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Table of Contents
FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi
I PRELIMINARIES
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Notation 4
1.2 Foundations 4
1.3 Signals and Systems 12
1.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27
II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION
2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 37
2.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 37
2.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 41
2.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 46
2.4 Impedance 56
2.5 Tests and Measurements 57
3 Radio-Frequency Engineering 63
3.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 64
3.2 Noise 70
3.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 80
3.4 Mixing and Related Issues 85
3.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 87
3.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 89
3.7 Other Components 90
4 Antennas 93
4.1 Characterization 94
4.2 Examples 105
4.3 Antenna Arrays 111
4.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 122
5 Propagation 125
5.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 126
5.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 132
5.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 137
5.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148
III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 159
6.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 160
6.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 169
6.3 The Cellular Concept 173
6.4 Spread Spectrum 177
6.5 OFDM 185
7 Component Technologies 193
7.1 Medium Access Control 193
7.2 Handoff 202
7.3 Power Control 208
7.4 Error Correction Codes 210
8 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 219
8.1 GSM 220
8.2 IS-95 CDMA 226
8.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 235
9 Recent Trends and Developments 249
9.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 249
9.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 253
9.3 HSPA and HRPD 258
9.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 262
9.5 LTE 270
9.6 What's Next? 273
IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES
10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 277
10.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 278
10.2 Architectures 285
10.3 IP Networking 290
10.4 Teletraffic Analysis 301
11 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 307
11.1 GSM 308
11.2 VoIP 315
11.3 QoS 323
12 Toward an All-IP Core Network 333
12.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 333
12.2 GPRS 341
12.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 346
12.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 354
12.5 Other Networks 362
13 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 367
13.1 Services 367
13.2 Service Architectures 371
13.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 379
13.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384
V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
14 Network Management 393
14.1 Requirements and Concepts 393
14.2 Network Management Models 394
14.3 SNMP 397
15 Security 415
15.1 Basic Concepts 415
15.2 Cryptography 419
15.3 Network Security Protocols 422
15.4 Wireless Security 432
16 Facilities Infrastructure 443
16.1 Communications Towers 444
16.3 Additional Topics 462
17 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 467
17.1 Agreements 468
17.2 Standards 469
17.3 Policies 478
17.4 Regulations 479
EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487
APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497
APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499
APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501
APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503
APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509
INDEX 519
