.2.2. Single-Input/Multiple-Output Model 192 6.2.3. Removal of Extraneous Noise 194 7. Multiple-Input/Output Relationships 201 7.1. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 201 7.1.1. General Relationships 202 7.1.2. General Case of Arbitrary Inputs 205 7.1.3. Special Case of Mutually Uncorrelated Inputs 206 7.2. Two-Input/One-Output Models 207 7.2.1. Basic Relationships 207 7.2.2. Optimum Frequency Response Functions 210 7.2.3. Ordinary and Multiple Coherence Functions 212 7.2.4. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 213 7.2.5. Partial Coherence Functions 219 7.3. General and Conditioned Multiple-Input Models 221 7.3.1. Conditioned Fourier Transforms 223 7.3.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 224 7.3.3. Optimum Systems for Conditioned Inputs 225 7.3.4. Algorithm for Conditioned Spectra 226 7.3.5. Optimum Systems for Original Inputs 229 7.3.6. Partial and Multiple Coherence Functions 231 7.4. Modified Procedure to Solve Multiple-Input/Single-Output Models 232 7.4.1. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 234 7.4.2. Formulas for Three-Input/Single-Output Models 235 7.5. Matrix Formulas for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Models 237 7.5.1. Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Model 238 7.5.2. Multiple-Input/Single-Output Model 241 7.5.3. Model with Output Noise 243 7.5.4. Single-Input/Single-Output Model 245 8. Statistical Errors in Basic Estimates 249 8.1. Definition of Errors 249 8.2. Mean and Mean Square Value Estimates 252 8.2.1. Mean Value Estimates 252 8.2.2. Mean Square Value Estimates 256 8.2.3. Variance Estimates 260 8.3. Probability Density Function Estimates 261 8.3.1. Bias of the Estimate 263 8.3.2. Variance of the Estimate 264 8.3.3. Normalized rms Error 265 8.3.4. Joint Probability Density Function Estimates 265 8.4. Correlation Function Estimates 266 8.4.1. Bandwidth-Limited Gaussian White Noise 269 8.4.2. Noise-to-Signal Considerations 270 8.4.3. Location Estimates of Peak Correlation Values 271 8.5. Autospectral Density Function Estimates 273 8.5.1. Bias of the Estimate 274 8.5.2. Variance of the Estimate 278 8.5.3. Normalized rms Error 278 8.5.4. Estimates from Finite Fourier Transforms 280 8.5.5. Test for Equivalence of Autospectra 282 8.6. Record Length Requirements 284 9. Statistical Errors in Advanced Estimates 289 9.1. Cross-Spectral Density Function Estimates 289 9.1.1. Variance Formulas 292 9.1.2. Covariance Formulas 293 9.1.3. Phase Angle Estimates 297 9.2. Single-Input/Output Model Estimates 298 9.2.1. Bias in Frequency Response Function Estimates 300 9.2.2. Coherent Output Spectrum Estimates 303 9.2.3. Coherence Function Estimates 305 9.2.4. Gain Factor Estimates 308 9.2.5. Phase Factor Estimates 310 9.3. Multiple-Input/Output Model Estimates 312 10. Data Acquisition and Processing 317 10.1. Data Acquisition 318 10.1.1. Transducer and Signal Conditioning 318 10.1.2. Data Transmission 321 10.1.3. Calibration 322 10.1.4. Dynamic Range 324 10.2. Data Conversion 326 10.2.1. Analog-to-Digital Converters 326 10.2.2. Sampling Theorems for Random Records 328 10.2.3. Sampling Rates and Aliasing Errors 330 10.2.4. Quantization and Other Errors 333 10.2.5. Data Storage 335 10.3. Data Qualification 335 10.3.1. Data Classification 336 10.3.2. Data Validation 340 10.3.3. Data Editing 345 10.4. Data Analysis Procedures 349 10.4.1. Procedure for Analyzing Individual Records 349 10.4.2. Procedure for Analyzing Multiple Records 351 11. Data Analysis 359 11.1. Data Preparation 359 11.1.1. Data Standardization 360 11.1.2. Trend Removal 361 11.1.3. Digital Filtering 363 11.2. Fourier Series and Fast Fourier Transforms 366 11.2.1. Standard Fourier Series Procedure 366 11.2.2. Fast Fourier Transforms 368 11.2.3. Cooley–Tukey Procedure 374 11.2.4. Procedures for Real-Valued Records 376 11.2.5. Further Related Formulas 377 11.2.6. Other Algorithms 378 11.3. Probability Density Functions 379 11.4. Autocorrelation Functions 381 11.4.1. Autocorrelation Estimates via Direct Computations 381 11.4.2. Autocorrelation Estimates via FFT Computations 381 11.5. Autospectral Density Functions 386 11.5.1. Autospectra Estimates by Ensemble Averaging 386 11.5.2. Side-Lobe Leakage Suppression Procedures 388 11.5.3. Recommended Computational Steps for Ensemble-Averaged Estimates 395 11.5.4. Zoom Transform Procedures 396 11.5.5. Autospectra Estimates by Frequency Averaging 399 11.5.6. Other Spectral Analysis Procedures 403 11.6. Joint Record Functions 404 11.6.1. Joint Probability Density Functions 404 11.6.2. Cross-Correlation Functions 405 11.6.3. Cross-Spectral Density Functions 406 11.6.4. Frequency Response Functions 407 11.6.5. Unit Impulse Response (Weighting) Functions 408 11.6.6. Ordinary Coherence Functions 408 11.7. Multiple-Input/Output Functions 408 11.7.1. Fourier Transforms and Spectral Functions 409 11.7.2. Conditioned Spectral Density Functions 409 11.7.3. Three-Input/Single-Output Models 411 11.7.4. Functions in Modified Procedure 414 12. Nonstationary Data Analysis 417 12.1. Classes of Nonstationary Data 417 12.2. Probability Structure of Nonstationary Data 419 12.2.1. Higher Order Probability Functions 420 12.2.2. Time-Averaged Probability Functions 421 12.3. Nonstationary Mean Values 422 12.3.1. Independent Samples 424 12.3.2. Correlated Samples 425 12.3.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 427 12.4. Nonstationary Mean Square Values 429 12.4.1. Independent Samples 429 12.4.2. Correlated Samples 431 12.4.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 432 12.5. Correlation Structure of Nonstationary Data 436 12.5.1. Double-Time Correlation Functions 436 12.5.2. Alternative Double-Time Correlation Functions 437 12.5.3. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 439 12.6. Spectral Structure of Nonstationary Data 442 12.6.1. Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 443 12.6.2. Alternative Double-Frequency Spectral Functions 445 12.6.3. Frequency Time Spectral Functions 449 12.6.4. Analysis Procedures for Single Records 456 12.7. Input/Output Relations for Nonstationary Data 462 12.7.1. Nonstationary Input and Time-Varying Linear System 463 12.7.2. Results for Special Cases 464 12.7.3. Frequency–Time Spectral Input/Output Relations 465 12.7.4. Energy Spectral Input/Output Relations 467 13. The Hilbert Transform 473 13.1. Hilbert Transforms for General Records 473 13.1.1. Computation of Hilbert Transforms 476 13.1.2. Examples of Hilbert Transforms 477 13.1.3. Properties of Hilbert Transforms 478 13.1.4. Relation to Physically Realizable Systems 480 13.2. Hilbert Transforms for Correlation Functions 484 13.2.1. Correlation and Envelope Definitions 484 13.2.2. Hilbert Transform Relations 486 13.2.3. Analytic Signals for Correlation Functions 486 13.2.4. Nondispersive Propagation Problems 489 13.2.5. Dispersive Propagation Problems 495 13.3. Envelope Detection Followed by Correlation 498 14. Nonlinear System Analysis 505 14.1. Zero-Memory and Finite-Memory Nonlinear Systems 505 14.2. Square-Law and Cubic Nonlinear Models 507 14.3. Volterra Nonlinear Models 509 14.4. SI/SO Models with Parallel Linear and Nonlinear Systems 510 14.5. SI/SO Models with Nonlinear Feedback 512 14.6. Recommended Nonlinear Models and Techniques 514 14.7. Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 515 14.7.1. Analysis for SDOF Linear System 516 14.7.2. Analysis for Duffing SDOF Nonlinear System 518 14.8. Nonlinear Drift Force Model 520 14.8.1. Basic Formulas for Proposed Model 521 14.8.2. Spectral Decomposition Problem 523 14.8.3. System Identification Problem 524 Bibliography 527 Appendix A: Statistical Tables 533 Appendix B: Definitions for Random Data Analysis 545 List of Figures 557 List of Tables 565 List of Examples 567 Answers to Problems in Random Data 571 Index 599

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise guide to the IP Multicast technology and its applications. It is an updated survey of the field with the underlying focus on IP-based Television (IPTV), and Digital Video Broadcast - Handheld (DVB-H) applications. Written by a well-known author with a proven track record in this field. .Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Author xv 1 Introduction to Ip Multicast 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Why Multicast Protocols are Wanted/Needed 3 1.3 Basic Multicast Protocols and Concepts 5 1.4 IPTV and DVB-H Applications 11 1.5 Course of Investigation 21 Appendix 1.A: Multicast IETF Request for Comments 21 Appendix 1.B: Multicast Bibliography 23 References 23 2 Multicast Addressing for Payload 26 2.1 IP Multicast Addresses 26 2.1.1 Limited Scope Addresses 29 2.1.2 GLOP Addressing 30 2.1.3 Generic IPv4 Addressing 30 2.2 Layer 2 Multicast Addresses 31 2.2.1 Ethernet MAC Address Mapping 31 2.3 MPEG-Layer Addresses 33 References 38 3 Multicast Payload Forwarding 39 3.1 Multicasting on a LAN Segment 40 3.2 Multicasting between Network Segments 40 3.3 Multicast Distribution Trees 41 3.4 Multicast Forwarding: Reverse Path Forwarding 47 3.5 Multicast Forwarding: Center-Based Tree Algorithm 48 3.6 Implementing IP Multicast in a Network 49 References 50 4 Dynamic Host Registration—internet Group Management Protocol 51 4.1 IGMP Messages 52 4.2 IGMPv3 Messages 55 4.3 IGMP Operation 61 Appendix 4.A: Protocol Details for IGMPv 2 63 4.A.1 Overview 63 4.A.2 Protocol Description 64 4.A.3 Receiver (Host) State Diagram 65 4.A.4 Router State Diagram 69 Appendix 4.B: IGMP Snooping Switches 72 Appendix 4.C: Example of Router Configurations 76 References 77 5 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Protocol Independent Multicast 78 5.1 Introduction to PIM 79 5.2 PIM SM Details 83 5.2.1 Approach 86 5.2.2 PIM SM Protocol Overview 86 5.2.3 Detailed Protocol Description 94 5.2.4 Packet Formats 114 References 124 6 Multicast Routing—sparse-mode Protocols: Core-based Trees 125 6.1 Motivation 126 6.2 Basic Operation 127 6.3 CBT Components and Functions 129 6.3.1 CBT Control Message Retransmission Strategy 131 6.3.2 Nonmember Sending 131 6.4 Core Router Discovery 131 6.5 Protocol Specification Details 132 6.5.1 CBT HELLO Protocol 133 6.5.2 JOIN_REQUEST Processing 134 6.5.3 JOIN_ACK Processing 135 6.5.4 QUIT_NOTIFICATION Processing 135 6.5.5 ECHO_REQUEST Processing 136 6.5.6 ECHO_REPLY Processing 137 6.5.7 FLUSH_TREE Processing 137 6.5.8 Nonmember Sending 138 6.5.9 Timers and Default Values 138 6.5.10 CBT Packet Formats and Message Types 138 6.5.11 Core Router Discovery 142 6.6 CBT Version 3 145 6.6.1 The First Step: Joining the Tree 145 6.6.2 Transient State 146 6.6.3 Getting ‘‘On Tree’’ 146 6.6.4 Pruning and Prune State 147 6.6.5 The Forwarding Cache 147 6.6.6 Packet Forwarding 148 6.6.7 The ‘‘Keepalive’’ Protocol 148 6.6.8 Control Message Precedence and Forwarding Criteria 149 6.6.9 Broadcast LANs 149 6.6.10 The ‘‘all-cbt-routers’’ Group 150 6.6.11 Nonmember Sending 150 References 151 7 Multicast Routing—dense-mode Protocols: Pim Dm 152 7.1 Overview 152 7.2 Basic PIM DM Behavior 153 7.3 Protocol Specification 155 7.3.1 PIM Protocol State 156 7.3.2 Data Packet Forwarding Rules 158 7.3.3 Hello Messages 159 7.3.4 PIM DM Prune, Join, and Graft Messages 160 7.3.5 State Refresh 170 7.3.6 PIM Assert Messages 175 7.3.7 PIM Packet Formats 182 References 184 8 other Dense-mode Multicast Routing Protocols: Dvmrp and Mospf 185 8.1 Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm 185 8.1.1 Overview 185 8.1.2 Basic DVMRP Operation 186 8.2 Multicast OSPF 190 References 193 9 IP MULTICASTING IN IPv6 ENVIRONMENTS 194 9.1 Opportunities Offered by IPv 6 194 9.2 Introductory Overview of IPv 6 196 9.2.1 IPv6 Benefits 197 9.2.2 Traditional Addressing Classes for IPv 4 198 9.2.3 Network Address Translation Issues in IPv 4 199 9.2.4 IPv6 Address Space 200 9.2.5 Basic Protocol Constructs 201 9.2.6 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 204 9.3 Migration and Coexistence 208 9.4 Multicast with IPv 6 211 9.4.1 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 211 9.4.2 MAC Layer Addresses 211 9.4.3 Signaling 213 9.4.4 RP Approaches 213 References 213 10 Multicast Listener Discovery 215 10.1 Overview of MLDv 1 216 10.2 Message Format 216 10.3 Protocol Description 218 10.4 Node State Transition Diagram 220 10.5 Router State Transition Diagram 223 10.6 Overview of MLDv 2 226 10.6.1 Protocol Overview 227 10.6.2 Building Multicast Listening State on Multicast Address Listeners 228 10.6.3 Exchanging Messages between the Querier and the Listening Nodes 228 10.6.4 Building Multicast Address Listener State on Multicast Routers 230 10.7 Source Filtering 232 References 233 11 Iptv Applications 234 11.1 Overview and Motivation 234 11.2 Basic Architecture 236 11.2.1 Content Aggregation Subsystem 244 11.2.2 Uniform Transcoding Subsystem 245 11.2.3 Conditional-Access Management Subsystem 251 11.2.4 Encapsulation Subsystem 258 11.2.5 Long-Haul Distribution Subsystem 262 11.2.6 Local Distribution Subsystem 264 11.2.7 Middleware Subsystem 267 11.2.8 Set-Top Boxes 267 11.2.9 Catcher (for VoD Services) 269 Appendix 11.A: Serial Digital Interface Basics 269 Appendix 11.B: MPEG Basics 271 11.B.1 MPEG-2 Transport/Multiplexing Mechanisms 271 11.B.2 IPTV/IP Transmission over TS Logical Channels 279 11.B.3 Compression Technology 281 Appendix 11.C: Encapsulation for Transmission of IP Datagrams over MPEG-2/DVB Networks 298 References 300 12 Dvb-h: High-quality TV to Cell Phones 303 12.1 Background and Motivation 304 12.2 Basic DVB-H Technology 311 12.2.1 DVB-H Mobile Devices 315 Appendix 12.A: Open Mobile Video Coalition Efforts 317 References 318 Glossary 319 Index 349

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe latest practical applications of electricity market equilibrium models in analyzing electricity markets Electricity market deregulation is driving the power energy production from a monopolistic structure into a competitive market environment. The development of electricity markets has necessitated the need to analyze market behavior and power. Restructured Electric Power Systems reviews the latest developments in electricity market equilibrium models and discusses the application of such models in the practical analysis and assessment of electricity markets. Drawing upon the extensive involvement in the research and industrial development of the leading experts in the subject area, the book starts by explaining the current developments of electrical power systems towards smart grids and then relates the operation and control technologies to the aspects in electricity markets. It explores: The problems of electricity market behavior and marTrade Review"Restructured Electric Power Systems is an invaluable reference for electrical engineers and power system economists from power utilities and for professors, postgraduate students, and undergraduate students in electrical power engineering, as well as those responsible for the design, engineering, research, and development of competitive electricity markets and electricity market policy." (PR-inside.com, 28 October 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS (Xiao-Ping Zhang). 1.1 Introduction of Electric Power Systems. 1.2 Electric Power Generation. 1.3 Structure of Electric Power Systems. 1.4 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission. 1.5 Modeling of Electric Power Systems. 1.6 Power Flow Analysis. 1.7 Optimal Operation of Electric Power Systems. 1.8 Operation and Control of Electric Power Systems—SCADA/EMS. 1.9 Active Power and Frequency Control. 1.10 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management. 1.11 Applications of Power Electronics to Power System Control. References. 2 RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS (Kwok W. Cheung, Gary W. Rosenwald, Xing Wang, and David I. Sun). 2.1 History of Electric Power Systems Restructuring. 2.2 Structure of Electricity Markets. 2.3 Design of Electricity Markets. 2.4 Operation of Electricity Markets. 2.5 Computation Tools for Electricity Markets. 2.6 Final Remarks. References. 3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS AND MARKET POWER ANALYSIS (Xiao-Ping Zhang). 3.1 Game Theory and Its Applications. 3.2 Electricity Markets and Market Power. 3.3 Market Power Monitoring, Modeling, and Analysis. 3.4 Application of the Equilibrium Models in the Electricity Markets. 3.5 Computational Tools for Electricity Market Equilibrium Modeling and Market Power Analysis. 3.6 Solution Techniques for MPECs. 3.7 Solution Techniques for EPECs. 3.8 Technical Challenges for Solving MPECs and EPECs. 3.9 Software Resources for Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization. References. 4 COMPUTING THE ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM: USES OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MODELS (Ross Baldick). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Model Formulation. 4.3 Market Operation and Price Formation. 4.4 Equilibrium Defi nition. 4.5 Computation. 4.6 Diffi culties with Equilibrium Models. 4.7 Uses of Equilibrium Models. 4.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgment. References. 5 HYBRID BERTRAND-COURNOT MODELS OF ELECTRICITY MARKETS WITH MULTIPLE STRATEGIC SUBNETWORKS AND COMMON KNOWLEDGE CONSTRAINTS (Jian Yao, Shmuel S. Oren, and Benjamin F. Hobbs). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Role of the ISO. 5.3 The Hybrid Subnetwork Model. 5.4 Numerical Example for the Subnetworks Model. 5.5 Bertrand Model with Common Knowledge Constraints. 5.6 Numerical Example of Equilibrium with Common Knowledge Constraints. 5.7 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 6 ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM WITH REACTIVE POWER CONTROL (Xiao-Ping Zhang). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 AC Power Flow Model in the Rectangular Coordinates. 6.3 Electricity Market Analysis Using AC Optimal Power Flow in the Rectangular Coordinates. 6.4 Electricity Market Equilibrium Analysis. 6.5 Computing the Electricity Market Equilibrium with AC Network Model. 6.6 Implementation Issues of Electricity Market Equilibrium Analysis with AC Network Model. 6.7 Numerical Examples. 6.8 Conclusions. 6.9 Appendix. Acknowledgments. References. 7 USING MARKET SIMULATIONS FOR ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF TRANSMISSION UPGRADES: APPLICATION OF THE CALIFORNIA ISO APPROACH (Mohamed Labib Awad, Keith E. Casey, Anna S. Geevarghese, Jeffrey C. Miller, A. Farrokh Rahimi, Anjali Y. Sheffrin, Mingxia Zhang, Eric Toolson, Glenn Drayton, Benjamin F. Hobbs, and Frank A. Wolak). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Five Principles. 7.3 Palo Verde-Devers NO. 2 Study. 7.4 Recent Applications of Team to Renewables. 7.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by two of the best-known experts in the field, Clustering is the only thoroughly comprehensive text on the subject currently available. The book looks at the full range of clustering and provides enough detail to allow users to select the method that best fits their application.Trade Review“This book provides a comprehensive and thorough presentation of this research area, describing some of the most important clustering algorithms proposed in research literature.” (Computing Reviews, June 2009) "The book covers a lot of ground in a relatively small number of pages, and should work well as a learning tool and reference." (Computing Reviews, May 28, 2009)Table of ContentsPREFACE. 1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS. 1.1. Classifi cation and Clustering. 1.2. Defi nition of Clusters. 1.3. Clustering Applications. 1.4. Literature of Clustering Algorithms. 1.5. Outline of the Book. 2. PROXIMITY MEASURES. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Feature Types and Measurement Levels. 2.3. Defi nition of Proximity Measures. 2.4. Proximity Measures for Continuous Variables. 2.5. Proximity Measures for Discrete Variables. 2.6. Proximity Measures for Mixed Variables. 2.7. Summary. 3. HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering. 3.3. Divisive Hierarchical Clustering. 3.4. Recent Advances. 3.5. Applications. 3.6. Summary. 4. PARTITIONAL CLUSTERING. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Clustering Criteria. 4.3. K-Means Algorithm. 4.4. Mixture Density-Based Clustering. 4.5. Graph Theory-Based Clustering. 4.6. Fuzzy Clustering. 4.7. Search Techniques-Based Clustering Algorithms. 4.8. Applications. 4.9. Summary. 5. NEURAL NETWORK–BASED CLUSTERING. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Hard Competitive Learning Clustering. 5.3. Soft Competitive Learning Clustering. 5.4. Applications. 5.5. Summary. 6. KERNEL-BASED CLUSTERING. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Kernel Principal Component Analysis. 6.3. Squared-Error-Based Clustering with Kernel Functions. 6.4. Support Vector Clustering. 6.5. Applications. 6.6. Summary. 7. SEQUENTIAL DATA CLUSTERING. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Sequence Similarity. 7.3. Indirect Sequence Clustering. 7.4. Model-Based Sequence Clustering. 7.5. Applications—Genomic and Biological Sequence. 7.6. Summary. 8. LARGE-SCALE DATA CLUSTERING. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Random Sampling Methods. 8.3. Condensation-Based Methods. 8.4. Density-Based Methods. 8.5. Grid-Based Methods. 8.6. Divide and Conquer. 8.7. Incremental Clustering. 8.8. Applications. 8.9. Summary. 9. DATA VISUALIZATION AND HIGH-DIMENSIONAL DATA CLUSTERING. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Linear Projection Algorithms. 9.3. Nonlinear Projection Algorithms. 9.4. Projected and Subspace Clustering. 9.5. Applications. 9.6. Summary. 10. CLUSTER VALIDITY. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. External Criteria. 10.3. Internal Criteria. 10.4. Relative Criteria. 10.5. Summary. 11. CONCLUDING REMARKS. PROBLEMS. REFERENCES. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFundamentals of Convolutional Coding is unmatched in the field for its accessible analysis of the structural properties of convolutional encoders.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why error control? 1 1.2 Block codes—a primer 8 1.3 Codes on graphs 21 1.4 A first encounter with convolutional codes 28 1.5 Block codes versus convolutional codes 35 1.6 Capacity limits and potential coding gain revisited 36 1.7 Comments 39 Problems 41 2 Convolutional encoders—Structural properties 49 2.1 Convolutional codes and their encoders 49 2.2 The Smith form of polynomial convolutional generator matrices 58 2.3 Encoder inverses 67 2.4 Encoder and code equivalences 76 2.5 Basic encoding matrices 79 2.6 Minimalbasic encoding matrices 82 2.7 Minimal encoding matrices and minimal encoders 90 2.8 Canonical encoding matrices* 109 2.9 Minimality via the invariantfactor theorem* 127 2.10 Syndrome formers and dual encoders 131 2.11 Systematic convolutional encoders 139 2.12 Some properties of generator matrices—an overview 150 2.13 Comments 150 Problems 152 3 Distance properties of convolutional codes 161 3.1 Distance measures—a first encounter 161 3.2 Active distances 171 3.3 Properties of convolutional codes via the active distances 179 3.4 Lower bound on the distance profile 181 3.5 Upper bounds on the free distance 186 3.6 Timevarying convolutional codes 191 3.7 Lower bound on the free distance 195 3.8 Lower bounds on the active distances* 200 3.9 Distances of cascaded concatenated codes* 207 3.10 Path enumerators 213 3.11 Comments 220 Problems 221 4 Decoding of convolutional codes 225 4.1 The Viterbi algorithm revisited 226 4.2 Error bounds for timeinvariant convolutional codes 235 4.3 Tighter error bounds for timeinvariant convolutional codes 250 4.4 Exact bit error probability for Viterbi decoding 255 4.5 The BCJR algorithm for APP decoding 271 4.6 The oneway algorithm for APP decoding 283 4.7 A simple upper bound on the bit error probability for extremely noisy channels 288 4.8 Tailbiting trellises 293 4.9 Decoding of tailbiting codes 302 4.10 BEAST decoding of tailbiting codes 308 4.11 Comments 323 Problems 324 5 Random ensemble bounds for decoding error probability 333 5.1 Upper bounds on the output error burst lengths 333 5.2 Bounds for periodically timevarying convolutional codes 345 5.3 Lower error probability bounds for convolutional codes 355 5.4 General bounds for timevarying convolutional codes 363 5.5 Bounds for finite backsearch limits 375 5.6 Quantization of channel outputs 379 5.7 Comments 384 Problems 384 6 List decoding 387 6.1 List decoding algorithms 388 6.2 List decoding—performance 391 6.3 The list minimum weight 397 6.4 Upper bounds on the probability of correct path loss 407 6.5 Lower bound on the probability of correct path loss 416 6.6 Correct path loss for timeinvariant convolutional codes 418 6.7 Comments 422 Problems 423 7 Sequential decoding 425 7.1 The Fano metric 426 7.2 The stack algorithm 431 7.3 The Fano algorithm 433 7.4 The Creeper algorithm* 436 7.5 Simulations 448 7.6 Computational analysis of the stack algorithm 450 7.7 Error probability analysis of the stack algorithm 460 7.8 Analysis of the Fano algorithm 471 7.9 Analysis of Creeper* 477 7.10 Comments 480 Problems 481 8 Lowdensity paritycheck codes 485 8.1 LDPC block codes 486 8.2 LDPC convolutional codes 496 8.3 Block and convolutional permutors 508 8.4 Lower bounds on distances of LDPC codes 517 8.5 Iterative decoding of LDPC codes 529 8.6 Iterative limits and thresholds 538 8.7 Braided block codes* 553 8.8 Comments 562 Problems 562 9 Turbo coding 567 9.1 Parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes 567 9.2 Distance bounds of turbo codes 570 9.3 Parallel concatenation of three and more convolution codes 573 9.4 Iterative decoding of turbo codes 582 9.5 Braided convolutional codes* 586 9.6 Comments 591 Problems 591 10 Convolutional codes with good distance properties 593 10.1 Computing the Viterbi spectrum using FAST 594 10.2 The magnificient BEAST 598 10.3 Some classes of rate R = 1=2 convolutional codes 604 10.4 Low rate convolutional codes 608 10.5 High rate convolutional codes 621 10.6 Tailbiting trellis encoders 622 10.7 Comments 622 Appendix A: Minimal encoders 627 Appendix B: Wald’s identity 635 References 647 Index 659

Read more less

Book Synopsis* Summarizes cutting-edge physical layer technologies for multi-mode wireless RF transceivers. * Includes original contributions from distinguished researchers and professionals. * Covers cutting-edge physical layer technologies for multi-mode wireless RF transceivers.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii I Transceiver Concepts and Design 1 1 Software-Defined Radio Front Ends 3 Jan Craninckx 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 System-Level Considerations 4 1.3 Wideband LO Synthesis 5 1.4 Receiver Building Blocks 12 1.5 Transmitter Building Blocks 23 1.6 Calibration Techniques 25 1.7 Full SDR Implementation 27 1.8 Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Software-Defined Transceivers 33 Gio Cafaro and Bob Stengel 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Radio Architectures 34 2.3 SDR Building Blocks 34 2.4 Example of an SDR Transceiver 54 References 60 3 Adaptive Multi-Mode RF Front-End Circuits 65 Aleksandar Tasic 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Adaptive Multi-Mode Low-Power Wireless RF IC Design 66 3.3 Multi-Mode Receiver Concept 68 3.4 Design of a Multi-Mode Adaptive RF Front End 70 3.5 Experimental Results for the Image-Reject Down-Converter 76 3.6 Conclusions 80 References 81 4 Precise Delay Alignment Between Amplitude and Phase/ Frequency Modulation Paths in a Digital Polar Transmitter 85 Khurram Waheed and Robert Bogdan Staszewski 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 RF Polar Transmitter in Nanoscale CMOS 87 4.3 Amplitude and Phase Modulation 90 4.4 Mechanisms to Achieve Subnanosecond Amplitude and Phase Modulation Path Alignments 96 4.5 Precise Alignment of Multi-Rate Direct and Reference Point Data 101 References 109 5 Overview of Front-End RF Passive Integration into SoCs 113 Hooman Darabi 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 The Concept of a Receiver Translational Loop 119 5.3 Feedforward Loop Nonideal Effects 122 5.4 Feedforward Receiver Circuit Implementations 125 5.5 Feedforward Receiver Experimental Results 129 5.6 Feedback Notch Filtering for a WCDMA Transmitter 133 5.7 Feedback-Based Transmitter Stability Analysis 138 5.8 Impacts of Nonidealities in Feedback-Based Transmission 141 5.9 Transmitter Building Blocks 148 5.10 Feedback-Based Transmitter Measurement Results 150 5.11 Conclusions and Discussion 153 Appendix 155 References 156 6 ADCs and DACs for Software-Defined Radio 159 Michiel Steyaert, Pieter Palmers, and Koen Cornelissens 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 ADC and DAC Requirements in Wireless Systems 160 6.3 Multi-Standard Transceiver Architectures 162 6.4 Evaluating Reconfigurability 165 6.5 ADCs for Software-Defined Radio 166 6.6 DACs for Software-Defined Radio 172 6.7 Conclusions 184 References 184 II Receiver Design 187 7 OFDM Transform-Domain Receivers for Multi-Standard Communications 189 Sebastian Hoyos 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Transform-Domain Receiver Background 190 7.3 Transform-Domain Sampling Receiver 191 7.4 Digital Baseband Design for the TD Receiver 195 7.5 A Comparative Study 204 7.6 Simulations 208 7.7 Gain–Bandwidth Product Requirement for an Op-Amp in a Charge-Sampling Circuit 211 7.8 Sparsity of (GHG)−1 213 7.9 Applications 214 7.10 Conclusions 215 References 216 8 Discrete-Time Processing of RF Signals 219 Renaldi Winoto and Borivoje Nikolic 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Scaling of an MOS Switch 221 8.3 Sampling Mixer 223 8.4 Filter Synthesis 226 8.5 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Filters 234 8.6 Circuit-Design Considerations 237 8.7 Perspective and Outlook 242 References 244 9 Oversampled ADC Using VCO-Based Quantizers 247 Matthew Z. Straayer and Michael H. Perrott 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 VCO-Quantizer Background 248 9.3 SNDR Limitations for VCO-Based Quantization 252 9.4 VCO Quantizer ΣΔ ADC Architecture 257 9.5 Prototype ΣΔ ADC Example with a VCO Quantizer 265 9.6 Conclusions 275 References 276 10 Reduced External Hardware and Reconfigurable RF Receiver Front Ends for Wireless Mobile Terminals 279 Naveen K. Yanduru 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Mobile Terminal Challenges 280 10.3 Research Directions Toward a Multi-Band Receiver 282 10.4 Multi-Mode Receiver Principles and RF System Analysis for a W-CDMA Receiver 286 10.5 W-CDMA, GSM/GPRS/EDGE Receiver Front End Without an Interstage SAW Filter 292 10.6 Highly Integrated GPS Front End for Cellular Applications in 90-nm CMOS 299 10.7 RX Front-End Performance Comparison 305 References 305 11 Digitally Enhanced Alternate Path Linearization of RF Receivers 309 Edward A.Keehr and Ali Hajimiri 11.1 Introduction 309 11.2 Adaptive Feedforward Error Cancellation 311 11.3 Architectural Concepts 313 11.4 Alternate Feedforward Path Block Design Considerations 320 11.5 Experimental Design of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS Receiver 331 11.6 Experimental Results of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS Receiver 336 11.7 Conclusions 341 References 343 III Transmitter Techniques 347 12 Linearity and Efficiency Strategies for Next-Generation Wireless Communications 349 Lawrence Larson, Peter Asbeck, and Donald Kimball 12.1 Introduction 349 12.2 Power Amplifier Function 349 12.3 Power Amplifier Efficiency Enhancement 354 12.4 Techniques for Linearity Enhancement 362 12.5 Conclusions 371 References 372 13 CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications 377 Patrick Reynaert 13.1 Introduction 377 13.2 Challenges 378 13.3 Low Supply Voltage 378 13.4 Average Efficiency, Dynamic Range, and Linearity 381 13.5 Polar Modulation 386 13.6 Distortion in a Polar-Modulated Power Amplifier 390 13.7 Design and Implementation of a Polar-Modulated Power Amplifier 397 13.8 Conclusions 408 References 408 14 Digitally Assisted RF Architectures: Two Illustrative Designs 411 Joel L. Dawson 14.1 Introduction 411 14.2 Cartesian Feedback: The Analog Problem 412 14.3 Digital Assistance for Cartesian Feedback 416 14.4 Multipliers, Squarers, Mixers, and VGAs: The Analog Problem 427 14.5 Digital Assistance for Analog Multipliers 429 14.6 Summary 435 Appendix: Stability Analysis for Cartesian Feedback Systems 436 References 447 IV Digital Signal Processing for RF Transceivers 451 15 RF Impairment Compensation for Future Radio Systems 453 Mikko Valkama 15.1 Introduction and Motivation 453 15.2 Typical RF Impairments 454 15.3 Impairment Mitigation Principles 469 15.4 Case Studies in I/Q Imbalance Compensation 480 15.5 Conclusions 487 References 488 16 Techniques for the Analysis of Digital Bang-Bang PLLs 497 Nicola Da Dalt 16.1 Introduction 497 16.2 Digital Bang-Bang PLL Architecture 498 16.3 Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamics of the BBPLL 499 16.4 Analysis of the BBPLL with Markov Chains 503 16.5 Linearization of the BBPLL 508 16.6 Comparison of Measurements and Models 526 References 531 17 Low-Power Spectrum Processors for Cognitive Radios 533 Joy Laskar and Kyutae Lim 17.1 Introduction 533 17.2 Paradigm Shift from SDR to CR 534 17.3 Challenge and Trends in RFIC/System 535 17.4 Analog Signal Processing 536 17.5 Spectrum Sensing 537 17.6 Multi-Resolution Spectrum Sensing 538 17.7 MRSS Performance 542 17.8 Conclusions 555 References 556 Index 557

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe active technique of microwave imaging has recently proven to provide excellent diagnostic capabilities in several areas.Table of Contents1 Introduction. 2 Electromagnetic Scattering. 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations. 2.2 Interface Conditions. 2.3 Constitutive Equations. 2.4 Wave Equations and Their Solutions. 2.5 Volume Scattering by Dielectric Targets. 2.6 Volume Equivalence Principle. 2.7 Integral Equations. 2.8 Surface Scattering by Perfectly Electric Conducting Targets. References. 3 The Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problem. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Three-Dimensional Inverse Scattering. 3.3 Two-Dimensional Inverse Scattering. 3.4 Discretization of the Continuous Model. 3.5 Scattering by Canonical Objects: The Case of Multilayer Elliptic Cylinders. References. 4 Imaging Configurations and Model Approximations. 4.1 Objectives of the Reconstruction. 4.2 Multiillumination Approaches. 4.3 Tomographic Confi gurations. 4.4 Scanning Confi gurations. 4.5 Confi gurations for Buried-Object Detection. 4.6 Born-Type Approximations. 4.7 Extended Born Approximation. 4.8 Rytov Approximation. 4.9 Kirchhoff Approximation. 4.10 Green's Function for Inhomogeneous Structures. References. 5 Qualitative Reconstruction Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Generalized Solution of Linear Ill-Posed Problems. 5.3 Regularization Methods. 5.4 Singular Value Decomposition. 5.5 Singular Value Decomposition for Solving Linear Problems. 5.6 Regularized Solution of a Linear System Using Singular Value Decomposition. 5.7 Qualitative Methods for Object Localization and Shaping. 5.8 The Linear Sampling Method. 5.9 Synthetic Focusing Techniques. 5.10 Qualitative Methods for Imaging Based on Approximations. 5.11 Diffraction Tomography. 5.12 Inversion Approaches Based on Born-Like Approximations. 5.13 The Born Iterative Method. 5.14 Reconstruction of Equivalent Current Density. References. 6 Quantitative Deterministic Reconstruction Methods. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inexact Newton Methods. 6.3 The Truncated Landweber Method. 6.4 Inexact Newton Method for Electric Field Integral Equation Formulation. 6.5 Inexact Newton Method for Contrast Source Formulation. 6.6 The Distorted Born Iterative Method. 6.7 Inverse Scattering as an Optimization Problem. 6.8 Gradient-Based Methods. References. 7 Quantitative Stochastic Reconstruction Methods. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Simulated Annealing. 7.3 The Genetic Algorithm. 7.4 The Differential Evolution Algorithm. 7.5 Particle Swarm Optimization. 7.6 Ant Colony Optimization. 7.7 Code Parallelization. References. 8 Hybrid Approaches. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Memetic Algorithm. 8.3 Linear Sampling Method and Ant Colony Optimization. References. 9 Microwave Imaging Apparatuses and Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Scanning Systems for Microwave Tomography. 9.3 Antennas for Microwave Imaging. 9.4 The Modulated Scattering Technique and Microwave Cameras. References. 10 Applications of Microwave Imaging. 10.1 Civil and Industrial Applications. 10.2 Medical Applications of Microwave Imaging. 10.3 Shallow Subsurface Imaging. References. 11 Microwave Imaging Strategies, Emerging Techniques, and Future Trends. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Potentialities and Limitations of Three-Dimensional Microwave Imaging. 11.3 Amplitude-Only Methods. 11.4 Support Vector Machines. 11.5 Metamaterials for Imaging Applications. 11.6 Through-Wall Imaging. References. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA new approach to unsupervised learning Evolving technologies have brought about an explosion of information in recent years, but the question of how such information might be effectively harvested, archived, and analyzed remains a monumental challengefor the processing of such information is often fraught with the need for conceptual interpretation: a relatively simple task for humans, yet an arduous one for computers. Inspired by the relative success of existing popular research on self-organizing neural networks for data clustering and feature extraction, Unsupervised Learning: A Dynamic Approach presents information within the family of generative, self-organizing maps, such as the self-organizing tree map (SOTM) and the more advanced self-organizing hierarchical variance map (SOHVM). It covers a series of pertinent, real-world applications with regard to the processing of multimedia datafrom its role in generic image processing techniques, such as thTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Part I: The Self-Organizing Method 1 1.2 Part II: Dynamic Self-Organization for Image Filtering and Multimedia Retrieval 2 1.3 Part III: Dynamic Self-Organization for Image Segmentation and Visualization 5 1.4 Future Directions 7 2 Unsupervised Learning 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Unsupervised Clustering 9 2.3 Distance Metrics for Unsupervised Clustering 11 2.4 Unsupervised Learning Approaches 13 2.4.1 Partitioning and Cluster Membership 13 2.4.2 Iterative Mean-Squared Error Approaches 15 2.4.3 Mixture Decomposition Approaches 17 2.4.4 Agglomerative Hierarchical Approaches 18 2.4.5 Graph-Theoretic Approaches 20 2.4.6 Evolutionary Approaches 20 2.4.7 Neural Network Approaches 21 2.5 Assessing Cluster Quality and Validity 21 2.5.1 Cost Function–Based Cluster Validity Indices 22 2.5.2 Density-Based Cluster Validity Indices 23 2.5.3 Geometric-Based Cluster Validity Indices 24 3 Self-Organization 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Principles of Self-Organization 27 3.2.1 Synaptic Self-Amplification and Competition 27 3.2.2 Cooperation 28 3.2.3 Knowledge Through Redundancy 29 3.3 Fundamental Architectures 29 3.3.1 Adaptive Resonance Theory 29 3.3.2 Self-Organizing Map 37 3.4 Other Fixed Architectures for Self-Organization 43 3.4.1 Neural Gas 44 3.4.2 Hierarchical Feature Map 45 3.5 Emerging Architectures for Self-Organization 46 3.5.1 Dynamic Hierarchical Architectures 47 3.5.2 Nonstationary Architectures 48 3.5.3 Hybrid Architectures 50 3.6 Conclusion 50 4 Self-Organizing Tree Map 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Architecture 54 4.3 Competitive Learning 55 4.4 Algorithm 57 4.5 Evolution 61 4.5.1 Dynamic Topology 61 4.5.2 Classification Capability 64 4.6 Practical Considerations, Extensions, and Refinements 68 4.6.1 The Hierarchical Control Function 68 4.6.2 Learning, Timing, and Convergence 71 4.6.3 Feature Normalization 73 4.6.4 Stop Criteria 73 4.7 Conclusions 74 5 Self-Organization in Impulse Noise Removal 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Review of Traditional Median-Type Filters 76 5.3 The Noise-Exclusive Adaptive Filtering 82 5.3.1 Feature Selection and Impulse Detection 82 5.3.2 Noise Removal Filters 84 5.4 Experimental Results 86 5.5 Detection-Guided Restoration and Real-Time Processing 99 5.5.1 Introduction 99 5.5.2 Iterative Filtering 101 5.5.3 Recursive Filtering 104 5.5.4 Real-Time Processing of Impulse Corrupted TV Pictures 105 5.5.5 Analysis of the Processing Time 109 5.6 Conclusions 115 6 Self-Organization in Image Retrieval 119 6.1 Retrieval of Visual Information 120 6.2 Visual Feature Descriptor 122 6.2.1 Color Histogram and Color Moment Descriptors 122 6.2.2 Wavelet Moment and Gabor Texture Descriptors 123 6.2.3 Fourier and Moment-based Shape Descriptors 125 6.2.4 Feature Normalization and Selection 127 6.3 User-Assisted Retrieval 130 6.3.1 Radial Basis Function Method 132 6.4 Self-Organization for Pseudo Relevance Feedback 136 6.5 Directed Self-Organization 140 6.5.1 Algorithm 142 6.6 Optimizing Self-Organization for Retrieval 146 6.6.1 Genetic Principles 147 6.6.2 System Architecture 149 6.6.3 Genetic Algorithm for Feature Weight Detection 150 6.7 Retrieval Performance 153 6.7.1 Directed Self-Organization 153 6.7.2 Genetic Algorithm Weight Detection 155 6.8 Summary 157 7 The Self-Organizing Hierarchical Variance Map 159 7.1 An Intuitive Basis 160 7.2 Model Formulation and Breakdown 162 7.2.1 Topology Extraction via Competitive Hebbian Learning 163 7.2.2 Local Variance via Hebbian Maximal Eigenfilters 165 7.2.3 Global and Local Variance Interplay for Map Growth and Termination 170 7.3 Algorithm 173 7.3.1 Initialization, Continuation, and Presentation 173 7.3.2 Updating Network Parameters 175 7.3.3 Vigilance Evaluation and Map Growth 175 7.3.4 Topology Adaptation 176 7.3.5 Node Adaptation 177 7.3.6 Optional Tuning Stage 177 7.4 Simulations and Evaluation 177 7.4.1 Observations of Evolution and Partitioning 178 7.4.2 Visual Comparisons with Popular Mean-Squared Error Architectures 181 7.4.3 Visual Comparison Against Growing Neural Gas 183 7.4.4 Comparing Hierarchical with Tree-Based Methods 183 7.5 Tests on Self-Determination and the Optional Tuning Stage 187 7.6 Cluster Validity Analysis on Synthetic and UCI Data 187 7.6.1 Performance vs. Popular Clustering Methods 190 7.6.2 IRIS Dataset 192 7.6.3 WINE Dataset 195 7.7 Summary 195 8 Microbiological Image Analysis Using Self-Organization 197 8.1 Image Analysis in the Biosciences 197 8.1.1 Segmentation: The Common Denominator 198 8.1.2 Semi-supervised versus Unsupervised Analysis 199 8.1.3 Confocal Microscopy and Its Modalities 200 8.2 Image Analysis Tasks Considered 202 8.2.1 Visualising Chromosomes During Mitosis 202 8.2.2 Segmenting Heterogeneous Biofilms 204 8.3 Microbiological Image Segmentation 205 8.3.1 Effects of Feature Space Definition 207 8.3.2 Fixed Weighting of Feature Space 209 8.3.3 Dynamic Feature Fusion During Learning 213 8.4 Image Segmentation Using Hierarchical Self-Organization 215 8.4.1 Gray-Level Segmentation of Chromosomes 215 8.4.2 Automated Multilevel Thresholding of Biofilm 220 8.4.3 Multidimensional Feature Segmentation 221 8.5 Harvesting Topologies to Facilitate Visualization 226 8.5.1 Topology Aware Opacity and Gray-Level Assignment 227 8.5.2 Visualization of Chromosomes During Mitosis 228 8.6 Summary 233 9 Closing Remarks and Future Directions 237 9.1 Summary of Main Findings 237 9.1.1 Dynamic Self-Organization: Effective Models for Efficient Feature Space Parsing 237 9.1.2 Improved Stability, Integrity, and Efficiency 238 9.1.3 Adaptive Topologies Promote Consistency and Uncover Relationships 239 9.1.4 Online Selection of Class Number 239 9.1.5 Topologies Represent a Useful Backbone for Visualization or Analysis 240 9.2 Future Directions 240 9.2.1 Dynamic Navigation for Information Repositories 241 9.2.2 Interactive Knowledge-Assisted Visualization 243 9.2.3 Temporal Data Analysis Using Trajectories 245 Appendix A 249 A.1 Global and Local Consistency Error 249 References 251 Index 269

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith the widespread use of EHV equipment in winter environments, winter flashovers at air temperature close to melting point have become a critical design constraint.Trade Review"This is one of the most authoritative reference books available on the subject of insulator flashover under icing and contaminated conditions. It also provides a good introduction to high voltage surface breakdown, insulation coordination, and environmental electrochemistry. It is indispensable reading for those responsible for designing reliable power systems exposed to environmental icing and contamination." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2011) "Readers who finish this well-written book will be prepared to understand and face a sizeable fraction of the current problems involved in learning to correct icing and pollution problems in electrical line insulation. The book provides clear insight on how they can best position themselves for coping with situations that arise in icing ad polluted environments." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Scope and Objectives. 1.2. Power System Reliability. 1.3. The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved? 1.4. Organization of the Book. 1.5. Précis. 2. INSULATORS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS. 2.1. Terminology for Insulators. 2.2. Classification of Insulators. 2.3. Insulator Construction. 2.4. Electrical Stresses on Insulators. 2.5. Environmental Stresses on Insulators. 2.6. Mechanical Stresses. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OF INSULATORS. 3.1. Pollution: What It Is. 3.2. Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators. 3.3. Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits. 3.4. Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution. 3.5. Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity. 3.6. Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density. 3.7. Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces. 3.8. Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion. 3.9. Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation. 3.10. Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation. 4. INSULATOR ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 4.1. Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions. 4.2. Air Gap Breakdown. 4.3. Breakdown of Polluted Insulators. 4.4. Outdoor Exposure Test Methods. 4.5. Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers. 4.6. Salt-Fog Test. 4.7. Clean-Fog Test Method. 4.8. Other Test Procedures. 4.9. Salt-Fog Test Results. 4.10. Clean-Fog Test Results. 4.11. Effects of Insulator Parameters. 4.12. Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density. 4.13. Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests. 4.14. Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover. 5. CONTAMINATION FLASHOVER MODELS. 5.1. General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges. 5.2. Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces. 5.3. Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces. 5.4. Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer. 5.5. dc Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.6. ac Pollution Flashover Modeling. 5.7. Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover. 5.8. Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling. 6. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. 6.1. Monitoring for Maintenance. 6.2. Cleaning of Insulators. 6.3. Coating of Insulators. 6.4. Adding Accessories. 6.5. Adding More Insulators. 6.6. Changing to Improved Designs. 6.7. Changing to Semiconducting Glaze. 6.8. Changing to Polymer Insulators. 7. ICING FLASHOVERS. 7.1. Terminology for Ice. 7.2. Ice Morphology. 7.3. Electrical Characteristics of Ice. 7.4. Ice Flashover Experience. 7.5. Ice Flashover Processes. 7.6. Icing Test Methods. 7.7. Ice Flashover Test Results. 7.8. Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers. 7.9. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators. 7.10. Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces. 7.11. Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling. 8. SNOW FLASHOVERS. 8.1. Terminology for Snow. 8.2. Snow Morphology. 8.3. Snow Electrical Characteristics. 8.4. Snow Flashover Experience. 8.5. Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods. 8.6. Snow Flashover Test Results. 8.7 Empirical Model for Snow Flashover. 8.8. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators. 8.9. Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover. 8.10. Case Studies of Snow Flashover. 9. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS. 9.1. Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing. 9.2. Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing. 9.3. Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing. 9.4. Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime. 9.5. Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing. 10. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR ICING AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS. 10.1. The Insulation Coordination Process. 10.2. Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods. 10.3. IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.4. IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination. 10.5. CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination. 10.6. Characteristics of Winter Pollution. 10.7. Winter Fog Events. 10.8. Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events. 10.9. Snow Climatology. 10.10. Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.11. Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance. 10.12. Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.13. Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance. 10.14. Case Studies. APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL. APPENDIX B: STANDARD CORRECTIONS FOR HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE. APPENDIX C: TERMS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is the only book to cover all aspects of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imagery, which is a popular and important radar signal processing tool. It presents the detailed imaging procedures for ISAR imaging with associated MATLAB functions and codes, newly developed ISAR imaging routines, and various real-life applications.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Basics of Fourier Analysis 1 1.1 Forward and Inverse Fourier Transform 1 1.1.1 Brief History of FT 1 1.1.2 Forward FT Operation 2 1.1.3 IFT 2 1.2 FT Rules and Pairs 3 1.2.1 Linearity 3 1.2.2 Time Shifting 3 1.2.3 Frequency Shifting 4 1.2.4 Scaling 4 1.2.5 Duality 4 1.2.6 Time Reversal 4 1.2.7 Conjugation 4 1.2.8 Multiplication 4 1.2.9 Convolution 5 1.2.10 Modulation 5 1.2.11 Derivation and Integration 5 1.2.12 Parseval’s Relationship 5 1.3 Time-Frequency Representation of a Signal 5 1.3.1 Signal in the Time Domain 6 1.3.2 Signal in the Frequency Domain 6 1.3.3 Signal in the (JTF) Plane 7 1.4 Convolution and Multiplication Using FT 11 1.5 Filtering/Windowing 11 1.6 Data Sampling 14 1.7 DFT and FFT 14 1.7.1 DFT 14 1.7.2 FFT 16 1.7.3 Bandwidth and Resolutions 18 1.8 Aliasing 19 1.9 Importance of FT in Radar Imaging 19 1.10 Effect of Aliasing in Radar Imaging 22 1.11 Matlab Codes 26 References 31 2 Radar Fundamentals 33 2.1 Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering 33 2.2 Scattering from PECs 36 2.3 Radar Cross Section (RCS) 37 2.3.1 Definition of RCS 38 2.3.2 RCS of Simple Shaped Objects 41 2.3.3 RCS of Complex Shaped Objects 42 2.4 Radar Range Equation 42 2.4.1 Bistatic Case 43 2.4.2 Monostatic Case 48 2.5 Range of Radar Detection 48 2.5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 50 2.6 Radar Waveforms 51 2.6.1 CW 51 2.6.2 FMCW 54 2.6.3 SFCW 57 2.6.4 Short Pulse 60 2.6.5 Chirp (LFM) Pulse 62 2.7 Pulsed Radar 65 2.7.1 PRF 65 2.7.2 Maximum Range and Range Ambiguity 67 2.7.3 Doppler Frequency 68 2.8 Matlab Codes 72 References 77 3 Synthetic Aperture Radar 79 3.1 SAR Modes 80 3.2 SAR System Design 80 3.3 Resolutions in SAR 83 3.4 SAR Image Formation: Range and Azimuth Compression 85 3.5 Range Compression 86 3.5.1 Matched Filter 86 3.5.2 Ambiguity Function 90 3.6 Pulse Compression 96 3.6.1 Detailed Processing of Pulse Compression 97 3.6.2 Bandwidth, Resolution, and Compression Issues 100 3.6.3 Pulse Compression Example 101 3.7 Azimuth Compression 102 3.7.1 Processing in Azimuth 102 3.7.2 Azimuth Resolution 106 3.7.3 Relation to ISAR 107 3.8 SAR Imaging 108 3.9 Example of SAR Imagery 108 3.10 Problems in SAR Imaging 110 3.10.1 Range Migration 110 3.10.2 Motion Errors 111 3.10.3 Speckle Noise 112 3.11 Advanced Topics in SAR 112 3.11.1 SAR Interferometry 112 3.11.2 SAR Polarimetry 113 3.12 Matlab Codes 114 References 120 4 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Its Basic Concepts 121 4.1 SAR versus ISAR 121 4.2 The Relation of Scattered Field to the Image Function in ISAR 125 4.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Range Profile 126 4.4 1D Cross-Range Profile 131 4.5 2D ISAR Image Formation (Small Bandwidth, Small Angle) 133 4.5.1 Range and Cross-Range Resolutions 139 4.5.2 Range and Cross-Range Extends 140 4.5.3 Imaging Multi-Bounces in ISAR 140 4.5.4 Sample Design Procedure for ISAR 144 4.6 2D ISAR Image Formation (Wide Bandwidth, Large Angles) 152 4.6.1 Direct Integration 154 4.6.2 Polar Reformatting 158 4.7 3D ISAR Image Formation 159 4.7.1 Range and Cross-Range Resolutions 165 4.7.2 A Design Example 165 4.8 Matlab Codes 169 References 185 5 Imaging Issues in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 187 5.1 Fourier-Related Issues 187 5.1.1 DFT Revisited 188 5.1.2 Positive and Negative Frequencies in DFT 191 5.2 Image Aliasing 194 5.3 Polar Reformatting Revisited 196 5.3.1 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation 196 5.3.2 Bilinear Interpolation 198 5.4 Zero Padding 200 5.5 Point Spread Function (PSF) 202 5.6 Windowing 205 5.6.1 Common Windowing Functions 205 5.6.2 ISAR Image Smoothing via Windowing 212 5.7 Matlab Codes 213 References 229 6 Range-Doppler Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing 231 6.1 Scenarios for ISAR 232 6.1.1 Imaging Aerial Targets via Ground-Based Radar 232 6.1.2 Imaging Ground/Sea Targets via Aerial Radar 234 6.2 ISAR Waveforms for Range-Doppler Processing 237 6.2.1 Chirp Pulse Train 238 6.2.2 Stepped Frequency Pulse Train 239 6.3 Doppler Shift’s Relation to Cross Range 241 6.3.1 Doppler Frequency Shift Resolution 242 6.3.2 Resolving Doppler Shift and Cross Range 243 6.4 Forming the Range-Doppler Image 244 6.5 ISAR Receiver 245 6.5.1 ISAR Receiver for Chirp Pulse Radar 245 6.5.2 ISAR Receiver for SFCW Radar 246 6.6 Quadradure Detection 247 6.6.1 I-Channel Processing 248 6.6.2 Q-Channel Processing 249 6.7 Range Alignment 250 6.8 Defining the Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging Parameters 252 6.8.1 Image Frame Dimension (Image Extends) 252 6.8.2 Range–Cross-Range Resolution 253 6.8.3 Frequency Bandwidth and the Center Frequency 253 6.8.4 Doppler Frequency Bandwidth 254 6.8.5 PRF 254 6.8.6 Coherent Integration (Dwell) Time 255 6.8.7 Pulse Width 256 6.9 Example of Chirp Pulse-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging 256 6.10 Example of SFCW-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging 262 6.11 Matlab Codes 264 References 270 7 Scattering Center Representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 271 7.1 Scattering/Radiation Center Model 272 7.2 Extraction of Scattering Centers 274 7.2.1 Image Domain Formulation 274 7.2.2 Fourier Domain Formulation 283 7.3 Matlab Codes 287 References 297 8 Motion Compensation for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 299 8.1 Doppler Effect Due to Target Motion 300 8.2 Standard MOCOMP Procedures 302 8.2.1 Translational MOCOMP 303 8.2.2 Rotational MOCOMP 304 8.3 Popular MOCOMP Techniques in ISAR 306 8.3.1 Cross-Correlation Method 306 8.3.2 Minimum Entropy Method 311 8.3.3 JTF-Based MOCOMP 316 8.3.4 Algorithm for JTF-Based Translational and Rotational MOCOMP 321 8.4 Matlab Codes 328 References 342 9 Some Imaging Applications Based on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 345 9.1 Imaging Antenna-Platform Scattering: ASAR 346 9.1.1 The ASAR Imaging Algorithm 347 9.1.2 Numerical Example for ASAR Imagery 352 9.2 Imaging Platform Coupling between Antennas: ACSAR 353 9.2.1 The ACSAR Imaging Algorithm 356 9.2.2 Numerical Example for ACSAR 358 9.3 Imaging Scattering from Subsurface Objects: GPR-SAR 359 9.3.1 The GPR Problem 362 9.3.2 Focused GPR Images Using SAR 364 9.3.3 Applying ACSAR Concept to the GPR Problem 369 References 372 Appendix 375 Index 379

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is the first self-contained book that covers the topic of Evolving Intelligent Systems in its entirety, from a systematic methodology to case studies and real industrial applications.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Evolving Intelligent Systems. The Editors. PART I: METHODOLOGY. Evolving Fuzzy Systems. 1. Learning Methods for Evolving Intelligent Systems (R. Yager). 2. Evolving Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Systems from Data Streams (eTS+) (P. Angelov). 3. Fuzzy Models of Evolvable Granularity (W. Pedrycz). 4. Evolving Fuzzy Modeling Using Participatory Learning (E. Lima, M. Hell, R. Ballini, and F. Gomide). 5. Towards Robust and Transparent Evolving Fuzzy Systems (E. Lughofer). 6. The building of fuzzy systems in real-time: towards interpretable fuzzy rules (A. Dourado, C. Pereira, and V. Ramos). Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Systems. 7. On-line Feature Selection for Evolving Intelligent Systems (S. Ozawa, S. Pang, and N. Kasabov). 8. Stability Analysis of an On-Line Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Network (J. de J. Rubio Avila). 9. On-line Identification of Self-organizing Fuzzy Neural Networks for Modelling Time-varying Complex Systems (G. Prasad, T. M. McGinnity, and G. Leng). 10. Data Fusion via Fission for the Analysis of Brain Death (L. Li, Y. Saito, D. Looney, T. Tanaka, J. Cao, and D. Mandic). Evolving Fuzzy Clustering and Classification. 11. Similarity Analysis and Knowledge Acquisition by Use of Evolving Neural Models and Fuzzy Decision (G. Vachkov). 12. An Extended version of Gustafson-Kessel Clustering Algorithm for Evolving Data Stream Clustering (D. Filev, and O. Georgieva). 13. Evolving Fuzzy Classification of Non-Stationary Time Series (Y. Bodyanskiy, Y. Gorshkov, I. Kokshenev, and V. Kolodyazhniy). PART II: APPLICATIONS OF EIS. 14. Evolving Intelligent Sensors in Chemical Industry (A. Kordon et al.). 15. Recognition of Human Grasps by Fuzzy Modeling (R Palm, B Kadmiry, and B Iliev). 16. Evolutionary Architecture for Lifelong Learning and Real-time Operation in Autonomous Robots (R. J. Duro, F. Bellas and J.A. Becerra) 17. Applications of Evolving Intelligent Systems to Oil and Gas Industry (J. J. Macias Hernandez et al.). Conclusion.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first single-source reference covering the state of the art in grid and utility computing economy research This book presents the first integrated, single-source reference on market-oriented grid and utility computing. Divided into four main partsand with contributions from a panel of experts in the fieldit systematically and carefully explores: Foundationspresents the fundamental concepts of market-oriented computing and the issues and challenges in allocating resources in a decentralized computing environment. Business modelscovers business models for service providers and brokers supporting different types of distributed applications, as well as business rules-based models for managing virtual organizations and accounting operations and services in grid computing environments. Policies and agreementsintroduces policies, agreements, and specifications for the negotiation and establishment of contTable of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. ACRONYMS. PART I FOUNDATIONS. 1 Market-Oriented Computing and Global Grids: An Introduction (Rajkumar Buyya and Srikumar Venugopal). 2 Markets, Mechanisms, Games, and Their Implications in Grids (Yibo Sun, Sameer Tilak, Ruppa K. Thulasiram, and Kenneth Chiu). 3 Ownership and Decentralization Issues in Resource Allocation Mechanisms (Tiberiu Stef-Praun). 4 Utility Functions, Prices, and Negotiation (John Wilkes). 5 Options and Commodity Markets for Computing Resources (Dan Cristian Marinescu, John Patrick Morrison, and Howard Jay Siegel). PART II BUSINESS MODELS. 6 Grid Business Models, Evaluation, and Principles (Steve Taylor and Paul McKee). 7 Grid Business Models for Brokers Executing SLA-Based Workflows (Dang Minh Quan and Jorn Altman). 8 A Business-Rules-Based Model to Manage Virtual Organizations in Collaborative Grid Environments (Pilar Herrero, Jose Luis Bosque, and Marıa S. Perez). 9 Accounting as a Requirement for Market-Oriented Grid Computing (Andrea Guarise and Rosario M. Piro). PART III POLICIES AND AGREEMENTS. 10 Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) in the Grid Environment (Bastian Koller, Eduardo Oliveros, and Alfonso Sanchez-Macian). 11 SLAs, Negotiation, and Challenges (Paul McKee, Steve Taylor, Mike Surridge, and Richard Lowe). 12 SLA-Based Resource Management and Allocation (Jordi Guitart, Mario Macıas, Omer Rana, Philipp Wieder, Ramin Yahyapour, and Wolfgang Ziegler). 13 Market-Based Resource Allocation for Differentiated Quality Service Levels (H. Howie Huang and Andrew S. Grimshaw). 14 Specification, Planning, and Execution of QoS-Aware Grid Workflows (Ivona Brandic, Sabri Pllana, and Siegfried Benkner). 15 Risk Management In Grids (Karim Djemame, James Padgett, Iain Gourlay, Kerstin Voss, and Odej Kao). PART IV RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND SCHEDULING MECHANISMS. 16 A Reciprocation-Based Economy for Multiple Services in a Computational Grid (Nazareno Andrade, Francisco Brasileiro, Miranda Mowbray, and Walfredo Cirne). 17 The Nimrod/G Grid Resource Broker for Economics-Based Scheduling (Rajkumar Buyya and David Abramson). 18 Techniques for Providing Hard Quality-of-Service Guarantees in Job Scheduling (Pavan Balaji, Ponnuswamy Sadayappan, and Mohammad Islam). 19 Deadline Budget-Based Scheduling of Workflows on Utility Grids (Jia Yu, Kotagiri Ramamohanarao, and Rajkumar Buyya). 20 Game-Theoretic Scheduling of Grid Computations (Yu-Kwong Kwok). 21 Cooperative Game-Theory-Based Cost Optimization for Scientific Workflows (Radu Prodan and Rubing Duan). 22 Auction-Based Resource Allocation (Bjorn Schnizler). 23 Two Auction-Based Resource Allocation Environments: Design and Experience (Alvin AuYoung, Phil Buonadonna, Brent N. Chun, Chaki Ng, David C. Parkes, Jeff Shneidman, Alex C. Snoeren, and Amin Vahdat). 24 Trust in Grid Resource Auctions (Kris Bubendorfer, Ben Palmer, and Wayne Thomson). 25 Using Secure Auctions to Build a Distributed Metascheduler for the Grid (Kyle Chard and Kris Bubendorfer). 26 The Gridbus Middleware for Market-Oriented Computing (Rajkumar Buyya, Srikumar Venugopal, Rajiv Ranjan, and Chee Shin Yeo). INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplores wide-ranging applications of modeling and simulation techniques that allow readers to conduct research and ask "What if??" Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach is the first book to provide an introduction to modeling and simulation techniques across diverse areas of study.Trade Review"This work could supplement a graduate course on modeling and simulation (selected chapters could supplement an undergraduate course) and would be of interest to graduate students and professionals wishing to learn some of the basics of modeling and simulation." (CHOICE, December 2009) Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART ONE: PRINCIPLES OF MODELING AND SIMULATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH. Chapter 1: What is Modeling and Simulation? Introduction. Models: Approximations of Real World Events. A Brief History of Modeling and Simulation. Application Areas. Using Modeling and Simulation: Advantages and Disadvantages. Conclusion. Key Terms. Further Reading. References. Chapter 2: The Role of Modeling and Simulation. Introduction. Using Simulations to Solve Problems. Uncertainty and Its Effects. Gaining Insight. A Simulation’s Lifetime. Conclusion. Key Terms. Further Reading. PART TWO: THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS. Chapter 3: Simulation: Models That Vary Over Time. Introduction. Discrete Event Simulation. Continuous Simulation. Conclusion. Key Terms. References. Chapter 4: Queue Modeling and Simulation. Introduction. Analytical Solution. Queuing Models. Sequential Simulation. SimPack Queuing Implementation. Parallel Simulation. Conclusion. Key Terms. Further Reading. References. Chapter 5: Human Interaction with Simulations. Introduction. Simulation and Data Dependency. Visual Representation. Conclusion. Key Terms. References. Chapter 6: Verification and Validation. Introduction. Performing Verification and Validation. Verification and Validation Examples. Conclusion. Key Terms. References. PART THREE: PRACTICAL DOMAINS. Chapter 7: Uses of Simulation. Introduction. The Many Facets of Simulation. Experimentation Aspect of Simulation. Experience Aspect of Simulation. Examples of Uses of Simulation. Ethics in the Use of Simulation. Some Excuses to Avoid Simulation. Conclusion. Key Terms. Further Exploration. References. Appendix A-Simulation Associations/Groups/Research Centers. CHAPTER 8: MODELING AND SIMULATION: REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES. Introduction. Transportation. Business M&S. Medical M&S. Social Science M&S. Conclusion. Key Terms. Further Reading. References. Chapter 9: The Future of Simulation. Introduction. A Brief . . . and Selective . . . History of Simulation. Convergent Simulations. Serious Games. Human-Simulator Interfaces. Computing Technology. The Role of Education in Simulation. The Future of Simulation. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAnalog signal processing circuit blocks implemented in mixed-signal systems utilize more digital signal processing where the quality of the analog components can be reduced at the cost of digital system complexity. Discussing these design techniques from a circuit designer''s point of view, CMOS is an advanced guide to mixed-signal circuit design that will bring designers rapidly up to speed. This new edition features additional examples and more, smaller chapters to make the information more accessible to graduate students as well as professionals who want to improve their skills in this area. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Signals, Filters, and Tools. 1.1. Sinusoidal Signals. 1.2. Comb Filters. 1.3. Representing Signals. Chapter 2. Sampling and Aliasing. 2.1. Sampling. 2.2. Circuits. Chapter 3. Analog Filters. 3.1. Integrator Building Blocks. 3.2. Filtering Topologies. Chapter 4. Digital Filters. 4.1. SPICE Models for DACs and ADCs. 4.2. Sinc-Shaped Digital Filters. 4.3. Filtering Topologies. Chapter 5. Data Converter SNR. 5.1. Quantization Noise. 5.2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). 5.3. Improving SNR using Averaging. 5.4. Using Feedback to Improve SNR. Chapter 6. Data Converter Design Basics. 6.1. Passive Noise-Shaping. 6.2. Improving SNR and Linearity. Chapter 7. Noise-Shaping Data Converters. 7.1. First-Order Noise Shaping. 7.2. Second-Order Noise-Shaping. 7.3. Noise-Shaping Topologies. Chapter 8. Bandpass Data Converters. 8.1. Continuous-Time Bandpass Noise-Shaping. 8.2. Switched-Capacitor Bandpass Noise-Shaping. Chapter 9. A High-Speed Data Converter. 9.1. The Topology. 9.2. Practical Implementation. 9.3. Conclusion. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisReal-world problems and modern optimization techniques to solve them Here, a team of international experts brings together core ideas for solving complex problems in optimization across a wide variety of real-world settings, including computer science, engineering, transportation, telecommunications, and bioinformatics.Table of ContentsContributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxi Part I Methodologies for Complex Problem Solving 1 1 Generating Automatic Projections by Means of Genetic Programming 3C. Estébanez and R. Aler 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Background 4 1.3 Domains 6 1.4 Algorithmic Proposal 6 1.5 Experimental Analysis 9 1.6 Conclusions 11 References 13 2 Neural Lazy Local Learning 15J. M. Valls, I. M. Galván, and P. Isasi 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Lazy Radial Basis Neural Networks 17 2.3 Experimental Analysis 22 2.4 Conclusions 28 References 30 3 Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms with Micropopulations 31Y. Sáez 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Algorithmic Proposal 33 3.3 Experimental Analysis: The Rastrigin Function 40 3.4 Conclusions 44 References 45 4 Analyzing Parallel Cellular Genetic Algorithms 49G. Luque, E. Alba, and B. Dorronsoro 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Cellular Genetic Algorithms 50 4.3 Parallel Models for cGAs 51 4.4 Brief Survey of Parallel cGAs 52 4.5 Experimental Analysis 55 4.6 Conclusions 59 References 59 5 Evaluating New Advanced Multiobjective Metaheuristics 63A. J. Nebro, J. J. Durillo, F. Luna, and E. Alba 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 Background 65 5.3 Description of the Metaheuristics 67 5.4 Experimental Methodology 69 5.5 Experimental Analysis 72 5.6 Conclusions 79 References 80 6 Canonical Metaheuristics for Dynamic Optimization Problems 83G. Leguizamón, G. Ordóñez, S. Molina, and E. Alba 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Dynamic Optimization Problems 84 6.3 Canonical MHs for DOPs 88 6.4 Benchmarks 92 6.5 Metrics 93 6.6 Conclusions 95 References 96 7 Solving Constrained Optimization Problems with Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms 101C. Cotta and A. J. Fernández 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Strategies for Solving CCOPs with HEAs 103 7.3 Study Cases 105 7.4 Conclusions 114 References 115 8 Optimization of Time Series Using Parallel, Adaptive, and Neural Techniques 123J. A. Gómez, M. D. Jaraiz, M. A. Vega, and J. M. Sánchez 8.1 Introduction 123 8.2 Time Series Identification 124 8.3 Optimization Problem 125 8.4 Algorithmic Proposal 130 8.5 Experimental Analysis 132 8.6 Conclusions 136 References 136 9 Using Reconfigurable Computing for the Optimization of Cryptographic Algorithms 139J. M. Granado, M. A. Vega, J. M. Sánchez, and J. A. Gómez 9.1 Introduction 139 9.2 Description of the Cryptographic Algorithms 140 9.3 Implementation Proposal 144 9.4 Expermental Analysis 153 9.5 Conclusions 154 References 155 10 Genetic Algorithms, Parallelism, and Reconfigurable Hardware 159J. M. Sánchez, M. Rubio, M. A. Vega, and J. A. Gómez 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 State of the Art 161 10.3 FPGA Problem Description and Solution 162 10.4 Algorithmic Proposal 169 10.5 Experimental Analysis 172 10.6 Conclusions 177 References 177 11 Divide and Conquer: Advanced Techniques 179C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodríguez 11.1 Introduction 179 11.2 Algorithm of the Skeleton 180 11.3 Experimental Analysis 185 11.4 Conclusions 189 References 190 12 Tools for Tree Searches: Branch-and-Bound and A∗ Algorithms 193C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodríguez 12.1 Introduction 193 12.2 Background 195 12.3 Algorithmic Skeleton for Tree Searches 196 12.4 Experimentation Methodology 199 12.5 Experimental Results 202 12.6 Conclusions 205 References 206 13 Tools for Tree Searches: Dynamic Programming 209C. León, G. Miranda, and C. Rodríguez 13.1 Introduction 209 13.2 Top-Down Approach 210 13.3 Bottom-Up Approach 212 13.4 Automata Theory and Dynamic Programming 215 13.5 Parallel Algorithms 223 13.6 Dynamic Programming Heuristics 225 13.7 Conclusions 228 References 229 Part II Applications 231 14 Automatic Search of Behavior Strategies in Auctions 233D. Quintana and A. Mochón 14.1 Introduction 233 14.2 Evolutionary Techniques in Auctions 234 14.3 Theoretical Framework: The Ausubel Auction 238 14.4 Algorithmic Proposal 241 14.5 Experimental Analysis 243 14.6 Conclusions 246 References 247 15 Evolving Rules for Local Time Series Prediction 249C. Luque, J. M. Valls, and P. Isasi 15.1 Introduction 249 15.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Generating Prediction Rules 250 15.3 Experimental Methodology 250 15.4 Experiments 256 15.5 Conclusions 262 References 263 16 Metaheuristics in Bioinformatics: DNA Sequencing and Reconstruction 265C. Cotta, A. J. Fernández, J. E. Gallardo, G. Luque, and E. Alba 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Metaheuristics and Bioinformatics 266 16.3 DNA Fragment Assembly Problem 270 16.4 Shortest Common Supersequence Problem 278 16.5 Conclusions 282 References 283 17 Optimal Location of Antennas in Telecommunication Networks 287G. Molina, F. Chicano, and E. Alba 17.1 Introduction 287 17.2 State of the Art 288 17.3 Radio Network Design Problem 292 17.4 Optimization Algorithms 294 17.5 Basic Problems 297 17.6 Advanced Problem 303 17.7 Conclusions 305 References 306 18 Optimization of Image-Processing Algorithms Using FPGAs 309M. A. Vega, A. Gómez, J. A. Gómez, and J. M. Sánchez 18.1 Introduction 309 18.2 Background 310 18.3 Main Features of FPGA-Based Image Processing 311 18.4 Advanced Details 312 18.5 Experimental Analysis: Software Versus FPGA 321 18.6 Conclusions 322 References 323 19 Application of Cellular Automata Algorithms to the Parallel Simulation of Laser Dynamics 325J. L. Guisado, F. Jiménez-Morales, J. M. Guerra, and F. Fernández 19.1 Introduction 325 19.2 Background 326 19.3 Laser Dynamics Problem 328 19.4 Algorithmic Proposal 329 19.5 Experimental Analysis 331 19.6 Parallel Implementation of the Algorithm 336 19.7 Conclusions 344 References 344 20 Dense Stereo Disparity from an Artificial Life Standpoint 347G. Olague, F. Fernández, C. B. Pérez, and E. Lutton 20.1 Introduction 347 20.2 Infection Algorithm with an Evolutionary Approach 351 20.3 Experimental Analysis 360 20.4 Conclusions 363 References 363 21 Exact, Metaheuristic, and Hybrid Approaches to Multidimensional Knapsack Problems 365J. E. Gallardo, C. Cotta, and A. J. Fernández 21.1 Introduction 365 21.2 Multidimensional Knapsack Problem 370 21.3 Hybrid Models 372 21.4 Experimental Analysis 377 21.5 Conclusions 379 References 380 22 Greedy Seeding and Problem-Specific Operators for Gas Solution of Strip Packing Problems 385C. Salto, J. M. Molina, and E. Alba 22.1 Introduction 385 22.2 Background 386 22.3 Hybrid GA for the 2SPP 387 22.4 Genetic Operators for Solving the 2SPP 388 22.5 Initial Seeding 390 22.6 Implementation of the Algorithms 391 22.7 Experimental Analysis 392 22.8 Conclusions 403 References 404 23 Solving the KCT Problem: Large-Scale Neighborhood Search and Solution Merging 407C. Blum and M. J. Blesa 23.1 Introduction 407 23.2 Hybrid Algorithms for the KCT Problem 409 23.3 Experimental Analysis 415 23.4 Conclusions 416 References 419 24 Experimental Study of GA-Based Schedulers in Dynamic Distributed Computing Environments 423F. Xhafa and J. Carretero 24.1 Introduction 423 24.2 Related Work 425 24.3 Independent Job Scheduling Problem 426 24.4 Genetic Algorithms for Scheduling in Grid Systems 428 24.5 Grid Simulator 429 24.6 Interface for Using a GA-Based Scheduler with the Grid Simulator 432 24.7 Experimental Analysis 433 24.8 Conclusions 438 References 439 25 Remote Optimization Service 443J. García-Nieto, F. Chicano, and E. Alba 25.1 Introduction 443 25.2 Background and State of the Art 444 25.3 ROS Architecture 446 25.4 Information Exchange in ROS 448 25.5 XML in ROS 449 25.6 Wrappers 450 25.7 Evaluation of ROS 451 25.8 Conclusions 454 References 455 26 Remote Services for Advanced Problem Optimization 457J. A. Gómez, M. A. Vega, J. M. Sánchez, J. L. Guisado, D. Lombraña, and F. Fernández 26.1 Introduction 457 26.2 SIRVA 458 26.3 MOSET and TIDESI 462 26.4 ABACUS 465 References 470 Index 473

Read more less

Book SynopsisQuantum Physics for Scientists and Technologists is a self-contained, comprehensive review of this complex branch of science. The book demystifies difficult concepts and views the subject through non-physics fields such as computer science, biology, chemistry, and nanotechnology. It explains key concepts and phenomena in the language of non-physics majors and with simple math, assuming no prior knowledge of the topic. This cohesive book begins with the wavefunction to develop the basic principles of quantum mechanics such as the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality. Comprehensive coverage of quantum theory is presented, supported by experimental results and explained through applications and examples without the use of abstract and complex mathematical tools or formalisms. From there, the book: Takes the mystery out of the Schrodinger equation, the fundamental equation of quantum physics, by applying it to atoms Shows how quantumTrade Review"The book presents a rich, self-contained, cohesive, concise, yet comprehensive picture of quantum mechanics for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students, nonphysicists majors, and for those professionals at the forefront of biology, chemistry, engineering, computer science, materials science, nanotechnology, or related fields." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xv About the Author xvii About the Tech Editor xix Periodic Table of the Elements xxi Fundamental Physical Constants xxiii Important Combinations of Physical Constants xxv Preface: Science, Technology, and Quantum Physics: Mind the Gap xxvii 1 First, There was Classical Physics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Physics and Classical Physics 3 1.3 The Classical World of Particles 10 1.4 Physical Quantities 12 1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 15 1.6 Rotational Motion 18 1.7 Superposition and Collision of Particles 22 1.7.1 Superposition 22 1.7.2 Collision and Scattering 25 1.8 Classical World of Waves 26 1.8.1 Periodic Waves 27 1.8.2 Defining Wave Characteristics 27 1.9 Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering 30 1.10 Diffraction and Interference 32 1.10.1 Diffraction 32 1.10.2 Interference 34 1.11 Equation of Wave Motion 35 1.12 Light: Particle or Wave? 38 1.13 Understanding Electricity 39 1.14 Understanding Magnetism 45 1.14.1 Magnetic Field 45 1.14.2 Magnetic Flux 47 1.15 Understanding Electromagnetism 49 1.15.1 Types of Electromagnetic and Other Waves 49 1.15.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 50 1.16 Maxwell’s Equations 52 1.17 Confinement, Standing Waves, and Wavegroups 55 1.17.1 Confinement 55 1.17.2 Standing Waves 55 1.17.3 Wavegroups 59 1.18 Particles and Waves: The Big Picture 62 1.19 The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 63 1.19.1 Gravitational Force 65 1.19.2 Electromagnetic Force 66 1.19.3 Weak and Strong Nuclear Forces 67 1.19.4 Four Fundamental Forces: The Big Picture 68 1.20 Unification: A Secret to Scientific and Technological Revolutions 69 1.21 Special Theory of Relativity 72 1.22 Classical Approach 75 1.22.1 Separation of Particles and Waves: Either It is a Particle or a Wave 75 1.22.2 Either It is Here or There: The Certainty 75 1.22.3 The World is Continuous: Any Value Within a Range is Possible 76 1.22.4 Common Grounds Among Particles and Waves: A Red Flag 76 1.23 Summary 77 1.24 Additional Problems 78 2 Particle Behavior of Waves 80 2.1 Introduction 82 2.2 The Nature of Light: The Big Picture 82 2.3 Black-Body Radiation 84 2.3.1 The Classical Collapse 85 2.3.2 The Quantum Rescue 89 2.4 The Photoelectric Effect 93 2.4.1 The Photoelectric Effect: The Experiment 93 2.4.2 The Classical Collapse 95 2.4.3 The Quantum Rescue 98 2.5 X-Ray Diffraction 103 2.6 The Compton Effect 106 2.7 Living in the Quantum World 110 2.7.1 Using Black-Body Radiation 110 2.7.2 Using the Photoelectric Effect 111 2.7.3 Using Compton Scattering 113 2.8 Summary 114 2.9 Additional Problems 115 3 Wave Behavior of Particles 117 3.1 Introduction 118 3.2 Particles and Waves: The Big Picture 118 3.3 The de Broglie Hypothesis 120 3.4 Measuring the Wavelength of Electrons 125 3.5 Quantum Confinement 129 3.6 The Uncertainty Principle 133 3.6.1 Understanding Particle Waves 133 3.6.2 Understanding the Uncertainty Principle 136 3.6.3 Another Form of the Uncertainty Principle 140 3.7 Wave-Particle Duality of Nature 141 3.8 Living in the Quantum World 143 3.8.1 Seeing the Nanoworld with Electron Waves 143 3.8.2 Seeing Nanostructures with the Diffraction of Particle Waves 145 3.8.3 Using Atomic Waves to Navigate Your Way 147 3.9 Summary 147 3.10 Additional Problems 148 4 Anatomy of an Atom 150 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 Quantum Mechanics of an Atom: The Big Picture 152 4.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 153 4.4 The Structure of an Atom 154 4.5 The Classical Collapse of an Atom 157 4.6 The Quantum Rescue 161 4.6.1 Bohr’s Model 161 4.6.2 The Bohr Model Meets the Spectral Series 165 4.6.3 Limitations of the Bohr Model 171 4.7 Quantum Mechanics of an Atomic Structure 171 4.7.1 Principle Energy Levels 172 4.7.2 Sublevels 173 4.7.3 Electron Orbitals 173 4.8 Classical Physics or Quantum Physics: Which One is the True Physics? 175 4.9 Living in the Quantum World 178 4.9.1 Free Electron Model for Pi Bonding 178 4.10 Summary 180 4.11 Additional Problems 180 5 Principles and Formalism of Quantum Mechanics 182 5.1 Introduction 183 5.2 Here Comes Quantum Mechanics 184 5.3 Wave Function: The Basic Building Block of Quantum Mechanics 185 5.3.1 It is All about Information 186 5.3.2 Introducing Probability in Science 186 5.4 Operators: The Information Extractors 189 5.5 Predicting the Measurements 189 5.5.1 Expectation Values 191 5.5.2 Operators 193 5.6 Put It All into an Equation 196 5.7 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 198 5.8 Double Slit Experiment Revisited 200 5.8.1 Double Slit Experiment for Particles 201 5.8.2 Chasing the Electron 202 5.9 The Quantum Reality 204 5.10 Living in the Quantum World 206 5.11 Summary 208 5.12 Additional Problems 209 6 The Anatomy and Physiology of an Equation 210 6.1 Introduction 211 6.2 The Schrödinger Wave Equation 211 6.3 The Schrödinger Equation for a Free Particle 217 6.4 Schrödinger Equation for a Particle in a Box 219 6.4.1 Setting Up and Solving the Schrödinger Equation 220 6.4.2 Here Comes the Energy Quantization 221 6.4.3 Exploring the Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation 224 6.4.4 The Uncertainty and Correspondence Principles: Revisited 226 6.4.5 Quantum Mechanical Tunneling 228 6.5 A Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box 232 6.6 Harmonic Oscillator 234 6.6.1 Understanding Harmonic Motion 234 6.6.2 Harmonic Motion in Quantum Mechanics 238 6.7 Understanding the Wave Functions of a Harmonic Oscillator 243 6.8 Comparing Quantum Mechanical Oscillator with Classical Oscillator 247 6.9 Living in the Quantum World 250 6.10 Summary 252 6.11 Additional Problems 252 7 Quantum Mechanics of an Atom 254 7.1 Introduction 255 7.2 Applying the Schrödinger Equation to the Hydrogen Atom 257 7.3 Solving the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom 260 7.3.1 Separating the Variables in the Schrödinger Equation 260 7.3.2 Solution of the Azimuthal Equation 262 7.3.3 Solutions of the Angular Equation 264 7.3.4 Solutions of the Radial Equation 264 7.3.5 Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom: Putting It All Together 267 7.4 Finding the Electron 270 7.5 Understanding the Quantum Numbers 273 7.5.1 The Principal Quantum Number and Energy Radiations 273 7.5.2 The Orbital Quantum Number 276 7.5.3 Magnetic Quantum Number 280 7.6 The Significance of Hydrogen 282 7.7 Living in the Quantum World 282 7.8 Summary 284 7.9 Additional Problems 286 8 Quantum Mechanics of Many-Electron Atoms 287 8.1 Introduction 288 8.2 Two Challenges to Quantum Mechanics: The Periodic Table and the Zeeman Effect 289 8.2.1 The Periodic Table of Elements 290 8.2.2 The Split Spectral Lines and the Zeeman Effect 291 8.3 Introducing the Electron Spin 292 8.4 Exclusion Principle 295 8.5 Understanding the Atomic Structure 298 8.5.1 Understanding Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals 298 8.5.2 Understanding the Electron Configuration of Atoms 301 8.6 Understanding the Physical Basis of the Periodic Table 307 8.6.1 General Trends Across Groups and Periods 310 8.6.2 Alkalis and Alkaline Earths 312 8.6.3 Transition Metals 312 8.6.4 Inert Gases 313 8.6.5 Halogens 313 8.6.6 Lanthanides and Actinides 314 8.7 Completing the Story of Angular Momentum 314 8.8 Understanding the Zeeman Effect 317 8.9 Living in the Quantum World 319 8.10 Summary 321 8.11 Additional Problems 322 9 Quantum Mechanics of Molecules 324 9.1 Introduction 325 9.2 A System of Molecules in Motion 327 9.3 Bond: The Atomic Bond 329 9.4 Diatomic Molecules 334 9.5 Rotational States of Molecules 336 9.6 Vibrational States of Molecules 340 9.7 Combination of Rotations and Vibrations 344 9.8 Electronic States of Molecules 350 9.9 Living in the Quantum World 351 9.10 Summary 353 9.11 Additional Problems 354 10 Statistical Quantum Mechanics 356 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Statistical Distributions 358 10.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution 360 10.4 Molecular Systems with Quantum States 369 10.5 Distribution of Vibrational Energies 371 10.5.1 Vibrational Energy 372 10.5.2 Population Probability of Vibrational States 373 10.5.3 Correspondence with Classical Mechanics 376 10.6 Distribution of Rotational Energies 378 10.6.1 Rotational Energy 378 10.6.2 Population Probability of Rotational States 378 10.6.3 Correspondence with Classical Mechanics 380 10.7 Distribution of Translational Energies 381 10.8 Quantum Statistics of Distinguishable Particles: Putting It All Together 384 10.9 Quantum Statistics of Indistinguishable Particles 386 10.10 Planck’s Radiation Formula 391 10.11 Absorption, Emission, and Lasers 394 10.12 Bose–Einstein Condensation 396 10.13 Living in the Quantum World 399 10.14 Summary 400 10.15 Additional Problems 402 11 Quantum Mechanics: A Thread Runs through It all 405 11.1 Introduction 406 11.2 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 407 11.2.1 Sciences behind Nanoscience 407 11.2.2 You Need to See Them before You Could Control Them 410 11.3 Nanoscale Quantum Confinement of Matter 415 11.3.1 Buckyballs 415 11.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 419 11.3.3 Nanocrystals 420 11.3.4 Quantum Dots 421 11.3.5 Quantum Mechanics for Nanostructures 423 11.3.6 Favoring Balls and Tubes 425 11.3.7 Fruits of Quantum Confinement 425 11.4 Quick Overview of Microelectronics 426 11.4.1 Microelectronics: A Hindsight 426 11.4.2 Basics of Microchips 428 11.5 Quantum Computing 432 11.6 Quantum Biology 434 11.6.1 Four Fundamental Nanostructures of Life 435 11.6.2 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 441 11.6.3 Sizes of Biological Particles 442 11.6.4 Diving Deeper into the Cell with Quantum Mechanics 444 11.7 Exploring the Interface of Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics 449 11.8 Living in the Quantum World 449 11.9 Summary 451 11.10 Additional Problems 451 Bibliography 453 Index 455

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides state-of-the-art algorithms for sound capture, processing and enhancement Sound Capture and Processing: Practical Approaches covers the digital signal processing algorithms and devices for capturing sounds, mostly human speech. It explores the devices and technologies used to capture, enhance and process sound for the needs of communication and speech recognition in modern computers and communication devices. This book gives a comprehensive introduction to basic acoustics and microphones, with coverage of algorithms for noise reduction, acoustic echo cancellation, dereverberation and microphone arrays; charting the progress of such technologies from their evolution to present day standard. Sound Capture and Processing: Practical Approaches Brings together the state-of-the-art algorithms for sound capture, processing and enhancement in one easily accessible volume Provides invaluable implementation techniques required to proTable of ContentsAbout the Author. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Need for, and Consumers of, Sound Capture and Audio Processing Algorithms. 1.2 Typical Sound Capture System. 1.3 The Goal of this Book and its Target Audience. 1.4 Prerequisites. 1.5 Book Structure. 1.6 Exercises. 2 Basics. 2.1 Noise: Definition, Modeling, Properties. 2.2 Signal: Definition, Modeling, Properties. 2.3 Classification: Suppression, Cancellation, Enhancement. 2.4 Sampling and Quantization. 2.5 Audio Processing in the Frequency Domain. 2.6 Bandwidth Limiting. 2.7 Signal-to-Noise-Ratio: Definition and Measurement. 2.8 Subjective Quality Measurement. 2.9 Other Methods for Quality and Enhancement Measurement. 2.10 Summary. Bibliography. 3 Sound and Sound Capturing Devices. 3.1 Sound and Sound Propagation. 3.2 Microphones. 3.3 Omnidirectional and Pressure Gradient Microphones. 3.4 Parameter Definitions. 3.5 First-order Directional Microphones. 3.6 Noise-canceling Microphones and the Proximity Effect. 3.7 Measurement of Microphone Parameters. 3.8 Microphone Models. 3.9 Summary. Bibliography. 4 Single-channel Noise Reduction. 4.1 Noise Suppression as a Signal Estimation Problem. 4.2 Suppression Rules. 4.3 Uncertain Presence of the Speech Signal. 4.4 Estimation of the Signal and Noise Parameters. 4.5 Architecture of a Noise Suppressor. 4.6 Optimizing the Entire System. 4.7 Specialized Noise-reduction Systems. 4.8 Practical Tips and Tricks for Noise Suppression. 4.9 Summary. Bibliography. 5 Sound Capture with Microphone Arrays. 5.1 Definitions and Types of Microphone Array. 5.2 The Sound Capture Model and Beamforming. 5.3 Terminology and Parameter Definitions. 5.4 Time-invariant Beamformers. 5.5 Channel Mismatch and Handling. 5.6 Adaptive Beamformers. 5.7 Microphone-array Post-processors. 5.8 Specific Algorithms for Small Microphone Arrays. 5.9 Summary. Bibliography. 6 Sound Source Localization and Tracking with Microphone Arrays. 6.1 Sound Source Localization. 6.2 Sound Source Localization from a Single Frame. 6.3 Post-processing Algorithms. 6.4 Practical Approaches and Tips. 6.5 Summary. Bibliography. 7 Acoustic Echo-reduction Systems. 7.1 General Principles and Terminology. 7.2 LMS Solution for Acoustic Echo Cancellation. 7.3 NLMS and RLS Algorithms. 7.4 Double-talk Detectors. 7.5 Non-linear Acoustic Echo Cancellation. 7.6 Acoustic Echo Suppression. 7.7 Multichannel Acoustic Echo Reduction. 7.8 Practical Aspects of the Acoustic Echo-reduction Systems. 7.9 Summary. Bibliography. 8 De-reverberation. 8.1 Reverberation and Modeling. 8.2 De-reverberation via De-convolution. 8.3 De-reverberation via Suppression. 8.4 De-reverberation with Multiple Microphones. 8.5 Practical Recommendations. 8.6 Summary. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA diagram can be used to graphically demonstrate cause and effect in intelligent systems, in particular, expert systems. Diagrammatic Reasoning in AI explores the use of diagrams, or graphical representations, that show how something works or makes something easier to understand.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1 Introduction: Working Around the Limitations of AI 1 Chapter 2 Mental Models: Diagrams in the Mind’s Eye 23 Chapter 3 Types of Diagrams 57 Chapter 4 Logic Reasoning with Diagrams 108 Chapter 5 Rule-Based Expert Systems 143 Chapter 6 Rule-Based Reasoning with Diagrams 188 Chapter 7 Model-Based Reasoning 228 Chapter 8 Inexact Reasoning with Certainty Factors and Bayesian Networks 264 Chapter 9 A Framework for Understanding Diagrammatic Reasoning 302 Index 321

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive look at the emerging science of networks Network science helps you design faster, more resilient communication networks; revise infrastructure systems such as electrical power grids, telecommunications networks, and airline routes; model market dynamics; understand synchronization in biological systems; and analyze social interactions among people. This is the first book to take a comprehensive look at this emerging science. It examines the various kinds of networks (regular, random, small-world, influence, scale-free, and social) and applies network processes and behaviors to emergence, epidemics, synchrony, and risk. The book''s uniqueness lies in its integration of concepts across computer science, biology, physics, social network analysis, economics, and marketing. The book is divided into easy-to-understand topical chapters and the presentation is augmented with clear illustrations, problems and answers, examples, applications, tutoriTrade Review"This book provides a comprehensive study of network science, specifically of different network classes and their respective properties. The chapters are easy to understand, each containing an extensive introduction that prepares the reader for what is to follow." (Computing Reviews, 1 November 2010) “This fascinating book is a tour de force review of the application of network theory to a number of real-life and wildly different areas.” (Computing Reviews, July 2009)Table of ContentsPreface/Foreword ix 1 Origins 1 1.1 What Is Network Science?, 5 1.2 A Brief History of Network Science, 8 1.3 General Principles, 19 2 Graphs 23 2.1 Set-Theoretic Definition of a Graph, 25 2.2 Matrix Algebra Definition of a Graph, 33 2.3 The Bridges of Ko¨nigsberg Graph, 38 2.4 Spectral Properties of Graphs, 42 2.5 Types of Graphs, 46 2.6 Topological Structure, 54 2.7 Graphs in Software, 63 2.8 Exercises, 68 3 Regular Networks 71 3.1 Diameter, Centrality, and Average Path Length, 74 3.2 Binary Tree Network, 79 3.3 Toroidal Network, 85 3.4 Hypercube Networks, 89 3.5 Exercises, 95 4 Random Networks 97 4.1 Generation of Random Networks, 100 4.2 Degree Distribution of Random Networks, 106 4.3 Entropy of Random Networks, 110 4.4 Properties of Random Networks, 118 4.5 Weak Ties in Random Networks, 125 4.6 Randomization of Regular Networks, 127 4.7 Analysis, 128 4.8 Exercises, 129 5 Small-World Networks 131 5.1 Generating a Small-World Network, 135 5.2 Properties of Small-World Networks, 142 5.3 Phase Transition, 156 5.4 Navigating Small Worlds, 160 5.5 Weak Ties in Small-World Networks, 169 5.6 Analysis, 171 5.7 Exercises, 173 6 Scale-Free Networks 177 6.1 Generating a Scale-Free Network, 180 6.2 Properties of Scale-Free Networks, 190 6.3 Navigation in Scale-Free Networks, 203 6.4 Analysis, 207 6.5 Exercises, 214 7 Emergence 217 7.1 What is Network Emergence?, 219 7.2 Emergence in the Sciences, 223 7.3 Genetic Evolution, 225 7.4 Designer Networks, 233 7.5 Permutation Network Emergence, 243 7.6 An Application of Emergence, 252 7.7 Exercises, 258 8 Epidemics 261 8.1 Epidemic Models, 264 8.2 Persistent Epidemics in Networks, 275 8.3 Network Epidemic Simulation Software, 287 8.4 Countermeasures, 289 8.5 Exercises, 297 9 Synchrony 299 9.1 To Sync or Not to Sync, 300 9.2 A Cricket Social Network, 307 9.3 Kirchhoff Networks, 324 9.4 Pointville Electric Power Grid, 331 9.5 Exercises, 335 10 Influence Networks 337 10.1 Anatomy of Buzz, 340 10.2 Power in Social Networks, 347 10.3 Conflict in I-Nets, 357 10.4 Command Hierarchies, 360 10.5 Emergent Power in I-Nets, 362 10.6 Exercises, 371 11 Vulnerability 375 11.1 Network Risk, 378 11.2 Critical Node Analysis, 382 11.3 Game Theory Considerations, 407 11.4 The General Attacker–Defender Network Risk Problem, 408 11.5 Critical Link Analysis, 410 11.6 Stability Resilience in Kirchhoff Networks, 428 11.7 Exercises, 430 12 NetGain 433 12.1 Classical Diffusion Equations, 436 12.2 Multiproduct Networks, 443 12.3 Java Method for Netgain Emergence, 447 12.4 Nascent Market Networks, 448 12.5 Creative Destruction Networks, 453 12.6 Merger and Acquisition Networks, 463 12.7 Exercises, 466 13 Biology 469 13.1 Static Models, 471 13.2 Dynamic Analysis, 475 13.3 Protein Expression Networks, 481 13.4 Mass Kinetics Modeling, 484 13.5 Exercises, 490 Bibliography 493 About the Author 503 Index 505

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten as a textbook for both university courses and the many corporate classes taught in industry and is based on the author's cutting edge research The first book to examine the physical foundation of System Integrity and is based on electromagnetic theory derived from Maxwell's Equations.Trade Review"Techniques that show how to obtain analytic solutions for ideal materials and boundary conditions are presented. These solutions are then used as a benchmark to solve real world problems via computational techniques. The book is written in the language of an electrical engineer." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Intent of the Book. 1. Plane Electromagnetic Waves. Introduction. 1.1 Propagating Plane Waves. 1.2 Polarized Plane Waves. 1.3 Doppler Shift. 1.4 Plane Waves in a Lossy Medium. 1.5 Dispersion and Group Velocity. 1.6 Power and Energy Propagation. 1.7 Momentum Propagation. Endnotes. 2. Plane Waves in Compound Media. Introduction. 2.1 Plane Wave Propagating in a Material as It Orthogonally Interacts with a Second Material. 2.2 Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions. 2.3 Plane Wave Propagating in a Material as It Orthogonally Interacts with Two Boundaries. 2.4 Plane Wave Propagating in a Material as It Orthogonally Interacts with Multiple Boundaries. 2.5 Polarized Plane Waves Propagating in a Material as They Interact Obliquely with a Boundary. 2.6 Brewster's Law. 2.7 Applications of Snell's Law and Brewster’s Law. Endnote. 3. Transmission Lines and Waveguides. 3.1 Infi nitely Long Transmission Lines. 3.2 Governing Equations. 3.3 Special Cases. 3.4 Power Transmission. 3.5 Finite Transmission Lines. 3.6 Harmonic Waves in Finite Transmission Lines. 3.7 Using AC Spice Models. 3.8 Transient Waves in Finite Transmission Lines. 4. Ideal Models vs Real-World Systems. Introduction. 4.1 Ideal Transmission Lines. 4.2 Ideal Model Transmission Line Input and Output. 4.3 Real-World Transmission Lines. 4.4 Effects of Surface Roughness. 4.5 Effects of the Propagating Material. 4.6 Effects of Grain Boundaries. 4.7 Effects of Permeability. 4.8 Effects of Board Complexity. 4.9 Final Conclusions for an Ideal versus a Real-World Transmission Line. Endnotes. 5. Complex Permittivity of Propagating Media. Introduction. 5.1 Basic Mechanisms of the Propagating Material. 5.2 Permittivity of Permanent Polar Molecules. 5.3 Induced Dipole Moments. 5.4 Induced Dipole Response Function, G(τ). 5.5 Frequency Character of the Permittivity. 5.6 Kramers–Kronig Relations for Induced Moments. 5.7 Arbitrary Time Stimulus. 5.8 Conduction Electron Permittivity. 5.9 Conductivity Response Function. 5.10 Permittivity of Plasma Oscillations. 5.11 Permittivity Summary. 5.12 Empirical Permittivity. 5.13 Theory Applied to Empirical Permittivity. 5.14 Dispersion of a Signal Propagating through a Medium with Complex Permittivity. Endnotes. 6. Surface Roughness. Introduction. 6.1 Snowball Model for Surface Roughness. 6.2 Perfect Electric Conductors in Static Fields. 6.3 Spherical Conductors in Time-Varying Fields. 6.4 The Far-Field Region. 6.5 Electrodynamics in Good Conducting Spheres. 6.6 Spherical Coordinate Analysis. 6.7 Vector Helmholtz Equation Solutions. 6.8 Multipole Moment Analysis. 6.9 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves. 6.10 Power Scattered and Absorbed by Good Conducting Spheres. 6.11 Applications of Fundamental Scattering. Endnotes. 7. Advanced Signal Integrity. Introduction. 7.1 Induced Surface Charges and Currents. 7.2 Reduced Magnetic Dipole Moment Due to Field Penetration. 7.3 Infl uence of a Surface Alloy Distribution. 7.4 Screening of Neighboring Snowballs and Form Factors. 7.5 Pulse Phase Delay and Signal Dispersion. Chapter Conclusions. Endnotes. 8. Signal Integrity Simulations. Introduction. 8.1 Defi nition of Terms and Techniques. 8.2 Circuit Simulation. 8.3 Transient SPICE Simulation. 8.4 Emerging SPICE Simulation Methods. 8.5 Fast Convolution Analysis. 8.6 Quasi-Static Field Solvers. 8.7 Full-Wave 3-D FEM Field Solvers. 8.8 Conclusions. Endnotes. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book will advance the understanding and application of self-adaptive intelligent systems; therefore it will potentially benefit the long-term goal of replicating certain levels of brain-like intelligence in complex and networked engineering systems. It will provide new approaches for adaptive systems within uncertain environments. This willprovide an opportunity to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-the-art of knowledge, give rise to new research directions, and educate future professionals in this domain. Self-adaptive intelligent systems have wide applications from military security systems to civilian daily life. In this book, different application problems, including pattern recognition, classification, image recovery, and sequence learning, will be presented to show the capability of the proposed systems in learning, memory, and prediction. Therefore, this book will also provide potential new solutions to many real-world applications.Trade Review"This comprehensive introduction to machine intelligence engineering and self-adaptive systems provides an overview of a variety of processes and technologies for the development of artificial intelligence." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 The Machine Intelligence Research. 1.2 The Two-Fold Objectives: Data-Driven and Biologically-Inspired Approaches. 1.3 How to Read this Book. 1.4 Summary and Further Reading. References. Chapter 2. Incremental Learning. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Problem Foundation. 2.3 An Adaptive Incremental Learning Framework. 2.4 Design of the Mapping Function. 2.5 Case Study. 2.6 Summary. Chapter 3. Imbalanced Learning. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Nature of the Imbalanced Learning. 3.3 Solutions for Imbalanced Learning. 3.4 Assessment Metrics for Imbalanced Learning. 3.5 Opportunities and Challenges. 3.6 Case Study. 3.7 Summary. Chapter 4. Ensemble Learning. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Hypothesis Diversity. 4.3 Developing Multiple Hypotheses. 4.4 Integrating Multiple Hypotheses. 4.5 Case Study. 4.6 Summary. Chapter 5. Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Machine Intelligence. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Fundamental Objectives: Optimization and Prediction. 5.3 ADP for Machine Intelligence. 5.4 Case Study. 5.5 Summary. Chapter 6. Associative Learning. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Associative Learning Mechanism. 6.3 Associative Learning in Hierarchical Neural Networks. 6.4 Case Study. 6.5 Summary. Chapter 7. Sequence Learning. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Foundations for Sequence Learning. 7.3 Sequence Learning in Hierarchical Neural Structure. 7.4 Level 0: A Modified Hebbian Learning Architecture. 7.5 Level 1 to Level N: Sequence Storage, Prediction and Retrieval. 7.6 Memory Requirement. 7.7 Learning and Anticipation of Multiple Sequences. 7.8 Case Study. 7.9 Summary. Chapter 8. Hardware Design for Machine Intelligence. 8.1 A Final Comment. References.

Read more less

Book Synopsis* Emphasizes real-world applications of simulation modeling in both services and manufacturing sectors. Case studies are provided. * Teaches basic and advanced modeling techniques, and serves as a user manual for professionals learning how to build simulation models using WITNESS.Table of ContentsAbout the Companion Website xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Concepts of Simulation Modeling 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 System Modeling 2 1.2.1 System Concept 2 1.2.2 Modeling Concept 4 1.2.3 Types of Models 5 1.3 Simulation Modeling 11 1.3.1 Simulation Defined 11 1.3.2 Simulation Taxonomy 12 1.4 The Role of Simulation 15 1.4.1 Simulation Justified 15 1.4.2 Simulation Applications 16 1.4.3 Simulation Precautions 17 1.5 Simulation Methodology 20 1.5.1 Identify Problem/Opportunity 20 1.5.2 Develop Solution/Improvement Alternatives 21 1.5.3 Evaluate Solution Alternatives 21 1.5.4 Select the Best Alternative 22 1.5.5 Implement the Selected Alternative 22 1.6 Steps in a Simulation Study 22 1.6.1 Problem Formulation 23 1.6.2 Setting Study Objectives 23 1.6.3 Conceptual Modeling 25 1.6.4 Data Collection 26 1.6.5 Model Building 27 1.6.6 Model Verification 30 1.6.7 Model Validation 30 1.6.8 Model Analysis 31 1.6.9 Study Documentation 32 1.7 Simulation Software 34 1.7.1 WITNESS® Simulation Software 35 1.8 Summary 36 Questions and Exercises 37 Bibliography 38 2 World-Views of Simulation 41 2.1 Overview 41 2.2 System Modeling with DES 42 2.2.1 System Structure 42 2.2.2 System Layout 43 2.2.3 System Data 43 2.2.4 System Logic 44 2.2.5 System Statistics 45 2.3 Elements of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) 45 2.3.1 System Entities (EN) 45 2.3.2 System State (S) 46 2.3.3 State Variables (VR) 46 2.3.4 System Events (E) 47 2.3.5 System Activities (A) 48 2.3.6 System Resources (R) 48 2.3.7 System Delay (D) 50 2.3.8 System Logic (L) 50 2.4 DES Functionality 51 2.4.1 Discrete-Event Mechanism 52 2.4.2 Time-Advancement Mechanism 54 2.4.3 Random Sampling Mechanism 55 2.4.4 Statistical Accumulation Mechanism 58 2.4.5 Animation Mechanism 59 2.5 Example of DES Mechanisms 60 2.6 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) 65 2.7 Continuous Simulation 68 2.7.1 WITNESS® for Continuous Simulation 69 2.7.2 Hybrid Simulation 69 2.8 WITNESS® World-views of Simulation 70 2.8.1 Attribute 72 2.8.2 Buffer 72 2.8.3 Carrier 72 2.8.4 Conveyor 73 2.8.5 Fluid 73 2.8.6 Labor 74 2.8.7 Machine 74 2.8.8 Part 75 2.8.9 Path 75 2.8.10 Pipe 75 2.8.11 Processor 75 2.8.12 Sections 75 2.8.13 Station 76 2.8.14 Tank 76 2.8.15 Track 76 2.8.16 Vehicle 76 2.9 Summary 77 Questions and Exercises 78 Bibliography 80 3 WITNESS® Environment 83 3.1 Overview 83 3.2 The WITNESS® Environment 83 3.3 Menus 85 3.3.1 General Menu Operation 86 3.4 Tool Bars 86 3.4.1 Standard Tool Bar 86 3.4.2 Views Toolbar 87 3.4.3 Element Tool Bar 89 3.4.4 Model Tool Bar, 92 3.4.5 Assistant Toolbar, 92 3.4.6 Run Toolbar, 93 3.4.7 Reporting Toolbar, 95 3.4.8 Display Edit Toolbar, 96 3.4.9 Creating a New Toolbar, 99 3.5 Dialog Boxes and Property Sheets 100 3.5.1 Entry/Field Types 100 3.6 Windows 102 3.7 Layers 103 3.8 The WITNESS® Editor 103 3.8.1 Editor Features 103 3.8.2 Manipulating a Window 105 3.9 Window Operations 105 3.9.1 Windows Options 105 3.9.2 The Interact Box 106 3.9.3 The Clock (Time) 107 3.9.4 The Analog Clock 107 3.9.5 Copying, Cutting, and Pasting 107 3.9.6 Copy and Cut Element’s Display or Detail Features 108 3.10 The Help Facility 108 3.11 The Basic Elements 109 Questions and Exercises 109 Bibliography 110 4 Basic WITNESS® Modeling Techniques 111 4.1 Overview 111 4.2 Step-by-Step Model Building 111 4.3 Modeling a Simple Manufacturing Process 112 4.3.1 Define: Specifying Elements of the Manufacturing Process Simulation Model 114 4.3.2 Detail: Adding Specifications for Elements to the Model 114 4.3.3 Display: Modifying the Appearance of Elements in the Layout Window 118 4.4 Modeling a Service Process 126 4.4.1 Service Model Example 126 4.5 WITNESS® Code 141 4.6 An Extended Example 141 Questions and Exercises 143 Bibliography 146 5 Modeling Material Handling Systems 149 5.1 Overview 149 5.2 Material Handling Systems 149 5.3 Material Handling Systems in WITNESS® 150 5.4 Modeling Conveyors 152 5.5 Modeling Paths for Labor and Parts Transit 156 5.6 Modeling Vehicles and Tracks 161 5.7 Modeling Power-&-Free Systems 167 Questions and Exercises 176 Bibliography 176 6 Basic Probability and Statistics for Simulation 179 6.1 Overview 179 6.2 Random Variables (RVs) 179 6.2.1 Examples of Discrete Random Variables 180 6.2.2 Examples of Continuous Random Variables 181 6.3 Point Estimation 182 6.4 Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean 182 6.5 Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance and Standard Deviation 184 6.6 Sample Size Determination when Estimating Population Mean 185 6.7 Theoretical Probability Distributions 186 6.7.1 The Uniform Distribution 187 6.7.2 The Normal Distribution 187 6.7.3 The Exponential Distribution 190 6.7.4 The Erlang Distribution 190 6.7.5 The Gamma Distribution 192 6.7.6 The Weibull Distribution 193 6.7.7 Triangular Distribution 193 Questions and Exercises 197 Bibliography 198 7 Simulation Input Modeling 199 7.1 Overview 199 7.2 Determining Data Requirements 200 7.3 Methods of Data Collection 202 7.4 Representing Collected Data 211 7.5 Validating Collected Data 213 7.5.1 Filtering the Data from Outliers and Wrong Measures 215 7.5.2 Testing the Data for Independence 215 7.5.3 Testing if Data are Identically Distributed 218 7.6 Fitting Probability Distributions to Collected Data 219 7.6.1 Using Empirical Distributions 225 7.7 WITNESS® Input Modeling 226 7.7.1 WITNESS® RNG 227 7.7.2 Incorporating Collected Data in WITNESS® 229 7.7.3 Using Databases with WITNESS® 233 7.8 Practical Aspects of Input Modeling 234 7.8.1 Example of Input Modeling: Auto Service Center 236 7.8.2 Example of Input Modeling: ER Simulation 243 7.9 Summary 249 Questions and Exercises 249 Bibliography 252 8 Simulation Output Analysis 253 8.1 Overview 253 8.2 Terminating Versus Steady-State Simulation 254 8.2.1 Terminating Simulation 254 8.2.2 Steady-State Simulation 257 8.3 Determining Simulation Run Controls 259 8.3.1 Determining Warm-Up Period 260 8.3.2 Determining Simulation Run Length 263 8.3.3 Determining the Number of Simulation Runs 266 8.4 Variability in Simulation Outputs 267 8.4.1 Variance Reduction Techniques 269 8.5 Simulation Output Analysis 270 8.5.1 Statistical Analysis of Simulation Outputs 272 8.5.2 Experimental Design 285 8.6 Example: Output Analyses of a Clinic Simulation 291 8.7 WITNESS® Modules for Simulation Output Analysis 296 8.7.1 WITNESS® Outputs and Charts 296 8.7.2 WITNESS® Costing 297 8.7.3 WITNESS® Scenario Manager 299 8.7.4 WITNESS® Documentor 299 8.7.5 WITNESS® Optimizer 300 8.8 Summary 300 Questions and Exercises 301 Bibliography 303 9 Model Verification and Validation Techniques 305 9.1 Overview 305 9.2 Model Verification Techniques 306 9.2.1 Verifying Model Inputs 308 9.2.2 Verifying Model Logic 309 9.2.3 Verifying Model Outputs 314 9.3 Model Validation Techniques 314 9.3.1 Validating Model Inputs 316 9.3.2 Validating Model Behavior 318 9.3.3 Validating Model Outputs 319 9.4 Verifying WITNESS® Models 320 9.5 Summary 330 Question and Exercise 330 Bibliography 332 10 Simulation Project Management 331 10.1 Overview 331 10.2 Define the Problem 332 10.2.1 Define the Objectives of the Study 332 10.2.2 List the Specific Issues to Be Addressed 334 10.2.3 Determine the Boundary or Domain of the Study 334 10.2.4 Determine the Level of Detail or Proper Abstraction Level 334 10.2.5 Determine if a Simulation Model is Actually Needed 335 10.2.6 Estimate the Required Resources Needed to Do the Study 335 10.2.7 Perform a Cost-Benefit Analysis 335 10.2.8 Create a Planning Chart of the Proposed Project 336 10.2.9 Write a Formal Proposal 336 10.3 Design the Study 337 10.3.1 Estimate the Life Cycle of the Model 338 10.3.2 List Broad Assumptions 338 10.3.3 Estimate the Number of Models Required 338 10.3.4 Determine the Animation Requirements 338 10.3.5 Select the Tool 339 10.3.6 Determine the Level of Data Available and What Data is Needed 339 10.3.7 Determine the Human Requirements and Skill Levels 339 10.3.8 Determine the Audience (Levels of Management) 340 10.3.9 Identify the Deliverables 340 10.3.10 Determine the Priority of the Study in Relationship to Other Studies 340 10.3.11 Set Milestone Dates 341 10.3.12 Write the Project Functional Specifications 341 10.4 Design the Conceptual Model 341 10.4.1 Decide on Continuous, Discrete, or Combined Modeling 342 10.4.2 Determine the Elements that Drive the System 342 10.4.3 Determine the Entities that Should Represent the System Elements 343 10.4.4 Determine the Level of Detail Needed to Describe the System Components 343 10.4.5 Determine the Graphics Requirements of the Model 343 10.4.6 Identify the Areas That Utilize Special Control Logic 344 10.4.7 Determine How to Collect Statistics in the Model and Communicate Results to the Customer 344 10.5 Formulate Inputs, Assumptions, and Process Definition 344 10.5.1 Specify the Operating Philosophy of the System 345 10.5.2 Describe the Physical Constraints of the System 345 10.5.3 Describe the Creation and Termination of Dynamic Elements 345 10.5.4 Describe the Process in Detail 345 10.5.5 Obtain the Operation Specifications 346 10.5.6 Obtain the Material Handling Specifications 346 10.5.7 List All the Assumptions 346 10.5.8 Analyze the Input Data 346 10.5.9 Specify the Runtime Parameters 347 10.5.10 Write the Detailed Project Functional Specifications 347 10.5.11 Validate the Conceptual Model 347 10.6 Build, Verify, and Validate the Model 348 10.7 Experiment with the Model 348 10.8 Documentation and Presentation 349 10.8.1 Project Book 350 10.8.2 Documentation of Model Input, Code, and Output 350 10.8.3 Project Functional Specifications 350 10.8.4 User Manual 350 10.8.5 Maintenance Manual 351 10.8.6 Discussion and Explanation of Model Results 351 10.8.7 Recommendations for Further Areas of Study 351 10.8.8 Final Project Report and Presentation 351 10.9 Define the Model Life Cycle 352 10.9.1 Construct User-Friendly Model Input and Output Interfaces 353 10.9.2 Determine Model and Training Responsibility 353 10.9.3 Establish Data Integrity and Collection Procedures 354 10.9.4 Perform Field Data Validation Tests 354 10.10 Summary 354 Bibliography 354 11 Manufacturing Simulation Case Studies 357 11.1 Overview 357 11.2 Hybrid Simulation of Titanium Manufacturing Process 358 11.2.1 Model Description 358 11.2.2 Model Assumptions 360 11.2.3 Process Logic 360 11.2.4 Start-up Conditions and Model Run Length 361 11.2.5 Model Input Data 361 11.2.6 Model Outputs 363 11.2.7 The WITNESS® Model 363 11.2.8 Model Verification and Validation 366 11.2.9 Model Experiments 367 11.2.10 Project Results and Conclusions 371 11.3 Paint Capacity Study of an Aviation Company 373 11.3.1 Paint Shop Layout 373 11.3.2 Study Assumptions 373 11.3.3 Data Collection 375 11.3.4 The WITNESS® Model 375 11.3.5 Study Results 375 11.3.6 Throughput Improvement Opportunities 375 11.4 Simulation of a Seamless Pipe Facility 376 11.4.1 Study Objectives Include 377 11.4.2 System Description 379 11.4.3 Input Parameters 379 11.4.4 Schedule Data 381 11.4.5 The WITNESS® Model 381 11.4.6 Base Model–Worst-Case Schedule 381 11.4.7 Results Summary 387 11.4.8 Observations Summary 389 11.4.9 Conclusions 393 11.5 Summary 393 Bibliography 393 12 Service Simulation Case Studies 395 12.1 Overview 395 12.2 Elements of Service Systems 396 12.2.1 System Entities 396 12.2.2 Service Providers 396 12.2.3 Customer Service 397 12.2.4 Staff and Human Resources 397 12.2.5 Facility Layout and Physical Structure 397 12.2.6 Operating Policies 398 12.3 Characteristics of Service Systems 398 12.4 Modeling Service Systems 399 12.4.1 Modeling Considerations 399 12.4.2 Model Elements 401 12.4.3 Model Control Factors 401 12.4.4 Model Performance Measures 402 12.5 Applications of Service System Simulation 402 12.5.1 Examples of Service Systems Simulation 403 12.6 Case Studies on Service Systems Simulation 404 12.6.1 Car Wash 404 12.6.2 Harbor Traffic Simulation 406 12.6.3 Bank Simulation Example 409 12.6.4 Clinic Simulation Example 411 12.6.5 Public Service Office Simulation 417 12.7 Summary 423 Bibliography 423 13 Simulation-Based Optimization Methods 425 13.1 Overview 425 13.2 Optimization Approaches in Simulation Studies 426 13.3 Simulation-Based Optimization 427 13.4 WITNESS® Experimenter 429 13.4.1 Comparison of Multiple Alternatives with WITNESS® Experimenter 429 13.4.2 More Advanced Use of the Experimenter 435 13.5 Optimization within the WITNESS® Experimenter 440 13.5.1 Productivity-Cost Tradeoffs Explored with the Experimenter 444 13.6 Summary 447 Questions and Exercises 447 Bibliography 448 14 Simulation for Lean Systems 449 14.1 Overview 449 14.2 Basics of Lean Systems 450 14.2.1 Lean Principles 450 14.2.2 Lean Techniques 453 14.2.3 Value Stream Mapping 454 14.3 Simulation-Based Lean Systems 457 14.3.1 Lean Simulation Example 459 14.4 Lean Using WITNESS® 477 14.5 Summary 485 Question and Exercises 485 Bibliography 487 15 Simulation for Six Sigma 489 15.1 Overview 489 15.2 Six Sigma Quality 490 15.2.1 Six Sigma Capability 493 15.2.2 Determining Process Sigma Rating 494 15.3 Six Sigma Methods 496 15.3.1 DMAIC Process 497 15.3.2 Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) 499 15.4 WITNESS® for Six Sigma 501 15.4.1 Sigma Ratings in WITNESS® 504 15.5 Simulation-Based Six Sigma 520 15.5.1 Simulation-Based DMAIC 520 15.5.2 Simulation-Based DFSS 526 15.5.3 Lean Six Sigma (LSS) 537 15.6 Summary 545 Questions and Exercises 546 Bibliography 547 Appendix 549 Index 553

Read more less

Book SynopsisA collection of tutorial articles on recent advancements and state-of-the-art results Provides a comprehensive overview of sensor and array processing. Covers fundamental principles as well as applications. Features some of the most prominent researchers from different centers in North America and Europe.Trade Review"The book's 28 chapters are written mostly in a tutorial style. Thus, they will particularly benefit students and newcomers to any of the application fields detailed in Parts 2 and 4." (Computing Reviews, June 2010) "Haykin and Liu's book is a very useful tool, not only for researchers and experts in the field, but also for graduate students interested in advanced signal processing and networking topics." (Computing Reviews, June 2010)Table of ContentsPreface (Simon Haykin and K. J. Ray Liu). Contributors. Introduction (Simon Haykin). PART I: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN ARRAY SIGNAL PROCESSING. 1. Wavefields. (Alfred Hanssen). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Harmonizable Stochastic Processes. 1.3 Stochastic Wavefields. 1.4 Wave Dispersion. 1.5 Conclusions. 1.6 Acknowledgements. References. 2. Spatial Spectrum Estimation (Petar M. Djurić). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamentals. 2.3 Temporal Spectrum Estimation. 2.4 Spatial Spectrum Estimation. 2.5 Final Remarks. References. 3. MIMO Radio Propagation (Tricia J. Willink). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Space-Time Propagation Environment. 3.3 Propagation Models. 3.4 Measured Channel Characteristics. 3.5 Stationarity. 3.6 Summary. References. 4. Robustness Issues in Sensor Array Processing (Alex B. Gershman). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation. 4.3 Adaptive Beamforming. 4.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 5. Wireless Communication and Sensing in Multipath Environments Using Multiantenna Transceivers (Akbar M. Sayeed and Thiagarajan Sivanadyan). 5.1 Introduction and Overview. 5.2 Multipath Wireless Channel Modeling in Time, Frequency and Space. 5.3 Point-to-Point MIMO Wireless Communication Systems. 5.4 Active Wireless Sensing with Wideband MIMO Transceivers. 5.5 Concluding Remarks. References. PART II: NOVEL TECHNIQUES FOR AND APPLICATIONS OF ARRAY SIGNAL PROCESSING. 6. Implicit Training and Array Processing for Digital Communication Systems (Aldo G. Orozco-Lugo, Mauricio Lara, and Desmond C. McLernon). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of Implicit Training Methods. 6.3 IT-Based Estimation for a Single User. 6.4 IT-Based Estimation for Multiple Users Exploiting Array Processing: Continuous Transmission. 6.5 IT-Based Estimation for Multiple Users Exploiting Array Processing: Packet Transmission. 6.6 Open Research Problems. Acknowledgments. References. 7. Unitary Design of Radar Waveform Diversity Sets (Michael D. Zoltowski, Tariq R. Qureshi, Robert Calderbank, and Bill Moran). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 2 x 2 Space-Time Diversity Waveform Design. 7.3 4 x 4 Space-Time Diversity Waveform Design. 7.4 Waveform Families Based on Kronecker Products. 7.5 Introduction to Data-Dependent Waveform Design. 7.6 3 x 3 and 6 x 6 Waveform Scheduling. 7.7 Summary. References. 8. Acoustic Array Processing for Speech Enhancement (Markus Buck, Eberhard Hänsler, Mohamed Krini, Gerhard Schmidt and Tobias Wolff). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Signal Processing in the Subband Domain. 8.3 Multichannel Echo Cancelation. 8.4 Speaker Localization. 8.5 Beamforming. 8.6 Sensor Calibration. 8.7 Postprocessing. 8.8 Conclusions. References. 9. Acoustic Beamforming for Hearing Aid Applications (Simon Doclo, Sharon Gannot, Marc Moonen and Ann Spriet). 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Overview of noise reduction techniques. 9.3. Monaural beamforming. 9.4. Binaural beamforming. 9.5. Conclusion. 10. Undetermined Blind Source Separation Using Acoustic Arrays (Shoji Makino, Shoko Araki, Stefan Winter and Hiroshi Sawada). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Underdetermined Blind Source Separation of Speeches in Reverberant Environments. 10.3 Sparseness of Speech Sources. 10.4 Binary Mask Approach to Underdetermined BSS. 10.5 MAP-Based Two-Stage Approach to Underdetermined BSS. 10.6 Experimental Comparison with Binary Mask Approach and MAP-Based Two-Stage Approach. 10.7 Concluding Remarks. References. 11. Array Processing in Astronomy (Douglas C.-J. Bock). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Correlation Arrays. 11.3 Aperture Plane Phased Arrays. 11.4 Future Directions. 11.5 Conclusion. References. 12. Digital 3D/4D Ultrasound Imaging Array (Stergios Stergiopoulos). 12.1 Background. 12.2 Next Generation 3D/4D Ultrasound Imaging Technology. 12.3 Computing Architecture and Implementation Issues. 12.4 An Experimental Planar Array Ultrasound Imaging System. 12.5 Conclusion. References. PART III: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS. 13. Self-Localization of Sensor Networks (Josh N. Ash and Randolph L. Moses). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Measurement Types and Performance Bounds. 13.3 Localization Algorithms. 13.4 Relative and Transformation Error Decomposition. 13.5 Conclusions. References. 14. Multitarget Tracking and Classification in Collaborative Sensor Networks via Sequential Monte Carlo (Tom Vercauteren and Xiaodong Wang). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 System Description and Problem Formulation. 14.3 Sequential Monte Carlo Methods. 14.4 Joint Single-Target Tracking and Classification. 14.5 Multiple-Target Tracking and Classification. 14.6 Sensor Selection. 14.7 Simulation Results. Conclusion. Appendix: Derviations of (14.38 and (14.40). References. 15. Energy-Efficient Decentralized Estimation (Jin-Jun Xiao, Shuguang Cui and Zhi-Quan Luo). 15.5 Introduction. 15.2 System Model. 15.3 Digital Approaches. 15.4 Analog Approaches. 15.5 Analog versus Digital. 15.6 Extension to Vector Model. 15.7 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 16. Sensor Data Fusion with Application to Multitarget Tracking (R. Tharmarasa, K. Punithakumar, T. Kirubarajan and Y. Bar-Shalom). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Tracking Filters. 16.3 Data Association. 16.4 Out-of-Sequence Measurements. 16.5 Results with Real Data. 16.6 Summary. References. 17. Distributed Algorithms in Sensor Networks (Usman A. Khan, Soummya Kar and José Moura). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Preliminaries. 17.3 Distributed Detection. 17.4 Consensus Algorithms. 17.5 Zero-Dimension (Average) Consensus. 17.6 Consensus in Higher Dimensions. 17.7 Leader-Follower (Type) Algorithms. 17.8 Localization in Sensor Networks. 17.9 Linear System of Equations: Distributed Algorithm. 17.10 Conclusions. References. 18. Cooperative Sensor Communications (Ahmed K. Sadek, Weifeng Su and K. J. Ray Liu). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Cooperative Relay Protocols. 18.3 SER Analysis and Optimal Power Allocation. 18.4 Energy Efficiency in Cooperative Sensor Networks. 18.5 Experimental Results. 18.6 Conclusions. References. 19. Distributed Source Coding (Zixiang Xiong, Angelos D. Liveris and Yang Yang). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Theoretical Background. 19.3 Code Designs. 19.4 Applications. 19.5 Conclusions. References. 20. Network Coding for Sensor Networks (Christina Fragouli). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 How Can We Implement Network Coding in a Practical Sensor Network? 20.3 Data Collection and Coupon Collector Problem. 20.4 Distributed Storage and Sensor Network Data Persistence. 20.5 Decentralized Operation and Untuned Radios. 20.6 Broadcasting and Multipath Diversity. 20.7 Network, Channel and Source Coding. 20.8 Identity-Aware Sensor Networks. 20.9 Discussion. Acknowledgments. References. 21. Information-Theoretic Studies of Wireless Sensor Networks (Liang-Liang Xie and P. R. Kumar). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Information-Theoretic Studies. 21.3 Relay Schemes. 21.4 Wireless Network Coding. 21.5 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. PART IV: NOVEL TECHNIQUES FOR AND APPLICATIONS OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS. 22. Distributed Adaptive Learning Mechanisms (Ali H. Sayed and Federico S. Cattivelli). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Motivation. 22.3 Incremental Adaptive Solutions. 22.4 Diffusion Adaptive Solutions. 22.5 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References 23. Routing for Statistical Inference in Sensor Networks (A. Anandkumar, A. Ephremides, A. Swami and L. Tong). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Spatial Data Correlation. 23.3 Statistical Inference of Markov Random Fields. 23.4 Optimal Routing for Inference with Local Processing. 23.5 Conclusion and Future Work. 23.6 Bibliographic Notes. References. 24. Spectral Estimation in Cognitive Radios (Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny). 24.1 Filter Bank Formulation of Spectral Estimators. 24.2 Polyphase Realization of Uniform Filter Banks. 24.3 Periodogram Spectral Estimator. 24.4 Multitaper Spectral Estimator. 24.5 Filter Bank Spectral Estimator. 24.6 Distributed Spectrum Sensing. 24.7 Discussion. Appendix A: Effective Degree of Freedom. Appendix B: Explanation to the Results of Table 24.1. References. 25. Nonparametric Techniques for Pedestrian Tracking in Wireless Local Area Networks (Azadeh Kushki and Kostas N. Plataniotis). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 WLAN Positioning Architectures. 25.3 Signal Models. 25.4 Zero-Memory Positioning. 25.5 Dynamic Positioning Systems. 25.6 Cognition and Feedback. 25.7 Tracking Example. 25.8 Conclusions. References. 26. Reconfigurable Self-Activating Ion-Channel-Based Biosensors Vikram Krishnamurthy and Bruce Cornell). 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Biosensors Built of Ion Channels. 26.3 Joint Input Excitation and Concentration Classification for Biosensor. 26.4 Decentralized Deployment of Dense Network of Biosensors. 26.5 Discussion and Extensions. References. 27. Biochemical Transport Modeling, Estimation and Detection in Realistic Environments (Mathias Ortner and Arye Nehorai ). 27.1 Introduction. 27.2 Physical and Statistical Models. 27.3 Transport Modeling Using Monte Carlo Approximation. 27.4 Localizing the Source(s). 27.5 Sequential Detection. 27.6 Conclusion. References. 28. Security and Privacy for Sensor Networks (Wade Trappe, Peng Ning and Adrian Perrig). 28.1 Introduction. 28.2 Security and Privacy Challenges. 28.3 Ensuring Integrity of Measurement Process. 28.4 Availability Attacks against the Wireless Link. 28.5 Ensuring Privacy of Routing Contexts. 28.6 Conclusion. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMICROPROCESSOR THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITH 68000/68020 AND PENTIUM A SELF-CONTAINED INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR THEORY AND APPLICATIONSThis book presents the fundamental concepts of assembly language programming and system design associated with typical microprocessors, such as the Motorola MC68000/68020 and Intel Pentium. It begins with an overview of microprocessorsincluding an explanation of terms, the evolution of the microprocessor, and typical applicationsand goes on to systematically cover: Microcomputer architecture Microprocessor memory organization Microprocessor Input/Output (I/O) Microprocessor programming concepts Assembly language programming with the 68000 68000 hardware and interfacing Assembly language programming with the 68020 68020 hardware and interfacing Assembly language programming with Pentium Pentium hardware and interfacing The author Trade Review“Rafiquzzaman has produced a splendid volume. To be fully appreciated, a course in digital logic is recommended and a course in programming with assembly language is helpful. Nonetheless, the topics in this book are clearly presented and do not require any advanced mathematical knowledge.” (CHOICE, March 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Credits. 1. Introduction to Microprocessors. 2. Microcomputer Architecture. 3. Microprocessor Memory Organization. 4. Microprocessor Input/Output. 5. Microprocessor Programming Concepts. 6. Assembly Language Programming with the 68000. 7. 68000 Hardware and Interfacing. 8. Assembly Language Programming with the 68020. 9. 68020 Hardware and Interfacing. 10. Assembly Language Programming with the Pentium: Part 1. 11. Assembly Language Programming with the Pentium: Part 2. 12. Pentium Hardware and Interfacing. Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems. Appendix B. Glossary. Appendix C. Motorola 68000 and Support Chips. Appendix D. 68000 Execution Times. Appendix E. 68000 / Selected 68020 Instruction Set. Appendix F. Pentium Instruction Format and Timing. Appendix G. Pentium Instruction Set in Real Mode (Selected). Appendix H. Pentium Pinout and Pin Descriptions. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book targets beginning digital SLR users. Our assumption is the reader has little to no knowledge of general photography terms or techniques. Our goal is to familiarize the reader with the controls and features of their camera so they can apply them to any shooting situation.Trade Review"The Layout is neat, easy to work through and is organised well." (ePhotozine.com, April 16th 2009)Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps. Chapter 1: Getting the Lay of the Land. Chapter 2: Taking Great Pictures, Automatically. Chapter 3: Controlling Picture Quality. Chapter 4: Monitor Matters: Picture Playback and Live View Shooting. Part II: Taking Creative Control. Chapter 5: Getting Creative with Exposure and Lighting. Chapter 6: Manipulating Focus and Color. Chapter 7: Putting It All Together. Part III: Working with Picture Files. Chapter 8: Downloading, Organizing, and Archiving Your Photos. Chapter 9: Printing and Sharing Your Photos. Part IV: The Part of Tens. Chapter 10: Ten Fast Photo-Editing Tricks. Chapter 11: Ten Special-Purpose Features to Explore on a Rainy Day. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Handbook of Smart Antennas for RFID Systems is a single comprehensive reference on the smart antenna technologies applied to RFID. This book will provide a timely reference book for researchers and students in the areas of both smart antennas and RFID technologies.Trade Review Table of ContentsForward. Preface. Acknowledgement. Section I: Introduction to RFID. Chapter 1: The Evolution of RFID (B. Jamali, The University of Adelaide). Chapter 2: Introduction to RFID systems (S.M. Roy and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 3: Recent Paradigm Shift in RFID and Smart Antennas (N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Section II: RFID Reader Systems. Chapter 4: Modern RFID Readers (S. Parardovic and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 5: A Development Platform for SDR based RFID Reader (B. Jamali, The University of Adelaide). Section III: Physical Layer Developments of Smart Antennas for RFID Systems. Chapter 6: RFID Reader Antenna--A Smart Design Approach (S.M. Roy and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 7: Handheld Reader Antenna at 5.8 GHz (S.M. Roy and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 8: FPGA Controlled Phased Array Antenna Development for UHF RFID Reader (N.C. Karmakar, P. Zakavi and M. Kumbukage, Monash University). Chapter 9: Optically Controlled Phased Array Antennas for UWB RFID Reader (A. Arokiaswami, P. Q. Thai, Nanyang Technological University and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 10: Adaptive Antenna Arrays for RFID (M. Trinkle and B. Jamali, The University of Adelaide). Chapter 11: Design of Portable RFID Smart Antenna System?A Practical Approach (J.S. Fu, Chang Gung University, W. Liu, Nanyang Technological University and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Section IV: DOA and Localization of RFID Tags using Smart Antennas. Chapter 12: Direction of Arrival Estimation based on A Single Port Smart Antenna for RFID Applications (Chen Sun, National Institute of Information and Communication Technology (NICT) and N.C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 13: DOA Geo-location in Real-Time Indoor WiFi System Utilizing Smart Antennas (C.H. Lim, B.P. Ng, M.H. Er, J.P. Lie and W. Wang, Nanyang Technological University). Chapter 14: Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation of Impulse Radio UWB RFID Tags (J.P. Lie, B.P. Ng, C.H. Lim and C.M. S. See, Nanyang Technological University). Chapter 15: Localization techniques in single and multihop wireless networks (V. Lakafosis, Rushi Vyas and M.M. Tentzeris, Georgia Institute of Technology). Section V: Multi-Antenna RFID Tags. Chapter 16: Multi-antenna Chipless RFID Tags (I. Balbin and N. C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 17: Link Budgets for Backscatter Radio Systems (J.D. Griffin and G.D. Durgin, Georgia Institute of Technology). Chapter 18: Fading Statistics for Multi-Antenna RF Tags (J.D. Griffin and G.D. Durgin, Georgia Institute of Technology). Section VI: MIMO Antennas for RFID Systems. Chapter 19: Optimum Power Allocation in Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems under Independent Rayleigh Fading (J.S. Fu, Chang Gung University, W. Liu, Nanyang Technological University and N. C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 20: Low-cost and Compact RF-MIMO Transceivers (I. Santamaria, J. Via, V. Elvira, J. Ibanez, J. Perez, University of Cantabria. R. Eickhoff, and U. Mayer, Dresden University of Technology). Chapter 21: Blind Channel Estimation in MIMO using Multi-carrier CDMA (A. Rahim, Monash University, K. M. Ahmed, Asian Institute of Technology and N. C. Karmakar, Monash University). Section VII: Anti-Collision Algorithm and Smart Antennas for RFID Systems. Chapter 22: Anti-collision Algorithm and Smart Antennas for RFID Systems (Q. J. Teoh and N. C. Karmakar, Monash University). Chapter 23: RFID Anti-Collision Algorithms with Multi-Packet Reception (J. Lee, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, T. Kwon, Seoul National University). Chapter 24: Anti-Collision of RFID tags using Capturing Effect (Q. J. Teoh and N. C. Karmakar, Monash University).

Read more less

Book Synopsis* This new edition has been updated to reflect the kinds of lasers which are of greatest interest * Includes the latest developments and applications of lasers * Contains end of chapter problems for students * Has a bit more emphasis on applications of lasers and on optical physics .Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to Laser Operation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Lasers and Laser Light 3 1.3 Light in Cavities 8 1.4 Light Emission and Absorption in Quantum Theory 10 1.5 Einstein Theory of Light–Matter Interactions 11 1.6 Summary 14 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Electron Energy Levels in Atoms 17 2.3 Molecular Vibrations 26 2.4 Molecular Rotations 31 2.5 Example: Carbon Dioxide 33 2.6 Conductors and Insulators 35 2.7 Semiconductors 39 2.8 Semiconductor Junctions 45 2.9 Light-Emitting Diodes 49 2.10 Summary 55 Appendix: Energy Bands in Solids 56 Problems 64 3 Absorption, Emission, and Dispersion of Light 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Electron Oscillator Model 69 3.3 Spontaneous Emission 74 3.4 Absorption 78 3.5 Absorption of Broadband Light 84 3.6 Thermal Radiation 85 3.7 Emission and Absorption of Narrowband Light 93 3.8 Collision Broadening 99 3.9 Doppler Broadening 105 3.10 The Voigt Profile 108 3.11 Radiative Broadening 112 3.12 Absorption and Gain Coefficients 114 3.13 Example: Sodium Vapor 118 3.14 Refractive Index 123 3.15 Anomalous Dispersion 129 3.16 Summary 132 Appendix: The Oscillator Model and Quantum Theory 132 Problems 137 4 Laser Oscillation: Gain and Threshold 141 4.1 Introduction 141 4.2 Gain and Feedback 141 4.3 Threshold 143 4.4 Photon Rate Equations 148 4.5 Population Rate Equations 150 4.6 Comparison with Chapter 1 152 4.7 Three-Level Laser Scheme 153 4.8 Four-Level Laser Scheme 156 4.9 Pumping Three- and Four-Level Lasers 157 4.10 Examples of Three- and Four-Level Lasers 159 4.11 Saturation 161 4.12 Small-Signal Gain and Saturation 164 4.13 Spatial Hole Burning 167 4.14 Spectral Hole Burning 169 4.15 Summary 172 Problems 173 5 Laser Oscillation: Power and Frequency 175 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Uniform-Field Approximation 175 5.3 Optimal Output Coupling 178 5.4 Effect of Spatial Hole Burning 180 5.5 Large Output Coupling 183 5.6 Measuring Gain and Optimal Output Coupling 187 5.7 Inhomogeneously Broadened Media 191 5.8 Spectral Hole Burning and the Lamb Dip 192 5.9 Frequency Pulling 194 5.10 Obtaining Single-Mode Oscillation 198 5.11 The Laser Linewidth 203 5.12 Polarization and Modulation 207 5.13 Frequency Stabilization 215 5.14 Laser at Threshold 220 Appendix: The Fabry-Pérot Etalon 223 Problems 226 6 Multimode and Pulsed Lasing 229 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 Rate Equations for Intensities and Populations 229 6.3 Relaxation Oscillations 230 6.4 Q Switching 233 6.5 Methods of Q Switching 236 6.6 Multimode Laser Oscillation 237 6.7 Phase-Locked Oscillators 239 6.8 Mode Locking 242 6.9 Amplitude-Modulated Mode Locking 246 6.10 Frequency-Modulated Mode Locking 248 6.11 Methods of Mode Locking 251 6.12 Amplification of Short Pulses 255 6.13 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 258 6.14 Ultrashort Light Pulses 264 Appendix: Diffraction of Light by Sound 265 Problems 266 7 Laser Resonators and Gaussian Beams 269 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 The Ray Matrix 270 7.3 Resonator Stability 274 7.4 The Paraxial Wave Equation 279 7.5 Gaussian Beams 282 7.6 The ABCD Law for Gaussian Beams 288 7.7 Gaussian Beam Modes 292 7.8 Hermite–Gaussian and Laguerre–Gaussian Beams 298 7.9 Resonators for He–Ne Lasers 306 7.10 Diffraction 309 7.11 Diffraction by an Aperture 312 7.12 Diffraction Theory of Resonators 317 7.13 Beam Quality 320 7.14 Unstable Resonators for High-Power Lasers 321 7.15 Bessel Beams 322 Problems 327 8 Propagation of Laser Radiation 331 8.1 Introduction 331 8.2 The Wave Equation for the Electric Field 332 8.3 Group Velocity 336 8.4 Group Velocity Dispersion 340 8.5 Chirping 351 8.6 Propagation Modes in Fibers 355 8.7 Single-Mode Fibers 361 8.8 Birefringence 365 8.9 Rayleigh Scattering 372 8.10 Atmospheric Turbulence 377 8.11 The Coherence Diameter 379 8.12 Beam Wander and Spread 388 8.13 Intensity Scintillations 392 8.14 Remarks 395 Problems 397 9 Coherence in Atom-Field Interactions 401 9.1 Introduction 401 9.2 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 402 9.3 Two-State Atoms in Sinusoidal Fields 403 9.4 Density Matrix and Collisional Relaxation 408 9.5 Optical Bloch Equations 414 9.6 Maxwell–Bloch Equations 420 9.7 Semiclassical Laser Theory 428 9.8 Resonant Pulse Propagation 432 9.9 Self-Induced Transparency 438 9.10 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 441 9.11 Transit-Time Broadening and the Ramsey Effect 446 9.12 Summary 451 Problems 452 10 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 457 10.1 Model for Nonlinear Polarization 457 10.2 Nonlinear Susceptibilities 459 10.3 Self-Focusing 464 10.4 Self-Phase Modulation 469 10.5 Second-Harmonic Generation 471 10.6 Phase Matching 475 10.7 Three-Wave Mixing 480 10.8 Parametric Amplification and Oscillation 482 10.9 Two-Photon Downconversion 486 10.10 Discussion 492 Problems 494 11 Some Specific Lasers and Amplifiers 497 11.1 Introduction 497 11.2 Electron-Impact Excitation 498 11.3 Excitation Transfer 499 11.4 He–Ne Lasers 502 11.5 Rate Equation Model of Population Inversion in He–Ne Lasers 505 11.6 Radial Gain Variation in He–Ne Laser Tubes 509 11.7 CO2 Electric-Discharge Lasers 513 11.8 Gas-Dynamic Lasers 515 11.9 Chemical Lasers 516 11.10 Excimer Lasers 518 11.11 Dye Lasers 521 11.12 Optically Pumped Solid-State Lasers 525 11.13 Ultrashort, Superintense Pulses 532 11.14 Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers 537 11.15 Remarks 553 Appendix: Gain or Absorption Coefficient for Vibrational-Rotational Transitions 554 Problems 558 12 Photons 561 12.1 What is a Photon 561 12.2 Photon Polarization: All or Nothing 562 12.3 Failures of Classical Theory 563 12.4 Wave Interference and Photons 567 12.5 Photon Counting 569 12.6 The Poisson Distribution 573 12.7 Photon Detectors 575 12.8 Remarks 585 Problems 586 13 Coherence 589 13.1 Introduction 589 13.2 Brightness 589 13.3 The Coherence of Light 592 13.4 The Mutual Coherence Function 595 13.5 Complex Degree Of Coherence 598 13.6 Quasi-Monochromatic Fields and Visibility 601 13.7 Spatial Coherence of Light From Ordinary Sources 603 13.8 Spatial Coherence of Laser Radiation 608 13.9 Diffraction of Laser Radiation 610 13.10 Coherence and the Michelson Interferometer 611 13.11 Temporal Coherence 613 13.12 The Photon Degeneracy Factor 616 13.13 Orders of Coherence 619 13.14 Photon Statistics of Lasers and Thermal Sources 620 13.15 Brown–Twiss Correlations 627 Problems 634 14 Some Applications of Lasers 637 14.1 Lidar 637 14.2 Adaptive Optics for Astronomy 648 14.3 Optical Pumping and Spin-Polarized Atoms 658 14.4 Laser Cooling 671 14.5 Trapping Atoms with Lasers and Magnetic Fields 685 14.6 Bose–Einstein Condensation 690 14.7 Applications of Ultrashort Pulses 697 14.8 Lasers in Medicine 718 14.9 Remarks 728 Problems 729 15 Diode Lasers and Optical Communications 735 15.1 Introduction 735 15.2 Diode Lasers 736 15.3 Modulation of Diode Lasers 754 15.4 Noise Characteristics of Diode Lasers 760 15.5 Information and Noise 774 15.6 Optical Communications 782 Problems 790 16 Numerical Methods for Differential Equations 793 16.A Fortran Program for Ordinary Differential Equations 793 16.B Fortran Program for Plane-Wave Propagation 796 16.C Fortran Program for Paraxial Propagation 799 Index 809

Read more less