Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisWireless Personal Area Networks provides an in-depth analysis of the recent IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs), including suggestions to improve performance and comparisons with the related 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) standard. It assesses the suitability of the standard for the development and deployment of wireless sensor networks as well as providing guidance and insight into the relative advantages and disadvantages of various performance solutions. Wireless Personal Area Networks: Provides a comprehensive, in-depth look at the issues surrounding WPAN network operation and performance. Investigates multi-cluster networks and compares how they can be implemented. Analyzes the performance of a single cluster under different traffic and power management regimes including uplink vs. downlink traffic, acknowledged vs. unacknowledged traffic, saturation vs. non-saturation, and the like. DiTable of ContentsAbout the Series Editors xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Part I WPANS and 802.15.4 1 1 Prologue: Wireless Personal Area Networks 3 1.1 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 3 1.2 Design Goals for the MAC Protocol 4 1.3 Classification of MAC Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks 6 1.4 Contention-Based MAC Protocols 9 1.5 New Kinds of Ad Hoc Networks 12 1.6 Sensor Networks 12 2 Operation of the IEEE 802.15.4 Network 17 2.1 Physical Layer Characteristics 17 2.2 Star Topology and Beacon Enabled Operation 20 2.3 Slotted CSMA-CA Medium Access 22 2.4 Acknowledging Successful Transmissions 24 2.5 Downlink Communication in Beacon Enabled Mode 25 2.6 Guaranteed Time Slots 28 2.7 Peer-to-Peer Topology and Non-Beacon Enabled Operation 29 2.8 Device Functionality and Cluster Formation 31 2.9 Format of the PHY and MAC frames 35 Part II Single-Cluster Networks 39 3 Cluster with Uplink Traffic 41 3.1 The System Model – Preliminaries 41 3.2 Superframe with an Active Period Only 44 3.3 Superframe with Both Active and Inactive Periods 51 3.4 Probability Distribution of the Packet Service Time 57 3.5 Probability Distribution of the Queue Length 59 3.6 Access Delay 61 3.7 Performance Results 65 4 Cluster with Uplink and Downlink Traffic 71 4.1 The System Model 71 4.2 Modeling the Behavior of the Medium 84 4.3 Probability Distribution for the Packet Service Time 86 4.4 Performance of the Cluster with Bidirectional Traffic 91 5 MAC Layer Performance Limitations 95 5.1 Congestion of Packets Deferred to the Next Superframe 95 5.2 Congestion after the Inactive Period 98 5.3 Congestion of Uplink Data Requests 99 5.4 Blocking of Uplink Data and Data Requests 100 5.5 Possible Remedies 102 6 Activity Management through Bernoulli Scheduling 111 6.1 The Need for Activity Management 111 6.2 Analysis of Activity Management 112 6.3 Analysis of the Impact of MAC and PHY Layers 116 6.4 Controlling the Event Sensing Reliability 121 6.5 Activity Management Policy 123 7 Admission Control Issues 131 7.1 The Need for Admission Control 131 7.2 Performance under Asymmetric Packet Arrival Rates 133 7.3 Calculating the Admission Condition 135 7.4 Performance of Admission Control 139 Part II Summary and Further Reading 143 Part IIIMulti-cluster Networks 145 8 Cluster Interconnection with Master-Slave Bridges 147 8.1 Analysis of Bridge Operation 149 8.2 Markov Chain Model for a Single Node 158 8.3 Performance of the Network 165 8.4 Network with a Single Source Cluster/Bridge 166 8.5 Network with Two Source Clusters/Bridges 173 8.6 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times 179 9 Equalization of Cluster Lifetimes 187 9.1 Modeling the Clusters 187 9.2 Distributed Activity Management 190 9.3 Energy Consumption in Interconnected Clusters 194 9.4 Performance of Activity Management 198 10 Cluster Interconnection with Slave-Slave Bridges 203 10.1 Operation of the SS Bridge 205 10.2 Markov Chain Model for the SS Bridge 217 10.3 Markov Chain for Non-Bridge Nodes 224 10.4 Performance Evaluation 230 10.5 To Acknowledge or Not To Acknowledge: The CSMA-CA Bridge 231 10.6 Thou Shalt Not Acknowledge: The GTS Bridge 234 10.7 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times 240 Part III Summary and Further Reading 251 Part IV Security 253 11 Security in 802.15.4 Specification 255 11.1 Security Services 256 11.2 Auxiliary Security Header 257 11.3 Securing and Unsecuring Frames 258 11.4 Attacks 260 12 The Cost of Secure and Reliable Sensing 265 12.1 Analytical Model of a Generic Key Update Algorithm 267 12.2 Analysis of the Node Buffer 273 12.3 Success Probabilities 276 12.4 Key Update in a Multi-Cluster Network 278 12.5 Cluster Lifetime 280 12.6 Evaluation of Lifetimes and Populations 283 Part IV Summary and Further Reading 287 Appendices 289 Appendix A An Overview of ZigBee 291 A.1 ZigBee Functionality 291 A.2 Device Roles 292 A.3 Network Topologies and Routing 293 A.4 Security 295 Appendix B Probability Generating Functions and Laplace Transforms 301 Bibliography 302 Index 311

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of Wireless Video Communications five years ago, the area of video compression and wireless transceivers has evolved even further. This new edition addresses a range of recent developments in these areas, giving cognizance to the associated transmission aspects and issues of error resilience. Video Compression and Communications has been updated and condensed yet remains all-encompassing, giving a comprehensive overview of the subject. Covering compression issues, coding delay, implementational complexity and bitrate, the book also looks at the historical perspective to video communication. New edition of successful and informative text, Wireless Video Communications Substantial new material has been added on areas such as H.264, MPEG4 coding and transceivers Clear presentation and broad scope make it essential for anyone interested in wireless communications Systematically converts the lessons of Shannon''Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief Introduction to Compression Theory 1 1.2 Introduction to Video Formats 2 1.3 Evolution of Video Compression Standards 5 1.4 Video Communications 15 1.5 Organization of the Monograph 17 I Video Codecs for HSDPA-style Adaptive Videophones 19 2 Fractal Image Codecs 21 2.1 Fractal Principles 21 2.2 One-dimensional Fractal Coding 23 2.3 Error Sensitivity and Complexity 32 2.4 Summary and Conclusions 33 3 Low Bitrate DCT Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 35 3.1 Video Codec Outline 35 3.2 The Principle of Motion Compensation 37 3.3 Transform Coding 51 3.4 The Codec Outline 58 3.5 Initial Intra-frame Coding 60 3.6 Gain-controlled Motion Compensation 60 3.7 TheMCER Active/Passive Concept 61 3.8 Partial Forced Update of the Reconstructed FrameBuffers 62 3.9 The Gain/Cost-controlled Inter-frame Codec 64 3.10 The Bit-allocation Strategy 66 3.11 Results 67 3.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions 70 3.13 DCT-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 72 3.14 System Performance 80 3.15 Summary and Conclusions 89 4 Very Low Bitrate VQ Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 The Codebook Design 93 4.3 The Vector Quantizer Design 95 4.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 105 4.5 VQ-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 107 4.6 System Performance 113 4.7 Joint Iterative Decoding of Trellis-based Vector-quantized Video and TCM 118 4.8 Summary and Conclusions 136 5 Low Bitrate Quad-tree-based Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Quad-tree Decomposition 139 5.3 Quad-tree Intensity Match 142 5.4 Model-based Parametric Enhancement 148 5.5 The Enhanced QTCodec 153 5.6 Performance and Considerations under Erroneous Conditions 154 5.7 QT-codec-based Video Transceivers 158 5.8 QT-based Video-transceiver Performance 162 5.9 Summary of QT-based Video Transceivers 165 5.10 Summary of Low-rate Video Codecs and Transceivers 166 II High-resolution Video Coding 171 6 Low-complexity Techniques 173 6.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 173 6.2 Block Truncation Coding 177 6.3 Subband Coding 183 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 202 7 High-resolution DCT Coding 205 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Intra-frame Quantizer Training 205 7.3 Motion Compensation for High-quality Images 209 7.4 Inter-frame DCT Coding 215 7.5 The Proposed Codec 224 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 235 III H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG2 and MPEG4 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony and DVB 237 8 H.261 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 TheH.261VideoCoding Standard 239 8.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on theH.261Codec 253 8.4 A Reconfigurable Wireless Videophone System 272 8.5 H.261-basedWireless Videophone System Performance 283 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 9 Comparative Study of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 TheH.263CodingAlgorithms 297 9.3 Performance Results 318 9.4 Summary and Conclusions 335 10 H.263 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 339 10.1 Introduction 339 10.2 H.263inaMobileEnvironment 339 10.3 Design of an Error-resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System 343 10.4 H.263-based Video System Performance 352 10.5 Transmission Feedback 367 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 376 11 MPEG-4 Video Compression 379 11.1 Introduction 379 11.2 OverviewofMPEG-4 380 11.3 MPEG-4: Content-based Interactivity 387 11.4 Scalability of Video Objects 396 11.5 Video Quality Measures 398 11.6 Effect of Coding Parameters 400 11.7 Summary and Conclusion 404 12 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 407 12.1 Introduction 407 12.2 TheITU-TH.264Project 407 12.3 H.264VideoCodingTechniques 408 12.4 H.264SpecificCodingAlgorithm 410 12.5 Comparative Study of theMPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 425 12.6 Performance Results 428 13 MPEG-4 Bitstream and Bit-sensitivity Study 437 13.1 Motivation 437 13.2 Structure of Coded Visual Data 437 13.3 Visual Bitstream Syntax 440 13.4 Introduction to Error-resilient Video Encoding 441 13.5 Error-resilient Video Coding in MPEG-4 441 13.6 Error-resilience Tools in MPEG-4 443 13.7 MPEG-4Bit-sensitivityStudy 448 13.8 Chapter Conclusions 457 14 HSDPA-like and Turbo-style Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Video Systems 459 14.1 Turbo-equalized H.263-based Videophony for GSM/GPRS 459 14.2 HSDPA-style Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony: Turbo-coded Burst-by-burst Adaptive Joint Detection CDMA and H.263-based Videophony 472 14.3 Subband-adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-based Interactive Videotelephony 485 14.4 Burst-by-burst Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalized TCM, TTCM, and BICM for H.263-assistedWireless Videotelephony 506 14.5 Turbo-detected MPEG-4 Video Using Multi-level Coding, TCM and STTC 526 14.6 Near-capacity Irregular Variable Length Codes 543 14.7 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers 558 14.8 Satellite-based Video Broadcasting 601 14.9 Summary and Conclusions 622 14.10WirelessVideoSystemDesignPrinciples 623 Glossary 625 Bibliography 635 Index 659 Author Index 667

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Book SynopsisFiber-optic communication systems have advanced dramatically over the last four decades, since the era of copper cables, resulting in low-cost and high-bandwidth transmission. Fiber optics is now the backbone of the internet and long-distance telecommunication.Trade Review“The detailed, worked examples and first-principles derivations of key results are helpful pedagogical features. Students seeking their first exposure to this field who also wish to learn about advanced topics will find their requirements met by this book.” (Optics and Photonics News, 28 August 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Electromagnetics and Optics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity 1 1.3 Ampere’s Law and Magnetic Field Intensity 3 1.4 Faraday’s Law 6 1.4.1 Meaning of Curl 7 1.4.2 Ampere’s Law in Differential Form 9 1.5 Maxwell’s Equations 9 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equation in a Source-Free Region 10 1.5.2 Electromagnetic Wave 10 1.5.3 Free-Space Propagation 11 1.5.4 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 12 1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation 12 1.6.1 1-Dimensional Plane Wave 15 1.6.2 Complex Notation 16 1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector 17 1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation 19 1.9 Reflection and Refraction 21 1.9.1 Refraction 22 1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 26 1.11 Polarization of Light 31 Exercises 31 Further Reading 34 References 34 2 Optical Fiber Transmission 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Fiber Structure 35 2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers 36 2.3.1 Numerical Aperture 37 2.3.2 Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.3 Dispersion in Multi-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.4 Graded-Index Multi-Mode Fibers 42 2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber* 44 2.4.1 Guided Modes 46 2.4.2 Mode Cutoff 51 2.4.3 Effective Index 52 2.4.4 2-Dimensional Planar Waveguide Analogy 53 2.4.5 Radiation Modes 54 2.4.6 Excitation of Guided Modes 55 2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers 57 2.5.1 Power and the dBm Unit 60 2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 68 2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations 68 2.7.1 Cutoff Wavelength 68 2.7.2 Fiber Loss 69 2.7.3 Fiber Dispersion 74 2.7.4 Dispersion Slope 76 2.7.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 78 2.7.6 Spot Size 79 2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs) 79 2.9 Additional Examples 81 Exercises 89 Further Reading 91 References 91 3 Lasers 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Basic Concepts 93 3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations 101 3.4 Laser Examples 108 3.4.1 Ruby Laser 108 3.4.2 Semiconductor Lasers 108 3.5 Wave–Particle Duality 108 3.6 Laser Rate Equations 110 3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics 113 3.7.1 The PN Junctions 118 3.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission at the PN Junction 120 3.7.3 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors 120 3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode 124 3.8.1 Heterojunction Lasers 124 3.8.2 Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination 126 3.8.3 Laser Rate Equations 126 3.8.4 Steady-State Solutions of Rate Equations 128 3.8.5 Distributed-Feedback Lasers 132 3.9 Additional Examples 133 Exercises 136 Further Reading 138 References 138 4 Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Line Coder 139 4.3 Pulse Shaping 139 4.4 Power Spectral Density 141 4.4.1 Polar Signals 142 4.4.2 Unipolar Signals 142 4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes 144 4.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 144 4.5.2 Phase-Shift Keying 144 4.5.3 Frequency-Shift Keying 145 4.5.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 146 4.6 Optical Modulators 149 4.6.1 Direct Modulation 149 4.6.2 External Modulators 150 4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes 158 4.7.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 158 4.7.2 Phase-Shift Keying 160 4.7.3 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 162 4.7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 163 4.8 Partial Response Signals∗ 163 4.8.1 Alternate Mark Inversion 169 4.9 Multi-Level Signaling∗ 172 4.9.1 M-ASK 172 4.9.2 M-PSK 174 4.9.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 178 4.10 Additional Examples 182 Exercises 185 Further Reading 186 References 187 5 Optical Receivers 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics 190 5.2.1 Quantum Efficiency 193 5.2.2 Responsivity or Photoresponse 197 5.2.3 Photodetector Design Rules 199 5.2.4 Dark Current 200 5.2.5 Speed or Response Time 201 5.2.6 Linearity 202 5.3 Common Types of Photodetectors 202 5.3.1 pn Photodiode 203 5.3.2 pin Photodetector (pin-PD) 203 5.3.3 Schottky Barrier Photodetector 204 5.3.4 Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetector 204 5.3.5 Photoconductive Detector 206 5.3.6 Phototransistor 206 5.3.7 Avalanche Photodetectors 207 5.3.8 Advanced Photodetectors∗ 212 5.4 Direct Detection Receivers 219 5.4.1 Optical Receiver ICs 220 5.5 Receiver Noise 224 5.5.1 Shot Noise 224 5.5.2 Thermal Noise 226 5.5.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR 227 5.6 Coherent Receivers 227 5.6.1 Single-Branch Coherent Receiver 228 5.6.2 Balanced Coherent Receiver 232 5.6.3 Single-Branch IQ Coherent Receiver 234 5.6.4 Balanced IQ Receiver 237 5.6.5 Polarization Effects 239 Exercises 242 References 244 6 Optical Amplifiers 247 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Optical Amplifier Model 247 6.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Two-Level Systems 248 6.4 Low-Pass Representation of ASE Noise 249 6.5 System Impact of ASE 251 6.5.1 Signal–ASE Beat Noise 253 6.5.2 ASE–ASE Beat Noise 256 6.5.3 Total Mean and Variance 256 6.5.4 Polarization Effects 258 6.5.5 Amplifier Noise Figure 260 6.5.6 Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio 262 6.6 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 263 6.6.1 Cavity-Type Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 264 6.6.2 Traveling-Wave Amplifiers 268 6.6.3 AR Coating 270 6.6.4 Gain Saturation 271 6.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 274 6.7.1 Gain Spectrum 274 6.7.2 Rate Equations∗ 275 6.7.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 280 6.7.4 Comparison of EDFA and SOA 281 6.8 Raman Amplifiers 282 6.8.1 Governing Equations 283 6.8.2 Noise Figure 287 6.8.3 Rayleigh Back Scattering 287 6.9 Additional Examples 288 Exercises 298 Further Reading 300 References 300 7 Transmission System Design 301 7.1 Introduction 301 7.2 Fiber Loss-Induced Limitations 301 7.2.1 Balanced Coherent Receiver 306 7.3 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 313 7.4 ASE-Induced Limitations 315 7.4.1 Equivalent Noise Figure 317 7.4.2 Impact of Amplifier Spacing 318 7.4.3 Direct Detection Receiver 319 7.4.4 Coherent Receiver 322 7.4.5 Numerical Experiments 326 7.5 Additional Examples 327 Exercises 333 Further Reading 334 References 334 8 Performance Analysis 335 8.1 Introduction 335 8.2 Optimum Binary Receiver for Coherent Systems 335 8.2.1 Realization of the Matched Filter 342 8.2.2 Error Probability with an Arbitrary Receiver Filter 345 8.3 Homodyne Receivers 345 8.3.1 PSK: Homodyne Detection 347 8.3.2 On–Off Keying 349 8.4 Heterodyne Receivers 350 8.4.1 PSK: Synchronous Detection 351 8.4.2 OOK: Synchronous Detection 353 8.4.3 FSK: Synchronous Detection 356 8.4.4 OOK: Asynchronous Receiver 359 8.4.5 FSK: Asynchronous Detection 364 8.4.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Heterodyne Receiver 367 8.5 Direct Detection 368 8.5.1 OOK 368 8.5.2 FSK 371 8.5.3 DPSK 374 8.5.4 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Direct Detection 379 8.6 Additional Examples 381 Exercises 387 References 388 9 Channel Multiplexing Techniques 389 9.1 Introduction 389 9.2 Polarization-Division Multiplexing 389 9.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 391 9.3.1 WDM Components 394 9.3.2 WDM Experiments 401 9.4 OFDM 402 9.4.1 OFDM Principle 402 9.4.2 Optical OFDM Transmitter 406 9.4.3 Optical OFDM Receiver 407 9.4.4 Optical OFDM Experiments 408 9.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 409 9.5.1 Multiplexing 409 9.5.2 Demultiplexing 410 9.5.3 OTDM Experiments 412 9.6 Additional Examples 413 Exercises 415 References 416 10 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 419 10.1 Introduction 419 10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices 419 10.2.1 Absorption and Amplification 423 10.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility 424 10.3 Fiber Dispersion 426 10.4 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation 428 10.5 Self-Phase Modulation 430 10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM 433 10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 437 10.7.1 Cross-Phase Modulation 438 10.7.2 Four-Wave Mixing 448 10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments 454 10.8.1 Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation 454 10.8.2 Intrachannel Four-Wave Mixing 455 10.8.3 Intra- versus Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9.1 Variance Calculations 463 10.9.2 Numerical Simulations 466 10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise 471 10.10.1 Linear Phase Noise 471 10.10.2 Gordon–Mollenauer Phase Noise 474 10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering 478 10.11.1 Time Domain Description 481 10.12 Additional Examples 483 Exercises 491 Further Reading 493 References 493 11 Digital Signal Processing 497 11.1 Introduction 497 11.2 Coherent Receiver 497 11.3 Laser Phase Noise 498 11.4 IF Estimation and Compensation 501 11.5 Phase Estimation and Compensation 503 11.5.1 Phase Unwrapping 505 11.6 CD Equalization 506 11.6.1 Adaptive Equalizers 510 11.7 Polarization Mode Dispersion Equalization 513 11.8 Digital Back Propagation 516 11.8.1 Multi-Span DBP 521 11.9 Additional Examples 522 Exercises 524 Further Reading 525 References 525 AppendixA 527 Appendix B 533 Index 537

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Book SynopsisLearn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other.Trade Review"…this book represents an authoritative yet open-minded source to acquire a solid understanding of the fundamentals of WSNs. It is a recommended and enjoy read." (Computing Reviews, March 11, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of abbreviations xv A guide to the book xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The vision of Ambient Intelligence 1 1.2 Application examples 3 1.3 Types of applications 6 1.4 Challenges for WSNs 7 1.4.1 Characteristic requirements 7 1.4.2 Required mechanisms 9 1.5 Why are sensor networks different? 10 1.5.1 Mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks 10 1.5.2 Fieldbuses and wireless sensor networks 12 1.6 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks 13 Part I Architectures 15 2 Single-node architecture 17 2.1 Hardware components 18 2.1.1 Sensor node hardware overview 18 2.1.2 Controller 19 2.1.3 Memory 21 2.1.4 Communication device 21 2.1.5 Sensors and actuators 31 2.1.6 Power supply of sensor nodes 32 2.2 Energy consumption of sensor nodes 36 2.2.1 Operation states with different power consumption 36 2.2.2 Microcontroller energy consumption 38 2.2.3 Memory 39 2.2.4 Radio transceivers 40 2.2.5 Relationship between computation and communication 44 2.2.6 Power consumption of sensor and actuators 44 2.3 Operating systems and execution environments 45 2.3.1 Embedded operating systems 45 2.3.2 Programming paradigms and application programming interfaces 45 2.3.3 Structure of operating system and protocol stack 47 2.3.4 Dynamic energy and power management 48 2.3.5 Case Study: TinyOS and nesC 50 2.3.6 Other examples 53 2.4 Some examples of sensor nodes 54 2.4.1 The “Mica Mote” family 54 2.4.2 EYES nodes 54 2.4.3 BTnodes 54 2.4.4 Scatterweb 54 2.4.5 Commercial solutions 55 2.5 Conclusion 56 3 Network architecture 59 3.1 Sensor network scenarios 60 3.1.1 Types of sources and sinks 60 3.1.2 Single-hop versus multihop networks 60 3.1.3 Multiple sinks and sources 62 3.1.4 Three types of mobility 62 3.2 Optimization goals and figures of merit 63 3.2.1 Quality of service 64 3.2.2 Energy efficiency 65 3.2.3 Scalability 66 3.2.4 Robustness 67 3.3 Design principles for WSNs 67 3.3.1 Distributed organization 67 3.3.2 In-network processing 67 3.3.3 Adaptive fidelity and accuracy 70 3.3.4 Data centricity 70 3.3.5 Exploit location information 73 3.3.6 Exploit activity patterns 73 3.3.7 Exploit heterogeneity 73 3.3.8 Component-based protocol stacks and cross-layer optimization 74 3.4 Service interfaces of WSNs 74 3.4.1 Structuring application/protocol stack interfaces 74 3.4.2 Expressibility requirements for WSN service interfaces 76 3.4.3 Discussion 77 3.5 Gateway concepts 78 3.5.1 The need for gateways 78 3.5.2 WSN to Internet communication 79 3.5.3 Internet to WSN communication 80 3.5.4 WSN tunneling 81 3.6 Conclusion 81 Part II Communication Protocols 83 4 Physical layer 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Wireless channel and communication fundamentals 86 4.2.1 Frequency allocation 86 4.2.2 Modulation and demodulation 88 4.2.3 Wave propagation effects and noise 90 4.2.4 Channel models 96 4.2.5 Spread-spectrum communications 98 4.2.6 Packet transmission and synchronization 100 4.2.7 Quality of wireless channels and measures for improvement 102 4.3 Physical layer and transceiver design considerations in WSNs 103 4.3.1 Energy usage profile 103 4.3.2 Choice of modulation scheme 104 4.3.3 Dynamic modulation scaling 108 4.3.4 Antenna considerations 108 4.4 Further reading 109 5 MAC protocols 111 5.1 Fundamentals of (wireless) MAC protocols 112 5.1.1 Requirements and design constraints for wireless MAC protocols 112 5.1.2 Important classes of MAC protocols 114 5.1.3 MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks 119 5.2 Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts 120 5.2.1 Sparse topology and energy management (STEM) 121 5.2.2 S-mac 123 5.2.3 The mediation device protocol 126 5.2.4 Wakeup radio concepts 127 5.2.5 Further reading 128 5.3 Contention-based protocols 129 5.3.1 CSMA protocols 129 5.3.2 PAMAS 131 5.3.3 Further solutions 132 5.4 Schedule-based protocols 133 5.4.1 LEACH 133 5.4.2 SMACS 135 5.4.3 Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol (TRAMA) 137 5.4.4 Further solutions 139 5.5 The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol 139 5.5.1 Network architecture and types/roles of nodes 140 5.5.2 Superframe structure 141 5.5.3 GTS management 141 5.5.4 Data transfer procedures 142 5.5.5 Slotted CSMA-CA protocol 142 5.5.6 Nonbeaconed mode 144 5.5.7 Further reading 145 5.6 How about IEEE 802.11 and bluetooth? 145 5.7 Further reading 146 5.8 Conclusion 148 6 Link-layer protocols 149 6.1 Fundamentals: tasks and requirements 150 6.2 Error control 151 6.2.1 Causes and characteristics of transmission errors 151 6.2.2 ARQ techniques 152 6.2.3 FEC techniques 158 6.2.4 Hybrid schemes 163 6.2.5 Power control 165 6.2.6 Further mechanisms to combat errors 166 6.2.7 Error control: summary 167 6.3 Framing 167 6.3.1 Adaptive schemes 170 6.3.2 Intermediate checksum schemes 172 6.3.3 Combining packet-size optimization and FEC 173 6.3.4 Treatment of frame headers 174 6.3.5 Framing: summary 174 6.4 Link management 174 6.4.1 Link-quality characteristics 175 6.4.2 Link-quality estimation 177 6.5 Summary 179 7 Naming and addressing 181 7.1 Fundamentals 182 7.1.1 Use of addresses and names in (sensor) networks 182 7.1.2 Address management tasks 183 7.1.3 Uniqueness of addresses 184 7.1.4 Address allocation and assignment 184 7.1.5 Addressing overhead 185 7.2 Address and name management in wireless sensor networks 186 7.3 Assignment of MAC addresses 186 7.3.1 Distributed assignment of networkwide addresses 187 7.4 Distributed assignment of locally unique addresses 189 7.4.1 Address assignment algorithm 189 7.4.2 Address selection and representation 191 7.4.3 Further schemes 194 7.5 Content-based and geographic addressing 194 7.5.1 Content-based addressing 194 7.5.2 Geographic addressing 198 7.6 Summary 198 8 Time synchronization 201 8.1 Introduction to the time synchronization problem 201 8.1.1 The need for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 202 8.1.2 Node clocks and the problem of accuracy 203 8.1.3 Properties and structure of time synchronization algorithms 204 8.1.4 Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 206 8.2 Protocols based on sender/receiver synchronization 207 8.2.1 Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS) 207 8.2.2 How to increase accuracy and estimate drift 212 8.2.3 Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) 214 8.3 Protocols based on receiver/receiver synchronization 217 8.3.1 Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) 217 8.3.2 Hierarchy referencing time synchronization (HRTS) 223 8.4 Further reading 226 9 Localization and positioning 231 9.1 Properties of localization and positioning procedures 232 9.2 Possible approaches 233 9.2.1 Proximity 233 9.2.2 Trilateration and triangulation 234 9.2.3 Scene analysis 237 9.3 Mathematical basics for the lateration problem 237 9.3.1 Solution with three anchors and correct distance values 238 9.3.2 Solving with distance errors 238 9.4 Single-hop localization 240 9.4.1 Active Badge 240 9.4.2 Active office 240 9.4.3 Radar 240 9.4.4 Cricket 241 9.4.5 Overlapping connectivity 241 9.4.6 Approximate point in triangle 242 9.4.7 Using angle of arrival information 243 9.5 Positioning in multihop environments 243 9.5.1 Connectivity in a multihop network 244 9.5.2 Multihop range estimation 244 9.5.3 Iterative and collaborative multilateration 245 9.5.4 Probabilistic positioning description and propagation 247 9.6 Impact of anchor placement 247 9.7 Further reading 248 9.8 Conclusion 249 10 Topology control 251 10.1 Motivation and basic ideas 251 10.1.1 Options for topology control 252 10.1.2 Aspects of topology-control algorithms 254 10.2 Controlling topology in flat networks – Power control 256 10.2.1 Some complexity results 256 10.2.2 Are there magic numbers? – bounds on critical parameters 257 10.2.3 Some example constructions and protocols 259 10.2.4 Further reading on flat topology control 265 10.3 Hierarchical networks by dominating sets 266 10.3.1 Motivation and definition 266 10.3.2 A hardness result 266 10.3.3 Some ideas from centralized algorithms 267 10.3.4 Some distributed approximations 270 10.3.5 Further reading 273 10.4 Hierarchical networks by clustering 274 10.4.1 Definition of clusters 274 10.4.2 A basic idea to construct independent sets 277 10.4.3 A generalization and some performance insights 278 10.4.4 Connecting clusters 278 10.4.5 Rotating clusterheads 279 10.4.6 Some more algorithm examples 280 10.4.7 Multihop clusters 281 10.4.8 Multiple layers of clustering 283 10.4.9 Passive clustering 284 10.4.10 Further reading 284 10.5 Combining hierarchical topologies and power control 285 10.5.1 Pilot-based power control 285 10.5.2 Ad hoc Network Design Algorithm (ANDA) 285 10.5.3 Clusterpow 286 10.6 Adaptive node activity 286 10.6.1 Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) 286 10.6.2 Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks’ Topologies (ASCENT) 287 10.6.3 Turning off nodes on the basis of sensing coverage 288 10.7 Conclusions 288 11 Routing protocols 289 11.1 The many faces of forwarding and routing 289 11.2 Gossiping and agent-based unicast forwarding 292 11.2.1 Basic idea 292 11.2.2 Randomized forwarding 292 11.2.3 Random walks 293 11.2.4 Further reading 294 11.3 Energy-efficient unicast 295 11.3.1 Overview 295 11.3.2 Some example unicast protocols 297 11.3.3 Further reading 301 11.3.4 Multipath unicast routing 301 11.3.5 Further reading 304 11.4 Broadcast and multicast 305 11.4.1 Overview 305 11.4.2 Source-based tree protocols 308 11.4.3 Shared, core-based tree protocols 314 11.4.4 Mesh-based protocols 314 11.4.5 Further reading on broadcast and multicast 315 11.5 Geographic routing 316 11.5.1 Basics of position-based routing 316 11.5.2 Geocasting 323 11.5.3 Further reading on geographic routing 326 11.6 Mobile nodes 328 11.6.1 Mobile sinks 328 11.6.2 Mobile data collectors 328 11.6.3 Mobile regions 329 11.7 Conclusions 329 12 Data-centric and content-based networking 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.1.1 The publish/subscribe interaction paradigm 331 12.1.2 Addressing data 332 12.1.3 Implementation options 333 12.1.4 Distribution versus gathering of data – In-network processing 334 12.2 Data-centric routing 335 12.2.1 One-shot interactions 335 12.2.2 Repeated interactions 337 12.2.3 Further reading 340 12.3 Data aggregation 341 12.3.1 Overview 341 12.3.2 A database interface to describe aggregation operations 342 12.3.3 Categories of aggregation operations 343 12.3.4 Placement of aggregation points 345 12.3.5 When to stop waiting for more data 345 12.3.6 Aggregation as an optimization problem 347 12.3.7 Broadcasting an aggregated value 347 12.3.8 Information-directed routing and aggregation 350 12.3.9 Some further examples 352 12.3.10 Further reading on data aggregation 355 12.4 Data-centric storage 355 12.5 Conclusions 357 13 Transport layer and quality of service 359 13.1 The transport layer and QoS in wireless sensor networks 359 13.1.1 Quality of service/reliability 360 13.1.2 Transport protocols 361 13.2 Coverage and deployment 362 13.2.1 Sensing models 362 13.2.2 Coverage measures 364 13.2.3 Uniform random deployments: Poisson point processes 365 13.2.4 Coverage of random deployments: Boolean sensing model 366 13.2.5 Coverage of random deployments: general sensing model 368 13.2.6 Coverage determination 369 13.2.7 Coverage of grid deployments 374 13.2.8 Further reading 375 13.3 Reliable data transport 376 13.3.1 Reliability requirements in sensor networks 377 13.4 Single packet delivery 378 13.4.1 Using a single path 379 13.4.2 Using multiple paths 384 13.4.3 Multiple receivers 388 13.4.4 Summary 389 13.5 Block delivery 389 13.5.1 PSFQ: block delivery in the sink-to-sensors case 389 13.5.2 RMST: block delivery in the sensors-to-sink case 395 13.5.3 What about TCP? 397 13.5.4 Further reading 399 13.6 Congestion control and rate control 400 13.6.1 Congestion situations in sensor networks 400 13.6.2 Mechanisms for congestion detection and handling 402 13.6.3 Protocols with rate control 403 13.6.4 The CODA congestion-control framework 408 13.6.5 Further reading 411 14 Advanced application support 413 14.1 Advanced in-network processing 413 14.1.1 Going beyond mere aggregation of data 413 14.1.2 Distributed signal processing 414 14.1.3 Distributed source coding 416 14.1.4 Network coding 420 14.1.5 Further issues 421 14.2 Security 422 14.2.1 Fundamentals 422 14.2.2 Security considerations in wireless sensor networks 423 14.2.3 Denial-of-service attacks 423 14.2.4 Further reading 425 14.3 Application-specific support 425 14.3.1 Target detection and tracking 426 14.3.2 Contour/edge detection 429 14.3.3 Field sampling 432 Bibliography 437 Index 481

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Book SynopsisFully revised, this second edition of Queueing Modeling Fundamentals With Applications In Communication Networks contains a significant new chapter on Flow & Congestion Control and a section on Network Calculus among other new sections that have been added to other chapters.Trade Review"The book is well written and nicely illustrated. I recommend it as an introduction for graduate students and telecommunications engineers." (Computing Reviews, November 24, 2008) "This book would serve ideally as a text for an undergraduate course on network performance analysis." (Computing Reviews, July 2008)Table of ContentsList of Tables xi List of Illustrations xiii Preface xvii 1. Preliminaries 1 1.1 Probability Theory 1 1.1.1 Sample Spaces and Axioms of Probability 2 1.1.2 Conditional Probability and Independence 5 1.1.3 Random Variables and Distributions 7 1.1.4 Expected Values and Variances 12 1.1.5 Joint Random Variables and Their Distributions 16 1.1.6 Independence of Random Variables 21 1.2 z-Transforms – Generating Functions 22 1.2.1 Properties of z-Transforms 23 1.3 Laplace Transforms 28 1.3.1 Properties of the Laplace Transform 29 1.4 Matrix Operations 32 1.4.1 Matrix Basics 32 1.4.2 Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors and Spectral Representation 34 1.4.3 Matrix Calculus 36 Problems 39 2. Introduction to Queueing Systems 43 2.1 Nomenclature of a Queueing System 44 2.1.1 Characteristics of the Input Process 45 2.1.2 Characteristics of the System Structure 46 2.1.3 Characteristics of the Output Process 47 2.2 Random Variables and their Relationships 48 2.3 Kendall Notation 50 2.4 Little’s Theorem 52 2.4.1 General Applications of Little’s Theorem 54 2.4.2 Ergodicity 55 2.5 Resource Utilization and Traffic Intensity 56 2.6 Flow Conservation Law 57 2.7 Poisson Process 59 2.7.1 The Poisson Process – A Limiting Case 59 2.7.2 The Poisson Process – An Arrival Perspective 60 2.8 Properties of the Poisson Process 62 2.8.1 Superposition Property 62 2.8.2 Decomposition Property 63 2.8.3 Exponentially Distributed Inter-arrival Times 64 2.8.4 Memoryless (Markovian) Property of Inter-arrival Times 64 2.8.5 Poisson Arrivals During a Random Time Interval 66 Problems 69 3. Discrete and Continuous Markov Processes 71 3.1 Stochastic Processes 72 3.2 Discrete-time Markov Chains 74 3.2.1 Definitions of Discrete-time Markov Chains 75 3.2.2 Matrix Formulation of State Probabilities 79 3.2.3 General Transient Solutions for State Probabilities 81 3.2.4 Steady-state Behaviour of a Markov Chain 86 3.2.5 Reducibility and Periodicity of a Markov Chain 88 3.2.6 Sojourn Times of a Discrete-time Markov Chain 90 3.3 Continuous-time Markov Chains 91 3.3.1 Definition of Continuous-time Markov Chains 91 3.3.2 Sojourn Times of a Continuous-time Markov Chain 92 3.3.3 State Probability Distribution 93 3.3.4 Comparison of Transition-rate and Transitionprobability Matrices 95 3.4 Birth-Death Processes 96 Problems 100 4. Single-Queue Markovian Systems 103 4.1 Classical M/M/1 Queue 104 4.1.1 Global and Local Balance Concepts 106 4.1.2 Performance Measures of the M/M/1 System 107 4.2 PASTA – Poisson Arrivals See Time Averages 110 4.3 M/M/1 System Time (Delay) Distribution 111 4.4 M/M/1/S Queueing Systems 118 4.4.1 Blocking Probability 119 4.4.2 Performance Measures of M/M/1/S Systems 120 4.5 Multi-server Systems – M/M/m 124 4.5.1 Performance Measures of M/M/m Systems 126 4.5.2 Waiting Time Distribution of M/M/m 127 4.6 Erlang’s Loss Queueing Systems – M/M/m/m Systems 129 4.6.1 Performance Measures of the M/M/m/m 130 4.7 Engset’s Loss Systems 131 4.7.1 Performance Measures of M/M/m/m with Finite Customer Population 133 4.8 Considerations for Applications of Queueing Models 134 Problems 139 5. Semi-Markovian Queueing Systems 141 5.1 The M/G/1 Queueing System 142 5.1.1 The Imbedded Markov-chain Approach 142 5.1.2 Analysis of M/G/1 Queue Using Imbedded Markov-chain Approach 143 5.1.3 Distribution of System State 146 5.1.4 Distribution of System Time 147 5.2 The Residual Service Time Approach 148 5.2.1 Performance Measures of M/G/ 1 150 5.3 M/G/1 with Service Vocations 155 5.3.1 Performance Measures of M/G/1 with Service Vacations 156 5.4 Priority Queueing Systems 158 5.4.1 M/G/1 Non-preemptive Priority Queueing 158 5.4.2 Performance Measures of Non-preemptive Priority 160 5.4.3 M/G/1 Pre-emptive Resume Priority Queueing 163 5.5 The G/M/1 Queueing System 165 5.5.1 Performance Measures of GI/M/ 1 166 Problems 167 6. Open Queueing Networks 169 6.1 Markovian Queries in Tandem 171 6.1.1 Analysis of Tandem Queues 175 6.1.2 Burke’s Theorem 176 6.2 Applications of Tandem Queues in Data Networks 178 6.3 Jackson Queueing Networks 181 6.3.1 Performance Measures for Open Networks 186 6.3.2 Balance Equations 190 Problems 193 7. Closed Queueing Networks 197 7.1 Jackson Closed Queueing Networks 197 7.2 Steady-state Probability Distribution 199 7.3 Convolution Algorithm 203 7.4 Performance Measures 207 7.5 Mean Value Analysis 210 7.6 Application of Closed Queueing Networks 213 Problems 214 8. Markov-Modulated Arrival Process 217 8.1 Markov-modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) 218 8.1.1 Definition and Model 218 8.1.2 Superposition of MMPPs 223 8.1.3 MMPP/G/ 1 225 8.1.4 Applications of MMPP 226 8.2 Markov-modulated Bernoulli Process 227 8.2.1 Source Model and Definition 227 8.2.2 Superposition of N Identical MMBPs 228 8.2.3 ΣMMBP/D/ 1 229 8.2.4 Queue Length Solution 231 8.2.5 Initial Conditions 233 8.3 Markov-modulated Fluid Flow 233 8.3.1 Model and Queue Length Analysis 233 8.3.2 Applications of Fluid Flow Model to ATM 236 8.4 Network Calculus 236 8.4.1 System Description 237 8.4.2 Input Traffic Characterization–Arrival Curve 239 8.4.3 System Characterization – Service Curve 240 8.4.4 Min-Plus Algebra 241 9. Flow and Congestion Control 243 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Quality of Service 245 9.3 Analysis of Sliding Window Flow Control Mechanisms 246 9.3.1 A Simple Virtual Circuit Model 246 9.3.2 Sliding Window Model 247 9.4 Rate Based Adaptive Congestion Control 257 References 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisHow to solve security issues and problems arising in distributed systems. Security is one of the leading concerns in developing dependable distributed systems of today, since the integration of different components in a distributed manner creates new security problems and issues. Service oriented architectures, the Web, grid computing and virtualization form the backbone of today's distributed systems. A lens to security issues in distributed systems is best provided via deeper exploration of security concerns and solutions in these technologies. Distributed Systems Security provides a holistic insight into current security issues, processes, and solutions, and maps out future directions in the context of today's distributed systems. This insight is elucidated by modeling of modern day distributed systems using a four-tier logical model host layer, infrastructure layer, application layer, and service layer (bottom to top). The authors provide an in-depth coverTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Distributed Systems. 1.3 Distributed Systems Security. 1.4 About the Book. Chapter 2: Security Engineering. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Secure Development Life Cycle Processes – An Overview. 2.3 A Typical Security Engineering Process. 2.4 Important Security Engineering Guidelines and Resources. 2.5 Conclusion. Chapter 3. Common Security Issues and Technologies. 3.1 Security Issues. 3.2 Common Security Techniques. 3.3 Summary. Chapter 4 – Host level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 4.1 Background. 4.2 Malware. 4.3 Eavesdropping. 4.4 Job faults. 4.5 Resource starvation. 4.6 Overflow. 4.7 Privilege escalation. 4.8 Injection attacks. 4.9 Conclusion. Chapter 5 – Infrastructure Level Threats & Vulnerabilities. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Network Level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 5.3 Grid Computing Threats and Vulnerabilities. 5.4 Storage Threats and Vulnerabilities. Chapter 6: Application Level Vulnerabilities and Attacks. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Application Layer Vulnerabilities. 6.3 Conclusion. Chapter 7 – Service Level Issues, Threats and Vulnerabilities. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 SOA and Role of Standards. 7.3 Service Level Security Requirements. 7.4 Service Level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 7.5 Service Level Attacks. 7.6 Services Threat Profile. 7.7 Conclusions. Chapter 8: Host level Solutions. 8.1 Background. 8.2 Sandboxing. 8.3 Virtualization. 8.4 Resource Management 8.5 Proof carrying code. 8.6 Memory firewall 8.7 Anti malware. 8.8 Conclusions. Chapter 9 – Infrastructure Level Solutions 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Network Level Solutions. 9.3 Grid Level Solutions. 9.4 Storage Level Solutions. Chapter 10: Application Level Solutions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Application Level Security Solutions. 10.3 Conclusion. Chapter 11 – Service Level Solutions. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Services Security Policy. 11.3 SOA Security standards stack. 11.4 Standards in Depth. 11.5 Deployment Architectures for SOA Security. 11.6 Managing Service Level Threats. 11.7 Service Threat Solution Mapping. 11.8 XML Firewall Configuration-Threat Mapping. 11.9 Conclusions. Chapter 12 - Case Study – Compliance in Financial Services. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 SOX compliance. 12.3 SOX Security Solutions. 12.4 Multi-level policy driven solution architecture. 12.5 Conclusions. Chapter 13 – Case Study of Grid. 13.1 Background. 13.2 Financial Application. 13.3 Security Requirements Analysis. 13.4 Final Security Architecture. Chapter 14: Future directions and Conclusions. 14.1 Future directions. 14.2 Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisRF and Microwave Transmitter Design is unique in its coverage of both historical transmitter design and cutting edge technologies. This text explores the results of well-known and new theoretical analyses, while informing readers of modern radio transmitters' pracitcal designs and their components.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Introduction 1 References 6 1 Passive Elements and Circuit Theory 9 1.1 Immittance Two-Port Network Parameters 9 1.2 Scattering Parameters 13 1.3 Interconnections of Two-Port Networks 17 1.4 Practical Two-Port Networks 20 1.4.1 Single-Element Networks 20 1.4.2 π- and T -Type Networks 21 1.5 Three-Port Network with Common Terminal 24 1.6 Lumped Elements 26 1.6.1 Inductors 26 1.6.2 Capacitors 29 1.7 Transmission Line 31 1.8 Types of Transmission Lines 35 1.8.1 Coaxial Line 35 1.8.2 Stripline 36 1.8.3 Microstrip Line 39 1.8.4 Slotline 41 1.8.5 Coplanar Waveguide 42 1.9 Noise 44 1.9.1 Noise Sources 44 1.9.2 Noise Figure 46 1.9.3 Flicker Noise 53 References 53 2 Active Devices and Modeling 57 2.1 Diodes 57 2.1.1 Operation Principle 57 2.1.2 Schottky Diodes 59 2.1.3 p–i–n Diodes 61 2.1.4 Zener Diodes 62 2.2 Varactors 63 2.2.1 Varactor Modeling 63 2.2.2 MOS Varactor 65 2.3 MOSFETs 70 2.3.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 70 2.3.2 Nonlinear I–V Models 73 2.3.3 Nonlinear C–V Models 75 2.3.4 Charge Conservation 78 2.3.5 Gate–Source Resistance 79 2.3.6 Temperature Dependence 79 2.3.7 Noise Model 81 2.4 MESFETs and HEMTs 83 2.4.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 83 2.4.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements 85 2.4.3 Curtice Quadratic Nonlinear Model 88 2.4.4 Parker–Skellern Nonlinear Model 89 2.4.5 Chalmers (Angelov) Nonlinear Model 91 2.4.6 IAF (Berroth) Nonlinear Model 93 2.4.7 Noise Model 94 2.5 BJTs and HBTs 97 2.5.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 97 2.5.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements 98 2.5.3 Equivalence of Intrinsic π- and T -Type Topologies 100 2.5.4 Nonlinear Bipolar Device Modeling 102 2.5.5 Noise Model 105 References 107 3 Impedance Matching 113 3.1 Main Principles 113 3.2 Smith Chart 116 3.3 Matching with Lumped Elements 120 3.3.1 Analytic Design Technique 120 3.3.2 Bipolar UHF Power Amplifier 131 3.3.3 MOSFET VHF High-Power Amplifier 135 3.4 Matching with Transmission Lines 138 3.4.1 Analytic Design Technique 138 3.4.2 Equivalence Between Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 144 3.4.3 Narrowband Microwave Power Amplifier 147 3.4.4 Broadband UHF High-Power Amplifier 149 3.5 Matching Networks with Mixed Lumped and Distributed Elements 151 References 153 4 Power Transformers, Combiners, and Couplers 155 4.1 Basic Properties 155 4.1.1 Three-Port Networks 155 4.1.2 Four-Port Networks 156 4.2 Transmission-Line Transformers and Combiners 158 4.3 Baluns 168 4.4 Wilkinson Power Dividers/Combiners 174 4.5 Microwave Hybrids 182 4.6 Coupled-Line Directional Couplers 192 References 197 5 Filters 201 5.1 Types of Filters 201 5.2 Filter Design Using Image Parameter Method 205 5.2.1 Constant-k Filter Sections 205 5.2.2 m-Derived Filter Sections 207 5.3 Filter Design Using Insertion Loss Method 210 5.3.1 Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter 210 5.3.2 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter 213 5.3.3 Elliptic Function Low-Pass Filter 216 5.3.4 Maximally Flat Group-Delay Low-Pass Filter 219 5.4 Bandpass and Bandstop Transformation 222 5.5 Transmission-Line Low-Pass Filter Implementation 225 5.5.1 Richards’s Transformation 225 5.5.2 Kuroda Identities 226 5.5.3 Design Example 228 5.6 Coupled-Line Filters 228 5.6.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 228 5.6.2 Coupled-Line Section 231 5.6.3 Parallel-Coupled Bandpass Filters Using Half-Wavelength Resonators 234 5.6.4 Interdigital, Combline, and Hairpin Bandpass Filters 236 5.6.5 Microstrip Filters with Unequal Phase Velocities 239 5.6.6 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters Using Quarter-Wavelength Resonators 241 5.7 SAW and BAW Filters 243 References 250 6 Modulation and Modulators 255 6.1 Amplitude Modulation 255 6.1.1 Basic Principle 255 6.1.2 Amplitude Modulators 259 6.2 Single-Sideband Modulation 262 6.2.1 Double-Sideband Modulation 262 6.2.2 Single-Sideband Generation 265 6.2.3 Single-Sideband Modulator 266 6.3 Frequency Modulation 267 6.3.1 Basic Principle 268 6.3.2 Frequency Modulators 273 6.4 Phase Modulation 278 6.5 Digital Modulation 283 6.5.1 Amplitude Shift Keying 284 6.5.2 Frequency Shift Keying 287 6.5.3 Phase Shift Keying 289 6.5.4 Minimum Shift Keying 296 6.5.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 299 6.5.6 Pulse Code Modulation 300 6.6 Class-S Modulator 302 6.7 Multiple Access Techniques 304 6.7.1 Time and Frequency Division Multiplexing 304 6.7.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 305 6.7.3 Time Division Multiple Access 305 6.7.4 Code Division Multiple Access 306 References 308 7 Mixers and Multipliers 311 7.1 Basic Theory 311 7.2 Single-Diode Mixers 313 7.3 Balanced Diode Mixers 318 7.3.1 Single-Balanced Mixers 318 7.3.2 Double-Balanced Mixers 321 7.4 Transistor Mixers 326 7.5 Dual-Gate FET Mixer 329 7.6 Balanced Transistor Mixers 331 7.6.1 Single-Balanced Mixers 331 7.6.2 Double-Balanced Mixers 334 7.7 Frequency Multipliers 338 References 344 8 Oscillators 347 8.1 Oscillator Operation Principles 347 8.1.1 Steady-State Operation Mode 347 8.1.2 Start-Up Conditions 349 8.2 Oscillator Configurations and Historical Aspect 353 8.3 Self-Bias Condition 358 8.4 Parallel Feedback Oscillator 362 8.5 Series Feedback Oscillator 365 8.6 Push–Push Oscillators 368 8.7 Stability of Self-Oscillations 372 8.8 Optimum Design Techniques 376 8.8.1 Empirical Approach 376 8.8.2 Analytic Approach 379 8.9 Noise in Oscillators 385 8.9.1 Parallel Feedback Oscillator 386 8.9.2 Negative Resistance Oscillator 392 8.9.3 Colpitts Oscillator 394 8.9.4 Impulse Response Model 397 8.10 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 407 8.11 Crystal Oscillators 417 8.12 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 423 References 428 9 Phase-Locked Loops 433 9.1 Basic Loop Structure 433 9.2 Analog Phase-Locked Loops 435 9.3 Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops 439 9.4 Digital Phase-Locked Loops 441 9.5 Loop Components 444 9.5.1 Phase Detector 444 9.5.2 Loop Filter 449 9.5.3 Frequency Divider 454 9.5.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 457 9.6 Loop Parameters 461 9.6.1 Lock Range 461 9.6.2 Stability 462 9.6.3 Transient Response 463 9.6.4 Noise 465 9.7 Phase Modulation Using Phase-Locked Loops 466 9.8 Frequency Synthesizers 469 9.8.1 Direct Analog Synthesizers 469 9.8.2 Integer-N Synthesizers Using PLL 469 9.8.3 Fractional-N Synthesizers Using PLL 471 9.8.4 Direct Digital Synthesizers 473 References 474 10 Power Amplifier Design Fundamentals 477 10.1 Power Gain and Stability 477 10.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C 487 10.3 Linearity 496 10.4 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance 503 10.5 DC Biasing 506 10.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifiers 515 10.7 Broadband Power Amplifiers 522 10.8 Distributed Power Amplifiers 537 10.9 Harmonic Tuning Using Load–Pull Techniques 543 10.10 Thermal Characteristics 549 References 552 11 High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers 557 11.1 Class D 557 11.1.1 Voltage-Switching Configurations 557 11.1.2 Current-Switching Configurations 561 11.1.3 Drive and Transition Time 564 11.2 Class F 567 11.2.1 Idealized Class F Mode 569 11.2.2 Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line 572 11.2.3 Effect of Saturation Resistance 575 11.2.4 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 577 11.3 Inverse Class F 581 11.3.1 Idealized Inverse Class F Mode 583 11.3.2 Inverse Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line 585 11.3.3 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 586 11.4 Class E with Shunt Capacitance 589 11.4.1 Optimum Load Network Parameters 590 11.4.2 Saturation Resistance and Switching Time 595 11.4.3 Load Network with Transmission Lines 599 11.5 Class E with Finite dc-Feed Inductance 601 11.5.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters 601 11.5.2 Parallel-Circuit Class E 605 11.5.3 Broadband Class E 610 11.5.4 Power Gain 613 11.6 Class E with Quarterwave Transmission Line 615 11.6.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters 615 11.6.2 Load Network with Zero Series Reactance 622 11.6.3 Matching Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 625 11.7 Class FE 628 11.8 CAD Design Example: 1.75 GHz HBT Class E MMIC Power Amplifier 638 References 653 12 Linearization and Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 657 12.1 Feedforward Amplifier Architecture 657 12.2 Cross Cancellation Technique 663 12.3 Reflect Forward Linearization Amplifier 665 12.4 Predistortion Linearization 666 12.5 Feedback Linearization 672 12.6 Doherty Power Amplifier Architectures 678 12.7 Outphasing Power Amplifiers 685 12.8 Envelope Tracking 691 12.9 Switched Multipath Power Amplifiers 695 12.10 Kahn EER Technique and Digital Power Amplification 702 12.10.1 Envelope Elimination and Restoration 702 12.10.2 Pulse-Width Carrier Modulation 704 12.10.3 Class S Amplifier 706 12.10.4 Digital RF Amplification 706 References 709 13 Control Circuits 717 13.1 Power Detector and VSWR Protection 717 13.2 Switches 722 13.3 Phase Shifters 728 13.3.1 Diode Phase Shifters 729 13.3.2 Schiffman 90◦ Phase Shifter 736 13.3.3 MESFET Phase Shifters 739 13.4 Attenuators 741 13.5 Variable Gain Amplifiers 746 13.6 Limiters 750 References 753 14 Transmitter Architectures 759 14.1 Amplitude-Modulated Transmitters 759 14.1.1 Collector Modulation 760 14.1.2 Base Modulation 762 14.1.3 Low-Level Modulation 764 14.1.4 Amplitude Keying 765 14.2 Single-Sideband Transmitters 766 14.3 Frequency-Modulated Transmitters 768 14.4 Television Transmitters 772 14.5 Wireless Communication Transmitters 776 14.6 Radar Transmitters 782 14.6.1 Phased-Array Radars 783 14.6.2 Automotive Radars 786 14.6.3 Electronic Warfare 791 14.7 Satellite Transmitters 794 14.8 Ultra-Wideband Communication Transmitters 797 References 802 Index 809

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Book SynopsisSystems'' Verification Validation and Testing (VVT) are carried out throughout systems'' lifetimes. Notably, quality-cost expended on performing VVT activities and correcting system defects consumes about half of the overall engineering cost. Verification, Validation and Testing of Engineered Systems provides a comprehensive compendium of VVT activities and corresponding VVT methods for implementation throughout the entire lifecycle of an engineered system. In addition, the book strives to alleviate the fundamental testing conundrum, namely: What should be tested? How should one test? When should one test? And, when should one stop testing? In other words, how should one select a VVT strategy and how it be optimized? The book is organized in three parts: The first part provides introductory material about systems and VVT concepts. This part presents a comprehensive explanation of the role of VVT in the process of engineered systems (Chapter-1). The secondTable of ContentsPreface xvii Part I Introduction 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Opening 3 1.1.1 Background 4 1.1.2 Purpose 5 1.1.3 Intended audience 5 1.1.4 Book structure and contents 6 1.1.5 Scope of application 8 1.1.6 Terminology and notation 9 1.2 VVT Systems and Process 9 1.2.1 Introduction—VVT systems and process 9 1.2.2 Engineered systems 10 1.2.3 VVT concepts and definition 12 1.2.4 The fundamental VVT dilemma 19 1.2.5 Modeling systems and VVT lifecycle 20 1.2.6 Modeling VVT and risks as cost and time drivers 24 1.3 Canonical Systems VVT Paradigm 32 1.3.1 Introduction—Canonical systems VVT paradigm 32 1.3.2 Phases of the system lifecycle 34 1.3.3 Views of the system 37 1.3.4 VVT aspects of the system 39 1.4 Methodology Application 39 1.4.1 Introduction 39 1.4.2 VVT methodology overview 40 1.4.3 VVT tailoring 43 1.4.4 VVT documents 50 1.5 References 56 Part II VVT Activities and Methods 61 2. System VVT Activities: Development 63 2.1 Structure of Chapter 63 2.1.1 Systems development lifecycle phases and VVT activities 63 2.1.2 VVT activity aspects 64 2.1.3 VVT activity format 65 2.2 VVT Activities during Definition 65 2.2.1 Generate Requirements Verification Matrix (RVM) 65 2.2.2 Generate VVT Management Plan (VVT-MP) 67 2.2.3 Assess the Request For Proposal (RFP) document 69 2.2.4 Assess System Requirements Specification (SysRS) 71 2.2.5 Assess project Risk Management Plan (RMP) 72 2.2.6 Assess System Safety Program Plan (SSPP) 74 2.2.7 Participate in System Requirements Review (SysRR) 77 2.2.8 Participate in System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) review 77 2.2.9 Conduct engineering peer review of the VVT-MP document 79 2.3 VVT Activities during Design 80 2.3.1 Optimize the VVT strategy 80 2.3.2 Assess System/Subsystem Design Description (SSDD) 83 2.3.3 Validate system design by means of virtual prototype 85 2.3.4 Validate system design tools 86 2.3.5 Assess system design for meeting future lifecycle needs 87 2.3.6 Participate in the System Design Review (SysDR) 90 2.4 VVT Activities during Implementation 91 2.4.1 Preparing the test cycle for subsystems and components 91 2.4.2 Assess suppliers’ subsystems test documents 96 2.4.3 Perform Acceptance Test Procedure—Subsystems/ Enabling products 97 2.4.4 Assess system performance by way of simulation 100 2.4.5 Verify design versus implementation consistency 102 2.4.6 Participate in Acceptance Test Review—Subsystems/ Enabling products 103 2.5 VVT Activities during Integration 104 2.5.1 Develop System Integration Laboratory (SIL) 104 2.5.2 Generate System Integration Test Plan (SysITP) 106 2.5.3 Generate System Integration Test Description (SysITD) 108 2.5.4 Validate supplied subsystems in a stand-alone configuration 111 2.5.5 Perform components, subsystem, enabling products integration tests 112 2.5.6 Generate System Integration Test Report (SysITR) 114 2.5.7 Assess effectiveness of the system Built In Test (BIT) 116 2.5.8 Conduct engineering peer review of the SysITR 120 2.6 VVT Activities during Qualification 120 2.6.1 Generate a qualification/acceptance System Test Plan (SysTP) 121 2.6.2 Create qualification/acceptance System Test Description (SysTD) 123 2.6.3 Perform virtual system testing by means of simulation 125 2.6.4 Perform qualification testing/Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP)—System 126 2.6.5 Generate qualification/acceptance System Test Report (SysTR) 129 2.6.6 Assess system testability, maintainability and availability 131 2.6.7 Perform environmental system testing 137 2.6.8 Perform system Certification and Accreditation (C&A) 140 2.6.9 Conduct Test Readiness Review (TRR) 144 2.6.10 Conduct engineering peer review of development enabling products 146 2.6.11 Conduct engineering peer review of program and project safety 148 2.7 References 149 3. Systems VVT Activities: Post-Development 153 3.1 Structure of Chapter 153 3.2 VVT Activities during Production 154 3.2.1 Participate in Functional Configuration Audit (FCA) 154 3.2.2 Participate in Physical Configuration Audit (PCA) 157 3.2.3 Plan system production VVT process 159 3.2.4 Generate a First Article Inspection (FAI) procedure 161 3.2.5 Validate the production-line test equipment 165 3.2.6 Verify quality of incoming components and subsystems 165 3.2.7 Perform First Article Inspection (FAI) 166 3.2.8 Validate pre-production process 167 3.2.9 Validate ongoing-production process 168 3.2.10 Perform manufacturing quality control 170 3.2.11 Verify the production operations strategy 172 3.2.12 Verify marketing and production forecasting 174 3.2.13 Verify aggregate production planning 176 3.2.14 Verify inventory control operation 177 3.2.15 Verify supply chain management 180 3.2.16 Verify production control systems 181 3.2.17 Verify production scheduling 183 3.2.18 Participate in Production Readiness Review (PRR) 184 3.3 VVT Activities during Use/Maintenance 186 3.3.1 Develop VVT plan for system maintenance 187 3.3.2 Verify the Integrated Logistics Support Plan (ILSP) 191 3.3.3 Perform ongoing system maintenance testing 200 3.3.4 Conduct engineering peer review on system maintenance process 204 3.4 VVT Activities during Disposal 208 3.4.1 Develop VVT plan for system disposal 209 3.4.2 Assess the system disposal plan 212 3.4.3 Assess system disposal strategies by means of simulation 214 3.4.4 Assess on-going system disposal process 215 3.4.5 Conduct engineering peer review to assess system disposal processes 219 3.5 References 221 4. System VVT Methods: Non-Testing 223 4.1 Introduction 223 4.2 Prepare VVT Products 223 4.2.1 Requirements Verification Matrix (RVM) 223 4.2.2 System Integration Laboratory (SIL) 226 4.2.3 Hierarchical VVT optimization 230 4.2.4 Defect management and tracking 234 4.2.5 Classification Tree Method 239 4.2.6 Design of Experiments (DOE) 243 4.3 Perform VVT Activities 256 4.3.1 VVT process planning 256 4.3.2 Compare images and documents 262 4.3.3 Requirements testability and quality 265 4.3.4 System test simulation 272 4.3.5 Failure mode effect analysis 280 4.3.6 Anticipatory Failure Determination 286 4.3.7 Model-based testing 293 4.3.8 Robust design analysis 302 4.4 Participate in Reviews 312 4.4.1 Expert team reviews 312 4.4.2 Formal technical reviews 326 4.4.3 Group evaluation and decision 331 4.5 References 346 5. Systems VVT Methods: Testing 351 5.1 Introduction 351 5.2 White Box Testing 356 5.2.1 Component and code coverage testing 356 5.2.2 Interface testing 360 5.3 Black Box—Basic Testing 365 5.3.1 Boundary value testing 365 5.3.2 Decision table testing 367 5.3.3 Finite State Machine testing 368 5.3.4 Human-system interface testing (HSI) 373 5.4 Black Box—High-Volume Testing 378 5.4.1 Automatic random testing 378 5.4.2 Performance testing 381 5.4.3 Recovery testing 385 5.4.4 Stress testing 386 5.5 Black Box—Special Testing 388 5.5.1 Usability testing 388 5.5.2 Security vulnerability testing 393 5.5.3 Reliability testing 402 5.5.4 Search-based testing 410 5.5.5 Mutation testing 418 5.6 Black Box—Environment Testing 422 5.6.1 Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) testing 422 5.6.2 EMI/EMC testing 424 5.6.3 Destructive testing 426 5.6.4 Reactive testing 431 5.6.5 Temporal testing 436 5.7 Black Box—Phase Testing 443 5.7.1 Sanity testing 444 5.7.2 Exploratory testing 445 5.7.3 Regression testing 447 5.7.4 Component and subsystem testing 452 5.7.5 Integration testing 455 5.7.6 Qualification testing 461 5.7.7 Acceptance testing 463 5.7.8 Certification and accreditation testing 466 5.7.9 First Article Inspection (FAI) 473 5.7.10 Production testing 477 5.7.11 Installation testing 481 5.7.12 Maintenance testing 484 5.7.13 Disposal testing 487 5.8 References 488 Part III Modeling and Optimizing VVT Process 495 6. Modeling Quality Cost, Time and Risk 497 6.1 Purpose and Basic Concepts 497 6.1.1 Historical models for cost of quality 498 6.1.2 Quantitative models for cost/time of quality 499 6.2 VVT Cost and Risk Modeling 500 6.2.1 Canonical VVT cost modeling 500 6.2.2 Modeling VVT strategy as a decision problem 502 6.2.3 Modeling appraisal risk cost 505 6.2.4 Modeling impact risk cost 511 6.2.5 Modeling total quality cost 516 6.2.6 VVT cost and risk example 517 6.3 VVT Time and Risk Modeling 521 6.3.1 System/VVT network 521 6.3.2 Modeling time of system/VVT lifecycle 524 6.3.3 Time and risk example 528 6.4 Fuzzy VVT Cost Modeling 530 6.4.1 Introduction 530 6.4.2 General fuzzy logic modeling 530 6.4.3 Fuzzy modeling of the VVT process 532 6.4.4 Fuzzy VVT cost and risk estimation example 541 6.4.5 Fuzzy logic versus probabilistic modeling 544 6.5 References 548 7. Obtaining Quality Data and Optimizing VVT Strategy 550 7.1 Systems’ Quality Costs in the Literature 550 7.2 Obtaining System Quality Data 554 7.2.1 Quality data acquisition 554 7.2.2 Quality data aggregation 555 7.3 IAI/Lahav Quality Data—An Illustration 557 7.3.1 IAI/Lahav pilot project 557 7.3.2 Obtaining raw system and quality data 559 7.3.3 Anchor system and quality data 560 7.3.4 Generating the VVT model database 561 7.4 The VVT-Tool 562 7.4.1 Background 562 7.4.2 Tool availability 563 7.5 VVT Cost, Time and Risk Optimization 564 7.5.1 Optimizing the VVT process 565 7.5.2 Loss function optimization—VVT cost 569 7.5.3 Weight optimization—VVT cost 576 7.5.4 Goal optimization—VVT cost 580 7.5.5 Genetic algorithm optimization—VVT time 584 7.5.6 Genetic multi-domain optimization—VVT cost and time 596 7.6 References 600 8. Methodology Validation and Examples 604 8.1 Methodology Validation Using a Pilot Project 604 8.1.1 VVT cost model validation 605 8.1.2 VVT time model validation 610 8.1.3 Fuzzy VVT cost model validation 617 8.2 Optimizing the VVT Strategy 618 8.2.1 Analytical optimization of cost 619 8.2.2 Cost distribution by phase 626 8.2.3 Weight optimization of cost 627 8.2.4 Goal optimization of cost 631 8.2.5 MPGA optimization for time 635 8.2.6 SSGA optimization of cost and time 637 8.3 Identifying and Avoiding Significant Risks 639 8.3.1 Avoiding critical risks 640 8.3.2 Conjecture on future risk scenarios 642 8.4 Improving System Quality Process 644 Appendix A SysTest Project 646 A.1 About SysTest 646 A.2 SysTest Key Products 648 A.3 SysTest Pilot Projects 649 A.4 SysTest Team 653 A.5 EC Evaluation of SysTest Project 655 References 656 Appendix B Proposed Guide: System Verification, Validation and Testing Master Plan 657 B.1 Background 657 B.2 Creating the VVT-MP 658 B.3 Chapter 1: System Description 659 B.3. 1 Project applicable documents 659 B.3. 2 Mission description 659 B.. 3 System description 659 B.3. 4 Critical technical parameters 660 B.4 Chapter 2: Integrated VVT Program Summary 660 B.4. 1 Integrated VVT program schedule 660 B.4. 2 VVT program management 661 B.5 Chapter 3: System VVT 662 B.5. 1 VVT strategy 662 B.5. 2 Planning VVT activities 665 B.5. 3 VVT limitations 668 B.6 Chapter 4: VVT Resource Summary 669 B.6. 1 Test articles 669 B.6. 2 Test sites and instrumentation 669 B.6. 3 Test support requisition 669 B.6. 4 Expendables for testing 669 B.6. 5 Operational force test support 670 B.. 6 Simulations, models and test beds 670 B.6. 7 Manpower/personnel needs and training 670 B.6. 8 Budget summary 670 Appendix C List of Acronyms 671 Index 679

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended primarily as a handbook for engineers who must design practical systems. Its primarygoal is to discuss model development in sufficient detail so that the reader may design an estimator that meets all application requirements and is robust to modeling assumptions. Since it is sometimes difficult to a priori determine the best model structure, use of exploratory data analysis to define model structure is discussed. Methods for deciding on the best model are also presented. A second goal is to present little known extensions of least squares estimation or Kalman filtering that provide guidance on model structure and parameters, or make the estimator more robust to changes in real-world behavior. A third goal is discussion of implementation issues that make the estimator more accurate or efficient, or that make it flexible so that model alternatives can be easily compared. The fourth goal is to provide the designer/analyst with gTable of ContentsPREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Forward and Inverse Modeling Problem 2 1.2 A Brief History of Estimation 4 1.3 Filtering, Smoothing, and Prediction 8 1.4 Prerequisites 9 1.5 Notation 9 1.6 Summary 11 2 SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND MODELS 13 2.1 Discrete-Time Models 14 2.2 Continuous-Time Dynamic Models 17 2.2.1 State Transition and Process Noise Covariance Matrices 19 2.2.2 Dynamic Models Using Basic Function Expansions 22 2.2.3 Dynamic Models Derived from First Principles 25 2.2.4 Stochastic (Random) Process Models 31 2.2.5 Linear Regression Models 42 2.2.6 Reduced-Order Modeling 44 2.3 Computation of State Transition and Process Noise Matrices 45 2.3.1 Numeric Computation of Φ 45 2.3.2 Numeric Computation of QD 57 2.4 Measurement Models 58 2.5 Simulating Stochastic Systems 60 2.6 Common Modeling Errors and System Biases 62 2.7 Summary 65 3 MODELING EXAMPLES 67 3.1 Angle-Only Tracking of Linear Target Motion 67 3.2 Maneuvering Vehicle Tracking 69 3.2.1 Maneuvering Tank Tracking Using Multiple Models 69 3.2.2 Aircraft Tracking 73 3.3 Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (INS) Error Model 74 3.4 Spacecraft Orbit Determination (OD) 80 3.4.1 Geopotential Forces 83 3.4.2 Other Gravitational Attractions 86 3.4.3 Solar Radiation Pressure 87 3.4.4 Aerodynamic Drag 88 3.4.5 Thrust Forces 89 3.4.6 Earth Motion 89 3.4.7 Numerical Integration and Computation of Φ 90 3.4.8 Measurements 92 3.4.9 GOES I-P Satellites 96 3.4.10 Global Positioning System (GPS) 97 3.5 Fossil-Fueled Power Plant 99 3.6 Summary 99 4 LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: FUNDAMENTALS 101 4.1 Least-Squares Data Fitting 101 4.2 Weighted Least Squares 108 4.3 Bayesian Estimation 115 4.3.1 Bayesian Least Squares 115 4.3.2 Bayes’ Theorem 117 4.3.3 Minimum Variance or Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) 121 4.3.4 Orthogonal Projections 124 4.4 Probabilistic Approaches—Maximum Likelihood and Maximum A Posteriori 125 4.4.1 Gaussian Random Variables 126 4.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 128 4.4.3 Maximum A Posteriori 133 4.5 Summary of Linear Estimation Approaches 137 5 LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 139 5.1 Matrix Norms, Condition Number, Observability, and the Pseudo-Inverse 139 5.1.1 Vector-Matrix Norms 139 5.1.2 Matrix Pseudo-Inverse 141 5.1.3 Condition Number 141 5.1.4 Observability 145 5.2 Normal Equation Formation and Solution 145 5.2.1 Computation of the Normal Equations 145 5.2.2 Cholesky Decomposition of the Normal Equations 149 5.3 Orthogonal Transformations and the QR Method 156 5.3.1 Givens Rotations 158 5.3.2 Householder Transformations 159 5.3.3 Modified Gram-Schmidt (MGS) Orthogonalization 162 5.3.4 QR Numerical Accuracy 165 5.4 Least-Squares Solution Using the SVD 165 5.5 Iterative Techniques 167 5.5.1 Sparse Array Storage 167 5.5.2 Linear Iteration 168 5.5.3 Least-Squares Solution for Large Sparse Problems Using Krylov Space Methods 169 5.6 Comparison of Methods 175 5.6.1 Solution Accuracy for Polynomial Problem 175 5.6.2 Algorithm Timing 181 5.7 Solution Uniqueness, Observability, and Condition Number 183 5.8 Pseudo-Inverses and the Singular Value Transformation (SVD) 185 5.9 Summary 190 6 LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: MODEL ERRORS AND MODEL ORDER 193 6.1 Assessing the Validity of the Solution 194 6.1.1 Residual Sum-of-Squares (SOS) 194 6.1.2 Residual Patterns 195 6.1.3 Subsets of Residuals 196 6.1.4 Measurement Prediction 196 6.1.5 Estimate Comparison 197 6.2 Solution Error Analysis 208 6.2.1 State Error Covariance and Confidence Bounds 208 6.2.2 Model Error Analysis 212 6.3 Regression Analysis for Weighted Least Squares 237 6.3.1 Analysis of Variance 238 6.3.2 Stepwise Regression 239 6.3.3 Prediction and Optimal Data Span 244 6.4 Summary 245 7 LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: CONSTRAINTS, NONLINEAR MODELS, AND ROBUST TECHNIQUES 249 7.1 Constrained Estimates 249 7.1.1 Least-Squares with Linear Equality Constraints (Problem LSE) 249 7.1.2 Least-Squares with Linear Inequality Constraints (Problem LSI) 256 7.2 Recursive Least Squares 257 7.3 Nonlinear Least Squares 259 7.3.1 1-D Nonlinear Least-Squares Solutions 263 7.3.2 Optimization for Multidimensional Unconstrained Nonlinear Least Squares 264 7.3.3 Stopping Criteria and Convergence Tests 269 7.4 Robust Estimation 282 7.4.1 De-Weighting Large Residuals 282 7.4.2 Data Editing 283 7.5 Measurement Preprocessing 285 7.6 Summary 286 8 KALMAN FILTERING 289 8.1 Discrete-Time Kalman Filter 290 8.1.1 Truth Model 290 8.1.2 Discrete-Time Kalman Filter Algorithm 291 8.2 Extensions of the Discrete Filter 303 8.2.1 Correlation between Measurement and Process Noise 303 8.2.2 Time-Correlated (Colored) Measurement Noise 305 8.2.3 Innovations, Model Validation, and Editing 311 8.3 Continous-Time Kalman-Bucy Filter 314 8.4 Modifications of the Discrete Kalman Filter 321 8.4.1 Friedland Bias-FreeBias-Restoring Filter 321 8.4.2 Kalman-Schmidt Consider Filter 325 8.5 Steady-State Solution 328 8.6 Wiener Filter 332 8.6.1 Wiener-Hopf Equation 333 8.6.2 Solution for the Optimal Weighting Function 335 8.6.3 Filter Input Covariances 336 8.6.4 Equivalence of Weiner and Steady-State Kalman-Bucy Filters 337 8.7 Summary 341 9 FILTERING FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS, SMOOTHING, ERROR ANALYSISMODEL DESIGN, ANDMEASUREMENT PREPROCESSING 343 9.1 Nonlinear Filtering 344 9.1.1 Linearized and Extended Kalman Filters 344 9.1.2 Iterated Extended Kalman Filter 349 9.2 Smoothing 352 9.2.1 Fixed-Point Smoother 353 9.2.2 Fixed-Lag Smoother 356 9.2.3 Fixed-Interval Smoother 357 9.3 Filter Error Analysis and Reduced-Order Modeling 370 9.3.1 Linear Analysis of Independent Error Sources 372 9.3.2 Error Analysis for ROM Defi ned as a Transformed Detailed Model 380 9.3.3 Error Analysis for Different Truth and Filter Models 382 9.4 Measurement Preprocessing 385 9.5 Summary 385 10 FACTORED (SQUARE-ROOT) FILTERING 389 10.1 Filter Numerical Accuracy 390 10.2 U-D Filter 392 10.2.1 U-D Filter Measurement Update 394 10.2.2 U-D Filter Time Update 396 10.2.3 RTS Smoother for U-D Filter 401 10.2.4 U-D Error Analysis 403 10.3 Square Root Information Filter (SRIF) 404 10.3.1 SRIF Time Update 405 10.3.2 SRIF Measurement Update 407 10.3.3 Square Root Information Smoother (SRIS) 408 10.3.4 Dyer-McReynolds Covariance Smoother (DMCS) 410 10.3.5 SRIF Error Analysis 410 10.4 Inertial Navigation System (INS) Example Using Factored Filters 412 10.5 Large Sparse Systems and the SRIF 417 10.6 Spatial Continuity Constraints and the SRIF Data Equation 419 10.6.1 Flow Model 421 10.6.2 Log Conductivity Spatial Continuity Model 422 10.6.3 Measurement Models 424 10.6.4 SRIF Processing 424 10.6.5 Steady-State Flow Constrained Iterative Solution 425 10.7 Summary 427 11 ADVANCED FILTERING TOPICS 431 11.1 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 432 11.1.1 Calculation of the State Transition Partial Derivatives 434 11.1.2 Derivatives of the Filter Time Update 438 11.1.3 Derivatives of the Filter Measurement Update 439 11.1.4 Partial Derivatives for Initial Condition Errors 440 11.1.5 Computation of the Log Likelihood and Scoring Step 441 11.2 Adaptive Filtering 449 11.3 Jump Detection and Estimation 450 11.3.1 Jump-Free Filter Equations 452 11.3.2 Stepwise Regression 454 11.3.3 Correction of Jump-Free Filter State 455 11.3.4 Real-Time Jump Detection Using Stepwise Regression 456 11.4 Adaptive Target Tracking Using Multiple Model Hypotheses 461 11.4.1 Weighted Sum of Filter Estimates 462 11.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Filter Selection 463 11.4.3 Dynamic and Interactive Multiple Models 464 11.5 Constrained Estimation 471 11.6 Robust Estimation: H-Infi nity Filters 471 11.7 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) 474 11.7.1 Unscented Transform 475 11.7.2 UKF Algorithm 478 11.8 Particle Filters 485 11.9 Summary 490 12 EMPIRICAL MODELING 493 12.1 Exploratory Time Series Analysis and System Identification 494 12.2 Spectral Analysis Based on the Fourier Transform 495 12.2.1 Fourier Series for Periodic Functions 497 12.2.2 Fourier Transform of Continuous Energy Signals 498 12.2.3 Fourier Transform of Power Signals 502 12.2.4 Power Spectrum of Stochastic Signals 504 12.2.5 Time-Limiting Window Functions 506 12.2.6 Discrete Fourier Transform 509 12.2.7 Periodogram Computation of Power Spectra 512 12.2.8 Blackman-Tukey (Correlogram) Computation of Power Spectra 514 12.3 Autoregressive Modeling 522 12.3.1 Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) 524 12.3.2 Burg MEM 525 12.3.3 Final Prediction Error (FPE) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) 526 12.3.4 Marple AR Spectral Analysis 528 12.3.5 Summary of MEM Modeling Approaches 529 12.4 ARMA Modeling 531 12.4.1 ARMA Parameter Estimation 532 12.5 Canonical Variate Analysis 534 12.5.1 CVA Derivation and Overview 536 12.5.2 Summary of CVA Steps 539 12.5.3 Sample Correlation Matrices 540 12.5.4 Order Selection Using the AIC 541 12.5.5 State-Space Model 543 12.5.6 Measurement Power Spectrum Using the State-Space Model 544 12.6 Conversion from Discrete to Continuous Models 548 12.7 Summary 551 APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF VECTORMATRIX OPERATIONS 555 A.1 Definition 555 A.1.1 Vectors 555 A.1.2 Matrices 555 A.2 Elementary Vector Matrix Operations 557 A.2.1 Transpose 557 A.2.2 Addition 557 A.2.3 Inner (Dot) Product of Vectors 557 A.2.4 Outer Product of Vectors 558 A.2.5 Multiplication 558 A.3 Matrix Functions 558 A.3.1 Matrix Inverse 558 A.3.2 Partitioned Matrix Inversion 559 A.3.3 Matrix Inversion Identity 560 A.3.4 Determinant 561 A.3.5 Matrix Trace 562 A.3.6 Derivatives of Matrix Functions 563 A.3.7 Norms 564 A.4 Matrix Transformations and Factorization 565 A.4.1 LU Decomposition 565 A.4.2 Cholesky Factorization 565 A.4.3 Similarity Transformation 566 A.4.4 Eigen Decomposition 566 A.4.5 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 566 A.4.6 Pseudo-Inverse 567 A.4.7 Condition Number 568 APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 569 B.1 Probability 569 B.1.1 Definitions 569 B.1.2 Joint and Conditional Probability, and Independence 570 B.2 Random Variable 571 B.2.1 Distribution and Density Functions 571 B.2.2 Bayes’ Theorem for Density Functions 572 B.2.3 Moments of Random Variables 573 B.2.4 Gaussian Distribution 574 B.2.5 Chi-Squared Distribution 574 B.3 Stochastic Processes 575 B.3.1 Wiener or Brownian Motion Process 576 B.3.2 Markov Process 576 B.3.3 Differential and Integral Equations with White Noise Inputs 577 BIBLIOGRAPHY 579 INDEX 599

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Book SynopsisThis text describes in detail the many numerical techniques and algorithms that are part of modern circuit simulation packages, with an emphasis on the most typically used simulation mode, namely transient analysis.Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xix Preface xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Device Equations 2 1.2 Equation Formulation 3 1.3 Solution Techniques 6 1.3.1 Nonlinear Circuits 7 1.3.2 Dynamic Circuits 8 1.4 Circuit Simulation Flow 8 1.4.1 Analysis Modes 9 Notes 10 Problems 10 2 Network Equations 13 2.1 Elements and Networks 13 2.1.1 Passive Elements 13 2.1.2 Active Elements 15 2.1.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 17 2.1.4 Network Classification 18 2.2 Topological Constraints 19 2.2.1 Network Graphs 19 2.3 Cycle Space and Bond Space 23 2.3.1 Current Assignments 23 2.3.2 Voltage Assignments 24 2.3.3 Orthogonal Spaces 24 2.3.4 Topological Constraints 25 2.3.5 Fundamental Circulation 25 2.3.6 Fundamental Potential Difference 27 2.4 Formulation of Linear Algebraic Equations 27 2.4.1 Sparse Tableau Analysis 28 2.4.2 Nodal Analysis 29 2.4.3 Unique Solvability 30 2.4.4 Modified Nodal Analysis 33 2.5 Formulation of Linear Dynamic Equations 42 2.5.1 Dynamic Element Stamps 43 2.5.2 Unique Solvability 44 Notes 45 Problems 45 3 Solution of Linear Algebraic Circuit Equations 49 3.1 Direct Methods 50 3.1.1 Matrix Preliminaries 50 3.1.2 Gaussian Elimination (GE) 54 3.1.3 LU Factorization 60 3.1.4 Block Gaussian Elimination 71 3.1.5 Cholesky Decomposition 73 3.2 Accuracy and Stability of GE 74 3.2.1 Error 75 3.2.2 Floating Point Numbers 78 3.2.3 Norms 80 3.2.4 Stability of GE and LU Factorization 83 3.2.5 Pivoting for Accuracy 86 3.2.6 Conditioning of Ax = b 89 3.2.7 Iterative Refinement 96 3.3 Indirect/Iterative Methods 97 3.3.1 Gauss-Jacobi 98 3.3.2 Gauss-Seidel 99 3.3.3 Convergence 100 3.4 Partitioning Techniques 104 3.4.1 Node Tearing 104 3.4.2 Direct Methods 106 3.4.3 Indirect Methods 107 3.5 Sparse Matrix Techniques 109 3.5.1 Sparse Matrix Storage 110 3.5.2 Sparse GE and LU Factorization 112 3.5.3 Reordering and Sparsity 113 3.5.4 Pivoting for Sparsity 115 3.5.5 Markowitz Pivoting 116 3.5.6 Diagonal Pivoting 119 3.5.7 The Symmetric (SPD) Case 120 3.5.8 Extension to the Non-SPD Case 122 Notes 125 Problems 125 4 Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Circuit Equations 127 4.1 Nonlinear Network Equations 127 4.1.1 Nonlinear Elements 128 4.1.2 Nonlinear MNA Formulation 129 4.1.3 Preparing for a DC Analysis 133 4.2 Solution Techniques 133 4.2.1 Iterative Methods and Convergence 134 4.2.2 Introduction to Newton’s Method 136 4.2.3 The One-Dimensional Case 139 4.2.4 The Multidimensional Case 148 4.2.5 Quasi-Newton Methods 152 4.3 Application to Circuit Simulation 154 4.3.1 Linearization and Companion Models 154 4.3.2 Some Test Cases 156 4.3.3 Generalization 162 4.3.4 Considerations for Multiterminal Elements 166 4.3.5 Multivariable Differentiation 167 4.3.6 Linearization of Multiterminal Elements 171 4.3.7 Elements with Internal Nodes 176 4.4 Quasi-Newton Methods in Simulation 181 4.4.1 Damping Methods 182 4.4.2 Overview of More General Methods 186 4.4.3 Source Stepping 187 4.4.4 Gmin Stepping 189 4.4.5 Pseudo-Transient 189 4.4.6 Justification for Pseudo-Transient 193 Notes 196 Problems 197 5 Solution of Differential Circuit Equations 201 5.1 Differential Network Equations 201 5.1.1 Dynamic Elements 201 5.1.2 Dynamic MNA Equations 203 5.1.3 DAEs and ODEs 204 5.2 ODE Solution Techniques 206 5.2.1 ODE Systems and Basic Theorems 206 5.2.2 Overview of Solution Methods 209 5.2.3 Three Basic Methods: FE, BE, and TR 211 5.2.4 Quality Metrics 215 5.2.5 Linear Multistep Methods 220 5.3 Accuracy of LMS Methods 221 5.3.1 Order 221 5.3.2 Consistency 223 5.3.3 The Backward Differentiation Formulas 224 5.3.4 Local Truncation Error 225 5.3.5 Deriving the LMS Methods 228 5.3.6 Solving Implicit Methods 229 5.3.7 Interpolation Polynomial 231 5.3.8 Estimating the LTE 237 5.4 Stability of LMS Methods 241 5.4.1 Linear Stability Theory 242 5.4.2 The Test Equation 243 5.4.3 Absolute Stability 246 5.4.4 Stiff Systems 252 5.4.5 Stiff Stability 253 5.4.6 Remarks 256 5.5 Trapezoidal Ringing 257 5.5.1 Smoothing 258 5.5.2 Extrapolation 259 5.6 Variable Time-Step Methods 261 5.6.1 Implementing a Change of Time-Step 262 5.6.2 Interpolation Methods 262 5.6.3 Variable-Coefficient Methods 264 5.6.4 Variable Step Variable Order (VSVO) Methods 265 5.7 Application to Circuit Simulation 265 5.7.1 From DAEs to Algebraic Equations 266 5.7.2 FE Discretization 269 5.7.3 BE Discretization 271 5.7.4 TR Discretization 277 5.7.5 Charge-Based and Flux-Based Models 282 5.7.6 Multiterminal Elements 291 5.7.7 Time-Step Control 296 5.7.8 Enhancements 298 5.7.9 Overall Flow 299 Notes 300 Problems 300 Glossary 305 Bibliography 307 Index 311

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Book SynopsisFilled with illustrations and practical examples from industry, this book provides a brief but comprehensive introduction to the next-generation wireless networks that will soon replace more traditional wired technologies.Trade Review"Intended as a preview of cutting edge technologies designed to deal with the ever increasing demand for network bandwidth, this collection of twenty-four essays presents scholarship on several types of emerging high-speed network technologies. Divided into sections covering access and backhaul networks, wireline technologies, wireless and spectrum management, metropolitan core, storage and area networks and photonic component technology, specific topics discussed include fiber-wireless network, packet backhaul systems, passive optical networks, mobile wimax, ROADM and radio-frequency transmitters. Appropriate for electronics and communications engineers and high level graduate students, contributors to this work include academics from a variety of universities around the world as well as industry experts in computer networking, fiber optics and telephony." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011) "Featuring contributions from top industrial experts and academic professors, this authoritative work provides a comprehensive introduction to next-generation networks." (Global Print Monitor, 23 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part I Access and Backhaul Networks. 1 Roadmap for Next Generation Communications Networks (María Ángeles Callejo Rodríguez and José Enríquez Gabeiras). 2 Wide-Area Ubiquitous Network: An Infrastructure for Sensor and Actuator Networking (Hiroshi Saito, Masato Matsuo, Osamu Kagami, Shigeru Kuwano, Daisei Uchida, and Yuichi Kado). 3 Wireline Access Networks (Scott Reynolds). 4 Fiber-Wireless (FIWI) Networks: Technologies, Architectures, and Future Challenges (Navid Ghazisaidi and Martin Maier). 5 Packet Backhaul Network (Hao Long). 6 Microwave Backhaul Networks (Ron Nadiv). Part II Wireline Technologies. 7 Paving the Road to Gbit/s Broadband Access with Copper (Thomas Magesacher, Per Ödling, Miguel Berg, Stefan Höst, Enrique Areizaga, Per Ola Börjesson and Eduardo Jacob). 8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in EPON and GPON (Björn Skubic, Jiajia Chen, Jawwad Ahmed, Biao Chen and Lena Wosinska). 9 Next-Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Networks: 10G-EPON (Marek Hajduczenia and Henrique J. A. da Silva). 10 Broadband Powerline Communications (Lars Torsten Berger). 11 Power Line Communications and Smart Grids (Tae Eung Sung and Adam Bojanczyk). Part III Wireless Technologies and Spectrum Management. 12 Signaling for Multimedia Conferencing in 4G: Architecture, Evaluation and Issues (Chunyan Fu, Ferhat Khendek and Roch Glitho). 13 Self-Coexistence and Security in Cognitive Radio Networks (Shamik Sengupta, Santhanakrishnan Anand, and Rajarathnam Chandramouli). 14 Mobile WIMAX (Aryan Saèd). 15 Ulta-Wideband Personal Area Networks: MIMO Extensions (Cheran Vithanage, Magnus Sandell, Justin P. Coon and Yue Wang). Part IV Metropolitan, Core, and Storage Area Networks. 16 Next-Generation Integrated Metropolitan-Access Network: Technology Integration and Wireless Convergence (Shing-Wa Wong, Divanilson R. Campelo, and Leonid G. Kazovsky). 17 Resilient Burst Ring: A Novel Technology for Next-Generation Metropolitan Area Networks (Yuefeng Ji and Xin Liu). 18 Multiprotocol Label Switching (Mario Baldi). 19 Overview of Storage Networking and Storage Networks (Eugene Ortenberg and Christian van den Branden). Part V Photonic and Electronic Component Technology. 20 ROADM architectures and WSS Implementation Technologies (Neo Antoniades, George Ellinas, Jonathan Homa and Krishna Bala). 21 Integrated Circuits for Dispersion Compensation in Optical Communication Links (Anthony Chan Carusone, Faisal A. Musa, Jonathan Sewter, and George Ng). 22 High-End Silicon Photodiode Integrated Circuits (Bernhard Goll, Robert Swoboda and Horst Zimmermann). 23 MIMO Wireless Transceiver Design Incorporating Hybrid ARQ (Dimitris Toumpakaris, Jungwon Lee, Edward W. Jang, Hui-Ling Lou, and John M. Cioffi). 24 Radio-Frequency Transmitters (Alireza Zolfaghari, Hooman Darabi and Henrik Jensen). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a repository of cases and articles on the broad applications of human factors knowledge across the globe.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Historical Perspective 1 References 4 1 Natural and Engineered Systems 7 Purposeful Design 7 User-Centered Design 8 Design against Failure 10 Summary 12 References 12 2 Historical Roots 14 Engineering for Physical Limitations 14 Size 14 Strength 17 Speed and Efficiency 17 Engineering for Human Cognition 21 Writing 21 Number Systems 24 Point-and-Click Interfaces 25 The Modern Era 25 Aviation 26 The Digital Computer 28 A Fractured Field 30 Human Factors/Ergonomics 31 Human-Computer Interaction 33 Human-Systems Integration 33 Summary 34 References 34 3 The Current Practice 37 Aerospace 38 The Human-System Specialist in Aerospace 39 Medicine 40 The Human-System Specialist in Medicine 42 Automotive Industry 42 The Human-System Specialist in the Automotive Industry 43 Computer Industry 43 The Human-System Specialist in Human-Computer Interfaces 44 Summary 44 References 45 Part II The Environment 49 References 51 4 The Varied Nature of Environments 53 Static vs. Dynamic Domains 54 Sources of Difficulty in Static Environments 56 Modes 56 Comprehension 57 Sources of Difficulty in Dynamic Environments 58 Lag 58 Plant Dynamics 59 Control Order 63 Perturbation and Noise 66 Internal vs. External Pacing 67 Error Tolerance 68 Summary 69 References 69 5 The Social Context 71 Methodological Consequences of Group Size 74 Length/Variability of Response Times 74 Methods of Study and Analysis 75 Communication and Coordination Consequences of Group Size 76 Summary 79 References 80 6 Analysis Techniques 81 Modeling Static Environments: Finite State Representations 82 Modeling Dynamic Environments 84 Control Theory 85 Signal Detection Theory 88 Task Analysis 93 Measuring Complexity Using Information Theory 94 Modeling Throughput Using Queuing Theory 97 Summary 99 References 99 Part III The Human Element 101 References 103 7 Determinants of Human Behavior 105 The Human Factor 106 Structure and Content 107 Levels of Analysis 109 Summary 111 References 111 8 The Structure of Human Information Processing 113 Processing Stages 115 Cognition and Action 117 Cognition and Goal-Directed Behavior 119 Response Selection 119 The Hick-Hyman Law 120 Compatibility 123 The Nature of Capacity Limitations 125 Summary 126 References 126 9 Acquiring Information 127 Sensory Processing 127 Vision 127 Illumination 128 Reflectance of the Surface 128 Reflectance of Surrounding Surfaces 131 Anatomy of the Eye 131 Visual Acuity 132 Acuity and Retinal Eccentricity 135 Adaptation 138 Saccadic Eye Movements 139 Temporal Vision 141 Masking and Crowding 141 The What and Where of Vision 142 Summary 143 Color Vision 143 CIE Color Space 144 The Uses of Color 147 Audition 147 The Human Auditory System 149 Auditory Perception 150 Pitch, Masking, and Critical Bands 152 Auditory Localization 153 Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Interactions 154 Sensory Processing Summary 157 Attention 157 Selective Attention 157 The Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Echoic Memory 158 Iconic Memory in Vision 159 Resource and Data Limits 160 The Capacity of Attention 163 The Processing of Unattended Items 163 Controlling Attention 164 Visual Search 164 Visual Monitoring 170 Information Foraging Theory 170 Summary 171 References 172 10 Central Processing Limitations on Multitasking 181 Bottleneck Theories 181 Central Bottleneck Theory 182 The Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm 183 Central Bottleneck Theory and Driving 185 Central Bottleneck Theory and Human-Computer Interaction 187 Fitts’ Law 189 Project Ernestine 190 Capacity Theories 191 Complexity in Resource Allocation 191 Allocation of Limited-Capacity Resources 192 Multiple Resource Theory 195 Using Multiple Resource Theory 198 Applications of Single-Channel and Multiple Resource Theories 200 Timesharing 201 Task-Switching Costs 201 Cognitive Operations in Task Switching 202 Timesharing Strategies and the Control of Processing 203 Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off 204 Optimal Strategies 205 Summary 205 References 206 11 Memory 210 Types of Memories 210 Short-Term Memory 211 Working Memory 213 Long-Term Memory 215 Episodic versus Semantic Memory 217 Retaining and Forgetting Information 218 Interference 220 Forgetting to Remember to Remember: Prospective Memory 223 Retrieving Information 224 Short-Term Memory Retrieval 225 Long-Term Memory Retrieval 226 Summary 230 References 231 12 Decision Making 236 Anatomy of a Decision 236 Normative Approaches to Decision Making 239 Rational Decisions 240 Bayes Theorem 240 Utility and Expected Value 242 Nonoptimality of Human Decisions 243 Failure to Consider Base Rate Information 244 Judging Numerical Quantities 245 Failure to Appreciate Statistical Properties 245 Cognitive Approaches to Decision Making 246 Confirmation Bias 247 Framing Effects 248 Overconfidence 249 Heuristics in Human Decisions 250 Availability 250 Representativeness 251 Anchoring 253 The Use of Heuristics 254 Other Influences on Decision Making 254 Process Models of Human Decision Making 256 Naturalistic Decision Making 259 Relationship between Decision-Making Models and Systems Engineering 262 Summary 263 References 263 Part IV Human-System Integration 267 References 269 13 A Case Study in Human-System Performance: The Exxon Valdez 271 An Account of the Grounding of the Tankship Exxon Valdez 272 The Nature of the Error 274 Mode Errors 274 Control Dynamics and Detection Times 276 Time Estimation 277 Decision Biases 278 Multitasking 279 Summary 281 References 282 14 Human Error 284 Human Error and System Error 284 The Nature of Human Error 285 Theories of Human Error 288 Error Types 289 Error Forms 290 Situation Awareness 292 Situation Awareness in Individuals 292 Situation Awareness of Teams 294 Cognitive Processing in Establishing Situation Awareness 295 Measuring Situation Awareness 296 Inferring Situation Awareness from Eye Fixation Patterns 299 Summary of Situation Awareness 300 Summary 301 References 301 15 Contextual Factors Affecting Human-System Performance 307 Workload 307 Defining and Measuring Workload 308 Performance-Based Metrics 308 Cognitive Task Analysis 313 Physiological Indices of Workload 316 Subjective Ratings of Workload 318 Workload Summary 320 Interruption 320 Operator State 323 Fatigue 324 Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythms 326 Summary 327 References 327 16 The Role of Automation in Human-System Performance 339 Using Automated Devices 341 Levels of Automation 343 A Taxonomy of Automation Levels 345 Automation as a Decision Support Aid 348 Automation and System Safety 352 Summary 354 References 354 0 Alarms and Alerts 360 Sensory Characteristics of Good Alerts and Alarms 361 Design Considerations in Alerts and Alarms 362 Human Factors Issues with Alerts and Alarms 363 Information Displays 364 Transform Information to Take Advantage of Human Perceptual Systems 365 Match Perceptual Cues to the Nature of the Judgment 365 Choose Perceptual Depictions Compatible with Internal Representations 367 Provide Feedback 371 Use Presentation Techniques That Minimize Demand for Focal Visual Attention 372 Use Perceptual Distinctions That Match Visual and Auditory Capabilities 372 Apply the Proximity Compatibility Principle 374 Create Barriers 374 Summary 377 References 377 Index 383

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Book SynopsisOrganic semiconductors are attracting tremendous attention since they are cheap, easy to process, and capable of being deposited on flexible substrates and bent, while their inorganic competitors, e.g. crystalline silicon, would crack.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Crystal Engineering Organic Semiconductors (Joseph C. Sumrak, Anatoliy N. Sokolov, and Leonard R. MacGillivray). 2 Conjugated Block Copolymers and Cooligomers (Yongye Liang and Luping Yu). 3 Charge Transports and Its Modeling in Liquid Crystals (Jun-ichi Hanna and Akira Ohno). 4 Self-Organized Discotic Liquid Crystals as Novel Organic Semiconductors (Manoj Mathew and Quan Li). 5 Self-Organized Semiconducting Smectic Liquid Crystals (Ji Ma and Quan Li). 6 Self-Assembling of Carbon Nanotubes (Liming Dai). 7 Self-Organized Fullerene Based Organic Semiconductors (Li-Mei Jin and Quan Li). 8 High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Using Self-Organized Materials (Paul A. Lane). 9 Selective Molecular Assembly for Bottom-Up Fabrication of Organic Thin-Film Transistors (Takeo Minari, Masataka Kano, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi). Index.

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Book SynopsisSix years after its first edition, Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances, Second Edition provides and updated overview of the evolution of CT, the mathematical and physical aspects of the technology, and the fundamentals of image reconstruction algorithms.Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Conventional X-ray Tomography. 1.2 History of Computed Tomography. 1.3 Different Generations of CT Scanners. 1.4 Problems. References. 2. Preliminaries. 2.1 Mathematics Fundamentals. 2.2 Fundamentals of X-ray Physics. 2.3 Measurement of Line Integrals and Data Conditioning. 2.4 Sampling Geometry and Sinogram. 2.5 Problems. References. 3. Image Reconstruction. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Several Approaches to Image Reconstruction. 3.3 The Fourier Slice Theorem. 3.4 The Filtered Backprojection Algorithm. 3.5 Fan-Beam Reconstruction. 3.6 Iterative Reconstruction. 3.7 Problems. References. 4. Image Presentation. 4.1 CT Image Display. 4.2 Volume Visualization. 4.3 Impact of Visualization Tools. 4.4 Problems. References. 5. Key Performance Parameters of the CT Scanner. 5.1 High-Contrast Spatial Resolution. 5.2 Low-Contrast Resolution. 5.3 Temporal Resolution. 5.4 CT Number Accuracy and Noise. 5.5 Performance of the Scanogram. 5.6 Problems. References. 6. Major Components of the CT Scanner. 6.1 System Overview. 6.2 The X-ray Tube and High-Voltage Generator. 6.3 The X-ray Detector and Data-Acquisition Electronics. 6.4 The Gantry and Slip Ring. 6.5 Collimation and Filtration. 6.6 The Reconstruction Engine. 6.7 Problems. References. 7. Image Artifacts: Appearances, Causes, and Corrections. 7.1 What Is an Image Artifact? 7.2 Different Appearances of Image Artifacts. 7.3 Artifacts Related to System Design. 7.4 Artifacts Related to X-ray Tubes. 7.5 Detector-induced Artifacts. 7.6 Patient-induced Artifacts. 7.7 Operator-induced Artifacts. 7.8 Problems. References. 8. Computer Simulation Analysis. 8.1 What Is Computer Simulation? 8.2 Simulation Overview. 8.3 Simulation of Optics. 8.4 Computer Simulation of Physics-related Performance. 8.5 Problems. References. 9. Helical or Spiral CT. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Terminology and Reconstruction. 9.3 Slice Sensitivity Profile and Noise. 9.4 Helically Related Image Artifacts. 9.5 Problems. References. 10. Miltislice CT. 10.1 The Need for Multislice CT. 10.2 Detector Configurations of Multislice CT. 10.3 Nonhelical Mode of Reconstruction. 10.4 Multislice Helical Reconstruction. 10.5 Multislice Artifacts. 10.6 Problems. References. 11. X-ray Radiation and Dose-Reduction Techniques. 11.1 Biological Effects of X-ray Radiation. 11.2 Measurement of X-ray dose. 11.3 Methodologies for Dose Reduction. 11.4 Problems. References. 12. Advanced CT Applications. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cardiac Imaging. 12.3 CT Fluoroscopy. 12.4 CT Perfusion. 12.5 Screening and Quantitative CT. 12.6 Dual-Energy CT. 12.7 Problems. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides robust and useful information for improving the security of enterprise and service provider networks everywhere. It covers network management security issues and currently available security mechanisms by discussing how network architectures have evolved into the contemporary next-generation networks.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Evolution of Networking Concepts 4 1.1.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network 4 1.1.2 Computer/Data Communications Networks 5 1.1.3 Network Architectures 6 1.1.4 Data Network Complexity 8 1.2 A Network Security Historical Perspective 13 1.2.1 ISO/IEC 7498–1 (ITU-T X.200) Coverage of Management 14 1.2.2 ISO/IEC 7498–4 (ITU-T X.700) Coverage of Security Management 15 1.2.3 ISO/IEC 7498–2 (ITU-T X.800) Coverage of Security and Management 15 1.2.4 The Security Frameworks (ITU-T X.810–ITU-T X.816) 23 1.2.5 The ITU-T X.805 Approach to Security 25 1.3 Network and Security Management Systems 26 1.3.1 Element and Network Management Systems 26 1.3.2 Operations Support Systems 27 1.4 Evolution of Network and Security Management Concepts 29 1.4.1 Telecommunications Management Network 29 1.4.2 Next Generation Operations Systems and Software 47 1.4.3 Enhanced Telecom Operations Map 50 1.5 How the Need for Information Security has Changed 57 1.6 Summary 61 Further Reading and Resources 62 2 OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 63 2.1 A Little Network History 63 2.1.1 Point-to-Point Data Communications 64 2.1.2 Early Commercial Packet Switching 64 2.1.3 The ARPANET: Internet 64 2.1.4 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 70 2.1.5 Network Address Translation 71 2.2 Common Network Organizations 72 2.2.1 Wired Local Area Networks 74 2.2.2 Wireless Networks 83 2.2.3 Metropolitan Area Networks 87 2.2.4 Wide Area Networks 94 2.2.5 Networks Are Now Layered upon Networks 96 2.2.6 Additional Networking Developments 96 2.2.7 Security Mechanisms in Modern Networks 105 2.3 Next-Generation Networks and Interfaces 108 2.3.1 Framework and Topology of the NGN 108 2.3.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem 125 2.4 Summary 133 Further Reading and Resources 136 3 SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 139 3.1 Cybercrime as a Driver for Information Security Management 140 3.2 Governance as a Driver for Information Security Management 142 3.2.1 What Is Governance? 142 3.2.2 Information System Security Governance 143 3.3 Information Security Management Frameworks 145 3.3.1 ISO/IEC 27000 Series 146 3.3.2 The Information Technology Infrastructure Library Framework 164 3.3.3 COBIT Framework 167 3.3.4 FISMA Framework 173 3.4 A Holistic Approach for Security Management 176 3.4.1 Organizational Aspects of Security Governance and Management 176 3.4.2 Policies and Policy Hierarchies 180 3.4.3 Functional and Operational Security Requirements 183 3.5 Summary 189 Further Reading and Resources 189 4 RISK MANAGEMENT IN CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 191 4.1 Asset Identification: Definition and Inventorying 193 4.2 Impact Analysis 224 4.2.1 Existing System Impact Analysis 224 4.2.2 New System Impact Analysis 236 4.2.3 Risk Mitigation Analysis 240 4.2.4 Malicious Security Events and Threat Assessment 243 4.3 Risk Mitigation Controls Acquisition or Development 257 4.3.1 Procedural Risk Mitigation Controls 257 4.3.2 New Technical Risk Mitigation Controls 258 4.4 Risk Mitigation Controls Deployment Testing 273 4.5 Summary 274 Further Reading and Resources 275 5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY 277 5.1 Securing Management Applications and Communications 278 5.1.1 Security within Element and Network Management Systems 278 5.1.2 Telecommunications Management Network Security 279 5.1.3 Operations Support System Security Needs 281 5.1.4 Reflections on Past ITU Treatment of Managing Security 285 5.1.5 Management of Security Services and Mechanisms Revisited 288 5.1.6 A Security Management Framework 291 5.2 Security Operations and Maintenance 296 5.2.1 Operational Security Compliance Programs 297 5.2.2 Security Operations Reviews and Audits 301 5.2.3 Security Event Response and Incident Management 302 5.2.4 Penetration Testing 304 5.2.5 Common Criteria Evaluated Systems 306 5.2.6 Accreditation and Certification 309 5.3 Withdrawal from Service 312 5.4 Summary 314 5.5 Concluding Remarks 314 Further Reading and Resources 314 Appendices 318 Appendix A: Role of Cryptography in Information Security Appendix B: Authentication of Subjects Appendix C: Network Security Mechanisms Appendix D: Example Company Security Policy Appendix E: Example Generic Detailed Security Requirements Appendix F: Securing Common Network Protocols Appendix G: Security Mapping between M.3400 and M.3050 320 Appendix H: State Privacy Laws as of 2010 328 Appendix I: Example RFP Security Appendix Appendix J: RFP Security Analysis of ABC Proposal Appendix K: Example Security Statement of Work 339 Appendix L: Example Solaris Operating System Audit Procedures 348 Appendix M: Example Procedure for Basic Hardening of a Windows XP Professional Operating System 352 Appendix N: Example Network Audit Procedure 356 Appendix O: Example Unix–Linux Operating System Audit Procedures 360 Index 365

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Book SynopsisA broad introduction to the fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies Covering both theory and practical topics, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies offers a sound survey of the major industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication engineering technologies. Divided into four main sections, the book examines RF, antennas, and propagation; wireless access technologies; network and service architectures; and other topics, such as network management and security, policies and regulations, and facilities infrastructure. Helpful cross-references are placed throughout the text, offering additional information where needed. The book provides: Coverage that is closely aligned to the IEEE''s Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) certification program syllabus, reflecting the author''s direct involvement in the development of the program A speTable of ContentsFOREWORD xix PREFACE xxi I PRELIMINARIES 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Notation 4 1.2 Foundations 4 1.3 Signals and Systems 12 1.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27 II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION 2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 37 2.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 37 2.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 41 2.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 46 2.4 Impedance 56 2.5 Tests and Measurements 57 3 Radio-Frequency Engineering 63 3.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 64 3.2 Noise 70 3.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 80 3.4 Mixing and Related Issues 85 3.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 87 3.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 89 3.7 Other Components 90 4 Antennas 93 4.1 Characterization 94 4.2 Examples 105 4.3 Antenna Arrays 111 4.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 122 5 Propagation 125 5.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 126 5.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 132 5.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 137 5.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148 III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 159 6.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 160 6.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 169 6.3 The Cellular Concept 173 6.4 Spread Spectrum 177 6.5 OFDM 185 7 Component Technologies 193 7.1 Medium Access Control 193 7.2 Handoff 202 7.3 Power Control 208 7.4 Error Correction Codes 210 8 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 219 8.1 GSM 220 8.2 IS-95 CDMA 226 8.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 235 9 Recent Trends and Developments 249 9.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 249 9.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 253 9.3 HSPA and HRPD 258 9.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 262 9.5 LTE 270 9.6 What's Next? 273 IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES 10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 277 10.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 278 10.2 Architectures 285 10.3 IP Networking 290 10.4 Teletraffic Analysis 301 11 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 307 11.1 GSM 308 11.2 VoIP 315 11.3 QoS 323 12 Toward an All-IP Core Network 333 12.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 333 12.2 GPRS 341 12.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 346 12.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 354 12.5 Other Networks 362 13 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 367 13.1 Services 367 13.2 Service Architectures 371 13.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 379 13.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384 V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 14 Network Management 393 14.1 Requirements and Concepts 393 14.2 Network Management Models 394 14.3 SNMP 397 15 Security 415 15.1 Basic Concepts 415 15.2 Cryptography 419 15.3 Network Security Protocols 422 15.4 Wireless Security 432 16 Facilities Infrastructure 443 16.1 Communications Towers 444 16.3 Additional Topics 462 17 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 467 17.1 Agreements 468 17.2 Standards 469 17.3 Policies 478 17.4 Regulations 479 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487 APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497 APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499 APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501 APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503 APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509 INDEX 519

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of Radio Frequency Circuit Design features novel applications of RF technology, an area that continues to grow and evolve. It provides a thorough basis for design of RF circuits, including phase locked loops, filters, transformers, amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators.Trade Review"This book focuses on components such as filters, transformers, amplifiers, mixers and oscillators. Even the phase lock loop chapter (the last in the book) is oriented toward practical circuit design, in contrast to the more systems orientation of most communication texts. " (Forums Digital Media Net, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Information Transfer Technology. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Information and Capacity. 1.3 Dependent States. 1.4 Basic Transmitter?Receiver Confi guration. 1.5 Active Device Technology. Problems. Reference. 2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Resistors. 2.3 Capacitors. 2.4 Inductors. 2.5 Conclusions. Problems. References. 3 Impedance Matching. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Q Factor. 3.3 Resonance and Bandwidth. 3.4 Unloaded Q. 3.5 L Circuit Impedance Matching. 3.6 π Transformation Circuit. 3.7 T Transformation Circuit. 3.8 Tapped Capacitor Transformer. 3.9 Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer. 3.10 Conclusions. Problems. References. 4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines. 4.1 Voltage?Current Two-Port Parameters. 4.2 ABCD Parameters. 4.3 Image Impedance. 4.4 Telegrapher's Equations. 4.5 Transmission Line Equation. 4.6 Smith Chart. 4.7 Transmission Line Stub Transformer. 4.8 Commonly Used Transmission Lines. 4.9 Scattering Parameters. 4.10 Indefinite Admittance Matrix. 4.11 Indefinite Scattering Matrix. 4.12 Conclusions. Problems. References. 5 Filter Design and Approximation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Ideal and Approximate Filter Types. 5.3 Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts. 5.4 Ladder Network Filters. 5.5 Elliptic Filter. 5.6 Matching Between Unequal Resistance Levels. 5.7 Conclusions. Problems. References. 6 Transmission Line Transformers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Ideal Transmission Line Transformers. 6.3 Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis. 6.4 Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers. 6.5 Baluns. 6.6 Dividers and Combiners. 6.7 The 90° Coupler. Problems. References. 7 Noise in RF Amplifiers. 7.1 Sources of Noise. 7.2 Thermal Noise. 7.3 Shot Noise. 7.4 Noise Circuit Analysis. 7.5 Amplifier Noise Characterization. 7.6 Noise Measurement. 7.7 Noisy Two-Port Circuits. 7.8 Two-Port Noise Factor Derivation. 7.9 Fukui Noise Model for Transistors. Problems. References. 8 Class A Amplifiers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Defi nitions of Gain. 8.3 Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port Network. 8.4 Power Gain Using S Parameters. 8.5 Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain. 8.6 Stability. 8.7 Class A Power Amplifiers. 8.8 Power Combining of Power Amplifiers. 8.9 Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers. 8.10 Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise. 8.11 Conclusions. Problems. References. 9 RF Power Amplifiers. 9.1 Transistor Configurations. 9.2 Class B Amplifier. 9.3 Class C Amplifier. 9.4 Class C Input Bias Voltage. 9.5 Class D Power Amplifier. 9.6 Class E Power Amplifier. 9.7 Class F Power Amplifier. 9.8 Feed-Forward Amplifiers. 9.9 Conclusions. Problems. References. 10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators. 10.1 Oscillator Fundamentals. 10.2 Feedback Theory. 10.3 Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback. 10.4 Practical Oscillator Example. 10.5 Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient. 10.6 Common Gate (Base) Oscillators. 10.7 Stability of an Oscillator. 10.8 Injection-Locked Oscillator. 10.9 Oscillator Phase Noise. 10.10 Harmonic Generators. Problems. References. 11 RF Mixers. 11.1 Nonlinear Device Characteristics. 11.2 Figures of Merit for Mixers. 11.3 Single-Ended Mixers. 11.4 Single-Balanced Mixers. 11.5 Double-Balanced Mixers. 11.6 Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers. 11.7 Spurious Response. 11.8 Single-Sideband Noise Factor and Noise Temperature. 11.9 Special Mixer Applications. 11.10 Conclusions. Problems. References. 12 Phase-Lock Loops. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 PLL Design Background. 12.3 PLL Applications. 12.4 PLL Basics. 12.5 Loop Design Principles. 12.6 Linear Analysis of the PLL. 12.7 Locking a Phase-Lock Loop. 12.8 Loop Types. 12.9 Negative Feedback in a PLL. 12.10 PLL Design Equations. 12.11 Phase Detector Types. 12.12 Design Examples. 12.13 Conclusions. Problems. References. Appendix A Example of a Solenoid Design. Appendix B Analytical Spiral Inductor Model. Appendix C Double-Tuned Matching Circuit Example. Appendix D Two-Port Parameter Conversion. Appendix E Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load. Appendix F Transistor and Amplifier Formulas. Appendix G Transformed Frequency-Domain Measurements Using SPICE. Appendix H Single-Tone Intermodulation Distortion Suppression for Double-Balanced Mixers. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented look into the present and future of next generation networks, services, and management in the telecommunications industry The telecommunications industry has advanced in rapid, significant, and unpredictable ways into the twenty-first century. Next Generation Telecommunications Networks, Services, and Management guides the global industry and academia even further by providing an in-depth look at current and developing trends, as well as examining the complex issues of developing, introducing, and managing cutting-edge telecommunications technologies. This is an orchestrated set of original chapters written expressly for this book by topic experts from around the globe. It addresses next generation technologies and architectures, with the focus on networks, services, and management. Key topics include: Opportunities and challenges of next generation telecommunications networks, services, and management Tri/QuaTable of ContentsGUEST INTRODUCTIONS. EDITOR AND CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES. CHAPTER 1 CHANGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES (Veli Sahin and Thomas Plevyak). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Scope. 1.3 Changes, Opportunities, and Challenges. 1.4 Major Management Challenges for a Value-Added Service: Triple Shift Service. 1.5 The Grand Challenge: System Integration and Interoperability of Disjoined Islands. 1.6 Some Examples of Management System Applications. 1.7 Overview of Book Organization and Chapters. 1.8 References. CHAPTER 2 MANAGEMENT OF TRIPLE/QUADRUPLE PLAY SERVICES FROM A TELECOM PERSPECTIVE (Jean Craveur). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Context of Triple/Quadruple Play for Telecom Operators. 2.3 The Economic, Service, and Commercial Challenges. 2.4 The Technical Challenge. 2.5 The Operational Challenge. 2.6 The Customer Experience in Broadband Triple Play. 2.7 The Organizational Challenge. 2.8 Conclusions. 2.9 Acknowledgments. 2.10 References. 2.11 Suggested Further Reading. CHAPTER 3 MANAGEMENT OF TRIPLE/QUAD PLAY SERVICES FROM A CABLE PERSPECTIVE (David Jacobs). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The HFC Network. 3.3 Digital TV. 3.4 Data over Cable Service Interface Specifi cation (DOCSIS). 3.5 Cable Telephony. 3.6 Wireless. 3.7 Cable Futures. 3.8 References. CHAPTER 4 NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES, NETWORKS, AND SERVICES (Bhumip Khasnabish). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Next Generation (NG) Technologies. 4.3 Next Generation Networks (NGNs). 4.4 Next Generation Services. 4.5 Management of NG Services. 4.6 Next Generation Society. 4.7 Conclusions and Future Works/Trends. 4.8 References. CHAPTER 5 IMS AND CONVERGENCE MANAGEMENT (Keizo Kawakami, Kaoru Kenyoshi, and Toshiyuki Misu). 5.1 IMS Architecture. 5.2 IMS Services. 5.3 QoS Control and Authentication. 5.4 Network and Service Management for NGN. 5.5 IMS Advantages. 5.6 References. 5.7 Suggested Further Reading. CHAPTER 6 NEXT GENERATION OSS ARCHITECTURE (Steve Orobec). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Why Are Standards Important to OSS Architecture? 6.3 The TeleManagement Forum (TM Forum) for OSS Architecture. 6.4 Other Standards Bodies. 6.5 TM Forum's Enhanced Telecommunications Operations Map (eTOM). 6.6 Information Framework. 6.7 DMTF CIM (Distributed Task Force Management). 6.8 TIP (TM Forum's Interface Program). 6.9 NGOSS Contracts (aka Business Services). 6.10 MTOSI Case Study. 6.11 Representational State Transfer (REST)—A Silver Bullet? 6.12 Real Network Implementation of a Standard. 6.13 Business Benefit. 6.14 OSS Transition Strategies. 6.15 ETSI TISPAN and 3GPP IMS. 6.16 OSS Interaction with IMS and Subscriber Management (SuM). 6.17 NGN OSS Function/Information View Reference Model. 6.18 Designing Technology-Neutral Architectures. 6.19 UML and Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). 6.20 An Emerging Solution: The Domain Specific Language. 6.21 From Model-Driven Architecture to Model-Driven Software Design. 6.22 Other Standards Models (DMTF CIM, 3GPP, and TISPAN). 6.23 Putting Things Together: Business Services in Depth. 6.24 Building a DSL-Based Solution. 6.25 Final Thought. 6.26 Bibliography. CHAPTER 7 MANAGEMENT OF WIRELESS AD HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS (Mehmet Ulema). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Overview. 7.3 Functional and Physical Architectures. 7.4 Logical Architectures. 7.5 Information Architectures. 7.6 Summary and Conclusions. 7.7 References. CHAPTER 8 STRATEGIC STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND NEXT GENERATION MANAGEMENT STANDARDS (Michael Fargano). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Standards Development Process. 8.3 Management SDO/Forum Categories. 8.4 Principles, Frameworks, and Architecture in Management Standards. 8.5 Strategic Framework for Management Standards Development. 8.6 Sampling of NGN Management Standards Areas and SDO/Forums. 8.7 Summary and Conclusions. 8.8 References. CHAPTER 9 FORECAST OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS AND SERVICES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (WELL) INTO THE 21ST CENTURY (Roberto Saracco). 9.1 Have We Reached the End of the Road? 9.2 "Glocal" Innovation. 9.3 Digital Storage. 9.4 Processing. 9.5 Sensors. 9.6 Displays. 9.7 Statistical Data Analyses. 9.8 Autonomic Systems. 9.9 New Networking Paradigms. 9.10 Business Ecosystems. 9.11 Internet in 2020. 9.12 Communication in 2020 (or Quite Sooner). 9.13 References. INDEX.

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Book Synopsis* Stutzman provides a pedagogical approach to Antenna Theory, with an emphasis on computational methods. * Addition of more modern material on systems, low-profile elements, and base station antennas to make the book more exciting to undergraduates and more relevant to practicing engineers.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The History of Antennas 1 1.2 What Is an Antenna and When Is it Used? 10 1.3 How Antennas Radiate 13 1.4 The Four Antenna Types 17 Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals 23 2.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 23 2.2 Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Radiation Problems 27 2.3 The Ideal Dipole 32 2.4 Radiation Patterns 36 2.5 Directivity and Gain 50 2.6 Antenna Impedance 56 2.7 Radiation Efficiency 60 2.8 Antenna Polarization 61 Chapter 3 Simple Radiating Systems 70 3.1 Electrically Small Dipoles 70 3.2 Half-Wave Dipoles 73 3.3 Monopoles and Image Theory 75 3.4 Small Loop Antennas and Duality 81 3.5 Two-Element Arrays 89 Chapter 4 System Applications for Antennas 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Receiving Properties of Antennas 100 4.3 Antenna Noise and Radiometry 103 4.4 Antennas in Communication Systems 107 4.5 Antennas In Wireless Communication Systems 116 4.6 Antennas in Radar Systems 122 4.7 Antennas As Unintentional Radiators 123 Chapter 5 Line Sources 128 5.1 The Uniform Line Source 128 5.2 Tapered Line Sources 137 5.3 Fourier Transform Relations Between the Far-Field Pattern and the Source Distribution 142 5.4 Fast Wave And Slow Wave Distributions 143 5.5 Superdirective Line Sources 145 Chapter 6 Wire Antennas 151 6.1 Dipole Antennas 151 6.2 Folded Dipole Antennas 161 6.3 Yagi-Uda Antennas 166 6.4 Feeding Wire Antennas 175 6.5 Loaded Wire Antennas 186 6.6 Ground Plane Backed Wire Antennas 190 6.7 Wire Antennas Above an Imperfect Ground Plane 198 6.8 Large Loop Antennas 205 Chapter 7 Broadband Antennas 218 7.1 Introduction 218 7.2 Traveling-Wave Wire Antennas 220 7.3 Helical Antennas 225 7.4 Biconical Antennas 233 7.5 Sleeve Antennas 239 7.6 Principles of Frequency-Independent Antennas 243 7.7 Spiral Antennas 245 7.8 Log-Periodic Antennas 251 7.9 Wideband EMC Antennas 261 7.10 Ultra-Wideband Antennas 264 Chapter 8 Array Antennas 271 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 272 8.3 Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 278 8.4 The Complete Array Pattern and Pattern Multiplication 286 8.5 Directivity of Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 293 8.6 Nonuniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 298 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 303 8.8 Multidimensional Arrays 311 8.9 Phased Arrays and Array Feeding Techniques 314 8.10 Elements for Arrays 327 8.11 Wideband Phased Arrays 332 Chapter 9 Aperture Antennas 344 9.1 Radiation from Apertures and Huygens' Principle 344 9.2 Rectangular Apertures 353 9.3 Techniques for Evaluating Gain 360 9.4 Rectangular Horn Antennas 368 9.5 Circular Apertures 385 9.6 Reflector Antennas 391 9.7 Feed Antennas for Reflectors 416 9.8 Lens Antennas 424 Chapter 10 Antenna Synthesis 433 10.1 The Antenna Synthesis Problem 433 10.2 Line Source Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 437 10.3 Linear Array Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 440 10.4 Low Side Lobe, Narrow Main Beam Synthesis Methods 446 10.5 The Iterative Sampling Method 459 Chapter 11 Low-Profile Antennas and Personal Communication Antennas 465 11.1 Introduction 465 11.2 Microstrip Antenna Elements 466 11.3 Microstrip Arrays 478 11.4 Microstrip Leaky Wave Antennas 481 11.5 Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size 488 11.6 Antennas for Compact Devices 498 11.7 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 512 11.8 Near Fields of Electrically Large Antennas 519 11.9 Human Body Effects on Antenna Performance 523 11.10 Radiation Hazards 526 Chapter 12 Terminal and Base Station Antennas for Wireless Applications 536 12.1 Satellite Terminal Antennas 537 12.2 Base Station Antennas 538 12.3 Mobile Terminal Antennas 545 12.4 Smart Antennas 549 12.5 Adaptive and Spatial Filtering Antennas 553 Chapter 13 Antenna Measurements 559 13.1 Reciprocity and Antenna Measurements 559 13.2 Pattern Measurement and Antenna Ranges 564 13.3 Gain Measurement 571 13.4 Polarization Measurement 576 13.5 Field Intensity Measurement 580 13.6 Mobile Radio Antenna Measurements 582 13.7 Rules for Experimental Investigations 583 Chapter 14 CEM for Antennas: The Method of Moments 587 14.1 General Introduction to CEM 587 14.2 Introduction to the Method of Moments 590 14.3 Pocklington's Integral Equation 591 14.4 Integral Equations and Kirchhoff's Network Equations 594 14.5 Source Modeling 596 14.6 Weighted Residuals and the Method of Moments 601 14.7 Two Alternative Approaches to the Method of Moments 606 14.8 Formulation and Computational Considerations 610 14.9 Calculation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics 618 14.10 The Wire Antenna or Scatterer as an N-Port Network 621 14.11 Antenna Arrays 625 14.12 Radar Cross Section of Antennas 631 14.13 Modeling of Solid Surfaces 636 14.14 Summary 645 Chapter 15 CEM for Antennas: Finite Difference Time Domain Method 652 15.1 Maxwell's Equations for the FDTD Method 654 15.2 Finite Differences and the Yee Algorithm 657 15.3 Cell Size, Numerical Stability, and Dispersion 664 15.4 Computer Algorithm and FDTD Implementation 667 15.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 670 15.6 Source Conditions 674 15.7 Near Fields and Far Fields 681 15.8 A Two-Dimensional Example: An E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna 682 15.9 Antenna Analysis and Applications 689 15.10 Summary 697 Chapter 16 CEM for Antennas: High-Frequency Methods 700 16.1 Geometrical Optics 701 16.2 Wedge Diffraction Theory 707 16.3 The Ray-Fixed Coordinate System 716 16.4 A Uniform Theory of Wedge Diffraction 718 16.5 E-Plane Analysis of Horn Antennas 722 16.6 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas 725 16.7 Radiation by a Slot on a Finite Ground Plane 727 16.8 Radiation by a Monopole on a Finite Ground Plane 730 16.9 Equivalent Current Concepts 732 16.10 A Multiple Diffraction Formulation 735 16.11 Diffraction by Curved Surfaces 737 16.12 Application of UTD to Wireless Mobile Propagation 742 16.13 Extension of Moment Method Using the UTD 745 16.14 Physical Optics 750 16.15 Frequency Dependence of First-Order Scattering Sources 757 16.16 Method of Stationary Phase 760 16.17 Physical Theory of Diffraction 763 16.18 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas--PTD 769 16.19 Summary 771 References 771 Problems 773 Appendix A Frequency Bands 781 A.1 Radio Frequency Bands 781 A.2 Television Channel Frequencies (in North America) 781 A.3 Cellular Telephone Bands 782 A.4 Radar Bands 782 Appendix B Material Data and Constants 783 B.1 Conductivities of Good Conductors 783 B.2 Wire Data 783 B.3 Dielectric Constant: Permittivity of Free Space 784 B.4 Permeability of Free Space 784 B.5 Velocity of Light of Free Space 784 B.6 Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space 784 B.7 Properties of Some Common Dielectrics 784 Appendix C Coordinate Systems and Vectors 785 C.1 The Coordinate Systems and Unit Vectors 785 C.2 Vector Identities 786 C.3 Vector Differential Operators 787 Appendix D Trigonometric Relations 789 Appendix E Hyperbolic Relations 791 Appendix F Mathematical Relations 793 F.1 Dirac Delta Function 793 F.2 Binomial Theorem 793 F.3 Bessel Functions 793 F.4 Some Useful Integrals 794 Appendix G Computing Tools for Antennas 795 G.1 Wire Antenna Simulation Packages 795 G.2 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Simulation Packages 796 G.3 Web Sites with Antenna Calculation and Modeling Tools 796 Appendix H Book List 797 H.1 Introduction 797 H.2 Antenna Definitions 797 H.3 Fundamental Books on Antennas 797 H.4 Books on Antennas with Propagation 799 H.5 Books On Antennas With Other Topics 799 H.6 Handbooks and General Reference Books on Antennas 799 H.7 Books on Antenna Measurements 800 H.8 Books on Specific Antenna Topics 801 H.9 Books on Antennas For Specific Applications 805 H.10 Books on Computational Methods for Antennas 807 H.11 Books on Topics Closely Related to Antennas 809 Index 811

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Book SynopsisThis book will be the first covering the subject of IP address management (IPAM). The practice of IPAM includes the application of network management disciplines to IP address space and associated network services, namely DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System).Trade Review"The book aims to be a must-to-have reference for every network engineer. Whenever one encounters a networking issue (not only basic), an answer to the question or the information in which RFC the answer is located can be found." (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 August 2011) "This guide to Internet Protocol address management (IPAM) presents a practical, technical overview of each part of the IP environment and provides advice on best practices for creating an effective, integrated management plan . . . the work includes numerous illustrations and code examples and would be appropriate for advanced computer science students as well as network administrators and designers. Rooney is an IPAM expert and senior director for an IPAM consulting firm." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) "Today, there is no single book that covers the management of these linkages and services they provide; IP Address Management Principles and Practice will fill that gap. While several books are available for leading vendors' DHCP and DNS services implementations, few exist for IP address planning, and none exist that unifies these three topics." (Security @ ITBusiness Net.com, 28 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Part I IP Addressing 1 The Internet Protocol 3 1.1 Highlights of Internet Protocol History 3 1.2 IP Addressing 7 1.3 Classless Addressing 13 1.4 Special Use Addresses 14 2 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 IPv6 Address Allocations 21 2.3 IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration 30 2.4 Neighbor Discovery 30 2.5 Reserved Subnet Anycast Addresses 33 2.6 Required Host IPv6 Addresses 34 3 IP Address Allocation 35 3.1 Address Allocation Logic 38 3.2 IPv6 Address Allocation 49 3.3 IPAM Worldwide’s IPv6 Allocations 53 3.4 Internet Registries 57 3.5 Multihoming and IP Address Space 62 3.6 Block Allocation and IP Address Management 63 Part II DHCP 4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 DHCP Overview 68 4.3 DHCP Servers and Address Assignmen 75 4.4 DHCP Options 78 4.5 Other Means of Dynamic Address Assignment 89 5 DHCP for IPv6 (DHCPv6) 90 5.1 DHCP Comparison: IPv4 Versus IPv6 91 5.2 DHCPv6 Address Assignment 92 5.3 DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation 93 5.4 DHCPv6 Support of Address Autoconfiguration 94 5.5 Device Unique Identifiers 97 5.6 Identity Associations 99 5.7 DHCPv6 Options 99 6 DHCP Applications 109 6.1 Multimedia Device Type Specific Configuration 110 6.2 Broadband Subscriber Provisioning 111 6.3 Related Lease Assignment or Limitation Applications 115 6.4 Preboot Execution Environment Clients 115 7 DHCP Server Deployment Strategies 118 7.1 DHCP Server Platforms 118 7.2 Centralized DHCP Server Deployment 119 7.3 Distributed DHCP Server Deployment 120 7.4 Server Deployment Design Considerations 122 7.5 DHCP Deployment on Edge Devices 125 8 DHCP and Network Access Security 127 8.1 Network Access Control 127 8.2 Alternative Access Control Approaches 132 8.3 Securing DHCP 137 Part III DNS 9 The Domain Name System (DNS) Protocol 143 9.1 DNS Overview—Domains and Resolution 143 9.2 Name Resolution 145 9.3 Zones and Domains 148 9.4 Resolver Configuration 159 9.5 DNS Message Format 161 10 DNS Applications and Resource Records 176 10.1 Introduction 176 10.2 Name–Address Lookup Applications 178 10.3 Email and Antispam Management 191 10.4 Security Applications 205 10.5 Experimental Name–Address Lookup Records 217 10.6 Resource Record Summary 218 11 DNS Server Deployment Strategies 223 11.1 General Deployment Guidelines 224 11.2 General Deployment Building Blocks 224 11.3 External–External Category 226 11.4 External–Internal Category 231 11.5 Internal–Internal Category 232 11.6 Internal–External Category 237 11.7 Cross-Role Category 243 11.8 Putting it All Together 253 12 Securing DNS (Part I) 254 12.1 DNS Vulnerabilities 254 12.2 Mitigation Approaches 258 12.3 Non-DNSSEC Security Records 259 13 Securing DNS (Part II): DNSSEC 264 13.1 Digital Signatures 265 13.2 DNSSEC Overview 266 13.3 Configuring DNSSEC 268 13.4 The DNSSEC Resolution Process 290 13.5 Key Rollover 297 Part IV IPAM Integration 14 IP Address Management Practices 305 14.1 FCAPS Summary 306 14.2 Common IP Management Tasks 307 14.3 Configuration Management 307 14.4 Fault Management 324 14.5 Accounting Management 334 14.6 Performance Management 338 14.7 Security Management 340 14.8 Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity 340 14.9 ITIL Process Mappings 342 14.10 Conclusion 346 15 IPv6 Deployment and IPv4 Coexistence 347 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Dual-Stack Approach 349 15.3 Tunneling Approaches 353 15.4 Translation Approaches 368 15.5 Application Migration 374 15.6 Planning the IPv6 Deployment Process 374 Bibliography 383 Glossary 392 RFC index 394 Index 408

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Book SynopsisIn the last 30 years there have been dramatic changes in electrical technology--yet the length of the undergraduate curriculum has remained four years. Until some ten years ago, the analysis of transmission lines was a standard topic in the EE and CpE undergraduate curricula. Today most of the undergraduate curricula contain a rather brief study of the analysis of transmission lines in a one-semester junior-level course on electromagnetics. In some schools, this study of transmission lines is relegated to a senior technical elective or has disappeared from the curriculum altogether. This raises a serious problem in the preparation of EE and CpE undergraduates to be competent in the modern industrial world. For the reasons mentioned above, today''s undergraduates lack the basic skills to design high-speed digital and high-frequency analog systems. It does little good to write sophisticated software if the hardware is unable to process the instructions. This problem will increase as the Trade Review"All mathematical calculations are performed clearly and in a very good manner. From this point of view, the book is very useful for students and teachers." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Basic Skills and Concepts Having Application to Transmission Lines 1 1.1 Units and Unit Conversion 3 1.2 Waves, Time Delay, Phase Shift, Wavelength, and Electrical Dimensions 6 1.3 The Time Domain vs. the Frequency Domain 11 1.3.1 Spectra of Digital Signals 12 1.3.2 Bandwidth of Digital Signals 17 1.3.3 Computing the Time-Domain Response of Transmission Lines Having Linear Terminations Using Fourier Methods and Superposition 27 1.4 The Basic Transmission-Line Problem 31 1.4.1 Two-Conductor Transmission Lines and Signal Integrity 32 1.4.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines and Crosstalk 41 Problems 46 Part I Two-Conductor Lines and Signal Integrity 49 2 Time-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 51 2.1 The Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode of Propagation and the Transmission-Line Equations 52 2.2 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters 56 2.2.1 Wire-Type Lines 57 2.2.2 Lines of Rectangular Cross Section 68 2.3 The General Solutions for the Line Voltage and Current 71 2.4 Wave Tracing and Reflection Coefficients 74 2.5 The SPICE (PSPICE) Exact Transmission-Line Model 84 2.6 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 91 2.7 Effects of Reactive Terminations on Terminal Waveforms 92 2.7.1 Effect of Capacitive Terminations 92 2.7.2 Effect of Inductive Terminations 94 2.8 Matching Schemes for Signal Integrity 96 2.9 Bandwidth and Signal Integrity: When Does the Line Not Matter? 104 2.10 Effect of Line Discontinuities 105 2.11 Driving Multiple Lines 111 Problems 113 3 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 121 3.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Sinusoidal Steady-State Excitation of the Line 122 3.2 The General Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents 123 3.3 The Voltage Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance to the Line 123 3.4 The Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents 125 3.5 The SPICE Solution 128 3.6 Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line 130 3.7 Matching and VSWR 133 3.8 Power Flow on the Line 134 3.9 Alternative Forms of the Results 137 3.10 The Smith Chart 138 3.11 Effects of Line Losses 147 3.12 Lumped-Circuit Approximations for Electrically Short Lines 161 3.13 Construction of Microwave Circuit Components Using Transmission Lines 167 Problems 170 Part II Three-Conductor Lines and Crosstalk 175 4 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lines 177 4.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lines 177 4.2 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters 184 4.2.1 Wide-Separation Approximations for Wires 185 4.2.2 Numerical Methods 196 Problems 205 5 Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossless Lines 207 5.1 Decoupling the Transmission-Line Equations with Mode Transformations 208 5.2 The SPICE Subcircuit Model 210 5.3 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 227 5.4 The Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Approximate Model 232 Problems 236 6 Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossy Lines 239 6.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossy Lines 240 6.2 Characterization of Conductor and Dielectric Losses 244 6.2.1 Conductor Losses and Skin Effect 244 6.2.2 Dielectric Losses 248 6.3 Solution of the Phasor (Frequency-Domain) Transmission-Line Equations for a Three-Conductor Lossy Line 251 6.4 Common-Impedance Coupling 260 6.5 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain Method 261 Problems 270 Appendix A Brief Tutorial on Using PSPICE 273 Index 295

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Book SynopsisComplex systems modeling and simulation approaches are being adopted in a growing number of sectors, including finance, economics, biology, astronomy, and many more.Technologies ranging from distributed computing to specialized hardware are explored and developed to address the computational requirements arising in complex systems simulations. The aim of this book is to present a representative overview of contemporary large-scale computing technologies in the context of complex systems simulations applications.The intention is to identify new research directions in this field and to provide a communications platform facilitating an exchange of concepts, ideas and needs between the scientists and technologist and complex system modelers.On the application side, the book focuses on modeling and simulation of natural and man-made complex systems.On the computing technology side, emphasis is placed on the distributed computing approaches, but supercomputing and other novTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xv Contributors xix 1. State-of-the-Art Technologies for Large-Scale Computing 1 Florian Feldhaus, Stefan Freitag, and Chaker El Amrani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Grid Computing 2 1.3 Virtualization 6 1.4 Cloud Computing 8 1.5 Grid and Cloud: Two Complementary Technologies 12 1.6 Modeling and Simulation of Grid and Cloud Computing 13 1.7 Summary and Outlook 15 References 16 2. The e-Infrastructure Ecosystems: Providing Local Support to Global Science 19 Erwin Laure and Åke Edlund 2.1 The Worldwide e-Infrastructure Landscape 19 2.2 BalticGrid: A Regional e-Infrastructure, Leveraging on the Global “Mothership” EGEE 21 2.3 The EGEE Infrastructure 25 2.4 Industry and e-Infrastructures: The Baltic Example 29 2.5 The Future of European e-Infrastructures: The European Grid Initiative (EGI) and the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) Infrastructures 31 2.6 Summary 33 Acknowledgments 34 References 34 3. Accelerated Many-Core GPU Computing for Physics and Astrophysics on Three Continents 35 Rainer Spurzem, Peter Berczik, Ingo Berentzen, Wei Ge, Xiaowei Wang, Hsi-Yu Schive, Keigo Nitadori, Tsuyoshi Hamada, and José Fiestas 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Astrophysical Application for Star Clusters and Galactic Nuclei 38 3.3 Hardware 40 3.4 Software 41 3.5 Results of Benchmarks 42 3.6 Adaptive Mesh Refinement Hydrosimulations 49 3.7 Physical Multiscale Discrete Simulation at IPE 49 3.8 Discussion and Conclusions 53 Acknowledgments 54 References 54 4. An Overview of the SimWorld Agent-Based Grid Experimentation Systems 59 Matthew Scheutz and Jack J. Harris 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 System Architecture 62 4.3 System Implementation 67 4.4 A SWAGES Case Study 71 4.5 Discussion 74 4.6 Conclusions 78 References 78 5. Repast HPC: A Platform for Large-Scale Agent-Based Modeling 81 Nicholson Collier and Michael North 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Agent Simulation 82 5.3 Motivation and Related Work 82 5.4 From Repast S to Repast HPC 90 5.5 Parallelism 92 5.6 Implementation 94 5.7 Example Application: Rumor Spreading 101 5.8 Summary and Future Work 107 References 107 6. Building and Running Collaborative Distributed Multiscale Applications 111 Katarzyna Rycerz and Marian Bubak 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Requirements of Multiscale Simulations 112 6.3 Available Technologies 116 6.4 An Environment Supporting the HLA Component Model 119 6.5 Case Study with the MUSE Application 124 6.6 Summary and Future Work 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 129 7. Large-Scale Data-Intensive Computing 131 Mark Parsons 7.1 Digital Data: Challenge and Opportunity 131 7.2 Data-Intensive Computers 132 7.3 Advanced Software Tools and Techniques 134 7.4 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 8. A Topolpgy-Aware Evolutionary Algorithm for Reverse-Engineering Gene Regulatory Networks 141 Martin Swain, Camille Coti, Johannes Mandel, and Werner Dubitzky 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Methodology 143 8.3 Results and Discussion 155 8.4 Conclusions 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 9. QosCosGrid e-Science Infrastructure for Large-Scale Complex System Simulations 163 Krzysztof Kurowski, Bartosz Bosak, Piotr Grabowski, Mariusz Mamonski, Tomasz Piontek, George Kampis, László Gulyás, Camille Coti, Thomas Herault, and Franck Cappello 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Distributed and Parallel Simulations 165 9.3 Programming and Execution Environments 168 9.4 QCG Middleware 174 9.5 Additional QCG Tools 179 9.6 QosCosGrid Science Gateways 180 9.7 Discussion and Related Work 182 References 184 Glossary 187 Index 195

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Book SynopsisWind energy is clean and sustainable and one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the world. Power conversion and control is one of the most important technologies in a wind energy system. The book covers a wide range of topics on wind energy conversion and control from an electrical engineering perspective.Trade Review"I highly recommend the essential and very in depth book Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems by Bin Wu, Ph.D., Yongqiang Lang, Ph.D., Navid Zargari, Ph.D., and Samir Kouro, Ph.D., to any academics, practicing engineers, consultants, electrical and energy industry executives, government policy makers, and graduate and senior undergraduate students seeking a complete and comprehensive reference textbook that covers all aspects of wind power conversion and control of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This is a landmark book that is a must for anyone serious about the subject, and about the principles that underpin wind energy systems." (Blog Business World, 1 March 2012) "Considering that the wind energy is now highly competitive and is being emphasized all over the world, this book is extremely important and very timely. It is expected to be of wide demand in the world. The book is of unique quality, and no such book currently exists in the market. The primary emphasis of the book is power conversion and control of wind energy conversion systems. It gives comprehensive and in-depth analysis on wind generators, power converters and control systems of various types of wind generation systems. There are adequate explanatory materials on different types of wind turbines, and basics of wind energy systems. The book is very well-organized with physical explanations, mathematical analysis, computer simulation, experimental results, and worked-out examples. There are a large number of worked-out problems at the end of the book which are extremely important. It is a unique book with optimal balance of theory and practical discussion. It is a complete book for designers of wind generation systems and can serve as textbook for undergraduate/graduate courses in universities. —Dr. Bimal K. Bose, Condra Chair of Excellence/Emeritus in Power Electronics, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. Acronyms and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Overview of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. 1.3 Wind Turbine Technology. 1.4 Wind Energy Conversion System Configurations. 1.5 Grid Code. 1.6 Summary. 2. Fundamentals of Wind Energy Conversion System Control. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Wind Turbine Components. 2.3 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics. 2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Control. 2.5 Summary. 3. Wind Generators and Modeling. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reference Frame Transformation. 3.3 Induction Generator Models. 3.4 Synchronous Generators. 3.5 Summary. 4. Power Converters in Wind Energy Conversion Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 AC Voltage Controllers (Soft Starters). 4.3 Interleaved Boost Converters. 4.4 Two-Level Voltage Source Converters. 4.5 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converters. 4.6 PWM Current Source Converters. 4.7 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter. 4.8 Summary. 5. Wind Energy System Configurations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Fixed Speed WECS. 5.3 Variable Speed Induction Generator WECS. 5.4 Variable-speed Synchronous Generator WECS. 5.5 Summary. 6. Fixed-Speed Induction Generator WECS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Configuration of Fixed-Speed Wind Energy Systems. 6.3 Operation Principle. 6.4 Grid Connection with Soft Starter. 6.5 Reactive Power Compensation. 6.6 Summary. 7. Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Squirrel Cage Induction Generators. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Direct Field Oriented Control. 7.3 Indirect Field Oriented Control. 7.4 Direct Torque Control. 7.5 Control of Current Source Converter Interfaced WECS. 7.6 Summary. 8. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based WECS. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Super- and Sub-synchronous Operation of DFIG. 8.3 Unity Power Factor Operation of DFIG. 8.4 Leading and Lagging Power Factor Operation. 8.5 A Steady-State Performance of DFIG WECS. 8.6 DFIG WECS Start-up and Experiments. 8.7 Summary. 9. Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Synchronous Generators. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 System Configuration. 9.3 Control of Synchronous Generators. 9.4 SG Wind Energy System with Back-to-back VSC. 9.5 DC/DC Boost Converter Interfaced SG Wind Energy Systems. 9.6 Reactive Power Control of SG WECS. 9.7 Current Source Converter Based SG Wind Energy Systems. 9.8 Summary. Appendix A. Per Unit System. Appendix B. Generator Parameters. Appendix C. Problems and Answers Manual.

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Book SynopsisMusic is much more than listening to audio encoded in some unreadable binary format. It is, instead, an adventure similar to reading a book and entering its world, complete with a story, plot, sound, images, texts, and plenty of related data with, for instance, historical, scientific, literary, and musicological contents. Navigation of this world, such as that of an opera, a jazz suite and jam session, a symphony, a piece from non-Western culture, is possible thanks to the specifications of new standard IEEE 1599, IEEE Recommended Practice for Defining a Commonly Acceptable Musical Application Using XML, which uses symbols in language XML and music layers to express all its multimedia characteristics. Because of its encompassing features, this standard allows the use of existing audio and video standards, as well as recuperation of material in some old format, the events of which are managed by a single XML file, which is human and machine readable - musical symbols have been reTable of ContentsPreface xi A Brief Introduction to the IEEE 1599 Standard xv Denis L. Baggi and Goffredo M. Haus List of Contributors xvii 1 THE IEEE 1599 STANDARD 1 Denis L. Baggi and Goffredo M. Haus 1.1 Introduction 1 Important Features of IEEE 1599 2 Examples of Applications of IEEE 1599 to Increase Music Enjoyment 3 Example I: A Score with Different Versions: “King Porter Stomp,” by Jelly Roll Morton 6 Example II: A Jazz Piece with No Score: “Crazy Rhythm” 6 Example III: An Opera Using the Composer’s Manuscript: Tosca, by Giacomo Puccini 9 Example IV: “Peaches en Regalia,” by Frank Zappa 9 Example V: “Il mio ben quando verrà,” by Giovanni Paisiello 12 Example VI: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3, by J.S. Bach 14 Example VII: Blues, a Didactical Tool to Learn Jazz Improvisation 14 Example VIII: “La caccia,” from Antonio Vivaldi’s Four Seasons (“Autumn”) 16 Example IX: A Musicological Fantasy: Tauhid, a Piece of Free Jazz 17 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 ENCODING MUSIC INFORMATION 21 Luca A. Ludovico 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Heterogeneous Descriptions of Music 22 2.3 Available File Formats 23 2.4 Key Features of IEEE 1599 24 2.5 Multi-Layer Structure 25 2.6 The Logic Layer 27 2.7 The Spine 29 2.7.1 Inter-layer and Intra-layer Synchronization 31 2.7.2 Virtual Timing and Position of Events 32 2.7.3 How to Build the Spine 33 References 36 3 STRUCTURING MUSIC INFORMATION 37 Adriano Baratè and Goffredo M. Haus 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Music Objects and Music Algorithms 38 3.2.1 Music Objects 38 3.2.2 Music Algorithms 38 3.2.3 Music Objects and Music Algorithms in IEEE 1599 39 3.3 Petri Nets 39 3.3.1 Petri Nets Extension: Hierarchy 40 3.3.2 Petri Nets Extension: Probabilistic Arc Weights 43 3.4 Music Petri Nets 44 3.4.1 Music Petri Nets in IEEE 1599 47 3.5 Music Analysis Using Music Petri Nets 47 3.6 Real-Time Interaction with Music Petri Nets 50 3.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 4 MODELING AND SEARCHING MUSIC COLLECTIONS 57 Alberto Pinto 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Describing Music Content 58 4.2.1 Music Search Engines 59 4.3 Music Description in IEEE 1599 60 4.3.1 Chord Grid Objects 64 4.3.2 Petri Net Objects 65 4.3.3 Analysis Objects 65 4.3.4 MIR Objects 66 4.4 The Theoretical Framework 66 4.4.1 The Model Perspective 66 4.4.2 Categories 67 4.5 Music Modeling and Retrieval in IEEE 1599 67 4.5.1 MIR Model 68 4.5.2 MIR Object 69 4.5.3 MIR Subobject 70 4.5.4 MIR Morphisms 70 4.5.5 MIR Features 70 4.5.6 GraphXML Encoding 71 4.6 Case Study: Graph-Categorial Modeling 72 4.6.1 Content Description 72 4.6.2 Content Retrieval 72 4.6.3 MIR Model 73 4.6.4 MIR Object and Subobject 74 4.6.5 MIR Morphism 75 References 75 5 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND SYNCHRONIZATION AMONG LAYERS 77 Antonello D’Aguanno, Goffredo M. Haus, and Davide A. Mauro 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Encoding Synchronization Information 78 5.2.1 Extraction of Synchronization Data 82 5.2.2 Case Study 84 5.3 Overview of Synchronization Algorithms 84 5.4 VarSi: An Automatic Score-to-Audio Synchronization Algorithm Based on the IEEE 1599 Format 88 5.4.1 Score Analysis 89 5.4.2 Audio Analysis 90 5.4.3 Decisional Phase 91 References 94 6 IEEE 1599 AND SOUND SYNTHESIS 97 Luca A. Ludovico 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 From Music Symbols to Sound Synthesis 98 6.2.1 Translating Symbols into a Performance Language 99 6.2.2 Interpretative Models 105 6.2.3 Audio Rendering and Synchronization 106 6.3 From Sound Synthesis to Music Symbols 108 6.4 An Example of Encoding 110 6.5 Conclusions 113 References 114 7 IEEE 1599 APPLICATIONS FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATION 115 Adriano Baratè and Luca A. Ludovico 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 IEEE 1599 for Entertainment 116 7.3 IEEE 1599 for Music Education 117 7.4 IEEE 1599-Based Music Viewers 118 7.5 Case Studies 120 7.5.1 Navigating and Interacting with Music Notation and Audio 120 7.5.2 Musicological Analysis 121 7.5.3 Instrumental and Ear Training 126 7.5.4 IEEE 1599 Beyond Music 132 References 132 8 PAST PROJECTS USING SYMBOLS FOR MUSIC 133 Denis L. Baggi 8.1 Brief History 133 8.2 Bass Computerized Harmonization (BA-C-H) 134 8.3 Harmony Machine 135 8.4 NeurSwing, an Automatic Jazz Rhythm Section Built with Neural Nets 141 8.5 The Paul Glass System 145 8.6 A Program That Finds Notes and Type of a Chord and Plays It 147 8.7 Summary of Projects 149 8.8 Conclusions 150 References 150 Appendix A. Brief History of IEEE 1599 Standard, and Acknowledgments 151 Appendix B. IEEE Document-Type Defi nitions (DTDs) 153 Appendix C. IEEE 1599 Demonstration Videos 177 Index 179

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Book SynopsisProvides students and engineers with the fundamental developments and common practices of software evolution and maintenance Software Evolution and Maintenance: A Practitioner's Approach introduces readers to a set of well-rounded educational materials, covering the fundamental developments in software evolution and common maintenance practices in the industry. Each chapter gives a clear understanding of a particular topic in software evolution, and discusses the main ideas with detailed examples. The authors first explain the basic concepts and then drill deeper into the important aspects of software evolution. While designed as a text in an undergraduate course in software evolution and maintenance, the book is also a great resource forsoftware engineers, information technology professionals, and graduate students in software engineering. Based on the IEEE SWEBOK (Software Engineering Body of Knowledge) Explains two maintenance standards:Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxi 1 Basic Concepts and Preliminaries 1 1.1 Evolution Versus Maintenance, 1 1.1.1 Software Evolution, 3 1.1.2 Software Maintenance, 4 1.2 Software Evolution Models and Processes, 6 1.3 Reengineering, 9 1.4 Legacy Systems, 11 1.5 Impact Analysis, 12 1.6 Refactoring, 13 1.7 Program Comprehension, 14 1.8 Software Reuse, 15 1.9 Outline of the Book, 16 References, 18 Exercises, 23 2 Taxonomy of Software Maintenance and Evolution 25 2.1 General Idea, 25 2.1.1 Intention-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 26 2.1.2 Activity-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 28 2.1.3 Evidence-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 28 2.2 Categories of Maintenance Concepts, 37 2.2.1 Maintained Product, 37 2.2.2 Maintenance Types, 40 2.2.3 Maintenance Organization Processes, 41 2.2.4 Peopleware, 43 2.3 Evolution of Software Systems, 44 2.3.1 SPE Taxonomy, 46 2.3.2 Laws of Software Evolution, 49 2.3.3 Empirical Studies, 54 2.3.4 Practical Implications of the Laws, 56 2.3.5 Evolution of FOSS Systems, 58 2.4 Maintenance of Cots-Based Systems, 61 2.4.1 Why Maintenance of CBS Is Difficult?, 62 2.4.2 Maintenance Activities for CBSs, 65 2.4.3 Design Properties of Component-Based Systems, 67 2.5 Summary, 70 Literature Review, 73 References, 75 Exercises, 80 3 Evolution and Maintenance Models 83 3.1 General Idea, 83 3.2 Reuse-Oriented Model, 84 3.3 The Staged Model for Closed Source Software, 87 3.4 The Staged Model for Free, Libre, Open Source Software, 90 3.5 Change Mini-Cycle Model, 91 3.6 IEEE/EIA Maintenance Process, 94 3.7 ISO/IEC 14764 Maintenance Process, 99 3.8 Software Configuration Management, 111 3.8.1 Brief History, 112 3.8.2 SCM Spectrum of Functionality, 113 3.8.3 SCM Process, 117 3.9 CR Workflow, 119 3.10 Summary, 125 Literature Review, 126 References, 129 Exercises, 131 4 Reengineering 133 4.1 General Idea, 133 4.2 Reengineering Concepts, 135 4.3 A General Model for Software Reengineering, 137 4.3.1 Types of Changes, 140 4.3.2 Software Reengineering Strategies, 141 4.3.3 Reengineering Variations, 143 4.4 Reengineering Process, 144 4.4.1 Reengineering Approaches, 144 4.4.2 Source Code Reengineering Reference Model, 146 4.4.3 Phase Reengineering Model, 150 4.5 Code Reverse Engineering, 153 4.6 Techniques Used for Reverse Engineering, 156 4.6.1 Lexical Analysis, 157 4.6.2 Syntactic Analysis, 157 4.6.3 Control Flow Analysis, 157 4.6.4 Data Flow Analysis, 158 4.6.5 Program Slicing, 158 4.6.6 Visualization, 160 4.6.7 Program Metrics, 162 4.7 Decompilation Versus Reverse Engineering, 164 4.8 Data Reverse Engineering, 165 4.8.1 Data Structure Extraction, 168 4.8.2 Data Structure Conceptualization, 169 4.9 Reverse Engineering Tools, 170 4.10 Summary, 174 Literature Review, 176 References, 178 Exercises, 185 5 Legacy Information Systems 187 5.1 General Idea, 187 5.2 Wrapping, 189 5.2.1 Types of Wrapping, 189 5.2.2 Levels of Encapsulation, 191 5.2.3 Constructing a Wrapper, 192 5.2.4 Adapting a Program for Wrapper, 194 5.2.5 Screen Scraping, 194 5.3 Migration, 195 5.4 Migration Planning, 196 5.5 Migration Methods, 202 5.5.1 Cold Turkey, 202 5.5.2 Database First, 203 5.5.3 Database Last, 204 5.5.4 Composite Database, 205 5.5.5 Chicken Little, 206 5.5.6 Butterfly, 208 5.5.7 Iterative, 212 5.6 Summary, 217 Literature Review, 218 References, 219 Exercises, 221 6 Impact Analysis 223 6.1 General Idea, 223 6.2 Impact Analysis Process, 225 6.2.1 Identifying the SIS, 228 6.2.2 Analysis of Traceability Graph, 229 6.2.3 Identifying the Candidate Impact Set, 231 6.3 Dependency-Based Impact Analysis, 234 6.3.1 Call Graph, 234 6.3.2 Program Dependency Graph, 235 6.4 Ripple Effect, 238 6.4.1 Computing Ripple Effect, 238 6.5 Change Propagation Model, 242 6.5.1 Recall and Precision of Change Propagation Heuristics, 243 6.5.2 Heuristics for Change Propagation, 245 6.5.3 Empirical Studies, 246 6.6 Summary, 247 Literature Review, 248 References, 249 Exercises, 253 7 Refactoring 255 7.1 General Idea, 255 7.2 Activities in a Refactoring Process, 258 7.2.1 Identify What to Refactor, 258 7.2.2 Determine Which Refactorings Should be Applied, 259 7.2.3 Ensure that Refactoring Preserves the Behavior of the Software, 261 7.2.4 Apply the Refactorings to the Chosen Entities, 262 7.2.5 Evaluate the Impacts of the Refactorings on Quality, 263 7.2.6 Maintain Consistency of Software Artifacts, 265 7.3 Formalisms for Refactoring, 265 7.3.1 Assertions, 265 7.3.2 Graph Transformation, 266 7.3.3 Software Metrics, 267 7.4 More Examples of Refactorings, 271 7.5 Initial Work on Software Restructuring, 273 7.5.1 Factors Influencing Software Structure, 273 7.5.2 Classification of Restructuring Approaches, 275 7.5.3 Restructuring Techniques, 276 7.6 Summary, 282 Literature Review, 283 References, 286 Exercises, 288 8 Program Comprehension 289 8.1 General Idea, 289 8.2 Basic Terms, 291 8.2.1 Goal of Code Cognition, 291 8.2.2 Knowledge, 291 8.2.3 Mental Model, 293 8.2.4 Understanding Code, 296 8.3 Cognition Models for Program Understanding, 298 8.3.1 Letovsky Model, 298 8.3.2 Shneiderman and Mayer Model, 301 8.3.3 Brooks Model, 303 8.3.4 Soloway, Adelson, and Ehrlich Model, 308 8.3.5 Pennington Model, 310 8.3.6 Integrated Metamodel, 312 8.4 Protocol Analysis, 315 8.5 Visualization for Comprehension, 317 8.6 Summary, 321 Literature Review, 321 References, 322 Exercises, 324 9 Reuse and Domain Engineering 325 9.1 General Idea, 325 9.1.1 Benefits of Reuse, 327 9.1.2 Reuse Models, 327 9.1.3 Factors Influencing Reuse, 328 9.1.4 Success Factors of Reuse, 329 9.2 Domain Engineering, 329 9.2.1 Draco, 331 9.2.2 DARE, 331 9.2.3 FAST, 331 9.2.4 FORM, 331 9.2.5 KobrA, 332 9.2.6 PLUS, 332 9.2.7 PuLSE, 332 9.2.8 Koala, 332 9.2.9 RSEB, 332 9.3 Reuse Capability, 333 9.4 Maturity Models, 334 9.4.1 Reuse Maturity Model, 334 9.4.2 Reuse Capability Model, 336 9.4.3 RiSE Maturity Model, 338 9.5 Economic Models of Software Reuse, 340 9.5.1 Cost Model of Gaffney and Durek, 346 9.5.2 Application System Cost Model of Gaffney and Cruickshank, 348 9.5.3 Business Model of Poulin and Caruso, 350 9.6 Summary, 352 Literature Review, 352 References, 353 Exercises, 356 Glossary 359 Index 379

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Book SynopsisAdvances in computers and personal navigation systems have greatly expanded the applications of Kalman filters. A Kalman filter uses information about noise and system dynamics to reduce uncertainty from noisy measurements. Common applications of Kalman filters include such fast-growing fields as autopilot systems, battery state of charge (SoC) estimation, brain-computer interface, dynamic positioning, inertial guidance systems, radar tracking, and satellite navigation systems. Brown and Hwang''s bestselling textbook introduces the theory and applications of Kalman filters for senior undergraduates and graduate students. This revision updates both the research advances in variations on the Kalman filter algorithm and adds a wide range of new application examples. The book emphasizes the application of computational software tools such as MATLAB. The companion website includes M-files to assist students in applying MATLAB to solving end-of-chapter homework problems.Table of ContentsPART 1: RANDOM SIGNALS BACKGROUNDChapter 1 Probability and Random Variables: A ReviewChapter 2 Mathematical Description of Random SignalsChapter 3 Linear Systems Response, State-space Modeling and Monte Carlo SimulationPART 2: KALMAN FILTERING AND APPLICATIONSChapter 4 Discrete Kalman Filter BasicsChapter 5 Intermediate Topics on Kalman FilteringChapter 6 Smoothing and Further Intermediate TopicsChapter 7 Linearization, Nonlinear Filtering and Sampling Bayesian FiltersChapter 8 the "Go-Free" Concept, Complementary Filter and Aided Inertial ExamplesChapter 9 Kalman Filter Applications to the GPS and Other Navigation SystemsAPPENDIX A. Laplace and Fourier TransformsAPPENDIX B. The Continuous Kalman Filter

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Book SynopsisThe introductory chapter briefly presents the fundamental topologies and operation of power inverters. The second chapter contains a description of wavelet basis functions and sampling theory with particular reference to the switching model of inverters.Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Symbols xi List of Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction to Power Inverters 1 1.1 Fundamental Inverter Topologies 1 1.1.1 Single-Phase (1φ) Inverters 2 1.1.2 Three-Phase (3φ) Inverters 4 1.2 Multilevel Inverter Topologies 6 1.2.1 Neutral-Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter 7 1.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 8 1.2.3 Capacitor-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 8 1.2.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter 9 1.3 Fundamental Inverter Switching 11 1.4 Harmonic Distortion 15 1.5 Summary 17 2. Wavelets and the Sampling Theorem 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Wavelet Basis Functions 21 2.2.1 Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 23 2.2.2 Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 25 2.2.3 Bi-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 27 2.2.4 Shift-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 28 2.3 Sampling Process as a Multiresolution Analysis (MRA) 29 2.4 Sampling Forms 33 2.4.1 Uniform Sampling 33 2.4.2 Nonuniform Sampling 35 2.4.3 Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling 36 2.5 Wavelet Sampling Theory 37 2.6 Summary 39 3. Modeling of Power Inverters 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Sampling-Based Modeling of Single-Phase Inverters 43 3.2.1 Nonuniform Sampling-Based Representation 44 3.2.2 Reconstructing the Reference-Modulating Signal from Nonuniform Samples 46 3.3 Testing the Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling-Based Model of Inverters 51 3.3.1 PWM Inverter Output Voltage for Two Carrier Frequencies 52 3.4 Sampling-Based Modeling of Three-Phase Inverters 53 3.5 Summary 62 4. Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelets 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelet Basis Functions 66 4.2.1 Balancing the Order of the Scale-Based Linearly Combined Scaling Function ϕ(t) 70 4.2.2 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelet Function ψϕ(t) 72 4.2.3 Construction of Scale-Based Linearly Combined Synthesis Scaling Functions ϕ(t) 74 4.3 Nondyadic MRA Structure 76 4.3.1 MRA for Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling 76 4.4 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Scaling Functions for Three-Phase Inverters 79 4.5 Summary 83 5. Single-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverters 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Implementing the Wavelet Modulation Technique 85 5.3 Simulated Performance of a Wavelet Modulated Inverter 88 5.4 Experimental Performance of a Wavelet Modulated Inverter 95 5.5 The Scale-Time Interval Factor γ 101 5.6 Summary 106 6. Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverters 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Implementing the Wavelet Modulation Technique for a Three-Phase Inverter 108 6.3 Simulated Performance of a Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverter 111 6.4 Experimental Performance of a Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverter 119 6.5 Summary 127 Appendix A Nondyadic MRA for 3φ WM Inverters 131 A.1 Preliminary Derivations 131 A.2 Time and Scale Localization of MRA Spaces 132 Bibliography 135 Index 143

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the textprovides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and apreview ofthe upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well. Key features: Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view)down to PON access (micro view). Includes allmajor telecom and datacom applications. Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems. Offerspractical guidelines for system / link engineering. Trade Review“This book would be an excellent reference for advanced undergraduate students and graduate researchers, as well as professional engineers.” (Optics & Photonics News, 6 June 2014)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1 Introduction to WDM 1 1.1 WDM Theory 1 1.2 History of WDM 2 References 4 2 Optical Fiber Effects 7 2.1 Linear Effects 7 2.2 Nonlinear Fiber Effects 25 References 51 3 Components and Subsystems 55 3.1 Transmitters 55 Laser Diodes 63 3.2 Transmission Line 84 3.3 Receivers 135 3.4 Digital Electronics 146 References 162 4 Nonfiber-Related Effects 177 4.1 Linear Cross Talk 177 4.2 Noise in Optical Transmission Systems 181 Chains 187 References 193 5 Modulation Formats For WDM 197 5.1 Basic Modulation 197 5.2 Pulse Shaping 202 5.3 Modulation Formats 206 5.4 Coherent Intradyne Dual-Polarization QAM Detection 231 5.5 Optical OFDM 240 5.6 Comparison of Modulation Formats 243 References 247 6 System Realization 253 6.1 Access Networks 253 Arrays 261 Transmitters 266 6.2 Corporate Networks (Storage Reach Extensions) 277 6.3 WDM Transport Encryption 287 6.4 Metro and Regional Networks 288 6.5 Long-Haul and Ultralong-Haul Systems 294 Dispersion 297 6.6 Future Network Configurations and Convergence 313 References 321 7 WDM Network Management 327 7.1 Layered Network 327 7.2 Management Approaches 329 7.3 Basic EMS NMS and OSS Functionality 331 7.4 Data Communications Network 334 7.5 Management System Interfaces 337 7.6 Control Plane 339 References 348 8 Selected Network Issues 349 8.1 Overview of the Optical Transport Network 349 8.2 Monitoring in WDM Systems 356 8.3 Flexible WDM Networks 375 8.4 Protection and Restoration 377 References 389 9 Standards Relevant for WDM 395 9.1 ITU-T Recommendations 395 9.2 Others 396 10 Practical Approximations and Tips 401 10.1 Conversion Between Bit Error Rate and Equivalent Q-Factor 401 10.2 Properties of a PRBS Signal 402 10.3 Chromatic Dispersion Values and Propagation Constants 403 References 404 Index 405

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Book SynopsisThe book is composed of 12 chapters and three appendices, and can be divided into four parts. The first part includes Chapters 2 to 7, which discuss the concepts, models, methods and data in probabilistic transmission planning.Trade Review"Principle engineer at a Canadian electric company, Li uses his technical reports and papers as a foundation for a comprehensive guide to planning a system to transmit electricity from its generation source to the sub-transmission stations where it enters the distribution system." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Transmission Planning 1 1.2 Necessity of Probabilistic Transmission Planning 6 1.3 Outline of the Book 8 2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILISTIC PLANNING 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Probabilistic Planning Criteria 12 2.3 Procedure of Probabilistic Planning 14 2.4 Other Aspects in Probabilistic Planning 17 2.5 Conclusions 18 3 LOAD MODELING 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Load Forecast 22 3.3 Load Clustering 37 3.4 Uncertainty and Correlation of Bus Loads 42 3.5 Voltage- and Frequency-Dependent Bus Loads 44 3.6 Conclusions 46 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Power Flow 50 4.3 Probabilistic Power Flow 53 4.4 Optimal Power Flow (OPF) 57 4.5 Probabilistic Search Optimization Algorithms 64 4.6 Contingency Analysis and Ranking 72 4.7 Voltage Stability Evaluation 76 4.8 Transient Stability Solution 80 4.9 Conclusions 83 5 PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY EVALUATION 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Reliability Indices 86 5.3 Reliability Worth Assessment 90 5.4 Substation Adequacy Evaluation 93 5.5 Composite System Adequacy Evaluation 99 5.6 Probabilistic Voltage Stability Assessment 107 5.7 Probabilistic Transient Stability Assessment 114 5.8 Conclusions 120 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Cost Components of Projects 124 6.3 Time Value of Money and Present Value Method 125 6.4 Depreciation 131 6.5 Economic Assessment of Investment Projects 137 6.6 Economic Assessment of Equipment Replacement 142 6.7 Uncertainty Analysis in Economic Assessment 144 6.8 Conclusions 147 7 DATA IN PROBABILISTIC TRANSMISSION PLANNING 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Data for Power System Analysis 150 7.3 Reliability Data in Probabilistic Planning 163 7.4 Other Data 176 7.5 Conclusions 178 8 FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR DATA UNCERTAINTY 181 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Fuzzy Models of System Component Outages 182 8.3 Mixed Fuzzy and Probabilistic Models for Loads 190 8.4 Combined Probabilistic and Fuzzy Techniques 192 8.5 Example 1: Case Study Not Considering Weather Effects 196 8.6 Example 2: Case Study Considering Weather Effects 202 8.7 Conclusions 212 9 NETWORK REINFORCEMENT PLANNING 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Probabilistic Planning of Bulk Power Supply System 216 9.3 Probabilistic Planning of Transmission Loop Network 225 9.4 Conclusions 234 10 RETIREMENT PLANNING OF NETWORK COMPONENTS 237 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Retirement Timing of an Aged AC Cable 238 10.3 Replacement Strategy of an HVDC Cable 247 10.4 Conclusions 257 11 SUBSTATION PLANNING 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Probabilistic Planning of Substation Confi guration 260 11.3 Transformer Spare Planning 272 11.4 Conclusions 280 12 SINGLE-CIRCUIT SUPPLY SYSTEM PLANNING 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Reliability Performance of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 285 12.3 Planning Method of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 288 12.4 Application to Actual Utility System 298 12.5 Conclusions 307 APPENDIX A ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS 309 A.1 Probability Operation Rules 309 A.2 Four Important Probability Distributions 310 A.3 Measures of Probability Distribution 313 A.4 Parameter Estimation 314 A.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 316 APPENDIX B ELEMENTS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICS 321 B.1 Fuzzy Sets 321 B.2 Fuzzy Numbers 323 B.3 Two Typical Fuzzy Numbers in Engineering Applications 325 B.4 Fuzzy Relations 326 APPENDIX C ELEMENTS OF RELIABILITY EVALUATION 329 C.1 Basic Concepts 329 C.2 Crisp Reliability Evaluation 331 C.3 Fuzzy Reliability Evaluation 335 References 341 Index 349

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Book SynopsisBased on the author's first-hand experience and expertise, this book offers a proven framework for global software engineering. Readers will learn best practices for managing a variety of software projects, coordinating the activities of several locations across the globe while accounting for cultural differences. Most importantly, readers will learn how to engineer a first-rate software product as efficiently as possible by fully leveraging global personnel and resources. Global Software and IT takes a unique approach that works for projects of any size, examining such critical topics as: Executing a seamless project across multiple locations Mitigating the risks of off-shoring Developing and implementing processes for global development Establishing practical outsourcing guidelines Fostering effective collaboration and communication across continents and culture This book provides a balanced framework for planning gloTable of ContentsForeword ix About the Author xi Introduction 1 Part I Strategy 1. Different Business Models 7 2. The Bright Side: Benefi ts 15 3. The Dark Side: Challenges 19 4. Deciding the Business Model 27 5. Preparing the Business Case 33 Part II Development 6. Requirements Engineering 39 7. Estimation and Planning 45 8. Development Processes 53 9. Practice: Global Software Architecture Development 59 10. Practice: Software Chunks and Distributed Development 69 11. Confi guration Management 81 12. Open Source Development 83 13. Quality Control 89 14. Tools and IT Infrastructure 95 15. Practice: Collaborative Development Environments 109 Part III Management 16. Life-Cycle Management 127 17. Supplier Selection and Evaluation 131 18. Supplier Management 135 19. Practice: IT Outsourcing—A Supplier Perspective 141 20. Monitoring Cost, Progress, and Performance 151 21. Risk Management 165 22. Practice: Risk Assessment in Globally Distributed Projects 179 23. Intellectual Property and Information Security 189 24. Practice: Global Software Engineering in Avionics 193 25. Practice: Global Software Engineering in Automotive 209 Part IV People and Teams 26. Work Organization and Resource Allocation 227 27. Roles and Responsibilities 237 28. Soft Skills 241 29. Training and Coaching 245 30. Practice: People Factors in Globally Distributed Projects 249 31. Practice: Requirements Engineering in Global Teams 257 32. Practice: Educating Global Software Engineering 269 Part V Advancing Your Own Business 33. Key Take-Away Tips 283 34. Global Software and IT Rules of Thumb 293 35. The World Remains Flat 297 Appendices Appendix A Checklist/Template: Getting Started 303 Appendix B Checklist/Template: Self Assessment 309 Appendix C Checklist/Template: Risk Management 315 Glossary and Abbreviations 319 Bibliography 339 Index 349

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Book SynopsisThe book will address the-state-of-the-art in integrated Bio-Microsystems that integrate microelectronics with fluidics, photonics, and mechanics. New exciting opportunities in emerging applications that will take system performance beyond offered by traditional CMOS based circuits are discussed in detail. The book is a must for anyone serious about microelectronics integration possibilities for future technologies. The book is written by top notch international experts in industry and academia. The intended audience is practicing engineers with electronics background that want to learn about integrated microsystems. The book will be also used as a recommended reading and supplementary material in graduate course curriculum.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I: HUMAN BODY MONITORING. 1 INTERFACING BIOLOGY AND CIRCUITS: QUANTIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE METRICS (Alexander J. Casson and Esther Rodriguez-Villegas). 2 FULLY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL SIGNAL RECORDING: TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE AND LOW-NOISE FRONT-END DESIGN (Andrea Bonfanti, Tommaso Borghi, Guido Zambra, and Andrea L. Lacaita). 3 VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS NEURAL RECORDING MICROSYSTEM FOR NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION (Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Chih-Jen Cheng, Shyh-Chyang Lee, and Qiang Fang). 4 HEALTH-CARE DEVICES USING RADIO FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY (Jung Han Choi and Dong Kyun Kim). 5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LOW-POWER DIGITAL INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Zhihua Wang, Xiang Xie, Xinkai Chen, and Xiaowen Li). PART II: BIOSENSORS AND CIRCUITS. 6 AFFINITY-BASED BIOSENSORS: STOCHASTIC MODELING AND FIGURES OF MERIT (Shreepriya Das, Haris Vikalo, and Arjang Hassibi). 7 FABRICATION EXAMPLES BASED ON STANDARD CMOS AND MEMS PROCESSES (Bernard Courtois). 8 CMOS CAPACITIVE BIOINTERFACES FOR LAB-ON-CHIP APPLICATIONS (Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh). 9 LENSFREE IMAGING CYTOMETRY AND DIAGNOSTICS FOR POINT-OF-CARE AND TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS (Sungkyu Seo, Ting-Wei Su, Anthony Erlinger, and Aydogan Ozcan). 10 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL IN BIOMICROFLUIDICS (Francesca Sapuppo, Marcos Intaglietta, and Maide Bucolo). 11 MONITORING OF STEM CELL CULTURE PROCESS USING ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS (Xicai Yue and Emmanuel M. Drakakis). PART III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES. 12 BUILDING INTERFACES TO DEVELOPING CELLS AND ORGANISMS: FROM CYBORG BEETLES TO SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY (Hirotaka Sato, Daniel Cohen, and Michel M. Maharbiz). 13 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARRAYED SINGLE-CELL BIOLOGY (Sarah C. McQuaide, James R. Etzkorn, and Babak A. Parviz). 14 APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL FLAGELLAR MOTORS IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS (Steve Tung, Jin-Woo Kim, and Ryan Pooran). 15 GENE INJECTION AND MANIPULATION USING CMOS-BASED TECHNOLOGIES (Arati Sridharan and Jit Muthuswamy). 16 LOW-COST DIAGNOSTICS: RF DESIGNER’S APPROACH (Nan Sun, Yong Liu, and Donhee Ham). Index.

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Book SynopsisCompiling the authors? combined decades of experience, Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensing and Analysis sheds light on microwave noncontact vital sign detection from bench-top module to CMOS integrated microchip, covering a frequency range of over 30 GHz.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background, 1 1.2 Recent Progress on Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors, 2 1.2.1 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Interferometer and Vibrometer, 2 1.2.2 Noncontact Vital Sign Detection, 3 1.3 About This Book, 4 2 Theory of Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors 7 2.1 Introduction to Radar, 7 2.1.1 Antennas, 8 2.1.2 Propagation and Antenna Gain, 10 2.1.3 Radio System Link and Friis Equation, 13 2.1.4 Radar Cross Section and Radar Equation, 15 2.1.5 Radar Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 16 2.1.6 Signal-Processing Basics, 17 2.2 Mechanism of Motion Sensing Radar, 18 2.2.1 Doppler Frequency Shift, 18 2.2.2 Doppler Nonlinear Phase Modulation, 19 2.2.3 Pulse Radar, 26 2.2.4 FMCW Radar, 27 2.2.5 Comparison of Different Detection Mechanisms, 29 2.3 Key Theory and Techniques of Motion Sensing Radar, 31 2.3.1 Null and Optimal Detection Point, 31 2.3.2 Complex Signal Demodulation, 33 2.3.3 Arctangent Demodulation, 34 2.3.4 Double-Sideband Transmission, 36 2.3.5 Optimal Carrier Frequency, 43 2.3.6 Sensitivity: Gain and Noise Budget, 49 3 Hardware Development of Microwave Motion Sensors 53 3.1 Radar Transceiver, 53 3.1.1 Bench-Top Radar Systems, 53 3.1.2 Board Level Radar System Integration, 61 3.1.3 Motion Sensing Radar-On-Chip Integration, 63 3.1.4 Pulse-Doppler Radar and Ultra-Wideband Technologies, 85 3.1.5 FMCW Radar, 89 3.2 Radar Transponders, 92 3.2.1 Passive Harmonic Tag, 93 3.2.2 Active Transponder for Displacement Monitoring, 95 3.3 Antenna Systems, 99 3.3.1 Phased Array Systems, 99 3.3.2 Broadband Antenna, 100 3.3.3 Helical Antenna, 103 4 Advances in Detection and Analysis Techniques 107 4.1 System Design and Optimization, 107 4.1.1 Shaking Noise Cancellation Using Sensor Node Technique, 107 4.1.2 DC-Coupled Displacement Radar, 111 4.1.3 Random Body Movement Cancellation Technique, 116 4.1.4 Nonlinear Detection of Complex Vibration Patterns, 124 4.1.5 Motion Sensing Based on Self-Injection-Locked Oscillators, 131 4.2 Numerical Methods: Ray-Tracing Model, 136 4.3 Signal Processing, 141 4.3.1 MIMO, MISO, SIMO Techniques, 141 4.3.2 Spectral Estimation Algorithms, 142 4.3.3 Joint Time–Frequency Signal Analysis, 153 5 Applications and Future Trends 157 5.1 Application Case Studies, 158 5.1.1 Assisted Living and Smart Homes, 158 5.1.2 Sleep Apnea Diagnosis, 164 5.1.3 Wireless Infant Monitor, 169 5.1.4 Measurement of Rotational Movement, 173 5.1.5 Battlefield Triage and Enemy Detection, 178 5.1.6 Earthquake and Fire Emergency Search and Rescue, 179 5.1.7 Tumor Tracking in Radiation Therapy, 180 5.1.8 Structural Health Monitoring, 185 5.2 Development of Standards and State of Acceptance, 194 5.3 Future Development Trends, 196 5.4 Microwave Industry Outlook, 202 References 203 Index 215

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Book SynopsisThe next generation of computer system designers will be less concerned about details of processors and memories, and more concerned about the elements of a system tailored to particular applications. These designers will have a fundamental knowledge of processors and other elements in the system, but the success of their design will depend on the skills in making system-level tradeoffs that optimize the cost, performance and other attributes to meet application requirements. This book provides a new treatment of computer system design, particularly for System-on-Chip (SOC), which addresses the issues mentioned above. It begins with a global introduction, from the high-level view to the lowest common denominator (the chip itself), then moves on to the three main building blocks of an SOC (processor, memory, and interconnect). Next is an overview of what makes SOC unique (its customization ability and the applications that drive it). The final chapter presents future challenges for systTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to the Systems Approach 1 1.1 System Architecture: An Overview 1 1.2 Components of the System: Processors, Memories, and Interconnects 2 1.3 Hardware and Software: Programmability Versus Performance 5 1.4 Processor Architectures 7 1.4.1 Processor: A Functional View 8 1.4.2 Processor: An Architectural View 9 1.5 Memory and Addressing 19 1.5.1 SOC Memory Examples 20 1.5.2 Addressing: The Architecture of Memory 21 1.5.3 Memory for SOC Operating System 22 1.6 System-Level Interconnection 24 1.6.1 Bus-Based Approach 24 1.6.2 Network-on-Chip Approach 25 1.7 An Approach for SOC Design 26 1.7.1 Requirements and Specifi cations 26 1.7.2 Design Iteration 27 1.8 System Architecture and Complexity 29 1.9 Product Economics and Implications for SOC 31 1.9.1 Factors Affecting Product Costs 31 1.9.2 Modeling Product Economics and Technology Complexity: The Lesson for SOC 33 1.10 Dealing with Design Complexity 34 1.10.1 Buying IP 34 1.10.2 Reconfi guration 35 1.11 Conclusions 37 1.12 Problem Set 38 2 Chip Basics: Time, Area, Power, Reliability, and Confi gurability 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.1.1 Design Trade-Offs 39 2.1.2 Requirements and Specifi cations 42 2.2 Cycle Time 43 2.2.1 Defi ning a Cycle 43 2.2.2 Optimum Pipeline 44 2.2.3 Performance 46 2.3 Die Area and Cost 47 2.3.1 Processor Area 47 2.3.2 Processor Subunits 50 2.4 Ideal and Practical Scaling 53 2.5 Power 57 2.6 Area–Time–Power Trade-Offs in Processor Design 60 2.6.1 Workstation Processor 60 2.6.2 Embedded Processor 61 2.7 Reliability 62 2.7.1 Dealing with Physical Faults 62 2.7.2 Error Detection and Correction 65 2.7.3 Dealing with Manufacturing Faults 68 2.7.4 Memory and Function Scrubbing 69 2.8 Confi gurability 69 2.8.1 Why Reconfi gurable Design? 69 2.8.2 Area Estimate of Reconfi gurable Devices 70 2.9 Conclusion 71 2.10 Problem Set 71 3 Processors 74 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Processor Selection for SOC 76 3.2.1 Overview 76 3.2.2 Example: Soft Processors 76 3.2.3 Examples: Processor Core Selection 79 3.3 Basic Concepts in Processor Architecture 81 3.3.1 Instruction Set 81 3.3.2 Some Instruction Set Conventions 82 3.3.3 Branches 82 3.3.4 Interrupts and Exceptions 84 3.4 Basic Concepts in Processor Microarchitecture 86 3.5 Basic Elements in Instruction Handling 88 3.5.1 The Instruction Decoder and Interlocks 88 3.5.2 Bypassing 90 3.5.3 Execution Unit 90 3.6 Buffers: Minimizing Pipeline Delays 91 3.6.1 Mean Request Rate Buffers 91 3.6.2 Buffers Designed for a Fixed or Maximum Request Rate 92 3.7 Branches: Reducing the Cost of Branches 93 3.7.1 Branch Target Capture: Branch Target Buffers (BTBs) 94 3.7.2 Branch Prediction 97 3.8 More Robust Processors: Vector, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), and Superscalar 101 3.9 Vector Processors and Vector Instruction Extensions 101 3.9.1 Vector Functional Units 103 3.10 VLIW Processors 107 3.11 Superscalar Processors 108 3.11.1 Data Dependencies 109 3.11.2 Detecting Instruction Concurrency 110 3.11.3 A Simple Implementation 112 3.11.4 Preserving State with Out-of-Order Execution 116 3.12 Processor Evolution and Two Examples 118 3.12.1 Soft and Firm Processor Designs: The Processor as IP 118 3.12.2 High-Performance, Custom-Designed Processors 118 3.13 Conclusions 119 3.14 Problem Set 120 4 Memory Design: System-on-Chip and Board-Based Systems 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Overview 125 4.2.1 SOC External Memory: Flash 125 4.2.2 SOC Internal Memory: Placement 126 4.2.3 The Size of Memory 127 4.3 Scratchpads and Cache Memory 128 4.4 Basic Notions 129 4.5 Cache Organization 130 4.6 Cache Data 133 4.7 Write Policies 134 4.8 Strategies for Line Replacement at Miss Time 135 4.8.1 Fetching a Line 136 4.8.2 Line Replacement 136 4.8.3 Cache Environment: Effects of System, Transactions, and Multiprogramming 137 4.9 Other Types of Cache 138 4.10 Split I- and D-Caches and the Effect of Code Density 138 4.11 Multilevel Caches 139 4.11.1 Limits on Cache Array Size 139 4.11.2 Evaluating Multilevel Caches 140 4.11.3 Logical Inclusion 143 4.12 Virtual-to-Real Translation 143 4.13 SOC (On-Die) Memory Systems 145 4.14 Board-based (Off-Die) Memory Systems 147 4.15 Simple DRAM and the Memory Array 149 4.15.1 SDRAM and DDR SDRAM 152 4.15.2 Memory Buffers 156 4.16 Models of Simple Processor–Memory Interaction 156 4.16.1 Models of Multiple Simple Processors and Memory 157 4.16.2 The Strecker-Ravi Model 158 4.16.3 Interleaved Caches 160 4.17 Conclusions 161 4.18 Problem Set 161 5 Interconnect 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Overview: Interconnect Architectures 166 5.3 Bus: Basic Architecture 168 5.3.1 Arbitration and Protocols 170 5.3.2 Bus Bridge 171 5.3.3 Physical Bus Structure 171 5.3.4 Bus Varieties 172 5.4 SOC Standard Buses 173 5.4.1 AMBA 174 5.4.2 CoreConnect 177 5.4.3 Bus Interface Units: Bus Sockets and Bus Wrappers 179 5.5 Analytic Bus Models 183 5.5.1 Contention and Shared Bus 183 5.5.2 Simple Bus Model: Without Resubmission 184 5.5.3 Bus Model with Request Resubmission 185 5.5.4 Using the Bus Model: Computing the Offered Occupancy 185 5.5.5 Effect of Bus Transactions and Contention Time 186 5.6 Beyond the Bus: NOC with Switch Interconnects 187 5.6.1 Static Networks 190 5.6.2 Dynamic Networks 192 5.7 Some NOC Switch Examples 194 5.7.1 A 2-D Grid Example of Direct Networks 194 5.7.2 Asynchronous Crossbar Interconnect for Synchronous SOC (Dynamic Network) 196 5.7.3 Blocking versus Nonblocking 197 5.8 Layered Architecture and Network Interface Unit 197 5.8.1 NOC Layered Architecture 198 5.8.2 NOC and NIU Example 200 5.8.3 Bus versus NOC 201 5.9 Evaluating Interconnect Networks 201 5.9.1 Static versus Dynamic Networks 202 5.9.2 Comparing Networks: Example 204 5.10 Conclusions 205 5.11 Problem Set 206 6 Customization and Confi gurability 208 6.1 Introduction 208 6.2 Estimating Effectiveness of Customization 209 6.3 SOC Customization: An Overview 210 6.4 Customizing Instruction Processors 212 6.4.1 Processor Customization Approaches 214 6.4.2 Architecture Description 215 6.4.3 Identifying Custom Instructions Automatically 217 6.5 Reconfi gurable Technologies 218 6.5.1 Reconfi gurable Functional Units (FUs) 218 6.5.2 Reconfi gurable Interconnects 222 6.5.3 Software Confi gurable Processors 224 6.6 Mapping Designs Onto Reconfi gurable Devices 226 6.7 Instance-Specifi c Design 228 6.8 Customizable Soft Processor: An Example 231 6.9 Reconfi guration 235 6.9.1 Reconfi guration Overhead Analysis 235 6.9.2 Trade-Off Analysis: Reconfi gurable Parallelism 237 6.10 Conclusions 242 6.11 Problem Set 243 7 Application Studies 246 7.1 Introduction 246 7.2 SOC Design Approach 246 7.3 Application Study: AES 251 7.3.1 AES: Algorithm and Requirements 251 7.3.2 AES: Design and Evaluation 253 7.4 Application Study: 3-D Graphics Processors 254 7.4.1 Analysis: Processing 255 7.4.2 Analysis: Interconnection 259 7.4.3 Prototyping 260 7.5 Application Study: Image Compression 262 7.5.1 JPEG Compression 262 7.5.2 Example JPEG System for Digital Still Camera 264 7.6 Application Study: Video Compression 266 7.6.1 MPEG and H.26X Video Compression: Requirements 268 7.6.2 H.264 Acceleration: Designs 271 7.7 Further Application Studies 276 7.7.1 MP3 Audio Decoding 276 7.7.2 Software-Defi ned Radio with 802.16 279 7.8 Conclusions 281 7.9 Problem Set 282 8 What's Next: Challenges Ahead 285 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Overview 286 8.3 Technology 288 8.4 Powering the ASOC 289 8.5 The Shape of the ASOC 292 8.6 Computer Module and Memory 293 8.7 RF or Light Communications 293 8.7.1 Lasers 294 8.7.2 RF 295 8.7.3 Potential for Laser/RF Communications 295 8.7.4 Networked ASOC 296 8.8 Sensing 296 8.8.1 Visual 296 8.8.2 Audio 297 8.9 Motion, Flight, and the Fruit Fly 298 8.10 Motivation 299 8.11 Overview 300 8.12 Pre-Deployment 302 8.13 Post-Deployment 307 8.13.1 Situation-Specifi c Optimization 308 8.13.2 Autonomous Optimization Control 309 8.14 Roadmap and Challenges 310 8.15 Summary 312 Appendix: Tools for Processor Evaluation 313 References 316 Index 329

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Book SynopsisIn order to truly understand data signals transmitted by satellite, one must understand scintillation theory in addition to well established theories of EM wave propagation and scattering. Scintillation is a nuisance in satellite EM communications, but it has stimulated numerous theoretical developments with science applications.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Electromagnetic Propagation Theory. 1.2 Anticipating Scintillation Theory. 2. The Forward Propagation Equation. 2.1 Weakly Inhomogeneous Media. 2.2 Numerical Simulations. 3. The Statistical Theory of Scintillation. 3.1 Background. 3.2 Calculation of Field Moments. 3.3 Second-Order Moments. 3.4 Fourth-Order Moments. 3.5 Intensity Statistics. 3.6 Numerical Simulations. 3.7 Statistical Theory Limitations. 4. Beacon Satellite Scintillation. 4.1 Geometric Considerations. 4.2 Phase Structure Revisited. 4.3 Complex Field Coherence Revisited. 4.4 Satellite Orbit & Earth Magnetic Field Calculation. 4.5 Examples. 4.6 Theory and Simulations. 5. System Applications of Scintillation. 5.1 An Introduction to Waveforms. 5.2 Scintillation Channel Model. 5.3 System Performance Analysis. 5.4 Scintillation Data Processing. 5.5 Scintillation Data Interpretation. 5.6 Beacon Satellite Research. 6. Scattering and Boundaries. 6.1 Embedded Compact Scattering Objects. 6.2 Boundary Surfaces. Appendix A. A.1 Far-Field Approximation. A.2 Backscatter. A.3 Anisotropy Transformations. A.4 Wavefront Curvature Correction. A.5 Two-Dimensional Boundary Integrals. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a ground-breaking intelligent system for fast and non-invasive microbial identification using 3D optical imaging methods and high throughput algorithms for automatic analysis of 3D and 4D microscopic image data, as well as analysis of microscopic imaging towards a basic understanding of biological specimens.Table of ContentsPart I. Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) 1. Introduction References 2. Coherent optical imaging 2.1 Monochromatic fields and irradiance 2.2 Analytic expression for Fresnel diffraction 2.3 Transmittance function of lens 2.4 Geometrical imaging concepts 2.5 Coherent imaging theory References 3. Lateral and depth resolutions 3.1 Lateral resolution 3.2 Depth (or axial) resolution References 4. Phase unwrapping 4.1 Branch cuts 4.2 Quality-guided path-following algorithms References 5. Off-axis digital holographic microscopy 5.1 Off-axisdigital holographic microscopy designs 5.2 Digital hologram reconstruction References 6. Gabor digital holographic microscopy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodology References Part II. Deep Learning in DHM Systems 7. Introduction References 8. No-search focus prediction in DHM with deep learning 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and methods 8.3 Experimental results 8.4 Conclusions References 9. Automated phase unwrapping in DHM with deep learning 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Deep learning model 9.3 Unwrapping with deep learning model 9.4 Conclusions References 10. Noise-free phase imaging in Gabor DHM with deep learning 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A deep learning model for Gabor DHM 10.3 Experimental results 10.4 Discussion 10.5 Conclusions References Part III. Intelligent DHM for Biomedical Applications 11. Introduction References 12. Red blood cells phase image segmentation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Marker-controlled watershed algorithm 12.3 Segmentation based on marker-controlled watershed algorithm 12.4 Experimental results 12.5 Performance evaluation 12.6 Conclusions References 13. Red blood cells phase image segmentation with deep learning 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fully convolutional neural networks 13.3 Red blood cells phase image segmentation via deep learning 13.4 Experimental results 13.5 Conclusions References 14. Automated phenotypic classification of red blood cells 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Feature extraction 14.3 Pattern recognition neural network 14.4 Experimental results and discussion 14.5 Conclusions References 15. Automated analysis of red blood cell storage lesions 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Quantitative analysis of red blood cell 3D morphological changes 15.3 Experimental results and discussion 15.4 Conclusions References 16. Automated red blood cells classification with deep learning 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Proposed deep learning model 16.3 Experimental results 16.4 Conclusions References 17. High-throughput label-free cell counting with deep neural networks 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials and methods 17.3 Experimental results 17.4 Conclusions References 18. Automated tracking of temporal displacements of red blood cells 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Mean-shift tracking algorithm 18.3 Kalman filter 18.4 Procedure for single RBC tracking 18.5 Experimental results 18.6 Conclusions References 19. Automated quantitative analysis of red blood cells dynamics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Red blood cell parameters 19.3 Quantitative analysis of red blood cell fluctuations 19.4 Conclusions References 20. Quantitative analysis of red blood cells during temperature elevation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Red blood cell sample preparations 20.3 Experimental results 20.4 Conclusions References 21. Automated measurement of cardiomyocytes dynamics with DHM 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Cell culture and imaging 21.3 Automated analysis of cardiomyocytes dynamics 21.4 Conclusions References 22. Automated analysis of cardiomyocytes with deep learning 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Region of interest identification with dynamic beating activity analysis 22.3 Deep neural network for cardiomyocytes image segmentation 22.4 Experimental results 22.5 Conclusions References 23. Automatic quantification of drug-treated cardiomyocytes with DHM 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Materials and methods 23.3 Experimental results and discussion 23.4 Conclusions References 24. Analysis of cardiomyocytes with holographic image-based tracking 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Materials and methods 24.3 Experimental results and discussion 24.4 Conclusions References 25. Conclusion and future work

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive description of an optical communications technology known as free space opticala next-generation communications network that uses optical signals through the atmosphere instead of fiber, RF, or microwaves. This technology potentially offers more complex ultrabandwidth communication services simultaneously to multiple users and in a very short time, compared to fiber optic technology. This text presents established and new advancements drawn from the latest research and development in components, networking, operation, and practices. This book describes the FSO network concepts in simple language. It provides comprehensive coverage in an easy-to-understand, progressive style that starts from the physics of the atmosphere and how it affects optical communications; continues with the design of a network node; and concludes with fiberless network applications from point-to-point to mesh topology. Important areas discussed include: PropagaTrade ReviewThe book covers an important area of free space optical networking. Although this type of communications has its roots in ancient times and its modern form was originally conceived for the inter-satellite applications, its applicability extends now to terrestrial access networks, LAN to LAN inter-connectivity, emergency communications network deployment, and others. Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services was written by Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, a renowned expert in optical communications, in a reader-friendly manner. The book covers a wide range of topics, ranging from free the physical layer, through networking issues, to security and applications. It can be a valuable source of information for graduate students as well as practicing engineers. Andrzej Jajszczyk AGH University of Science and Technology This book is an introduction to the technical aspects and design issues of free-space optical (FSO) networks. The effects of atmospheric phenomena on laser beam propagation are presented. Optical devices used in FSO systems are overviewed. The design of FSO systems with point-to-point, ring and mesh topology is explained emphasizing practical aspects. Advantages and drawbacks of FSO networks are examined. Throughout the book, all topics are presented using a clear, albeit appropriate, language. Most difficult technical details are omitted, thus allowing readers with a general background to understand the essential concepts and principles. The tutorial approach of S. Kartalopoulos, already familiar to the readers of his previous works, makes also this book a pleasant reading to all those wishing a general introduction to FSO networks. Stefano Bregni Politecnico di MilanoTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi INTRODUCTION 1 1 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN UNGUIDED MEDIA 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Laser Beam Characteristics 12 1.3 Atmospheric Layers 28 1.4 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals 30 1.5 Coding for Atmospheric Optical Propagation 44 1.6 LIDAR 44 2 FSO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Light Sources 52 2.3 Modulators 61 2.4 Photodetectors and Receivers 63 2.5 Optical Amplifi cation 70 2.6 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio 76 2.7 Acquisition, Pointing and Tracking 77 2.8 Adaptive and Active Optics 83 2.9 Laser Safety 86 2.10 Node Housing and Mounting 87 3 POINT-TO-POINT FSO SYSTEMS 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Simple PtP Design 93 3.3 Point-to-Point with Transponder Nodes 98 3.4 Hybrid FSO and RF 101 3.5 FSO Point-to-Multipoint 102 3.6 FSO Point-to-Mobile 103 4 RING FSO SYSTEMS 106 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Ring Topologies and Service Protection 107 4.3 Ring Nodes with Add-Drop 109 4.4 Concatenated Rings 111 4.5 Ring to Network Connectivity 111 5 MESH FSO SYSTEMS 113 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 FSO Nodes for Mesh Topology 114 5.3 Hybrid Mesh-FSO with RF 120 5.4 Hybrid FSO-Fiber Networks 121 6 WDM MESH-FSO 124 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Light Attributes 125 6.3 Optical Media 125 6.4 Interaction of Light with Matter 127 6.5 Medium Birefringence 133 6.6 DWDM and CWDM Optical Channels 134 6.7 WDM FSO Links 135 6.8 WDM Mesh FSO Networks 135 6.9 Service Protection in Mesh-FSO Networks 138 6.10 WDM Mesh-FSO versus EM-Wireless 140 7 INTEGRATING MESH-FSO WITH THE PUBLIC NETWORK 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 The Ethernet Protocol 145 7.3 The TCP/IP Protocol 151 7.4 The ATM Protocol 154 7.5 Wireless Protocols 158 7.6 The Next Generation SONET/SDH Protocol 164 7.7 Next Generation SONET/SDH Networks 170 7.8 Next Generation Protocols 175 7.9 The GMPLS Protocol 177 7.10 The GFP Protocol 179 7.11 The LCAS Protocol 184 7.12 The LAPS Protocol 184 7.13 Any Protocol over SONET/SDH 186 8 FSO NETWORK SECURITY 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Cryptography 193 8.3 Security Levels 194 8.4 Security Layers 195 8.5 FSO Inherent Security Features 198 8.6 Conclusion 200 9 FSO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 202 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 FSO Networks for Highway Assisted Communications 203 9.3 Mesh-FSO in Disaster Areas 203 9.4 Visual Light Communication 204 9.5 Conclusion 207 References 207 Acronyms 209 Index 218

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Written by experts actively involved in the 3GPP standards and product development, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition gives a complete and up-to-date overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and clear manner. Building upon on the success of the first edition, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition has been revised to now contain improved coverage of the Release 8 LTE details, including field performance results, transport network, self optimized networks and also covering the enhancements done in 3GPP Release 9." (FierceTelecom, 17 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xix List of Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harry Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth 1 1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth 1 1.3 Evolution of Wireline Technologies 3 1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE 4 1.5 Overview of LTE 5 1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies 6 1.7 Wireless Spectrum 8 1.8 New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07 9 1.9 LTE-Advanced 10 2 LTE Standardization 13 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process 13 2.3 LTE Targets 15 2.4 LTE Standardization Phases 16 2.5 Evolution Beyond Release 8 18 2.6 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced 20 2.7 LTE Specifications and 3GPP Structure 20 References 21 3 System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE 23 Atte L¨ansisalmi and Antti Toskala 3.1 System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP 23 3.2 Basic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRAN Access Network 25 3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Configuration 25 3.2.2 Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Configuration 26 3.2.3 Self-configuration of S1-MME and X2 Interfaces 35 3.2.4 Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Configuration 36 3.2.5 Roaming in Basic System Architecture Configuration 40 3.3 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks 41 3.3.1 Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 41 3.3.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 42 3.3.3 Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 44 3.3.4 Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure 45 3.4 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks 46 3.4.1 Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 46 3.4.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 48 3.4.3 Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 51 3.5 Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks 52 3.5.1 Architecture for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 52 3.5.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 54 3.5.3 Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 55 3.5.4 Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT 56 3.6 IMS Architecture 56 3.6.1 Overview 56 3.6.2 Session Management and Routing 58 3.6.3 Databases 59 3.6.4 Services Elements 59 3.6.5 Inter-working Elements 59 3.7 PCC and QoS 60 3.7.1 PCC 60 3.7.2 QoS 62 References 65 4 Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE 67 Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 LTE Multiple Access Background 67 4.3 OFDMA Basics 70 4.4 SC-FDMA Basics 76 4.5 MIMO Basics 80 4.6 Summary 82 References 82 5 Physical Layer 83 Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli, Mieszko Chmiel and Juha Korhonen 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 83 5.3 Modulation 85 5.4 Uplink User Data Transmission 86 5.5 Downlink User Data Transmission 90 5.6 Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 93 5.6.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH 94 5.6.2 PUCCH Configuration 98 5.6.3 Control Signaling on PUSCH 102 5.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals 104 5.7 PRACH Structure 109 5.7.1 Physical Random Access Channel 109 5.7.2 Preamble Sequence 110 5.8 Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 112 5.8.1 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 112 5.8.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 113 5.8.3 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 115 5.8.4 Cell-specific Reference Signal 116 5.8.5 Downlink Transmission Modes 117 5.8.6 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 119 5.8.7 Synchronization Signal 120 5.9 Physical Layer Procedures 120 5.9.1 HARQ Procedure 121 5.9.2 Timing Advance 122 5.9.3 Power Control 123 5.9.4 Paging 124 5.9.5 Random Access Procedure 124 5.9.6 Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure 127 5.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology 132 5.9.8 Cell Search Procedure 134 5.9.9 Half-duplex Operation 134 5.10 UE Capability Classes and Supported Features 135 5.11 Physical Layer Measurements 136 5.11.1 eNodeB Measurements 136 5.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure 137 5.12 Physical Layer Parameter Configuration 137 5.13 Summary 138 References 139 6 LTE Radio Protocols 141 Antti Toskala, Woonhee Hwang and Colin Willcock 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Protocol Architecture 141 6.3 The Medium Access Control 144 6.3.1 Logical Channels 145 6.3.2 Data Flow in MAC Layer 146 6.4 The Radio Link Control Layer 147 6.4.1 RLC Modes of Operation 148 6.4.2 Data Flow in the RLC Layer 148 6.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150 6.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 151 6.6.1 UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT 151 6.6.2 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 152 6.6.3 Self Optimization – Minimization of Drive Tests 167 6.7 X2 Interface Protocols 169 6.7.1 Handover on X2 Interface 169 6.7.2 Load Management 171 6.8 Understanding the RRC ASN.1 Protocol Definition 172 6.8.1 ASN.1 Introduction 172 6.8.2 RRC Protocol Definition 173 6.9 Early UE Handling in LTE 182 6.10 Summary 183 References 183 7 Mobility 185 Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 186 7.2.1 Overview of Idle Mode Mobility 186 7.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection Process 187 7.2.3 Tracking Area Optimization 189 7.3 Intra-LTE Handovers 190 7.3.1 Procedure 190 7.3.2 Signaling 192 7.3.3 Handover Measurements 195 7.3.4 Automatic Neighbor Relations 195 7.3.5 Handover Frequency 196 7.3.6 Handover Delay 197 7.4 Inter-system Handovers 198 7.5 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 199 7.6 Summary 201 References 201 8 Radio Resource Management 203 Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa and Ingo Viering 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms 203 8.3 Admission Control and QoS Parameters 204 8.4 Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 206 8.4.1 Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework 206 8.4.2 Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 206 8.4.3 Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms 209 8.4.4 Packet Scheduling with MIMO 211 8.4.5 Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations 211 8.5 Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 216 8.5.1 Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 219 8.5.2 Uplink Link Adaptation 223 8.5.3 Uplink Packet Scheduling 223 8.6 Interference Management and Power Settings 227 8.6.1 Downlink Transmit Power Settings 227 8.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination 228 8.7 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 230 8.8 RRC Connection Maintenance 233 8.9 Summary 233 References 234 9 Self Organizing Networks (SON) 237 Krzysztof Kordybach, Seppo Hamalainen, Cinzia Sartori and Ingo Viering 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 SON Architecture 238 9.3 SON Functions 241 9.4 Self-Configuration 241 9.4.1 Configuration of Physical Cell ID 242 9.4.2 Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR) 243 9.5 Self-Optimization and Self-Healing Use Cases 244 9.5.1 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 245 9.5.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) 248 9.5.3 RACH Optimization 251 9.5.4 Energy Saving 251 9.5.5 Summary of the Available SON Procedures 252 9.5.6 SON Management 252 9.6 3GPP Release 10 Use Cases 253 9.7 Summary 254 References 255 10 Performance 257 Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, Istv´an Z. Kov´acs, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates 257 10.3 Terminal Categories 260 10.4 Link Level Performance 261 10.4.1 Downlink Link Performance 261 10.4.2 Uplink Link Performance 262 10.5 Link Budgets 265 10.6 Spectral Efficiency 270 10.6.1 System Deployment Scenarios 270 10.6.2 Downlink System Performance 273 10.6.3 Uplink System Performance 275 10.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 × 2 276 10.6.5 Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) 283 10.6.6 Spectral Efficiency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth 285 10.6.7 Spectral Efficiency Evaluation in 3GPP 286 10.6.8 Benchmarking LTE to HSPA 287 10.7 Latency 288 10.7.1 User Plane Latency 288 10.8 LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum 290 10.9 Dimensioning 291 10.10 Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks 293 10.10.1 Data Volume Analysis 293 10.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis 297 10.11 Summary 299 References 301 11 LTE Measurements 303 Marilynn P. Wylie-Green, Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen and Antti Toskala 11.1 Introduction 303 11.2 Theoretical Peak Data Rates 303 11.3 Laboratory Measurements 305 11.4 Field Measurement Setups 306 11.5 Artificial Load Generation 307 11.6 Peak Data Rates in the Field 310 11.7 Link Adaptation and MIMO Utilization 311 11.8 Handover Performance 313 11.9 Data Rates in Drive Tests 315 11.10 Multi-user Packet Scheduling 317 11.11 Latency 320 11.12 Very Large Cell Size 321 11.13 Summary 323 References 323 12 Transport 325 Torsten Musiol 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 Protocol Stacks and Interfaces 325 12.2.1 Functional Planes 325 12.2.2 Network Layer (L3) – IP 327 12.2.3 Data Link Layer (L2) – Ethernet 328 12.2.4 Physical Layer (L1) – Ethernet Over Any Media 329 12.2.5 Maximum Transmission Unit Size Issues 330 12.2.6 Traffic Separation and IP Addressing 332 12.3 Transport Aspects of Intra-LTE Handover 334 12.4 Transport Performance Requirements 335 12.4.1 Throughput (Capacity) 335 12.4.2 Delay (Latency), Delay Variation (Jitter) 338 12.4.3 TCP Issues 339 12.5 Transport Network Architecture for LTE 340 12.5.1 Implementation Examples 340 12.5.2 X2 Connectivity Requirements 341 12.5.3 Transport Service Attributes 342 12.6 Quality of Service 342 12.6.1 End-to-End QoS 342 12.6.2 Transport QoS 343 12.7 Transport Security 344 12.8 Synchronization from Transport Network 347 12.8.1 Precision Time Protocol 347 12.8.2 Synchronous Ethernet 348 12.9 Base Station Co-location 348 12.10 Summary 349 References 349 13 Voice over IP (VoIP) 351 Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lund´en, Esa Malkam¨aki, Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 VoIP Codecs 351 13.3 VoIP Requirements 353 13.4 Delay Budget 354 13.5 Scheduling and Control Channels 354 13.6 LTE Voice Capacity 357 13.7 Voice Capacity Evolution 364 13.8 Uplink Coverage 365 13.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE 368 13.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 370 13.11 Summary 372 References 373 14 Performance Requirements 375 Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl Mc Cune and Laurent No¨el 14.1 Introduction 375 14.2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 375 14.2.1 Frequency Bands 375 14.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 378 14.2.3 Channel Arrangements 379 14.3 eNodeB RF Transmitter 380 14.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions 381 14.3.2 Co-existence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same Operating Band 383 14.3.3 Co-existence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands 385 14.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality 389 14.4 eNodeB RF Receiver 392 14.5 eNodeB Demodulation Performance 398 14.6 User Equipment Design Principles and Challenges 403 14.6.1 Introduction 403 14.6.2 RF Subsystem Design Challenges 403 14.6.3 RF-baseband Interface Design Challenges 410 14.6.4 LTE Versus HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity 414 14.7 UE RF Transmitter 418 14.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement 418 14.7.2 LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM 418 14.7.3 Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (De-sense) 419 14.7.4 Transmitter Architecture 420 14.8 UE RF Receiver Requirements 421 14.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 422 14.8.2 Introduction to UE Self-Desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 424 14.8.3 ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges 429 14.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison between LTE and WCDMA Receivers 435 14.9 UE Demodulation Performance 440 14.9.1 Transmission Modes 440 14.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation 443 14.9.3 Demodulation Performance 443 14.10 Requirements for Radio Resource Management 446 14.10.1 Idle State Mobility 447 14.10.2 Connected State Mobility When DRX is not Active 447 14.10.3 Connected State Mobility When DRX is Active 450 14.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements 450 14.11 Summary 451 References 452 15 LTE TDD Mode 455 Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala 15.1 Introduction 455 15.2 LTE TDD Fundamentals 455 15.2.1 The LTE TDD Frame Structure 457 15.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation 459 15.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA 459 15.2.4 Channel Reciprocity 460 15.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes 461 15.3 TDD Control Design 462 15.3.1 Common Control Channels 462 15.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal 464 15.3.3 HARQ Process and Timing 465 15.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling 466 15.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 467 15.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 467 15.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over PUCCH 468 15.4 Semi-persistent Scheduling 469 15.5 MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals 471 15.6 LTE TDD Performance 472 15.6.1 Link Performance 473 15.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for the TDD System 473 15.6.3 System Level Performance 477 15.7 Evolution of LTE TDD 483 15.8 LTE TDD Summary 484 References 484 16 LTE-Advanced 487 Mieszko Chmiel, Mihai Enescu, Harri Holma, Tommi Koivisto, Jari Lindholm, Timo Lunttila, Klaus Pedersen, Peter Skov, Timo Roman, Antti Toskala and Yuyu Yan 16.1 Introduction 487 16.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 487 16.3 Requirements 488 16.3.1 Backwards Compatibility 488 16.4 3GPP LTE-Advanced Study Phase 489 16.5 Carrier Aggregation 489 16.5.1 Impact of the Carrier Aggregation for the Higher Layer Protocol and Architecture 492 16.5.2 Physical Layer Details of the Carrier Aggregation 493 16.5.3 Changes in the Physical Layer Uplink due to Carrier Aggregation 493 16.5.4 Changes in the Physical Layer Downlink due to Carrier Aggregation 494 16.5.5 Carrier Aggregation and Mobility 494 16.5.6 Carrier Aggregation Performance 495 16.6 Downlink Multi-antenna Enhancements 496 16.6.1 Reference Symbol Structure in the Downlink 496 16.6.2 Codebook Design 499 16.6.3 System Performance of Downlink Multi-antenna Enhancements 501 16.7 Uplink Multi-antenna Techniques 502 16.7.1 Uplink Multi-antenna Reference Signal Structure 503 16.7.2 Uplink MIMO for PUSCH 503 16.7.3 Uplink MIMO for Control Channels 504 16.7.4 Uplink Multi-user MIMO 505 16.7.5 System Performance of Uplink Multi-antenna Enhancements 505 16.8 Heterogeneous Networks 506 16.9 Relays 508 16.9.1 Architecture (Design Principles of Release 10 Relays) 508 16.9.2 DeNB – RN Link Design 510 16.9.3 Relay Deployment 511 16.10 Release 11 Outlook 512 16.11 Conclusions 513 References 513 17 HSPA Evolution 515 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 17.1 Introduction 515 17.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 515 17.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 517 17.4 Enhanced FACH and RACH 520 17.5 Downlink MIMO and 64QAM 521 17.5.1 MIMO Workaround Solutions 523 17.6 Dual Cell HSDPA and HSUPA 524 17.7 Multicarrier and Multiband HSDPA 526 17.8 Uplink 16QAM 527 17.9 Terminal Categories 528 17.10 Layer 2 Optimization 529 17.11 Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS 531 17.12 Architecture Evolution 531 17.13 Summary 533 References 535 Index 537

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Book SynopsisWhere this book is exceptional is that the reader will not just learn how LTE works but why it works Adrian Scrase, ETSI Vice-President, International Partnership Projects Following on the success of the first edition, this book is fully updated, covering the latest additions to LTE and the key features of LTE-Advanced. This book builds on the success of its predecessor, offering the same comprehensive system-level understanding built on explanations of the underlying theory, now expanded to include complete coverage of Release 9 and the developing specifications for LTE-Advanced. The book is a collaborative effort of more than 40 key experts representing over 20 companies actively participating in the development of LTE, as well as academia. The book highlights practical implications, illustrates the expected performance, and draws comparisons with the well-known WCDMA/HSPA standards. The authors not only pay special attention to the physical layer, giviTable of ContentsEditors’ Biographies List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms 1 Introduction and Background 1 Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker 1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS 1 1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution 7 1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution 14 1.4 From Theory to Practice 20 References 21 Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23 2 Network Architecture 25 Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Overall Architectural Overview 26 2.3 Protocol Architecture 32 2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers 34 2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface 40 2.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface 49 2.7 Summary 55 References 55 3 Control Plane Protocols 57 Himke van der Velde 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 58 3.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 78 3.4 Paging 84 3.5 Summary 86 References 86 4 User Plane Protocols 87 Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee 4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack 87 4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 89 4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 98 4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) 108 4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols 120 References 120 Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 121 5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123 Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 OFDM 125 5.3 OFDMA 137 5.4 Parameter Dimensioning 139 5.5 Summary 142 References 142 6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145 Matthew Baker 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Transmission Resource Structure 145 6.3 Signal Structure 148 6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation 149 References 150 7 Synchronization and Cell Search 151 Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE 151 7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161 References 163 8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165 Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink 167 8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals 168 8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation 174 8.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 178 8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation 181 8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation 184 8.7 Advanced Techniques 185 References 186 9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189 Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels 189 9.3 Downlink Control Channels 196 References 214 10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215 Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback 217 10.3 Channel Coding 223 10.4 Conclusions 245 References 246 11 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249 Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe 11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory 249 11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE 262 11.3 Summary 276 References 277 12 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279 Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies 280 12.3 Scheduling Algorithms 283 12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE 286 12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse 287 12.6 Summary 291 References 292 13 Broadcast Operation 293 Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Broadcast Modes 293 13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture 295 13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission 297 13.5 MBMS Characteristics 303 13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 304 13.7 Public Warning Systems 312 13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes 312 References 314 Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 315 14 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 14.1 Introduction 317 14.2 SC-FDMA Principles 318 14.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE 321 14.4 Summary 325 References 326 15 Uplink Reference Signals 327 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation 328 15.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning 332 15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping 333 15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 335 15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) 337 15.7 Summary 340 References 341 16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 16.1 Introduction 343 16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure 344 16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design 348 16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH 365 16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition 367 16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques 367 16.7 Summary 369 References 369 17 Random Access 371 Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE 371 17.3 Random Access Procedure 372 7.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design 376 17.5 PRACH Implementation 396 17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH 404 17.7 Concluding Remarks 405 References 406 18 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407 Matthew Baker 18.1 Introduction 407 18.2 Uplink Timing Control 407 18.3 Power Control 411 References 420 Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 421 19 User Equipment Positioning 423 Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen 19.1 Introduction 423 19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning 425 19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning 426 19.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning 431 19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols 433 19.6 Summary and Future Techniques 435 References 436 20 The Radio Propagation Environment 437 Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models 438 20.3 MIMO Channel Models 441 20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing 454 20.5 Concluding Remarks 455 References 455 21 Radio Frequency Aspects 457 Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne 21.1 Introduction 457 21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements 459 21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements 462 21.4 Receiver RF Requirements 474 21.5 RF Impairments 492 21.6 Summary 500 References 501 22 Radio Resource Management 503 Muhammad Kazmi 22.1 Introduction 503 22.2 Cell Search Performance 505 22.3 Mobility Measurements 513 22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements 516 22.5 Mobility Performance 518 22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 525 22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 526 22.8 Concluding Remarks 528 References 529 23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531 Nicholas Anderson 23.1 Introduction 531 23.2 Duplex Modes 532 23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum 533 23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects 544 23.5 Reciprocity 552 24 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563 Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett 24.1 Introduction 563 24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture 564 24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment 569 24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells 574 24.5 Summary 580 References 580 25 Self-Optimizing Networks 581 Philippe Godin 25.1 Introduction 581 25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) 582 25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME 584 25.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity 587 25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587 25.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization 591 25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization 595 25.8 Energy Saving 596 25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597 References 598 26 LTE System Performance 599 Tetsushi Abe 26.1 Introduction 599 26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity 599 26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation 603 26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget 608 26.5 Summary 610 References 611 Part V LTE-Advanced 613 27 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615 Dirk Gerstenberger 27.1 Introduction and Requirements 615 27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced 618 27.3 Backward Compatibility 619 27.4 Deployment Aspects 620 27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced 621 References 622 28 Carrier Aggregation 623 Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic 28.1 Introduction 623 28.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation 624 28.3 Physical Layer Aspects 631 28.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects 648 28.5 Summary 650 References 650 29 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651 Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer 29.1 Downlink Reference Signals 651 29.2 Uplink Reference Signals 657 29.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements 659 29.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission 666 29.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception 669 29.6 Summary 671 References 671 30 Relaying 673 Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa 30.1 Introduction 673 30.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying 679 30.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced 684 30.4 Summary 699 References 699 31 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701 Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat 31.1 Introduction 701 31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 701 31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 710 31.4 Machine-Type Communications 712 References 714 32 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715 Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe 32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance 715 32.2 Future Developments 718 References 720 Index 721

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Book SynopsisProfessor Emanuel uses clear presentation to compare and facilitate understanding of two seminal standards, The IEEE Std. 1459 and The DIN 40110-2:2002-11. Through critical analysis of the most important and recent theories and review of basic concepts, a highly accessible guide to the essence of the standards is presented.Trade Review Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii 1 Electric Energy Flow: Physical Mechanisms 1 1.1 Problems 16 1.2 References 18 2 Single-Phase Systems With Sinusoidal Waveforms 21 2.1 The Resistance 21 2.2 The Inductance 25 2.3 The Capacitance 27 2.4 The R - L - C Loads 29 2.5 The Apparent Power 30 2.6 The Concept of Power Factor and Power Factor Correction 34 2.7 Comments on Power Factor 38 2.8 Other Means of Reactive Power Control and Compensation 41 2.9 Series Compensation 44 2.10 Reactive Power Caused by Mechanical Components that Store Energy 45 2.11 Physical Interpretation of Instantaneous Powers by Means of Poynting Vector 48 2.12 Problems 57 2.13 References 60 3 Single-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 63 3.1 The Linear Resistance 63 3.2 The Linear Inductance 68 3.3 The Linear Capacitance 71 3.4 The Linear Series R . L . C Circuit 71 3.5 The Nonlinear Resistance 74 3.6 The Nonlinear Inductance 80 3.7 Nonlinear Load: The General Case 83 3.8 Problems 90 3.9 References 92 4 Apparent Power Resolution for Nonsinusoidal Single-Phase Systems 93 4.1 Constantin I. Budeanu’s Method 95 4.2 Stanislaw Fryze’s Method 99 4.3 Manfred Depenbrock’s Method 102 4.4 Leszek Czarnecki’s Method 106 4.5 The Author’s Method 110 4.6 Comparison Among the Methods 115 4.7 Power Factor Compensation 120 4.8 Comments on Skin Effect, Apparent Power, and Power Factor 128 4.9 The Additiveness Problem 131 4.10 Problems 135 4.11 References 137 5 Three-Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms 139 5.1 Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System 140 5.2 The Three-Phase Unbalanced System 142 5.3 The Power Factor Dilemma 145 5.4 Powers and Symmetrical Components 149 5.4.1 How Symmetrical Components are Generated 149 5.4.2 Expressing the Powers by Means of Symmetrical Components 154 5.5 Effective Apparent Power Resolutions 158 5.5.1 FBD-Method 158 5.5.2 L. S. Czarnecki's Method 165 5.5.3 IEEE Std. 1459–2010 Method 167 5.5.4 Comparison Between The Two Major Engineering Schools of Thought 169 5.6 Problems 182 5.7 References 184 6 Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions 185 6.1 The Vector Apparent Power Approach 185 6.2 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010's Approach 187 6.3 The DIN 40110’s Approach 192 6.3.1 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010 Approach 195 6.3.2 The DIN 40110 Approach 196 6.4 Observations and Suggestions 198 6.5 Problems 201 6.6 References 202 7 Power Definitions for Time-Varying Loads 205 7.1 Background: Basic Example 206 7.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal Case 210 7.2.1 Analytical Expressions of Powers: Single-Phase Sinusoidal 213 7.3 Single-Phase Nonsinusoidal Case 214 7.4 Three-Phase Sinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition 216 7.5 Three-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition 220 7.6 Problems 225 7.7 References 227 8 Appendices 229 8.1 Appendix I: The Electrostatic Field Distribution in a Coaxial Cable 229 8.2 Appendix II: Poynting Vector due to Displacement Current 231 8.3 Appendix III: Electric Field Caused by a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 232 8.4 Appendix IV: The Electromagnetic Wave Along the Three-Phase Line 235 8.5 Appendix V: Equation (5.99) 242 8.6 Appendix VI: Maximum Active Power (Three-Phase, Four-Wire System) 243 8.7 Appendix VII: About the Ratio p = Rs/Rn 247 8.8 Appendix VIII: The Use of Varmeters in the Presence of Nonsinusoidal and Asymmetrical Voltages and Currents 249 8.9 References 258 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThis book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the quality and cost efficiency of 3G and LTE networks In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis anTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Part I Standards for Mobile Networks. 1 Global System for Mobile Communications. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 System architecture. 1.3 Time structure of the GSM system. 1.4 Logical channels. 1.5 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD). 1.6 GPRS packet transmission. 1.7 EDGE packet transmission. 1.8 Traffic management mechanisms in cellular networks. 2 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Architecture of the system. 2.3 Wideband access with WCDMA coding and multiplexing – essentials. 2.4 Channels in the WCDMA radio interface. 2.5 Modulation. 2.6 Signal reception techniques. 2.7 Radio resource management in the UMTS system. 2.8 High-speed packet data transmission. 2.9 Services. 3 Long-Term Evolution. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 System architecture. 3.3 Transmission techniques in the LTE system. 3.4 Channels in the radio interface of the LTE system. 3.5 Radio resource management in LTE. Part II Teletraffic Engineering for Mobile Networks. 4 Basic Definitions and Terminology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Call stream. 4.3 Service stream. 4.4 Markov processes. 4.5 The concept of traffic. 4.6 Quality of service in telecommunication systems. 5 Basic Elements of Traffic Engineering used in Mobile Networks. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Erlang model. 5.3 Engset model. 5.4 Comments. 6 Modeling of Systems with Single-Rate Overflow Traffic. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Basic information on overflow systems. 6.3 Models of alternative groups. 6.4 Equivalent groups. 6.5 Modeling of overflow traffic in systems with finite number of traffic sources. 6.6 Comments. 7 Models of Links Carrying Multi-Service Traffic. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Multi-dimensional Erlang distribution. 7.3 Full-availability group with multi-rate traffic. 7.4 State-dependent systems. 7.5 Systems with finite and infinite number of traffic sources. 7.6 Limited-availability group. 7.7 Full-availability group with reservation. 7.8 Full-availability group with threshold mechanism. 7.9 Full-availability group with compression mechanism. 7.10 Full-availability group with priorities. 8 Modeling of Systems with Multi-Rate Overflow Traffic. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Single-service model of the group with overflow traffic. 8.3 Dimensioning of alternative groups with multi-rate traffic. 8.4 Multi-service model of the group with overflow traffic. 8.5 Comments. 9 Equivalent Bandwidth. 9.1 ON/OFF Source. 9.2 Markov Modulated Poisson Process. 9.3 Interrupted Bernoulli Process. 9.4 Comments. 9.5 Self-similar traffic. 9.6 Exemplary methods for determining equivalent bandwidth. 9.7 Bandwidth discretization. 10 Models of the Nodes in the Packet Network. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Little's law. 10.3 Model of the M/M/1 system. 10.4 Model of the M/M/1/N-1 system. 10.5 Model of the M/M/m system. 10.6 Model of the M/M/m/N system. 10.7 Model of the M/G/1 system. 10.8 M/D/1 system. 10.9 Queueing systems with one service station and non-preemptive priorities. 10.10 Model M/G/R PS. Part III Application of Analytical Models for Mobile Networks. 11 Modeling and Dimensioning of the Radio Interface. 11.1 Modeling of resource allocations in the radio interface of mobile cellular networks. 11.2 Cellular system with hard capacity carrying single-service traffic. 11.3 Cellular system with soft capacity carrying single-service traffic. 11.4 Cellular system with hard and soft capacity carrying a mixture of multiservice traffic streams. 11.5 HSPA traffic in the radio interface of the UMTS network. 11.6 Comments. 12 Modeling and Dimensioning of the Iub interface. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Exemplary architecture of the Iub interface. 12.3 Modeling of the Iub interface. 12.4 Comments. 13 Application of Multi-Rate Models for Modeling UMTS Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Models of group of cells carrying multi-rate traffic. 13.3 Models of traffic overflow. 13.4 Handover mechanisms. 13.5 Comments. Conclusion. Appendix A. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntegrating renewable energy and other distributed energy sources into smart grids, often via power inverters, is arguably the largest new frontier for smart grid advancements. Inverters should be controlled properly so that their integration does not jeopardize the stability and performance of power systems and a solid technical backbone is formed to facilitate other functions and services of smart grids. This unique reference offers systematic treatment of important control problems in power inverters, and different general converter theories. Starting at a basic level, it presents conventional power conversion methodologies and then non-conventional' methods, with a highly accessible summary of the latest developments in power inverters as well as insight into the grid connection of renewable power. Consisting of four parts Power Quality Control, Neutral Line Provision, Power Flow Control, and Synchronisation this book fully demonstrates the integration of controlTrade Review"From basic level to latest developments it covers every aspect to be a helpful resource both in practice and research." (VGB PowerTech, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the Book 1 1.2 Basics of Power Processing 4 1.3 Hardware Issues 24 1.4 Wind Power Systems 44 1.5 Solar Power Systems 53 1.6 Smart Grid Integration 55 2 Preliminaries 63 2.1 Power Quality Issues 63 2.2 Repetitive Control 67 2.3 Reference Frames 71 PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL 3 Current H∞ Repetitive Control 81 3.1 System Description 81 3.2 Controller Design 82 3.3 Design Example 87 3.4 Experimental Results 88 3.5 Summary 91 4 Voltage and Current H∞ Repetitive Control 93 4.1 System Description 93 4.2 Modelling of an Inverter 94 4.3 Controller Design 96 4.4 Design Example 100 4.5 Simulation Results 102 4.6 Summary 107 5 Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 109 5.1 System Description 109 5.2 Controller Design 110 5.3 Design Example 116 5.4 Experimental Results 117 5.5 Summary 126 6 Cascaded Current-Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control 127 6.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 127 6.2 Control Scheme 129 6.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 131 6.4 Design of the Current Controller 133 6.5 Design Example 134 6.6 Experimental Results 136 6.7 Summary 147 7 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 149 7.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 149 7.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 150 7.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 152 7.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 153 7.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 157 7.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 159 7.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 162 7.8 Summary 163 8 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 165 8.1 Controller Design 165 8.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 167 8.3 Stability Analysis 169 8.4 Experimental Results 171 8.5 Summary 172 9 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 173 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Description of the Topology 175 9.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 175 9.4 Special Case: cos θ = 1 180 9.5 Simulation Results 181 9.6 Summary 184 PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION 10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Split DC Link 188 10.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 189 10.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 190 10.5 Summary 191 11 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 193 11.1 Mathematical Modelling 193 11.2 Controller Design 195 11.3 Performance Evaluation 199 11.4 Selection of the Components 201 11.5 Simulation Results 202 11.6 Summary 205 12 H∞ Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 207 12.1 Mathematical Modelling 207 12.2 Controller Design 210 12.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 214 12.4 Design Example 215 12.5 Simulation Results 216 12.6 Summary 217 13 Parallel PI Voltage-H∞ Current Control of a Neutral Leg 219 13.1 Description of the Neutral Leg 219 13.2 Design of an 13.3 Addition of a Voltage Control Loop 226 13.4 Experimental Results 226 13.5 Summary 230 14 Applications in Single-phase to Three-phase Conversion 233 14.1 Introduction 233 14.2 The Topology under Consideration 236 14.3 Basic Analysis 237 14.4 Controller Design 239 14.5 Simulation Results 244 14.6 Summary 248 PART III POWER FLOW CONTROL 15 Current Proportional–Integral Control 251 15.1 Control Structure 251 15.2 Controller Implementation 254 15.3 Experimental Results 254 15.4 Summary 258 16 Current Proportional-Resonant Control 259 16.1 Proportional-resonant Controller 259 16.2 Control Structure 260 16.3 Controller Design 261 16.4 Experimental Results 263 16.5 Summary 268 17 Current Deadbeat Predictive Control 269 17.1 Control Structure 269 17.2 Controller Design 269 17.3 Experimental Results 271 17.4 Summary 275 18 Synchronverters: Grid-friendly Inverters that Mimic Synchronous Generators 277 18.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generators 278 18.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 282 18.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 284 18.4 Simulation Results 287 18.5 Experimental Results 290 18.6 Summary 296 19 Parallel Operation of Inverters 297 19.1 Introduction 297 19.2 Problem Description 299 19.3 Power Delivered to a Voltage Source 300 19.4 Conventional Droop Control 301 19.5 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 304 19.6 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 309 19.7 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 319 19.8 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 326 19.9 Summary 330 20 Robust Droop Control with Improved Voltage Quality 335 20.1 Control Strategy 335 20.2 Experimental Results 337 20.3 Summary 346 21 Harmonic Droop Controller to Improve Voltage Quality 347 21.1 Model of an Inverter System 347 21.2 Power Delivered to a Current Source 349 21.3 Reduction of Harmonics in the Output Voltage 351 21.4 Simulation Results 353 21.5 Experimental Results 355 21.6 Summary 358 PART IV SYNCHRONISATION 22 Conventional Synchronisation Techniques 361 22.1 Introduction 361 22.2 Zero-crossing Method 362 22.3 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 363 22.4 PLL in the Synchronously Rotating Reference Frame (SRF-PLL) 364 22.5 Second-order Generalised Integrator-based PLL (SOGI-PLL) 366 22.6 Sinusoidal Tracking Algorithm (STA) 368 22.7 Simulation Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 369 22.8 Experimental Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 372 22.9 Summary 378 23 Sinusoid-locked Loops 379 23.1 Single-phase Synchronous Machine (SSM) Connected to the Grid 379 23.2 Structure of a Sinusoid-locked Loop (SLL) 380 23.3 Tracking of the Frequency and the Phase 382 23.4 Tracking of the Voltage Amplitude 382 23.5 Tuning of the Parameters 382 23.6 Equivalent Structure 383 23.7 Simulation Results 384 23.8 Experimental Results 386 23.9 Summary 390 References 393 Index 407

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Book SynopsisIn Transcultural Communication, Andreas Hepp provides an accessible and engaging introduction to the exciting possibilities and inevitable challenges presented by the proliferation of transcultural communication in our mediatized world.Trade Review"...an engaging and well-balanced introduction to contemporary developments in global media communication from a transcultural perspective...a highly stimulating read for students and novice scholars alike." - Communications - The European Journal of Communication ResearchTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 2 Approaches to Transcultural Communication 10 2.1 Consequences of Globalization 13 2.2 Postcolonial Critique 18 2.3 Methodological Reflections 22 2.4 Integrative Analyses 28 3 The Regulation of Transcultural Communication 35 3.1 Global Commercialization and Communicative Infrastructure 39 3.2 State Regulation 51 3.3 From the Free Flow of Communication to the Regulation of Globalization 59 3.4 The Global Governance of Media 73 4 The Production of Media and their Transcultural Contexts 82 4.1 The Cultures of Production within Global Media Businesses 88 4.2 The Transculturality of Journalistic Practice 98 4.3 Alternative Forms of Media Production 104 4.4 Media Cities as Transcultural Locations 113 5 The Transculturality of Media Products 124 5.1 Hollywood, Bollywood, and Nollywood 128 5.2 The Import of Programs and the Adaptation of Formats 140 5.3 The Articulation of News 154 5.4 Media Events 168 6 The Appropriation of Media and Transculturation 179 6.1 The Appropriation of Media as Cultural Localization 181 6.2 Media Disjunctions in a Mediatized Everyday World 193 6.3 Communities and Communitization 205 6.4 Media Identity and Citizenship 216 7 Perspectives on Transcultural Communication 226 Acknowledgements 231 References 234 Index 270

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on new techniques, analysis, applications and future trends of microstrip and printed antenna technologies, with particular emphasis to recent advances from the last decade Attention is given to fundamental concepts and techniques, their practical applications and the future scope of developments. Several topics, essayed as individual chapters include reconfigurable antenna, ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna, reflectarrays, antennas for RFID systems and also those for body area networks. Also included are antennas using metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGSs). Essential aspects including advanced design, analysis and optimization techniques based on the recent developments have also been addressed. Key Features: Addresses emerging hot topics of research and applications in microstrip and printed antennas Considers the fundamental concepts, techniques, applications and future scope of such technologiesTrade Review"This book provides a reference for R&D researchers, professors, practicing engineers, and scientists working in these fields. Graduate students studying/working on related subjects will find this book as a comprehensive literature for understanding the present and future trends in microstrip and printed antennas." (Global Print Monitor, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Acknowledgments. 1 Numerical Analysis Techniques (Ramesh Garg). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Standard (Yee’s) FDTD Method. 1.3 Numerical Dispersion of FDTD Algorithms and Hybrid Schemes. 1.4 Stability of Algorithms. 1.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions. 1.6 LOD-FDTD Algorithm. 1.7 Robustness of Printed Patch Antennas. 1.8 Thin Dielectric Approximation. 1.9 Modeling of PEC and PMC for Irregular Geometries. References. 2 Computer Aided Design of Microstrip Antennas (Debatosh Guha and Jawad Y. Siddiqui). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Microstrip Patch as Cavity Resonator. 2.3 Resonant Frequency of Circular Microstrip Patch (CMP). 2.4 Resonant Frequency of Rectangular Microstrip Patch (RMP) with Variable Air Gap. 2.5 Resonant Frequency of an Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Patch (ETMP) with Variable Air Gap. 2.6 Input Impedance of a Microstrip Patch. 2.7 Feed Reactance of a Probe-Fed Microstrip Patch. 2.8 Radiation Characteristics. 2.9 Radiation Efficiency. 2.10 Bandwidth. 2.11 Conclusion. References. 3 Generalized Scattering Matrix Approach for Multilayer Patch Arrays (Arun K. Bhattacharyya). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Outline of the GSM Approach. 3.3 Mutual Coupling Formulation. 3.4 Finite Array: Active Impedance and Radiation Patterns. 3.5 Numerical Example. 3.6 Conclusions. 3.7 References. 4 Optimization Techniques for Planner Antennas (Rabindra K. Mishra). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Optimization Concepts. 4.3 Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). 4.4 Neurospectral Design of Rectangular Patch Antenna. 4.5 Inset-fed Patch Antenna Design Using Particle Swarm Optimization. 4.6 Conclusion. References. 5 Microstrip Reflectarray Antennas (Jafar Shaker and Reza Chaharmir). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General Review of Reflectarrays: Mathematical Formulation and General Trends. 5.3 Comparison of Reflectarray and Conventional Parabolic Reflector. 5.4 Cell Elements and Specific Applications: A General Survey. 5.5 Wideband Techniques for Reflectarrays. 5.6 Development of Novel Loop-Based Cell Elements. 5.7 Conclusion. References. 6 Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas (Jennifer T. Bernhard). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Substrate Modification for Reconfigurability. 6.3 Conductor Modification for Reconfigurability. 6.4 Enabling Reconfigurability: Considerations for Reconfiguration Mechanisms. 6.5 Future Trends in Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna Research and Development. References. 7 Wearable Antennas for Body Area Networks (Peter S. Hall and Yang Hao). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Sources on the Human Body. 7.3 Narrowband Antennas. 7.4 Fabric Antennas. 7.5 Ultra Wideband Antennas. 7.6 Multiple Antenna Systems. 7.7 Conclusion. References. 8 Printed Antennas for Wireless Communications (Satish K. Sharma and Lotfollah Shafai). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Broadband Microstrip Patch Antennas. 8.3 Patch Antennas for Multiband Wireless Communications. 8.4 Enhanced Gain Patch Antennas. 8.5 Wideband Compact Patch Antennas. 8.6 Microstrip Slot Antennas. 8.7 Microstrip Planar Monopole Antenna. References. 9 UHF Passive RFID Tag Antennas (Daniel Deavours and Daniel Dobkin). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Application Requirements. 9.3 Approaches. 9.4 Fabrication. 9.5 Conclusion. References. 10 Printed UWB Antennas (Zhi Ning Chen, Xianming Qing and Shie Ping See). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 “Swan” Antenna with Reduced Ground Plane Effect. 10.3 Slim UWB Antenna. 10.4 Diversity Antenna. 10.5 Printed Slot UWB Antenna and Band-Notched Solutions. References. 11 Metamaterial Antennas and Radiative Systems (Christophe Caloz). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamentals of Metamaterials. 11.3 Leaky-Wave Antennas. 11.4 Resonant Antennas. 11.5 Exotic Radiative Systems. References. 12 Defected Ground Structure for Microstrip Antennas (Debatosh Guha, Sujoy Biswas, and Yahia M. M. Antar). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fundamentals of DGS. 12.3 DGS for controlling Microstrip Antenna Feeds and Front-End Characteristics. 12.4 DGS to Control/Improve Radiation Properties of Microstrip Patch Antennas. 12.5 DGS for Reduced Mutual Coupling between Microstrip Array Elements and Associated Improvements. 12.6 Conclusion. Appendix: A Brief DGS Chronology. References. 13 Printed Leaky Wave Antennas (Samir F. Mahmoud and Yahia M. M. Antar). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 The Leaky Wave as a Complex Plane Wave. 13.3 Radiation Pattern of a Leaky Wave. 13.4 Examples of Leaky Mode Supporting Structures. 13.5 The Excitation Problem. 13.6 Two-Dimensional Leaky Waves. 13.7 Further Advances on a Class of Periodic Leaky Wave Antennas. References. Appendix I Preliminary Ideas: PTFE-Based Microwave Lamiantes and Making Prototypes. Appendix II Preliminary Ideas: Microwave Connectors for Printed Circuits and Antennas. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising.Trade Review“This is certainly an interesting book for those who design vibrational piezoelectric energy-harvesting devices, providing an extensive review of many of the modeling techniques used.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. 1. Introduction to Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 1.1 Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Transduction. 1.2 An Examples of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System. 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 1.4 Summary of the Theory of Linear Piezoelectricity. 1.5 Outline of the Book. 2. Base Excitation Problem for Cantilevered Structures and Correction of the Lumped-Parameter Electromechanical Model. 2.1 Base Excitation Problem for the Transverse Vibrations. 2.2 Correction of the Lumped-Parameter Base Excitation Model for Transverse Vibrations. 2.3 Experimental Case Studies for Validation of the Correction Factor. 2.4 Base Excitation Problem for Longitudinal Vibrations and Correction of its Lumped-Parameter Model. 2.5 Correction Factor in the Electromechanically Coupled Lumped-Parameter Equations and a Theoretical Case Study. 2.6 Summary. 2.7 Chapter Notes. 3. Analytical Distributed-Parameter Electromechanical Modeling of Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 3.1 Fundamentals of the Electromechanically Coupled Distributed-Parameter Model. 3.2 Series Connection of the Piezoceramic Layers. 3.3 Parallel Connection of Piezoceramic Layers. 3.4 Equivalent Representation of the Series and the Parallel Connection Cases. 3.5 Single-Mode Electromechanical Equations for Modal Excitations. 3.6 Multi-mode and Single-Mode Electromechanical FRFs. 3.7 Theoretical Case Study. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 Chapter Notes. 4. Experimental Validation of the Analytical Solution for Bimorph Configurations. 4.1 PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever without a Tip Mass. 4.2 PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever with a Tip Mass. 4.3 PZT-5A Bimorph Cantilever. 4.4 Summary. 4.5 Chapter Notes. 5. Dimensionless Equations, Asymptotic Analyses, and Closed-Form Relations for Parameter Identification and Optimization. 5.1 Dimensionless Representation of the Single-Mode Electromechanical FRFs. 5.2 Asymptotic Analyses and Resonance Frequencies. 5.3 Identification of Mechanical Damping. 5.4 Identification of the Optimum Electrical Load for Resonance Excitation. 5.5 Intersection of the Voltage Asymptotes and a Simple Technique for the Experimental Identification of the Optimum Load Resistance. 5.6 Vibration Attenuation Amplification from the Short-Circuit to Open-Circuit Conditions. 5.7 Experimental Validation for a PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever. 5.8 Summary. 5.9 Chapter Notes. 6. Approximate Analytical Distributed-Parameter Electromechanical Modeling of Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 6.1 Unimorph Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Configuration. 6.2 Electromechanical Euler-Bernoulli Model with Axial Deformations. 6.3 Electromechanical Rayleigh Model with Axial Deformations. 6.4 Electromechanical Timoshenko Model with Axial Deformations. 6.5 Modeling of Symmetric Configurations. 6.6 Presence of a Tip Mass in the Euler-Bernoulli, Rayleigh, and Timoshenko Models. 6.7 Comments on the Kinematically Admissible Trial Functions. 6.8 Experimental Validation of the Assumed-Modes Solution for a Bimorph Cantilever. 6.9 Experimental Validation for a Two-Segment Cantilever. 6.10 Summary. 6.11 Chapter Notes. 7. Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Various Forms of Dynamic Loading. 7.1 Governing Electromechanical Equations. 7.2 Periodic Excitation. 7.3 White Noise Excitation. 7.4 Excitation Due to Moving Loads. 7.5 Local Strain Fluctuations on Large Structures. 7.6 Numerical Solution for General Transient Excitation. 7.7 Case Studies. 7.8 Summary. 7.9 Chapter Notes. 8. Modeling and Exploiting Mechanical Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 8.1 Perturbation Solution of the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Problem: the Method of Multiple Scales. 8.2 Monostable Duffing Oscillator with Piezoelectric Coupling. 8.3 Bistable Duffing Oscillator with Piezoelectric Coupling: the Piezomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester. 8.4 Experimental Performance Results of the Bistable Peizomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester. 8.5 A Bistable Plate for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 8.6 Summary. 8.7 Chapter Notes. 9. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Aeroelastic Vibrations. 9.1 A Lumped-Parameter Piezoaeroelastic Energy Harvester Model for Harmonic Response. 9.2 Experimental Validations of the Lumped-Parameter Model at the Flutter Boundary. 9.3 Utilization of System Nonlinearities in Piezoaeroelastic Energy Harvesting. 9.4 A Distributed-Parameter Piezoaeroelastic Model for Harmonic Response: Assumed-Modes Formulation. 9.5 Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Piezoaeroelastic Formulations with Finite-Element Modeling. 9.6 Theoretical Case Study for Airflow Excitation of a Cantilevered Plate. 9.7 Summary. 9.8 Chapter Notes. 10. Effects of Material Constants and Mechanical Damping on Power Generation. 10.1 Effective Parameters of Various Soft Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.2 Theoretical Case Study for Performance Comparison of Soft Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.3 Effective Parameters of Typical Soft and Hard Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.4 Theoretical Case Study for Performance Comparison of Soft and Hard Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.5 Experimental Demonstration for PZT-5A and PZT-5H Cantilevers. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 Chapter Notes. 11. A Brief Review of the Literature of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuits. 11.1 AC-DC Rectification and Analysis of the Rectified Output. 11.2 Two-Stage Energy Harvesting Circuits: DC-DC Conversion for Impedance Matching. 11.3 Synchronized Switching on Inductor for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 11.4 Summary. 11.5 Chapter Notes. Appendix A. Piezoelectric Constitutive Equations. Appendix B. Modeling of the Excitation Force in Support Motion Problems of Beams and Bars. Appendix C. Modal Analysis of a Uniform Cantilever with a Tip Mass. Appendix D. Strain Nodes of a Uniform Thin Beam for Cantilevered and Other Boundary Conditions. Appendix E. Numerical Data for PZT-5A and PZT-5H Piezoceramics. Appendix F. Constitutive Equations for an Isotropic Substructure. Appendix G. Essential Boundary Conditions for Cantilevered Beams. Appendix H. Electromechanical Lagrange Equations Based on the Extended Hamilton’s Principle. Index.

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Book SynopsisWireless Connectivity: An Intuitive and Fundamental Guide Wireless connectivity has become an indispensable part, a commodity associated with the way we work and play. The latest developments, the 5G, next-generation Wi-Fi and Internet of Things connectivity, are the key enablers for widespread digitalization of practically all industries and public sector segments. This immense development within the last three decades have been accompanied by a large number of ideas, articles, patents, and even myths. This book introduces the most important ideas and concepts in wireless connectivity and discusses how these are interconnected, whilst the mathematical content is kept minimal. The book does not follow the established, linear structure in which one starts from the propagation and channels and then climbs up the protocol layers. The structure is, rather, nonlinear, in an attempt to follow the intuition used when one creates a new technology to solve a certain problem. The target audience is: Students in electronics, communication, and networkingWireless engineers that are specialized in one area, but want to know how the whole system works, without going through all the details and mathComputer scientists that want to understand the fundamentals of wireless connectivity, the requirements and, most importantly, the limitationsEngineers in energy systems, logistics, transport and other vertical sectors that are increasingly reliant on wireless technologyTable of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 An Easy Introduction to the Shared Wireless Medium 3 1.1 How to Build a Simple Model for Wireless Communication 4 1.1.1 Which Features We Want from the Model 4 1.1.2 Communication Channel with Collisions 4 1.1.3 Trade-offs in the Collision Model 7 1.2 The First Contact 9 1.2.1 Hierarchy Helps to Establish Contact 9 1.2.2 Wireless Rendezvous without Help 11 1.2.3 Rendezvous with Full-Duplex Devices 12 1.3 Multiple Access with Centralized Control 12 1.3.1 A Frame for Time Division 13 1.3.2 Frame Header for Flexible Time Division 14 1.3.3 A Simple Two-Way System that Works Under the Collision Model 15 1.3.4 Still Not a Practical TDMA System 18 1.4 Making TDMA Dynamic 19 1.4.1 Circuit-Switched versus Packet-Switched Operation 19 1.4.2 Dynamic Allocation of Resources to Users 20 1.4.3 Short Control Packets and the Idea of Reservation 22 1.4.4 Half-Duplex versus Full-Duplex in TDMA 24 1.5 Chapter Summary 25 1.6 Further Reading 25 1.7 Problems and Reflections 26 2 Random Access: How to Talk in Crowded Dark Room 29 2.1 Framed ALOHA 30 2.1.1 Randomization that Maximizes the ALOHA Throughput 32 2.2 Probing 35 2.2.1 Combining ALOHA and Probing 39 2.3 Carrier Sensing 39 2.3.1 Randomization and Spectrum Sharing 39 2.3.2 An Idle Slot is Cheap 41 2.3.3 Feedback to the Transmitter 43 2.4 Random Access and Multiple Hops 45 2.4.1 Use of Reservation Packets in Multi-Hop 47 2.4.2 Multiple Hops and Full-Duplex 47 2.5 Chapter Summary 48 2.6 Further Reading 48 2.7 Problems and Reflections 48 3 Access Beyond the Collision Model 53 3.1 Distance Gets into the Model 53 3.1.1 Communication Degrades as the Distance Increases 53 3.1.2 How to Make the Result of a Collision Dependent on the Distance 55 3.2 Simplified Distance Dependence: A Double Disk Model 57 3.3 Downlink Communication with the Double Disk Model 58 3.3.1 A Cautious Example of a Design that Reaches the Limits of the Model 61 3.4 Uplink Communication with the Double Disk Model 62 3.4.1 Uplink that Uses Multi-Packet Reception 64 3.4.2 Buffered Collisions for Future Use 64 3.4.3 Protocols that Use Packet Fractions 66 3.5 Unwrapping the Packets 68 3.6 Chapter Summary 69 3.7 Further Reading 70 3.8 Problems and Reflections 70 4 The Networking Cake: Layering and Slicing 75 4.1 Layering for a One-Way Link 75 4.1.1 Modules and their Interconnection 75 4.1.2 Three Important Concepts in Layering 77 4.1.3 An Example of a Two-Layer System 78 4.2 Layers and Cross-Layer 79 4.3 Reliable and Unreliable Service from a Layer 81 4.4 Black Box Functionality for Different Communication Models 84 4.5 Standard Layering Models 86 4.5.1 Connection versus Connectionless 87 4.5.2 Functionality of the Standard Layers 88 4.5.3 A Very Brief Look at the Network Layer 89 4.6 An Alternative Wireless Layering 91 4.7 Cross-Layer Design for Multiple Hops 92 4.8 Slicing of the Wireless Communication Resources 94 4.8.1 Analog, Digital, Sliced 94 4.8.2 A Primer on Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.1 Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.2 Non-Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 98 4.9 Chapter Summary 100 4.10 Further Reading 100 4.11 Problems and Reflections 100 5 Packets Under the Looking Glass: Symbols and Noise 105 5.1 Compression, Entropy, and Bit 105 5.1.1 Obtaining Digital Messages by Compression 106 5.1.2 A Bit of Information 106 5.2 Baseband Modules of the Communication System 107 5.2.1 Mapping Bits to Baseband Symbols under Simplifying Assumptions 108 5.2.2 Challenging the Simplifying Assumptions about the Baseband 109 5.3 Signal Constellations and Noise 110 5.3.1 Constellation Points and Noise Clouds 110 5.3.2 Constellations with Limited Average Power 113 5.3.3 Beyond the Simple Setup for Symbol Detection 114 5.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 116 5.4 From Bits to Symbols 117 5.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 117 5.4.2 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 118 5.4.3 Constellations of Higher Order 119 5.4.4 Generalized Mapping to Many Symbols 122 5.5 Symbol-Level Interference Models 123 5.5.1 Advanced Treatment of Collisions based on a Baseband Model 124 5.6 Weak and Strong Signals: New Protocol Possibilities 126 5.6.1 Randomization of Power 127 5.6.2 Other Goodies from the Baseband Model 129 5.7 How to Select the Data Rate 130 5.7.1 A Simple Relation between Packet Errors and Distance 130 5.7.2 Adaptive Modulation 132 5.8 Superposition of Baseband Symbols 134 5.8.1 Broadcast and Non-Orthogonal Access 135 5.8.2 Unequal Error Protection (UEP) 137 5.9 Communication with Unknown Channel Coefficients 138 5.10 Chapter Summary 141 5.11 Further Reading 142 5.12 Problems and Reflections 142 6 A Mathematical View on a Communication Channel 147 6.1 A Toy Example: The Pigeon Communication Channel 147 6.1.1 Specification of a Communication Channel 149 6.1.2 Comparison of the Information Carrying Capability of Mathematical Channels 150 6.1.3 Assumptions and Notations 151 6.2 Analog Channels with Gaussian Noise 151 6.2.1 Gaussian Channel 152 6.2.2 Other Analog Channels Based on the Gaussian Channel 152 6.3 The Channel Definition Depends on Who Knows What 154 6.4 Using Analog to Create Digital Communication Channels 158 6.4.1 Creating Digital Channels through Gray Mapping 158 6.4.2 Creating Digital Channels through Superposition 161 6.5 Transmission of Packets over Communication Channels 163 6.5.1 Layering Perspective of the Communication Channels 163 6.5.2 How to Obtain Throughput that is not Zero 164 6.5.3 Asynchronous Packets and Transmission of “Nothing” 167 6.5.4 Packet Transmission over a Ternary Channel 169 6.6 Chapter Summary 171 6.7 Further Reading 171 6.8 Problems and Reflections 172 7 Coding for Reliable Communication 177 7.1 Some Coding Ideas for the Binary Symmetric Channel 177 7.1.1 A Channel Based on Repetition Coding 177 7.1.2 Channel Based on Repetition Coding with Erasures 179 7.1.3 Coding Beyond Repetition 181 7.1.4 An Illustrative Comparison of the BSC Based Channels 182 7.2 Generalization of the Coding Idea 183 7.2.1 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 187 7.3 Linear Block Codes for the Binary Symmetric Channel 188 7.4 Coded Modulation as a Layered Subsystem 192 7.5 Retransmission as a Supplement to Coding 194 7.5.1 Full Packet Retransmission 195 7.5.2 Partial Retransmission and Incremental Redundancy 197 7.6 Chapter Summary 199 7.7 Further Reading 199 7.8 Problems and Reflections 199 8 Information-Theoretic View on Wireless Channel Capacity 203 8.1 It Starts with the Law of Large Numbers 203 8.2 A Useful Digression into Source Coding 204 8.3 Perfectly Reliable Communication and Channel Capacity 207 8.4 Mutual Information and Its Interpretations 209 8.4.1 From a Local to a Global Property 209 8.4.2 Mutual Information in Some Actual Communication Setups 211 8.5 The Gaussian Channel and the Popular Capacity Formula 214 8.5.1 The Concept of Entropy in Analog Channels 214 8.5.2 The Meaning of “Shannon’s Capacity Formula” 215 8.5.3 Simultaneous Usage of Multiple Gaussian Channels 217 8.6 Capacity of Fading Channels 219 8.6.1 Channel State Information Available at the Transmitter 219 8.6.2 Example: Water Filling for Binary Fading 221 8.6.3 Water Filling for Continuously Distributed Fading 222 8.6.4 Fast Fading and Further Remarks on Channel Knowledge 223 8.6.5 Capacity When the Transmitter Does Not Know the Channel 225 8.6.5.1 Channel with Binary Inputs and Binary Fading 225 8.6.5.2 Channels with Gaussian Noise and Fading 229 8.6.6 Channel Estimation and Knowledge 230 8.7 Chapter Summary 232 8.8 Further Reading 233 8.9 Problems and Reflections 233 9 Time and Frequency in Wireless Communications 237 9.1 Reliable Communication Requires Transmission of Discrete Values 237 9.2 Communication Through a Waveform: An Example 239 9.3 Enter the Frequency 242 9.3.1 Infinitely Long Signals and True Frequency 242 9.3.2 Bandwidth and Time-Limited Signals 245 9.3.3 Parallel Communication Channels 247 9.3.4 How Frequency Affects the Notion of Multiple Access 248 9.4 Noise and Interference 250 9.4.1 Signal Power and Gaussian White Noise 250 9.4.2 Interference between Non-Orthogonal Frequencies 252 9.5 Power Spectrum and Fourier Transform 255 9.6 Frequency Channels, Finally 258 9.6.1 Capacity of a Bandlimited Channel 259 9.6.2 Capacity and OFDM Transmission 261 9.6.3 Frequency for Multiple Access and Duplexing 261 9.7 Code Division and Spread Spectrum 263 9.7.1 Sharing Synchronized Resources with Orthogonal Codes 263 9.7.2 Why Go Through the Trouble of Spreading? 265 9.7.3 Mimicking the Noise and Covert Communication 268 9.7.4 Relation to Random Access 269 9.8 Chapter Summary 270 9.9 Further Reading 270 9.10 Problems and Reflections 270 10 Space in Wireless Communications 275 10.1 Communication Range and Coverage Area 276 10.2 The Myth about Frequencies that Propagate Badly in Free Space 278 10.3 The World View of an Antenna 280 10.3.1 Antenna Directivity 280 10.3.2 Directivity Changes the Communication Models 282 10.4 Multipath and Shadowing: Space is Rarely Free 283 10.5 The Final Missing Link in the Layering Model 286 10.6 The Time-Frequency Dynamics of the Radio Channel 288 10.6.1 How a Time-Invariant Channel Distorts the Received Signal 288 10.6.2 Frequency Selectivity, Multiplexing, and Diversity 291 10.6.3 Time-Variant Channel Introduces New Frequencies 292 10.6.4 Combined Time-Frequency Dynamics 295 10.7 Two Ideas to Deal with Multipath Propagation and Delay Spread 296 10.7.1 The Wideband Idea: Spread Spectrum and a RAKE Receiver 297 10.7.2 The Narrowband Idea: OFDM and a Guard Interval 299 10.8 Statistical Modeling of Wireless Channels 300 10.8.1 Fading Models: Rayleigh and Some Others 301 10.8.2 Randomness in the Path Loss 303 10.9 Reciprocity and How to Use It 303 10.10 Chapter Summary 305 10.11 Further Reading 305 10.12 Problems and Reflections 305 11 Using Two, More, or a Massive Number of Antennas 309 11.1 Assumptions about the Channel Model and the Antennas 310 11.2 Receiving or Transmitting with a Two-Antenna Device 311 11.2.1 Receiver with Two Antennas 311 11.2.2 Using Two Antennas at a Knowledgeable Transmitter 313 11.2.3 Transmit Diversity 314 11.3 Introducing MIMO 315 11.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 317 11.4 Multiple Antennas for Spatial Division of Multiple Users 319 11.4.1 Digital Interference-Free Beams: Zero Forcing 320 11.4.2 Other Schemes for Precoding and Digital Beamforming 322 11.5 Beamforming and Spectrum Sharing 325 11.6 What If the Number of Antennas is Scaled Massively? 327 11.6.1 The Base Station Knows the Channels Perfectly 328 11.6.2 The Base Station has to Learn the Channels 329 11.7 Chapter Summary 331 11.8 Further Reading 331 11.9 Problems and Reflections 331 12 Wireless Beyond a Link: Connections and Networks 335 12.1 Wireless Connections with Different Flavors 335 12.1.1 Coarse Classification of the Wireless Connections 335 12.1.2 The Complex, Multidimensional World of Wireless Connectivity 337 12.2 Fundamental Ideas for Providing Wireless Coverage 339 12.2.1 Static or Moving Infrastructure 340 12.2.2 Cells and a Cellular Network 341 12.2.3 Spatial Reuse 343 12.2.4 Cells Come in Different Sizes 345 12.2.5 Two-Way Coverage and Decoupled Access 347 12.3 No Cell is an Island 348 12.3.1 Wired and Wireless Backhaul 348 12.3.2 Wireless One-Way Relaying and the Half-Duplex Loss 349 12.3.3 Wireless Two-Way Relaying: Reclaiming the Half-Duplex Loss 351 12.4 Cooperation and Coordination 355 12.4.1 Artificial Multipath: Treating the BS as Yet Another Antenna 355 12.4.2 Distributing and Networking the MIMO Concept 357 12.4.3 Cooperation Through a Wireless Backhaul 359 12.5 Dissolving the Cells into Clouds and Fog 360 12.5.1 The Unattainable Ideal Coverage 360 12.5.2 The Backhaul Links Must Have a Finite Capacity 362 12.5.3 Noisy Cooperation with a Finite Backhaul 363 12.5.4 Access Through Clouds and Fog 364 12.6 Coping with External Interference and Other Questions about the Radio Spectrum 366 12.6.1 Oblivious Rather Than Selfish 366 12.6.2 License to Control Interference 367 12.6.3 Spectrum Sharing and Caring 369 12.6.4 Duty Cycling, Sensing, and Hopping 371 12.6.5 Beyond the Licensed and Unlicensed and Some Final Words 372 12.7 Chapter Summary 374 12.8 Further Reading 374 12.9 Problems and Reflections 375 Bibliography 377 Index 381

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