Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book gathers the various aspects of the porous polymer field into one volume. It not only presents a fundamental description of the field, but also describes the state of the art for such materials and provides a glimpse into the future.Trade Review“I strongly recommend this book and I got a lot from reading it—it is a “must have” for researchers working in this field, and for those who wish to learn more about it.” (Angewandte Chemie, 2012) "Nevertheless, this book is certainly a very appealing and recent summary of relevant aspects on porous polymers and must consequently be regarded a must for everyone working in that area. I therefore recommend this book to chemists, physicists and materials chemists as well as to any librarian." (Materials Views ,13 April 2011)Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Contributors xi Section I Synthesis 1 1. Polymers with Inherent Microporosity 3Neil B. McKeown and Peter M. Budd 2. Porous Polymers from Self-Assembled Structures 31Eric M. Todd and Marc A. Hillmyer 3. Porogen Incorporation and Phase Inversion 79Lei Qian and Haifei Zhang 4. Colloidal Templating 119Neil R. Cameron, Peter Krajnc, and Michael S. Silverstein Section II Characterization 173 5. Surface Area and Porosity Characterization of Porous Polymers 175Rolando M. A. Roque-Malherbe 6. Nondestructive Evaluation of Critical Properties of Thin Porous Films 205Mikhail R. Baklanov and Denis Shamiryan 7. Microscopy Characterization of Porous Polymer Materials 247Gregory Meyers, Anand Badami, Steve Rozeveld, Bob Cieslinski, Clifford Todd, Charlie Wood, Deborah Rothe, William Heeschen, and Gary Mitchell Section III Applications 275 8. Separation Membranes 277Mathias Ulbricht 9. Biomedical Devices 323Yvonne Reinwald, Kevin Shakesheff, and Steven Howdle 10. High-Performance Microelectronics 359Charles T. Black 11. Polymer-supported Reagents and Catalysts 387Jonathan Behrendt and Andrew Sutherland 12. Templates for Porous Inorganics 435Arne Thomas, Jens Weber, and Markus Antonietti Index 447

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Book SynopsisThis book joins and integrates ceramics and ceramic-based materials in various sectors of technology. A major imperative is to extract scientific information on joining and integration response of real, as well as model, material systems currently in a developmental stage. This book envisions integration in its broadest sense as a fundamental enabling technology at multiple length scales that span the macro, millimeter, micrometer and nanometer ranges. Consequently, the book addresses integration issues in such diverse areas as space power and propulsion, thermoelectric power generation, solar energy, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), multi-chip modules, prosthetic devices, and implanted biosensors and stimulators. The engineering challenge of designing and manufacturing complex structural, functional, and smart components and devices for the above applications from smaller, geometrically simpler units requires innovative development of new inTable of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 CERAMIC INTEGRATION ACROSS LENGTH SCALES: TECHNICAL ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES 3 Mrityunjay Singh, Tatsuki Ohji, Rajiv Asthana, and Sanjay Mathur PART II SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MACROSCALE INTEGRATION 15 2 CERAMIC COMPONENT INTEGRATION BY ADVANCED BRAZING TECHNOLOGIES 17 Jolanta Janczak-Rusch 3 JOINING AND INTEGRATION ISSUES OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES FOR THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 39 Monica Ferraris, Milena Salvo, and Valentina Casalegno 4 AIR BRAZING: A NEW METHOD OF CERAMIC–CERAMIC AND CERAMIC–METAL JOINING 91 K. S. Weil, J. T. Darsell, and J. Y. Kim 5 DIFFUSION BONDING OF SILICON CARBIDE AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FABRICATION OF COMPLEX-SHAPED CERAMIC COMPONENTS 143 Michael C. Halbig and Mrityunjay Singh 6 INTEGRATION OF CARBON–CARBON COMPOSITE TO METALLIC SYSTEMS FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS 163 Mrityunjay Singh and Rajiv Asthana 7 CONTACT INTERACTION IN CARBON–METAL SYSTEMS FOR JOINING AND INTEGRATION 193 V. M. Perevertailo and O. B. Loginova PART III INTEGRATION ISSUES IN ENERGY GENERATION AND DEVICE FABRICATION 231 8 INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR FERRITES AND POWER INDUCTORS IN CERAMIC CIRCUIT BOARDS 233 Richard Matz 9 OXIDE THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION 267 Ryoji Funahashi, Saori Urata, Atsuko Kosuga, and Delphine Flahaut 10 INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFCS) AND OTHER ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS 297 Yoshinobu Fujishiro, Toshio Suzuki, Toshiro Yamaguchi, Koichi Hamamoto, Masanobu Awano, and Nigel Sammes 11 INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSORS 323 Woosuck Shin, Maiko Nishibori, and Ichiro Matsubara 12 ON-CHIP INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONAL HYBRID MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS IN NANOPHOTONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 339 Talha Erdem and Hilmi Volkan Demir 13 INTEGRATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES IN THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 393 Takashi Goto 14 THE CHANGING PHYSICS IN METAL INTERCONNECT RELIABILITY 415 Cher Ming Tan and Yuejin Hou 15 INTEGRATION ISSUES OF BARIUM STRONTIUM TITANATE THIN FILM FOR TUNABLE MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS 449 Ashok Kumar, Supriya Ketkar, and Venkataraman Gurumurthy 16 AEROSOL DEPOSITION (AD) INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO MICRODEVICES 489 Jun Akedo PART IV NANO- AND BIOINTEGRATION 521 17 ADVANCES IN NANOINTEGRATION METHODOLOGIES: PATTERNING, POSITIONING, AND SELF-ASSEMBLY 523 Yoshitake Masuda and Kunihito Koumoto 18 INTEGRATION OF NANOWIRES IN NEW DEVICES AND CIRCUIT ARCHITECTURES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES 575 F. Hernández-Ramírez, J. D. Prades, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Barth, H. Shen, and S. Mathur 19 INTEGRATING DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON INTO NANOSTRUCTURE DESIGNS (FABRICATING MICROSCALE AND NANOSCALE ARCHITECTURES OF DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON FILMS) 641 Xijun Li and Daniel H. C. Chua 20 SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, INTEGRATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED CERAMIC NANOSTRUCTURES 671 D. Pliszka, S. Sundarrajan, and S. Ramakrishna 21 NANOINTEGRATION BASED ON THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY 699 C. Jin, W. Wei, R. Aggarwal, and R. J. Narayan 22 MASS-MANUFACTURABLE NANOWIRE INTEGRATION: CHALLENGES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 721 Ataur Sarkar and M. Saif Islam 23 USABILITY OF INK-JET PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS IN ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTIONS, ELECTRONIC PACKAGING, AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION FOR MICROELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS 743 Umur Caglar, Ville Pekkanen, Jani Valkama, Pauliina Mansikkamäki, and Jussi Pekkanen 24 BIOINTEGRATION OF PROSTHETIC DEVICES 777 Masakazu Kawashita, Toshiki Miyazaki, and Chikara Ohtsuki Index 803

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Book SynopsisFor an accessible and comprehensive survey of telecommunications and data communications technologies and services, consult the Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook , which includes information on origins, evolution and meaningful contemporary applications.Trade ReviewTelecommunications and Data Communications Handbook…covers the entire telecom landscape, from wireline to wireless, from copper to radio and fiber, from electrical to optical, and from the customer premises to the cloud. It discusses voice, data, fax, video and multimedia technologies, systems, and ap­plications in great detail, and in the LAN, MAN, and WAN domains. The handbook explores every relevant technology, standard, and ap­plication in the telecom and datacom space….It is exceptionally well-written in Horak’s plain-English, commonsense style, making it just as helpful to the neophyte and layperson as to the serious student or seasoned IT professional. Horak makes liberal use of well-constructed graphics to illustrate system and network architectures, topologies, and applications. It is hard to make a valid direct comparison to this book. The Irwin Handbook of Telecommunications, by James Harry Green, is good, but less complete, less technical, and drier, if such a combination is possible. The Voice & Data Communications Handbook, by Regis “Bud” Bates, is written at a lower level; and, the Essential Guide to Telecommunications, by Annabel Dodd, at a much lower level. These latter two books are breezy reads and appeal more to a mass market than to a serious student or professional. The Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook compares more correctly to some of the more seminal works of Gilbert Held or James Martin, but covers a much wider range of subject matter and is a much easier and more pleasant read. The Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook is written for the academic and professional community, but is just as relevant to anyone who needs to understand telecommunications system and network technologies and their meaningful applications. It is an exceptional work that should be on every IT professional’s bookshelf…when not in his or her hands. –John R. Vacca (The Internet Protocol Journal (Cisco Systems), December 2008, pp. 38-40) There is finally a guide to telecommunications and data communications that non-engineers can understand. Popular author Ray Horak provides comprehensive, up-to-date information in plain English, instead of confusing technotalk….Complete with a discussion of the current regulatory and business environments, including divestiture and revestiture as well as mergers and acquisitions, this is the ideal reference for non-engineering professionals in the end-user, carrier, content or service provider, manufacturing, regulatory, or financial communities. (IEEE Communications Society, August 2008) "…a thoroughly researched and comprehensive survey of telecom and datacom technologies and services, from the most basic to the most complex. Horak sets the technologies in context, providing an excellent level of detail on the origin and evolution of fiber optics, cellular radio, digital carrier systems, TCP/IP, and the Internet, as examples…. We think that anyone with a compelling need for a complete and accurate understanding of telecommunications can benefit from it." (ASCDI News) We recently received a copy from Ray Horak of his "Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook" This (literally) weighty tome contains almost 800 pages of current technology, and, maybe more importantly, the historical basis for how we got to where we are today. From frequency division multiplexing to the invention of the Strowger switch by a disgruntled undertaker to the origin of wire "gauge," the book is a great trip down memory lane for us old-timers and a necessary piece of technology background for neophytes. However, the book isn't just history. It's more of an encyclopedia that includes current topics as of the publication date in 2007. As such, is serves as a great foundation for topics like application delivery and virtualization. As we move forward with new ideas, this historical context is mandatory to making sure that the mistakes of the past aren't repeated. And this book is a great resource for providing that context. —Steve Taylor, Columnist (Network World) The Handbook is the sort of thing one either has to, or should, read at the beginning of a career in communications. That applies to just about any segment: wireless or wired telecom company, cable TV, satellite or data communications. The Handbook reminds me of the James Martin books I once pored over. More than once, I'd add. —Gary Kim, founder and CEO Dagda Mor Media and Contributing Editor (Cable.TMCnet.com, July 14, 2008) I recently had the pleasure of reviewing Ray Horak's?Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook. The book?s 791 pages, divided into 15 chapters, cover everything from legacy technology such as basic telephone switching to leading edge technologies such as DWDM optical networks, 3G wireless networks, and IPTV converged video. I have read other Horak books in the past, but this one is the most comprehensive one that he has done to date. You would be hard pressed to find a topic that was not discussed in the almost 800 pages of the book. Overall, I found the book to be a well written wealth of knowledge. I plan to use it as the text for my undergraduate course in telecommunications in the spring.--Walt Magnussen, Director of Telecommunications, Texas A&M University (ACUTA: Journal of Communications Technology in Higher Education, Summer 2008) It has not been easy keeping pace with the rate of development in telecommunications and data communications; a book that presents a comprehensive overview of the wide range of communications systems and networks is most welcome. This book discusses the various aspects of issues in telecommunications and data communications, describing the terminology involved, and visiting their histories when appropriate. It is organized into 15 chapters, preceded by a preface explaining the author's intent, an elaborate acknowledgment, and a concise biography of the author. Two appendices and an exhaustive index complete the book. The book is very well written and accessible to the average reader. Although some of these ideas can be found in other books, this one presents all the current information on telecommunications and data communications. —William Oblitey, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (Computing Reviews, May 6, 2008) Readers wanting to gain insight into the terminology of the field would be advised to consult this outstanding reference book. (American Reference Books Annual, March 2008) A must-have acquisition for both beginners and practioners highly recommended. (Choice, February 2008) Although the book is written for reasonably astute engineers, analysts, regulators, attorneys and other telecom professionals, Horak develops each topic in a common sense and patient manner so it is informative and useful to a student or relative newcomer to telecom.--Mark Simon, President, Evince Media (Telecom Reseller, May/June 2008) This book is the top center of my telecom book shelf. Although I have only had it for a few months, some wear is already beginning to show because of overuse. It is organized simply and logically into 15 chapters, from the fundamentals to regulation. There are diagrams and illustrations as necessary, but not enough to make it look like a comic book. Most technology books fall into one of two categories inane or arcane. Horak's book is written in clear English, understandable by the unwashed masses, but covers highly technical concepts without glossing over the necessary details. Best of all, even though Horak is a Bell veteran, the book is acronym friendly. (Bell heads have a tendency to cling to acronyms, even converting them to verbs on occasion.) Horak uses acronyms, to be sure, not gratuitously; they are an essential part of the telecom scene. If you can only have one book on voice and data communications, this is the book to have. —Gene Retske, Senior Vice President/Editor (The Prepaid Press, May 15, 2008) "an exhaustive survey of communications technologies supposedly for non-engineers. I write supposedly because the book frequently gets technical. Its value to engineers and management is as a starting point, and the topics covered include everything from CATV and fax through to VoIP, WiMAX and ZigBee every corporate IT library should have copies. Highly recommended." —Mark Gibbs (Network World, May 5, 2008) While Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook may not be a book that will appeal to everyone, everyone in the telecommunications industry should read it. It provides a concise guide to the telecommunications industry and is written in a way that even non-technical types can understand. If you have had to try to understand how Broadband network services work, or Frame Relays, or even mobile communications, then Telecommunications And Data Communications Handbook is the book for you. If you work in the telecommunications industry, then you need this book. —T. Michael Testi (BC Books, October 31, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TECHNOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. 1.1 Fundamental Definitions. 1.2 Dedicated, Switched, and Virtual Circuits. 1.3 Two-Wire versus Four-Wire Circuits. 1.4 Bandwidth. 1.5 Analog versus Digital. 1.6 Loading Coils, Amplifiers, and Repeaters. 1.7 Conversion Process: Modems and Codecs. 1.8 Multiplexers (Muxes). 1.9 Switches and Switching: The Basics . . . and Then Some. 1.10 Signaling and Control. References. 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS. 2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum. 2.2 Transmission Media Selection Criteria. 2.3 Twisted Pair: Introduction to Telephone Wire. 2.4 Shielded Copper. 2.5 Coaxial Cable. 2.6 Microwave Radio. 2.7 Satellite Radio. 2.8 Free Space Optics. 2.9 Fiber Optics. 2.10 Powerline Carrier. 2.11 Hybrid Transmission Systems. References. 3 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS: KTS, PBX, CENTREX, AND ACD. 3.1 Key Telephone Systems. 3.2 Private Branch Exchanges. 3.3 Centrex. 3.4 Automatic Call Distributors. 3.5 Computer Telephony. 3.6 IP Systems. 3.7 Futures. References. 4 MESSAGING SYSTEMS. 4.1 Facsimile (Fax) Systems. 4.2 Voice Processing Systems. 4.3 Electronic Mail (E-Mail). 4.4 Instant Messaging. 4.5 Mobile Messaging: SMS and MMS. 4.6 Unified Messaging and Unified Communications. References. 5 PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK. 5.1 Network Characteristics. 5.2 Numbering Plan Administration. 5.3 Domains. 5.4 Signaling and Control: Expanded View. 5.5 Network Services. 5.6 Portability: A Special Issue. 5.7 Equal Access: Another Special Issue. 5.8 VoIP: Next-Generation PSTN. References. 6 FUNDAMENTALS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS. 6.1 Functional Domains. 6.2 DCE: Expanded View. 6.3 Protocol Basics. 6.4 Network Architectures. 6.5 Security. References. 7 CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL AND DATA NETWORKS. 7.1 Dataphone Digital Service. 7.2 Switched 56. 7.3 Virtual Private Networks: In the Classic Sense. 7.4 Digital Carrier Systems and Networks. 7.5 X.25 and Packet Switching. 7.6 Integrated Services Digital Network. References. 8 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: CONNECTIVITY AND INTERNETWORKING. 8.1 LANs Defined. 8.2 LAN Dimensions. 8.3 LAN Equipment. 8.4 LAN Operating Systems. 8.5 Virtual LANs. 8.6 Remote LAN Access. 8.7 LAN Standards and Standards Bodies. 8.8 Life in the Fast LAN: The Need for Speed. 8.9 Wireless LANs. 8.10 Minding Your Ps and Qs. 8.11 IEEE 1394 and FireWire. 8.12 Nonstandard LANs. 8.13 Broadband over Power Line. 8.14 Storage Area Networks. References. 9 BROADBAND NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE. 9.1 Access Technologies. 9.2 SONET/SDH. 9.3 IEEE 802.17, Resilient Packet Ring. References. 10 BROADBAND NETWORK SERVICES. 10.1 Frame Relay. 10.2 Switched Multimegabit Data Service. 10.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode. 10.4 Metropolitan Ethernet. 10.5 Broadband ISDN. 10.6 Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs). References. 11 WIRELESS NETWORKING: EMPHASIS ON MOBILITY. 11.1 Wireless Defined. 11.2 Standards and Regulations. 11.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless. 11.4 Cell Concept: Frequency Reuse. 11.5 Multiplexing and Access Techniques. 11.6 Specialized Mobile Radio. 11.7 Paging. 11.8 Cordless Telephony and Wireless Office Telecommunications Systems. 11.9 Cellular Radio. 11.10 Packet Data Radio Networks. 11.11 Satellite Systems: LEOs, MEOs, and GEOs. 11.12 And That’s Not All. References. 12 VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING. 12.1 Video Communications: Defined and Evolved. 12.2 Video Basics. 12.3 Analog TV Standards. 12.4 Digital TV and High-Definition TV. 12.5 Bandwidth and Compression. 12.6 Video Standards. 12.7 Internet Protocol TeleVision (IPTV). 12.8 The H.320 Family of Multimedia Standards. 12.9 Session Initiation Protocol. 12.10 H.248: Media Gateway Control. 12.11 Videoconferencing Systems. 12.12 Videoconferencing Equipment. 12.13 WAN Videoconferencing Networks. 12.14 Video over IP. 12.15 Multimedia Conferencing. Applications and Benefits. References. 13 THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB. 13.1 The Internet Defined. 13.2 Internet Physical Topology. 13.3 Internet Access. 13.4 Internet Standards, Administration, and Regulation. 13.5 IP Addressing. 13.6 Domain Name System. 13.7 Internet Protocols. 13.8 Internet Applications. 13.10 Internet2. 13.11 World Wide Web. 13.12 Intranets and Extranets. 13.13 Internet Security: A Special Issue. 13.14 Misuse and Content. 13.15 Internet Oddities, Screwball Applications, and Some Really Good Ideas. 13.16 The Dark Side: An Editorial. References. 14 NETWORK CONVERGENCE. 14.1 Convergence Defined. 14.2 Driving Forces. 14.3 Conventional Convergence: Wireline Networks. 14.4 The Race Is On: Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As). 14.5 One Potato, Two Potato, Three Potatoe, Four . . . . 14.6 NexGen Convergence: Wireline and Wireless Networks. References. 15 REGULATION: ISSUES AND (SOME) ANSWERS. 15.1 Telecommunications Act of 1996. 15.2 Rates and Tariffs. 15.3 The Internet. 15.4 Number Portability. 15.5 Laws and Sausages. References. APPENDIX A ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS, INITIALISMS, AND SYMBOLS. APPENDIX B STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS AND SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisBecause Wideband Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) technology is just now being implemented in hardware, there is currently a great desire for knowledge of both the theory and practicality of its channels.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Historical Perspective. 1.1.1 Electromagnetism. 1.1.2 The Hertz Transmitter. 1.1.3 Tesla and Wireless Power. 1.1.4 Lodge and Tunable Circuits. 1.1.5 Marconi and Trans-Atlantic Communication. 1.2 MIMO Communications. 1.3 MIMO Channel Models. 1.3.1 The Channel Model Spectrum. 1.3.2 Wideband MIMO Channel Models. 1.4 Software Defined Radio. 1.5 Overview. 1.5.1 Chapter 2: Multiple Antenna Channels and Correlation. 1.5.2 Chapter 3: Correlative Models. 1.5.3 Chapter 4: Cluster Models. 1.5.4 Chapter 5: Channel Sounding. 1.5.5 Chapter 6: Experimental Validation. 1.5.6 Appendices: Background and Definitions. Chapter 2: Multiple Antenna Channels and Correlation. 2.1 The Radio Channel: Definitions. 2.1.1 The Physical Channel. 2.1.2 The Analytical Channel. 2.2 Channel Classifications. 2.2.1 Linear Time-Invariant Channels. 2.2.2 Time-Invariant Narrowband Channels. 2.2.3 Time-Varying Wideband Channels and Bello’s Model. 2.2.4 The Tapped-Delay Line Model and the Physical Channel. 2.2.5 Narrowband Diversity Channels. 2.2.6 The Narrowband MIMO Channel. 2.2.7 The Wideband MIMO Channel. 2.2.8 The Wideband MIMO Channel Recast Using Tensors. 2.3 Summary of Channel Classifications. 2.4 Second-Order Statistics of Multiple Antenna Channels. 2.4.1 Second-Order Statistics of the Vector Channel. 2.4.2 Second-Order Statistics of the Narrowband MIMO Channel. 2.5 Second-order Statistics of the Wideband MIMO Channel. 2.5.1 Eigenvalue Decomposition of the Wideband Correlation Matrix. 2.6 Spatial Structure of Multiple Antenna Channels. 2.6.1 SIMO Channels and Beamformers. 2.6.2 MIMO Beamformers. 2.7 Summary and Discussion. 2.7.1 Channel Classifications. 2.7.2 Multi-Antenna Channels. 2.7.3 Spatial Structure and the APS. 2.8 Notes and References. 2.8.1 Channel Classifications. 2.8.2 Second-Order Statistics of Multi-Antenna Channels. 2.8.3 The Spatial Structure of Multi-Antenna Channels. Chapter 3: Correlative Models. 3.1 Vector Channel Synthesis from the Vector Correlation Matrix. 3.2 Matrix Channel Synthesis from the Narrowband Correlation Matrix. 3.2.1 Number of Model Parameters. 3.3 One-Sided Correlation for Narrowband MIMO Channels. 3.4 The Kronecker Model. 3.4.1 The Narrowband Kronecker Model. 3.4.2 The Wideband Kronecker Model. 3.4.3 Notes on the Narrowband and Wideband Kronecker Models. 3.5 The Weichselberger Model. 3.5.1 The Vector Mode Model. 3.5.2 H-matrix From Structured Vector Modes. 3.6 The Structured Model. 3.6.1 H-Tensor Synthesis from the Wideband Correlation Tensor. 3.6.2 One-Sided Correlation for Wideband MIMO Channels.. 3.6.3 Approximating the Wideband Correlation Matrix. 3.6.4 Number of Parameters Comparison. 3.7 Summary and Discussion. 3.7.1 The Kronecker Model. 3.7.2 The Weichselberger Model. 3.7.3 The Structured Model. 3.8 Notes and References. 3.8.1 Correlative Models. 3.8.2 Tensor Decomposition. Chapter 4: Cluster Models. 4.1 What is a Cluster? 4.2 The Saleh-Valenzuela Model. 4.2.1 Model Summary. 4.2.2 Model Implementation. 4.2.3 Some Typical Parameters. 4.3 Clusters in Time and Space. 4.3.1 Azimuth, Elevation, and Delay Spreads. 4.4 The Extended Saleh-Valenzuela Model. 4.5 The COST 273 Model. 4.5.1 Generic Channel Model. 4.5.2 Environments. 4.5.3 Receiver, Transmitter Placement. 4.5.4 COST 273 Procedure. 4.5.5 Features Not Yet Implemented and Omissions. 4.5.6 Advantages/Disadvantages: COST 273. 4.6 The Random Cluster Model (RCM). 4.6.1 General Description. 4.6.2 Determining the Environment PDF. 4.6.3 Advantages/Disadvantages: The RCM. 4.7 Summary and Discussion. 4.8 Notes and References. Chapter 5: Channel Sounding. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The WMSDR. 5.2.1 Transmission. 5.2.2 Reception. 5.2.3 Timing and Carrier Offsets. 5.3 Narrowband Channel Sounding. 5.3.1 Periodic Pulse Sounding. 5.3.2 Narrowband Single-Input, Single-Output Channel Sounding. 5.3.3 Narrowband MIMO Channel Sounding. 5.4 Wideband Sounding: Correlative Sounding. 5.4.1 ML-sequences. 5.4.2 Cross-Correlation Using the FFT. 5.4.3 Digital Matched Filters. 5.5 Wideband Sounding: Sampled Spectrum Channel Sounding. 5.6 Switched-array Architectures. 5.7 Timing and Carrier Recovery. 5.7.1 Digital Timing Recovery Methods. 5.7.2 Phase Recovery Using a Decision Directed Feedback Loop. 5.8 Summary and Discussion. 5.9 Notes and References. Chapter 6: Experimental Verifications. 6.1 Validation Metrics. 6.1.1 Channel Capacity. 6.1.2 The Diversity and Correlation Metrics. 6.1.3 The Demmel Condition Number. 6.1.4 The Environmental Characterization Metric. 6.1.5 Correlation Matrix Difference Metric. 6.2 WMSDR Experimental Setup. 6.2.1 Terminology. 6.2.2 Measurement Description. 6.3 BYU Wideband Channel Sounder Experimental Setup. 6.3.1 BYU Transmitter Set. 6.3.2 BYU Receiver Set. 6.3.3 Measurement Description. 6.4 Experimental Results. 6.4.1 Capacity Measure: Methodology. 6.4.2 Results: MIMO APS and Spatial Structure. 6.4.3 Results: Wideband Correlation Matrices. 6.5 Discussion. 6.5.1 Accuracy of the Results. 6.5.2 Sources of Error. 6.6 Summary and Discussion. 6.7 Notes and References. Appendix A: An Introduction to Tensor Algebra. Appendix B: Proof of Theorems from Chapter 3. Appendix C: COST 273 Model Summary. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading authority in the field, Phased Array Antennas provides an in-depth treatment of array phenomena and all aspects of phased array analysis and design, with a new emphasis on developments in the field over the last 10 years.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Array Background. 1.2 Systems Factors. 1.3 Annotated Reference Sources. References. 2 Basic Array Characteristics. 2.1 Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays. 2.2 Planar Arrays. 2.3 Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes. 2.4 Directivity. References. 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Dolph Chebyshev Arrays. 3.3 Taylor One-Parameter Distribution. 3.4 Taylor N-Bar Aperture Distribution. 3.5 Low-Sidelobe Distributions. 3.6 Villeneuve N-Bar Array Distribution. 3.7 Difference Patterns. 3.8 Sidelobe Envelope Shaping. 3.9 Shaped Beam Synthesis. 3.10 Thinned Arrays. Acknowledgment. References. 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis. 4.1 Circular Planar Arrays. 4.2 Noncircular Apertures. Acknowledgment. References. 5 Array Elements. 5.1 Dipoles. 5.2 Waveguide Slots. 5.3 TEM Horns. 5.4 Microstrip Patches and Dipoles. Acknowledgments. References. 6 Array Feeds. 6.1 Series Feeds. 6.2 Shunt (Parallel) Feeds. 6.3 Two-Dimensional Feeds. 6.4 Photonic Feed Systems. 6.5 Systematic Errors. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Mutual Coupling. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Fundamentals of Scanning Arrays. 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling. 7.4 Spectral Domain Approaches. 7.5 Scan Compensation and Blind Angles. Acknowledgment. References. 8 Finite Arrays. 8.1 Methods of Analysis. 8.2 Scan Performance of Small Arrays. 8.3 Finite-by-Infinite Array Gibbsian Model. References. 9 Superdirective Arrays. 9.1 Historical Notes. 9.2 Maximum Array Directivity. 9.3 Constrained Optimization. 9.4 Matching of Superdirective Arrays. References. 10 Multiple-Beam Antennas. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Beamformers. 10.3 Low Sidelobes and Beam Interpolation. 10.4 Beam Orthogonality. Acknowledgments. References. 11 Conformal Arrays. 11.1 Scope. 11.2 Ring Arrays. 11.3 Arrays on Cylinders. 11.4 Sector Arrays on Cylinders. 11.5 Arrays on Cones and Spheres. Acknowledgments. References. 12 Connected Arrays. 12.1 History of Connected Arrays. 12.2 Connected Array Principles. 12.3 Connected Dipole Currents. 12.4 Connection by Reactance. 12.5 Connected Array Extensions. References. 13 Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays. 13.1 Reflectarrays. 13.2 Retrodirective Arrays. References. 14 Reflectors with Arrays. 14.1 Focal Plane Arrays. 14.2 Near-Field Electromagnetic Optics. References. 15 Measurements and Tolerances. 15.1 Measurement of Low-Sidelobe Patterns. 15.2 Array Diagnostics. 15.3 Waveguide Simulators. 15.4 Array Tolerances. Acknowledgment. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA hands-on approach to understanding, designing, analyzing, and evaluating complex systems During the last few years, Simulation-Based Systems Engineering (SBSE) has become an essential tool for the design and evaluation of complex systems. This is the first book to cover the basic principles of complex systems through the use of hands-on experimentation using an icon-based simulation tool. Utilizing the accompanying software tool ExtendSim, which works with the OpEMCSS library, readers are invited to engage in simulation-based experiments that demonstrate the principles of complex systems with an emphasis on design, analysis, and evaluation. A number of real-world examples are included to demonstrate how to model complex systems across a range of engineering, business, societal, economic, and scientific disciplines. Beginning with an introduction to SBSE, the book covers: Simulation concepts and building blocks SystemsTrade Review"Simulation-Based Engineering of Complex Systems provides a methodology and a tool to gain understanding on complex systems through simulation based engineering. The software tool (ExtendSimTM) which is provided as a CD works with the OpEMCSS library and gives the readers an opportunity of experimentation." (Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, July 2010) Table of Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Overview xix 1 Introduction to Simulation-Based Systems Engineering 1 1.1 Definition of Complex Systems 3 1.1.1 Exercise: Model a Goal-Oriented Activity 6 1.1.2 Agent-Based System Architectures 9 1.1.3 Simulation and AI-Based System Design 11 1.1.4 Expansionism Versus Reductionism 12 1.1.5 Summary 15 1.2 Using Simulation to Understand Complex Systems 15 1.2.1 ExtendSim Discrete-Event Simulation User Environment and OpEMCSS Overview 15 1.2.2 Simulation Model Development Procedure 17 1.2.3 Simulation Programs: How Serial and Parallel Process Models Work 21 1.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis 29 1.3 Bringing Complex Systems into Being 30 1.3.1 Definition of Systems Engineering 31 1.3.2 Levels of System Description 33 1.3.3 Systems Engineering Life Cycle 35 1.3.4 Simulation of the System Development Process 38 1.3.5 Simulation-Based Systems Engineering 46 1.4 Summary 47 Problems 50 References 53 Bibliography 53 2 Simulation Concepts and Building Blocks 55 2.1 Statistical Aspects of Simulation 56 2.1.1 Convergence Theorems 57 2.1.2 Uniform Random-Number Generator 58 2.1.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 59 2.1.4 Goodness-of-Fit Test 60 2.1.5 Generation of Random Variables 62 2.2 OpEM Graphical Modeling Language 64 2.2.1 Petri Nets 65 2.2.2 OpEM Graphs 68 2.3 OpEM Parallel Process Simulations 72 2.3.1 Sequential Process Event 76 2.3.2 Split Event 78 2.3.3 Complex Assemble Event 80 2.3.4 Simple Assemble Event 83 2.3.5 Comparison of Petri Nets and OpEM Graphs 84 2.4 OpEMCSS Simulation of Context-Sensitive Systems 86 2.4.1 Types of CSS Process Interactions and Timeline Analysis 86 2.4.2 How ExtendSim Has Been Modified to Implement the OpEM Language 88 2.4.3 How OpEMCSS Blocks Work Together to Model an Example CSS 90 2.4.4 Summary 98 2.5 An OpEM Example of Preemptive Scheduling 99 2.6 Summary 112 Problems 114 References 118 Bibliography 119 3 Systems Design and Model Development 120 3.1 Inventory System 122 3.1.1 Inventory System Model Development 122 3.1.2 Inventory System Model Description 125 3.1.3 Inventory System Model Operation 132 3.1.4 Summary 132 3.2 Part Production System 134 3.2.1 Part Production System Model Development 134 3.2.2 Part Production System Model Description 137 3.2.3 Part Production System Model Operation 141 3.3 Seaport System 142 3.3.1 Seaport System Model Development 142 3.3.2 Seaport System Model Description 145 3.3.3 Seaport System Model Operation 151 3.4 Advanced Features of OpEMCSS 153 3.4.1 Expanded Split and Assemble Operation 154 3.4.2 Preemption of a Resource 167 3.4.3 “Wake Up” a Passivated Process 172 3.5 Summary 172 Problems 174 References 176 4 Markov Model Development 177 4.1 Discrete-Time Markov Chains 178 4.1.1 Stochastic Processes 178 4.1.2 Transition Probabilities 179 4.1.3 Properties of a Finite-State Markov Chain 180 4.1.4 Development of [P]n 181 4.1.5 Steady-State Solution 182 4.1.6 First-Passage Times 187 4.2 Continuous-Time Markov Processes 189 4.2.1 Poisson Distribution 189 4.2.2 Kolmogorov Differential Equations 191 4.2.3 Transition Intensities for Poisson Process 194 4.2.4 Transition Matrix for Several Examples 196 4.2.5 Markov Process Model of a Queuing System 199 4.2.6 Summary of Assumptions 203 4.3 Semi-Markov Flow Graphs 205 4.3.1 Definitions 206 4.3.2 Laplace Transforms 207 4.3.3 Flow-Graph Reduction 210 4.3.4 Thief of Baghdad Process 213 4.3.5 General Reaction Time Distributions 215 4.3.6 Summary of Flow-Graph Techniques 217 4.4 System Design and Evaluation Using Markov Models 217 4.4.1 Data Communications System Design Problem 217 4.4.2 Markov Model of Sequential Link Operation 219 4.4.3 Markov Model of Parallel Link Operation 222 4.4.4 Sensitivity of Link Effectiveness 227 4.4.5 Conclusions 232 Problems 234 References 237 Bibliography 237 5 Reliability Processes 238 5.1 Definitions 238 5.1.1 System 238 5.1.2 Multidimensional System Analysis 239 5.1.3 Equipment Dependency Diagrams 240 5.1.4 Reliability 241 5.1.5 Reliability Process 243 5.2 Reliability of Nonmaintained Module Groups 244 5.2.1 Method 244 5.2.2 Series Module Group 245 5.2.3 Parallel Module Group 246 5.2.4 Series–Parallel Module Group 246 5.2.5 Four-Module Group 247 5.2.6 Logic Techniques 248 5.3 Availability of Maintained Module Groups 249 5.3.1 Method 249 5.3.2 Series Module Group 249 5.3.3 Parallel Module Group 252 5.3.4 Analysis of Maintained Module Groups 253 5.4 Dependence of System Performance on Reliability 253 5.4.1 System of Three Radars and Two Detection Consoles 253 5.4.2 State-Space Equation 254 5.4.3 Validation of Model Results 256 5.4.4 Sensitivity Curve 257 5.5 Summary 258 Problems 258 Bibliography 260 6 Queuing Theory in Simulation-Based Systems Engineering 261 6.1 Single-Queue, Single-Server Process 262 6.1.1 Supermarket Checkout Stand 262 6.1.2 Parallel Process 263 6.1.3 Operational Sequence 265 6.1.4 Finite Queue Model 266 6.1.5 Infinite Queue Model 271 6.1.6 Gamma Service Time 274 6.2 Single-Queue, Two-Server Process 275 6.2.1 Bank 275 6.2.2 Parallel Process 275 6.2.3 Operational Sequence 277 6.2.4 Finite Queue Model 278 6.2.5 Infinite Queue Model 280 6.3 Comparison of Simulation, Markov Process, and Queuing Theory Models 281 Problems 283 Bibliography 285 7 Rule-Based Learning and Adaptation 286 7.1 Classifier Systems 287 7.2 Induction of Decision-Making Rules 289 7.2.1 Overview of the Rule Induction Problem 289 7.2.2 Situational Universe for a Classifier System 291 7.2.3 Lessons Learned from Previous Research 293 7.2.4 Theory of Inductive Learning of Decision-Making Rules 295 7.2.5 Summary of Induction Methods and Theory 297 7.3 Supervisory Rule Learning 297 7.3.1 Classifier Event Action Block 297 7.3.2 Induction Process Model 302 7.4 Generation of Planning Rules 308 7.4.1 Prisoner’s Dilemma 308 7.4.2 Finite-State Machine Model 313 7.4.3 Grid World Model 318 7.5 Summary 320 7.6 Conclusions 322 References 323 Bibliography 324 8 Agent Motion and Spatial Interactions 325 8.1 Discrete-Event Model of Continuous Motion 326 8.1.1 Range Closing/Range Not Closing Interaction 326 8.1.2 Angle Closing/Angle Not Closing Interaction 331 8.1.3 Intercept Interaction 334 8.2 Agent Motion and Spatial Interaction Blocks 335 8.2.1 Initialize Agent Event Action 335 8.2.2 Change Agent Event Action 336 8.2.3 Agent Interaction Event Action 338 8.2.4 Animation Event Action 342 8.3 World Model 343 8.4 Sonar Array System 354 8.5 Summary 366 Bibliography 368 9 Multiagent System of Systems 369 9.1 Agents and Agent Interactions 370 9.1.1 Agents 370 9.1.2 Agent Interactions in System of Systems 373 9.1.3 Bringing Multiagent Systems of Systems into Being 375 9.2 Elevator System 376 9.2.1 Person Arrival Process 376 9.2.2 Person Process 378 9.2.3 Elevator Motion Process 379 9.2.4 Evaluation of Elevator System Performance 382 9.3 Distributed, Vehicle Traffic Light Control System 383 9.3.1 Traffic Control Agent 384 9.3.2 Fuzzy Control 387 9.3.3 Simulation of a Vehicle Traffic Control Network 388 9.3.4 Results of Simulation Runs 392 9.4 Communication Blocks for Multiagent Systems 394 9.4.1 Memory Event Action Block 394 9.4.2 Analysis Event Action Block 397 9.4.3 Send Message Event Action Block 400 9.4.4 Plan Execution Event Action Block 401 9.4.5 Message Passing in a Multiagent System 402 9.5 Summary 406 References 408 Bibliography 409 Appendix A OpEMCSS User’s Manual 410 A.1 Minimum Requirements for Successful CSS Modeling Languages 411 A.2 Modeling Languages Survey 412 A.2.1 Petri Nets 412 A.2.2 IDEF0 Diagrams 412 A.2.3 ExtendSim Queuing Models 413 A.2.4 Modeling Languages Survey Summary 413 A.3 Operational Evaluation Modeling (OpEM) Historical Overview 413 A.4 OpEMCSS Familiarization Exercises 416 A.4.1 How to Set Up ExtendSim LT-RunTime 416 A.4.2 ExtendSim Environment Overview 418 A.4.3 Block Familiarization Exercises 424 A.5 Overview of Context-Sensitive Event Action Blocks 433 A.5.1 Message Event Action Block 433 A.5.2 Context-Sensitive Event Action Block 434 A.5.3 Event Action Block 434 A.6 Summary 434 References 435 Appendix B Overview of OpEMCSS Library Blocks 436 B.1 Definition of OpEMCSS Block Categories 436 B.2 Description of OpEMCSS Blocks by Category 437 B.2.1 Category 1 437 B.2.2 Category 2 439 B.2.3 Category 3 441 B.2.4 Category 4 444 B.2.5 Category 5 454 B.2.6 Category 6 464 B.2.7 Category 7 469 B.2.8 Category 8 473 B.2.9 Category 9 475 B.3 Summary of OpEMCSS Block Categories 476 Appendix C Programming OpEMCSS Special Blocks 477 C.1 Special Event Action Block Dialogs 478 C.2 Execute Event Action Procedure 478 C.3 Summary 484 Index 487

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Book SynopsisThis book looks to maximize the probability of revealing latent errors in programs through effective software testing. It covers the program analysis needed for applying a test-case selection method. It teaches the reader to modify the existing method or devise a new method if there is going to be a change in the language or paradigm used.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Concepts, Notation, and Principles. 1.1 Concepts, Terminology, and Notation. 1.2 Two Principles of Test-Case Selection. 1.3 Classification of Faults. 1.4 Classification of Test-Case Selection Methods. 1.5 The Cost of Program Testing. 2 Code-Based Test-Case Selection Methods. 2.1 Path Testing. 2.2 Statement Testing. 2.3 Branch Testing. 2.4 Howden’s and McCabe’s Methods. 2.5 Data-Flow Testing. 2.6 Domain-Strategy Testing. 2.7 Program Mutation and Fault Seeding. 2.8 Discussion. Exercises. 3 Specification-Based Test-Case Selection Methods. 3.1 Subfunction Testing. 3.2 Predicate Testing. 3.3 Boundary-Value Analysis. 3.4 Error Guessing. 3.5 Discussion. Exercises. 4 Software Testing Roundup. 4.1 Ideal Test Sets. 4.2 Operational Testing. 4.3 Integration Testing. 4.4 Testing Object-Oriented Programs. 4.5 Regression Testing. 4.6 Criteria for Stopping a Test. 4.7 Choosing a Test-Case Selection Criterion. Exercises. 5 Analysis of Symbolic Traces. 5.1 Symbolic Trace and Program Graph. 5.2 The Concept of a State Constraint. 5.3 Rules for Moving and Simplifying Constraints. 5.4 Rules for Moving and Simplifying Statements. 5.5 Discussion. 5.6 Supporting Software Tool. Exercises. 6 Static Analysis. 6.1 Data-Flow Anomaly Detection. 6.2 Symbolic Evaluation (Execution). 6.3 Program Slicing. 6.4 Code Inspection. 6.5 Proving Programs Correct. Exercises. 7 Program Instrumentation. 7.1 Test-Coverage Measurement. 7.2 Test-Case Effectiveness Assessment. 7.3 Instrumenting Programs for Assertion Checking. 7.4 Instrumenting Programs for Data-Flow-Anomaly Detection. 7.5 Instrumenting Programs for Trace-Subprogram Generation. Exercises. Appendix A: Logico-Mathematical Background. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Questions for Self-Assessment. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the modern design and analysis principles of millimeter-wave communication system for wireless devices Emphasizes the importance and the requirements of high-gain antennas, low power transceiver, adaptive equalizer/modulation, channeling coding and adaptive multi-user detection for gigabit wireless communications.Trade Review"The book will review up-to-date research results and utilize numerous design and analysis for the whole system covering from Millimeter wave frontend to digital signal processing in order to address major topics in a high speed wireless system." (DMN News Wire, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Abbreviations xi 1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics 1 1.1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics 2 1.2 Channel Performance at 60 GHz 5 1.3 Gigabit Wireless Communications 11 1.4 Development of Millimeter Wave Standards 16 1.5 Coexistence with Wireless Backhaul 24 References 29 2 Review of Modulations for Millimeter Wave Communications 33 2.1 On/Off Keying (OOK) 34 2.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 39 2.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 52 2.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 58 2.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 63 References 68 3 Millimeter Wave Transceivers 71 3.1 Millimeter Wave Link Budget 71 3.2 Transceiver Architecture 74 3.3 Transceiver Without Mixer 80 3.4 Receiver Without Local Oscillator 86 3.5 Millimeter Wave Calibration 93 3.6 Research Trend: Transceiver Siliconization 96 References 96 4 Millimeter Wave Antennas 99 4.1 Path Loss and Antenna Directivity 100 4.2 Antenna Beamwidth 106 4.3 Maximum Possible Gain-to-Q 108 4.4 Polarization 112 4.5 Beam Steering Antenna 120 4.6 Millimeter Wave Design Consideration 124 4.7 Production and Manufacture 127 References 129 5 Millimeter Wave Mimo 133 5.1 Spatial Diversity of Antenna Arrays 134 5.2 Multiple Antennas 138 5.3 Multiple Transceivers 144 5.4 Noise Coupling in a MIMO System 154 References 159 6 Advanced Diversity Over Mimo Channels 163 6.1 Potential Benefits for Millimeter Wave Systems 164 6.2 Spatial and Temporal Diversity 165 6.3 Spatial and Frequency Diversity 171 6.4 Dynamic Spatial, Frequency, and Modulation Allocation 177 References 184 7 Advanced Beam Steering and Beam Forming 187 7.1 The Need for Beam-Steering/Beam-Forming 188 7.2 Adaptive Frame Structure 191 7.3 Advanced Beam Steering Technology 194 7.4 Advanced Antenna ID Technology 202 7.5 Advanced Beam Forming Technology 205 References 214 8 Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization 217 8.1 Advantages of SC-FDE over OFDM for Millimeter Wave Systems 218 8.2 Preamble Design 222 8.3 Adaptive Channel Estimation 226 8.4 Frequency Domain Equalization 231 8.5 Decision Feedback Equalization 235 References 258 Appendix: Simulation Tools 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisGraphics made easy for technical and scientific authors Gone are the days of relying on graphic artists to make your work clear and persuasive! This book arms you with all you need to know to conceptualize, create, and incorporate the type of quality graphs and graphics that will help get your scientific and technical papers published. The authors, both senior staff members at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, provide straightforward guidance on all the steps to using graphs and graphics to make your case. Some of the useful things you''ll learn include: What kind of graph to use to make what kind of case Whether or not it is appropriate to connect the dots in a graph Efficient ways to use a variety of PC software How to embed artwork in a layout-and what to do if the graphic won''t fit Why file format conversions are sometimes problematic How Table of ContentsPreface, ix 1 Basics, 1 What the Book Is About, 1 Some Basics, 2 Definitions, 3 Guidelines, 5 Summary, 31 Exercises, 32 2 Which Kind of Graph?, 35 Choosing a Graph, 37 Trend Plot, 37 Stacked Trend, 40 Pie Chart, 42 Histogram and Bar Chart, 44 Scatter Graphs, 48 Showing Linearity, 50 Regressions, 52 Other Graphs, 54 Summary, 60 Exercises, 61 3 Connecting the Dots, 63 Example 1: Grouped Results, 66 Example 2a: Different Parameters, 68 Example 2b: Different Parameters, 70 Example 3: Missing Data, 70 Example 4: ATrend in Time, 72 Example 5: Interaction with the Axis, 74 Example 6: Histograms in All But Name, 75 Example 7: Increasing Resolution, 77 Example 8: Showing Noise, 78 Example 9: Leader Lines, 80 Summary, 81 Exercises, 82 4 The Nondata Parts of the Graph, 85 Axes, 92 Captions, 97 Callouts, 100 Summary, 105 Exercises, 106 5 Getting the Most Out of Your Software, 109 Keyboard Shortcuts, 110 Drawing Shortcuts, 111 Line Shortcuts, 112 Object Shortcuts, 115 Lining Things Up, 119 Snap-to-Grid is Your Friend (or Not), 122 Saving Work by Copying, 122 Layout Basics, 130 Inserting Graphics into Microsoft Word, 135 The Trick for Word, 136 Inserting Graphics into WordPerfect, 139 Summary, 141 Exercises, 143 6 Presentations or How to Succeed in Business, 145 Purpose or Objective, 147 Structure and Outline, 148 Using a Summary, 148 Storyboard, 149 Putting the Presentation Together, 155 Rules for Slides, 155 Backgrounds, 163 Putting the Software to Use, 166 Starting the Talk, 167 The Body of the Talk, 168 Finishing the Talk, 170 Etiquette, 171 Summary, 171 Exercises, 172 7 An Introduction to Spreadsheets, 175 Getting the Numbers, 176 Scope of the Remaining Spreadsheet Chapters, 177 Time Axes, 178 Summary, 179 8 Using Spreadsheets: Excel, 181 Bar Charts, 181 Histograms, 189 Pie Charts, 191 Scatter Graphs, 192 Multiple Series, 196 A Complicated Example, 200 Inserting Data, 203 Floating Bars, 204 Multiple Type: Combining Trend and Histogram, 205 Summary, 207 Exercises, 208 9 Using Spreadsheets: QuattroPro, 211 Bar Charts, 211 Histograms, 217 Pie Charts, 219 Scatter Graphs, 221 Multiple Series, 226 A Complicated Example, 229 Inserting Data, 232 Floating Bars, 233 Multiple Type: Combining Trend and Histogram, 235 Summary, 239 Exercises, 240 10 Fixes Using Graphics Programs, 241 Getting the Graph into a Graphics Program, 241 Maintaining Relationships, 243 Fixing a Pie Chart, 249 Some Excel/PowerPoint Tips, 251 Some QuattroPro/Presentations Tips, 252 Data Manipulation: The Carbon Dioxide Data, 253 Scanning and Tracing, 259 Tracing Example 1: Electron Velocity, 261 Tracing Example 2: Rainfall and Audible Noise, 272 Tracing Example 3: Investment Comparison, 274 Summary, 276 Exercises, 277 11 Something Beginning with "P", 279 Perspective, 279 Perspective: The Technical Approach, 283 Perspective: The Nontechnical Approach, 291 Perspective: The Z Dimension, 293 Patent Drawings, 294 Basic Principles, 295 What Must Be in Your Drawing, 295 Peculiarities of Patent Drawings, 295 Summary, 297 Exercises, 298 12 File Formats and Conversions, 299 Conversion Problems, 299 Two Questions, 300 File Varieties, 301 Back to the Two Questions, 305 A File Taxonomy, 306 A Sample File Format, 306 Some Real Formats: A Quick Look, 309 Filters, 311 Summary, 316 Exercises, 317 13 Style Matters, 319 Developing Your Own Style, 320 Some (General) Alternatives, 323 Your Options, 327 Adapting Somebody Else’s Style, 327 Some Advice, 329 Summary, 329 Exercises, 330 14 Case Studies, 333 Case Study Number 1: Voltage Regulator, 333 Case Study Number 2: Baseball Performances, 334 Case Study Number 3: Amplifier Performance, 336 Case Study Number 4: Radio Communication in Ice, 338 Case Study Number 5: Nucleotides in DNA, 343 Case Study Number 6: The Graph Behind the MMR--Autism Controversy, 347 Summary, 356 Exercises, 357 15 Summaries, 359 Chapter 1: Basics, 359 Chapter 2: Which Kind of Graph? 360 Chapter 3: Connecting the Dots, 361 Chapter 4: The Nondata Parts of the Graph, 362 Chapter 5: Getting the Most Out of Your Software, 363 Chapter 6: Presentations or How to Succeed in Business, 364 Chapter 7: An Introduction to Spreadsheets, 365 Chapter 8: Using Spreadsheets: Excel, 366 Chapter 9: Using Spreadsheets: QuattroPro, 368 Chapter 10: Fixes Using Graphics Programs, 369 Chapter 11: Something Beginning with "P", 370 Chapter 12: File Formats and Conversions, 371 Chapter 13: Style Matters, 372 Chapter 14: Case Studies, 373 Index, 375

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Book SynopsisOffers an up-to-date description of modern multifunctional antenna systems and microwave components Compact multifunctional antennas are of great interest in the field of antennas and wireless communication systems, but there are few, if any, books available that fully explore the multifunctional concept. Divided into six chapters, Compact Multifunctional Antennas for Wireless Systems encompasses both the active and passive multifunctional antennas and components for microwave systems. It provides a systematic, valuable reference for antenna/microwave researchers and designers. Beginning with such novel passive components as antenna filters, antenna packaging covers, and balun filters, the book discusses various miniaturization techniques for the multifunctional antenna systems. In addition to amplifying and oscillating antennas, the book also covers design considerations for frequency- and pattern-reconfigurable antennas. The last chapter is dedicated toTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Compact Multifunctional Antennas in Microwave Wireless Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Microwave Components in Wireless Systems 6 1.3 Planar and Nonplanar Antennas in Compact Wireless Systems 7 1.3.1 Performance Parameters 8 1.3.2 Planar Antennas 14 1.3.3 Nonplanar Antennas 16 1.4 Multifunctional Antennas and Microwave Circuits 17 1.4.1 Active Antennas 18 1.4.2 Passive Antennas 19 1.5 Miniaturization Techniques for Multifunctional Antennas 19 1.6 Design Processes and Considerations 20 1.7 Design Tools and Software 22 1.8 Overview of the Book 24 2 Multifunctional Passive Integrated Antennas and Components 29 2.1 Development of Passive Integrated Antennas and Components 29 2.2 Antenna Filters 30 2.2.1 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Filter 31 2.2.2 Other DRAFs 46 2.2.3 Microstrip-Based Antenna Filters 50 2.3 Balun Filters 60 2.3.1 Ring Balun Filter 60 2.3.2 Magnetic-Coupled Balun Filter 64 2.3.3 Rectangular Patch Balun Filter 65 2.4 Antenna Package 67 2.4.1 DRA Packaging Cover 70 2.4.2 Other Antenna Packages 78 2.5 Conclusions 80 3 Reconfigurable Antennas 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Design Considerations and Recent Developments 86 3.3 Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas 88 3.3.1 Frequency-Reconfigurable Slot-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna 91 3.3.2 Frequency-Reconfigurable E-Shaped Patch Antenna 93 3.4 Pattern-Reconfigurable Antennas 98 3.4.1 Pattern-Reconfigurable Fractal Patch Antenna 103 3.4.2 Pattern-Reconfigurable Leaky-Wave Antenna 105 3.5 Multi-Reconfigurable Antennas 109 3.6 Conclusions 112 4 Receiving Amplifying Antennas 117 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Design Criteria and Considerations 118 4.3 Wearable Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 118 4.4 Active Broadband Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 128 4.5 Conclusions 139 5 Oscillating Antennas 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Design Methods for Microwave Oscillators 145 5.2.1 Design Using S Parameters 146 5.2.2 Design Using a Network Model 147 5.2.3 Specifications of Microwave Oscillators 147 5.3 Recent Developments and Issues of Antenna Oscillators 149 5.4 Reflection-Amplifier Antenna Oscillators 152 5.4.1 Rectangular DRAO 152 5.4.2 Hollow DRAO 158 5.4.3 Differential Planar Antenna Oscillator 161 5.5 Coupled-Load Antenna Oscillators 167 5.5.1 Coupled-Load Microstrip Patch Oscillator 167 5.5.2 Patch Antenna Oscillator with Feedback Loop 171 5.6 Conclusions 180 6 Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 185 6.1 Integration of Antennas with Solar Cells 185 6.2 Nonplanar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 188 6.2.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated Hemispherical DRA 189 6.2.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated Rectangular DRA 201 6.3 Planar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 204 6.3.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated U-Shaped SPA 208 6.3.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated V-Shaped SPA 219 6.4 Conclusions 223 References 224 Index 227

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Book SynopsisThis book uses a practical approach in the application of theoretical concepts to digital communications in the design of software defined radio modems. This book discusses the design, implementation and performance verification of waveforms and algorithms appropriate for digital data modulation and demodulation in modern communication systems. Using a building-block approach, the author provides an introductory to the advanced understanding of acquisition and data detection using source and executable simulation code to validate the communication system performance with respect to theory and design specifications. The author focuses on theoretical analysis, algorithm design, firmware and software designs and subsystem and system testing. This book treats system designs with a variety of channel characteristics from very low to optical frequencies. This book offers system analysis and subsystem implementation options for acquisition and data detection appropriate to thTable of ContentsPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvSummary of Notations xxviiAbout the Cover xxixAbout the Companion Website xxxi1 Mathematical Background and Analysis Techniques 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 51.3 Pulse Distortion with Ideal Filter Models 161.4 Correlation Processing 191.5 Random Variables and Probability 201.6 Random Processes 411.7 The Matched Filter 441.8 The Likelihood and Log-Likelihood Ratios 461.9 Parameter Estimation 471.10 Modem Configurations and Automatic Repeat Request 551.11 Windows 571.12 Matrices Vectors and Related Operations 661.13 Often Used Mathematical Procedures 701.14 Often Used Mathematical Relationships 712 Digital Signal Processing and Modem Design Considerations 812.1 Introduction 812.2 Discrete Amplitude Sampling 812.3 Discrete-Time Sampling 872.4 Signal Reconstruction Following Discrete-Time Sampling 912.5 Baseband Sampling 922.6 Bandpass Sampling 922.7 Corrections for Nonideal Modulators and Demodulators 992.8 Multirate Signal Processing and Interpolation 106Appendix 2A Amplitude Quantization Function Subprogram 121Appendix 2B Hilbert Transform Parameters 122Appendix 2C Derivation of Parabolic Interpolation Error 1263 Digital Communications 1333.1 Introduction 1333.2 Digital Data Modulation and Optimum Demodulation Criteria 1353.3 Information and Channel Capacity 1393.4 Bit-Error Probability Bound on Memoryless Channel 1483.5 Probability Integral and the Error Function 1504 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation Demodulation and Performance 1534.1 Introduction 1534.2 Constant Envelope Phase-Modulated Waveforms 1544.3 Non-Constant Envelope Phase-Modulated Waveforms 1754.4 Phase-Modulated Waveform Spectrums and Performance 1785 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation Demodulation and Performance 2075.1 Introduction 2075.2 Coherent Detection of BFSK—Known Frequency and Phase 2075.3 Noncoherent Detection of BFSK—Known Frequency and Unknown Phase 2105.4 Case Studies: Coherent and Noncoherent BFSK Performance Simulation 2115.5 Noncoherent Detection of BFSK—Unknown Frequency and Phase 2145.6 BFSK Spectral Density with Arbitrary Modulation Index 2196 Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation Demodulation and Performance 2276.1 Introduction 2276.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 2276.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 2346.4 Alternate QAM Waveform Constellations 2366.5 Case Study: 16-ary QAM Performance Evaluation 2366.6 Partial Response Modulation 2377 M-ary Coded Modulation 2517.1 Introduction 2517.2 Coherent Detection of Orthogonal Coded Waveforms 2527.3 Noncoherent Detection of M-ary Orthogonal Waveforms 2537.4 Coherent Detection of M-ary Biorthogonal Waveforms 2568 Coding for Improved Communications 2618.1 Introduction 2618.2 Pulse Code Modulation 2618.3 Gray Coding 2688.4 Differential Coding 2698.5 Pseudo-Random Noise Sequences 2708.6 Binary Cyclic Codes 2738.7 Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes 2748.8 Data Randomizing Codes 2768.9 Data Interleaving 2778.10 Wagner Coding and Decoding 2798.11 Convolutional Codes 2838.12 Turbo and Turbo-Like Codes 2998.13 LDPC Code and TPC 3138.14 Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes 315Appendix 8A 328Appendix 8B 3299 Forward Error Correction Coding Without Bandwidth Expansion 3399.1 Introduction 3399.2 Multi-h M-ary CPM 3409.3 Case Study: 2-h 4-ary 1REC CPM 3509.4 Multiphase Shift Keying Trellis-Coded Modulation 3629.5 Case Study: Four-State 8PSK-TCM Performance Over Satellite Repeater 36710 Carrier Acquisition and Tracking 37510.1 Introduction 37510.2 Bandpass Limiter 37710.3 Baseband Phaselock Loop Implementation 37810.4 Phase-Error Generation 37810.5 First-Order Phaselock Loop 38010.6 Second-Order Phaselock Loop 38010.7 Third-Order Phaselock Loop 39010.8 Optimum Phase Tracking Algorithms 39610.9 Squaring Loss Evaluation 40610.10 Case Study: BPSK and QPSK Phaselock Loop Performance 40810.11 Case Study: BPSK Phase Tracking Performance of a Disadvantaged Transmit Terminal 41011 Waveform Acquisition 41311.1 Introduction 41311.2 CW Preamble Segment Signal Processing 41611.3 Symbol Synchronization Preamble Segment 43211.4 Start-of-Message (SOM) Preamble segment 45211.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation 45212 Adaptive Systems 46312.1 Introduction 46312.2 Optimum Filtering—Wiener’s Solution 46412.3 Finite Impulse Response-Adaptive Filter Estimation 46512.4 Intersymbol Interference and Multipath Equalization 46912.5 Interference and Noise Cancellation 47212.6 Recursive Least Square (RLS) Equalizer 47312.7 Case Study: LMS Linear Feedforward Equalization 47412.8 Case Study: Narrowband Interference Cancellation 47412.9 Case Study: Recursive Least Squares Processing 48013 Spread-Spectrum Communications 48513.1 Introduction 48513.2 Spread-Spectrum Waveforms and Spectrums 48713.3 Jammer and Interceptor Encounters 49913.4 Communication Interceptors 50213.5 Bit-Error Performance of DSSS Waveforms with Jamming 50413.6 Performance of MFSK with Partial-Band Noise Jamming 51213.7 Performance of DCMPSK with Partial-Band Noise Jamming 51413.8 FHSS Waveforms with Multitone Jamming 51513.9 Approximate Performance with Jammer Threats 52113.10 Case Study: Terrestrial Jammer Encounter and Link-Standoff Ratio 52214 Modem Testing Modeling and Simulation 53114.1 Introduction 53114.2 Statistical Sampling 53214.3 Computer Generation of Random Variables 53914.4 Baseband Waveform Description 54514.5 Sampled Waveform Characterization 54714.6 Case Study: BPSK Monte Carlo Simulation 54814.7 System Performance Evaluation Using Quadrature Integration 55014.8 Case Study: BPSK Bit-Error Evaluation with PLL Tracking 55114.9 Case Study: QPSK Bit-Error Evaluation with PLL Tracking 55315 Communication Range Equation and Link Analysis 55715.1 Introduction 55715.2 Receiver and System Noise Figures and Temperatures 56015.3 Antenna Gain and Patterns 56815.4 Rain Loss 57115.5 Electric Field Wave Polarization 57315.6 Phase-Noise Loss 57815.7 Scintillation Loss 58315.8 Multipath Loss 58315.9 Interface Mismatch Loss 58415.10 Miscellaneous System Losses 58515.11 Nonlinear Power Amplifier Analysis and Simulation 58515.12 Computer Modeling of TWTA and SSPA Nonlinearities 58815.13 Establishing Signal Levels for Simulation Modeling 59015.14 Case Study: Performance Simulation of SRRC-QPSK with SSPA Nonlinearity 59215.15 Link Budget Analysis 59616 Satellite Orbits 60316.1 Introduction 60316.2 Satellite Orbits 60616.3 Earth Stations 60716.4 Path Loss Doppler and Doppler-rate 60916.5 Satellite Viewing 60916.6 Satellite Orbit Selection 61016.7 Satellite Orbit Position Estimation From Parameter Measurements 61116.8 Case Study: Example Satellite Encounters 61217 Communications Through Bandlimited Time-Invariant Linear Channels 61717.1 Introduction 61717.2 Inphase and Quadrature Channel Response 61817.3 Inphase and Quadrature Channel Response to Arbitrary Signal 61917.4 Pulse Modulated Carrier Signal Characteristics 62117.5 Channel Response to a Pulsed Modulated Waveform 62217.6 Example Performance Simulations 62317.7 Example of Channel Amplitude and Phase Responses 62417.8 Example Channel Amplitude Phase and Delay Functions 62718 Communications in Fading Environments 63318.1 Introduction 63318.2 Ricean Fading Channels 63418.3 Ricean Cumulative Distribution 63518.4 Application of Ricean Channel Model 63518.5 Performance of Several Binary Modulation Waveforms with Ricean Fading 63618.6 Generation of Ricean Random Variables 63918.7 Relationships Between Fading Channel Parameters 64118.8 Diversity Techniques for Fading Channels 64319 Atmospheric Propagation 64919.1 Introduction 64919.2 Communication Link Geometry for Curved Earth 65019.3 Reflection 65219.4 Case Study: LEO Satellite Multipath Propagation 65419.5 Refraction 65619.6 Diffraction 66019.7 Longley-Rice Propagation Loss Model 66119.8 Urban Suburban and Rural Environment Propagation Loss Models 66319.9 Land Mobile Satellite Propagation Loss Models 66519.10 Impulsive Noise Channel 66719.11 Ocean Wind Wave Channel 67619.12 Laser Communications Using Photomultiplier Detector 68420 Ionospheric Propagation 69920.1 Introduction 69920.2 Electron Densities: Natural Environment 70020.3 Electron Densities: Nuclear-Disturbed Environment 70320.4 The Refractive Index and Signal Propagation 70420.5 Signal Propagation in Severe Scintillation Environment 70620.6 Propagation Disturbances Following Severe Absorption 71220.7 Rayleigh Scintillation Channel Model 71520.8 Scintillation Mitigation Techniques 72120.9 Case Study: BPSK and DCBPSK Performance in Rayleigh Fading Channel 722Appendix 20A 727Appendix A: Classical Filters and Applications 733Appendix B: Digital Filter Design and Applications 747Appendix C: Detection of Signals in Noise 755Index 769

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications was published in 2001. Over the years the book has been well received and is used extensively in both academia and industry by microwave researchers and engineers. From its inception as a manuscriptthe book is almost 8 years old. While the fundamentals of filter circuits have not changed, further innovations in filter realizations and other applications have occurred with changes in the technology and use of new fabrication processes, such as the recent advances in RF MEMS and ferroelectric films for tunable filters; the use of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates for multilayer circuits, as well as the new filters for dual-band, multi-band and ultra wideband (UWB) applications. Although the microstrip filter remains asthe main transmission line medium for these new developments, there has beena new trend of using combined planar transmission line structures such as co-planar waveguide (CPW) and slotted groundTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Introduction. 2 Network Analysis. 2.1 Network Variables. 2.2 Scattering Parameters. 2.3 Short-Circuit Admittance Parameters. 2.4 Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters. 2.5 ABCD Parameters. 2.6 Transmission-Line Networks. 2.7 Network Connections. 2.8 Network Parameter Conversions. 2.9 Symmetrical Network Analysis. 2.10 Multiport Networks. 2.11 Equivalent and Dual Network. 2.12 Multimode Networks. 3 Basic Concepts and Theories of Filters. 3.1 Transfer Functions. 3.2 Lowpass Prototype Filters and Elements. 3.3 Frequency and Element Transformations. 3.4 Immittance Inverters. 3.5 Richards’ Transformation and Kuroda Identities. 3.6 Dissipation and Unloaded Quality Factor. 4 Transmission Lines and Components. 4.1 Microstrip Lines. 4.2 Coupled Lines. 4.3 Discontinuities and Components. 4.4 Other Types of Microstrip Lines. 4.5 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW). 4.6 Slotlines. 5 Lowpass and Bandpass Filters. 5.1 Lowpass Filters. 5.2 Bandpass Filters. 6 Highpass and Bandstop Filters. 6.1 Highpass Filters. 6.2 Bandstop Filters. 7 Coupled-Resonator Circuits. 7.1 General Coupling Matrix for Coupled-Resonator Filters. 7.2 General Theory of Couplings. 7.3 General Formulation for Extracting Coupling Coefficient k. 7.4 Formulation for Extracting External Quality Factor Qe. 7.5 Numerical Examples. 7.6 General Coupling Matrix Including Source and Load. 8 CAD for Low-Cost and High-Volume Production. 8.1 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Tools. 8.2 Computer-Aided Analysis (CAA). 8.3 Filter Synthesis by Optimization. 8.4 CAD Examples. 9 Advanced RF/Microwave Filters. 9.1 Selective Filters with a Single Pair of Transmission Zeros. 9.2 Cascaded Quadruplet (CQ) Filters. 9.3 Trisection and Cascaded Trisection (CT) Filters. 9.4 Advanced Filters with Transmission-Line Inserted Inverters. 9.5 Linear-Phase Filters. 9.6 Extracted Pole Filters. 9.7 Canonical Filters. 9.8 Multiband Filters. 10 Compact Filters and Filter Miniaturization. 10.1 Miniature Open-Loop and Hairpin Resonator Filters. 10.2 Slow-Wave Resonator Filters. 10.3 Miniature Dual-Mode Resonator Filters. 10.4 Lumped-Element Filters. 10.5 Miniature Filters Using High Dielectric-Constant Substrates. 10.6 Multilayer Filters. 11 Superconducting Filters. 11.1 High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Materials. 11.2 HTS Filters for Mobile Communications. 11.3 HTS Filters for Satellite Communications. 11.4 HTS Filters for Radio Astronomy and Radar. 11.5 High-Power HTS Filters. 11.6 Cryogenic Package. 12 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Filters. 12.1 UWB Filters with Short-Circuited Stubs. 12.2 UWB-Coupled Resonator Filters. 12.3 Quasilumped Element UWB Filters. 12.4 UWB Filters Using Cascaded Miniature High- And Lowpass Filters. 12.5 UWB Filters with Notch Band(s). 13 Tunable and Reconfigurable Filters. 13.1 Tunable Combline Filters. 13.2 Tunable Open-Loop Filters without Via-Hole Grounding. 13.3 Reconfigurable Dual-Mode Bandpass Filters. 13.4 Wideband Filters with Reconfigurable Bandwidth. 13.5 Reconfigurable UWB Filters. 13.6 RF MEMS Reconfigurable Filters. 13.7 Piezoelectric Transducer Tunable Filters. 13.8 Ferroelectric Tunable Filters. Appendix: Useful Constants and Data. A.1 Physical Constants. A.2 Conductivity of Metals at 25◦C (298K). A.3 Electical Resistivity ρ in 10−8 m of Metals. A.4 Properties of Dielectric Substrates. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe only authorized book explaining the HomePlug networking standards HomePlug is a growing technology for creating high-speed Power Line Communication (PLC) networks by transmitting data over in-home or in-office power lines. Users only need to plug adapters into wall outlets to create an instant network of computers, printers, routers, home entertainment devices, and appliance control systems. HomePlug AV and IEEE 1901: A Handbook for PLC Designers and Users provides for the first time an opportunity for non-members of the HomePlug Alliance to gain in-depth insight into the design and operation of the HomePlug standards. Offering a clear and simple description of the standards, this groundbreaking resource presents HomePlug AV and the associated IEEE 1901 standards in terms more readily understood by a much wider audience, including nontechnical managers, engineers, students, and HomePlug designers. The book details the many benefits of HomePlug AV, includingTable of ContentsList of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxix Biographical Sketches of the Authors xxxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 HomePlug AVand Its Relationship to IEEE 1901 2 1.2 Focus of the Book 3 1.3 The HomePlug Powerline Alliance 4 1.4 The Role of PLC in Multimedia Home Networking and Smart Energy Applications 8 1.5 Book Outline 9 2 The HomePlug AV Network Architecture 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Protocol Layers 12 2.3 Network Architecture 14 2.4 Summary 17 3 Design Approach for Powerline Channels 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Channel Characteristics 19 3.3 Frequency Band 21 3.4 Windowed OFDM 23 3.5 Turbo Convolutional Code 24 3.6 Channel Adaptation 25 3.7 Beacon Period Synchronized to AC Line Cycle 27 3.8 TDMAwith Persistent and Nonpersistent Schedules 29 3.9 Data Plane: Two-Level Framing, Segmentation, and Reassembly 30 3.10 PHY Clock Synchronization 30 3.11 Summary 31 4 Physical Layer 32 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 PPDU 34 4.3 Preamble 37 4.4 Frame Control 38 4.5 Payload 39 4.6 Priority Resolution Symbol 56 4.7 Transmit Power, Tone Mask, and Amplitude Map 56 4.8 Summary 60 5 MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) Format 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Beacon 64 5.3 Start-of-Frame (SOF) 77 5.4 Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) 85 5.5 Request to Send (RTS)/Clear to Send (CTS) 88 5.6 Sound 91 5.7 Reverse Start-of-Frame (RSOF) 95 5.8 Summary 98 6 MAC Data Plane 99 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 MAC Frame Generation 101 6.3 MAC Frame Streams 102 6.4 Segmentation 104 6.5 Long MPDU Generation 104 6.6 Reassembly 106 6.7 Buffer Management and Flow Control 106 6.8 Communication Between Associated but Unauthenticated STAs 112 6.9 Communication Between STAs not Associated with the Same AVLN 112 6.10 Data Encryption 114 6.11 MPDU Bursting 114 6.12 Bidirectional Bursting 115 6.13 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 118 6.14 Summary 120 7 Central Coordinator 121 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 CCo Selection 122 7.3 Backup CCo and CCo Failure Recovery 125 7.4 Transfer/Handover of CCo Functions 125 7.5 CCo Network Management Functions 127 7.6 Summary 132 8 Channel Access 133 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Beacon Period and AC Line Cycle Synchronization 135 8.3 Beacon Period Structure 135 8.4 CSMA Channel Access 143 8.5 TDMA Channel Access 148 8.6 Summary 149 9 Connections and Links 150 9.1 Introduction 150 9.2 Packet Classification 151 9.3 Connection Specification (CSPEC) 152 9.4 Connections and Links 154 9.5 Connection Services 157 9.6 Bandwidth Management by CCo 168 9.7 Summary 171 10 Security and Network Formation 172 10.1 Introduction 172 10.2 Power-on Network Discovery Procedure 172 10.3 Forming or Joining an AVLN 178 10.4 Security Overview 193 10.5 Summary 210 11 Additional MAC Features 211 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Channel Estimation 211 11.3 Bridging 219 11.4 HomePlug 1.0.1 Coexistence 223 11.5 Proxy Networking 225 11.6 Summary 232 12 Neighbor Networks 233 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Transition Between Neighbor Network Operating Modes 234 12.3 Coordinated Mode 236 12.4 Passive Coordination in CSMA-Only Mode 248 12.5 Neighbor Network Bandwidth Sharing Policy 248 12.6 Summary 249 13 Management Messages 250 13.1 Introduction 250 13.2 Management Message Format 250 13.3 Station–Central Coordination (CCo) 254 13.4 Proxy Coordinator (PCO) Messages 260 13.5 Central Coordinator–Central Coordinator 260 13.6 Station–Station 262 13.7 Manufacturer-Specific Messages 266 13.8 Vendor-Specific Messages 267 13.9 Summary 267 14 IEEE 1901 268 14.1 Introduction 268 14.2 FFT 269 14.3 Wavelet 274 14.4 Coexistence 294 14.5 Summary 301 15 HomePlug Green PHY 302 15.1 Introduction 302 15.2 Physical Layer 302 15.3 MAC Layer 303 15.4 Summary 311 16 HomePlug AV2 312 16.1 Introduction 312 16.2 MIMO 312 16.3 Extended Frequency Band 315 16.4 Efficient Notching 316 16.5 Short Delimiter and Delayed Acknowledgment 316 16.6 Immediate Repeating 321 16.7 Power Save 322 16.8 Summary 323 Appendix A Acronyms 325 Appendix B HomePlug AV Parameter Specification 332 References 334 Index 337

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies. The text begins with a review of the characteristic properties of local microstructures around whisker and hillock grains to identify why these particular grains and locations become predisposed to forming whiskers and hillocks. The book discusses the basic properties of tin-based alloy finishes and the effects of various alloying elements on whisker formation, with a focus on potential mechanisms for whisker suppression or enhancement for each element. Tin whisker risk mitigation strategies for each tier of the supply chain for high reliability electronic systems are also described. Discusses whisker formation factors including surface grain geometry, crystallographic orientation-dependent surface grain boundary structurTable of ContentsTechnical Reviewers. Preface. Introduction. Contributors. 1. Regulatory and Voluntary Drivers for Environmental Improvement: Hazardous Substances, Lifecycle Design and End of Life (John Hawley). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Substances of Environmental Concern. 1.3 Design for Environment/Energy Efficiency. 1.4 Recycling and Take-back. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 References. 2. Lead-free Surface Mount Technology (Jasbir Bath, Jennifer Nguyen and Sundar Sethuraman). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 No-clean and Water-soluble Lead-free Pastes. 2.3 Solder Paste Handling. 2.4 Board and Stencil Design. 2.5 Screen Printing and Printability of Lead-free Solder Pastes. 2.6 Paste inspection. 2.7 Component Placement (Paste Tackiness). 2.8 Reflow Soldering and the Reflow Profile. 2.9 Effect of Nitrogen versus Air Atmosphere during Lead-free Reflow. 2.10 Head-in-Pillow Component Soldering Defect. 2.11 Solder Joint Visual Inspection. 2.12 AOI (Automated Optical Inspection). 2.13 X-ray Inspection. 2.14 ICT/Functional Testing. 2.15 Conclusions. 2.16 Future Work. 2.17 Acknowledgements. 2.18 References. 3. Lead-free Wave Soldering (Dennis Barbini and Jasbir Bath). 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Wave soldering process boundaries. 3.2 Soldering temperatures on the chip and main soldering waves. 3.3 Alloys for Lead-free Wave Soldering. 3.4 The function of nitrogen in wave soldering. 3.5 The effect of PCB Design on wave solder joint formation. 3.6 Standards related to wave soldering. 3.7 Conclusions. 3.8 Future work. 3.9 Acknowledgements. 3.10 References. 4. Lead-free Rework (Alan Donaldson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Hand Soldering/Touch-up. 4.3 BGA/CSP Rework. 4.4 BGA Socket Rework. 4.5 X-ray. 4.6 Through-hole Hand Soldering Rework. 4.7 Through-hole Mini-pot/Solder Fountain Rework. 4.8 Best Practices and Rework Equipment Calibrations. 4.9 Conclusions. 4.10 Future Work. 4.11 References. 5 Lead-Free Alloys for BGA/CSP Components (Gregory A. Henshall). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Overview of New Lead-Free Alloys. 5.3 Benefits of New Alloys for BGAs and CSPs. 5.4 Technical Concerns . 5.5 Management of New Alloys. 5.6 Future Work. 5.7 Summary and Conclusions. 5.8 Acknowledgements. 5.9 References. 6 Growth Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Tin Whisker Growth (Peng Su). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Role of stress in whisker growth. 6.3 Understanding standard acceleration tests. 6.4 Plating process optimization and other mitigation strategies. 6.5 Whisker growth on board-mounted components. 6.6 Summary. 6.7 References. 7. Testability of Lead-Free Printed Circuit Assemblies (Rosa D.Reinosa and Aileen M. Allen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Contact Repeatability of Lead-Free Boards. 7.3 Probe Wear and Contamination. 7.4 Board Flexure. 7.5 Conclusions. 7.6 Acknowledgments. 7.7 References. 8. Board-Level Solder Joint Reliability of High Performance Computers under Mechanical Loading (Keith Newman). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Establishing PWB Strain Limits for Manufacturing. 8.3. SMT Component Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.4 PWB Fracture Strength Characterization. 8.5 PWB Strain Characterization. 8.6. Solder Joint Fracture Prediction – Modeling. 8.7. Fracture Strength Optimization. 8.8 Conclusions. 8.9 Acknowledgments. 8.10 References. 9. Lead-Free Reliability in Aerospace/Military Environments (Thomas A. Woodrow and Jasbir Bath). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Aerospace/Military Consortia. 9.3 Lead-Free Control Plans for Aerospace/Military Electronics. 9.4 Aerospace/Military Lead-Free Reliability Concerns. 9.5 Summary and Conclusions. 9.6 References. 10. Lead-Free Reliability in Automotive Environments (Richard D. Parke). 10.1 Introduction to Electronics in Automotive Environments. 10.2 Performance Risks and Issues. 10.3 Legislation Driving Lead-Free Automotive Electronics. 10.4 Reliability Requirements for Automotive Environments. 10.5 Failure Modes of Lead-free Joints. 10.6 Impact to Lead-free Component Procurement and Management. 10.7 Change versus Risks. 10.8 Summary and Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBuilding Software for Simulation A unique guide to the design and implementation of simulation software This book offers a concise introduction to the art of building simulation software, collecting the most important concepts and algorithms in one place. Written for both individuals new to the field of modeling and simulation as well as experienced practitioners, this guide explains the design and implementation of simulation software used in the engineering of large systems while presenting the relevant mathematical elements, concept discussions, and code development. The book approaches the topic from the perspective of Zeigler's theory of modeling and simulation, introducing the theory's fundamental concepts and showing how to apply them to engineering problems. Readers will learn five necessary skills for building simulations of complicated systems: Working with fundamental abstractions for simulating dynamic systems Developing basic Trade Review"It is indispensable reading for undergraduate and graduate students studying modeling and simulation, as well as for practicing scientists and engineers involved in the development of simulation tools." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) "Written by leading experts in the field, this book (which is complementary to Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Application to Damage and Design, also edited by Claude Bathias and Andr Pineau), provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, polymers and composites." (PR-Inside.com, 15 March 2011) "This book offers a concise introduction to the art of building simulation software, collecting the most important concepts and algorithms in one place." (Robotics Technology, 15 March 2011) Table of ContentsPREFACE. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Elements of a Software Architecture. 1.2 Systems Concepts as an Architectural Foundation. 1.3 Summary. 1.4 Organization of the Book. 2 FIRST EXAMPLE: SIMULATING A ROBOTIC TANK. 2.1 Functional Modeling. 2.2 A Robotic Tank. 2.2.1 Equations of Motion. 2.2.2 Motors, Gearbox, and Tracks. 2.2.3 Complete Model of the Tank?s Continuous Dynamics. 2.2.4 The Computer. 2.2.5 Complete Model of the Tank. 2.3 Design of the Tank Simulator. 2.4 Experiments. 2.5 Summary. 3 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS. 3.1 Atomic Models. 3.1.1 Trajectories. 3.1.2 The State Transition and Output Function. 3.1.3 Two Examples of Atomic, Discrete-Time Models. 3.1.4 Systems with Bags for Input and Output. 3.1.5 A Simulator for Atomic Models. 3.2 Network Models. 3.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model. 3.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model. 3.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant. 3.2.4 Simulating the Resultant. 3.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Time Systems. 3.4 Mealy/Moore-Type Systems. 3.5 Cellular Automata. 3.6 Summary. 4 DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS. 4.1 Atomic Models. 4.1.1 Time and Trajectories. 4.1.2 The State Transition Function. 4.1.3 The Output Function. 4.1.4 Legitimate Systems. 4.1.5 An Example of an Atomic Model. 4.1.6 The Interrupt Handler in the Robotic Tank. 4.1.7 Systems with Bags for Input and Output. 4.1.8 A Simulator for Atomic Models. 4.1.9 Simulating the Interrupt Handler. 4.2 Network Models. 4.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model. 4.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model. 4.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant. 4.2.4 Simulating the Resultant. 4.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Event Systems. 4.3.1 The Event Schedule. 4.3.2 The Bag. 4.3.3 The Simulation Engine. 4.4 The Computer in the Tank. 4.5 Cellular Automata Revisited. 4.6 Summary. 5 HYBRID SYSTEMS. 5.1 An Elementary Hybrid System. 5.2 Networks of Continuous Systems. 5.3 Hybrid Models as Discrete-Event Systems. 5.4 Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Systems. 5.5 A Simulator for Hybrid Systems. 5.6 Interactive Simulation of the Robotic Tank. 5.6.1 Correcting the Dynamics of a Turn. 5.6.2 A Simplified Model of the Motor. 5.6.3 Updating the Display. 5.6.4 Implementing the Tank Physics. 5.7 Approximating Continuous Interaction Between Hybrid Models. 5.8 A Final Comment on Cellular Automata. 5.8.1 Differential Automata with Constant Derivatives. 5.8.2 Modeling Asynchronous Cellular Automata with Differential Automata. 5.8.3 A Homomorphism from Differential Automata to Asynchronous Cellular Automata. 5.9 Summary. 6 APPLICATIONS. 6.1 Control Through a Packet-Switched Network. 6.1.1 Model of the Pendulum and Its PID Controller. 6.1.2 Integration with an Ethernet Simulator. 6.1.3 Experiments. 6.2 Frequency Regulation in an Electrical Power System. 6.2.1 Generation. 6.2.2 Transmission Network and Electrical Loads. 6.2.3 Frequency Monitoring and Load Actuation. 6.2.4 Software Implementation. 6.2.5 Experiments. 6.3 Summary. 7 THE FUTURE. 7.1 Simulation Programming Languages. 7.2 Parallel Computing and Discrete-Event Simulation. 7.3 The Many Forms of Discrete Systems and Their Simulators. 7.4 Other Facets of Modeling and Simulation. APPENDIX A DESIGN AND TEST OF SIMULATIONS. A.1 Decomposing a Model. A.1.1 Bottom-Up Testing. A.1.2 Invariants and Assertions. A.2 Input and Output Objects. A.2.1 Simple Structures. A.2.2 Unions. A.2.3 Pointers and Hierarchies of Events. A.2.4 Mixing Strategies with Model Wrappers. A.3 Reducing Execution Time. APPENDIX B PARALLEL DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION. B.1 A Conservative Algorithm. B.1.1 Lookahead. B.1.2 The Algorithm. B.2 Implementing the Algorithm with OpenMP. B.2.1 Pragmas, Volatiles, and Locks. B.2.2 Overview of the Simulator. B.2.3 The LogicalProcess. B.2.4 The MessageQ. B.2.5 The ParSimulator. B.3 Demonstration of Gustafson?s and Amdahl?s Laws. APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL TOPICS. C.1 System Homomorphisms. C.2 Sinusoidal State-Steady Analysis. REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisSupervisory Skills for the Technical Manager: A Guide to Success focuses exclusively on the dynamics of being a technical manager such as a scientist, programmer, or engineer. An R&D environment demands modified management techniques and this book explores how to do so. Drawing of years of experience to provide technical managers with various tools and ways to apply them in supervisory situation, this essential title includes exercises, templates and checklists to accelerate their uses and applications on the job. In addition, case studies are included throughout to thoroughly explain and explore the concepts discussed. Key topics include handing the transition to supervising others in research and development, the characteristics needed to motivate personnel in a R&D environment as compared to other areas of business are detailed. The pitfalls and challenges of managing technical personnel, how delegating can build an effective team that can produce superior results,Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 TIPS ON TRANSITIONS FOR TECHNICAL MANAGERS 1 Transition Situations 1 Manager or Scientist? An Attribute Inventory 6 Manager–Scientist Inventory Score Sheet 10 Interpretation 12 Questions to Ask Yourself 12 Transition Situations—Solutions 13 References 14 Bibliography 14 CHAPTER 2 ADVICE ON CREATING A MOTIVATING CLIMATE 17 Motivation Situation 17 What Motivates You? 18 Why Is Motivation Important? 21 Diagnosing Motivation 22 Applying Theories about Motivation 22 Motivation Situation—Solution 28 References 29 Bibliography 29 CHAPTER 3 HINTS TO INCREASE INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS 31 Interpersonal Effectiveness—My Story 31 The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 32 Using Type Effectively 34 Applying Characteristics of Type 39 Role of Emotions and Trust 43 References 46 Bibliography 46 CHAPTER 4 CLUES ABOUT COMMUNICATION PITFALLS AND STRATEGIES 49 Communication Situation 49 Communication Patterns and Factors 50 The AIDR Technique 55 Focusing on Others—A Development Experiment 56 Ask Questions 57 Challenge Assumptions 58 Email 58 Email Guide 59 Applying the MBTI 60 Planning a Personal Communication Strategy 63 Communication Situation—Suggestions 64 References 64 Bibliography 65 CHAPTER 5 SECRETS TO MANAGING PERFORMANCE 67 Performance Situation 67 Setting Expectations and Goals 68 Consider Personal Styles—Both Yours and Your Employee’s 71 Managing Performance 74 Performance Problem Solving 76 Dealing with Performance Issues 76 Managing a Performance Issue 77 Distinguishing between Observations and Conclusions 78 Performance Conversation Checklist 80 Tackling Recurring Problems 81 Performance Issue Linked to Technical Problems 81 Managing Managers 83 Suggested Answers for Distinguishing between Observations and Conclusions 86 References 87 Bibliography 87 CHAPTER 6 INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH DELEGATION 89 Delegation Situation 89 Delegation Choices 90 Delegation Benefits 91 Delegation Analysis 93 Delegation Profile 95 Planning for Delegation 96 Styles of Delegation 97 Relation of U/E to Delegation Style 101 Delegation Checklist 102 Delegation Using Type 104 Temperaments 107 Applying New Concepts and Skills 108 Delegation Situation—Solution 109 Delegation Choices—Suggestions 109 References 110 Bibliography 110 CHAPTER 7 POINTS FOR SUCCEEDING AS A COACH 113 Coaching Success 113 Building Connections 114 How Do Star Performers Network? 115 Group Social Networks 115 Challenging the Status Quo 117 Looking Forward 121 Suggestions for Development Activities 122 Coaching Success—Solution 131 References 132 Bibliography 132 CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES TO MANAGE GROUPS, TEAMS, AND MEETINGS 135 Facilitation Situation 135 Building Collaboration 136 Role Clarification Activity 137 Goal Clarification Activity 138 Group Operating Principles or Norms 138 Increasing Meeting Effectiveness 139 Individual Autonomy versus Group Interdependence 140 Decision Making 142 Meeting Management Techniques 143 Application: Your Own Meeting 147 Facilitation Situation—Suggestions 149 References 150 Bibliography 151 CHAPTER 9 CLUES TO FOSTER CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION 153 Sam’s Dilemma 153 Social and Educational Input on Creativity 154 Raising the Bar for Creativity and Innovation 155 Definitions: Creativity and Innovation 156 Sam’s Dilemma—Resolved 166 References 167 Bibliography 168 CHAPTER 10 POINTERS ON MANAGING PROJECTS AND DECISIONS 171 Project Support 171 So, What Can You Do? 173 Learn the Basics of Project Management 173 Understand and Take Advantage of Different Approaches to Project Planning 173 Challenge What Does Not Make Sense 175 Consider the Difference between Risk and Uncertainty 175 Look for Ways to Improve Communication in Your Project 176 Avoid Going for the Big Bang—Prioritize and Proceed Incrementally 177 Be Assertive and Work to Kill a Project That Should Die 180 Use Consensus Wisely and Make Timely Decisions 181 Project Support—Suggestions 186 References 187 Bibliography 188 CHAPTER 11 SUGGESTIONS FOR MANAGING UP 191 Managing Up Stories 191 Build Your Relationship 193 Manage Communication 194 Guidelines to Approach Your Boss 197 Guidelines for Receiving Feedback 198 Managing Up Stories—Resolved 201 References 203 Bibliography 204 CHAPTER 12 LET’S USE IT RIGHT: A SUMMARY OF SUGGESTED APPROACHES 205 References 215 FIFTY-TWO-WEEK LEADERSHIP JOURNAL 217 INDEX 315

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Book SynopsisA unified treatment of the vulnerabilities that exist in real-world network systemswith tools to identify synergies for mergers and acquisitions Fragile Networks: Identifying Vulnerabilities and Synergies in an Uncertain World presents a comprehensive study of network systems and the roles these systems play in our everyday lives. This book successfully conceptualizes, defines, and constructs mathematically rigorous, computer-based tools for the assessment of network performance and efficiency, along with robustness and vulnerability analysis. The result is a thorough exploration that promotes an understanding of the critical infrastructure of today''s network systems, from congested urban transportation networks and supply chain networks under disruption to financial networks and the Internet. The authors approach the analyses by abstracting not only topological structures of networks, but also the behavior of network users, the demand for resources, the resulTable of ContentsPART I NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS, EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT, AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS. 1 Introduction and Overview. 2 Fundamental Methodologies, Network Models, and Algorithms. 3 Network Performance Measurement and Robustness Analysis. PART II APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS. 4 Application of the Measures to Transportation Networks. 5 Supply Chain Networks with Disruption Risks. 6 Critical Nodes and Links in Financial Networks. 7 Dynamic Networks, the Internet, and Electric Power. PART III MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, NETWORK INTEGRATION, AND SYNERGIES. 8 A System-Optimization Perspective for Supply Chain Network Integration. 9 Environmental and Cost Synergy in Network Integration. 10 Multiproduct Supply Chain Network Integration. 11 Network Oligopolies and the Merger Paradox. Appendix. Bibliography. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisA major update of solar cell technology and the solar marketplace Since the first publication of this important volume over a decade ago, dramatic changes have taken place with the solar market growing almost 100-fold and the U.S. moving from first to fourth place in the world market as analyzed in this Second Edition. Three bold new opportunities are identified for any countries wanting to improve market position. The first is combining pin solar cells with 3X concentration to achieve economic competitiveness near term. The second is charging battery-powered cars with solar cell?generated electricity from arrays in surrounding areas?including the car owners'' homes?while simultaneously reducing their home electricity bills by over ninety percent. The third is formation of economic unions of sufficient combined economic size to be major competitors. In this updated edition, feed-in tariffs are identified as the most effective approach for public policy. Reasons are proTrade Review"In this updated edition, feed-in tariffs are identified as the most effective approach for public policy. Reasons are provided to explain why pin solar cells outperform more traditional pn solar cells. Field test data are reported for nineteen percent pin solar cells and for -500X concentrating systems with bare cell efficiencies approaching forty percent." (Global Print Monitor, 26 November 2010) Table of ContentsI. Introduction to Solar Cells. 1. Solar Cells: A Brief History and Introduction (Lewis Fraas and Larry Partain). 2. Solar Cell Electricity Market History, Public Policy, Projected Future and Estimated Costs (Larry Partain and Lewis Fraas). 3. Solar Cells, Single Crystal Semiconductors, and High Efficiency (Lewis Fraas). 4. Solar Cell Device Physics (Larry Partain). II. Terrestrial Solar Cell Electricity. 5. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules (Leonid Rubin). 6. Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules (Robert Birkmire). 7. Terrestrial Module Fabrication & Assembly Technologies (Christopher Bunner). 8. Chinese Solar Cell Status (Wang Sicheng). 9. Tracking the Sun for More kWh and Lower Cost Solar Electricity (Ron Corio, Michael Reed and Lewis Fraas). 10. Solar Cell Systems: Definition, Performance & Reliability (Jason Strauch, Larry Moore and Elmer Collins). 11. Leveled Cost of Energy for Utility-Scale Photovoltaics (Matthew Campbell). III. Terrestrial Concentrator Solar Cell Systems. 12. Low Concentration Crystalline Silicon Systems (Lewis Fraas). 13. High-Concentration, III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (Geoffrey Kinsey). 14. High Concentration Fresnel Lens Assemblies and Systems (Gerhard (Peharz and Andreas Bett). 15. High Concentration Cassengrainian Solar Cell Modules and Arrays (Michael Ludowise and Lewis Fraas). 16. Concentrator Solar Cell Installations at University of Nevada Las Vegas (Suresh Sadineni and Robert Boehm). 17. Concentrator Solar Cell Field Installations (Francisca Rubio, Mar¡a Martinez and Pedro Banda). IV. Solar Cells in Space. 18. Space Solar Cells and Applications (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). V. Other Aspects & Considerations. 19. Solar Resource for Space and Terrestrial Applications (Christian Gueymard and Daryl Myers). 20. Solar Energy Costs: The Solar Advisor Model (Paul Gilman, Nathan Blair and Christopher Cameron). 21. Challenges of Large-Scale Solar Cell Electricity Production (David Faiman). VI. Thin Films & X-ray Imager Technologies. 22. Market Overview of Flat Panel Detectors for X-Ray Imaging (Carl LaCasce, Larry Partain and Chuck Blouir). 23. Amorphous Silicon Transistors and Photodiodes (Robert Street). 24. Amorphous Silicon Digital X-ray Imaging (Richard Colbeth). 25. Photoconductor Digital X-ray Imaging (George Zentai). VII. Summary. 26. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (Lewis Fraas and Larry Partain).

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Book SynopsisIntriguing . . . [filled with] new ideas about overarching intellectual themes that govern our technologies and our society. Nikil Jayant, Eminent Scholar, Georgia Research Alliance Dr. Ahamed is correct in observing that ''silicon and glass have altered the rhythm of mind'' and that computers need to be more ''human.'' Bishnu S. Atal, Member, National Academy of Engineering This book combines philosophical, societal, and artificial intelligence concepts with those of computer science and information technology to demonstrate novel ways in which computers can simplify data mining on the Internet. It describes numerous innovative methods that go well beyond information retrieval to allow computers to accomplish such tasks as processing, classifying, prioritizing, and reconstituting knowledge. The book is divided into five parts: New knowledge sensing and filtering environments Concept building and wisdTable of ContentsForword. Preface. Introduction. 1 New Knowledge Environments. Chapter Summary. 1.1 The Need to Know. 1.2 Role of Technology. 1.3 Knowledge and Wealth. 1.4 Evolving Knowledge Environments. 1.5 Structure and Communication of Knowledge. 1.6 Intelligent Internet and Knowledge Society. 1.7 Knowledge Networks. 1.8 Conclusions. References. 2 Wisdom Machines. Chapter Summary. 2.1 Many "Flavors" of Wisdom. 2.2 Three Orientations of Wisdom. 2.3 Optimization of Wise Choices. 2.4 Three-Level Functions. 2.5 Knowledge Machines Building Blocks. 2.6 Machine Clusters. 2.7 From Wisdom to Behavior. 2.8 Order, Awareness, and Search. 2.9 Conclusions. References. 3 General Theory of Knowledge. Chapter Summary. 3.1 A Basis for the Theory of Knowledge. 3.2 Comprehension, Nature, and Knowledge. 3.3 Central Processing and Knowledge Processing. 3.4 Accumulation of Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom. 3.5 The Enhanced Knowledge Trail. 3.6 Sequencing of Events at Nodes. 3.7 Transitions at I, K, and C Nodes. 3.8 Transition Management at Nodes. 3.9 An Inverse Universe. 3.10 Origin and Destination. 3.11 The Entropy of Knowledge. 3.12 Conclusions. References. 4 Verb Functions and Noun Objects. Chapter Summary. 4.1 Positive and Negative Social Forces. 4.2 Framework of Knowledge. 4.3 Compilation of Knowledge. 4.4 Derivation of Knowledge. 4.5 Knowledge Machine Software Hierarchy. 4.6 Knowledge Hardware and Software Systems. 4.7 Classical Migration Path of Knowledge. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5 Humanistic and Semi-Human Systems. Chapter Summary. 5.1 Humanistic Chip Sets. 5.2 Essence of Human Activity. 5.3 Smart Verbs and Intelligent Nouns. 5.4 Algorithmic Representation. 5.5 Effects of Intelligent Response. 5.6 Gradation of Knowledge Processor Unit Responses. 5.7 Fragments of Overall Human Activity. 5.8 Dual Knowledge Processor Unit Human Interaction Model. References. A.1 Nonlinear Responses. A.2 Oscillatory Response of Noun Objects. B.1 Knowledge Machines for Human Interactive Processes. B.2 Knowledge Machine for Labor-Management. B.3 Knowledge Machine for Corporate Interactions. 6 Information and Knowledge Filters. Chapter Summary. 6.1 Junk Information and Hype Knowledge. 6.2 Design of Conventional Signal Filters. 6.3 Signal Waves and Knowledge Flow. 6.4 The (I« »K) Filters. 6.5 The Design of (I« »K) Filters. 6.6 Configuration of (I« »K) Systems. 6.7 Selection of Noun Objects and Verb Functions in Samples. 6.8 Systems for (I« »K) Filters. 6.9 Two-Port Knowledge Network. 6.10 Knowledge Gates. 6.11 Contamination of (I« »K). 6.12 Decontamination of Knowledge. 6.13 Conclusions. References. 7 Process and Change Of Entropy. Chapter Summary. 7.1 Actions And Entropy. 7.2 Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.3 Classification of Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.4 Clusters of Complex Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.5 Single-Process Kopcodes for Generic Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.6 Multiple-Process Instructions. 7.7 Passive Kopcs. 7.8 Active Kopcs. 7.9 Execution of Multiple-Process Instructions. 7.10 Iterative and Reflexive Processing. 7.11 Macroinstructions For Knowledge Processor Units. 7.12 Knowledge Processor Unit Architectures for Kopc01-12 Instructions. 7.13 Conclusions. References. 8 Knowledge System Architectures. Chapter Summary. 8.1 From the Central Processor Unit to Knowledge Processor Unit. 8.2 The Philosophic Dimension. 8.3 Iterative Cyclic Social Processes. 8.4 The Scientific Dimension. 8.5 Varieties of Processors and Machines. 8.6 The Trend of Concepts. 8.7 Recent Trends Towards Wisdom. 8.8 The Trend of Values and Ethics. 8.9 Conclusions. References. 9 Humans, Machines, and Networks. Chapter Summary. 9.1 Ethics and Values In High-Tech Society. 9.2 Needs that Drive. 9.3 Networks that Transport. 9.4 Overlap of Needs and Networks. 9.5 Rationality of Humanistic Machines. 9.6 Wisdom Domain and Knowledge Rush. 9.7 Needs Pyramid of a Society. 9.8 Self-Perpetuating Power Loops. 9.9 Convergence of Knowledge and Motivation Hierarchies. 9.10 Knowledge Machines on Knowledge. 9.11 Conclusions. References. 10 Architecture of Knowledge. Chapter Summary. 10.1 A New Breed of Knowledge. 10.2 The Knowledge Loop and Its Stability. 10.3 Continuity of Knowledge. 10.4 Three Orientations of Wisdom. 10.5 Long-Term Movements within the K-Loop. 10.6 Conflictive Roles of TVB<>DAH Orientations. 10.7 Tracking of The K-Loops. 10.8 Details of Upward Migration. 10.9 Details of Downward Migration. 10.10 Knowledge Loops in X-And Y-Dimensions. 10.11 Four Ports of Super-Node K. 10.12 Construction of A Knowledge Plane. 10.13 Knowledge Bases in Primary K-Plane. 10.14 Successive K-Loops in the Time Dimension. 10.15 The Nebula of Knowledge: Knowbula. 10.16 Hindsight and Foresight. 10.17 Knowledge, Freedom, and Creativity. 10.18 Knowledge and Money. 10.19 Pinnacle of Mind and Infinity of Thought. 10.20 Social Migration and Political Agenda. 10.21 Conclusions. References. Acronyms. Index. Author Biography.

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Book SynopsisGives the reader the ability to set up a proper test environment and conduct software performance and scalability tests. Uses many examples showing software performance problems and applicable solutions. Contains a number of case studies to assist the reader with comprehending all aspects of software performance and scalability.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi Introduction 1 Performance versus Scalability 1 PART 1 THE BASICS 3 1. Hardware Platform 5 1.1 Turing Machine 6 1.2 von Neumann Machine 7 1.3 Zuse Machine 8 1.4 Intel Machine 9 1.5 Sun Machine 17 1.6 System Under Test 18 1.7 Odds Against Turing 30 1.8 Sizing Hardware 35 1.9 Summary 37 2. Software Platform 41 2.1 Software Stack 42 2.2 APIs 44 2.3 Multithreading 47 2.4 Categorizing Software 535 2.5 Enterprise Computing 55 2.6 Summary 63 3. Testing Software Performance and Scalability 65 3.1 Scope of Software Performance and Scalability Testing 67 3.2 Software Development Process 83 3.3 Defining Software Performance 86 3.4 Stochastic Nature of Software Performance Measurements 95 3.5 Amdahl’s Law 97 3.6 Software Performance and Scalability Factors 99 3.7 System Performance Counters 111 3.8 Software Performance Data Principles 129 3.9 Summary 131 PART 2 APPLYING QUEUING THEORY 135 4. Introduction to Queuing Theory 137 4.1 Queuing Concepts and Metrics 139 4.2 Introduction to Probability Theory 143 4.3 Applying Probability Theory to Queuing Systems 145 4.4 Queuing Models for Networked Queuing Systems 153 4.5 Summary 172 5. Case Study I: Queuing Theory Applied to SOA 177 5.1 Introduction to SOA 178 5.2 XML Web Services 179 5.3 The Analytical Model 181 5.4 Service Demand 183 5.5 MedRec Application 188 5.6 MedRec Deployment and Test Scenario 189 5.7 Test Results 191 5.8 Comparing the Model with the Measurements 198 5.9 Validity of the SOA Performance Model 200 5.10 Summary 200 6. Case Study II: Queuing Theory Applied to Optimizing and Tuning Software Performance and Scalability 205 6.1 Analyzing Software Performance and Scalability 207 6.2 Effective Optimization and Tuning Techniques 220 6.3 Balanced Queuing System 240 6.4 Summary 244 PART 3 APPLYING API PROFILING 249 7. Defining API Profiling Framework 251 7.1 Defense Lines Against Software Performance and Scalability Defects 252 7.2 Software Program Execution Stack 253 7.3 The PerfBasic API Profiling Framework 254 7.4 Summary 260 8. Enabling API Profiling Framework 263 8.1 Overall Structure 264 8.2 Global Parameters 265 8.3 Main Logic 266 8.4 Processing Files 266 8.5 Enabling Profiling 267 8.6 Processing Inner Classes 270 8.7 Processing Comments 271 8.8 Processing Method Begin 272 8.9 Processing Return Statements 274 8.10 Processing Method End 275 8.11 Processing Main Method 276 8.12 Test Program 277 8.13 Summary 279 9. Implementing API Profiling Framework 281 9.1 Graphics Tool—dot 281 9.2 Graphics Tool—ILOG 284 9.3 Graphics Resolution 286 9.4 Implementation 287 9.5 Summary 300 10. Case Study: Applying API Profiling to Solving Software Performance and Scalability Challenges 303 10.1 Enabling API Profiling 304 10.2 API Profiling with Standard Logs 313 10.3 API Profiling with Custom Logs 320 10.4 API Profiling with Combo Logs 325 10.5 Applying API Profiling to Solving Performance and Scalability Problems 333 10.6 Summary 337 APPENDIX A STOCHASTIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ERGODICITY 339 A.1 Basic Concepts 339 A.2 Classification of Random Processes 343 A.3 Discrete-Time Markov Chains 345 A.4 Continuous-Time Markov Chains 349 A.5 Stochastic Equilibrium and Ergodicity 351 A.6 Birth–Death Chains 357 APPENDIX B MEMORYLESS PROPERTY OF THE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 361 APPENDIX C M/M/1 QUEUES AT STEADY STATE 363 C.1 Review of Birth–Death Chains 363 C.2 Utilization and Throughput 364 C.3 Average Queue Length in the System 365 C.4 Average System Time 365 C.5 Average Wait Time 366 INDEX 367

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Book SynopsisThe only book on the market to seamlessly explore the physical and technical aspects of nonlinear effects as well as their impacts and applications, Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers provides a comprehensible introduction to the complex nonlinear phenomena occurring within optical fibers.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. References. 2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 2.1 Wave Equation for Linear Media. 2.2 Electromagnetic Waves. 2.3 Energy Density and Flow. 2.4 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity. 2.5 Reflection and Transmission of Waves. 2.6 The Harmonic Oscillator Model. 2.7 The Refractive Index. 2.8 The Limit of Geometrical Optics. Problems. References. 3 Optical Fibers. 3.1 Geometric Optics Description. 3.2 Wave Propagation in Fibers. 3.3 Fiber Attenuation. 3.4 Modulation and Transfer of Information. 3.5 Chromatic Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers. 3.6 Polarization-Mode Dispersion. Problems. References. 4 The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. 4.1 The Nonlinear Polarization. 4.2 The Nonlinear Refractive Index. 4.3 Importance of Nonlinear Effects in Fibers. 4.4 Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. 4.5 Soliton Solutions. 4.6 Numerical Solution of the NLSE. Problems. References. 5. Nonlinear Phase Modulation. 5.1 Self-Phase Modulation. 5.2 Cross-Phase Modulation. Problems. References. 6. Four-Wave Mixing. 6.1 Wave Mixing. 6.2 Mathematical Description. 6.3 Phase Matching. 6.4 Impact and Control of FWM. 6.5 Fiber Parametric Amplifiers. 6.6 Parametric Oscillators. 6.7 Nonlinear Phase Conjugation with FWM. 6.8 Squeezing and Photo-Pair Sources. Problems. References. 7 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects. 7.1 Mathematical Description. 7.2 Intrachannel XPM. 7.3 Intrachannel FWM. 7.4 Control of Intrachannels Nonlinear Effects. Problems. References. 8 Soliton Lightwave Systems. 8.1 Soliton Properties. 8.2 Perturbation of Solitons. 8.3 Path-Averaged Solitons. 8.4 Soliton Transmission Control. 8.5 Dissipative Solitons. 8.6 Dispension-Managed Solitons. 8.7 WDM Soliton Systems. Problems. References. 9 Other Applications of Optical Solitons. 9.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers. 9.2 Pulse Compression. 9.3 Fibers Bragg Gratings. Problems. References. 10 Polarization Effects. 10.1 Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations. 10.2 Nonlinear Phase Shift. 10.3 Solitons in Fibers with Constant Birefringence. 10.4 Solitons in Fibers with Randomly Varying Birefringence. 10.5 PMD-Induced Soliton Pulse Broadening. 10.6 Dispersion-Managed Solitons and PMD. Problems. References. 11 Stimulated Raman Scattering. 11.1 Raman Scattering in the Harmonic Oscillator Model. 11.2 Raman Gain. 11.3 Raman Threshold. 11.4 Impact of Raman Scattering on Communication Systems. 11.5 Raman Amplification. 11.6 Raman Fiber Lasers. Problems. References. 12 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.1 Light Scattering at Acoustic Waves. 12.2 The Coupled Equations for Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.3 Brillouin Gain and Bandwidth. 12.4 Threshold of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.5 SBS in Active Fibers. 12.6 Impact of SBS on Communication Systems. 12.7 Fiber Brillouin Amplifiers. 12.8 SBS Slow Light. 12.9 Fiber Brillouin Lasers. Problems. References. 13 Highly Nonlinear and Microstructured Fibers. 13.1 The Nonlinear Parameter in Silica Fibers. 13.2 Microstructured Fibers. 13.3 Non-Silica Fibers. 13.4 Soliton Self-Frequency Shift. 13.5 Four-Wave Mixing. 13.6 Supercontinuum Generation. Problems. References. 14 Optical Signal Processing. 14.1 Nonlinear Sources for WDM Systems. 14.2 Optical Regeneration. 14.3 Optical Pulse Train Generation. 14.4 Wavelength Conversion. 14.5 All-Optical Switching. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a critical, learned edition of the General Report on Tunny with Emphasis on Statistical Methods (aka The Newmanry Report), prepared in 1945 and declassified in 2000. The Report was a technical account of what the team of cryptanalysts did in their work at Bletchley Park during WWII.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Editorial Notes xiv Notes on Vocabulary xiv List of Abbreviations xv Cryptanalytic Significance of the Analysis of Tunny, by Whitfield Diffie xvii Editors’ Introduction, by Whitfield Diffie and J. V. Field xxv Statistics at Bletchley Park, by S. L. Zabell lxxv Biographies of Authors ciii Notes on the Editors of the Present Volume cvii List of Figures cix General Report on Tunny, with emphasis on statistical methods 1 Part 0: Preface Chapter 01: Preface 3 Part 1: Introduction Chapter 11: German Tunny 6 Chapter 12: Cryptographic Aspects 22 Chapter 13: Machines 32 Chapter 14: Organisation 35 Chapter 15: Some Historical Notes 39 Part 2: Methods of Solution Chapter 21: Some Probability Techniques 43 Chapter 22: Statistical Foundations 50 Chapter 23: Machine Setting 80 Chapter 24: Rectangling 110 Chapter 25: Chi-Breaking from Cipher 139 Chapter 26: Wheel-Breaking from Key 185 Chapter 27: Cribs 219 Chapter 28: Language Methods 237 Part 3: Organisation Chapter 31: Mr Newman’s Section 262 Chapter 32: Organisation of the Testery 267 Chapter 33: Knockholt 268 Chapter 34: Registration and Circulation 269 Chapter 35: Tapemaking and Checking 271 Chapter 36: Chi-Breaking from Cipher 275 Chapter 37: Machine Setting Organisation 277 Chapter 38: Wheel-Breaking from Key, Organisation 280 Chapter 39: Language Methods 282 Part 4: Early Methods and History Chapter 41: The First Break 284 Chapter 42: Early Hand Methods 290 Chapter 43: Testery Methods 1942–44 298 Chapter 44: Hand Statistical Methods 305 Part 5: Machines Chapter 51: Introductory 309 Chapter 52: Development of Robinson and Colossus 312 Chapter 53: Colossus 316 Chapter 54: Robinson 336 Chapter 55: Specialized Counting Machines 346 Chapter 56: Copying Machines 350 Chapter 57: Simple machines 361 Chapter 58: Photographs 362 Part 6: Raw Materials Chapter 61: Raw Materials — Production, with Plans of Tunny Links 381 Part 7: References Chapter 71: Glossary and Index 387 Chapter 72: Notation 435 Chapter 73: Bibliography 441 Chapter 74: Chronology 444 Part 8: Conclusions Chapter 81: Conclusions 452 Part 9: Appendices Chapter 91: The 5202 Machine 456 Chapter 92: Recovery of Motor Patterns from De-chi 471 Chapter 93: Thrasher 482 Chapter 94: Research into the QEP System 484 Chapter 95: Mechanical Flags 488 Appendix A: Transmission of Teleprinter Signals, by J. A. Reeds 495 Appendix B: Activities at Knockholt, by J. A. Reeds 503 Appendix C: The 5202 Machine, by J. A. Reeds 530 Appendix D: Initial Conception of Colossus, by J. A. Reeds 535 Appendix E: List of Scanned Exhibits 540 Supplementary Glossary 542 Biographical Notes 547 Notes 561 Bibliography 624 Index 645

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Book SynopsisA thorough and rigorous analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities This book offers a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities of general shapes and properties. Part One covers classical deterministic methods to conclude resonant frequencies, modal fields, and cavity losses; quality factor; mode bandwidth; and the excitation of cavity fields from arbitrary current distributions for metal-wall cavities of simple shape. Part Two covers modern statistical methods to analyze electrically large cavities of complex shapes and properties. Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities combines rigorous solutions to Maxwell''s equations with conservation of energy to solve for the statistics of many quantities of interest: penetration into cavities (and shielding effectiveness), field strengths far from and close to cavity walls, and power received by antennas within cavities. It includes all modes and shows you how to utilize faTable of ContentsPREFACE. PART I. DETERMINISTIC THEORY. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Maxwell’s Equations. 1.2 Empty Cavity Modes. 1.3 Wall Losses. 1.4 Cavity Excitation. 1.5 Perturbation Theories. Problems. 2. Rectangular Cavity. 2.1 Resonant Modes. 2.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 2.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. Problems. 3. Circular Cylindrical Cavity. 3.1 Resonant Modes. 3.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 3.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. Problems. 4. Spherical Cavity. 4.1 Resonant Modes. 4.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 4.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. 4.4 Schumann Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity. Problems. PART II. STATISTICAL THEORIES FOR ELECTRICALLY LARGE CAVITIES. 5. Motivation for Statistical Approaches. 5.1 Lack of Detailed Information. 5.2 Sensitivity of Fields to Cavity Geometry and Excitation. 5.3 Interpretation of Results. Problems. 6. Probability Fundamentals. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Probability Density Function. 6.3 Common Probability Density Functions. 6.4 Cumulative Distribution Function. 6.5 Methods for Determining Probability Density Functions. Problems. 7. Reverberation Chambers. 7.1 Plane-Wave Integral Representation of Fields. 7.2 Ideal Statistical Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields. 7.3 Probability Density Functions for the Fields. 7.4 Spatial Correlation Functions of Fields and Energy Density. 7.5 Antenna or Test-Object Response. 7.6 Loss Mechanisms and Chamber Q. 7.7 Reciprocity and Radiated Emissions. 7.8 Boundary Fields. 7.9 Enhanced Backscatter at the Transmitting Antenna. Problems. 8. Aperture Excitation of Electrically Large, Lossy Cavities. 8.1 Aperture Excitation. 8.2 Power Balance. 8.3 Experimental Results for SE. Problems. 9. Extensions to the Uniform-Field Model. 9.1 Frequency Stirring. 9.2 Unstirred Energy. 9.3 Alternative Probability Density Function. Problems. 10. Further Applications of Reverberation Chambers. 10.1 Nested Chambers for Shielding Effectiveness Measurements. 10.2 Evaluation of Shielded Enclosures. 10.3 Measurement of Antenna Efficiency. 10.4 Measurement of Absorption Cross Section. Problems. 11. Indoor Wireless Propagation. 11.1 General Considerations. 11.2 Path Loss Models. 11.3 Temporal Characteristics. 11.4 Angle of Arrival. 11.5 Reverberation Chamber Simulation. Problems. APPENDIX A. VECTOR ANALYSIS. APPENDIX B. ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS. APPENDIX C. SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS. APPENDIX D. THE ROLE OF CHAOS IN CAVITY FIELDS. APPENDIX E. SHORT ELECTRIC DIPOLE RESPONSE. APPENDIX F. SMALL LOOP ANTENNA RESPONSE. APPENDIX G. RAY THEORY FOR CHAMBER ANALYSIS. APPENDIX H. ABSORPTION BY A HOMOGENEOUS SPHERE. APPENDIX I. TRANSMISSION CROSS SECTION OF A SMALL CIRCULAR APERTURE. APPENDIX J. SCALING. REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisEven as newer cellular technologies and standards emerge, many of the fundamental principles and the components of the cellular network remain the same. Presenting a simple yet comprehensive view of cellular communications technologies, Cellular Communications provides an end-to-end perspective of cellular operations, ranging from physical layer details to call set-up and from the radio network to the core network. This self-contained source for practitioners and students represents a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of cellular communications and the landscape of commercially deployed 2G and 3G technologies and provides a glimpse of emerging 4G technologies.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS 1 Introduction to Cellular Communications 3 1.1 Motivation for Cellular Communications 4 1.2 The History of Wireless Communications and the Birth of a Cellular System 4 1.2.1 Once Upon a Time... A Really Brief History of Communications 5 1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum Allocation 5 1.2.3 Pre-Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems 8 1.2.4 The Advent of Cellular Systems 9 1.3 Concepts of a Cellular System 11 1.3.1 Network Architecture 11 1.3.2 Air Interface 12 1.3.3 Frequency Reuse 13 1.3.4 Sectorization and Its Impact on Quality and Capacity 20 1.4 Concepts of Duplexing and Multiple Access 22 1.4.1 Duplexing Methods 22 1.4.2 Multiple Access Methods 24 1.5 Types of Interference 26 1.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 26 1.5.2 Co-Channel Interference 27 1.6 Evolution of Cellular Standards 28 1.6.1 Evolutionary Path of Cellular Standards 28 1.6.2 Spectrum Allocation in the United States 32 1.6.3 Spectrum Allocation Outside the U.S. 34 1.7 Ecosystem of Cellular Systems 34 1.7.1 Service Providers 35 1.7.2 Mobile Device Manufacturers 36 1.7.3 Radio Network Infrastructure Vendors 37 1.7.4 Baseband Chipset Manufacturers 37 1.7.5 Original Equipment Manufacturers 39 1.7.6 Core Network Vendors 39 1.7.7 Design, Optimization, and Testing Tool Manufacturers 40 1.7.8 Appplication Providers 40 1.8 Phases of a Cellular System 42 1.8.1 Phase 1: Specifications of the Standard 42 1.8.2 Phase 2: Prototype Design and Lab Tests 43 1.8.3 Phase 3: Field Trials 43 1.8.4 Phase 4: Commercial Deployments 44 1.8.5 Phase 5: Optimization 44 1.9 Performance of Cellular Systems 45 1.9.1 Sector Capacity and Call Blocking Probability 45 1.9.2 Accessibility, Access Failure Rate, and Paging Failure Rate 47 1.9.3 Retainability and Call-Drop Rate 47 1.9.4 Error Rate and Quality of Service 47 1.9.5 Cell-Edge Reliability and Cell-Area Reliability 48 1.9.6 Peak User Data Rate 49 1.9.7 Average Cell or Sector Throughput and User-Perceived Throughput 49 1.9.8 Latency or Delay 50 1.9.9 Delay Jitter 50 1.10 End-User Services 50 1.11 Points to Remember 52 2 Elements of a Digital Communication System 55 2.1 Overview of a Digital Cellular Communication System 56 2.2 Transceiver Operations in a Digital Cellular System 57 2.3 Information Bits: Construction at the Transmitter and Retrieval at the Receiver 59 2.3.1 Linear Predictive Speech Coding: A Simplistic View 61 2.3.2 Enhanced Variable-Rate Codec 62 2.3.3 Adaptive Multirate Codec 66 2.4 Forward Error Correction Coding and Decoding 70 2.4.1 Convolutional Coding at the Transmitter 72 2.4.2 Example Convolutional Decoding at the Receiver 74 2.4.3 Turbo Coding at the Transmitter 83 2.4.4 Turbo Decoding at the Receiver 85 2.4.5 What Should I Choose: Convolutional or Turbo? 86 2.5 Interleaving and De-Interleaving 87 2.6 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 89 2.6.1 Modulation Schemes 90 2.6.2 Demodulation Approaches 96 2.6.3 Choosing a Modulation Scheme 99 2.7 RF Processor Functions at the Transmitter and the Receiver 100 2.8 Points to Remember 109 3 Radio Frequency Propagation 111 3.1 Radio Frequency Waves 111 3.2 Free-Space Propagation 113 3.3 Cellular Propagation Mechanisms 116 3.3.1 Reflection 116 3.3.2 Diffraction 117 3.3.3 Scattering 119 3.3.4 Absorption and Penetration 120 3.4 Prediction of Received Signal Strength 121 3.4.1 Distance-Based Path Loss 124 3.4.2 Large-Scale Fading 128 3.4.3 Small-Scale Fading 131 3.5 Points to Remember 153 4 IP and Associated Technologies for a Cellular System 155 4.1 Why Internet Protocol? (Or, Perhaps, Why Not Internet Protocol?) 156 4.2 Protocol Stack for the Internet 159 4.2.1 Overview of the Transport Layer (Layer 4) Protocols 160 4.2.2 Overview of the Internetwork Layer (Layer 3) Protocols 173 4.2.3 Overview of the Link Layer (Layer 2) Protocols 184 4.3 Routing and Forwarding of IP Packets 193 4.4 Transport of Information within the Network Infrastructure 200 4.5 Voice-Over-IP-Related Protocols 204 4.5.1 Session Initiation Protocol 206 4.5.2 Session Description Protocol 209 4.5.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol and Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 211 4.6 A Potpourri of IP-Centric Protocols 213 4.6.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 213 4.6.2 Mobile IP 214 4.6.3 Domain Name System 220 4.6.4 RADIUS and Diameter 222 4.6.5 IP Quality-of-Service Implementation: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services 224 4.6.6 IP Tunneling, GTP, and GRE 228 4.6.7 IPsec 231 4.6.8 Robust Header Compression 231 4.7 Essence of IPv6 232 4.8 Points to Remember 235 PART II 2G, 2.5G, AND 3G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES 5 Overview of GSM 239 5.1 Introduction 240 5.1.1 The Origin of GSM and GSM Milestones in Two Minutes 240 5.1.2 Highlights of a GSM System 241 5.2 GSM System Architecture 242 5.2.1 Base Station System 244 5.2.2 Core Network 247 5.3 Air-Interface Protocol Stack between MS and BSS 249 5.3.1 High-Level View of MS-BSS Communications 249 5.3.2 Air-Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 251 5.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 259 5.4.1 Frequency and Time Structures 259 5.4.2 Air-Interface Channels 263 5.4.3 Bursts: An Inside Look 267 5.5 Network Acquisition 269 5.5.1 Beyond Radio Network Acquisition: MS-Core-Network Communications 272 5.6 Voice Call Setup 279 5.6.1 MS-Originated Call Setup 279 5.6.2 MS-Terminated Call Setup and Paging Procedure 281 5.7 Mobility Management in Idle Mode 282 5.8 Mobility Management in Active or Connected Mode 283 5.8.1 What are the Channel Conditions? 284 5.8.2 Making a Handover Decision: Who is in Charge Around Here? 287 5.8.3 Follow the Leader: Handover Completion 293 5.9 Power Control 294 5.9.1 A Detailed Look at Power Control 295 5.9.2 Further Reduction in the Transmit Power Consumption: DTX 297 5.10 Deployment Considerations 298 5.11 Evolution of GSM 302 5.12 Points to Remember 302 6 GPRS and EDGE 305 6.1 Introduction 306 6.1.1 The Motivation for GPRS 306 6.1.2 The Motivation for EDGE 308 6.1.3 GPRS in Two Minutes 308 6.1.4 EDGE in Two Minutes 309 6.2 System Architecture 310 6.2.1 Packet-Domain Core Network Architecture: An Overview 310 6.2.2 A Detailed View of the Components of the Packet-Domain Core Network 312 6.2.3 Interfaces of the Packet-Domain Core Network 321 6.2.4 End-to-End View of the Data Transfer 323 6.3 MS-BSS Air-Interface Communications 324 6.3.1 Physical Layer of GPRS and EDGE 325 6.3.2 RLC/MAC Layer and Its Functions 334 6.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 342 6.4.1 Review of Timing Structures 342 6.4.2 New Logical Channels in GPRS and EDGE 344 6.4.3 Association of Logical and Physical Channels 346 6.5 Network Acquisition 348 6.5.1 Cell Search and Synchronization: A Brief Review 348 6.5.2 The MS's GPRS Attach Procedure: Making the First Contact with the Core Network 349 6.5.3 Getting Ready for Packet Data Transfer: PDP Context Activation 351 6.6 Packet Transfer in GPRS and EDGE 353 6.6.1 MS-Originated Packet Transfer 353 6.6.2 MS-Terminated Packet Transfer 355 6.6.3 Management of Circuit-Switched and GPRS Paging 356 6.7 Mobility Management 358 6.7.1 Routing Area Update: STANDBY State Mobility Management 358 6.7.2 Mobility Management in READY State 359 6.8 Deployment Considerations and Network Evolution 361 6.9 Points to Remember 362 7 Fundamentals of CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 363 7.1 A Brief Introduction to CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 364 7.2 CDMA or WCDMA: An Efficient Resource-Sharing Technique 366 7.3 Characteristics of CDMA 369 7.3.1 Wideband Transmission 369 7.3.2 Frequency Reuse and Impact of Sectorization 370 7.3.3 Interference and its Control in CDMA 371 7.3.4 Handoff 375 7.3.5 Power Control 381 7.3.6 Capacity of a CDMA System 388 7.4 IS-95 System Architecture 390 7.5 IS-95 MS-Radio-Network Communications: An Overview 391 7.5.1 Duplexing: Simultaneous Downlink and Uplink Transmissions 392 7.5.2 IS-95 Protocol Stack Overview 392 7.5.3 Downlink and Uplink Radio Channels of IS-95 394 7.5.4 Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 399 7.5.5 Multiplex Sublayer (Between Layer 1 and Layer 2): An Overview 403 7.5.6 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 404 7.6 IS-95 Call Setup 405 7.7 IS-95 Mobility Management 407 7.7.1 Power-On Network Acquisition—One-Way Traffic! 407 7.7.2 MS to Network: "Here I Am"—Registration and Other Idle Mode Activities 408 7.7.3 Handoff in Connected or Traffic Mode—Now We Are Getting Really Busy! 411 7.8 IS-95 Power Control 414 7.8.1 Uplink Power Control 415 7.8.2 Downlink Power Control 416 7.9 IS-95: Deployment, Evolution, and Enhancements 418 7.10 Points to Remember 420 8 CDMA20001X 423 8.1 A Brief Overview of CDMA2000 424 8.2 CDMA2000 lx Network Architecture 426 8.2.1 Overview of the Network Architecture 426 8.2.2 A Detailed View of the Packet-Switched Core Network 429 8.3 MS-Radio-Access-Network Communications 431 8.3.1 Overview of Air-Interface Protocol Stack 431 8.3.2 Radio Channels and Radio Configurations of lx 433 8.3.3 Overview of Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 441 8.3.4 Overview of Link Layer (Layer 2) Processing 445 8.3.5 A Brief Overview of Upper-Layer Processing 454 8.4 lx Call Setup 454 8.4.1 Voice Call Setup in lx: An Overview 455 8.4.2 Voice Call Setup in lx: A Closer Look 456 8.4.3 How About Data Call Setup in lx? 459 8.4.4 What About MS-Terminated Call Setup? 460 8.5 Over-the-Air Transmission of Traffic for Forward and Reverse Links 462 8.5.1 Forward Link Packet Data Transmission 462 8.5.2 Reverse Link Packet Data Transmission 467 8.6 Mobility Management 468 8.6.1 Registration and Authentication 469 8.6.2 Using the Access Channel 472 8.6.3 Handoff in Connected Mode: lx Enhancements 477 8.7 lx Power Control 481 8.7.1 Reverse Link Power Control for the Reverse Fundamental Channel 481 8.7.2 Forward Link Power Control for the Forward Fundamental Channel 482 8.8 lx Deployment and Evolution 484 8.9 Points to Remember 485 9 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99 487 9.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99: Executive Summary 488 9.2 UMTS Network Architecture 489 9.2.1 Radio Network Subsystem 491 9.2.2 Protocol Stacks: From User Equipment to the Edge of the Network 493 9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Stack between UE and UTRAN 495 9.3.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 495 9.3.2 Physical Layer 499 9.3.3 Medium Access Control Sublayer 503 9.3.4 Radio Link Control Sublayer 504 9.3.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sublayer 510 9.3.6 Broadcast-Multicast Control Sublayer 511 9.3.7 Radio Resource Control Layer 512 9.4 Radio Interface Between the UE and the UTRAN 515 9.4.1 Overview of Frame Structure and Radio Channels 515 9.4.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes 519 9.4.3 Primary Synchronization Channel 523 9.4.4 Secondary Synchronization Channel 523 9.4.5 Primary Common Pilot Channel 524 9.4.6 Primary Common Control Physical Channel 525 9.4.7 Page Indicator Channel 526 9.4.8 Secondary—Common Control Physical Channel 527 9.4.9 Physical Random Access Channel 528 9.4.10 Acquisition Indicator Channel 533 9.4.11 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 534 9.4.12 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 535 9.4.13 Combining of the Downlink Channels in a Cell 536 9.4.14 Transmission of Uplink Channels by User Equipment 539 9.5 Cell Search and Synchronization 539 9.5.1 Overview of Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search 539 9.5.2 Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search: A Closer Look 540 9.5.3 Beyond Synchronization: User Equipment and Core Network Communications 542 9.6 Voice Call Setup 544 9.6.1 Overview of Voice Call Setup and Teardown 544 9.6.2 Detailed Voice Call Setup 545 9.7 Data Call Setup 553 9.7.1 Overview of the Data Session Setup 553 9.7.2 Detailed Data Session Setup 554 9.8 Mobility Management 557 9.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility: An Overview 558 9.8.2 Connected Mode Mobility: An Overview of Basic Concepts 559 9.8.3 Stages of Intra-Frequency Handover: A Closer Look 562 9.8.4 Intra-UMTS Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Handover 568 9.8.5 Compressed Mode 569 9.9 Power Control 573 9.9.1 Uplink Closed-Loop Power Control 574 9.9.2 Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control 579 9.10 Quality-of-Service in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 580 9.11 Evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 581 9.12 Points to Remember 583 10 1xEvolution-Data-Optimized Revision 0 585 10.1 lxEV-DO: Executive Summary 586 10.2 Overview of Call Setup and Data Transmission 587 10.3 Network Architecture 590 10.4 lxEV-DO Protocol Stack: An Overview 591 10.5 Introduction to Radio Channels and Timing Structure 593 10.6 A Closer Look at Forward Link Radio Channels 596 10.6.1 Pilot Channel 597 10.6.2 Medium Access Control Channel 597 10.6.3 Control Channel 600 10.6.4 Forward Traffic Channel 604 10.6.5 Combining the Forward Link Channels 610 10.7 A Closer Look at Reverse Link Channels 612 10.7.1 Access Channel 612 10.7.2 Pilot Channel and Data Channel 615 10.7.3 Data Rate Control Channel 617 10.7.4 Acknowledgment Channel 619 10.7.5 Combining of the Reverse Link Channels 621 10.8 Call Setup: A Closer Look 623 10.8.1 Session Setup 624 10.8.2 Point-to-Point Protocol Setup 628 10.8.3 Mobile Internet Protocol Setup 628 10.9 Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 630 10.10 Reverse Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 633 10.10.1 Stage 1: Configuration of the Access Terminal with Reverse Link Parameters 633 10.10.2 Stage 2: Fast Indications of Reverse Link Interference 635 10.10.3 Stage 3: Execution of the Reverse Link Data Determination Algorithm 635 10.10.4 Stage 4: The Access Terminal's Data Transmission 638 10.11 Mobility Management in 1 xEV-DO 640 10.12 A Glimpse of 1 xEV-DO Optimization 642 10.12.1 RF Optimization 643 10.12.2 Parameter and Configuration Optimization 644 10.13 1 xRTT and 1 xEV-DO Interworking 645 10.14 lxEV-DO Link Budget 646 10.15 Points to Remember 649 11 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 651 11.1 Overview of Third Generation Partnership Project Release 5 652 11.2 A Bird's-Eye View of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Data Transmission 653 11.3 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels and Their Use: A Deep Dive 655 11.3.1 High-Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel 655 11.3.2 High-Speed-Shared Control Channel 659 11.3.3 High-Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel 667 11.4 Data Transmission Process 671 11.4.1 Step 1: Reporting of Channel Conditions 671 11.4.2 Step 2: Scheduling of Users and User Packets 672 11.4.3 Step 3: Packet Transmission from the Node B and Packet Reception at UEs 677 11.4.4 Step 4: UE Response to a Received Packet 680 11.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Call Setup 681 11.6 Resource Management of the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels 683 11.7 Mobility Management in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 685 11.8 Network and UE Architecture 689 11.8.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack Changes from Release 99 to Release 5 689 11.8.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access UE Categories 691 11.8.3 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 691 11.8.4 Construction of a Packet at the Node B 695 11.9 Points to Remember 697 12 1x Evolution-Data-Optimized Revision A 699 12.1 Introduction 700 12.2 Overview of Rev. A Enhancements 702 12.3 Characteristics of Physical Layer Subtypes 705 12.3.1 Overview of Physical Layer Subtypes 705 12.3.2 Reverse Link Frame Structure of Subtype 2 Physical Layer 706 12.4 Rev. A Forward Link Channels 707 12.4.1 Overview of FL Channels 707 12.4.2 ARQ Channel: A New Forward Link Channel in Rev. A 715 12.5 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Channels 718 12.5.1 Access Channel and RRI Channel Enhancements in Rev. A 721 12.5.2 Auxiliary Pilot Channel and DSC Channel: New Rev. A Channels 723 12.6 Rev. A Enhancement for Call Setup and Session Setup 724 12.6.1 Session Configuration and Multiple Personalities 725 12.6.2 Generic Attribute Update Protocol 728 12.6.3 Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol 728 12.7 Rev. A Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 728 12.7.1 Overview of Enhancements in Forward Link Transmission 728 12.7.2 DRC Enhancements 731 12.7.3 Multi-User Packets 734 12.7.4 MACIndex Enhancements 737 12.7.5 The AT's Detection of the FL Packet 739 12.7.6 Forward Link H-ARQ 739 12.8 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Data Rate Control 740 12.9 Reverse Link Interference Control via T2P 742 12.9.1 Motivation for T2P-Based Rate Control 743 12.9.2 What Is T2P, Anyway? 744 12.10 Subtype 2 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 745 12.10.1 Terminology for Subtype 2 and 3 RTC MAC Protocol 745 12.10.2 Overview of RL Data Transmission 750 12.10.3 A Comprehensive View of RL Data Transmission 751 12.11 Subtype 3 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 756 12.11.1 Overview of RL Data Transmission 756 12.11.2 Detailed View of RL Data Transmission 758 12.12 Rev. A QoS Control 761 12.12.1 Air-Interface QoS 762 12.12.2 Network QoS Control on R-P Interface 763 12.13 Handoff within 1 xEV-DO 764 12.14 Idle State Enhancements and Signaling Enhancements 766 12.15 1 xEV-DO Rev. A Interworking: Rev. 0, Rev. A, and CDMA2000 lx 767 12.16 Points to Remember 767 13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 769 13.1 Introduction to HSUPA: An Executive Summary 770 13.2 Basics of Data Transmission: A Brief Overview 771 13.2.1 Simplified HSUPA Call Setup 772 13.2.2 Some Terminology 773 13.2.3 Major Stages of Uplink Data Transmission: An Overview 774 13.3 HSUPA Channels 777 13.3.1 The E-DCH and E-DPDCHs (Uplink) 777 13.3.2 The E-DPCCH (Uplink) 784 13.3.3 The E-AGCH (Downlink) 785 13.3.4 The E-RGCH (Downlink) 787 13.3.5 The E-HICH (Downlink) 788 13.3.6 A Really Close Look at Timing Relationships Among HSUPA Channels 789 13.4 Prior to Data Transmission 790 13.5 Steps of Uplink Data Transmission 793 13.5.1 Scheduling Requests from the UE to the Node Bs 794 13.5.2 The Node B's Determination of Grants 794 13.5.3 Determination of the Serving Grant 798 13.5.4 E-DCH Transmission 800 13.5.5 Node B's Packet Decoding and HARQ Transmission 811 13.6 Physical Layer Retransmissions and HARQ 811 13.7 Support for User Mobility 814 13.8 System Architecture 815 13.8.1 Enhancements to the Existing Architecture 815 13.8.2 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for the Management of HSUPA Channels and Resources 817 13.8.3 HSUPA UE Categories 818 13.9 Points to Remember 818 PART III IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM AND 4G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES 14 IP Multimedia Subsystem 823 14.1 Introduction to IMS: What and Why? 823 14.2 IMS, IP Convergence, and Fixed Mobile Convergence 827 14.3 History of IMS 828 14.4 IMS Architecture 831 14.4.1 High-Level View of the IMS Architecture 831 14.4.2 IMS Architecture: A Closer Look 835 14.5 IMS Communication Protocols for Signaling and Media Transport 841 14.5.1 Using SIP in IMS 842 14.5.2 H.248 in IMS 845 14.6 Identifying the IMS Subscriber and the IMS Elements 848 14.7 IMS Session Setup Scenarios 852 14.7.1 IMS Device to PSTN Call Setup: A Closer Look 852 14.7.2 PSTN-Originated and IMS Device-Terminated VoIP Call Setup: An Overview 856 14.7.3 Multimedia Session Setup for IMS Endpoints: A Brief Overview 858 14.8 IMS Services and Applications 860 14.9 Implementation of Quality-of-Service using IMS 862 14.10 Points to Remember 864 15 Fourth-Generation Technologies 867 15.1 Why 4G Technologies? 867 15.2 Essential Elements of 4G Technologies 869 15.3 Fundamentals of OFDM and OFDM A 871 15.3.1 OFDM and OFDM A: Why and Why Now? 871 15.3.2 OFDM: A High-Level View 872 15.3.3 Construction of Orthogonal Subcarriers 874 15.3.4 OFDM Challenges and Solutions 878 15.3.5 Simplified OFDMA Transceiver 884 15.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 888 15.4.1 Diversity Techniques: Some Simple and Some Sophisticated! 888 15.4.2 Spatial Multiplexing 892 15.4.3 Beamforming 893 15.4.4 Space-Division Multiple Access 895 15.5 WiMAX Overview 897 15.5.1 Salient Features of WiMAX 897 15.5.2 WiMAX Network Architecture 900 15.5.3 WiMAX Air Interface 902 15.5.4 WiMAX Operations 903 15.6 Overview of LTE 908 15.6.1 Salient Features of LTE 909 15.6.2 LTE Network Architecture 911 15.6.3 LTE Air Interface 914 15.6.4 LTE Operations 915 15.6.5 A Brief Overview of LTE-Advanced 919 15.7 4G Technology Challenges 921 15.8 Points to Remember 922 Appendix A: A Brief Overview of Signaling System 7 923 Appendix B: Erlang-B Table 929 Appendix C: A High-Level Comparison of Third-Generation Technologies 931 Appendix D: HSPA+ Overview 943 D. 1 Summary of HSPA+ Features 943 D.2 Data Transmission in HSPA+: A Closer Look 947 D.3 HSPA+: Beyond Release 7 952 References 955 Glossary 977 Index 991

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Book SynopsisDemystifies FACTS controllers, offering solutions to power control and power flow problems Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) controllers represent one of the most important technological advances in recent years, both enhancing controllability and increasing power transfer capacity of electric power transmission networks. This timely publication serves as an applications manual, offering readers clear instructions on how to model, design, build, evaluate, and install FACTS controllers. Authors Kalyan Sen and Mey Ling Sen share their two decades of experience in FACTS controller research and implementation, including their own pioneering FACTS design breakthroughs. Readers gain a solid foundation in all aspects of FACTS controllers, including: Basic underlying theories Step-by-step evolution of FACTS controller development Guidelines for selecting the right FACTS controller SaTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Nomenclature. 1. Applications of FACTS Controllers. 2. Power Flow Control Concepts. 2.1 Theory. 2.2 Implementation of Power Flow Control Concepts. 2.3 Interline Power Flow Concept. 3. Modeling Principles. 3.1 The Modeling in EMTP. 3.2 Vector Phase-Locked Loop (VPLL). 3.3 Transmission Line Steady-State Resistance Calculator. 3.4 Simulation of an Independent PFC in a Single Line Application. 4. Transformer-Based FACTS Controllers. 4.1 Voltage Regulating Transformer (VRT). 4.2 Phase Angle Regulator (PAR). 5. Mechanically Switched FACTS controllers. 5.1 Shunt Compensation. 5.2 Series Compensation. Chapter 6: Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC). 6.1 Modeling an Ideal VSC. 6.2 DC-to-AC VSC. 6.3 Discussion. 7. Two-Level Pole Design. 7.1 A Three-Phase, Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Poles. 7.2 Analysis of a Pole. 8. VSC-Based FACTS Controllers. 8.1 Shunt Compensation. 8.2 Series Compensation. 8.3 Shunt-Series Compensation Using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). 9. Sen Transformer. 9.1 Existing Solutions. 9.2 Desired Solution. 9.3 Comparison Among the VRT, PAR, UPFC, and ST. 9.4 Multiline Sen Transformer. 9.5 Flexible Operation of the ST. 9.6 ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.7 Limited Angle Operation of the ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.8 MST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.9 Generalized Sen Transformer. 9.10 Summary. Appendix A. Miscellaneous. Appendix B. Power Flow Control Equation in a Lossy Transmission Line. Appendix C. EMTP Files. Bibliography. Index. About he Authors.

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Book SynopsisOptical communication technology, like diode lasers used in optical storage devices, is vital to the optoelectronics industry. Since the first edition, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits presents up-to-date information on optical communication technology principles and theories.Trade Review“The book is very clearly written and has many demonstrated examples. It is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn about basic optoelectronic devices with every-day applications.” (Optics and Photonics News, 4 January 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi List of Fundamental Constants xxiii 1 Ingredients 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids 5 1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light 7 1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure 10 1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers 13 1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology 20 1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers 24 1.8 Practical Laser Examples 31 References 39 Reading List 40 Problems 40 2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions 46 2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs 49 2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities 52 2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers 55 2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current 60 2.6.1 Basic P–I Characteristics 60 2.6.2 Gain Models and Their Use in Designing Lasers 64 2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response 70 2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers 74 2.8.1 Internal Parameters for In-Plane Lasers: ‹αi›, ηi , and g versus J 75 2.8.2 Internal Parameters for VCSELs: ηi and g versus J, ‹αi›, and αm 78 2.8.3 Efficiency and Heat Flow 79 2.8.4 Temperature Dependence of Drive Current 80 2.8.5 Derivative Analysis 84 References 86 Reading List 87 Problems 87 3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Scattering Theory 92 3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements 95 3.3.1 The Dielectric Interface 96 3.3.2 Transmission Line with No Discontinuities 98 3.3.3 Dielectric Segment and the Fabry–Perot Etalon 100 3.3.4 S-Parameter Computation Using Mason’s Rule 104 3.3.5 Fabry–Perot Laser 105 3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities 107 3.4.1 Three-Mirror Lasers 107 3.4.2 Four-Mirror Lasers 111 3.5 Gratings 113 3.5.1 Introduction 113 3.5.2 Transmission Matrix Theory of Gratings 115 3.5.3 Effective Mirror Model for Gratings 121 3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors 123 3.6.1 Introduction 123 3.6.2 Threshold Gain and Power Out 124 3.6.3 Mode Selection in DBR-Based Lasers 127 3.6.4 VCSEL Design 128 3.6.5 In-Plane DBR Lasers and Tunability 135 3.6.6 Mode Suppression Ratio in DBR Laser 139 3.7 DFB Lasers 141 3.7.1 Introduction 141 3.7.2 Calculation of the Threshold Gains and Wavelengths 143 3.7.3 On Mode Suppression in DFB Lasers 149 References 151 Reading List 151 Problems 151 4 Gain and Current Relations 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Radiative Transitions 158 4.2.1 Basic Definitions and Fundamental Relationships 158 4.2.2 Fundamental Description of the Radiative Transition Rate 162 4.2.3 Transition Matrix Element 165 4.2.4 Reduced Density of States 170 4.2.5 Correspondence with Einstein’s Stimulated Rate Constant 174 4.3 Optical Gain 174 4.3.1 General Expression for Gain 174 4.3.2 Lineshape Broadening 181 4.3.3 General Features of the Gain Spectrum 185 4.3.4 Many-Body Effects 187 4.3.5 Polarization and Piezoelectricity 190 4.4 Spontaneous Emission 192 4.4.1 Single-Mode Spontaneous Emission Rate 192 4.4.2 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate 193 4.4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor 198 4.4.4 Purcell Effect 198 4.5 Nonradiative Transitions 199 4.5.1 Defect and Impurity Recombination 199 4.5.2 Surface and Interface Recombination 202 4.5.3 Auger Recombination 211 4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics 218 4.6.1 Strained Materials and Doped Materials 218 4.6.2 Gain Spectra of Common Active Materials 220 4.6.3 Gain versus Carrier Density 223 4.6.4 Spontaneous Emission Spectra and Current versus Carrier Density 227 4.6.5 Gain versus Current Density 229 4.6.6 Experimental Gain Curves 233 4.6.7 Dependence on Well Width, Doping, and Temperature 234 References 238 Reading List 240 Problems 240 5 Dynamic Effects 247 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 Review of Chapter 2 248 5.2.1 The Rate Equations 249 5.2.2 Steady-State Solutions 250 Case (i): Well Below Threshold 251 Case (ii): Above Threshold 252 Case (iii): Below and Above Threshold 253 5.2.3 Steady-State Multimode Solutions 255 5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations 257 5.3.1 Small-Signal Frequency Response 261 5.3.2 Small-Signal Transient Response 266 5.3.3 Small-Signal FM Response or Frequency Chirping 270 5.4 Large-Signal Analysis 276 5.4.1 Large-Signal Modulation: Numerical Analysis of the Multimode Rate Equations 277 5.4.2 Mode Locking 279 5.4.3 Turn-On Delay 283 5.4.4 Large-Signal Frequency Chirping 286 5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth 288 5.5.1 General Definition of RIN and the Spectral Density Function 288 5.5.2 The Schawlow–Townes Linewidth 292 5.5.3 The Langevin Approach 294 5.5.4 Langevin Noise Spectral Densities and RIN 295 5.5.5 Frequency Noise 301 5.5.6 Linewidth 303 5.6 Carrier Transport Effects 308 5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking 311 5.7.1 Optical Feedback Effects—Static Characteristics 311 5.7.2 Injection Locking—Static Characteristics 317 5.7.3 Injection and Feedback Dynamic Characteristics and Stability 320 5.7.4 Feedback Effects on Laser Linewidth 321 References 328 Reading List 329 Problems 329 6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications 335 6.1 Introduction 335 6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width 336 6.3 Perturbation Theory 339 6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling 342 6.4.1 Contradirectional Coupling: Gratings 342 6.4.2 DFB Lasers 353 6.4.3 Codirectional Coupling: Directional Couplers 356 6.4.4 Codirectional Coupler Filters and Electro-optic Switches 370 6.5 Modal Excitation 376 6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference 378 6.7 Star Couplers 381 6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers 382 6.8.1 Arrayed Waveguide Grating De/Multiplexers and Routers 383 6.8.2 Echelle Grating based De/Multiplexers and Routers 389 6.9 Conclusions 390 References 390 Reading List 391 Problems 391 7 Dielectric Waveguides 395 7.1 Introduction 395 7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary 396 7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques 400 7.3.1 Standing Wave Technique 400 7.3.2 Transverse Resonance 403 7.3.3 WKB Method for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 410 7.3.4 2-D Effective Index Technique for Buried Rib Waveguides 418 7.3.5 Analysis of Curved Optical Waveguides using Conformal Mapping 421 7.3.6 Numerical Mode Solving Methods for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 424 7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs 427 7.4.1 Introduction 427 7.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Beam-Propagation Method 429 7.4.3 Calculation of Propagation Constants in a z–invariant Waveguide from a Beam Propagation Solution 432 7.4.4 Calculation of Eigenmode Profile from a Beam Propagation Solution 434 7.5 Goos–Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components 434 7.5.1 Total Internal Reflection Mirrors 435 7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437 7.6.1 Absorption Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437 7.6.2 Scattering Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 438 7.6.3 Radiation Losses for Nominally Guided Modes 438 References 445 Reading List 446 Problems 446 8 Photonic Integrated Circuits 451 8.1 Introduction 451 8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers 452 8.2.1 Two- and Three-Section In-plane DBR Lasers 452 8.2.2 Widely Tunable Diode Lasers 458 8.2.3 Other Extended Tuning Range Diode Laser Implementations 463 8.2.4 Externally Modulated Lasers 474 8.2.5 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 481 8.2.6 Transmitter Arrays 484 8.3 Advanced PICs 484 8.3.1 Waveguide Photodetectors 485 8.3.2 Transceivers/Wavelength Converters and Triplexers 488 8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications 491 8.4.1 Coherent Optical Communications Primer 492 8.4.2 Coherent Detection 495 8.4.3 Coherent Receiver Implementations 495 8.4.4 Vector Transmitters 498 References 499 Reading List 503 Problems 503 Appendices 1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics 509 A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer 509 A1.1.1 Introduction 509 A1.1.2 Potential Wells and Bound Electrons 511 A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics 516 A1.2.1 Electrons in Crystals and Energy Bands 516 A1.2.2 Effective Mass 520 A1.2.3 Density of States Using a Free-Electron (Effective Mass) Theory 522 References 527 Reading List 527 2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage 529 A2.1 General Relationships 529 A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials 532 A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers 537 A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency 542 References 544 Reading List 544 3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures 545 A3.1 Introduction 545 A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide 546 A3.2.1 Symmetric Slab Case 547 A3.2.2 General Asymmetric Slab Case 548 A3.2.3 Transverse Confinement Factor, Γx 550 A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides 551 A3.4 Far Fields 555 References 557 Reading List 557 4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor 559 A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes 559 A4.2 Blackbody Radiation 561 A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, βsp 562 Reading List 563 5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors 565 A5.1 Introduction 565 A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain 566 A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors 568 A5.4 Internal Modal Loss 570 A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity 571 A5.5.1 Axial Confinement Factor 572 A5.5.2 Threshold Condition and Differential Efficiency 573 A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain 576 6 Einstein’s Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission 579 A6.1 Introduction 579 A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients 582 A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium 584 A6.4 Calculation of Gain 585 A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 589 Reading List 592 7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix 593 A7.1 Introduction 593 A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 593 A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition 595 A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition 597 A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques 600 A7.5.1 Fourier Limit 601 A7.5.2 Coupled-Mode Limit 602 A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition 603 Reading List 605 Problems 605 8 Electronic States in Semiconductors 609 A8.1 Introduction 609 A8.2 General Description of Electronic States 609 A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element 611 A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells 615 A8.4.1 Conduction Band 615 A8.4.2 Valence Band 616 A8.4.3 Strained Quantum Wells 623 References 627 Reading List 628 9 Fermi’s Golden Rule 629 A9.1 Introduction 629 A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate 630 A9.2.1 Case I: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Constant 632 A9.2.2 Case II: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Delta Function 635 A9.2.3 Case III: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Lorentzian 636 Reading List 637 Problems 638 10 Transition Matrix Element 639 A10.1 General Derivation 639 A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects 641 A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells 645 Reading List 646 11 Strained Bandgaps 647 A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain 647 A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap 650 A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure 655 References 656 12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes 657 A12.1 CCCH Process 657 A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes 659 13 Langevin Noise 661 A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources 661 A13.1.1 Correlation Functions and Spectral Densities 661 A13.1.2 Evaluation of Langevin Noise Correlation Strengths 664 A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations 665 A13.2.1 Photon Density and Carrier Density Langevin Noise Correlations 665 A13.2.2 Photon Density and Output Power Langevin Noise Correlations 666 A13.2.3 Photon Density and Phase Langevin Noise Correlations 667 A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities 669 A13.3.1 Photon Noise Spectral Density 669 A13.3.2 Output Power Noise Spectral Density 670 A13.3.3 Carrier Noise Spectral Density 671 References 672 Problems 672 14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas 675 Reading List 676 15 Multimode Interference 677 A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers 677 A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis 678 A15.2.1 General Interference 679 A15.2.2 Restricted Multimode Interference 681 A15.3 MMI Physical Properties 682 A15.3.1 Fabrication 682 A15.3.2 Imaging Quality 682 A15.3.3 Inherent Loss and Optical Bandwidth 682 A15.3.4 Polarization Dependence 683 A15.3.5 Reflection Properties 683 Reference 683 16 The Electro-Optic Effect 685 References 692 Reading List 692 17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems 693 A17.1 Matrix Formalism 693 A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example 695 Reading List 696 Index 697

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the principles of image and video compression techniques and introduces current and popular compression standards, such as the MPEG series. Derivations of relevant compression algorithms are developed in an easy-to-follow fashion. Numerous examples are provided in each chapter to illustrate the concepts.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is Source Coding? 1.2 Why is Compression Necessary? 1.3 Image and Video Compression Techniques. 1.4 Video Compression Standards. 1.5 Organization of the Book. 1.6 Summary. References. 2 Image Acquisition. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sampling a Continuous Image. 2.3 Image Quantization. 2.4 Color Image Representation. 2.5 Summary. References. Problems. 3 Image Transforms. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Unitary Transforms. 3.3 Karhunen–Loeve Transform. 3.4 Properties of Unitary Transforms. 3.5 Summary. References. Problems. 4 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Continuous Wavelet Transform. 4.3 Wavelet Series. 4.4 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 4.5 Efficient Implementation of 1D DWT. 4.6 Scaling and Wavelet Filters. 4.7 Two-Dimensional DWT. 4.8 Energy Compaction Property. 4.9 Integer or Reversible Wavelet. 4.10 Summary. References. Problems. 5 Lossless Coding. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Information Theory. 5.3 Huffman Coding. 5.4 Arithmetic Coding. 5.5 Golomb–Rice Coding. 5.6 Run–Length Coding. 5.7 Summary. References. Problems. 6 Predictive Coding. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of a DPCM. 6.3 Adaptive DPCM. 6.4 Summary. References. Problems. 7 Image Compression in the Transform Domain. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Basic Idea Behind Transform Coding. 7.3 Coding Gain of a Transform Coder. 7.4 JPEG Compression. 7.5 Compression of Color Images. 7.6 Blocking Artifact. 7.7 Variable Block Size DCT Coding. 7.8 Summary. References. Problems. 8 Image Compression in the Wavelet Domain. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Design of a DWT Coder. 8.3 Zero-Tree Coding. 8.4 JPEG2000. 8.5 Digital Cinema. 8.6 Summary. References. Problems. 9 Basics of Video Compression. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Video Coding. 9.3 Stereo Image Compression. 9.4 Summary. References. Problems. 10 Video Compression Standards. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Standards. 10.3 MPEG-4. 10.4 H.264. 10.5 Summary. References. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN''S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today''s environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the FTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Benefits of Electric Power and a History of the Electric Power Industry 1 1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity 1 1.2 Origin of the Industry 2 1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid 5 1.4 “The Golden Age” 8 Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis 9 The Environmental Crises—The Shift to Low-Sulfur Oil 10 The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil 10 The Financial Crisis 11 The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis 12 1.5 Global Warming Crisis and Concerns about Carbon Emissions 13 1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry 13 Ownership Structure Chapter 2 The Electric Power System 15 2.1 The Customers 16 2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation 17 2.3 The Delivery System 20 Interconnections 24 The Grid 24 Chapter 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts 27 3.1 Electric Energy 28 3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity 30 Direct Current (DC) 31 Alternating Current (AC) 31 Three Phases 33 Synchronism 34 3.3 Characteristics of AC Systems 34 Resistance 34 Induction and Inductive Reactance 35 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance 36 Impedance 38 3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current 38 3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits 39 Real Power 40 Reactive Power 40 Transformers 42 3.6 Power Flow 43 Division of Power Flow 43 Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow 44 3.7 Stability 44 Automatic Generation Controls (AGC) 46 Results of Instability 47 Chapter 4 Electric Energy Consumption 49 4.1 End Uses for Electricity 49 4.2 Customer Classes 50 4.3 Rate Classes 51 4.4 Demand and Energy 51 Energy 52 Effects of Load Diversity 53 4.5 System Load 55 Load Management 57 4.6 Reactive Load 59 4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System 59 4.8 Forecasts 61 Chapter 5 Electric Power Generation and Concerns About Greenhouse Gases 65 5.1 Generation’s Role 65 5.2 Types of Generation 66 5.3 Thermal Conversion: Using Fuel as the Energy Resource 69 Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines 69 Combustion (Gas) Turbines 70 Combined Cycle 71 Nuclear 72 Reciprocating Engines 73 Microturbines 74 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Cogeneration 74 5.4 Thermal Conversion: Nonfuel Heat Sources 74 Geothermal 74 Solar Thermal Generation 75 5.5 Mechanical Energy Conversion 75 Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage 75 Wind Turbines 77 Distributed Generation and Other Sources 78 5.6 Renewable Technologies and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions 83 5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants 84 Size 85 Efficiency 87 Availability 88 Schedulable and Unschedulable Units 90 5.8 Capital Cost of Generation 90 5.9 Generator Life Extension 91 5.10 The Technology of Generation 91 Synchronous Generators 91 Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation 92 5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources 93 Chapter 6 The Technology of the Electric Transmission System 97 6.1 Components 97 6.2 HVAC 98 Overhead Lines 98 Overhead Line Capability—Ratings 99 Transmission Cable 101 Cable Capacity 101 Submarine Cables 102 Superconducting Cables 102 6.3 Substations 102 Substation Equipment 103 Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements 108 Transmission System Aging 108 6.4 HVDC 108 6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation 110 Advantages of HVDC 111 Disadvantages of HVDC 112 6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems 113 Chapter 7 Distribution 115 7.1 Function of Distribution 115 7.2 Primary Distribution Feeders 116 Radial Systems 116 Loop Systems 117 Primary Network Systems 117 Secondary Systems 117 7.3 Distribution Capacity 118 7.4 Losses 119 7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings 119 7.6 Metering 120 7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages 120 Distribution Transformers 121 Voltage Regulators 122 Capacitors 123 7.8 Distribution System Reliability 123 7.10 Quality of Service 124 7.11 Design of Distribution Systems 125 7.12 Distributed Generation 125 7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems 126 7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids 127 Chapter 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies 129 8.1 Energy Storage 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution 132 8.2 Energy Storage Concepts and Technologies 133 Mechanical Systems 133 Thermal Energy Storage 136 Chemical Energy Storage 138 Batteries 138 Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems 139 Electrical Storage 140 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 141 Power Conversion Equipment 141 The Future for Energy Storage 142 8.3 Smart Grid 142 Microgrids 146 8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs 146 8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies 150 8.6 Superconductors 153 Chapter 9 Reliability 155 9.1 Causes of Outages 155 9.2 Costs of Power Outages 157 9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability 158 9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate 159 Power System Generation 164 Transmission 165 Distribution 166 9.5 Summary 166 Chapter 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards 167 10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization 169 10.2 NERC Standards 171 Functional Model 171 10.3 Development of Standards 176 Reliability Principles 177 Market Interface Principles 177 Compliance with NERC Standards 179 Other NERC Responsibilities 179 The Future 180 Chapter 11 The Physical Network: Operation of the Electric Bulk Power 181 11.1 Balancing Authorities 181 Area Control 182 Operating Reserves 184 11.2 Reliability Coordinators 184 11.3 Transmission Operators 186 Power Transfer Limits 186 Determination of Total Transfer Capability 187 Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow 188 Reduction of Power Transfers—Congestion Management 189 Ancillary Services 189 11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control 191 11.5 Emergencies 192 Operating Emergencies 193 11.6 Information Exchange 194 Chapter 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System 197 12.1 Planning Standards 198 12.2 Generation Planning 198 12.3 Transmission Planning 200 Transmission System Planning Studies 203 12.4 Least Cost Planning 205 12.5 The New Planning Environment 205 Recent Transmission Projects 211 Chapter 13 The Regulatory Network: Legislation 213 13.1 Pricing and Regulation 213 13.2 Federal Legislation 214 13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) 214 13.4 Federal Power Act 216 13.5 Other 1930 Federal Laws 219 13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act 219 13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) 220 13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02) 222 13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05) 224 13.10 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 227 13.11 Environmental Laws 227 13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 230 Chapter 14 The Regulatory Network: The Regulators 231 14.1 The Regulators 231 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 231 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 233 Department of Energy (DOE) 234 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 236 Recent Federal Regulations 237 FERC Actions after EPAct92 237 FERC Actions Implementing EPAct05 242 Market Manipulation 242 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure 242 Expansion and Modernization of the Nation’s Electricity Grid 245 Siting Major New Transmission Facilities 245 PURPA Reforms 246 Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions 246 Market-Based Rates 247 Recent EPA Actions 248 State Regulatory Authority 249 State Utility Restructuring 250 Overall Regulatory Problems 251 Chapter 15 The Information, Communication, and Control Network and Security 253 15.1 Smart Grid 253 15.2 Financial and Business Operations 254 15.3 System Operations 255 15.4 Distribution Operations 255 15.5 Cyber Security 256 15.6 Nuclear Plant Security 259 Chapter 16 The Fuel and Energy Network 261 16.1 Resource Procurement 264 Fuel Measurements 265 16.2 Fuel Transportation 265 16.3 Fuel Diversity 266 16.4 Fossil Fuels Used 267 16.5 Renewable Energy 269 16.6 Fuel Purchasing 271 16.7 Emission Rights 271 Chapter 17 The Business Network: Market Participants 273 17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery 273 17.2 The Changing Industry Structure 274 Functional Unbundling 274 Additional Utility Responses 275 ISO/RTO Formation 275 Holding Company Formation 275 Power Plant Divestitures 277 17.3 New Structures 279 Power Producers 279 Independent Transmission Companies and Operators 279 Impact of Restructuring on the Transmission System 280 Distributors 280 Power Marketers 281 17.4 New Corporate Ownership 281 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions 282 Acquisitions by Foreign Companies 282 Financial Institutions 283 Chapter 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets 285 18.1 The Energy Markets 286 Standard Market Design (SMD) 288 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) 289 18.2 Transmission 291 Transmission Rights 291 Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs) 292 Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) 293 Wheeling and Customer Choice 294 Contracts and Agreements 294 Average System versus Incremental Costs 295 18.3 Customer Late Issues 294 Construction Work in Progress (CWIP) 295 Setting of Rates 296 Rate Freezes 296 Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits 296 Average Costs versus Incremental Costs 297 18.4 Market versus Operational Control 298 18.5 Market Power Issues 298 Price Caps 299 18.6 The Future 299 Chapter 19 The Professional and Industry Organizations 301 19.1 The Professional Organizations 301 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 301 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 303 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 304 (ASME) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) CIGRE 304 19.2 Industry Associations 304 NEMA 304 The Association of Edison Illuminating 305 Companies (AEIC) The American Public Power Association (APPA) 305 The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) 306 The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON) 306 The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) 307 Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) 307 The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) 308 19.3 Public Interest Groups 308 The National Association of Regulatory Utility 308 Commissioners (NARUC) Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) 308 Public Citizen 309 Public Interest Law Project 309 19.4 Research Organizations 309 The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 310 Other Research 310 The National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI) 311 The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisLearn how to implement BCU methods for fast direct stability assessments of electric power systems Electric power providers around the world rely on stability analysis programs to help ensure uninterrupted service to their customers. These programs are typically based on step-by-step numerical integrations of power system stability models to simulate system dynamic behaviors. Unfortunately, this offline practice is inadequate to deal with current operating environments. For years, direct methods have held the promise of providing real-time stability assessments; however, these methods have presented several challenges and limitations. This book addresses these challenges and limitations with the BCU methods developed by author Hsiao-Dong Chiang. To date, BCU methods have been adopted by twelve major utility companies in Asia and North America. In addition, BCU methods are the only direct methods adopted by the Electric Power Research Institute in its latest version ofTrade Review"Armed with a solid foundation in the underlying theory of direct methods, energy functions, and BCU methods, you'll discover how to efficiently solve complex practical problems in stability analysis. Most chapters begin with an introduction and end with concluding remarks, making it easy for you to implement these tested and proven methods that will help you avoid costly and dangerous power outages." (O Six Media, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction and Overview. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Trends of Operating Environment. 1.3 Online TSA. 1.4 Need for New Tools. 1.5 Direct Methods: Limitations and Challenges. 1.6 Purposes of This Book. 2. System Modeling and Stability Problems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Power System Stability Problem. 2.3 Model Structures and Parameters. 2.4 Measurement-Based Modeling. 2.5 Power System Stability Problems. 2.6 Approaches for Stability Analysis. 2.7 Concluding Remarks. 3. Lyapunov Stability and Stability Regions of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equilibrium Points and Lyapunov Stability. 3.3 Lyapunov Function Theory. 3.4 Stable and Unstable Manifolds. 3.5 Stability Regions. 3.6 Local Characterizations of Stability Boundary. 3.7 Global Characterization of Stability Boundary. 3.8 Algorithm to Determine the Stability Boundary. 3.9 Conclusion. 4. Quasi-Stability Regions: Analysis and Characterization. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Quasi-Stability Region. 4.3 Characterization of Quasi-Stability Regions. 4.4 Conclusions. 5. Energy Function Theory and Direct Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Energy Functions. 5.3 Energy Function Theory. 5.4 Estimating Stability Region Using Energy Functions. 5.5 Optimal Schemes for Estimating Stability Regions. 5.6 Quasi-Stability Region and Energy Function. 5.7 Conclusion. 6. Constructing Analytical Energy Functions for Transient Stability Models. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Energy Functions for Lossless Network-Reduction Models. 6.3 Energy Functions for Lossless Structure-Preserving Models. 6.4 Nonexistence of Energy Functions for Lossy Models. 6.5 Existence of Local Energy Functions. 6.6 Concluding Remarks. 7. Construction of Numerical Energy Functions for Lossy Transient Stability Models. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Two-Step Procedure. 7.3 First Integral-Based Procedure. 7.4 Ill-Conditioned Numerical Problems. 7.5 Numerical Evaluations of Approximation Schemes. 7.6 Multistep Trapezoidal Scheme. 7.7 On the Corrected Numerical Energy Functions. 7.8 Concluding Remarks. 8. Direct Methods for Stability Analysis: An Introduction. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 A Simple System. 8.3 Closest UEP Method. 8.4 Controlling UEP Method. 8.5 PEBS Method. 8.6 Concluding Remarks. 9. Foundation of the Closest UEP Method. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 A Structure-Preserving Model. 9.3 Closest UEP. 9.4 Characterization of the Closest UEP. 9.5 Closest UEP Method. 9.6 Improved Closest UEP Method. 9.7 Robustness of the Closest UEP. 9.8 Numerical Studies. 9.9 Conclusions. 10. Foundations of the Potential Energy Boundary Surface Method. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Procedure of the PEBS Method. 10.3 Original Model and Artifi cial Model. 10.4 Generalized Gradient Systems. 10.5 A Class of Second-Order Dynamical Systems. 10.6 Relation between the Original Model and the Artifi cial Model. 10.7 Analysis of the PEBS Method. 10.8 Concluding Remarks. 11. Controlling UEP Method: Theory. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Controlling UEP. 11.3 Existence and Uniqueness. 11.4 The Controlling UEP Method. 11.5 Analysis of the Controlling UEP Method. 11.6 Numerical Examples. 11.7 Dynamic and Geometric Characterizations. 11.8 Concluding Remarks. 12. Controlling UEP Method: Computations. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Computational Challenges. 12.3 Constrained Nonlinear Equations for Equilibrium Points. 12.4 Numerical Techniques for Computing Equilibrium Points. 12.5 Convergence Regions of Equilibrium Points. 12.6 Conceptual Methods for Computing the Controlling UEP. 12.7 Numerical Studies. 12.8 Concluding Remarks. 13. Foundations of Controlling UEP Methods for Network-Preserving Transient Stability Models. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 System Models. 13.3 Stability Regions. 13.4 Singular Perturbation Approach. 13.5 Energy Functions for Network-Preserving Models. 13.6 Controlling UEP for DAE Systems. 13.7 Controlling UEP Method for DAE Systems. 13.8 Numerical Studies. 13.9 Concluding Remarks. 14. Network-Reduction BCU Method and Its Theoretical Foundation. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Reduced-State System. 14.3 Analytical Results. 14.4 Static and Dynamic Relationships. 14.5 Dynamic Property (D3). 14.6 A Conceptual Network-Reduction BCU Method. 14.7 Concluding Remarks. 15. Numerical Network-Reduction BCU Method. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Computing Exit Points. 15.3 Stability-Boundary-Following Procedure. 15.4 A Safeguard Scheme. 15.5 Illustrative Examples. 15.6 Numerical Illustrations. 15.7 IEEE Test System. 15.8 Concluding Remarks. 16. Network-Preserving BCU Method and Its Theoretical Foundation. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Reduced-State Model. 16.3 Static and Dynamic Properties. 16.4 Analytical Results. 16.5 Overall Static and Dynamic Relationships. 16.6 Dynamic Property (D3). 16.7 Conceptual Network-Preserving BCU Method. 16.8 Concluding Remarks. 17. Numerical Network-Preserving BCU Method. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Computational Considerations. 17.3 Numerical Scheme to Detect Exit Points. 17.4 Computing the MGP. 17.5 Computation of Equilibrium Points. 17.6 Numerical Examples. 17.7 Large Test Systems. 17.8 Concluding Remarks. 18. Numerical Studies of BCU Methods from Stability Boundary Perspectives. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Stability Boundary of Network-Reduction Models. 18.3 Network-Preserving Model. 18.4 One Dynamic Property of the Controlling UEP. 18.5 Concluding Remarks. 19. Study of the Transversality Conditions of the BCU Method. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 A Parametric Study. 19.3 Analytical Investigation of the Boundary Property. 19.4 The Two-Machine Infi nite Bus (TMIB) System. 19.5 Numerical Studies. 19.6 Concluding Remarks. 20. The BCU–Exit Point Method. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Boundary Property. 20.3 Computation of the BCU–Exit Point. 20.4 BCU–Exit Point and Critical Energy. 20.5 BCU–Exit Point Method. 20.6 Concluding Remarks. 21. Group Properties of Contingencies in Power Systems. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Groups of Coherent Contingencies. 21.3 Identifi cation of a Group of Coherent Contingencies. 21.4 Static Group Properties. 21.5 Dynamic Group Properties. 21.6 Concluding Remarks. 22. Group-Based BCU–Exit Method. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Group-Based Verifi cation Scheme. 22.3 Linear and Nonlinear Relationships. 22.4 Group-Based BCU–Exit Point Method. 22.5 Numerical Studies. 22.6 Concluding Remarks. 23. Group-Based BCU–CUEP Methods. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Exact Method for Computing the Controlling UEP. 23.3 Group-Based BCU–CUEP Method. 23.4 Numerical Studies. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24. Group-Based BCU Method. 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Group-Based BCU Method for Accurate Critical Energy. 24.3 Group-Based BCU Method for CUEPs. 24.4 Numerical Studies. 24.5 Concluding Remarks. 25. Perspectives and Future Directions. 25.1 Current Developments. 25.2 Online Dynamic Contingency Screening. 25.3 Further Improvements. 25.4 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-Assisted Online ATC Determination. 25.5 Emerging Applications. 25.6 Concluding Remarks. Appendix. A1.1 Mathematical Preliminaries. A1.2 Proofs of Theorems in Chapter 9. A1.3 Proofs of Theorems in Chapter 10. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of Design for Reliability (DFR) is to design for zero failures of critical system functions, which results in enormous savings in life cycle costs for producers and users. This practical guide helps readers to understand the best-of-breed methods, technologies, and tools for incorporating reliability into the complex systems design process.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Introduction: What You Will Learn xix 1 Design for Reliability Paradigms 1 Dev Raheja Why Design for Reliability? 1 Reflections on the Current State of the Art 2 The Paradigms for Design for Reliability 4 Summary 13 References 13 2 Reliability Design Tools 15 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 15 Reliability Tools 19 Test Data Analysis 31 Summary 34 References 35 3 Developing Reliable Software 37 Samuel Keene Introduction and Background 37 Software Reliability: Definitions and Basic Concepts 40 Software Reliability Design Considerations 44 Operational Reliability Requires Effective Change Management 48 Execution-Time Software Reliability Models 48 Software Reliability Prediction Tools Prior to Testing 49 References 51 4 Reliability Models 53 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 53 Reliability Block Diagram: System Modeling 56 Example of System Reliability Models Using RBDs 57 Reliability Growth Model 60 Similarity Analysis and Categories of a Physical Model 60 Monte Carlo Models 62 Markov Models 62 References 64 5 Design Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 67 Louis J. Gullo Introduction to FMEA and FMECA 67 Design FMECA 68 Principles of FMECA-MA 71 Design FMECA Approaches 72 Example of a Design FMECA Process 74 Risk Priority Number 82 Final Thoughts 86 References 86 6 Process Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 87 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 87 Principles of P-FMECA 87 Use of P-FMECA 88 What Is Required Before Starting 90 Performing P-FMECA Step by Step 91 Improvement Actions 98 Reporting Results 100 Suggestions for Additional Reading 101 7 FMECA Applied to Software Development 103 Robert W. Stoddard Introduction 103 Scoping an FMECA for Software Development 104 FMECA Steps for Software Development 106 Important Notes on Roles and Responsibilities with Software FMECA 116 Lessons Learned from Conducting Software FMECA 117 Conclusions 119 References 120 8 Six Sigma Approach to Requirements Development 121 Samuel Keene Early Experiences with Design of Experiments 121 Six Sigma Foundations 124 The Six Sigma Three-Pronged Initiative 126 The RASCI Tool 128 Design for Six Sigma 129 Requirements Development: The Principal Challenge to System Reliability 130 The GQM Tool 131 The Mind Mapping Tool 132 References 135 9 Human Factors in Reliable Design 137 Jack Dixon Human Factors Engineering 137 A Design Engineer’s Interest in Human Factors 138 Human-Centered Design 138 Human Factors Analysis Process 144 Human Factors and Risk 150 Human Error 150 Design for Error Tolerance 153 Checklists 154 Testing to Validate Human Factors in Design 154 References 154 10 Stress Analysis During Design to Eliminate Failures 157 Louis J. Gullo Principles of Stress Analysis 157 Mechanical Stress Analysis or Durability Analysis 158 Finite Element Analysis 158 Probabilistic vs. Deterministic Methods and Failures 159 How Stress Analysis Aids Design for Reliability 159 Derating and Stress Analysis 160 Stress vs. Strength Curves 161 Software Stress Analysis and Testing 166 Structural Reinforcement to Improve Structural Integrity 167 References 167 11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing 169 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 169 Time Compression 173 Test Coverage 174 Environmental Stresses of HALT 175 Sensitivity to Stresses 176 Design Margin 178 Sample Size 180 Conclusions 180 Reference 181 12 Design for Extreme Environments 183 Steven S. Austin Overview 183 Designing for Extreme Environments 183 Designing for Cold 184 Designing for Heat 186 References 191 13 Design for Trustworthiness 193 Lawrence Bernstein and C. M. Yuhas Introduction 193 Modules and Components 196 Politics of Reuse 200 Design Principles 201 Design Constraints That Make Systems Trustworthy 204 Conclusions 210 References and Notes 211 14 Prognostics and Health Management Capabilities to Improve Reliability 213 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 213 PHM Is Department of Defense Policy 216 Condition-Based Maintenance vs. Time-Based Maintenance 216 Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors 217 Monitoring Environmental and Usage Loads for Damage Modeling 218 Fault Detection, Fault Isolation, and Prognostics 218 Sensors for Automatic Stress Monitoring 220 References 221 15 Reliability Management 223 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 223 Planning, Execution, and Documentation 229 Closing the Feedback Loop: Reliability Assessment, Problem Solving, and Growth 232 References 233 16 Risk Management, Exception Handling, and Change Management 235 Jack Dixon Introduction to Risk 235 Importance of Risk Management 236 Why Many Risks Are Overlooked 237 Program Risk 239 Design Risk 241 Risk Assessment 242 Risk Identification 243 Risk Estimation 244 Risk Evaluation 245 Risk Mitigation 247 Risk Communication 248 Risk and Competitiveness 249 Risk Management in the Change Process 249 Configuration Management 249 References 251 17 Integrating Design for Reliability with Design for Safety 253 Brian Moriarty Introduction 253 Start of Safety Design 254 Reliability in System Safety Design 255 Safety Analysis Techniques 255 Establishing Safety Assessment Using the Risk Assessment Code Matrix 260 Design and Development Process for Detailed Safety Design 261 Verification of Design for Safety Includes Reliability 261 Examples of Design for Safety with Reliability Data 262 Final Thoughts 266 References 266 18 Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment 267 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 267 The Benefits of IEEE 1624-2008 269 Organizational Reliability Capability 270 Reliability Capability Assessment 271 Design Capability and Performability 271 IEEE 1624 Scoring Guidelines 276 SEI CMMI Scoring Guidelines 277 Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment Process 278 Advantages of High Reliability 282 Conclusions 283 References 284 Index 285

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Book SynopsisFundamental Economic Principles, Methods, and Tools for Addressing Human Systems Integration Issues and Tradeoffs Human Systems Integration (HSI) is a new and fundamental integrating discipline designed to help move business and engineering cultures toward more human-centered systems. Integrating consideration of human abilities, limitations, and preferences into engineering systems yields important cost and performance benefits that otherwise would not have been accomplished. In order for this new discipline to be effective, however, a cultural changestarting with organizational leadershipis often necessary. The Economics of Human Systems Integration explains the difficulties underlying valuation of investments in people''s training and education, safety and health, and work productivity. It provides an overview of how the field of economics addresses these difficulties, focusing on human issues associated with design, development, production, operations, mainTrade Review"It provides an overview of how the field of economics addresses these difficulties, focusing on human issues associated with design, development, production, operations, maintenance, and sustainment of complex systems." (Smart Grid, 9 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction (William B. Rouse). 2. Industry and Commercial Context (William B. Rouse). 3. Government and Defense Context (William B. Rouse and Douglas A. Bodner). PART II ECONOMICS OVERVIEW. 4. Human Capital Economics (William B. Rouse). 5. Labor Economics (Nachum Sicherman). 6. Defense Economics (Keith Hartley). 7. Engineering Economics (William B. Rouse). PART III MODELS, METHODS, AND TOOLS. 8. Parametric Cost Estimation for Human Systems Integration (Ricardo Valerdi and Kevin Liu). 9. A Spreadsheet-Based Tool for Simple Cost–Benefit Analyses of HSI Contributions During Software Application Development (Deborah J. Mayhew). 10. Multistage Real Options (Michael J. Pennock). 11. Organizational Simulation for Economic Assessment (Douglas A. Bodner). PART IV CASE STUDIES. 12. HSI Practices in Program Management: Case Studies of Aegis (Aruna Apte). 13. The Economic Impact of Integrating Ergonomics within an Automotive Production Facility (W. Gary Allread and William S. Marras). 14. How Behavioral and Biometric Health Risk Factors Can Predict Medical and Productivity Costs for Employers (Ron Z. Goetzel, Enid Chung Roemer, Maryam Tabrizi, Rivka Liss-Levinson, and Daniel K. Samoly). 15. Options for Surveillance and Reconnaissance (William B. Rouse). 16. Governing Opportunism in International Armaments Collaboration: The Role of Trust (Ethan B. Kapstein). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth survey of the design and REALIZATIONS of miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters Engineers are continually searching for design methods that can satisfy the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization, accuracy, reliability, and fast development time. Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractal RF and Microwave Filters provides RF and microwave engineers and researchers, advanced graduate students, and wireless and telecommunication engineers with the knowledge and skills to design and realize miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters. This book is an essential resource for the realization of portable and cellular phones, WiFi, 3G and 4G, and satellite networks. The text focuses on the synthesis and fabrication of miniaturized fractal filters with symmetrical and asymmetrical frequency characteristics in the C, X and Ku bands, though applications to other frequency bands are considered. Readers will find helpful guidance on: MTable of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. 1 MICROWAVE FILTER STRUCTURES. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Cavity Filters. 1.3 Planar Filters. 1.4 Planar Filter Technology. 1.5 Active Filters. 1.6 Superconductivity or HTS Filters. 1.7 Periodic Structure Filters. 1.8 SAW Filters. 1.9 Micromachined Filters. 1.10 Summary. References. 2 IN-LINE SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDO-ELLIPTIC FILTERS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Approximation and Synthesis. 2.3 Chebyshev Filters. 2.4 Pseudo-elliptic Filters. 2.5 Prototype Synthesis Examples. 2.6 Theoretical Coupling Coefficients and External Quality Factors. References. 3 SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE STRUCTURE. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Suspended Substrate Technology. 3.3 Unloaded Quality Factor of a Suspended Substrate Resonator. 3.4 Coupling Coefficients of Suspended Substrate Resonators. 3.5 Enclosure Design Considerations. References. 4 MINIATURIZATION OF PLANAR RESONATORS USING FRACTAL ITERATIONS. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Miniaturization of Planar Resonators. 4.3 Fractal Iteration Applied to Planar Resonators. 4.4 Minkowski Resonators. 4.5 Hibert Resonators. References. 5 DESIGN AND REALIZATIONS OF MEANDERED LINE FILTERS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Third-order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Transmission Zero on the Right. 5.3 Third-order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Transmission Zero on the Left. References. 6 DESIGN AND REALIZATIONS OF HILBERT FILTERS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of Hilbert Filters. 6.3 Realizations and Measured Performance. References. 7 DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF DUAL-MODE MINKOWSKI FILTERS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Study of Minkowski Dual-Mode Resonators. 7.3 Design of Fourth-Order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Two Transmission Zeros. 7.4 Realization and Measured Performance. References. APPENDIX 1: Equivalence Between J and K Lowpass Prototypes. APPENDIX 2: Extraction of the Unloaded Quality Factor of Suspended Substrate Resonators. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA Research-Driven Resource on Building Biochemical Systems to Perform Information Processing Functions Information Processing by Biochemical Systems describes fully delineated biochemical systems, organized as neural networktype assemblies. It explains the relationship between these two apparently unrelated fields, revealing how biochemical systems have the advantage of using the language of the physiological processes and, therefore, can be organized into the neural networktype assemblies, much in the way that natural biosystems are. A wealth of information is included concerning both the experimental aspects (such as materials and equipment used) and the computational procedures involved. This authoritative reference: Addresses network-type connectivity, considered to be a key feature underlying the information processing ability of the brain Describes novel scientific achievements, and serves as an aid for those interested in furtTrade Review "A wealth of information is included concerning both the experimental aspects (such as materials and equipment used) and the computational procedures involved." (Zentralblatt MATH 2016) Table of ContentsPreface. Terminology. List of Symbols and Acronyms. 1 Introduction and Literature Survey. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Computational Processes Based on Biological Principles. 1.2.1 Modeling Biological Processes. 1.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks. 1.3 Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics. 1.3.1 Motivation. 1.3.2 Molecular Electronics. 1.3.3 Biomolecular Electronics. 1.4 Biochemical Devices Based on Enzymic Reactions. 1.5 Oscillations in Biochemical Systems. 1.6 Kinetic Characteristics of Cyclic Enzyme Systems. 2 Background and Goals of This Study. 3 Materials and Methods. 3.1 Materials. 3.2 Instruments. 3.3 Experimental Methods. 3.3.1 Determination of Kinetic Constants. 3.3.2 Determination of the Inhibition Constant for Inhibition of Glutathione Reductase by Glucose-6-Phosphate. 3.3.3 Immobilization on Affi-Gel 10. 3.3.4 Assay for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. 3.3.5 Assay for Glutathione Reductase. 3.4 Computational Methods. 4 Results. 4.1 The Basic System: Theoretical Considerations and Results. 4.1.1 Characteristics of the Basic System. 4.1.2 The Basic System as an Information-Processing Unit. 4.1.3 Analytical Models for the Basic System. 4.1.4 Results of Numerical Simulations for the Basic System. 4.2 Neural Network–Type Biochemical Systems for Information Processing. 4.2.1 Network A. 4.2.2 Network B. 4.2.3 Network C. 4.3 The Basic System: Experimental Results. 4.3.1 Deciding on the Experimental System. 4.3.2 Kinetic Study of the Experimental System. 4.3.3 Control of the Input Signal. 4.3.4 The Basic System in a Fed-Batch Reactor. 4.3.5 Internal Inhibition in the Basic System. 4.3.6 Prediction of the Analytical Model Considering Internal Inhibition in a Fed-Batch Reactor. 4.3.7 Immobilization of G6PDH and GR. 4.3.8 The Basic System in a Packed Bed Reactor. 4.4 The Extended Basic System: Theoretical Considerations and Results. 4.4.1 Characteristics of the Extended Basic System. 4.4.2 The Extended Basic System as an Information-Processing Unit. 4.4.3 Analytical Model for the Extended Basic System. 4.4.4 Results of Numerical Simulations for the Extended Basic System. 5 Discussion. 5.1 The Basic System. 5.1.1 Fed-Batch Reactor: Numerical Simulations. 5.1.2 Continuous Reactor: Numerical Simulations. 5.1.3 Assessment of Experimental Results. 5.2 The Extended Basic System. 5.3 Biochemical Networks. 5.4 Comparing Artificial Neural Networks with Biochemical Networks. 5.5 Comparing Biochemical Networks to Computational Models. 6 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital sound synthesis has long been approached using standard digital filtering techniques. Newer synthesis strategies, however, make use of physical descriptions of musical instruments, and allow for much more realistic and complex sound production and thereby synthesis becomes a problem of simulation. This book has a special focus on time domain finite difference methods presented within an audio framework. It covers time series and difference operators, and basic tools for the construction and analysis of finite difference schemes, including frequency-domain and energy-based methods, with special attention paid to problems inherent to sound synthesis. Various basic lumped systems and excitation mechanisms are covered, followed by a look at the 1D wave equation, linear bar and string vibration, acoustic tube modelling, and linear membrane and plate vibration. Various advanced topics, such as the nonlinear vibration of strings and plates, are given an elaborate treatment. Trade Review"It was a pleasure to read this book, which can be approached from many perspectives. In fact, the author uses a style of writing which can be easily understood from undergraduates and graduates, but, at the same time, there are chapters which contain several technical notions, ideal for PhD students and experts of acoustics." (Zentralblatt Math, 2010) "In a nutshell, a very worthy contribution to the field, Bilbao's Numerical Sound Synthesis does a remarkably good job of synthesizing key ideas in a in a lively manner, exploring complex issues in a consistent manner, without simplification, thereby offering an invaluable companion to those who have just entered the field and to experts in coming to grips with the issues involved in numerical sound synthesis." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010) "I highly recommend this book as an introduction to the field of physical modeling for sound synthesis, which is becoming more and more popular with the tremendous increase in affordable computer power, through multicore desktops and laptops and supercomputer-like graphics processing unit (GPU) engines." (Computing Reviews, October 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Sound synthesis and physical modeling. 1.1 Abstract digital sound synthesis. 1.2 Physical modeling. 1.3 Physical modeling: a larger view. 2 Time series and difference operators. 2.1 Time series. 2.2 Shift, difference, and averaging operators. 2.3 Frequency domain analysis. 2.4 Energetic manipulations and identities. 2.5 Problems. 3 The oscillator. 3.1 The simple harmonic oscillator. 3.2 A finite difference scheme. 3.3 Other schemes. 3.4 Lumped mass–spring networks. 3.5 Loss. 3.6 Sources. 3.7 Problems. 3.8 Programming exercises. 4 The oscillator in musical acoustics. 4.1 Nonlinear oscillators. 4.2 Lossless oscillators. 4.3 Lossy oscillators. 4.4 Problems. 4.5 Programming exercises. 5 Grid functions and finite difference operators in 1D. 5.1 Partial differential operators and PDEs. 5.2 Grid functions and difference operators. 5.3 Coordinate changes. 5.4 Problems. 5.5 Programming exercises. 6 The 1D wave equation. 6.1 Definition and properties. 6.2 A simple finite difference scheme. 6.3 Other schemes. 6.4 Modal synthesis. 6.5 Loss. 6.6 Comparative study I. 6.7 Problems. 6.8 Programming exercises. 7 Linear bar and string vibration. 7.1 The ideal uniform bar. 7.2 Stiff strings. 7.3 Frequency-dependent loss. 7.4 Coupling with bow models. 7.5 Coupling with hammer and mallet models. 7.6 Multiple strings. 7.7 Prepared strings. 7.8 Coupled bars. 7.9 Helical springs. 7.10 Spatial variation and stretched coordinates. 7.11 Problems. 7.12 Programming exercises. 8 Nonlinear string vibration. 8.1 The Kirchhoff–Carrier string model. 8.2 General planar nonlinear string motion. 8.3 Non-planar string motion. 8.4 Problems. 8.5 Programming exercises. 9 Acoustic tubes. 9.1 Webster’s equation. 9.2 The vocal tract and speech synthesis. 9.3 Reed wind instruments. 9.4 Other wind instruments. 9.5 Problems. 9.6 Programming exercises. 10 Grid functions and finite difference operators in 2D. 10.1 Partial differential operators and PDEs in two space variables. 10.2 Grid functions and difference operators: Cartesian coordinates. 10.3 Grid functions and difference operators: radial coordinates. 10.4 Problems. 10.5 Programming exercises. 11 The 2D wave equation. 11.1 Definition and properties. 11.2 A simple finite difference scheme. 11.3 Other finite difference schemes. 11.4 Digital waveguide meshes. 11.5 Lumped mass–spring networks. 11.6 Modal synthesis. 11.7 Finite difference schemes in radial coordinates. 11.8 Comparative study II. 11.9 Problems. 11.10 Programming exercises. 12 Linear plate vibration. 12.1 The Kirchhoff thin plate model. 12.2 Loss and tension. 12.3 Plate excitation. 12.4 Plate–string connections. 12.5 Anisotropic plates. 12.6 The thin plate in radial coordinates. 12.7 Problems. 12.8 Programming exercises. 13 Nonlinear plate vibration. 13.1 The Berger plate model. 13.2 The von Kármán plate model. 13.3 Spherical shell vibration. 13.4 Problems. 13.5 Programming exercises. 14 Conclusion and perspectives. 14.1 A family of musical systems. 14.2 Comparative study III. 14.3 Beyond finite difference methods. A Matlab code examples. A.1 The simple harmonic oscillator. A.2 Hammer collision with mass–spring system. A.3 Bowed mass–spring system. A.4 The 1D wave equation: finite difference scheme. A.5 The 1D wave equation: digital waveguide synthesis. A.6 The 1D wave equation: modal synthesis. A.7 The ideal bar. A.8 The stiff string. A.9 The Kirchhoff–Carrier equation. A.10 Vocal synthesis. A.11 The 2D wave equation. A.12 Thin plate. B List of symbols. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday's networks of processors on and off chip, operating with independent clocks, need effective synchronization of the data passing between them for reliability. When two or more processors request access to a common resource, such as a memory, an arbiter has to decide which request to deal with first.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. 1. Synchronization, Arbitration and Choice. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Problem of Choice. 1.3 Choice in Electronics. 1.4 Arbitration. 1.5 Continuous and Discrete Quantities. 1.6 Timing. 1.7 Book Structure. PART I. 2. Modelling Metastability. 2.1 The Synchronizer. 2.2 Latch Model. 2.3 Failure Rates. 2.3.1 Event Histograms and MTBF. 2.4 Latches and Flip-flops. 2.5 Clock Back Edge. 3. Circuits. 3.1 Latches and Metastability Filters. 3.2 Effects of Filtering. 3.3 The Jamb Latch. 3.3.1 Jamb Latch Flip-flop. 3.4 Low Coupling Latch. 3.5 The Q-flop. 3.6 The MUTEX. 3.7 Robust Synchronizer. 3.8 The Tri-flop. 4. Noise and its Effects. 4.1 Noise. 4.2 Effect of Noise on a Synchronizer. 4.3 Malicious Inputs. 4.3.1 Synchronous Systems. 4.3.2 Asynchronous Systems. 5. Metastability Measurements. 5.1 Circuit Simulation. 5.1.1 Time Step Control. 5.1.2 Long-term τ. 5.1.3 Using Bisection. 5.2 Synchronizer Flip-flop Testing. 5.3 Rising and Falling Edges. 5.4 Delay-based Measurement. 5.5 Deep Metastability. 5.6 Back Edge Measurement. 5.7 Measure and Select. 5.7.1 Failure Measurement. 5.7.2 Synchronizer Selection. 6. Conclusions Part I. PART II. 7. Synchronizers in Systems. 7.1 Latency and Throughput. 7.2 FIFO Synchronizer. 7.3 Avoiding Synchronization. 7.4 Predictive Synchronizers. 7.5 Other Low-latency Synchronizers. 7.5.1 Locally Delayed Latching (LDL). 7.5.2 Speculative Synchronization. 7.6 Asynchronous Communication Mechanisms (ACM). 7.6.1 Slot Mechanisms. 7.6.2 Three-slot Mechanism. 7.6.3 Four-slot Mechanism. 7.6.4 Hardware Design and Metastability. 7.7 Some Common Synchronizer Design Issues. 7.7.1 Unsynchronized Paths. 7.7.2 Moving Metastability Out of Sight. 7.7.3 Multiple Synchronizer Flops. 8. Networks and Interconnects. 8.1 Communication on Chip. 8.1.1 Comparison of Network Architectures. 8.2 Interconnect Links. 8.3 Serial Links. 8.3.1 Using One Line. 8.3.2 Using Two Lines. 8.4 Differential Signalling. 8.5 Parallel Links. 8.5.1 One Hot Codes. 8.5.2 Transition Signaling. 8.5.3 n of m Codes. 8.5.4 Phase Encoding. 8.5.5 Time Encoding. 8.6 Parallel Serial Links. 9. Pausible and Stoppable Clocks in GALS. 9.1 GALS Clock Generators. 9.2 Clock Tree Delays. 9.3 A GALS Wrapper. 10. Conclusions Part II. PART III. 11. Arbitration. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Arbiter Definition. 11.3 Arbiter Applications, Resource Allocation Policies and Common Architectures. 11.4 Signal Transition Graphs, Our Main Modelling Language. 12. Simple Two-way Arbiters. 12.1 Basic Concepts and Conventions. 12.1.1 Two-phase or Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) Protocols. 12.1.2 Four-phase or Return-to-zero (RTZ) Protocols. 12.2 Simple Arbitration Between Two Asynchronous Requests. 12.3 Sampling the Logic Level of an Asynchronous Request. 12.4 Summary of Two-way Arbiters. 13. Multi-way Arbiters. 13.1 Multi-way MUTEX Using a Mesh. 13.2 Cascaded Tree Arbiters. 13.3 Ring-based Arbiters. 14. Priority Arbiters. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Priority Discipline. 14.3 Daisy-chain Arbiter. 14.4 Ordered Arbiter. 14.5 Canonical Structure of Priority Arbiters. 14.6 Static Priority Arbiter. 14.7 Dynamic Priority Arbiter. 15. Conclusions Part III. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAmbient Networks defines a new kind of network architecture, which embeds support for co operation and competition between diverse network types within a common control layer. This unified networking concept can adapt to the heterogeneous environments of different radio technologies and service and network environments. Special focus is placed on facilitating both competition and co-operation of various market players, by defining interfaces which allow the instant negotiation of cooperation agreements. The Ambient Networking concept has been developed in the framework of the Ambient Networks project, which is co-sponsored by the European Union under the Information Society Technology (IST) priority of the 6th Framework Programme. The Ambient Networks project mobilised the work of researchers from over forty different organisations, both major industrial corporations and leading academic institutions, from Europe and worldwide. This book offers a complete and detailed overviTable of ContentsAcknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Current Communications Environment 1 1.2 The Ambient Networking Concept 4 1.3 The Ambient Networks Project 4 1.4 How to Read This Book 5 1.5 Outlook 6 2 Ambient Networks – The Consequence of Convergence 7 2.1 Convergence Leading Towards Ambient Networks 7 2.2 Realization of Convergence 8 2.3 Converged All-IP Networks 9 2.4 Network Convergence with the IP Multimedia Subsystem 12 2.5 Towards Ambient Networks 18 2.6 Motivation for a New Approach 19 2.7 Architectural Requirements for Ambient Networks 21 2.8 Summary 26 3 The Business Environment for Ambient Networks 27 3.1 Business Drivers and Benefi ts 27 3.2 Business Actors 30 3.3 The AN Business Proposition: The Value Network 33 3.4 Financial Aspects 37 3.5 Network Composition – Business View 38 3.6 Migration Aspects 40 3.7 Summary 42 4 Architecture and Components 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 The Ambient Network Approach 44 4.3 The Ambient Control Space Concept 46 4.4 The Ambient Layer Model 53 4.5 Summary 64 5 Security in Ambient Networks 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Security Problem Space in Ambient Networks 67 5.3 Security Architecture 70 5.4 Key Problems and Solutions 79 5.5 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 92 6 Network Composition 93 6.1 Introduction and Motivation 93 6.2 Composition Procedures 94 6.3 Definition of Composition Types 97 6.4 Conclusions 105 7 GANS – Generic Ambient Networks Signalling 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 State of the Art 110 7.3 Protocol Architecture 114 7.4 GANS Transport Layer Protocol 116 7.5 QoS Signalling Application 118 7.6 Conclusions 124 8 Multi-Radio Access 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 Multi Radio Access – Problems and State of the Art 128 8.3 The AN Multi-Radio Access Architecture 133 8.4 Access Selection 138 8.5 Challenging Multi-Radio Access Networking Scenarios 146 8.6 Deployment Cost Savings 151 8.7 Migration Issues 154 8.8 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 154 9 Ambient Networks Mobility Management 157 9.1 Background and Motivation 157 9.2 The Framework for Mobility Management 159 9.3 Functional Entities 166 9.4 Trigger Mechanisms 169 10 Overlay Networks for Media Delivery 177 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Why Media Delivery Support in the Network Infrastructure? 178 10.3 Media Delivery Architecture 181 10.4 Concept Evaluation and Demonstration 196 10.5 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 201 11 ContextWare – Context Awareness in Ambient Networks 203 11.1 Introduction 203 11.2 Network Context Awareness 204 11.3 Context Awareness in Ambient Networks 206 11.4 Ambient Networks ContextWare: Architecture and System Design 211 11.5 ContextWare Prototypes 223 11.6 Conclusions 230 12 Towards Ambient Networks Management 231 12.1 Introduction 231 12.2 Ambient Networks Management Challenges 234 12.3 Ambient Networks Management Approaches 235 12.4 Conclusions 255 References 261 Abbreviations 269 Index 273

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Book SynopsisBefore putting digital systems for information technology or telecommunication applications on the market, an essential requirement is to perform tests in order to comply with the limits of radiated emission imposed by the standards. This book provides an investigation into signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Topics such as reflections, crosstalk, switching noise and radiated emission (RE) in high-speed digital systems are covered, which are essential for IT and telecoms applications. The highly important topic of modelling is covered which can reduce costs by enabling simulation data to demonstrate that a product meets design specifications and regulatory limits. According to the new European EMC directive, this can help to avoid the expensive use of large semi-anechoic chambers or open area test sites for radiated emission assessments. Following a short introduction to signalling and radiated interference in digital systems, the book provides a Trade Review“The approach and practical examples of this book make it a valuable tool for learners and professionals concerned with signal and power integrity and electromagnetic interference, including electrical engineers, system designers, and signal integrity engineers.” (International Journal Microstructure & Materials Properties, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction to Signal Integrity and Radiated Emission in Digital System 2. High-Speed Digital Devices 3. Inductance 4. Capacitance 5. Reflection on Signal Lines 6. Crosstalk 7. Lossy Transmission Lines 8. Delta I-Noise 9. Radiated Emission from PCB 10. Grounding in PCB 11. Measurement and Modeling 12. Differential Signalling and Discontinuities Modeling in PCBs Appendix A – Working Formulas for partial Inductance Calculation Appendix B – Characteristic Impedance, Delay and Attenuation of Microstrips and Striplines Appendix C - Computation of Resonances in Power Distribution Network of a PCB Appendix D - Formulae for Simple-Radiating Structures Appendix E - Introduction to Nodal Method for AC Analysis Appendix F – Files in the Web Index

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Book SynopsisRadio spectrum is today not efficiently utilized because of a complicated and time-consuming radio regulation processes and inflexibility in standardization. In this book, intelligent technologies to help overcome these barriers, namely, cognitive radios, are discussed.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. About The Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgement. Preface. Abbreviations. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Access to radio spectrum. 1.2 Artificial spectrum scarcity from unexploited frequencies. 1.3 Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access as solution. 1.4 This book 28. 2. RADIO SPECTRUM TODAY - REGULATION AND SPECTRUM USAGE. 2.1 History and terminology. 2.1.1 The four basic approaches for radio spectrum regulation. 2.1.2 Guiding principles. 2.2 Institutions that regulate radio spectrum. 2.2.1 International Telecommunication Union, ITU. 2.2.2 Europe. 2.2.3 Germany. 2.2.4 United Kingdom. 2.2.5 Japan. 2.2.6 P.R. China. 2.2.7 United States of America. 2.3 Licensed and unlicensed spectrum. 2.3.1 The disadvantages of spectrum licensing. 2.3.2 Unlicensed spectrum as alternative. 2.3.3 Tragedy of commons in unlicensed spectrum. 2.3.4 Spectrum measurements. 3. RADIO SPECTRUM TOMORROW ? DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS & SPECTRUM SHARING. 3.1 Spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum access: concepts and terminology. 3.1.1 Spectrum trading and spectrum liberalization. 3.1.2 Underlay and overlay spectrum sharing. 3.1.3 Vertical and horizontal spectrum sharing. 3.1.4 Coexistence, coordination and cooperation. 3.2 Horizontal spectrum sharing. 3.2.1 Coexistence. 3.2.2 Centralized spectrum coordination for horizontal sharing. 3.2.3 Spectrum sharing games. 3.3 Vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.1 Re-use of TV bands for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.2 Spectrum pooling and a common control for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.3 Operator-assistance in vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.4 Spectrum load smoothing for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.4 Taxonomy for spectrum sharing. 4. TOWARDS COGNITIVE RADIO - RESEARCH AND STANDARDIZATION. 4.1 Research programs and projects. 4.1.1 DARPA Next Generation Communications Program, XG. 4.1.2 National Science Foundation’s project GENI. 4.1.3 European project E3. 4.1.4 European project WINNER+. 4.1.5 European project WIP. 4.1.6 European project SOCRATES. 4.1.7 European project ROCKET. 4.1.8 European project ORACLE. 4.2 IEEE coordination, and the Coexistence Advisory Group IEEE 802.19. 4.3 IEEE SCC41/P1900. 4.3.1 IEEE P1900.1. 4.3.2 IEEE P1900.2. 4.3.3 IEEE P1900.3. 4.3.4 IEEE P1900.4. 4.3.5 IEEE P1900.5. 4.4 Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Networks IEEE 802.11. 4.4.1 IEEE 802.11k for radio resource measurements. 4.4.2 IEEE 802.11n for high throughput. 4.4.3 IEEE 802.11s for mesh networks. 4.4.4 IEEE 802.11y for high power Wi-Fi. 4.5 WiMAX Wirless Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802.16. 4.5.1 IEEE 802.16.2 Coexistence. 4.5.2 IEEE 802.16h license exempt. 4.5.3 IEEE 802.22 for wireless rural area networks. 4.6 Other standardization activities. 4.6.1 White Spaces Coalition & Wireless Innovation Alliance. 4.6.2 The New America Foundation and open spectrum. 4.6.3 SDR Forum. 4.6.4 Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP. 4.6.5 European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. 4.6.6 Academic research conferences and workshops. 5. PROPOSED ENABLERS FOR REALIZING HORIZONTAL SPECTRUM SHARING. 5.1 IEEE 802.11 in unlicensed spectrum. 5.1.1 Overview. 5.1.2 Physical layer. 5.1.3 Medium access control. 5.1.4 Learning from 802.11. 5.2 IEEE 802.16 in unlicensed spectrum. 5.2.1 Coexistence scenario. 5.2.2 Protecting the beginning of 802.16 MAC frame. 5.2.3 Protecting the 802.16 UL subframe. 5.2.4 Shifting the contention slots. 5.2.5 Quality-of-service, efficiency, and fairness. 5.3 Policies in spectrum usage. 5.3.1 Policy framework. 5.3.2 Spectrum navigation. 5.3.3 Reasoning based spectrum navigation. 5.4 Policy language. 5.5 Spectrum sharing games. 5.5.1 Related work. 5.5.2 802.11e coexistence scenario. 5.5.3 Game overview. 5.5.4 Single stage game for frame based interaction. 5.5.5 Quality-of-service as utility. 5.5.6 Analytic game model. 5.5.7 Behavior. 5.5.8 Equilibrium analysis. 5.5.9 Multi stage game model. 5.5.10 Discounting of future payoffs. 5.5.11 Strategies. 5.5.12 Nash equilibrium in multi stage games. 5.5.13 QoS evaluation of strategies. 5.5.14 Game approach as policy. 5.5.15 Learning from spectrum sharing games. 6. PROPOSED ENABLERS FOR REALIZING VERTICAL SPECTRUM SHARING. 6.1 Frequency division duplex for Wi-Fi: FDD WLANs. 6.2 Operator assisted cognitive radio with beaconing. 6.2.1 Existing standard beaconing concepts. 6.2.2 What is a beacon? 6.2.3 Improved signaling mechanism with dual beacons. 6.2.4 Beacon implementation in IEEE 802.11. 6.2.5 Evaluation. 6.2.6 Dual beaconing for the reuse of TV bands as policy. 6.3 Spectrum load smoothing. 6.3.1 Related work. 6.3.2 Enabling cognitive radios. 6.3.3 Spectrum load smoothing in the time domain. 6.3.4 Initial simulations and convergence experiments. 6.3.5 Modeling spectrum load smoothing in spectrum sharing scenarios. 6.3.6 QoS support in IEEE 802.11e coexistence scenarios. 6.3.7 SLS with reservations - approach to the re-use of TV-bands. 6.3.8 SLS without reservations - opportunistic spectrum usage scenario. 6.3.9 Evaluation of QoS capabilities. 6.3.10 Spectrum load smoothing as policy. 6.3.11 Learning from spectrum load smoothing approach. 7. OUR VISION ? THE TRUE COGNITIVE RADIO. 7.1 Mitola’s cognition circle and related cognitive radio definitions. 7.2 Cognitive radios can gain from delay-tolerant software radio. 7.3 DARPA XG provides implementation guidelines, including the access protocol. 7.3.1 Traceable decision making. 7.3.2 Machine-understandable radio semantics. 7.4 Spectrum etiquette may stimulate cognitive behavior. 7.4.1 What is spectrum etiquette? 7.4.2 Value orientation. 7.5 Network operators may assist dynamic spectrum access. 7.6 Business opportunities. 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS. A. APPENDIX "JEMULA802". B. APPENDIX "YOUSHI". B.1 Modeling QoS requirements and demands. B.2 Resource allocation and collisions. B.3 Graphical user interface. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Signal Processing for Sound and Vibration Engineers is based on Joe Hammond's many years of teaching experience at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Signal Processing. 1.1 Descriptions of Physical Data (Signals). 1.2 Classification of Data. PART I: DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS. 2. Classification of Deterministic Data. 2.1 Periodic Signals. 2.2 Almost Periodic Signals. 2.3 Transient Signals. 2.4 Brief Summary and Concluding Remarks. 2.5 MATLAB Examples. 3. Fourier Series. 3.1 Periodic Signals and Fourier Series. 3.2 The Delta Function. 3.3 Fourier Series and the Delta Function. 3.4 The Complex Form of the Fourier Series. 3.5 Spectra. 3.6 Some Computational Considerations. 3.7 Brief Summary. 3.8 MATLAB Examples. 4. Fourier Integrals (Fourier Transform) and Continuous-Time Linear Systems. 4.1 The Fourier Integral. 4.2 Energy Spectra. 4.3 Some Examples of Fourier Transforms. 4.4 Properties of Fourier Transforms. 4.5 The Importance of Phase. 4.6 Echoes. 4.7 Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems and Convolution. 4.8 Group Delay (Dispersion). 4.9 Minimum and Non-Minimum Phase Systems. 4.10 The Hilbert Transform. 4.11 The Effect of Data Truncation (Windowing). 4.12 Brief Summary. 4.13 MATLAB Examples. 5. Time Sampling and Aliasing. 5.1 The Fourier Transform of An Ideal Sampled Signal. 5.2 Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filters. 5.3 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion and Dynamic Range. 5.4 Some Other Considerations in Signal Acquisition. 5.5 Shannon’s Sampling Theorem (Signal Reconstruction). 5.6 Brief Summary. 5.7 MATLAB Examples. 6. The Discrete Fourier Transform. 6.1 Sequences and Linear Filters. 6.2 Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Systems and Signals. 6.3 The Discrete Fourier Transform. 6.4 Properties of the DFT. 6.5 Convolution of Periodic Sequences. 6.6 The Fast Fourier Transform. 6.7 Brief Summary. 6.8 MATLAB Examples. PART II: INTRODUCTION TO RANDOM PROCESSES. 7. Random Processes. 7.1 Basic Probability Theory. 7.2 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 7.3 Expectations of Functions of a Random Variable. 7.4 Brief Summary. 7.5 MATLAB Examples. 8. Stochastic Processes; Correlation Functions and Spectra. 8.1 Probability Distribution Associated with a Stochastic Process. 8.2 Moments of a Stochastic Process. 8.3 Stationarity. 8.4 The Second Moments of a Stochastic Process; Covariance. (Correlation) Functions. 8.5 Ergodicity and Time Averages. 8.6 Examples. 8.7 Spectra. 8.8 Brief Summary. 8.9 MATLAB Examples. 9. Linear System Response to Random Inputs: System Identification. 9.1 Single-Input, Single-Output Systems. 9.2 The Ordinary Coherence Function. 9.3 System Identification. 9.4 Brief Summary. 9.5 MATLAB Examples. 10. Estimation Methods and Statistical Considerations. 10.1 Estimator Errors and Accuracy. 10.2 Mean Value and Mean Square Value. 10.3 Correlation and Covariance Functions. 10.4 Power Spectral Density Function. 10.5 Cross-spectral Density Function. 10.6 Coherence Function. 10.7 Frequency Response Function. 10.8 Brief Summary. 10.9 MATLAB Examples. 11. Multiple-Input/Response Systems. 11.1 Description of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems. 11.2 Residual Random Variables, Partial and Multiple Coherence Functions. 11.3 Principal Component Analysis. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresenting information on electrostatic discharge (ESD) and the characterization of semiconductor devices, this book examines ESD physical models and discusses the test systems and testing and specifications of each model, including the RF ESD test systems and magnetic recording (MR) systems and latchup.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Testing for ESD, EMI, EOS, EMC, and Latchup 1 1.2 Component and System Level Testing 1 1.3 Qualification Testing 2 1.4 ESD Standards 3 1.5 Component Level Standards 6 1.6 System Level Standards 7 1.7 Factory and Material Standards 7 1.8 Characterization Testing 8 1.9 ESD Library Characterization and Qualification 12 1.10 ESD Component Standards and Chip Architectures 12 1.11 System Level Characterization 13 1.12 Summary and Closing Comments 13 Problems 14 References 15 2 Human Body Model 17 2.1 History 17 2.2 Scope 18 2.3 Purpose 18 2.4 Pulse Waveform 18 2.5 Equivalent Circuit 19 2.6 Test Equipment 20 2.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 23 2.8 Failure Mechanisms 25 2.9 HBM ESD Current Paths 26 2.10 HBM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 28 2.11 Alternate Test Methods 32 2.12 HBM Two-Pin Stress 34 2.13 HBM Small Step Stress 37 2.14 Summary and Closing Comments 38 Problems 39 References 39 3 Machine Model 43 3.1 History 43 3.2 Scope 43 3.3 Purpose 43 3.4 Pulse Waveform 44 3.5 Equivalent Circuit 45 3.6 Test Equipment 45 3.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 47 3.8 Failure Mechanisms 49 3.9 MM ESD Current Paths 49 3.10 MM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 52 3.11 Alternate Test Methods 55 3.12 Machine Model to Human Body Model Ratio 57 3.13 Machine Model Status as an ESD Standard 58 3.14 Summary and Closing Comments 58 Problems 59 References 59 4 Charged Device Model (CDM) 61 4.1 History 61 4.2 Scope 61 4.3 Purpose 62 4.4 Pulse Waveform 62 4.5 Equivalent Circuit 65 4.6 Test Equipment 65 4.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 67 4.8 Failure Mechanisms 69 4.9 CDM ESD Current Paths 70 4.10 CDM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 72 4.11 Alternative Test Methods 74 4.12 Charged Board Model (CBM) 75 4.13 Summary and Closing Comments 77 Problems 79 References 80 5 Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) Testing 84 5.1 History 84 5.2 Scope 85 5.3 Purpose 85 5.4 Pulse Waveform 86 5.5 Equivalent Circuit 87 5.6 Test Equipment 88 5.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 95 5.8 TLP Pulsed I–V Characteristic 98 5.9 Alternate Methods 101 5.10 TLP-to-HBM Ratio 104 5.11 Summary and Closing Comments 104 Problems 104 References 105 6 Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) Testing 108 6.1 History 108 6.2 Scope 108 6.3 Purpose 108 6.4 Pulse Waveform 109 6.5 Equivalent Circuit 111 6.6 Test Equipment Configuration 111 6.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 117 6.8 VF-TLP Pulsed I–V Characteristics 121 6.9 Alternate Test Methods 124 6.10 Summary and Closing Comments 125 Problems 128 References 128 7 IEC 61000-4-2 130 7.1 History 130 7.2 Scope 130 7.3 Purpose 130 7.4 Pulse Waveform 131 7.5 Equivalent Circuit 133 7.6 Test Equipment 133 7.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 135 7.8 Failure Mechanisms 137 7.9 IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Current Paths 138 7.10 ESD Protection Circuitry Solutions 139 7.11 Alternative Test Methods 140 7.12 Summary and Closing Comments 143 Problems 143 References 144 8 Human Metal Model (HMM) 147 8.1 History 147 8.2 Scope 147 8.3 Purpose 148 8.4 Pulse Waveform 148 8.5 Equivalent Circuit 149 8.6 Test Equipment 149 8.7 Test Configuration 150 8.8 Test Sequence and Procedure 153 8.9 Failure Mechanisms 157 8.10 ESD Current Paths 158 8.11 ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 158 8.12 Summary and Closing Comments 160 Problems 160 References 161 9 IEC 61000-4-5 163 9.1 History 163 9.2 Scope 164 9.3 Purpose 164 9.4 Pulse Waveform 165 9.5 Equivalent Circuit 166 9.6 Test Equipment 166 9.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 168 9.8 Failure Mechanisms 168 9.9 IEC 61000-4-5 ESD Current Paths 170 9.10 ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 170 9.11 Alternate Test Methods 171 9.12 Summary and Closing Comments 171 Problems 172 References 172 10 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) 174 10.1 History 174 10.2 Scope 175 10.3 Purpose 175 10.4 Cable Discharge Event – Charging, Discharging, and Pulse Waveform 175 10.5 Equivalent Circuit 178 10.6 Test Equipment 179 10.7 Test Measurement 180 10.8 Test Procedure 185 10.9 Measurement of a Cable in Different Conditions 185 10.10 Transient Field Measurements 195 10.11 Telecommunication Cable Discharge Test System 195 10.12 Cable Discharge Current Paths 200 10.13 Failure Mechanisms 200 10.14 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) Protection 201 10.15 Alternative Test Methods 203 10.16 Summary and Closing Comments 204 Problems 204 References 204 11 Latchup 206 11.1 History 206 11.2 Purpose 208 11.3 Scope 209 11.4 Pulse Waveform 209 11.5 Equivalent Circuit 209 11.6 Test Equipment 209 11.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 211 11.8 Failure Mechanisms 215 11.9 Latchup Current Paths 216 11.10 Latchup Protection Solutions 216 11.11 Alternate Test Methods 222 11.12 Single Event Latchup (SEL) Test Methods 224 11.13 Summary and Closing Comments 224 Problems 227 References 227 12 Electrical Overstress (EOS) 230 12.1 History 230 12.2 Scope 232 12.3 Purpose 233 12.4 Pulse Waveform 233 12.5 Equivalent Circuit 233 12.6 Test Equipment 234 12.7 Test Procedure and Sequence 234 12.8 Failure Mechanisms 236 12.9 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Protection Circuit Solutions 240 12.10 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Testing – TLP Method and EOS 249 12.11 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Testing – DC and Transient Latchup Testing 252 12.12 Summary and Closing Comments 252 Problems 252 References 253 13 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 257 13.1 History 257 13.2 Purpose 258 13.3 Scope 258 13.4 Pulse Waveform 258 13.5 Equivalent Circuit 259 13.6 Test Equipment 259 13.7 Test Procedures 261 13.8 Failure Mechanisms 261 13.9 ESD/EMC Current Paths 263 13.10 EMC Solutions 264 13.11 Alternative Test Methods 266 13.12 EMC/ESD Product Evaluation – IC Prequalification 267 13.13 EMC/ESD Scanning Detection – Upset Evaluation 267 13.14 EMC/ESD Product Qualification Process 268 13.15 Alternative ESD/EMC Scanning Methods 271 13.16 Current Reconstruction Methodology 276 13.17 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design EMC Solutions 277 13.18 Summary and Closing Comments 280 Problems 281 References 282 A Glossary of Terms 284 B Standards 288 B.1 ESD Association 288 B.2 International Organization of Standards 289 B.3 IEC 289 B.4 RTCA 289 B.5 Department of Defense 289 B.6 Military Standards 289 B.7 Airborne Standards and Lightning 290 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThis self-contained book gives fundamental knowledge about scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic waves and fills the gap between general electromagnetic theory courses and collections of engineering formulas.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scattering and Diffraction Theory 1 1.2 Books on Related Subjects 3 1.3 Concept and Outline of the Book 5 References 8 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Scattering 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Fundamental Equations and Conditions 11 2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 12 2.2.2 Constitutive Relations 12 2.2.3 Time-harmonic Scattering Problems 19 2.3 Approximate Boundary Conditions 26 2.3.1 Impedance Boundary Conditions 26 2.3.2 Generalized (Higher-order) Impedance Boundary Conditions 31 2.3.3 Sheet Transition Conditions 32 2.4 Fundamental Properties of Time-harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 35 2.4.1 Energy Conservation and Uniqueness 35 2.4.2 Reciprocity 39 2.5 Basic Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in Homogeneous Isotropic Media 42 2.5.1 Plane, Spherical, and Cylindrical Waves 43 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Potentials and Fields of External Currents 46 2.5.3 Tensor Green’s Function 50 2.5.4 E and H Modes 54 2.5.5 Fields with Translational Symmetry 58 2.6 Electromagnetic Formulation of Huygens’ Principle 61 2.6.1 Compact Scatterers 62 2.6.2 Cylindrical Scatterers 67 2.7 Problems 70 References 84 3 Far-field Scattering 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Scattering Cross Section 87 3.2.1 Monostatic and Bistatic, Backscattering and Forward-scattering Cross Sections, Differential, Total, Absorption, and Extinction Cross Sections 87 3.2.2 Scattering Width 91 3.2.3 Backscattering from Impedance-matched Bodies 93 3.3 Scattering Matrix 95 3.3.1 Definition 95 3.3.2 Scattering Matrix in Spherical Coordinates 97 3.3.3 Scattering Matrix in the Plane of Scattering Coordinates 99 3.4 Far-field Coefficient 101 3.4.1 Integral Representations and Far-field Conditions 102 3.4.2 Reciprocity of Scattered Fields 106 3.4.3 Forward Scattering 108 3.4.4 Cylindrical Bodies 113 3.5 Scattering Regimes 120 3.5.1 Resonant-size Scatterers 120 3.5.2 Electrically Large Scatterers 121 3.6 Electrically Small Scatterers 125 3.6.1 Physics of Dipole Scattering 126 3.6.2 Dipole Scattering in Terms of Polarizability Tensors 129 3.6.3 Magneto-dielectric Ellipsoid 131 3.6.4 Rotationally Symmetric Particles 137 3.7 Problems 148 References 162 4 Planar Interfaces 165 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Interface of Two Homogeneous Semi-infinite Media 167 4.2.1 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 167 4.2.2 Brewster’s Angle 173 4.2.3 Total Internal Reflection 173 4.2.4 Interfaces with Double-negative Materials 176 4.2.5 Surface Waves 177 4.2.6 Vector Solution of Reflection and Transmission Problems 179 4.3 Arbitrary Number of Planar Layers 182 4.3.1 Solution by the Method of Characteristic Matrices 182 4.3.2 Discussion and Limiting Cases 189 4.4 Reflection and Transmission of Cylindrical and Spherical Waves 195 4.4.1 Excitation by a Linear Electric Current 195 4.4.2 Excitation by an Electric Dipole 202 4.5 A Layer between Homogeneous Half-spaces 207 4.5.1 Different Half-spaces 207 4.5.2 A PEC-backed Layer 213 4.5.3 Layer Immersed in a Homogeneous Space 215 4.6 Modeling with Approximate Boundary Conditions 224 4.6.1 Accuracy of Impedance Boundary Conditions 225 4.6.2 Accuracy of Transition Boundary Conditions 229 4.6.3 Impedance-matched Surface 232 4.7 Problems 235 References 249 5 Wedges 251 5.1 Introduction 251 5.2 The Perfectly Conducting Wedge 253 5.2.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem 254 5.2.2 Solution by Separation of Variables 256 5.2.3 Fields and Currents at the Edge 258 5.2.4 Reduction to an Integral Form 260 5.2.5 Special Cases 262 5.2.6 Edge-diffracted and GO Components. Diffraction Coefficient 266 5.3 Scattering from a Half-plane (Solution by Factorization Method) 271 5.3.1 Statement of the Problem 271 5.3.2 Functional Equation 273 5.3.3 Factorization and Solution 274 5.3.4 Scattered Field Far from the Edge 276 5.4 The Impedance Wedge 279 5.4.1 Boundary Value Problem, Sommerfeld’s Integrals, and Functional Equations 279 5.4.2 Normal Incidence (Maliuzhinets’ Solution) 288 5.4.3 Unit Surface Impedance 297 5.4.4 Further Exactly Solvable Cases 300 5.5 High-frequency Scattering from Impenetrable Wedges 306 5.5.1 GO Components and Surface Waves 307 5.5.2 Edge-diffracted Field, Diffraction Coefficient, and Scattering Widths 310 5.5.3 Uniform Asymptotic Approximations 316 5.5.4 GTD/UTD Formulation 319 5.6 Behavior of Electromagnetic Fields at Edges 322 5.6.1 Determining the Degree of Singularity 322 5.6.2 Analytical Structure of Meixner’s Series 328 5.7 Problems 329 References 336 6 Circular Cylinders and Convex Bodies 339 6.1 Introduction 339 6.2 Perfectly Conducting Cylinders: Separation of Variables and Series Solution 340 6.2.1 Separation of Variables 342 6.2.2 Satisfying the Boundary Conditions 342 6.2.3 Scattered Fields 343 6.2.4 Numerical Examples 345 6.3 Homogeneous Cylinders under Normal Illumination 350 6.3.1 Field Equations and Boundary Conditions 350 6.3.2 Rayleigh Series Solution 351 6.3.3 Numerical Examples 352 6.4 Watson’s Transformation and High-frequency Approximations 354 6.4.1 Watson’s Transformation 355 6.4.2 Alternative Solution by Separation of Variables 358 6.4.3 High-frequency Approximations 360 6.4.4 Surface Currents in the Penumbra Region. Fock’s Functions 369 6.5 Coated and Impedance Cylinders under Oblique Illumination 375 6.5.1 PEC Cylinder with Magneto-dielectric Coating 376 6.5.2 Impedance Cylinder 383 6.6 Extension to Generally Shaped Convex Impedance Bodies 392 6.6.1 Fock’s Principle of the Local Field in the Penumbra Region 393 6.6.2 Asymptotic Solution for the Field on the Surface of Circular Impedance Cylinders under Oblique Illumination 396 6.6.3 Fock- and GTD-type Solutions for Electrically Large Convex Impedance Bodies 398 6.7 Problems 403 References 411 7 Spheres 412 7.1 Introduction 412 7.2 Exact Solution for a Multilayered Sphere 414 7.2.1 Formulation of the Problem in Terms of Debye’s Potentials 415 7.2.2 Derivation of the Series Solution 417 7.2.3 Solution for Impedance Boundary Conditions 427 7.3 Physics of Scattering from Spheres 429 7.3.1 Classification of Scattering 430 7.3.2 Spiral Waves 436 7.3.3 Debye’s Expansions for Homogeneous Spheres 438 7.3.4 Waves in Electrically Large Homogeneous Low-absorption Spheres 442 7.4 Scattered Field in the Far Zone 463 7.4.1 Far-field Coefficient, Scattering Cross Sections, and Polarization Structure. Approximations for Electrically Large Spheres 463 7.4.2 Electrically Small Spheres: Dipole, Quasi-static, and Resonance Approximations 471 7.4.3 PEC Spheres 479 7.4.4 Core-shell Spheres 483 7.4.5 Impedance Spheres 488 7.5 Far-field Scattering from Homogeneous Spheres 493 7.5.1 Exact Solution and Limiting Cases 494 7.5.2 Electrically Small Lossy Spheres 495 7.5.3 Electrically Small Low-absorption Spheres 499 7.5.4 Electrically Large Lossy Spheres: Relation to the Impedance Sphere and the Role of Absorption 506 7.5.5 Electrically Large Low-absorption Spheres: Light Scattering from Water Droplets 513 7.6 Metamaterial Effects in Scattering from Spheres 542 7.6.1 Small Spheres 542 7.6.2 Invisibility Cloak 546 7.7 Problems 552 References 562 8 Method of Physical Optics 565 8.1 Introduction 565 8.1.1 On Numerical Techniques for Studying Scattering from Arbitrary-shaped Bodies 565 8.1.2 PO as one of the Approximate Analytical Techniques 566 8.1.3 Structure of the Chapter 567 8.2 Principles and General Solution 567 8.2.1 Principles of PO 567 8.2.2 Derivation of PO Solutions 569 8.2.3 PO for Cylindrical Bodies 573 8.3 Transmission through Apertures 575 8.3.1 PO Solution 575 8.3.2 GO Rays and Fresnel Zones 576 8.3.3 Contribution from the Rim of the Aperture: Edge-diffracted Rays 582 8.4 Scattering from Curved Surfaces 594 8.4.1 Fock’s Reflection Formula 594 8.4.2 Application to a Spherical Segment 600 8.4.3 Reflection Formula in the Far-field Region 605 8.4.4 Diffraction by an Edge in a Non-metallic Surface 609 8.5 Advantages and Limitations of Physical Optics 615 8.6 Problems 616 References 632 9 Physical Optics Solutions of Canonical Problems 634 9.1 Introduction 634 9.2 Vertices 635 9.2.1 Vertex on an Edge of a Thin Plate 637 9.2.2 Apex of a Pyramid 641 9.2.3 Tip of an Elliptic Cone 643 9.3 Electrically Large Plates 652 9.3.1 Arbitrarily Shaped Plates 653 9.3.2 Circular Disc 658 9.3.3 Polygonal Plates 663 9.3.4 Far-field Patterns of Polygonal Plates and Apertures 667 9.4 Bodies of Revolution 671 9.4.1 PO Solution for Bodies of Revolution 672 9.4.2 Imperfectly Reflecting Bodies under Axial Illumination 675 9.4.3 PEC Bodies under Oblique Illumination 677 9.4.4 Axial Backscattering 678 9.4.5 Examples 684 9.5 Problems 689 References 712 A Definitions and Useful Relations of Vector Analysis and Differential Geometry 714 A.1 Vector Algebra 714 A.2 Vector Analysis 716 A.3 Vectors and Vector Differential Operators in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 717 A.3.1 General Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 717 A.3.2 Spherical Coordinates 718 A.4 Curves and Surfaces in Space 720 A.4.1 Curves 720 A.4.2 Surfaces 720 A.5 Problems 722 References 724 B Fresnel Integral and Related Functions 725 B.1 Fresnel Integral 725 B.2 Relation to the Error Function 728 B.3 Transition Functions of Uniform Theories of Diffraction 730 B.4 Problems 731 References 732 C Principles of Complex Integration 733 C.1 Introduction 733 C.2 Deforming the Integration Contour 734 C.2.1 Basic Facts about Functions of a Complex Variable 734 C.2.2 Integrals over Infinite Contours 736 C.3 Steepest Descent Method 737 C.3.1 Steepest Descent Path 738 C.3.2 Saddle Point Contribution 739 C.3.3 Pole Singularity near the Saddle Point 741 C.3.4 Further Cases 742 C.4 Problems 743 References 745 D The Stationary Phase Method 746 D.1 Introduction 746 D.2 One-dimensional Integrals 746 D.2.1 No Stationary Points on the Integration Interval 747 D.2.2 Isolated Stationary Points 748 D.2.3 Two Coalescing Stationary Points 751 D.3 Two-dimensional Integrals 756 D.3.1 Stationary Point in the Integration Domain 756 D.3.2 Stationary Point near the Boundary of the Integration Domain 758 D.3.3 Contribution from the Boundary of the Integration Domain 760 D.3.4 Kontorovich’s Formula 763 D.3.5 Integrand Vanishing on the Boundary 765 D.3.6 Summary of the Two-dimensional Stationary-phase Method 766 D.4 Problems 766 References 768 E Asymptotic Approximations of Bessel Functions of Large Argument and Arbitrary Order 770 E.1 Introduction 770 E.1.1 Basic Definitions and Properties 770 E.1.2 Large-argument Approximations (|z| â 1) 772 E.1.3 Content of the Appendix 775 E.2 Debye’s Asymptotic Approximations 776 E.2.1 Debye’s Method 776 E.2.2 WKB Approximation 778 E.2.3 Bessel Functions on the Complex 𝜈 Plane 791 E.3 Almost Equal Argument and Order 795 E.3.1 Approximations in Terms of Airy Functions 796 E.3.2 Approximations in Terms of Normalized Airy Functions 797 E.3.3 Zeros in the Neighborhood of the Points 𝜈 = ±z 798 References 799 Index 801

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Book SynopsisThe long-awaited second edition of Digital Color Management: Encoding Solutions has been fully revised and updated to include new topics on non-CRT displays, digital cinema, encoding metrics and International Color Consortium (ICC) color management.Trade Review"The writing is extremely clear, well paced, and well illustrated. . . Their experience with all of these systems provides a background that is both broad and deep when they explain the limitations of many color-management systems and propose a comprehensive color-management environment." (Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2009) "The book is illuminatively written, impeccably printed and illustrated in color." (SIVip, 2010) Table of ContentsSeries Preface Acknowledgement Introduction I Fundamentals 1 Measuring Color 2 Color-Imaging Systems 3 The Human Color-Imaging System II The Nature of Color Images 4 Electronic Displays 5 Electronic Imaging Systems 6 ReflectionImages 7 ProjectedImages 8 Photographic Negatives III Digital Color Encoding 9 Encoding Concepts 10 Densitometric Color Encoding 11 Colorimetric Color Encoding 12 Scene-Based Color Encoding 13 Color-Encoding Data Metrics 14 Output Signal Processing 15 Myths and Misconceptions IV A Unified Color-Management Environment 16 Color-Management Paradigms 17 A Unified Paradigm: Basic Properties 18 A Unified Paradigm: Encoding Concepts 19 A Unified Paradigm: Encoding Transformations 20 A Unified Paradigm: Example Systems 21 A Unified Paradigm: Complex Systems 22 A Unified Paradigm: Color Interchange 23 A Unified Paradigm: Implementation 24 Closing Thoughts and Conclusions V Appendices A Colorimetry B Densitometry C Photographic Media D Adaptation E Viewing Flare F Scene-Based Color Encoding Specifications G Transformations for Color Interchange H Color-Primary Conversions I Mathematical Transforms Glossary Suggested Reading Index

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Book SynopsisInternet Telephony is one of the most important and fastest growing technologies for emerging mobile networks, as it provides a viable technical and economical alternative to current telecommunication networks. SIP is a standard protocol that has become the de-facto standard for VoIP and multimedia services.Table of ContentsForeword. About the Authors. Acknowledgment. 1 Introduction. 2 Introduction to Cryptographic Mechanisms. 2.1 Cryptographic Algorithms. 2.2 Secure Channel Establishment. 2.3 Authentication in 3GPP Networks. 2.4 Security Mechanisms Threats and Vulnerabilities. 3 Introduction to SIP. 3.1 What is SIP, Why Should we Bother About it and What are Competing Technologies? 3.2 SIP: the Common Scenarios. 3.3 Introduction to SIP Operation: the SIP Trapezoid. 3.4 SIP Components. 3.5 Addressing in SIP. 3.6 SIP Message Elements. 3.7 SIP Dialogs and Transactions. 3.8 SIP Request Routing. 3.9 Authentication, Authorization, Accounting. 3.10 SIP and Middleboxes. 3.11 Other Parts of the SIP Eco-system. 3.12 SIP Protocol Design and Lessons Learned. 4 Introduction to IMS. 4.1 SIP in IMS. 4.2 General Architecture. 4.3 Session Control and Establishment in IMS. 5 Secure Access and Interworking in IMS. 5.1 Access Security in IMS. 5.2 Network Security in IMS. 6 User Identity in SIP. 6.1 Identity Theft. 6.2 Identity Authentication using S/MIME. 6.3 Identity Authentication in Trusted Environments. 6.4 Strong Authenticated Identity. 6.5 Identity Theft Despite Strong Identity. 6.6 User Privacy and Anonymity. 6.7 Subscription Theft. 6.8 Fraud and SIP. 7 Media Security. 7.1 The Real-time Transport Protocol. 7.2 Secure RTP. 7.3 Key Exchange. 8 Denial-of-service Attacks on VoIP and IMS Services. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Classification of Denial-of-service Attacks. 8.3 Bandwidth Consumption and Denial-of-service Attacks on SIP Services. 8.4 Bandwidth Depletion Attacks. 8.5 Memory Depletion Attacks. 8.6 CPU Depletion Attacks. 8.7 Misuse Attacks. 8.8 Distributed Denial-of-service Attacks. 8.9 Unintentional Attacks. 8.10 Address Resolution-related Attacks. 8.11 Attacking the VoIP Subscriber Database. 8.12 Denial-of-service Attacks in IMS Networks. 8.13 DoS Detection and Protection Mechanisms. 8.14 Detection of DoS Attacks. 8.15 Reacting to DoS Attacks. 8.16 Preventing DoS Attacks. 8.17 DDoS Signature Specification. 9 SPAM over IP Telephony. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Spam Over SIP: Types and Applicability. 9.3 Why is SIP Good for Spam? 9.4 Legal Side of Unsolicited Communication. 9.5 Fighting Unsolicited Communication. 9.6 General Antispam Framework. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNext Generation Networks (NGN) provide ubiquitous connectivity with pervasive accessibility to service, application, content and information. NGN will bring tremendous advantages to companies and individuals, in terms of access to information, education and knowledge, efficiency, dematerialisation and new user experiences.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Challenge 1: To Become More Than an ISP. 1.2 Challenge 2: To Apply a Model of Operation Driven by Customer Needs. 1.2.1 The Technology-driven Operation Model. 1.2.2 The Operation Model Driven by Customer Needs. 1.3 NGN – The Holy Grail for a Telecom Operator? 1.4 NGN Aims at Improving Life Quality and Bringing New Life Experience. 1.5 The Network Evolution Towards NGN. 1.6 The Telecom Environment and Corporate Responsibility. 1.7 The Organization of the Book. 2 NGN Vision, Scenarios and Advances. 2.1 NGN Networks: Perspectives and Potentials. 2.2 Some Possible Scenarios. 2.2.1 Virtual Space Flight. 2.2.2 Virtual International Congress. 2.2.3 Virtual Global Exhibition. 2.2.4 Virtual Classroom, e-Education and Experimental Laboratory. 2.2.5 Virtual Corporate Environment. 2.2.6 Virtual Home. 2.2.7 Virtual Hospital. 2.2.8 Virtual Store. 2.2.9 Global and Local Information Centres. 2.2.10 Home Networks. 2.2.11 Automatic Traffic and Car Driving (Machine-to-machine Communication). 2.2.12 NGN Advances. 3 NGN Requirements on Technology and Management. 3.1 NGN Requirements on Technology. 3.1.1 Communication using the Five Human Senses and Surroundings. 3.1.2 Real-time Communication across Language Barriers. 3.1.3 Virtual Living Environments. 3.1.4 User Identification using Biometrics. 3.1.5 Human-like Service Activation. 3.1.6 On-demand End-to-End Connectivity. 3.1.7 Easy and Standardized Service Creation. 3.1.8 Flexible Terminal Equipment. 3.2 NGN Requirements on Management. 3.2.1 Customer Management. 3.2.2 Third-party Service Provider Management. 3.2.3 Service and Service Delivery Management. 3.2.4 Network and Network Performance Management. 3.2.5 Network Security Management. 3.2.6 Device Management. 3.2.7 Information Management. 4 NGN Functional Architecture. 4.1 The ITU NGN Functional Architecture. 4.2 The Proposed NGN Functional Architecture. 4.2.1 Transport Stratum. 4.2.2 Service Stratum. 4.2.3 Service/Application/Content/Information Layer. 4.2.4 Customer Terminal Equipment Functions. 4.2.5 Other Networks. 5 NGN Operator, Provider, Customer and CTE. 5.1 NGN Network Operator. 5.2 NGN Service Provider. 5.3 NGN Customer and CTE. 5.3.1 Individual Customers and CTEs. 5.3.2 Home Customers and CTEs. 5.3.3 Vehicle Customers and CTE. 5.3.4 Corporate Customers and CTE. 5.3.5 Third-party Provider Customers and CTE. 6 Network and Service Evolution towards NGN. 6.1 Major Evolution Steps for the Networks and Services of Today. 6.1.1 Service Convergence and Access Network Development (Step 1). 6.1.2 IP-based Service Conversion and Managed IP Network Development (Step 2). 6.1.3 Network Integration and Service Extension (Step 3). 6.2 Fixed Network Evolution. 6.3 Mobile Network Evolution. 6.4 Cable Network Evolution. 6.5 Internet Evolution. 6.6 IP Network Problems Critical to be Solved. 7 NGN Key Development Areas. 7.1 Terminal Area. 7.1.1 User Terminal. 7.1.2 Machine Terminal. 7.1.3 Sensor Terminal. 7.1.4 Wireless Thin Client. 7.1.5 RFID Technology. 7.1.6 NFC Technology. 7.2 Access Network Area. 7.2.1 Ubiquitous Connectivity. 7.2.2 Co-existence Mechanisms for Multiple Radio Access Networks. 7.3 Backhaul Network Area. 7.4 Core Transport Network Area. 7.5 Service Creation Area. 7.5.1 OSA/Parlay Technologies. 7.5.2 Parlay X Technology. 7.5.3 Web 2.0. 7.6 Network Control and Management Area. 7.6.1 Setting up, Maintaining and Tearing Down End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.2 Monitoring and Controlling the Performance of End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.3 Analysing and Predicting Performance of End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.4 Generating and Delivering Relevant Information to the Relevant People. 7.6.5 Generating Billing Information. 7.6.6 Managing Multiple Access Networks Belonging to Different Operators. 7.6.7 Managing Multiple Core Transport Networks Belonging to Different Operators. 7.6.8 Managing Changes in the Access Network. 7.6.9 Managing Changes in the Core Transport Network. 7.6.10 End-to-End Network Resource Management. 7.7 Service Control and Management. 7.7.1 GRID Technologies. 7.7.2 End-to-End QoS Management. 7.7.3 End-to-End Security Management. 7.8 Advanced Technologies for Network and Service Management. 7.8.1 Intelligent Agent Technology. 7.8.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology. 7.8.3 SON Technology. 8 NGN Standardizations. 8.1 ITU and GSI-NGN. 8.1.1 GSI-NGN Concept. 8.1.2 GSI-NGN Release 1. 8.1.3 GSI-NGN Release 2. 8.1.4 NGN Recommendations. 8.2 ETSI and TISPAN-NGN. 8.2.1 TISPAN-NGN Concept. 8.2.2 TISPAN-NGN Release 1. 8.2.3 TISPAN-NGN Release 2. 8.2.4 TISPAN-NGN Release 3. 8.3 ATIS and NGN. 8.4 CJA and NGN. 8.5 TMF and NGOSS. 8.5.1 NGOSS Concept. 8.5.2 NGOSS Components and their Functionality. 8.5.3 NGOSS Documents. 8.6 NGMN Alliance and NGMN, and 3GPP and LTE/SAE. 8.6.1 NGMN Alliance and NGMN. 8.6.2 3GPP and LTE/SAE. 9 NGNs and Corporate Responsibility. 9.1 Unsustainable Growth. 9.2 Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility. 9.3 The Purpose of Corporate Responsibility. 9.4 The Fundamentals and the Limits of Corporate Responsibility. 9.4.1 Principles and Values. 9.4.2 The Limits of Corporate Responsibility. 9.5 Standards and Tools of Corporate Responsibility. 9.5.1 Norms. 9.5.2 Covenants. 9.5.3 Tools. 9.6 Guiding Concepts. 9.6.1 Triple Bottom Line. 9.6.2 Levels of Effects. 9.6.3 Equity. 9.6.4 Time. 9.6.5 Efficiency. 9.6.6 Limits and Carrying Capacity. 9.7 Corporate Responsibility and NGN. 9.7.1 Balancing the Benefits and Impacts of NGN. 9.7.2 The Positive Aspects. 9.7.3 The Challenges Ahead. 9.8 Summary of Impacts. 9.9 In a Nutshell. 10 Summary. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe detection and recognition of objects in images is a key research topic in the computer vision community. Within this area, face recognition and interpretation has attracted increasing attention owing to the possibility of unveiling human perception mechanisms, and for the development of practical biometric systems.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Template Matching and Computer Vision. 1.2 The Book. 1.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 2 The Imaging Process. 2.1 Image Creation. 2.1.1 Light. 2.1.2 Gathering Light. 2.1.3 Diffraction-limited Systems. 2.1.4 Quantum Noise. 2.2 Biological Eyes. 2.2.1 The Human Eye. 2.2.2 Alternative Designs. 2.3 Digital Eyes. 2.4 Digital Image Representations. 2.4.1 TheSampling Theorem. 2.4.2 Image Resampling. 2.4.3 Log-polar Mapping. 2.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 3 Template Matching as Testing. 3.1 Detectionand Estimation. 3.2 Hypothesis Testing. 3.2.1 The Bayes RiskCriterion. 3.2.2 The Neyman–Pearson Criterion. 3.3 An Important Example. 3.4 A Signal Processing Perspective: Matched Filters. 3.5 Pattern Variability and the Normalized Correlation Coefficient. 3.6 Estimation. 3.6.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 3.6.2 Bayes Estimation. 3.6.3 James–Stein Estimation. 3.7 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 4 Robust Similarity Estimators. 4.1 Robustness Measures. 4.2 M-estimators. 4.3 L1 Similarity Measures. 4.4 Robust Estimation of Covariance Matrices. 4.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 5 Ordinal Matching Measures. 5.1 Ordinal Correlation Measures. 5.1.1 Spearman Rank Correlation. 5.1.2 Kendall Correlation. 5.1.3 Bhat–Nayar Correlation. 5.2 Non-parametric Local Transforms. 5.2.1 The Census and Rank Transforms. 5.2.2 Incremental Sign Correlation. 5.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 6 Matching Variable Patterns. 6.1 Multiclass Synthetic Discriminant Functions. 6.2 Advanced Synthetic Discriminant Functions. 6.3 Non-orthogonal Image Expansion. 6.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 7 Matching Linear Structure: The Hough Transform. 7.1 Getting Shapes: Edge Detection. 7.2 The Radon Transform. 7.3 The Hough Transform: Line and Circle Detection. 7.4 The Generalized Hough Transform. 7.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 8 Low-dimensionality Representations and Matching. 8.1 Principal Components. 8.1.1 Probabilistic PCA. 8.1.2 How Many Components? 8.2 ANonlinear Approach: Kernel PCA. 8.3 Independent Components. 8.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis. 8.4.1 Bayesian Dual Spaces. 8.5 A Sample Application: Photographic-quality Facial Composites. 8.6 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 9 Deformable Templates. 9.1 A Dynamic Perspective on the Hough Transform. 9.2 Deformable Templates. 9.3 Active Shape Models. 9.4 DiffeomorphicMatching. 9.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 10 Computational Aspects of Template Matching. 10.1 Speed. 10.1.1 Early Jump-out. 10.1.2 TheUse of SumTables. 10.1.3 Hierarchical Template Matching. 10.1.4 Metric Inequalities. 10.1.5 The FFT Advantage. 10.1.6 PCA-basedSpeed-up. 10.1.7 A Combined Approach. 10.2 Precision. 10.2.1 A Perturbative Approach. 10.2.2 Phase Correlation. 10.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 11 Matching Point Sets: The Hausdorff Distance. 11.1 Metric Pattern Spaces. 11.2 Hausdorff Matching. 11.3 Efficient Computation of the Hausdorff Distance. 11.4 Partial Hausdorff Matching. 11.5 Robustness Aspects. 11.6 A Probabilistic Perspective. 11.7 Invariant Moments. 11.8 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 12 Support Vector Machines and Regularization Networks. 12.1 Learning and Regularization. 12.2 RBF Networks. 12.2.1 RBF Networks for Gender Recognition. 12.3 Support Vector Machines. 12.3.1 Improving Efficiency. 12.3.2 Multiclass SVMs. 12.3.3 Best Practice. 12.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 13 Feature Templates. 13.1 Detecting Templates by Features. 13.2 Parametric FeatureManifolds. 13.3 Multiclass Pattern Rejection. 13.4 Template Features. 13.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 14 Building a Multibiometric System. 14.1 Systems. 14.2 The Electronic Librarian. 14.3 Score Integration. 14.4 Rejection. 14.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. Appendices. A AnImAl: A Software Environment for Fast Prototyping. A.1 AnImAl: An Image Algebra. A.2 Image Representationand Processing Abstractions. A.3 The AnImAl Environment. A.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. B Synthetic Oracles for Algorithm Development. B.1 Computer Graphics. B.2 Describing Reality: Flexible Rendering Languages. B.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. C On Evaluation. C.1 A Note on Performance Evaluation. C.2 Traininga Classifier. C.3 Analyzing the Performance of a Classifier. C.4 Evaluating a Technology. C.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSemiconductor-based Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices a key technology for the next generation of ultrahigh bandwidth optical communication systems! The introduction of ultra-fast communication systems based on all-optical signal processing is considered to be one of the most promising ways to handle the rapidly increasing global communication traffic. Such systems will enable real time super-high definition moving pictures such as high reality TV-conference, remote diagnosis and surgery, cinema entertainment and many other applications with small power consumption. The key issue to realize such systems is to develop ultra-fast optical devices such as light sources, all-optical gates and wavelength converters. Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices discusses the state of the art development of semiconductor-based ultrafast all-optical devices, and their various signal processing applications for bit-rates 100Gb/s to 1Tb/s. UltTable of ContentsContributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1Hiroshi Ishikawa 1.1 Evolution of Optical Communication Systems and Device Technologies 1 1.2 Increasing Communication Traffic and Power Consumption 2 1.3 Future Networks and Technologies 4 1.3.1 Future Networks 4 1.3.2 Schemes for Huge Capacity Transmission 5 1.4 Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices 6 1.4.1 Challenges 6 1.4.2 Basics of the Nonlinear Optical Process 7 1.5 Overview of the Devices and Their Concepts 11 1.6 Summary 13 References 13 2 Light Sources 15Yoh Ogawa and Hitoshi Murai 2.1 Requirement for Light Sources 15 2.1.1 Optical Short Pulse Source 16 2.1.2 Optical Time Division Multiplexer 19 2.2 Mode-locked Laser Diodes 20 2.2.1 Active Mode Locking 20 2.2.2 Passive Mode Locking 23 2.2.3 Hybrid Mode Locking 25 2.2.4 Optical Synchronous Mode Locking 27 2.2.5 Application for Clock Extraction 29 2.3 Electro-absorption Modulator Based Signal Source 30 2.3.1 Overview of Electro-absorption Modulator 30 2.3.2 Optical Short Pulse Generation Using EAM 33 2.3.3 Optical Time Division Multiplexer Based on EAMs 38 2.3.4 160-Gb/s Optical Signal Generation 41 2.3.5 Detection of a 160-Gb/s OTDM Signal 43 2.3.6 Transmission Issues 46 2.4 Summary 47 References 47 3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Based Ultrafast Signal Processing Devices 53Hidemi Tsuchida and Shigeru Nakamura 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Fundamentals of SOA 53 3.3 SOA as an Ultrafast Nonlinear Medium 56 3.4 Use of Ultrafast Response Component by Filtering 57 3.4.1 Theoretical Background 57 3.4.2 Signal Processing Using the Fast Response Component of SOA 60 3.5 Symmetric Mach–Zehnder (SMZ) All-Optical Gate 64 3.5.1 Fundamentals of the SMZ All-Optical Gate 64 3.5.2 Technology of Integrating Optical Circuits for an SMZ All-Optical Gate 67 3.5.3 Optical Demultiplexing 68 3.5.4 Wavelength Conversion and Signal Regeneration 73 3.6 Summary 83 References 83 4 Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) and PD-EAM Optical Gate Integrating a UTC-PD and a TravelingWave Electro-absorption Modulator 89Hiroshi Ito and Satoshi Kodama 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) 91 4.2.1 Operation 91 4.2.2 Fabrication and Characterization 96 4.2.3 Characteristics of the UTC-PD 98 4.2.4 Photo Receivers 114 4.3 Concept of a New Opto-electronic Integrated Device 117 4.3.1 Importance of High-output PDs 117 4.3.2 Monolithic Digital OEIC 118 4.3.3 Monolithic PD-EAM Optical Gate 118 4.4 PD-EAM Optical Gate Integrating UTC-PD and TW-EAM 119 4.4.1 Basic Structure 119 4.4.2 Design 120 4.4.3 Optical Gating Characteristics of PD-EAM 123 4.4.4 Fabrication 125 4.4.5 Gating Characteristics 127 4.4.6 Applications for Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing 131 4.4.7 Future Work 143 4.5 Summary and Prospects 147 References 148 5 Intersub-band Transition All-Optical Gate Switches 155Nobuo Suzuki, Ryoichi Akimoto, Hiroshi Ishikawa and Hidemi Tsuchida 5.1 Operation Principle 155 5.1.1 Transition Wavelength 156 5.1.2 Matrix Element 157 5.1.3 Saturable Absorption 157 5.1.4 Absorption Recovery Time 158 5.1.5 Dephasing Time and Spectral Linewidth 160 5.1.6 Gate Operation in Waveguide Structure 162 5.2 GaN/AlN ISBT Gate 164 5.2.1 Absorption Spectra 165 5.2.2 Saturation of Absorption in Waveguides 168 5.2.3 Ultrafast Optical Gate 170 5.3 (CdS/ZnSe)/BeTe ISBT Gate 172 5.3.1 Growth of CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe QWs and ISBT Absorption Spectra 173 5.3.2 Waveguide Structure for a CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe Gate 177 5.3.3 Characteristics of a CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe Gate 181 5.4 InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb ISBT Gate 183 5.4.1 Device Structure and its Fabrication 183 5.4.2 Saturation Characteristics and Time Response 184 5.5 Cross-phase Modulation in an InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb-based ISBT Gate 186 5.5.1 Cross-phase Modulation Effect and its Mechanisms 187 5.5.2 Application to Wavelength Conversion 192 5.6 Summary 195 References 196 6 Wavelength Conversion Devices 201Haruhiko Kuwatsuka 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 Wavelength Conversion Schemes 202 6.2.1 Optical Gate Switch Type 202 6.2.2 Coherent Type Conversion 204 6.3 Physics of Four-wave Mixing in LDs or SOAs 205 6.3.1 Model 205 6.3.2 Asymmetric χ(3) for Positive and Negative Detuning 210 6.3.3 Symmetric χ(3) in Quantum Dot SOAs 212 6.4 Wavelength Conversion of Short Pulses Using FWM in Semiconductor Devices 214 6.4.1 Model 214 6.4.2 The Effect of the Stop Band in DFB-LDs 217 6.4.3 The Effect of the Depletion of Gain 218 6.4.4 The Pulse Width Broadening in FWM Wavelength Conversion 219 6.5 Experimental Results ofWavelength Conversion Using FWM in SOAs or LDs 220 6.5.1 Wavelength Conversion of Short Pulses Using a DFB-LD 220 6.5.2 Wavelength Conversion of 160-Gb/s OTDM Signal Using a Quantum Dot SOAs 221 6.5.3 Format-free Wavelength Conversion 222 6.5.4 Chromatic Dispersion Compensation of Optical Fibers Using FWM in DFB-LDs 224 6.6 The Future View ofWavelength Conversion Using FWM 225 6.7 Summary 226 References 226 7 Summary and Future Prospects 231Hiroshi Ishikawa 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Transmission Experiments 231 7.2.1 FESTA Experiments 231 7.2.2 Test Bed Field Experiment 235 7.2.3 Recent Transmission Experiments above 160-Gb/s 236 7.3 Requirements on Devices and Prospects 238 7.3.1 Devices Described in this Book 238 7.3.2 Necessity for New Functionality Devices and Technology 240 7.4 Summary 241 References 242 Index 243

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