Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisRadio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS, Second Edition, is a comprehensive and fully updated introduction to WCDMA radio access technology used in UMTS, featuring new content on key developments. Written by leading experts at Nokia, the first edition quickly established itself as a best-selling and highly respected book on how to dimension, plan and optimise UMTS networks. This valuable text examines current and future radio network management issues and their impact on network performance as well as the relevant capacity and coverage enhancement methods. In addition to coverage of WCDMA radio access technology used in UMTS, and the planning and optimisation of such a system, the service control and management concept in WCDMA and GPRS networks are also introduced. This is an excellent source of information for those considering future cellular networks where Quality of Service (QoS) is of paramount importance. Key features of the Second Edition include:<Trade Review"…a wonderful reference for anyone interested in planning radio-based networks." (Computing Reviews.com, May 2, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction (Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toma´s˘Novos ad, Peter Muszynski, Petri Jolma and Roman Pichna). 1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History. 1.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning. 1.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS. 1.4 Future Trends. 2 Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS (Tomáš Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipilä, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker). 2.1 MathematicalBackgrou nd of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems. 2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System. 2.3 CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks. 2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels. 2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators. 3 WCDMA Radio Network Planning (Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomáš Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and Kimmo Terävä). 3.1 Dimensioning. 3.2 Detailed Planning. 3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations. 3.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations. 3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan. 3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment. 3.7 Cell Deployment Strategies. 4 Radio Resource Utilisation (Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomáš Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson, Tero Kola and Ted Buot). 4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management. 4.2 Power Control. 4.3 HandoverControl. 4.4 Congestion Control. 4.5 Resource Management. 4.6 RRU for High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance. 5 WCDMA–GSM Co-planning Issues (Kari Heiska, TomášNovos ad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl). 5.1 Radio Frequency Issues. 5.2 Noise Measurements. 5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues. 5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent Frequency Bands. 6 Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods (Chris Johnson, Achim Wacker, Juha Ylitalo and Jyri Hämäläinen). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Techniques for Improving Coverage. 6.3 Techniques for Improving Capacity. 6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power. 6.5 AdditionalCarrier s and Scrambling Codes. 6.6 Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas. 6.7 Remote RF Head Amplifiers. 6.8 Higher Order Receive Diversity. 6.9 Transmit Diversity. 6.10 Multiple Input Multiple Output in UTRA FDD. 6.11 Beamforming. 6.12 Rollout Optimised Configuration. 6.13 Sectorisation. 6.14 Repeaters. 6.15 Micro-cell Deployment. 6.16 Capacity Upgrade Process. 6.17 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods. 7 Radio Network Optimisation Process (Jaana Laiho, Markus Djupsund, Anneli Korteniemi, Jochen Grandell and Mikko Toivonen). 7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements. 7.2 Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model. 7.3 Tools in Optimisation. 7.4 Summary. 8 UMTS Quality of Service (Jaana Laiho, Vilho Räisa¨nen and Nilmini Lokuge). 8.1 Definition of Quality of Service. 8.2 End-user Service Classification. 8.3 Characteristics and Requirements of Services. 8.4 3GPP Bearer Concept. 8.5 Overview of 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture. 8.6 Quality of Service Management in UMTS. 8.7 Concluding Remarks. 9 Advanced Analysis Methods and Radio Access Network Autotuning (Jaana Laiho, Pekko Vehviläinen, Albert Höglund, Mikko Kylväjä, Kimmo Valkealahti and Ted Buot). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Advanced Analysis Methods for Cellular Networks. 9.3 Automatic Optimisation. 9.4 Summary. 10 Other 3G Radio Access Technologies (Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Erätuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson, Martin Kristensson, Jaana Laiho, Mats Larsson, Tomáš Novosad and Jussi Sipola). 10.1 GSM Packet Data Services. 10.2 Time Division Duplex Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD). Index.

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Book SynopsisRapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age addresses the academic fundamentals of Rapid Manufacturing as well as focussing on case studies and applications across a wide range of industry sectors.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Editors. Foreword (Terry Wohlers). 1 Introduction to Rapid Manufacturing (Neil Hopkinson, Richard Hague and Phill Dickens). 1.1 Definition of Rapid Manufacturing. 1.2 Latitude of Applications. 1.3 Design Freedom. 1.4 Economic for Volumes down to One. 1.5 Overcoming the Legacy of Rapid Prototyping. 1.6 A Disruptive Technology. 1.7 A Breakdown of the Field of Rapid Manufacturing. 2 Unlocking the Design Potential of Rapid Manufacturing (Richard Hague). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Potential of Rapid Manufacturing on Design. 2.3 Geometrical Freedom. 2.4 Material Combinations. 2.5 Summary. 3 Customer Input and Customisation (R.I. Campbell). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Why Is Customer Input Needed? 3.3 What Input can the Customer Make? 3.4 How Can Customer Input Be Captured? 3.5 Using Customer Input within the Design Process. 3.6 What Is Customisation? 3.7 Determining Which Features to Customise. 3.8 Additional Customisation Issues. 3.9 Case Study – Customising Garden Fork Handles. 3.10 Conclusions. 4 CAD and Rapid Manufacturing (Rik Knoppers and Richard Hague). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 CAD Background. 4.3 Relations between CAD and Rapid Manufacturing. 4.4 Future Developments Serving Rapid Manufacturing. 4.5 CAD for Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). 4.6 Conclusion. 5 Emerging Rapid Manufacturing Processes (Neil Hopkinson and Phill Dickens). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Liquid-Based Processes. 5.3 Powder-Based Processes. 5.4 Solid-Based Processes. 6 Materials Issues in Rapid Manufacturing (David L. Bourell). 6.1 Role of Materials in Rapid Manufacturing. 6.2 Viscous Flow. 6.3 Photopolymerization. 6.4 Sintering. 6.5 Infiltration. 6.6 Mechanical Properties of RM Parts. 6.7 Materials for RM Processes. 6.8 The Future of Materials in Rapid Manufacturing. 7 Functionally Graded Materials (Poonjolai Erasenthiran and Valter Beal). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Processing Technologies. 7.3 Rapid Manufacturing of FGM Parts – Laser Fusion. 7.4 Modelling and Software Issues. 7.5 Characterisation of Properties. 7.6 Deposition Systems. 7.7 Applications. 8 Materials and Process Control for Rapid Manufacture (Tim Gornet). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Stereolithography. 8.3 Selective Laser Sintering. 8.4 Fused Deposition Modeling. 8.5 Metal-Based Processes. 9 Production Economics of Rapid Manufacture (Neil Hopkinson). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Machine Costs. 9.3 Material Costs. 9.4 Labour Costs. 9.5 Comparing the Costs of Rapid Manufacture with Injection Moulding. 10 Management and Implementation of Rapid Manufacturing (Chris Tuck and Richard Hague). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Costs of Manufacture. 10.3 Overhead Allocation. 10.4 Business Costs. 10.5 Stock and Work in Progress. 10.6 Location and Distribution. 10.7 Supply Chain Management. 10.8 Change. 10.9 Conclusions. 11 Medical Applications (Russ Harris and Monica Savalani). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Pre-Surgery RM. 11.3 Orthodontics. 11.4 Drug Delivery Devices. 11.5 Limb Prosthesis. 11.6 Specific Advances in Computer Aided Design (CAD). 11.7 In Vivo Devices. 12 Rapid Manufacturing in the Hearing Industry (Martin Masters, Therese Velde and Fred McBagonluri). 12.1 The Hearing Industry. 12.2 Manual Manufacturing. 12.3 Digital Manufacturing. 12.4 Scanning. 12.5 Electronic Detailing. 12.6 Electronic Modeling. 12.7 Fabrication. 12.8 Equipment. 12.9 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). 12.10 Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA). 12.11 Raster-Based Manufacturing. 12.12 Materials. 12.13 Conclusion. 13 Automotive Applications (Graham Tromans). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Formula 1. 13.3 Cooling Duct. 13.4 The ‘Flickscab’. 13.5 NASCAR. 13.6 Formula Student. 14 Rapid Manufacture in the Aeronautical Industry (Brad Fox). 14.1 Opportunity. 14.2 Overview. 14.3 Historical Perspective. 14.4 Aeronautical Requirements for RM. 14.5 Why RM Is Uniquely Suited to the Aeronautical Field. 14.6 Acceptable Technologies. 14.7 Qualifying RM Systems. 14.7.1 Qualifying SLS at British Aerospace (BAe). 14.7.2 Qualifying SLS at Northrop Grumman. 14.8 Summary. 14.9 Case Studies. 15 Aeronautical Case Studies using Rapid Manufacture (John Wooten). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Problem and Proposed Solution. 15.3 Benefits of a Rapid Manufacture Solution. 15.4 Pre-Production Program. 15.5 Production. 15.6 Summary. 16 Space Applications (Roger Spielman). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Building the Team. 16.3 Quality Assurance. 16.4 How to ‘Qualify’ a Part Created Using This Process. 16.5 Producing Hardware. 17 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for the Construction Industry (Rupert Soar). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 The Emergence of Freeform Construction. 17.3 Freeform Construction Processes: A Matter of Scale. 17.4 Conclusions. 18 Rapid Manufacture for the Retail Industry (Janne Kyttanen). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Fascinating Technology with Little Consumer Knowledge. 18.3 The Need for Rapid Prototyping to Change to Rapid Manufacturing. 18.4 Rapid Manufacturing Retail Applications. 18.4.1 Lighting. 18.4.2 Three-Dimensional Textiles. 18.5 Mass Customisation. 18.5.1 Mass Customised Retail Products. 18.5.2 Future Posibilities of Mass Customised RM Products. 18.5.3 Limitations and Possibilities. 18.6 Experimentation and Future Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book sets out to provide state-of-the art advice on Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) in Universal Mobile Telecommunications (UMTS) networks. The approach is comprehensive, tackling mobile service planning, provisioning, performance monitoring and optimization issues in a single, accessible resource.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction (Noman Muhammad, Davide Chiavelli, David Soldani and Man Li). 1.1 QoE value chain. 1.2 QoS and QoE. 1.3 QoE and QoS management. 1.4 Organisation of the book. 2. Mobile Service Applications and Performance in UMTS (Renaud Cuny, Man Li and Martin Kristensson). 2.1 CS service applications. 2.2 Packet-switched service applications. 2.3 PS service performance in UMTS. 3. QoS in 3GPP Releases 97/98, 99, 5, 6 and 7 (Anna Sillanpa¨a¨ and David Soldani). 3.1 Where does QoS come from? 3.2 QoS concept and architecture. 4. Packet Data Transfer in UMTS Cellular Networks (David Soldani and Paolo Zanier). 4.1 Packet data transfer across EGPRS networks. 4.2 Packet data transfer across WCDMAnetworks. 4.3 Introduction to high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). 4.4 Introduction to high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA). 5. QoS Functions in Access Networks (David Soldani, Paolo Zanier, Uwe Schwarz, Jaroslav Uher, Svetlana Chemiakina, Sandro Grech, Massimo Barazzetta and Mariagrazia Squeo). 5.1 QoS management functions in GERAnetworks. 5.2 QoS management functions in UTRAnetworks. 5.3 HSDPAwi th QoS differentiation. 5.4 HSUPAwi th QoS differentiation. 5.5 Service performance in UTRA-GERA networks. 5.6 3GPP–WLAN inter-working. 6. QoS Functions in Core and Backbone Networks (Renaud Cuny, Heikki Almay, Luis Alberto Pen˜a Sierra and Jani Lakkakorpi). 6.1 Circuit-switched QoS. 6.2 Packet-switched core QoS. 6.3 Backbone QoS. 7. Service and QoS Aspects in Radio Network Dimensioning and Planning (David Soldani, Carolina Rodriguez and Paolo Zanier). 7.1 WCDMAradio dimensioning and planning. 7.2 High-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) dimensioning. 7.3 (E)GPRS dimensioning. 8. QoS Provisioning (David Soldani, Man Li and Jaana Laiho). 8.1 Hierarchy in QoS management. 8.2 Radio, core and transport QoS provisioning. 8.3 Service and mobile terminal QoS provisioning. 8.4 QoS provisioning tools. 8.5 Example of complete service management solution for NMS. 9. QoE and QoS Monitoring (David Soldani, Davide Chiavelli, Jaana Laiho, Man Li, Noman Muhammad, Giovanni Giambiasi and Carolina Rodriquez). 9.1 QoE and QoS assurance concept. 9.2 QoE monitoring framework. 9.3 QoS monitoring framework. 9.4 Post-processing and statistical methods. 9.5 Mapping between QoE and QoS performance. 9.6 QoE and QoS monitoring tools. 9.7 Example of complete service assurance solution for NMS. 10. Optimisation (David Soldani, Giovanni Giambiasi, Kimmo Valkealahti, Mikko Kylva¨ja¨, Massimo Barazzetta, Mariagrazia Squeo, Jaroslav Uher, Luca Allegri and Jaana Laiho). 10.1 Service optimisation concept and architecture. 10.1.1 Conceptual breakdown of service and QoS management. 10.2 QoS optimisation in GERAnetworks. 10.3 QoS optimisation in UTRAnetworks. 10.4 QoS optimisation in core and backbone networks. 10.5 Service application performance improvement. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses what is needed in future applications in order to avoid latchup in advanced technologies. A significant amount of new latchup issues and materials from the last twenty years are presented, such as the development of external and transient latchup concepts, and new tools such as the PICA tool.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1 CMOS Latchup. 1.1 CMOS Latchup. 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Latchup Design Practice. 1.3 Building a CMOS Latchup Strategy. 1.4 CMOS Latchup Technology Migration Strategy. 1.5 Key Metrics of Latchup Design Practice. 1.6 CMOS Latchup Technology Trends and Scaling. 1.7 Key Developments. 1.8 Latchup Failure Mechanisms. 1.9 CMOS Latchup Events. 1.10 Electrostatic Discharge Sources. 1.11 Single Event Latchup. 1.12 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 2 Bipolar Transistors. 2.1 The Bipolar Transistor and CMOS Latchup. 2.2 Bipolar Transistor. 2.3 Recombination Mechanisms. 2.4 Photon Currents in Metallurgical Junctions. 2.5 Avalanche Breakdown. 2.6 Vertical Bipolar Transistor Model. 2.7 Lateral Bipolar Transistor Models. 2.8 Lateral Bipolar Transistor Models with Electric Field Assist. 2.9 Lateral Bipolar Transistor Models–Nonuniform Vertical Profile. 2.10 Triple-Well Bipolar Transistor Models – Lateral and Vertical Contributions. 2.11 Merged Triple-Well Bipolar Models. 2.12 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 3 Latchup Theory. 3.1 Regenerative Feedback. 3.1.1 Regenerative Feedback without Shunt Resistors and Alpha Representation. 3.2 Latchup Criterion with Emitter Resistance. 3.3 Holding Point Conditions. 3.4 Resistance Space. 3.5 Beta Space. 3.6 CMOS Latchup Differential Tetrode Condition. 3.7 CMOS Latchup Differential Holding Current Relationship. 3.8 CMOS Latchup Differential Holding Voltage Relationship. 3.9 CMOS Latchup Differential Resistance Relationship. 3.10 Differential Generalized Alpha Space Relationship. 3.11 High-Level Injection. 3.12 Transient Latchup. 3.13 External Latchup. 3.14 Alpha Particle Induced Latchup. 3.15 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 4 Latchup Structures, Characterization and Test. 4.1 Guard Rings. 4.2 Latchup Characterization Structures – Single- and Dual-Well CMOS PNPN Test Structures. 4.3 Latchup Characterization – Basic Triple-Well pnpn Latchup Test Structures. 4.4 Latchup Characterization Techniques – pnpn Structures with Deep Trench. 4.5 Latchup Characterization and Testing – Nonautomated Test Systems and Methodology. 4.6 Latchup Characterization and Testing – Automatic Test Systems. 4.7 Latchup Characterization – Wafer-Level Test Procedures. 4.8 Latchup Characterization Techniques – Wafer-level Transmission Line Pulse Methodology. 4.9 Latchup Characterization – Transient Latchup. 4.10 Guard Ring Characterization. 4.11 Latchup Failure Analysis Techniques. 4.12 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 5 CMOS Latchup Process Features and Solutions – Dual-Well and Triple-Well CMOS. 5.1 CMOS Semiconductor Process Solutions and CMOS Latchup. 5.2 Substrates. 5.3 n-Wells. 5.4 p-Well. 5.5 pþ/nþ Scaling. 5.6 Isolation and Latchup. 5.7 Silicide. 5.8 Triple Well. 5.9 High-Dose Buried Layer. 5.10 Future Concepts. 5.11 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 6 CMOS Latchup Process Features and Solutions – Bipolar and BiCMOS Technology. 6.1 CMOS Latchup in Bipolar and RF BiCMOS Technology. 6.2 Substrates – High-Resistance Substrates. 6.3 Subcollectors. 6.4 Alternative Isolation Concepts. 6.5 Trench Isolation (TI). 6.6 Deep Trench. 6.7 Triple-Well and BiCMOS Processes Integration. 6.8 Heavily Doped Buried Layer Implant and BiCMOS Technology. 6.9 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 7 CMOS Latchup – Circuits. 7.1 Table of Circuit Interactions. 7.2 Intrabook Latchup Mechanisms. 7.3 Interbook Latchup Mechanisms. 7.4 Circuit Solutions – Input Circuit. 7.5 Power Supply Concepts. 7.6 Latchup Circuit Solutions – Power Supply to Power Supply Sequencing Circuitry. 7.7 Overshoot and Undershoot Clamp Networks. 7.8 Passive and Active Guard Rings. 7.9 Triple-Well Noise and Latchup Suppression Structures. 7.10 System-Level Issues. 7.11 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 8 Latchup Computer Aided Design (CAD) Methods. 8.1 Latchup CAD Rules. 8.2 Design Rule Checking. 8.3 Computer-Aided Design Extraction Methodologies – Searching for the pnpn. 8.4 CAD Extraction Methods – Searching for the Guard Rings. 8.5 Latchup Extraction Methods and Tools. 8.6 Latchup CAD Simulation. 8.7 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to use CAMEL to transfer the Intelligent Network concept to the mobile world! CAMEL (Customized Application for the Mobile network Enhanced Logic) is a standard for Intelligent Networks for mobile communications networks.Table of Contents1. Introduction to GSM Networks. 1.1 Signalling in GSM. 1.2 GSM Mobility. 1.3 Mobile Station. 1.4 Identifiers in the GSM Network. 1.5 Basic Services. 1.6 Supplementary Services. 2. Introduction to Intelligent Networks. 2.1 History of Intelligent Networks. 2.2 Principles of Intelligent Networks. 2.3 Service Switching Function. 2.4 Service Control Function. 2.5 Basic Call State Model. 2.6 Dialogue Handling. 2.7 Evolution of the CAMEL Standard. 2.8 Principles of CAMEL. 2.9 Signalling for CAMEL. 2.10 Dynamic Load Sharing. 2.11 Using Signalling Point Code for Addressing in HPLMN. 3. CAMEL Phase 1. 3.1 Architecture for CAMEL Phase 1. 3.2 Feature Description. 3.3 Subscription Data. 3.4 Basic Call State Model. 3.5 CAMEL Application Part. 3.6 Service Examples. 4. CAMEL Phase 2. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Architecture. 4.3 Feature Description. 4.4 Subscription Data. 4.5 Basic Call State Model. 4.6 CAMEL Phase 2 Relationship. 4.7 Interaction with GSM Supplementary Services. 4.8 Interaction with Network Services. 5. CAMEL Phase 3. 5.1 General on Third-generation Networks. 5.2 Call Control. 5.3 CAMEL Control of GPRS. 5.4 CAMEL Control of MO-SMS. 5.5 Mobility Management. 5.6 CAMEL Interaction with Location Services. 5.7 Active Location Retrieval. 5.8 Subscription Data Control. 5.9 Enhancement to USSD. 5.10 Pre-paging. 6. CAMEL Phase 4. 6.1 General. 6.2 Call Control. 6.3 GPRS Control. 6.4 SMS Control. 6.5 Mobility Management. 6.6 Any-time Interrogation. 6.7 Subscription Data Control. 6.8 Mobile Number Portability. 6.9 Control of IP Multimedia Calls. 7. Charging and Accounting. 7.1 Architecture. 7.2 Call Detail Records. 7.3 Transfer Account Procedure Files. 7.4 Inter-operator Accounting of CAMEL Calls. 7.5 Correlation of Call Detail Records. 7.6 Global Call Reference. 7.7 Call Party Handling CDRs. 8. 3GPP Rel-6 and Beyond. 8.1 General. 8.2 Enhancements to 3GPP Rel-6. 8.3 Enhancements to 3GPP Rel-7. Appendix. References. Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisBased on the editors' combined experience with working within distinguished telecoms companies, Mobile Media and Applications, From Concepts to Cash illustrates how to address the challenges of consumer marketing, technology strategy, and delivery tactics from a pragmatic 'how they did it' approach, rather than a theoretical 'how to do it'.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. About the authors. Introduction. 1 Fundamentals of the Industries. 1. Mobile services – fiasco or roaring success?. 1.2 Who needs mobile services, really?. 1.3 The telecom, media and IT industries coming together. 1.4 Content and media industries going mobile. 1.5 Making a business out of it all. 1.6 Summary. 2 Understanding the Customer. 2.1 Why understand the customer?. 2.2 Mobile applications – the customer’s viewpoint. 2.3 A change to a market-led approach. 2.4 Understanding consumers. 2.5 Understanding the business market. 2.6 Summary. 3 Creating a Winning Service Offering. 3.1 Exploring service creation. 3.2 The three dimensions of service creation. 3.3 Technology push creating services based on integration of technology enablers. 3.4 Market pull creating services based on customer demand. 3.5 Building market channel access. 3.6 Going forward, how can we create more winning services?. 3.7 Summary. 3.8 Further reading. 4 Designing Services. 4.1 Designing services for success in the real world. 4.2 Services classification. 4.3 Key factors of strong mobile applications. 4.4 Creating mobile media services. 4.5 Summary. 5 Managing the Customer Experience. 5.1 What the customer experiences. 5.2 Maximizing the experience. 5.3 Minimizing the barriers to use. 5.4 Summary. 6 Mobile Devices – Leading the Way. 6.1 The importance of mobile devices. 6.2 Mobile device architecture – the building blocks. 6.3 Evolution of the building blocks in an application and media perspective. 6.4 Other important enablers for applications and media. 6.5 The mobile device as a driver of new application fields. 6.6 Mobile device adaptations. 6.7 Summary. 7 Service Environment. 7.1 Understanding the service environment. 7.2 A service environment wish list. 7.3 Service environment design. 7.4 Summing up. 8 Deployment of services. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Prepatation is key. 8.3 Solution integration. 8.4 Verification. 8.5 Summary. 9 Commercial Launch Experiences. 9.1 Launch strategie. 9.3 Pricing and revenue. 9.4 Promotion strategie. 9.5 Summar. 10 Feedback and Improvement. 10.1 How are our services performing. 10.2 End-to-end service assuranc. 10.3 The expanding end-to-en. 10.4 Kaizen continuous improvement . 10.5 Summary. Appendix 1: Take Five Consumer Segments. Appendix 2: the Most Mobile Work Roles. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital signal processing is essential for improving the accuracy and reliability of a range of engineering systems, including communications, networking, and audio and video applications. Using a combination of programming and mathematical techniques, it clarifies, or standardizes the levels or states of a signal, in order to meet the demands of designing high performance digital hardware. Written by authors with a wealth of practical experience working with digital signal processing, this text is an excellent step-by-step guide for practitioners and researchers needing to understand and quickly implement the technology. Split into six, self-contained chapters, Digital Signal Processing: A Practitioner's Approach covers: basic principles of signal processing such as linearity, stability, convolution, time and frequency domains, and noise; descriptions of digital filters and their realization, including fixed point implementation, pipelining, and field Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Processing of Signals. 1.1 Organisation of the Book. 1.2 Classification of Signals. 1.3 Transformations. 1.4 Signal Characterisation. 1.5 Converting Analogue Signals to Digital. 1.6 Signal Seen by the Computing Engine. 1.7 It Is Only Numbers. 1.8 Summary. References. 2. Revisiting the Basics. 2.1 Linearity. 2.2 Linear System Representation. 2.3 Random Variables. 2.4 Noise. 2.5 Propagation of Noise in Linear Systems. 2.6 Multivariate Functions. 2.7 Number Systems. 2.8 Summary. References. 3. Digital Filters. 3.1 How to Specify a Filter. 3.2 Moving-Average Filters. 3.3 Infinite Sequence Generation. 3.4 Unity-Gain Narrowband Filter. 3.5 All-Pass Filter. 3.6 Notch Filter. 3.7 Other Autoregressive Filters. 3.8 Adaptive Filters. 3.9 Demodulating via Adaptive Filters. 3.10 Phase Shift via Adaptive Filter. 3.11 Inverse Problems. 3.12 Kalman Filter. 3.13 Summary. References. 4. Fourier Transform and Signal Spectrum. 4.1 Heterodyne Spectrum Analyser. 4.2 Discrete Fourier Transform. 4.3 Decimating the Given Sequence. 4.4 Fast Fourier Transform. 4.5 Fourier Series Coefficients. 4.6 Convolution by DFT. 4.7 DFT in Real Time. 4.8 Frequency Estimation via DFT. 4.9 Parametric Spectrum in RF Systems. 4.10 Summary. References. 5. Realisation of Digital Filters. 5.1 Evolution. 5.2 Development Process. 5.3 Analogue-to-Digital Converters. 5.4 Second-Order BPF. 5.5 Pipelining Filters. 5.6 Real-Time Applications. 5.7 Frequency Estimator on the DSP5630X. 5.8 FPGA Implementation of a Kalman Filter. 5.9 Summary. References. 6. Case Studies. 6.1 Difference Equation to Program. 6.2 Estimating Direction of Arrival. 6.3 Electronic Rotating Elements. 6.4 Summary. References. Appendix: MATLAB and C Programs. A.1 Chapter 1 MATLAB Programs. A.2 Chapter 2 MATLAB Programs. A.3 Chapter 3 MATLAB Programs. A.4 Chapter 4 MATLAB Programs. A.5 Chapter 5 Programs. A.6 Chapter 6 MATLAB Programs. A.7 Library of Subroutines. A.8 Some Useful Programs. Index.

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Book SynopsisSave time & resources with this comprehensive guide to automation configuration for the value-added IP services of the future. As the Internet becomes the medium of choice for value-added IP service offerings such as TV broadcasting, videoconferencing, and Voice over IP, the ability of automating configuration processes has become a key challenge for service providers. In fact, this feature has become crucial with the ever-growing level of expertise required to deploy such services and the scope of the techniques that need to be activated in order to provide such services with a guaranteed level of quality. Service Automation and Dynamic Provisioning Techniques in IP/MPLS Environments: Discusses architectures and protocols for services information, covering the state-of-the-art in current implementations of Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS), Diameter, Common Open Policy Service (COPS), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) andTable of Contents1 Introduction PART I - ARCHITECTURES AND PROTOCOLS FOR SERVICE AUTOMATION AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES OF SERVICE AUTOMATION AND DYNAMIC RESOURCE PROVISIONING TECHNIQUES 2 What is a policy? 3 The Radius Protocol and its Extensions 4 The Diameter Protocol 5 The Common Open Policy Service (COPS) Protocol 6 NETCONF 7 Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) PART II - DYNAMIC RESOURCE PROVISIONING TECHNIQUES 8 Dynamic Enforcement of QoS Policies 9 Dynamic Enforcement of IP Traffic Engineering Policies in IP/MPLS Infrastructures 10 Automated Production of BGP/MPLS-Based VPN Networks 11 Dynamic Enforcement of Security Policies in IP/MPLS Environments 12 Future Challenges Appendices A XML Schema for NETCONF RPCS and Operations B XML Schema for NETCONF Notifications C Example of an IP Traffic Engineering Policy Information Base (IP TE PIB) D Example of an IP TE Accounting PIB E Description of Classes of an IP VPN Information Model Index

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Book SynopsisNeuromorphic electronic engineering takes its inspiration from the functioning of nervous systems to build more power efficient electronic sensors and processors. Event-based neuromorphic systems are inspired by the brain''s efficient data-driven communication design, which is key to its quick responses and remarkable capabilities. This cross-disciplinary text establishes how circuit building blocks are combined in architectures to construct complete systems. These include vision and auditory sensors as well as neuronal processing and learning circuits that implement models of nervous systems. Techniques for building multi-chip scalable systems are considered throughout the book, including methods for dealing with transistor mismatch, extensive discussions of communication and interfacing, and making systems that operate in the real world. The book also provides historical context that helps relate the architectures and circuits to each other and that guides readers to the exTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Origins and Historical Context 3 1.2 Building Useful Neuromorphic Systems 5 References 5 Part I UNDERSTANDING NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS 7 2 Communication 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Address-Event Representation 12 2.2.1 AER Encoders 13 2.2.2 Arbitration Mechanisms 13 2.2.3 Encoding Mechanisms 17 2.2.4 Multiple AER Endpoints 19 2.2.5 Address Mapping 19 2.2.6 Routing 19 2.3 Considerations for AER Link Design 20 2.3.1 Trade-off: Dynamic or Static Allocation 21 2.3.2 Trade-off: Arbitered Access or Collisions? 23 2.3.3 Trade-off: Queueing versus Dropping Spikes 24 2.3.4 Predicting Throughput Requirements 25 2.3.5 Design Trade-offs 27 2.4 The Evolution of AER Links 28 2.4.1 Single Sender, Single Receiver 28 2.4.2 Multiple Senders, Multiple Receivers 30 2.4.3 Parallel Signal Protocol 31 2.4.4 Word-Serial Addressing 32 2.4.5 Serial Differential Signaling 33 2.5 Discussion 34 References 35 3 Silicon Retinas 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Biological Retinas 38 3.3 Silicon Retinas with Serial Analog Output 39 3.4 Asynchronous Event-Based Pixel Output Versus Synchronous Frames 40 3.5 AER Retinas 40 3.5.1 Dynamic Vision Sensor 41 3.5.2 Asynchronous Time-Based Image Sensor 46 3.5.3 Asynchronous Parvo–Magno Retina Model 46 3.5.4 Event-Based Intensity-Coding Imagers (Octopus and TTFS) 48 3.5.5 Spatial Contrast and Orientation Vision Sensor (VISe) 50 3.6 Silicon Retina Pixels 54 3.6.1 DVS Pixel 54 3.6.2 ATIS Pixel 56 3.6.3 VISe Pixel 58 3.6.4 Octopus Pixel 59 3.7 New Specifications for Silicon Retinas 60 3.7.1 DVS Response Uniformity 60 3.7.2 DVS Background Activity 62 3.7.3 DVS Dynamic Range 62 3.7.4 DVS Latency and Jitter 63 3.8 Discussion 64 References 67 4 Silicon Cochleas 71 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Cochlea Architectures 75 4.2.1 Cascaded 1D 76 4.2.2 Basic 1D Silicon Cochlea 77 4.2.3 2D Architecture 78 4.2.4 The Resistive (Conductive) Network 79 4.2.5 The BM Resonators 80 4.2.6 The 2D Silicon Cochlea Model 80 4.2.7 Adding the Active Nonlinear Behavior of the OHCs 82 4.3 Spike-Based Cochleas 83 4.3.1 Q-control of AEREAR2 Filters 85 4.3.2 Applications: Spike-Based Auditory Processing 86 4.4 Tree Diagram 87 4.5 Discussion 87 References 89 5 Locomotion Motor Control 91 5.1 Introduction 92 5.1.1 Determining Functional Biological Elements 92 5.1.2 Rhythmic Motor Patterns 93 5.2 Modeling Neural Circuits in Locomotor Control 95 5.2.1 Describing Locomotor Behavior 96 5.2.2 Fictive Analysis 97 5.2.3 Connection Models 99 5.2.4 Basic CPG Construction 100 5.2.5 Neuromorphic Architectures 102 5.3 Neuromorphic CPGs at Work 108 5.3.1 A Neuroprosthesis: Control of Locomotion in Vivo 109 5.3.2 Walking Robots 111 5.3.3 Modeling Intersegmental Coordination 112 5.4 Discussion 113 References 115 6 Learning in Neuromorphic Systems 119 6.1 Introduction: Synaptic Connections, Memory, and Learning 120 6.2 Retaining Memories in Neuromorphic Hardware 121 6.2.1 The Problem of Memory Maintenance: Intuition 121 6.2.2 The Problem of Memory Maintenance: Quantitative Analysis 122 6.2.3 Solving the Problem of Memory Maintenance 124 6.3 Storing Memories in Neuromorphic Hardware 128 6.3.1 Synaptic Models for Learning 128 6.3.2 Implementing a Synaptic Model in Neuromorphic Hardware 132 6.4 Toward Associative Memories in Neuromorphic Hardware 136 6.4.1 Memory Retrieval in Attractor Neural Networks 137 6.4.2 Issues 142 6.5 Attractor States in a Neuromorphic Chip 143 6.5.1 Memory Retrieval 143 6.5.2 Learning Visual Stimuli in Real Time 145 6.6 Discussion 148 References 149 Part II BUILDING NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS 153 7 Silicon Neurons 155 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Silicon Neuron Circuit Blocks 158 7.2.1 Conductance Dynamics 158 7.2.2 Spike-Event Generation 159 7.2.3 Spiking Thresholds and Refractory Periods 161 7.2.4 Spike-Frequency Adaptation and Adaptive Thresholds 162 7.2.5 Axons and Dendritic Trees 164 7.2.6 Additional Useful Building Blocks 165 7.3 Silicon Neuron Implementations 166 7.3.1 Subthreshold Biophysically Realistic Models 166 7.3.2 Compact I&F Circuits for Event-Based Systems 169 7.3.3 Generalized I&F Neuron Circuits 170 7.3.4 Above Threshold, Accelerated-Time, and Switched-Capacitor Designs 174 7.4 Discussion 176 References 180 8 Silicon Synapses 185 8.1 Introduction 186 8.2 Silicon Synapse Implementations 188 8.2.1 Non Conductance-Based Circuits 188 8.2.2 Conductance-Based Circuits 198 8.2.3 NMDA Synapse 200 8.3 Dynamic Plastic Synapses 201 8.3.1 Short-Term Plasticity 201 8.3.2 Long-Term Plasticity 203 8.4 Discussion 213 References 215 9 Silicon Cochlea Building Blocks 219 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Voltage-Domain Second-Order Filter 220 9.2.1 Transconductance Amplifier 220 9.2.2 Second-Order Low-Pass Filter 222 9.2.3 Stability of the Filter 223 9.2.4 Stabilised Second-Order Low-Pass Filter 225 9.2.5 Differentiation 225 9.3 Current-Domain Second-Order Filter 227 9.3.1 The Translinear Loop 227 9.3.2 Second-Order Tau Cell Log-Domain Filter 229 9.4 Exponential Bias Generation 230 9.5 The Inner Hair Cell Model 233 9.6 Discussion 234 References 234 10 Programmable and Configurable Analog Neuromorphic ICs 237 10.1 Introduction 238 10.2 Floating-Gate Circuit Basics 238 10.3 Floating-Gate Circuits Enabling Capacitive Circuits 238 10.4 Modifying Floating-Gate Charge 242 10.4.1 Electron Tunneling 242 10.4.2 pFET Hot-Electron Injection 242 10.5 Accurate Programming of Programmable Analog Devices 244 10.6 Scaling of Programmable Analog Approaches 246 10.7 Low-Power Analog Signal Processing 247 10.8 Low-Power Comparisons to Digital Approaches: Analog Computing in Memory 249 10.9 Analog Programming at Digital Complexity: Large-Scale Field Programmable Analog Arrays 251 10.10 Applications of Complex Analog Signal Processing 253 10.10.1 Analog Transform Imagers 253 10.10.2 Adaptive Filters and Classifiers 253 10.11 Discussion 256 References 257 11 Bias Generator Circuits 261 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Bias Generator Circuits 263 11.2.1 Bootstrapped Current Mirror Master Bias Current Reference 263 11.2.2 Master Bias Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) 265 11.2.3 Stability of the Master Bias 265 11.2.4 Master Bias Startup and Power Control 266 11.2.5 Current Splitters: Obtaining a Digitally Controlled Fraction of the Master Current 267 11.2.6 Achieving Fine Monotonic Resolution of Bias Currents 271 11.2.7 Using Coarse–Fine Range Selection 273 11.2.8 Shifted-Source Biasing for Small Currents 274 11.2.9 Buffering and Bypass Decoupling of Individual Biases 275 11.2.10 A General Purpose Bias Buffer Circuit 278 11.2.11 Protecting Bias Splitter Currents from Parasitic Photocurrents 279 11.3 Overall Bias Generator Architecture Including External Controller 279 11.4 Typical Characteristics 280 11.5 Design Kits 281 11.6 Discussion 282 References 282 12 On-Chip AER Communication Circuits 285 12.1 Introduction 286 12.1.1 Communication Cycle 286 12.1.2 Speedup in Communication 287 12.2 AER Transmitter Blocks 289 12.2.1 AER Circuits within a Pixel 289 12.2.2 Arbiter 290 12.2.3 Other AER Blocks 295 12.2.4 Combined Operation 297 12.3 AER Receiver Blocks 298 12.3.1 Chip-Level Handshaking Block 298 12.3.2 Decoder 299 12.3.3 Handshaking Circuits in Receiver Pixel 300 12.3.4 Pulse Extender Circuits 301 12.3.5 Receiver Array Peripheral Handshaking Circuits 301 12.4 Discussion 302 References 303 13 Hardware Infrastructure 305 13.1 Introduction 306 13.1.1 Monitoring AER Events 307 13.1.2 Sequencing AER Events 311 13.1.3 Mapping AER Events 313 13.2 Hardware Infrastructure Boards for Small Systems 316 13.2.1 Silicon Cortex 316 13.2.2 Centralized Communication 317 13.2.3 Composable Architecture Solution 318 13.2.4 Daisy-Chain Architecture 324 13.2.5 Interfacing Boards using Serial AER 324 13.2.6 Reconfigurable Mesh-Grid Architecture 328 13.3 Medium-Scale Multichip Systems 329 13.3.1 Octopus Retina + IFAT 329 13.3.2 Multichip Orientation System 332 13.3.3 CAVIAR 335 13.4 FPGAs 340 13.5 Discussion 342 References 345 14 Software Infrastructure 349 14.1 Introduction 349 14.1.1 Importance of Cross-Community Commonality 350 14.2 Chip and System Description Software 350 14.2.1 Extensible Markup Language 351 14.2.2 NeuroML 351 14.3 Configuration Software 352 14.4 Address Event Stream Handling Software 352 14.4.1 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 353 14.4.2 Structure of AE Stream Handling Software 353 14.4.3 Bandwidth and Latency 353 14.4.4 Optimization 354 14.4.5 Application Programming Interface 355 14.4.6 Network Transport of AE Streams 355 14.5 Mapping Software 356 14.6 Software Examples 357 14.6.1 ChipDatabase – A System for Tuning Neuromorphic aVLSI Chips 357 14.6.2 Spike Toolbox 359 14.6.3 jAER 359 14.6.4 Python and PyNN 360 14.7 Discussion 363 References 363 15 Algorithmic Processing of Event Streams 365 15.1 Introduction 365 15.2 Requirements for Software Infrastructure 367 15.2.1 Processing Latency 369 15.3 Embedded Implementations 369 15.4 Examples of Algorithms 370 15.4.1 Noise Reduction Filters 370 15.4.2 Time-Stamp Maps and Subsampling by Bit-Shifting Addresses 372 15.4.3 Event Labelers as Low-Level Feature Detectors 372 15.4.4 Visual Trackers 374 15.4.5 Event-Based Audio Processing 378 15.5 Discussion 379 References 379 16 Towards Large-Scale Neuromorphic Systems 381 16.1 Introduction 381 16.2 Large-Scale System Examples 382 16.2.1 Spiking Neural Network Architecture 382 16.2.2 Hierarchical AER 384 16.2.3 Neurogrid 386 16.2.4 High Input Count Analog Neural Network System 388 16.3 Discussion 390 References 391 17 The Brain as Potential Technology 393 17.1 Introduction 393 17.2 The Nature of Neuronal Computation: Principles of Brain Technology 395 17.3 Approaches to Understanding Brains 396 17.4 Some Principles of Brain Construction and Function 398 17.5 An Example Model of Neural Circuit Processing 400 17.6 Toward Neuromorphic Cognition 402 References 404 Index 407

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Book SynopsisFundamental Principles of Optical Lithography: The Science of Microfabrication presents a complete theoretical and practical treatment of the topic of lithography for both students and researchers. This sole-authored text includes optional computer simulation exercises as well as problems at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Lithography 1 1.1 Basics of IC Fabrication 2 1.1.1 Patterning 2 1.1.2 Etching 3 1.1.3 Ion Implantation 5 1.1.4 Process Integration 6 1.2 Moore’s Law and the Semiconductor Industry 7 1.3 Lithography Processing 12 1.3.1 Substrate Preparation 14 1.3.2 Photoresist Coating 15 1.3.3 Post-Apply Bake 18 1.3.4 Alignment and Exposure 19 1.3.5 Post-exposure Bake 23 1.3.6 Development 24 1.3.7 Postbake 25 1.3.8 Measure and Inspect 25 1.3.9 Pattern Transfer 25 1.3.10 Strip 26 Problems 26 2. Aerial Image Formation – The Basics 29 2.1 Mathematical Description of Light 29 2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations and the Wave Equation 30 2.1.2 General Harmonic Fields and the Plane Wave in a Nonabsorbing Medium 32 2.1.3 Phasors and Wave Propagation in an Absorbing Medium 33 2.1.4 Intensity and the Poynting Vector 36 2.1.5 Intensity and Absorbed Electromagnetic Energy 37 2.2 Basic Imaging Theory 38 2.2.1 Diffraction 39 2.2.2 Fourier Transform Pairs 43 2.2.3 Imaging Lens 45 2.2.4 Forming an Image 47 2.2.5 Imaging Example: Dense Array of Lines and Spaces 48 2.2.6 Imaging Example: Isolated Space 50 2.2.7 The Point Spread Function 51 2.2.8 Reduction Imaging 53 2.3 Partial Coherence 56 2.3.1 Oblique Illumination 57 2.3.2 Partially Coherent Illumination 58 2.3.3 Hopkins Approach to Partial Coherence 62 2.3.4 Sum of Coherent Sources Approach 63 2.3.5 Off-Axis Illumination 65 2.3.6 Imaging Example: Dense Array of Lines and Spaces Under Annular Illumination 66 2.3.7 Köhler Illumination 66 2.3.8 Incoherent Illumination 69 2.4 Some Imaging Examples 70 Problems 71 3. Aerial Image Formation – The Details 75 3.1 Aberrations 75 3.1.1 The Causes of Aberrations 75 3.1.2 Describing Aberrations: the Zernike Polynomial 78 3.1.3 Aberration Example – Tilt 81 3.1.4 Aberration Example – Defocus, Spherical and Astigmatism 83 3.1.5 Aberration Example – Coma 84 3.1.6 Chromatic Aberrations 85 3.1.7 Strehl Ratio 90 3.2 Pupil Filters and Lens Apodization 90 3.3 Flare 91 3.3.1 Measuring Flare 92 3.3.2 Modeling Flare 94 3.4 Defocus 95 3.4.1 Defocus as an Aberration 95 3.4.2 Defocus Example: Dense Lines and Spaces and Three-Beam Imaging 98 3.4.3 Defocus Example: Dense Lines and Spaces and Two-Beam Imaging 100 3.4.4 Image Isofocal Point 102 3.4.5 Focus Averaging 103 3.4.6 Reticle Defocus 104 3.4.7 Rayleigh Depth of Focus 105 3.5 Imaging with Scanners Versus Steppers 106 3.6 Vector Nature of Light 108 3.6.1 Describing Polarization 111 3.6.2 Polarization Example: TE Versus TM Image of Lines and Spaces 113 3.6.3 Polarization Example: The Vector PSF 114 3.6.4 Polarization Aberrations and the Jones Pupil 114 3.7 Immersion Lithography 117 3.7.1 The Optical Invariant and Hyper-NA Lithography 118 3.7.2 Immersion Lithography and the Depth of Focus 120 3.8 Image Quality 121 3.8.1 Image cd 121 3.8.2 Image Placement Error (Distortion) 123 3.8.3 Normalized Image Log-Slope (NILS) 123 3.8.4 Focus Dependence of Image Quality 125 Problems 126 4. Imaging in Resist: Standing Waves and Swing Curves 129 4.1 Standing Waves 130 4.1.1 The Nature of Standing Waves 130 4.1.2 Standing Waves for Normally Incident Light in a Single Film 131 4.1.3 Standing Waves in a Multiple-Layer Film Stack 135 4.1.4 Oblique Incidence and the Vector Nature of Light 137 4.1.5 Broadband Illumination 141 4.2 Swing Curves 144 4.2.1 Reflectivity Swing Curve 144 4.2.2 Dose-to-Clear and CD Swing Curves 148 4.2.3 Swing Curves for Partially Coherent Illumination 149 4.2.4 Swing Ratio 151 4.2.5 Effective Absorption 154 4.3 Bottom Antireflection Coatings 156 4.3.1 BARC on an Absorbing Substrate 157 4.3.2 BARCs at High Numerical Apertures 160 4.3.3 BARC on a Transparent Substrate 164 4.3.4 BARC Performance 165 4.4 Top Antireflection Coatings 167 4.5 Contrast Enhancement Layer 170 4.6 Impact of the Phase of the Substrate Reflectance 170 4.7 Imaging in Resist 173 4.7.1 Image in Resist Contrast 173 4.7.2 Calculating the Image in Resist 177 4.7.3 Resist-Induced Spherical Aberrations 179 4.7.4 Standing Wave Amplitude Ratio 181 4.8 Defining Intensity 183 4.8.1 Intensity at Oblique Incidence 183 4.8.2 Refraction into an Absorbing Material 184 4.8.3 Intensity and Absorbed Energy 187 Problems 188 5. Conventional Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry 191 5.1 Exposure 191 5.1.1 Absorption 191 5.1.2 Exposure Kinetics 194 5.2 Post-Apply Bake 199 5.2.1 Sensitizer Decomposition 200 5.2.2 Solvent Diffusion and Evaporation 205 5.2.3 Solvent Effects in Lithography 209 5.3 Post-exposure Bake Diffusion 210 5.4 Detailed Bake Temperature Behavior 214 5.5 Measuring the ABC Parameters 217 Problems 219 6. Chemically Amplified Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry 223 6.1 Exposure Reaction 223 6.2 Chemical Amplification 224 6.2.1 Amplification Reaction 225 6.2.2 Diffusion 227 6.2.3 Acid Loss 230 6.2.4 Base Quencher 232 6.2.5 Reaction–Diffusion Systems 233 6.3 Measuring Chemically Amplified Resist Parameters 235 6.4 Stochastic Modeling of Resist Chemistry 237 6.4.1 Photon Shot Noise 237 6.4.2 Chemical Concentration 239 6.4.3 Some Mathematics of Binary Random Variables 241 6.4.4 Photon Absorption and Exposure 242 6.4.5 Acid Diffusion, Conventional Resist 246 6.4.6 Acid-Catalyzed Reaction–Diffusion 247 6.4.7 Reaction–Diffusion and Polymer Deblocking 251 6.4.8 Acid–Base Quenching 253 Problems 254 7. Photoresist Development 257 7.1 Kinetics of Development 257 7.1.1 A Simple Kinetic Development Model 258 7.1.2 Other Development Models 261 7.1.3 Molecular Weight Distributions and the Critical Ionization Model 264 7.1.4 Surface Inhibition 265 7.1.5 Extension to Negative Resists 267 7.1.6 Developer Temperature 267 7.1.7 Developer Normality 268 7.2 The Development Contrast 270 7.2.1 Defining Photoresist Contrast 270 7.2.2 Comparing Definitions of Contrast 274 7.2.3 The Practical Contrast 276 7.2.4 Relationship between g and r max /r min 277 7.3 The Development Path 278 7.3.1 The Euler–Lagrange Equation 279 7.3.2 The Case of No z-Dependence 280 7.3.3 The Case of a Separable Development Rate Function 282 7.3.4 Resist Sidewall Angle 283 7.3.5 The Case of Constant Development Gradients 284 7.3.6 Segmented Development and the Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) 286 7.3.7 LPM Example – Gaussian Image 287 7.4 Measuring Development Rates 292 Problems 293 8. Lithographic Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing 297 8.1 Defining Lithographic Quality 297 8.2 Critical Dimension Control 299 8.2.1 Impact of CD Control 299 8.2.2 Improving CD Control 303 8.2.3 Sources of Focus and Dose Errors 305 8.2.4 Defining Critical Dimension 307 8.3 How to Characterize Critical Dimension Variations 309 8.3.1 Spatial Variations 309 8.3.2 Temporal Variations and Random Variations 311 8.3.3 Characterizing and Separating Sources of CD Variations 312 8.4 Overlay Control 314 8.4.1 Measuring and Expressing Overlay 315 8.4.2 Analysis and Modeling of Overlay Data 317 8.4.3 Improving Overlay Data Analysis 320 8.4.4 Using Overlay Data 323 8.4.5 Overlay Versus Pattern Placement Error 326 8.5 The Process Window 326 8.5.1 The Focus–Exposure Matrix 326 8.5.2 Defining the Process Window and DOF 332 8.5.3 The Isofocal Point 336 8.5.4 Overlapping Process Windows 338 8.5.5 Dose and Focus Control 339 8.6 H–V Bias 343 8.6.1 Astigmatism and H–V Bias 343 8.6.2 Source Shape Asymmetry 345 8.7 Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF) 348 8.7.1 Linearity 348 8.7.2 Defining MEEF 349 8.7.3 Aerial Image MEEF 350 8.7.4 Contact Hole MEEF 352 8.7.5 Mask Errors as Effective Dose Errors 353 8.7.6 Resist Impact on MEEF 355 8.8 Line-End Shortening 356 8.8.1 Measuring LES 357 8.8.2 Characterizing LES Process Effects 359 8.9 Critical Shape and Edge Placement Errors 361 8.10 Pattern Collapse 362 Problems 366 9. Gradient-Based Lithographic Optimization: Using the Normalized Image Log-Slope 369 9.1 Lithography as Information Transfer 369 9.2 Aerial Image 370 9.3 Image in Resist 377 9.4 Exposure 378 9.5 Post-exposure Bake 381 9.5.1 Diffusion in Conventional Resists 381 9.5.2 Chemically Amplified Resists – Reaction Only 383 9.5.3 Chemically Amplified Resists – Reaction–Diffusion 384 9.5.4 Chemically Amplified Resists – Reaction–Diffusion with Quencher 391 9.6 Develop 393 9.6.1 Conventional Resist 397 9.6.2 Chemically Amplified Resist 399 9.7 Resist Profile Formation 400 9.7.1 The Case of a Separable Development Rate Function 400 9.7.2 Lumped Parameter Model 401 9.8 Line Edge Roughness 404 9.9 Summary 406 Problems 408 10. Resolution Enhancement Technologies 411 10.1 Resolution 412 10.1.1 Defining Resolution 413 10.1.2 Pitch Resolution 416 10.1.3 Natural Resolutions 418 10.1.4 Improving Resolution 418 10.2 Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) 419 10.2.1 Proximity Effects 419 10.2.2 Proximity Correction – Rule Based 422 10.2.3 Proximity Correction – Model Based 425 10.2.4 Subresolution Assist Features (SRAFs) 427 10.3 Off-Axis Illumination (OAI) 429 10.4 Phase-Shifting Masks (PSM) 434 10.4.1 Alternating PSM 435 10.4.2 Phase Conflicts 438 10.4.3 Phase and Intensity Imbalance 439 10.4.4 Attenuated PSM 441 10.4.5 Impact of Phase Errors 445 10.5 Natural Resolutions 450 10.5.1 Contact Holes and the Point Spread Function 450 10.5.2 The Coherent Line Spread Function (LSF) 452 10.5.3 The Isolated Phase Edge 453 Problems 454 Appendix A. Glossary of Microlithographic Terms 457 Appendix B. Curl, Divergence, Gradient, Laplacian 491 Appendix C. The Dirac Delta Function 495 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThe provision of IP-based multimedia services is one of the most exiting and challenging aspects of next generation wireless networks. A significant evolution has been underway for enabling such multimedia services and for ultimately migrating the Internet to the wireless world. This book examines this evolution, looking at an array of the most up-to-date wireless multimedia technologies and services. The first part focuses on enabling technologies for wireless multimedia, while the second is dedicated to the new wireless multimedia services that are expected to play a key role in the future wireless environment. In addition, the related recent standardization, research and industry activities are addressed. * Covers a complete range of multimedia hot topics, ranging from audio/video coding techniques to multimedia protocols and applications * Discusses QoS issues in WLANs, 3G and hybrid 3G/WLAN networks * Provides in-depth discussion of the most modern multimedia serTable of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Introduction (Apostolis K. Salkintzis and Nikos Passas). 1.1 Evolving Towards Wireless Multimedia Networks. 1.2 Multimedia Over Wireless. 1.3 Multimedia Services in WLANs. 1.4 Multimedia Services in WPANs. 1.5 Multimedia Services in 3G Networks. 1.6 Multimedia Services for the Enterprise. 1.7 Hybrid Multimedia Networks and Seamless Mobility. 1.8 Book Contents. References. PART ONE: MULTIMEDIA ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES. 2. Multimedia Coding Techniques for Wireless Networks (Anastasios Delopoulos). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basics of Compression. 2.3 Understanding Speech Characteristics. 2.4 Three Types of Speech Compressors. 2.5 Speech Coding Standards. 2.6 Understanding Video Characteristics. 2.7 Video Compression Standards. References. 3. Multimedia Transport Protocols for Wireless Networks (Pantelis Balaouras and Ioannis Stavrakakis). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Networked Multimedia-based Services. 3.3 Classification of Real-time Services. 3.4 Adaptation at the Video Encoding Level. 3.5 Quality of Service Issues for Real-time Multimedia Services. 3.6 Protocols for Multimedia-based Communication Over the Wireless Internet. 3.7 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). 3.8 RTP Payload Types. 3.9 RTP in 3G. References. 4. Multimedia Control Protocols for Wireless Networks (Pedro M. Ruiz, Eduardo Martı´nez, Juan A. Sa´nchez and Antonio F. Go´mez-Skarmeta). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 A Premier on the Control Plane of Existing Multimedia Standards. 4.3 Protocol for Describing Multimedia Sessions: SDP. 4.4 Control Protocols for Media Streaming. 4.5 Session Setup: The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). 4.6 Advanced SIP Features for Wireless Networks. 4.7 Multimedia Control Panel in UMTS: IMS. 4.8 Research Challenges and Opportunities. Acknowledgement. References. 5. Multimedia Wireless Local Area Networks (Sai Shankar). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Overview of Physical Layers of HiperLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11a. 5.3 Overview of HiperLAN/1. 5.4 Overview of HiperLAN/2. 5.5 IEEE 802.11 MAC. 5.6 Overview of IEEE 802.11 Standardization. 5.7 IEEE 802.11e HCF. 5.8 Simulation Performance of IEEE 802.11. 5.9 Support for VoIP in IEE 802.11e. 5.10 Video Transmission Over IEEE 802.11E. 5.11 Comparison of HiperLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11E. 5.12 Conclusions. References. 6. Wireless Multimedia Personal Area Networks: An Overview (Minal Mishra, Aniruddha Rangnekar and Krishna M. Sivalingam). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Multimedia Information Representation. 6.3 Bluetooth1 (IEEE 802.15.1). 6.4 Coexistence with Wireless LANs (IEEE 802.15.2). 6.5 High-Rate WPANs (IEEE 802.15.3). 6.6 Low-rate WPANs (IEEE 802.15.4). 6.7 Summary. References. 7. QoS Provision in Wireless Multimedia Networks (Nikos Passas and Apostolis K. Salkintzis). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 QoS in WLANs. 7.3 RSVP over Wireless Networks. 7.4 QoS in Hybrid 3G/WLAN Networks. 7.5 UMTS/WLAN Interworking Architecture. 7.6 Interworking QoS Considerations. 7.7 Performance Evaluation. 7.8 Performance Results. 7.9 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 8. Wireless Multimedia in 3G Networks (George Xylomenos and Vasilis Vogkas). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Cellular Networks. 8.3 UMTS Networks. 8.4 Multimedia Services. 8.5 IMS Architecture and Implementation. 8.6 MBMS Architecture and Implementation. 8.7 Quality of Service. 8.8 Summary. 8.9 Glossary of Acronyms. References. PART TWO: WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES. 9. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) (Alessandro Andreadis and Giovanni Giambene). 9.1 Introduction to WAP Protocol and Architecture. 9.2 WAP Protocol Stack. 9.3 WAP languages and Design Tools. 9.4 WAP Service Design Principles. 9.5 Performance of WAP over 2G and 2.5G Technologies. 9.6 Examples of Experimented and Implemented WAP Services. References. 10. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) (Alessandro Andreadis and Giovanni Giambene). 10.1 Evolution From Short to Multimedia Message Services. 10.2 MMS Architecture and Standard. 10.3 MMS Format. 10.4 Transaction Flows. 10.5 MMS-based Value-added Services. 10.6 MMS Development Tools. 10.7 MMS Evolution. References. 11. Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS) (John Buford and Mahfuzur Rahman). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Client. 11.3 Design Considerations. 11.4 Protocols. 11.5 Security and Protocols. 11.6 Evolution, Direction and Challenges. 11.7 Summary. References. 12. Instant Messaging Enabled Mobile Payments (Stamatis Karnouskos, Tadaaki Arimura, Shigetoshi Yokoyama and Bala´zs Csik). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Instant Messaging Mobile Payment Scenario. 12.3 The Generic MP and IM Platforms of IMMP. 12.4 Design of an IM-enabled MP System. 12.5 Implementation. 12.6 Security and Privacy in IMMP. 12.7 Conclusions. References. 13. Push-to-Talk: A First Step to a Unified Instant Communication Future (Johanna Wild, Michael Sasuta and Mark Shaughnessy). 13.1 Short History of PTT. 13.2 Service Description. 13.3 Architecture. 13.4 Standardization. 13.5 Service Access. 13.6 Performance. 13.7 Architecture Migration. 13.8 Possible Future, or PTT Evolving to PTX. 14. Location Based Services (Ioannis Priggouris, Stathes Hadjiefthymiades and Giannis Marias). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Requirements. 14.3 LBS System. 14.4 Available LBS Systems. Acknowledgement. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, the proliferation of available video content and the popularity of the Internet have encouraged service providers to develop new ways of distributing content to clients. Increasing video scaling ratios and advanced digital signal processing techniques have led to Internet Video-on-Demand applications, but these currently lack efficiency and quality. Scalable Video on Demand: Adaptive Internet-based Distribution examines how current video compression and streaming can be used to deliver high-quality applications over the Internet. In addition to analysing the problems of client heterogeneity and the absence of Quality of Service in the Internet, this book: assesses existing products and encoding formats; presents new algorithms and protocols for optimised on-line video streaming architectures; includes real-world application examples and experiments; sets out a practical toolkit' for Dynamically Reconfigurable MultimediTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. About the Author. Acknowledgements. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Why Scalable Internet Video on Demand Systems? 1.2 What is the Goal of this Book? 1.3 Outline of this Book. 1.4 Who is this Book for? 2 Scalable Adaptive Streaming Architecture. 2.1 Distributed Systems. 2.2 Replication. 2.3 Video Distribution System Terminology. 2.4 Architecture. 2.5 Scenario for Scalable Adaptive Streaming. 2.6 An Example Application for Scalable Adaptive Streaming. 3 Towards a Scalable Adaptive Streaming Architecture. 3.1 Products. 3.2 Standardization. 3.3 Content Scalability–Scalable Encoded Video. 3.4 Congestion Control–TCP-friendliness. 3.5 Adaptive Streaming–Streaming Layer-encoded Video without Caches. 3.6 System Scalability–Caches. 3.7 Reliable Transport into Caches. 3.8 Cache Clusters. 4 Quality Variations in Layer-encoded Video. 4.1 What is the Relation between Objective and Subjective Quality? 4.2 Quality Metrics for Video. 4.3 Test Environment. 4.4 Experiment. 4.5 Results. 4.6 The Spectrum. 4.7 Implications for MDC and FGS. 4.8 Summary. 5 Retransmission Scheduling. 5.1 Motivation. 5.2 Optimal Retransmission Scheduling. 5.3 Heuristics for Retransmission Scheduling. 5.4 Viewer-centric Retransmission Scheduling. 5.5 Simulations. 5.6 Cache-centric Retransmission Scheduling. 5.7 Cache-friendly Viewer-centric Retransmission Scheduling. 5.8 Summary. 6 Polishing. 6.1 Motivation. 6.2 Polishing and its Applications. 6.3 Existing Work on Polishing. 6.4 Optimal Polishing. 6.5 Simulations. 6.6 Summary. 7 Fair Share Claiming. 7.1 Motivation. 7.2 Performing TCP-friendly Streaming in Combination with Retransmissions. 7.3 Implementation Design for FSC. 7.4 Summary. 8 Scalable TCP-friendly Video Distribution for Heterogeneous Clients. 8.1 Motivation. 8.2 Transport Scenarios. 8.3 Scalable Streaming Implementations. 8.4 Implementation. 8.5 Experiments. 8.6 Summary. 9 Improved Video Distribution in Today’s Internet. 9.1 Improvements through Scalable Adaptive Streaming. 9.2 Outlook. Appendix A: LC-RTP (Loss Collection RTP). A.1 Motivation. A.2 Protocol Set for Streaming Media. A.3 LC-RTP Design. A.4 Use and Integration of Protocols. A.5 Tests. A.6 Summary. Appendix B: Preliminary Subjective Assessment. B.1 Execution of the Preliminary Assessment. B.1.1 DSIS Method. B.1.2 SC Method. B.2 Selection of the Test Method. B.2.1 Content. Appendix C: A Toolkit for Dynamically Reconfigurable Multimedia Distribution Systems. C.1 Motivation for a Video Distribution Testbed. C.2 Terminology. C.3 Design. C.4 Evaluation. C.5 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe migration of immersive media towards telecommunication applications is advancing rapidly. Impressive progress in the field of media compression, media representation, and the larger and ever increasing bandwidth available to the customer, will foster the introduction of these services in the future.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Symbols xix Abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 Oliver Schreer, Peter Kauff and Thomas Sikora Section I Applications of 3D Videocommunication 5 1 History of Telepresence 7 Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 The Art of Immersion: Barker’s Panoramas 10 1.3 Cinerama and Sensorama 11 1.4 Virtual Environments 14 1.5 Teleoperation and Telerobotics 16 1.6 Telecommunications 18 1.7 Conclusion 19 References 20 2 3D TV Broadcasting 23 Christoph Fehn 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 History of 3D TV Research 24 2.3 A Modern Approach to 3D TV 26 2.3.1 A Comparison with a Stereoscopic Video Chain 28 2.4 Stereoscopic View Synthesis 29 2.4.1 3D Image Warping 29 2.4.2 A ‘Virtual’ Stereo Camera 30 2.4.3 The Disocclusion Problem 32 2.5 Coding of 3D Imagery 34 2.5.1 Human Factor Experiments 35 2.6 Conclusions 36 Acknowledgements 37 References 37 3 3D in Content Creation and Post-production 39 Oliver Grau 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Current Techniques for Integrating Real and Virtual Scene Content 41 3.3 Generation of 3D Models of Dynamic Scenes 44 3.4 Implementation of a Bidirectional Interface Between Real and Virtual Scenes 46 3.4.1 Head Tracking 49 3.4.2 View-dependent Rendering 50 3.4.3 Mask Generation 50 3.4.4 Texturing 51 3.4.5 Collision Detection 52 3.5 Conclusions 52 References 52 4 Free Viewpoint Systems 55 Masayuki Tanimoto 4.1 General Overview of Free Viewpoint Systems 55 4.2 Image Domain System 57 4.2.1 EyeVision 57 4.2.2 3D-TV 58 4.2.3 Free Viewpoint Play 59 4.3 Ray-space System 59 4.3.1 FTV (Free Viewpoint TV) 59 4.3.2 Bird’s-eye View System 60 4.3.3 Light Field Video Camera System 62 4.4 Surface Light Field System 64 4.5 Model-based System 65 4.5.1 3D Room 65 4.5.2 3D Video 66 4.5.3 Multi-texturing 67 4.6 Integral Photography System 68 4.6.1 NHK System 68 4.6.2 1D-II 3D Display System 70 4.7 Summary 70 References 71 5 Immersive Videoconferencing 75 Peter Kauff and Oliver Schreer 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 The Meaning of Telepresence in Videoconferencing 76 5.3 Multi-party Communication Using the Shared Table Concept 79 5.4 Experimental Systems for Immersive Videoconferencing 83 5.5 Perspective and Trends 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 Section II 3D Data Representation and Processing 91 6 Fundamentals of Multiple-view Geometry 93 Spela Ivekovic, Andrea Fusiello and Emanuele Trucco 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Pinhole Camera Geometry 94 6.3 Two-view Geometry 96 6.3.1 Introduction 96 6.3.2 Epipolar Geometry 97 6.3.3 Rectification 102 6.3.4 3D Reconstruction 104 6.4 N-view Geometry 106 6.4.1 Trifocal Geometry 106 6.4.2 The Trifocal Tensor 108 6.4.3 Multiple-view Constraints 109 6.4.4 Uncalibrated Reconstruction from N views 110 6.4.5 Autocalibration 111 6.5 Summary 112 References 112 7 Stereo Analysis 115 Nicole Atzpadin and Jane Mulligan 7.1 Stereo Analysis Using Two Cameras 115 7.1.1 Standard Area-based Stereo Analysis 117 7.1.2 Fast Real-time Approaches 120 7.1.3 Post-processing 123 7.2 Disparity From Three or More Cameras 125 7.2.1 Two-camera versus Three-camera Disparity 127 7.2.2 Correspondence Search with Three Views 128 7.2.3 Post-processing 129 7.3 Conclusion 130 References 130 8 Reconstruction of Volumetric 3D Models 133 Peter Eisert 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Shape-from-Silhouette 135 8.2.1 Rendering of Volumetric Models 136 8.2.2 Octree Representation of Voxel Volumes 137 8.2.3 Camera Calibration from Silhouettes 139 8.3 Space-carving 140 8.4 Epipolar Image Analysis 143 8.4.1 Horizontal Camera Motion 143 8.4.2 Image Cube Trajectory Analysis 145 8.5 Conclusions 148 References 148 9 View Synthesis and Rendering Methods 151 Reinhard Koch and Jan-Friso Evers-Senne 9.1 The Plenoptic Function 152 9.1.1 Sampling the Plenoptic Function 152 9.1.2 Recording of the Plenoptic Samples 153 9.2 Categorization of Image-based View Synthesis Methods 154 9.2.1 Parallax Effects in View Rendering 154 9.2.2 Taxonomy of IBR Systems 156 9.3 Rendering Without Geometry 158 9.3.1 The Aspen Movie-Map 158 9.3.2 Quicktime VR 158 9.3.3 Central Perspective Panoramas 159 9.3.4 Manifold Mosaicing 159 9.3.5 Concentric Mosaics 161 9.3.6 Cross-slit Panoramas 162 9.3.7 Light Field Rendering 162 9.3.8 Lumigraph 163 9.3.9 Ray Space 164 9.3.10 Related Techniques 164 9.4 Rendering with Geometry Compensation 165 9.4.1 Disparity-based Interpolation 165 9.4.2 Image Transfer Methods 166 9.4.3 Depth-based Extrapolation 167 9.4.4 Layered Depth Images 168 9.5 Rendering from Approximate Geometry 169 9.5.1 Planar Scene Approximation 169 9.5.2 View-dependent Geometry and Texture 169 9.6 Recent Trends in Dynamic IBR 170 References 172 10 3D Audio Capture and Analysis 175 Markus Schwab and Peter Noll 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Acoustic Echo Control 176 10.2.1 Single-channel Echo Control 177 10.2.2 Multi-channel Echo Control 179 10.3 Sensor Placement 181 10.4 Acoustic Source Localization 182 10.4.1 Introduction 182 10.4.2 Real-time System and Results 183 10.5 Speech Enhancement 185 10.5.1 Multi-channel Speech Enhancement 186 10.5.2 Single-channel Noise Reduction 187 10.6 Conclusions 190 References 191 11 Coding and Standardization 193 Aljoscha Smolic and Thomas Sikora 11.1 Introduction 193 11.2 Basic Strategies for Coding Images and Video 194 11.2.1 Predictive Coding of Images 194 11.2.2 Transform Domain Coding of Images and Video 195 11.2.3 Predictive Coding of Video 198 11.2.4 Hybrid MC/DCT Coding for Video Sequences 199 11.2.5 Content-based Video Coding 201 11.3 Coding Standards 202 11.3.1 JPEG and JPEG 2000 202 11.3.2 Video Coding Standards 202 11.4 MPEG-4 — an Overview 204 11.4.1 MPEG-4 Systems 205 11.4.2 BIFS 205 11.4.3 Natural Video 206 11.4.4 Natural Audio 207 11.4.5 SNHC 208 11.4.6 AFX 209 11.5 The MPEG 3DAV Activity 210 11.5.1 Omnidirectional Video 210 11.5.2 Free-viewpoint Video 212 11.6 Conclusion 214 References 214 Section III 3D Reproduction 217 12 Human Factors of 3D Displays 219 Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn, Pieter J.H. Seuntiëns and Lydia M.J. Meesters 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Human Depth Perception 220 12.2.1 Binocular Disparity and Stereopsis 220 12.2.2 Accommodation and Vergence 222 12.2.3 Asymmetrical Binocular Combination 223 12.2.4 Individual Differences 224 12.3 Principles of Stereoscopic Image Production and Display 225 12.4 Sources of Visual Discomfort in Viewing Stereoscopic Displays 226 12.4.1 Keystone Distortion and Depth Plane Curvature 227 12.4.2 Magnification and Miniaturization Effects 228 12.4.3 Shear Distortion 229 12.4.4 Cross-talk 229 12.4.5 Picket Fence Effect and Image Flipping 230 12.5 Understanding Stereoscopic Image Quality 230 References 231 13 3D Displays 235 Siegmund Pastoor 13.1 Introduction 235 13.2 Spatial Vision 236 13.3 Taxonomy of 3D Displays 237 13.4 Aided-viewing 3D Display Technologies 238 13.4.1 Colour-multiplexed (Anaglyph) Displays 238 13.4.2 Polarization-multiplexed Displays 239 13.4.3 Time-multiplexed Displays 239 13.4.4 Location-multiplexed Displays 240 13.5 Free-viewing 3D Display Technologies 242 13.5.1 Electroholography 242 13.5.2 Volumetric Displays 243 13.5.3 Direction-multiplexed Displays 244 13.6 Conclusions 258 References 258 14 Mixed Reality Displays 261 Siegmund Pastoor and Christos Conomis 14.1 Introduction 261 14.2 Challenges for MR Technologies 263 14.3 Human Spatial Vision and MR Displays 264 14.4 Visual Integration of Natural and Synthetic Worlds 265 14.4.1 Free-form Surface-prism HMD 265 14.4.2 Waveguide Holographic HMD 266 14.4.3 Virtual Retinal Display 267 14.4.4 Variable-accommodation HMD 267 14.4.5 Occlusion Handling HMD 268 14.4.6 Video See-through HMD 269 14.4.7 Head-mounted Projective Display 269 14.4.8 Towards Free-viewing MR Displays 270 14.5 Examples of Desktop and Hand-held MR Systems 273 14.5.1 Hybrid 2D/3D Desktop MR System with Multimodal Interaction 273 14.5.2 Mobile MR Display with Markerless Video-based Tracking 275 14.6 Conclusions 278 References 279 15 Spatialized Audio and 3D Audio Rendering 281 Thomas Sporer and Sandra Brix 15.1 Introduction 281 15.2 Basics of Spatial Audio Perception 281 15.2.1 Perception of Direction 282 15.2.2 Perception of Distance 283 15.2.3 The Cocktail Party Effect 283 15.2.4 Final Remarks 284 15.3 Spatial Sound Reproduction 284 15.3.1 Discrete Multi-channel Loudspeaker Reproduction 284 15.3.2 Binaural Reproduction 287 15.3.3 Multi-object Audio Reproduction 287 15.4 Audiovisual Coherence 291 15.5 Applications 293 15.6 Summary and Outlook 293 References 293 Section IV 3D Data Sensors 297 16 Sensor-based Depth Capturing 299 João G.M. Gonçalves and Vítor Sequeira 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Triangulation-based Sensors 301 16.3 Time-of-flight-based Sensors 303 16.3.1 Pulsed Wave 304 16.3.2 Continuous-wave-based Sensors 304 16.3.3 Summary 308 16.4 Focal Plane Arrays 308 16.5 Other Methods 309 16.6 Application Examples 309 16.7 The Way Ahead 311 16.8 Summary 311 References 312 17 Tracking and User Interface for Mixed Reality 315 Yousri Abdeljaoued, David Marimon i Sanjuan, and Touradj Ebrahimi 17.1 Introduction 315 17.2 Tracking 316 17.2.1 Mechanical Tracking 317 17.2.2 Acoustic Tracking 317 17.2.3 Inertial Tracking 318 17.2.4 Magnetic Tracking 318 17.2.5 Optical Tracking 320 17.2.6 Video-based Tracking 320 17.2.7 Hybrid Tracking 323 17.3 User Interface 324 17.3.1 Tangible User Interfaces 324 17.3.2 Gesture-based Interfaces 325 17.4 Applications 328 17.4.1 Mobile Applications 328 17.4.2 Collaborative Applications 329 17.4.3 Industrial Applications 329 17.5 Conclusions 331 References 331 Index 335

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Book SynopsisResearchers have studied many methods of using active and passive control devices for absorbing vibratory energy. Active devices, while providing significant reductions in structural motion, typically require large (and often multiply-redundant) power sources, and thereby raise concerns about stability.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Algorithms. List of Symbols. Introduction. Objectives. Organization of the Book. 1 Reliability, Robustness and Structural Control. 1.1 Preliminary Concepts. 1.2 Definitions. 1.3 System Representation. 1.4 A Comparison of Passive, Active and Semiactive Control Strategies. 2 Collocated and Non-collocated Systems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Definition of Collocated System. 2.3 Centralized and Non-centralized Systems. 2.4 Linear and Non-linear Systems. 2.5 The Problem of Spillover. 2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Collocated and Non-collocated Systems. 2.7 A Numerical Comparison. 3 Semiactive Devices. 3.1 The Basic Idea and a Brief History. 3.2 Variable Viscous Devices. 3.3 Variable Stiffness Devices. 3.4 Magnetorheological Devices. 3.5 Friction Devices. 3.6 Tuned Liquid Dampers. 3.7 Electro-inductive Device. 3.8 Air-jet Actuators. 3.9 SMA Actuators. 4 Semiactive Control Laws. 4.1 Control Strategies and Algorithms for Semiactive Damping. 4.2 Implementation Schemes. 5 Implementation of Semiactive Control Strategies. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Hardware Control Implementation. 5.3 Real-time Software. 5.4 Non-centralized Control Versus Collocated Systems. 6 Experimental Verification. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Challenges of Performance-based Design in Structural Testing. 6.3 Base-isolated Buildings and Bridges. 6.4 Supplemental Damping Devices. 6.5 Experimental Methods in Structural Dynamics. 6.6 Assessment of Structural Control Devices. 7 Stability and Foreseen Developments. 7.1 Preliminary Concepts. 7.2 Semiactive Features. 7.3 Conclusions. Appendix A: Damping. A.1 Types of Damping. A.2 Why Have a Damping Matrix? A.3 Rayleigh Damping. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputer and network systems have given us unlimited opportunities of reducing cost, improving efficiency, and increasing revenues, as demonstrated by an increasing number of computer and network applications. Yet, our dependence on computer and network systems has also exposed us to new risks, which threaten the security of, and present new challenges for protecting our assets and information on computer and network systems. The reliability of computer and network systems ultimately depends on security and quality of service (QoS) performance. This book presents quantitative modeling and analysis techniques to address these numerous challenges in cyber attack prevention and detection for security and QoS, including: the latest research on computer and network behavior under attack and normal use conditions; new design principles and algorithms, which can be used by engineers and practitioners to build secure computer and network systems, enhance security pracTrade Review"Ye provides many theories, as well as actual test results, to make this book a valuable source of ideas. It can also serve as a reference guide for those exploring this field." (Computing Reviews, September 10, 2008) "Since the next generation of computer network systems and information infrastructure relies on scientific and engineering approaches to provide security, QoS, and ultimately system dependability, this book might help people in academia and industry working to achieve this goal." (IEEE Computer Magazine, June 2008) Table of ContentsPreface. PART I. An Overview of Computer and Network Security. Chapter 1. Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats of Computer and Network Systems. 1.1 Risk Assessment. 1.2 Assets and Asset Attributes. 1.3 Vulnerabilities. 1.4 Threats. 1.5 Asset Risk Framework. 1.6 Summary. References. Chapter 2. Protection of Computer and Network Systems. 2.1 Cyber Attack Prevention. 2.2 Cyber Attack Detection. 2.3 Cyber Attack Response. 2.4 Summary. References. PART II. Secure System Architecture and Design. Chapter 3. Asset Protection Driven, Policy Based Security Protection Architecture. 3.1 Limitation of a Threat Driven Security Protection Paradigm. 3.2 A New, Asset Protection Driven Paradigm of Security Protection. 3.3 Digital Security Policies and Policy-Based Security Protection. 3.4 Enabling Architecture and Methodology. 3.5 Further Research Issues. 3.6 Summary. References. Chapter 4. Job Admission Control for Service Stability. 4.1 A Token Bucket Method of Admission Control in DiffServ and InteServ Models. 4.2 Batch Scheduled Admission Control (BSAC) for Service Stability. 4.3 Summary. References. Chapter 5. Job Scheduling Methods for Service Differentiation and Service Stability. 5.1 Job Scheduling Methods for Service Differentiation. 5.2 Job Scheduling Methods for Service Stability. 5.3 Summary. References. Chapter 6. Job Reservation and Service Protocols for End-to-End Delay Guarantee. 6.1 Job Reservation and Service in InteServ and RSVP. 6.2 Job Reservation and Service in I-RSVP. 6.3 Job Reservation and Service in SI-RSVP. 6.4. Service Performance of I-RSVP and SI-RSVP in Comparison with the Best Effort Model. 6.5 Summary. References. PART III. Mathematical/Statistical Features and Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. Chapter 7. Collection of Windows Performance Objects Data under Attack and Normal Use Conditions. 7.1 Windows Performance Objects Data. 7.2 Description of Attacks and Normal Use Activities. 7.3 Computer Network Setup for Data Collection. 7.4 Procedure of Data Collection. 7.5 Summary. References. Chapter 8. Mean Shift Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 8.1 The Mean Feature of Data and Two-Sample Test of Mean Difference. 8.2 Procedure of Data Pre-processing. 8.3 Procedure of Discovering Mean Shift Data Characteristics for Attacks. 8.4 Mean Shift Attack Characteristics. 8.5 Summary. References. Chapter 9. Probability Distribution Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 9.1 Observation of Data Patterns. 9.2 Skewness and Mode Tests to Identify Five Types of Probability Distributions. 9.3 Procedure for Discovering Probability Distribution Change Data Characteristics for Attacks. 9.4 Distribution Change Attack Characteristics. 9.5 Summary. References. Chapter 10. Autocorrelation Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 10.1 The Autocorrelation Feature of Data. 10.2 Procedure of Discovering the Autocorrelation Change Characteristics for Attacks. 10.3 Autocorrelation Change Attack Characteristics. 10.4 Summary. References. Chapter 11. Wavelet Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 11.1 The Wavelet Feature of Data. 11.2 Procedure of Discovering the Wavelet Change Characteristics for Attacks. 11.3 Wave Change Attack Characteristics. 11.4 Summary. References. PART IV. Cyber Attack Detection: Signature Recognition. Chapter 12. Clustering and Classifying Attack and Normal Use Data. 12.1. Clustering and Classification Algorithm—Supervised (CCAS). 12.2 Training and Testing Data. 12.3 Application of CCAS to Cyber Attack Detection. 12.4 Detection Performance of CCAS. 12.5 Summary. References. Chapter 13. Learning and Recognizing Attack Signatures Using Artificial Neural Networks. 13.1 The Structure and Back-Propagation Learning Algorithm of Feedforward ANNs. 13.2. The ANN Application to Cyber Attack Detection. 13.3 Summary. References. PART V. Cyber Attack Detection: Anomaly Detection. Chapter 14. Statistical Anomaly Detection with Univariate and Multivariate Data. 14.1 EWMA Control Charts. 14.2. Application of the EWMA Control Chart to Cyber Attack Detection. 14.3 Chi-Square Distance Monitoring (CSDM) Method. 14.4 Application of the CSDM Method to Cyber Attack Detection. 14.5 Summary. References. Chapter 15. Stochastic Anomaly Detection Using the Markov Chain Model of Event Transitions. 15.1 The Markov Chain Model of Event Transitions for Cyber Attack Detection. 15.2 Detection Performance of the Markov Chain Model Based Anomaly Detection Technique and Performance Degradation with the Increased Mixture of Attack and Normal Use Data. 15.3 Summary. References. PART VI. Cyber Attack Detection: Attack Norm Separation. Chapter 16. Mathematical and Statistical Models of Attack Data and Normal Use Data. 16.1 The Training Data for Data Modeling. 16.2 Statistical Data Models for the Mean Feature. 16.3 Statistical Data Models for the Distribution Feature. 16.4 Time-Series Based Statistical Data Models for the Autocorrelation Feature. 16.5 The Wavelet-based Mathematical Model for the Wavelet Feature. 16.6 Summary. References. Chapter 17. Cuscore-Based Attack Norm Separation Models. 17.1 The Cuscore. 17.2 Application of the Cuscore Models to Cyber Attack Detection. 17.3 Detection Performance of the Cuscore Detection Models. 17.4 Summary. References. PART VII. Security Incident Assessment. Chapter 18. Optimal Selection and Correlation of Attack Data Characteristics in Attack Profiles. 18.1 Integer Programming for Selecting an Optimal Set of Attack Data Characteristics. 18.2 Attack Profiling. 18.3 Summary. References.

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Book SynopsisIn 1999-2000, VoIP (Voice-over-IP) telephony was one of the successful buzzwords of the telecom bubble era. However, in 2001-2003, VoIP faced a very tough reality check. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the issues to solve in order to deploy global revenue-generating effective "multimedia" services.Table of ContentsGlossary. List of Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The rebirth of VoIP. 1.2 Why beyond VoIP protocols? 1.3 Scope of this book. 1.4 Intended audience. 1.5 Conclusion. 1.6 References. 2. Introduction to Speech-coding Techniques. 2.1 A primer on digital signal processing. 2.2 The basic tools of digital signal processing. 2.3 Overview of speech signals. 2.4 Advanced voice coder algorithms. 2.5 Waveform coders. ADPCM ITU-T G.726. 2.6 Hybrids and analysis by synthesis (ABS) speech coders. 2.7 Codebook-excited linear predictive (CELP) coders. 2.8 Quality of speech coders. 2.9 Conclusion on speech-coding techniques and their near future. 2.10 References. 2.11 Annexes. 3. Voice Quality. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reference VoIP media path. 3.3 Echo in a telephone network. 3.4 Delay. 3.5 Acceptability of a phone call with echo and delay. 3.6 Conclusion. 3.7 Standards. 4. Quality of Service. 4.1 Introduction: What is QoS? 4.2 Describing a data stream. 4.3 Queuing techniques for QoS. 4.4 Signaling QoS requirements. 4.5 The CableLabs® PacketCableTM quality-of-service specification: DQoS. 4.6 Improving QoS in the best effort class. 4.7 Issues with slow links. 4.8 Conclusion. 4.9 References. 4.10 Packet size annex. 5. Network Dimensioning. 5.1 Simple compressed voice flow model. 5.2 Building a network dedicated to IP telephony. 5.3 Merging data communications and voice communications on one common IP backbone. 5.4 Multipoint communications. 5.5 Modeling call seizures. 5.6 Conclusion. 5.7 References. 6. IP Multicast Routing. 6.1 Introduction . 6.2 When to use multicast routing. 6.3 The multicast framework. 6.4 Controling scope in multicast applications. 6.5 Building the multicast delivery tree. 6.6 Multicast-routing protocols. 6.7 The mBone. 6.8 MULTICAST issues on non-broadcast media. 6.9 Conclusion. 6.10 References . Index.

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Book SynopsisVisual quality assessment is an interdisciplinary topic that links image/video processing, psychology and physiology. Many engineers are familiar with the image/video processing; transmission networks side of things but not with the perceptual aspects pertaining to quality. Digital Video Quality first introduces the concepts of human vision and visual quality. Based on these, specific video quality metrics are developed and their design is presented. These metrics are then evaluated and used in a number of applications, including image/video compression, transmission and watermarking. Introduces the concepts of human vision and vision quality. Presents the design and development of specific video quality metrics. Evaluates video quality metrics in the context of image/video compression, transmission and watermarking. Presents tools developed for the analysis of video quality Trade Review?We can also truly recommend Digital Video Quality for engineers designing or implementing video compression/transmission systems, as well as researchers and students in the fields of image processing and communications.? http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/index.html (October 2007) "...a comprehensive answer to questions that might raise while investigating and developing the video systems...truly recommend Digital Video Quality for engineers..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2007) Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Acknowledgements. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Motivation. 1.2 Outline. 2 Vision. 2.1 Eye. 2.2 Retina. 2.3 Visual Pathways. 2.4 Sensitivity to Light. 2.5 Color Perception. 2.6 Masking and Adaptation. 2.7 Multi-channel Organization. 2.8 Summary. 3 Video Quality. 3.1 Video Coding and Compression. 3.2 Artifacts. 3.3 Visual Quality. 3.4 Quality Metrics. 3.5 Metric Evaluation. 3.6 Summary. 4 Models and Metrics. 4.1 Isotropic Contrast. 4.2 Perceptual Distortion Metric. 4.3 Summary. 5 Metric Evaluation. 5.1 Still Images. 5.2 Video. 5.3 Component Analysis. 5.4 Summary. 6 Metric Extensions. 6.1 Blocking Artifacts. 6.2 Object Segmentation. 6.3 Image Appeal. 6.4 Summary. 7 Closing Remarks. 7.1 Summary. 7.2 Perspectives. Appendix: Color Space Conversions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisNext Generation Wireless Systems and Networks offers an expert view of cutting edge Beyond 3rd Generation (B3G) wireless applications.Trade Review"This reference will prove invaluable to senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and researchers…[and] telecommunications engineers…" (IEEE Canadian Review, October 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Part I: Background Knowledge. 1.2 Part II: 3GMobile Cellular Standards. 1.3 Part III: Wireless Networking. 1.4 Part IV: B3G and Emerging Wireless Technologies. 1.5 Suggestions in Using This Book. 2. Fundamentals of Wireless Communications. 2.1 Theory of Radio Communication Channels. 2.2 Spread Spectrum Techniques. 2.3 Multiple Access Technologies. 2.4 Multiple User Signal Processing. 2.5 OSI ReferenceModel. 2.6 Switching Techniques. 2.7 IP-Based Networking. 3. 3G Mobile Cellular Technologies. 3.1 CDMA2000. 3.2 WCDMA. 3.3 TD-SCDMA. 4. Wireless Data Networks. 4.1 IEEE 802.11 Standards for Wireless Networks. 4.2 IEEE 802.11a Supplement to 802.11 Standards. 4.3 IEEE 802.11 Security. 4.4 IEEE 802.15 WPAN Standards. 4.5 IEEE 802.16 WMAN Standards. 4.6 ETSI HIPERLAN and ETSI HIPERLAN/2 Standards. 4.7 MMAC by Japan. 4.8 Bluetooth Technologies. 5. All-IP Wireless Networking. 5.1 Some Notes on 1G/2G/3G/4G Terminology. 5.2 Mobile IP. 5.3 IPv6 versus IPv4 . 5.4 Mobile IPv6. 5.5 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). 5.6 IP onMobile Ad Hoc Networks. 5.7 All-IP Routing Protocols. 6. Architecture of B3G Wireless Systems. 6.1 Spectrum Allocation andWireless Transmission Issues. 6.2 Integration ofWMAN/WLAN/WPAN andMobile Cellular. 6.3 High-Speed Data. 6.4 Multimode and Reconfigurable Platforms. 6.5 Ad hocMobile Networking. 6.6 Networking Plan Issues. 6.7 Satellite Systems in B3G Wireless. 6.8 Other Challenging Issues. 7. Multiple Access Technologies for B3G Wireless. 7.1 What B3GWireless Needs?. 7.2 A Feature Topic on B3GWireless. 7.3 Next-Generation CDMA Technologies. 7.4 Multicarrier CDMA Techniques. 7.5 OFDMTechniques. 7.6 Ultra-Wideband Technologies. 8. MIMO Systems. 8.1 SIMO,MISO, andMIMO Systems. 8.2 Spacial Diversity inMIMO Systems. 8.3 Spacial Multiplexing in MIMO Systems. 8.4 STBC-CDMA Systems. 8.5 Generic STBC-CDMA SystemModel. 8.6 Unitary Codes Based STBC-CDMA System. 8.7 Complementary Coded STBC-CDMA System. 8.8 Discussion and Summary. 9. Cognitive Radio Technology. 9.1 Why Cognitive Radio?. 9.2 History of Cognitive Radio. 9.3 What is Cognitive Radio?. 9.4 From SDR to Cognitive Radio. 9.5 Cognitive Radio for WPANs. 9.6 Cognitive Radio for WLANs. 9.7 Cognitive Radio for WMANs. 9.8 Cognitive Radio for WWANs. 9.9 Cognitive Radio for WRANs: IEEE 802.22. 9.10 Challenges to Implement Cognitive Radio. 9.11 Cognitive Radio Products and Applications. 10. E-UTRAN: 3GPP’s Evolutional Path to 4G. 10.1 3GPP TSG for E-UTRAN. 10.2 Origin of E-UTRAN. 10.3 General Features of E-UTRAN. 10.4 E-UTRAN Study Items. 10.5 E-UTRAN TSGWork Plan. 10.6 E-UTRAN Radio Interface Protocols. 10.7 E-UTRAN Physical Layer Aspects. 10.8 Summary. A: Orthogonal Complementary Codes (PG = 8 ∼ 512). B: MAI in Asynchronous Flat Fading UWB Channel. C: MI in Asynchronous Modified S-V UWB Channel. D: Proof of Equation (8.44). E: Properties of Orthogonal Complementary Codes. F: Proof of Equation (8.66). Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe present information age is enabled by telecommunications and information technology and the continued convergence of their services, technologies and business models. Within telecommunications, the historic separations between fixed networks, mobile telephone networks and data communications are diminishing. Similarly, information technology and enterprise communications show convergence with telecommunications. These synergies are captured in the concept of Next Generation Networks that result from evolution to new technologies, enabling new services and applications. Network Convergence creates a framework to aid the understanding of Next Generation Networks, their potential for supporting new and enhanced applications and their relationships with legacy networks. The book identifies and explains the concepts and principles underlying standards for networks, services and applications. Network Convergence: Gives comprehensive coverage of packeTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Conventions. Companion Website. Abbreviations. Principal Graphic Symbols. 1 Setting the Context for Evolution and Convergence of Networks. 1.1 Historical Background to Present Networks. 1.2 Defining Present State Using Reference Models. 1.3 Evolution and Convergence. 1.4 The Next GenerationNetwork Concept. 1.5 Conclusion. 2 A Framework for Examining Next Generation Networks. 2.1 Characteristics of Evolving Networks. 2.2 Dealing with Complexity. 2.3 Framework for EvolvingNetworks. 2.4 Examples of Application of Framework. 2.5 Conclusion. 3 Software Methodologies for Converged Networks and Services. 3.1 Development of Software Methodologies for ICT. 3.2 Software Processes in the NGN Framework. 3.3 High-level Analysis and DesignMethods. 3.4 Enterprise and Business Modelling Notation. 3.5 Object and Data Definition Languages. 3.6 Dynamic Modelling Notations. 3.7 Component and Interface Notations. 3.8 Distributed Systems. 3.9 Creating a Unified Framework. 4 An NGN: the Managed Voice over IP Network. 4.1 Development of Packet Multimedia Standards. 4.2 Requirements on a Managed Voice Network. 4.3 Properties of Packetised Voice. 4.4 General Concepts of Multimedia Communications. 4.5 Signalling Plane for Packet Multimedia. 4.6 The H.323 Suite. 4.7 Media Gateway Functions and Control. 4.8 Multimedia Communications Based on SIP. 4.9 Supplementary Services in Packet Telephony. 4.10 ITU-T Evolutionary Protocols: BICC. 4.11 Voice on the Internet. 4.12 Conclusion. 5 Integrated Enterprise ICT Systems. 5.1 Drivers and Requirements. 5.2 Contributions to Convergence. 5.3 Network Level Convergence. 5.4 Application and Service Level Convergence. 5.5 Conclusions. 6 Legacies and Lessons: Broadband ISDN, TINA and TIPHON. 6.1 Learning from History. 6.2 The Broadband ISDN. 6.3 TINA Architecture. 6.4 Business Model and Reference Points. 6.5 TINA Service Architecture. 6.6 Network Resource Architecture. 6.7 Lessons from TINA for NGNs. 6.8 TIPHON. 6.9 Conclusion. 7 Important NGNs: Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems. 7.1 Architectural Concepts. 7.2 Mobile Communication System Evolution. 7.3 Services in the CS Domain. 7.4 Packet-switched Domain: GPRS-based Systems. 7.5 IP Multimedia Subsystem. 7.6 Conclusion. 8 Opening the Network using Application Programming Interfaces. 8.1 Closed Network Evolution. 8.2 Opening the Network. 8.3 The OSA/Parlay Architecture. 8.4 Framework Interfaces and Use Cases. 8.5 The OSA/Parlay Gateway. 8.6 Communication-orientatedUse Cases. 8.7 ParlayXWeb Services. 8.8 OSA/Parlay API Implementation Issues. 8.9 Other Approaches to Open Networks. 8.10 Conclusion. 9 Operations Support Systems. 9.1 Relationship of OSS/BSS to ICT Systems. 9.2 Evolution of OSS/BSS. 9.3 The Telecommunications Operations Map. 9.4 Enhancement of the TOM: eTOM. 9.5 New Generation OSS. 9.6 Conclusion. 10 Migration from Legacy to Next Generation Networks. 10.1 Retrospect. 10.2 Reflecting on Evolution and Convergence. 10.3 TechnologyMigration. 10.4 Is There a Target NGN? 10.5 Managing Complexity: Avoiding Pitfalls. 10.6 A Last Word. Glossary. References Index.

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Book SynopsisAs the Internet becomes increasingly heterogeneous, the issue of congestion control becomes ever more important. In order to maintain good network performance, mechanisms must be provided to prevent the network from being congested for any significant period of time.Trade Review"…a good supplement to the companion toolbox…" (Computing Reviews.com, May 19, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Tables. List of Figures. 1. Introduction . 1.1 Who should read this book? 1.2 Contents. 1.3 Structure. 2. Congestion control principles. 2.1 What is congestion? 2.2 Congestion collapse. 2.3 Controlling congestion: design considerations. 2.4 Implicit feedback. 2.5 Source behaviour with binary feedback. 2.6 Stability. 2.7 Rate-based versus window-based control. 2.8 RTT estimation. 2.9 Traffic phase effects. 2.10 Queue management. 2.11 Scalability. 2.12 Explicit feedback. 2.13 Special environments. 2.14 Congestion control and OSI layers. 2.15 Multicast congestion control. 2.16 Incentive issues. 2.17 Fairness. 2.18 Conclusion. 3. Present technology. 3.1 Introducing TCP. 3.2 TCP window management. 3.3 TCP RTO calculation. 3.4 TCP congestion control and reliability. 3.5 Concluding remarks about TCP. 3.6 The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). 3.7 Random Early Detection (RED). 3.8 The ATM‘Available Bit Rate’ service. 4. Experimental enhancements. 4.1 Ensuring appropriate TCP behaviour. 4.2 Maintaining congestion state. 4.3 Transparent TCP improvements. 4.4 Enhancing active queue management. 4.5 Congestion control for multimedia applications. 4.6 Better-than-TCP congestion control. 4.7 Congestion control in special environments. 5. Internet traffic management – the ISP perspective. 5.1 The nature of Internet traffic. 5.2 Traffic engineering. 5.3 Quality of Service (QoS). 5.4 Putting it all together. 6. The future of Internet congestion control. 6.1 Small deltas or big ideas? 6.2 Incentive issues. 6.3 Tailor-made congestion control. Appendix A: Teaching congestion control with tools. A.1 CAVT. A.1.1 Writing script. A.1.2 Teaching with CAVT. A.1.3 Internals. A.2 ns. A.2.1 Using ns for teaching: the problem. A.2.2 Using ns for teaching: the solution. A.2.3 NSBM. A.2.4 Example exercises. Appendix B: Related IETF work. B.1 Overview. B.2 Working groups. B.3 Finding relevant documents. Appendix C: List of abbreviations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisCombining the theory and practice of RF and microwave engineering, RF and Microwave Transistor Oscillator Design provides comprehensive results of established and new theoretical analysis, and the practical design of oscillators on modern active devices.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Nonlinear circuit design methods 1 1.1 Spectral-domain analysis 1 1.1.1 Trigonometric identities 2 1.1.2 Piecewise-linear approximation 4 1.1.3 Bessel functions 8 1.2 Time-domain analysis 9 1.3 Newton–Raphson algorithm 12 1.4 Quasilinear method 15 1.5 Van der Pol method 20 1.6 Computer-aided analysis and design 24 References 28 2 Oscillator operation and design principles 29 2.1 Steady-state operation mode 29 2.2 Start-up conditions 31 2.3 Oscillator configurations and historical aspects 36 2.4 Self-bias condition 43 2.5 Oscillator analysis using matrix techniques 50 2.5.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 50 2.5.2 Series feedback oscillator 53 2.6 Dual transistor oscillators 55 2.7 Transmission-line oscillator 60 2.8 Push–push oscillator 65 2.9 Triple-push oscillator 72 2.10 Oscillator with delay line 75 References 79 3 Stability of self-oscillations 83 3.1 Negative-resistance oscillator circuits 83 3.2 General single-frequency stability condition 86 3.3 Single-resonant circuit oscillators 87 3.3.1 Series resonant circuit oscillator with constant load 87 3.3.2 Parallel resonant circuit oscillator with nonlinear load 88 3.4 Double-resonant circuit oscillator 89 3.5 Stability of multi-resonant circuits 91 3.5.1 General multi-frequency stability criterion 91 3.5.2 Two-frequency oscillation mode and its stability 93 3.5.3 Single-frequency stability of oscillator with two coupled resonant circuits 94 3.5.4 Transistor oscillators with two coupled resonant circuits 96 3.6 Phase plane method 105 3.6.1 Free-running oscillations in lossless resonant LC circuits 106 3.6.2 Oscillations in lossy resonant LC circuits 108 3.6.3 Aperiodic process in lossy resonant LC circuits 110 3.6.4 Transformer-coupled MOSFET oscillator 112 3.7 Nyquist stability criterion 113 3.8 Start-up and stability 118 References 125 4 Optimum design and circuit technique 127 4.1 Empirical optimum design approach 128 4.2 Analytic optimum design approach 136 4.3 Parallel feedback oscillators 138 4.3.1 Optimum oscillation condition 138 4.3.2 Optimum MOSFET oscillator 139 4.4 Series feedback bipolar oscillators 142 4.4.1 Optimum oscillation condition 142 4.4.2 Optimum common base oscillator 143 4.4.3 Quasilinear approach 146 4.4.4 Computer-aided design 150 4.5 Series feedback MESFET oscillators 152 4.5.1 Optimum common gate oscillator 152 4.5.2 Quasilinear approach 154 4.5.3 Computer-aided design 157 4.6 High-efficiency design technique 162 4.6.1 Class C operation mode 162 4.6.2 Class E power oscillators 165 4.6.3 Class DE power oscillators 170 4.6.4 Class F mode and harmonic tuning 172 4.7 Practical oscillator schematics 177 References 182 5 Noise in oscillators 187 5.1 Noise figure 187 5.2 Flicker noise 196 5.3 Active device noise modelling 198 5.3.1 MOSFET devices 198 5.3.2 MESFET devices 200 5.3.3 Bipolar transistors 203 5.4 Oscillator noise spectrum: linear model 205 5.4.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 205 5.4.2 Negative resistance oscillator 214 5.4.3 Colpitts oscillator 216 5.5 Oscillator noise spectrum: nonlinear model 219 5.5.1 Kurokawa approach 219 5.5.2 Impulse response model 224 5.6 Loaded quality factor 235 5.7 Amplitude-to-phase conversion 239 5.8 Oscillator pulling figure 241 References 245 6 Varactor and oscillator frequency tuning 251 6.1 Varactor modelling 251 6.2 Varactor nonlinearity 255 6.3 Frequency modulation 258 6.4 Anti-series varactor pair 262 6.5 Tuning linearity 267 6.5.1 VCOs with lumped elements 267 6.5.2 VCOs with transmission lines 273 6.6 Reactance compensation technique 276 6.7 Practical VCO schematics 280 6.7.1 VCO implementation techniques 280 6.7.2 Differential VCOs 286 6.7.3 Push–push VCOs 292 References 296 7 CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators 299 7.1 MOS varactor 299 7.2 Phase noise 305 7.3 Flicker noise 310 7.4 Tank inductor 313 7.5 Circuit design concepts and technique 317 7.5.1 Device operation modes 317 7.5.2 Start-up and steady-state conditions 321 7.5.3 Differential cross-coupled oscillators 325 7.5.4 Wideband tuning techniques 326 7.5.5 Quadrature VCOs 331 7.6 Implementation technology issues 333 7.7 Practical schematics of CMOS VCOs 335 References 342 8 Wideband voltage-controlled oscillators 347 8.1 Main requirements 347 8.2 Single-resonant circuits with lumped elements 351 8.2.1 Series resonant circuit 351 8.2.2 Parallel resonant circuit 353 8.3 Double-resonant circuit with lumped elements 356 8.4 Transmission line circuit realization 360 8.4.1 Oscillation system with uniform transmission line 360 8.4.2 Oscillation system with multi-section transmission line 365 8.5 VCO circuit design aspects 369 8.5.1 Common gate MOSFET and MESFET VCOs 369 8.5.2 Common collector bipolar VCO 373 8.5.3 Common base bipolar VCO 376 8.6 Wideband nonlinear design 378 8.7 Dual mode varactor tuning 381 8.8 Practical RF and microwave wideband VCOs 387 8.8.1 Wireless and satellite TV applications 387 8.8.2 Microwave monolithic VCO design 391 8.8.3 Push–push oscillators and oscipliers 394 References 396 9 Noise reduction techniques 399 9.1 Resonant circuit design technique 399 9.1.1 Oscillation systems with lumped elements 400 9.1.2 Oscillation systems with transmission lines 402 9.2 Low-frequency loading and feedback optimization 410 9.3 Filtering technique 416 9.4 Noise-shifting technique 423 9.5 Impedance noise matching 426 9.6 Nonlinear feedback loop noise suppression 430 References 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisSilicon photonics is currently a very active and progressive area of research, as silicon optical circuits have emerged as the replacement technology for copper-based circuits in communication and broadband networks.Table of ContentsForeword. About the Editor. List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Introduction: The Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuit (Richard Soref). Chapter 2. Silicon Photonic Waveguides (G. Z. Mashanovich, G. T. Reed, B. D. Timotijevic, and S. P. Chan). Chapter 3. Silicon Based Photonic Crystal Structures: From Design to Realization (Dennis W. Prather, Shouyuan Shi, Janusz Murakowski, Garrett Schneider, Ahmed Sharkawy, Caihua Chen, and BingLin Miao). Chapter 4. Optical Modulators in Silicon Photonic Circuits (G. T. Reed, F .Y. Gardes, G. Z. Mashanovich, and C. E. Png). Chapter 5. Silicon Lasers (Bahram Jalali, Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Varun Raghunathan, and Sasan Fathpour). Chapter 6. Optical Detection Technologies for Silicon Photonics (A. P. Knights and J. D. B. Bradley). Chapter 7. Passive Silicon Photonic Devices (Ansheng Liu, Nahum Izhaky, and Ling Liao). Chapter 8. Integration (Cary Gunn). Chapter 9. Silicon Photonic Applications (Richard Jones, Haisheng Rong, Hai-Feng Liu, and Mario Paniccia). Index.

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Book SynopsisVaractors are passive semiconductor devices used in electronic circuits, as a voltage-controlled way of storing energy in order to boost the amount of electric charge produced.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. PN-junction Varactors. Chapter 3. MOS Varactors. Chapter 4. Measurement Techniques for Integrated Varactors. Chapter 5. Modeling Varactors. Chapter 6. Design Rules for Integrated Varactors. Chapter 7. Design of a Demonstrator: Integrated VCO. Appendix 1: Geometric Characteristics of Varactors. Appendix 2: Validation of the Predictions Provided by Equations of Chapter 5. Appendix 3: Measurement of Oscillator's Performance. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisChampioned by the 3W Consortium, the Semantic Web is a highly significant initiative affecting the future of the World Wide Web. SEKT is a ?12 million EU project with the aim to develop and exploit the knowledge technologies that underlie Next Generation Knowledge Management.Trade Review"The authors have created an easy-to-read, exampled-based book on the semantic Web that will be useful to students, practitioners, researchers, and novices alike. I highly recommend it to all professionals with an interest in this field." (Computing Reviews, March 13, 2008) "…readers interested in developing ontologies for reasoning will get a strong foundation and direction to begin their journeys on the Semantic Web." (CHOICE, March 2007) "…an interesting, well-written computer science textbook that is well worth reading by anyone interested in the semantic Web." (Computing Reviews.com, March 2, 2007) "…a good exposition on the state of the art in semantic Web research." (Computing Reviews.com, January 17, 2007) "…a useful addition to a Semantic Web library." (www.freepint.com, 5th October 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Semantic Web Technologies. 1.2. The Goal of the Semantic Web. 1.3. Ontologies and Ontology Languages. 1.4. Creating and Managing Ontologies. 1.5. Using Ontologies. 1.6. Applications. 1.7. Developing the Semantic Web. References. 2. Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Construction. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Knowledge Discovery. 2.3. Ontology Definition. 2.4. Methodology for Semi-automatic Ontology Construction. 2.5. Ontology Learning Scenarios. 2.6. Using Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Learning. 2.7. Related Work on Ontology Construction. 2.8. Discussion and Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 3. Semantic Annotation and Human Language Technology. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Information Extraction: A Brief Introduction. 3.3. Semantic Annotation. 3.4. Applying ‘Traditional’ IE in Semantic Web Applications. 3.5. Ontology-based IE. 3.6. Deterministic Ontology Authoring using Controlled Language IE. 3.7. Conclusion. References. 4. Ontology Evolution. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Ontology Evolution: State-of-the-art. 4.3. Logical Architecture. 4.4. Data-driven Ontology Changes. 4.5. Usage-driven Ontology Changes. 4.6. Conclusion. References. 5. Reasoning With Inconsistent Ontologies: Framework, Prototype, and Experiment. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Brief Survey of Approaches to Reasoning with Inconsistency. 5.3. Brief Survey of Causes for Inconsistency in the Semantic WEB. 5.4. Reasoning with Inconsistent Ontologies. 5.5. Selection Functions. 5.6. Strategies for Selection Functions. 5.7. Syntactic Relevance-Based Selection Functions. 5.8. Prototype of Pion. 5.9. Discussion and Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. 6. Ontology Mediation, Merging, and Aligning. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Approaches in Ontology Mediation. 6.3. Mapping and Querying Disparate Knowledge Bases. 6.4. Summary. References. 7. Ontologies for Knowledge Management. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Ontology usage Scenario. 7.3. Terminology. 7.4. Ontologies as RDBMS Schema. 7.5. Topic-ontologies versus Schema-ontologies. 7.6. Proton Ontology. 7.7. Conclusion. References. 8. Semantic Information Access. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Knowledge Access and the Semantic WEB. 8.3. Natural Language Generation from Ontologies. 8.4. Device Independence: Information Anywhere. 8.5. SEKTAgent. 8.6. Concluding Remarks. References. 9. Ontology Engineering Methodologies. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. The Methodology Focus. 9.3. Past and Current Research. 9.4. Diligent Methodology. 9.5. First Lessons Learned. 9.6. Conclusion and Next Steps. References. 10. Semantic Web Services—Approaches and Perspectives. 10.1. Semantic Web Services—A Short Overview. 10.2. The WSMO Approach. 10.3. The OWL-S Approach. 10.4. The SWSF Approach. 10.5. The IRS-III Approach. 10.6. The WSDL-S Approach. 10.7. Semantic Web Services Grounding: The Link Between The SWS and Existing Web Services Standards. 10.8. Conclusions and Outlook. References. 11. Applying Semantic Technology to a Digital Library. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Digital Libraries: The State-of-the-art. 11.3. A Case Study: the BT Digital Library. 11.4. The Users’ View. 11.5. Implementing Semantic Technology in a Digital Library. 11.6. Future Directions. References. 12. Semantic Web: A Legal Case Study. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Profile of The Users. 12.3. Ontologies for Legal Knowledge. 12.4. Architecture. 12.5. Conclusions. References. 13. A Semantic Service Oriented Architecture for the Telecommunications Industry. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Introduction to Service Oriented Architectures. 13.3. A Semantic Service Orientated Architecture. 13.4. Semantic Mediation. 13.5. Standards and Ontologies in Telecommunications. 13.6. Case Study. 13.7. Conclusion. References. 14. Conclusion and Outlook. 14.1. Management of Networked Ontologies. 14.2. Engineering of Networked Ontologies. 14.3. Contextualizing Ontologies. 14.4. Cross Media Resources. 14.5. Social Semantic Desktop. 14.6. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisBistatic radars have been a focus of study since the earliest days of radar research. Despite this, until recently only a few bistatic systems have crossed the experimental study threshold, and, consequently there is little knowledge about them compared with their monostatic counterparts.Trade Review"This book will be a specific interest to engineering working in this field. It provides an essential background to understand radar signal processing as well as state-of-art technologies, and could therefore serve as text for graduate-level radar engineering course. The book will also be very informative to engineering students as a postgraduate level, and it might also be useful as a reference book for radar engineering and scientists." (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, December 2008)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. PART I: Radar Principles. 1 Radar Systems. 1.1 General Properties of Radar Systems. 1.2 Block Diagram of a Radar. 1.3 Signal Detection. 1.4 Radar Resolution. 1.5 Radar Measurements. 1.6 Radar Equation and Range Coverage; Target RCS. 1.7 Atmospheric Attenuation of RF Signals. 1.8 Maximum Radar Range Line-of-sight Limitation of the Radar Range: Target Elevation Measurement. 1.9 The Impact of Earth Surface Reflections on the Radar Range and Evelation Measurement Accuracy. 2 Radar Signals and Signal Processing. 2.1 Coherent and Noncoherent Signal Sequences. 2.2 Optimum and Matched Filters. 2.3 Transversal Matched Filter. 2.4 Correlation Processing of Signals. 2.5 Complex Envelope Processing. 2.6 FFT-Based Digital Signal Processing. 2.7 Simple and Complicated Waveforms; Signal Base. 2.8 Linear FM and Phase-coded Waveforms. 2.9 Ambiguity and Generalized Ambiguity Functions of Radar Signals. 3 Radar Power Budget Analysis and Radar Systems Classification. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Barton’s Method for Required Signal-to-noise Ratio Calculation. 3.3 Radar Parallel and Successive Surveillance. 3.4 Coherent and Noncoherent Pulsed Radars. 3.5 CW Radars with Nonmodulated and Modulated Signals. 4 Target Tracking. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Tracking System Structure. 4.3 Analogue Tracking Devices. 4.4 Digital Tracking Devices. 4.5 Main Errors in Tracking Radars. 4.6 Angle Tracking Devices. 4.7 Target Range and Target Velocity Trackers. 5 Radar Antennas. 5.1 Purpose of Radar Antennas and Their Fundamental Parameters. 5.2 Main Types of Antennas used in Radars. 5.3 Electronically Steerable Antennas. 5.4 Concept of Digital Arrays. 5.5 Sidelobes Reduction. 6 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Model of an SAR as a Phased Array. 6.3 Signal Processing in an SAR. 6.4 Model of an SAR as a Filter Matched with an LFM Signal. 6.5 Additional Constraint on Synthetic Aperture Size. 6.6 Spotlight Mode. 7 Interference Protection. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Main Types of Interference. 7.3 Ground Clutter and Chaff Level Evaluation for Pulse and CW Modulated Signals. 7.4 Moving Target Indicator and Moving Target Detector. 7.5 Adaptive Antenna Arrays. 8 Microelectronic Aerological Radar ‘MARL-A’. 8.1 Designated Purpose of the Radar. 8.2 System Specifications. 8.3 System Structure. 8.4 Range Coverage of the Radar. Abbreviations. Variables. Acknowledgements. PART II: Bistatic Radars. 9 Different Types of Radar Systems. 10 Scattering Fundamentals. 10.1 Some Basic Concepts from Electromagnetic Theory. 10.2 Plane Wave Incidence on a Smooth, Flat Interface between Two Mediums. 10.3 Rough Scattering Surfaces. 10.4 The Scattering Problem for Small Targets. 10.5 Bistatic Cross-sections. 10.6 Target Scattering Matrices. 11 Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 11.1 3D Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 11.2 2D Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 12 Maximum Range and Effective Area. 13 Signal Models. 13.1 Signals formed by a Motionless Target. 13.2 Signal Model of the Moving Target. 13.3 Signal Model in a Forward Scattering Radar. 14 Advanced Scattering. 14.1 Electromagnetic Theory Principles. 14.2 Examples of Bistatic Cross-Sections. Summary of Part II. Abbreviations. Variables. PART III: Forward-scattering Radars. 15 Basic Principles of Forward-scattering Radars. 15.1 Forward-scatter Radar Cross-section. 15.2 Advantages and Problems of the FSR. 15.3 Coverage of the FSR. 15.4 Characteristics of the Interferential Signal. 16 Measurement of Target Coordinates in a 2D FSR. 16.1 Measurement of Primary Parameters. 16.2 Coordinate Measurement Algorithm Based on the Maximum Likelihood Method. 16.3 Extrapolation Algorithm of the Target Coordinate Measurement. 17 Coordinate Measurement in a 3D FSR. 17.1 Systematic Errors of Target Tracking in a 2D FSR. 17.2 Iterative Coordinate Estimation Algorithm for a 3D FSR. 17.3 Extrapolation Tracking Algorithm for a 3D FSR. 18 3D FSR with an Array Antenna. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Space–time Processing Algorithm. 18.3 Primary Measurement Characteristics. 19 FSR Design and Experimental Investigation. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Experimental FSR. 19.3 Experimental Conditions. 19.4 Clutter Level and Clutter Spectrum Estimation. 19.5 Detection of Airborne Targets. 19.6 Conclusion. Summary of Part II. Abbreviations. Variables. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMany wireless systems like GSM, GPRS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WLAN or WiMAX offer possibilities to keep people connected while on the move.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. List of Tables. List of Abbreviations. 1. Global System for Mobile Communications. 1.1 Circuit-Switched Data transmission. 1.2 Standards. 1.3 Transmission Speeds. 1.4 The Signaling System Number 7. 1.5 The GSM Subsystems. 1.6 The Network Subsystem. 1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). 1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control. 1.9 The Mobile Station. 1.10 The SIM card. 1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL. 1.12 Questions. 2. General Packet Radio Service. 2.1 Circuit Switched Data Transmission over GSM. 2.2 Packet Switched Data Transmission over GPRS. 2.3 The GPRS Air Interface. 2.4 The GPRS State Model. 2.5 GPRS Network Elements. 2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management. 2.7 GPRS Interfaces. 2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM). 2.9 Session Management from a User Point of View. 2.10 WAP over GPRS. 2.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS. 2.12 Web Browsing via GPRS. 2.13 Questions. 3. University Mobile Telecommunications System. 3.1 Overview, History and Future. 3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS. 3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface. 3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). 3.6 Core Network Mobility Management. 3.7 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State. 3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment. 3.9 UMTS Release 99 Performance. 3.10 UMTS Release 5: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 3.11 UMTS Release 6: High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 3.12 UMTS and CDMA2000. 3.13 Questions. 4. Wireless Local Area Network. 4.1 Wireless LAN Overview. 4.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards. 4.3 Wireless LAN Configurations: From Ad-hoc to Wireless Bridging. 4.4 Management Operations. 4.5 The MAC Layer. 4.6 The Physical Layer. 4.7 Wireless LAN Security. 4.8 Comparison of Wireless LAN and UMTS. 4.9 Questions. 5. 802.16 and WiMAX. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Standards, Evolution and Profiles. 5.3 WiMAX PHYs for Point to Multipoint FDD or TDD Operation. 5.4 Physical Layer Framing. 5.5 Ensuring Quality of Service. 5.6 MAC Management Functions. 5.7 MAC management of user data. 5.8 Security. 5.9 Advanced 802.16 Functionalities. 5.10 Mobile WiMAX: 802.16e. 5.11 WiMAX Network Infrastructure. 5.12 Comparison of 802.16 with UMTS, HSDPA and WLAN. 5.13 Questions. 6. Bluetooth. 6.1 Overview and Applications. 6.2 Physical Properties. 6.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept. 6.4 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack. 6.5 Bluetooth Security. 6.6 Bluetooth Profiles. 6.7 Comparison between Bluetooth and Wireless LAN. 6.8 Questions. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffering a deep insight into the venture capital deal-making process, Raising Venture Capital also provides valuable introduction to the subject. The book is practical in focus but based on sound academic theory, research and teaching materials gathered over the last 4 years at Tanaka Business School.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I The Business of Venture Capital 1 1 Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists 3 2 Other People’s Money 9 3 The Limited Partnership 15 4 The Competitive Environment 25 5 The VC's Investment Model 31 Part II Accessing Venture Capital 49 6 Introduction to Part II 51 7 Is Venture Capital the Right Option? 53 8 Choosing a VC Firm 59 9 The Entry Point 65 10 The Investment Process 71 11 Preparing for the Investment Process 81 Part III The VC Term Sheet 99 12 Introduction to Term Sheets 101 13 Business Valuation 121 14 Investment Structure 123 15 Syndication 125 16 Investment Milestones 129 17 Corporate Governance 139 18 Equity Participation 147 19 Share Incentives 169 20 Share Vesting 175 21 Pre-emption Rights on Securities Issues 185 22 Anti-dilution Rights 191 23 Provisions Relating to Share Transfers 203 24 Deal Management Terms 219 Index 229

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Book SynopsisThe thoroughly revised and updated second edition of Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering features new standards, developments and applications. It addresses not only recent developments in UWB communication systems, but also related IEEE standards such as IEEE 802. 15 wireless personal area network (WPAN).Trade Review"Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering is a well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek to introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, September 2008) "Well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek an introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Magazine, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxix Introduction 1 I.1 Ultra wideband overview 1 I.2 A note on terminology 2 I.3 Historical development of UWB 2 I.4 UWB regulation overview 3 I.4.1 Basic definitions and rules 4 I.5 Key benefits of UWB 5 I.6 UWB and Shannon’s theory 6 I.7 Challenges for UWB 7 I.8 Summary 7 1 Basic properties of UWB signals and systems 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Power spectral density 10 1.3 Pulse shape 11 1.4 Pulse trains 14 1.5 Spectral masks 16 1.6 Multipath 17 1.7 Penetration characteristics 20 1.8 Spatial and spectral capacities 20 1.9 Speed of data transmission 21 1.10 Cost 22 1.11 Size 22 1.12 Power consumption 23 1.13 Summary 23 2 Generation of UWB waveforms 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Damped sine waves 26 2.2 Gaussian waveforms 28 2.3 Designing waveforms for specific spectral masks 31 2.3.1 Introduction 32 2.3.2 Multiband modulation 33 2.4 Practical constraints and effects of imperfections 39 2.5 Summary 40 3 Signal-processing techniques for UWB systems 43 3.1 The effects of a lossy medium on a UWB transmitted signal 43 3.2 Time domain analysis 46 3.2.1 Classification of signals 46 3.2.2 Some useful functions 48 3.2.3 Some useful operations 51 3.2.4 Classification of systems 54 3.2.5 Impulse response 57 3.2.6 Distortionless transmission 57 3.3 Frequency domain techniques 57 3.3.1 Fourier transforms 57 3.3.2 Frequency response approaches 58 3.3.3 Transfer function 60 3.3.4 Laplace transform 63 3.3.5 z-transform 64 3.3.6 The relationship between the Laplace transform, the Fourier transform, and the z-transform 67 3.4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms 68 3.5 Detection and amplification 71 3.6 Summary 72 4 UWB channel modeling 75 4.1 A simplified UWB multipath channel model 76 4.1.1 Number of resolvable multipath components 78 4.1.2 Multipath delay spread 78 4.1.3 Multipath intensity profile 79 4.1.4 Multipath amplitude-fading distribution 80 4.1.5 Multipath arrival times 81 4.2 Path loss model 83 4.2.1 Free space loss 83 4.2.2 Refraction 84 4.2.3 Reflection 84 4.2.4 Diffraction 85 4.2.5 Wave clutter 85 4.2.6 Aperture–medium coupling loss 85 4.2.7 Absorption 85 4.2.8 Example of free space path loss model 85 4.3 Two-ray UWB propagation model 87 4.3.1 Two-ray path loss 88 4.3.2 Two-ray path loss model 91 4.3.3 Impact of path loss frequency selectivity on UWB transmission 93 4.4 Frequency domain autoregressive model 96 4.4.1 Poles of the AR model 99 4.5 IEEE proposals for UWB channel models 100 4.5.1 An analytical description of the IEEE UWB indoor channel model 101 4.6 Summary 106 5 UWB communications 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 UWB modulation methods 110 5.2.1 PPM 111 5.2.2 BPM 112 5.3 Other modulation methods 113 5.3.1 OPM 115 5.3.2 PAM 115 5.3.3 OOK 116 5.3.4 Summary of UWB modulation methods 116 5.4 Pulse trains 116 5.4.1 Gaussian pulse train 117 5.4.2 PN channel coding 117 5.4.3 Time-hopping PPM UWB system 119 5.5 UWB transmitter 120 5.6 UWB receiver 121 5.6.1 Detection 122 5.6.2 Pulse integration 123 5.6.3 Tracking 123 5.6.4 Rake receivers 123 5.7 Multiple access techniques in UWB 123 5.7.1 Frequency division multiple access UWB 124 5.7.2 Time division multiple access 124 5.7.3 Code division multiple access 124 5.7.4 Orthogonal pulse multiple access system 124 5.8 Capacity of UWB systems 125 5.9 Comparison of UWB with other wideband communication systems 128 5.9.1 CDMA 130 5.9.2 Comparison of UWB with DSSS and FHSS 130 5.9.3 OFDM 133 5.10 Interference and coexistence of UWB with other systems 136 5.10.1 WLANs 137 5.10.2 Bluetooth 139 5.10.3 GPS 140 5.10.4 Cellular systems 141 5.10.5 Wi-Max 141 5.10.6 The effect of narrowband interference on UWB systems 143 5.11 Summary 146 6 Advanced UWB pulse generation 149 6.1 Hermite pulses 149 6.1.1 Hermite polynomials 150 6.1.2 Orthogonal modified Hermite pulses 151 6.1.3 Modulated and modified Hermite pulses 154 6.2 Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions 156 6.2.1 Introduction 157 6.2.2 Fundamentals of PSWFs 158 6.2.3 PSWF pulse generator 161 6.3 Wavelet packets in UWB PSM 166 6.3.1 PSM system model 168 6.3.2 Receiver structure 169 6.4 Summary 170 7 UWB antennas and arrays 173 7.1 Antenna fundamentals 174 7.1.1 Maxwell’s equations for free space 174 7.1.2 Wavelength 176 7.1.3 Antenna duality 176 7.1.4 Impedance matching 176 7.1.5 Voltage standing wave ratio and reflected power 177 7.1.6 Antenna bandwidth 177 7.1.7 Directivity and gain 177 7.1.8 Antenna field regions 178 7.1.9 Antenna directional pattern 178 7.1.10 Beamwidth 180 7.2 Antenna radiation for UWB signals 180 7.2.1 Dispersion due to near-field effects 183 7.3 Suitability of conventional antennas for the UWB system 184 7.3.1 Resonant antennas 184 7.3.2 Nonresonant antennas 187 7.3.3 Difficulties with UWB antenna design 187 7.4 Impulse antennas 188 7.4.1 Conical antenna 188 7.4.2 Monopole antenna 189 7.4.3 D-dot probe antenna 190 7.4.4 TEM horn antenna 190 7.4.5 Small-size UWB antenna 191 7.4.6 Conclusion 192 7.5 Beamforming for UWB signals 192 7.5.1 Basic concepts 193 7.5.2 A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array 194 7.6 Radar UWB array systems 201 7.7 Summary 202 8 Position and location with UWB signals 205 8.1 Wireless positioning and location 205 8.1.1 Types of wireless positioning systems 206 8.1.2 Wireless distance measurement 206 8.1.3 Microwave positioning systems 207 8.2 GPS techniques 210 8.2.1 Differential GPS (DGPS) 211 8.2.2 GPS tracking modes 211 8.2.3 GPS error sources 212 8.3 Positioning techniques 213 8.3.1 Introduction 213 8.3.2 Network-based techniques 213 8.3.3 Handset-based techniques 218 8.3.4 Hybrid techniques 220 8.3.5 Other techniques 220 8.4 Time resolution issues 221 8.4.1 Narrowband systems 221 8.4.2 Wideband systems 221 8.4.3 Super-resolution techniques 222 8.4.4 UWB systems 225 8.5 UWB positioning and communications 227 8.5.1 Potential user scenarios 227 8.5.2 Potential applications 227 8.6 Summary 228 9 Applications using UWB systems 231 9.1 Military applications 231 9.1.1 Precision asset location system 232 9.2 Commercial applications 233 9.2.1 Time Domain 234 9.2.2 XtremeSpectrum 236 9.2.3 Intel Corporation 236 9.2.4 Motorola 237 9.2.5 Freescale 237 9.2.6 Communication Research Laboratory 238 9.2.7 General atomics 238 9.2.8 Wisair 239 9.2.9 Artimi 239 9.2.10 Ubisense 240 9.2.11 Home networking and home electronics 240 9.2.12 PAL system 242 9.3 UWB potentials in medicine 243 9.3.1 Fundamentals of medical UWB radar 246 9.3.2 UWB radar for remote monitoring of patient’s vital activities 246 9.3.3 UWB respiratory monitoring system 247 9.4 Summary 249 10 UWB communication standards 251 10.1 UWB standardization in wireless personal area networks 251 10.1.1 WPAN standardization overview 252 10.1.2 IEEE 802.15.3a 253 10.1.3 IEEE 802.15.4a 255 10.2 DS-UWB proposal 255 10.2.1 DS-UWB operating bands 256 10.2.2 Advantages of DS-UWB 258 10.3 MB-OFDM UWB proposal 258 10.3.1 Frequency band allocation 259 10.3.2 Channelization 260 10.3.3 Advantages of MB-OFDM UWB 261 10.4 A short comment on the term ‘impulse radio’ 261 10.5 Summary 262 11 Advanced topics in UWB communication systems 263 11.1 UWB ad-hoc networks 263 11.1.1 Introduction 263 11.1.2 Applications of an UWB ad-hoc network 264 11.1.3 Technologies involved in UWB ad-hoc networks 264 11.2 UWB sensor networks 267 11.3 Multiple inputs multiple outputs and space-time coding for UWB systems 270 11.4 Self-interference in high-data-rate UWB communications 271 11.5 Coexistence of DS-UWB with Wi-Max 275 11.5.1 Interference thresholds 276 11.5.2 UWB signal model 278 11.5.3 Interference model 279 11.5.4 Interference scenario 281 11.5.5 Some numerical results 281 11.5.6 Conclusion 282 11.6 Vehicular radars in the 22–29 GHz band 283 11.6.1 Environment sensing for vehicular radar 284 11.7 Summary 286 References 287 Index 297

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Book SynopsisWiMAX: Technology for Broadband Wireless Access is aimed at readers with basic technical knowledge in the telecommunications field. This is a technical introduction to WiMAX, explaining the rather complex standards (IEEE 802. 16-2004 and 802. 16e).Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations List xvii Part One Global Introduction to wIMAX 1 1 Introduction to Broadband Wireless Access 3 1.1 The Need for wireless Data Transmission 3 1.2 Wireless Networks and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 4 1.3 Application of BWA 8 1.4 History of BWA Technologies 11 2 WiMAX Genesis and Framework 13 2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standard 13 2.2 WiMAX Forum 15 2.3 WiMAX Products Certification 16 2.4 Predicted Products and Deployment Evolution 19 2.5 Other 802.16 Standards 20 2.6 The Korean Cousin: WiBro 21 3 Protocol Layers and Topologies 23 3.1 The Protocol Layers of WiMAX 23 3.2 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 25 3.3 Medium Access Control Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) 25 3.4 Security Sublayer 25 3.5 PHYsical Layer 26 3.6 Network Management Reference Model 28 3.7 WiMAX Topologies 28 4 Frequency Utilisation and System Profiles 31 4.1 The Cellular Concept 31 4.2 Licensed and Unlicensed Frequencies 36 4.3 WiMAX Frequencies, Regulations and Availability 38 4.4 WiMAX System Profiles 41 Part Two WiMAX Physical Layer 43 5 Digital Modulation, OFDM, and OFDMA 45 5.1 Digital Modulations 45 5.2 OFDM Transmission 47 5.3 OFDMA and Its Variant SOFDMA 53 5.4 Subcarrier Permutations in WiMAX OFDMA PHY 57 6 The Physical Layer of WiMAX 69 6.1 The 802.16 Physical Transmission Chains 69 6.2 Channel Coding 69 6.3 Turbo Coding 74 6.4 Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TCS) 77 6.5 Burst Profile 78 Part Three WiMAX Multiple Access (MAC Layer) and QoS Management 81 7 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 83 7.1 CS in 802.16 Protocol Architecture 83 7.2 Connections and Service Flow 83 7.3 Classifications and Mapping 88 7.4 CS and QoS 90 7.5 Payload Header Suppression (PHS) 90 8 MAC Functions and MAC Frames 95 8.1 Introduction 95 8.2 MAC Addresses and MAC Frames 95 8.3 Fragmentation, Packing and Concatenation 100 8.4 Basic, Primary and Secondary Management Connections 102 8.5 User Data and MAC Management Messages 105 8.6 TLV Encoding in the 802.16 Standard 8.6.1 TLV Encoding Sets 106 8.7 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 106 8.8 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 110 9 Multiple Access and Burst Profile Description 113 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Duplexing: Both FDD and TDD are Possible 113 9.3 Transmission of Downlink and Uplink Subframes 115 9.4 Maps of Multiple Access: DL-MAP and UL-MAP 121 9.5 Burst Profile Usage: DCD Message and the DIUC Indicator 125 9.6 Mesh Frame 134 10 Uplink Bandwidth Allocation and Request Mechanisms 137 10.1 Downlink and Uplink Allocation of Bandwidth 137 10.2 Types of Uplink Access Grant-request 138 10.3 Uplink Access Grant-request Mechanisms 140 10.4 Contention-based Focused Bandwidth Request in OFDM PHY 150 10.5 Contention-based CDMA Bandwidth Request in OFDMA PHY 153 11 Network Entry and Quality of Service (QoS) Management 155 11.1 Ranging 155 11.2 Link Adaptation 161 11.3 The Five Scheduling Services or QoS Classes 163 11.4 Scheduling and deployment of Services Over WiMAX 167 11.5 Dynamic Service Addition and Change 170 11.6 Network Entry 175 Part Four Diverse Topics 183 12 Efficient Use of Radio Resources 185 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Radio Engineering Consideration for WiMAX Systems 186 12.3 Radio Resource Management Procedures 189 12.4 Advanced Antenna Technologies in WiMAX 194 12.5 Multicast Broadcast Services (MBS) 204 13 WiMAX Architecture 207 13.1 The Need for a Standardized WiMAX Architecture 207 13.2 Network Reference Model 209 13.3 Network Functionalities 215 14 Mobility, Handover and Power-Save Modes 219 14.1 Handover Considerations 219 14.2 Network Topology Acquisition 220 14.3 The Handover Process 222 14.4 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 225 14.5 Power-Save Modes 227 15 Security 231 15.1 Security Elements Used in the 802.16 Standard 231 15.2 Authentication and the PKM Protocol 235 15.3 Data Encryption 242 15.4 Message Authentication with HMAC 248 15.5 Other Security Issues 250 16 Comparisons and Conclusion 251 16.1 Comparison Between Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX 251 16.2 Comparison Between WiMAX and WiFi 252 16.3 Comparison Between WiMAX and 3G 253 16.4 Final Thoughts and Conclusion 254 Annex A: The Different Sets of MAC Management Messages 255 Annex B: Example of a Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) Message 265 References 273 Index 277

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Book SynopsisOne of the most important key technologies for digital communication systems as well as storage media is coding theory. It provides a means to transmit information across time and space over noisy and unreliable communication channels.Trade Review"This text provides a unified framework for presenting coding-theory algorithms, signal-processing architectures, and accompanying applications." (Computing Reviews, June 16, 2008) "This book should provide a concise overview of channel coding and applications." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Communication Systems. 1.2 Information Theory. 1.2.1 Entropy. 1.2.2 Channel Capacity. 1.2.3 Binary Symmetric Channel. 1.2.4 AWGN Channel. 1.3 A Simple Channel Code. 2 Algebraic Coding Theory. 2.1 Fundamentals of Block Codes. 2.1.1 Code Parameters. 2.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding. 2.1.3 Binary Symmetric Channel. 2.1.4 Error Detection and Error Correction. 2.2 Linear Block Codes. 2.2.1 Definition of Linear Block Codes. 2.2.2 Generator Matrix. 2.2.3 Parity Check Matrix. 2.2.4 Syndrome and Cosets. 2.2.5 Dual Code. 2.2.6 Bounds for Linear Block Codes. 2.2.7 Code Constructions. 2.2.8 Examples of Linear Block Codes. 2.3 Cyclic Codes. 2.3.1 Definition of Cyclic Codes. 2.3.2 Generator Polynomial. 2.3.3 Parity Check Polynomial. 2.3.4 Dual Codes. 2.3.5 Linear Feedback Shift Registers. 2.3.6 BCH Codes. 2.3.7 Reed-Solomon Codes. 2.3.8 Algebraic Decoding Algorithm. 2.4 Summary. 3 Convolutional Codes. 3.1 Encoding of Convolutional Codes. 3.1.1 Convolutional Encoder. 3.1.2 Generator Matrix in Time-Domain. 3.1.3 State Diagram of a Convolutional Encoder. 3.1.4 Code Termination. 3.1.5 Puncturing. 3.1.6 Generator Matrix in D-Domain. 3.1.7 Encoder Properties. 3.2 Trellis Diagram and Viterbi’s Algorithm. 3.2.1 Minimum Distance Decoding. 3.2.2 Trellises. 3.2.3 Viterbi Algorithm. 3.3 Distance Properties and Error Bounds. 3.3.1 Free Distance. 3.3.2 Active Distances. 3.3.3 Weight Enumerators for Terminated Codes. 3.3.4 Path Enumerators. 3.3.5 Pairwise Error Probability. 3.3.6 Viterbi Bound. 3.4 Soft Input Decoding. 3.4.1 Euclidean Metric. 3.4.2 Support of Punctured Codes. 3.4.3 Implementation Issues. 3.5 Soft Output Decoding. 3.5.1 Derivation of APP Decoding. 3.5.2 APP Decoding in the Log-Domain. 3.6 Convolutional Coding in Mobile Communications. 3.6.1 Coding of Speech Data. 3.6.2 Hybrid ARQ. 3.6.3 EGPRS Modulation and Coding. 3.6.4 Retransmission Mechanism. 3.6.5 Link Adaptation. 3.6.6 Incremental Redundancy. 3.7 Summary. 4 Turbo Codes. 4.1 LDPC Codes. 4.1.1 Codes Based on Sparse Graphs. 4.1.2 Decoding for the Binary Erasure Channel. 4.1.3 Log-Likelihood Algebra. 4.1.4 Belief Propagation. 4.2 A First Encounter with Code Concatenation. 4.2.1 Product Codes. 4.2.2 Iterative Decoding of Product Codes. 4.3 Concatenated Convolutional Codes. 4.3.1 Parallel Concatenation. 4.3.2 The UMTS Turbo Code. 4.3.3 Serial Concatenation. 4.3.4 Partial Concatenation. 4.3.5 Turbo Decoding. 4.4 EXIT Charts. 4.4.1 Calculating an EXIT Chart. 4.4.2 Interpretation. 4.5 Weight Distribution. 4.5.1 Partial Weights. 4.5.2 ExpectedWeight Distribution. 4.6 Woven Convolutional Codes. 4.6.1 Encoding Schemes. 4.6.2 Distance Properties of Woven Codes. 4.6.3 Woven Turbo Codes. 4.6.4 Interleaver Design. 4.7 Summary. 5 Space-Time Codes. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Digital Modulation Schemes. 5.1.2 Diversity. 5.2 Spatial Channels. 5.2.1 Basic Description. 5.2.2 Spatial Channel Models. 5.2.3 Channel Estimation. 5.3 Performance Measures. 5.3.1 Channel Capacity. 5.3.2 Outage Probability and Outage Capacity. 5.3.3 Ergodic Error Probability. 5.4 Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes. 5.4.1 Alamouti’s Scheme. 5.4.2 Extension to more than two Transmit Antennas. 5.4.3 Simulation Results. 5.5 Spatial Multiplexing. 5.5.1 General Concept. 5.5.2 Iterative APP Preprocessing and Per-Layer Decoding. 5.5.3 Linear Multi-Layer Detection. 5.5.4 Original Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) Detection. 5.5.5 QL Decomposition and Interference Cancellation. 5.5.6 Performance of Multi-Layer Detection Schemes. 5.5.7 Unified Description by Linear Dispersion Codes. 5.6 Summary. A. Algebraic Structures. A.1 Groups, Rings and Finite Fields. A.1.1 Groups. A.1.2 Rings. A.1.3 Finite Fields. A.2 Vector Spaces. A.3 Polynomials and Extension Fields. A.4 Discrete Fourier Transform. B. Linear Algebra. C. Acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisJason is an Open Source interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak a logic-based agent-oriented programming language written in Java. It enables users to build complex multi-agent systems that are capable of operating in environments previously considered too unpredictable for computers to handle. Jason is easily customisable and is suitable for the implementation of reactive planning systems according to the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture. Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jasonprovides a brief introduction to multi-agent systems and the BDI agent architecture on which AgentSpeak is based. The authors explain Jason's AgentSpeak variant and provide a comprehensive, practical guide to using Jason to program multi-agent systems. Some of the examples include diagrams generated using an agent-oriented software engineering methodology particularly suited for implementation using BDI-based programming languages. ThTrade Review"This essential guide to ArgentSpeak and Jason will be invaluable to senior undergraduate and post-graduate students." (Zentralblatt Math 1132, August 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Autonomous Agents. 1.2 Characteristics of Agents. 1.3 Multi-Agent Systems. 1.4 Hello World! 2 The BDI Agent Model. 2.1 Agent-Oriented Programming. 2.2 Practical Reasoning. 2.3 A Computational Model of BDI Practical Reasoning. 2.4 The Procedural Reasoning System. 2.5 Agent Communication. 3 The Jason Agent Programming Language. 3.1 Beliefs. 3.2 Goals. 3.3 Plans. 3.4 Example: A Complete Agent Program. 3.5 Exercises. 4 Jason Interpreter. 4.1 The Reasoning Cycle. 4.2 Plan Failure. 4.3 Interpreter Configuration and Execution Modes. 4.4 Pre-Defined Plan Annotations. 4.5 Exercises. 5 Environments. 5.1 Support for Defining Simulated Environments. 5.2 Example: Running a System of Multiple Situated Agents. 5.3 Exercises. 6 Communication and Interaction. 6.1 Available Performatives. 6.2 Informal Semantics of Receiving Messages. 6.3 Example: Contract Net Protocol. 6.4 Exercises. 7 User-Defined Components. 7.1 Defining New Internal Actions. 7.2 Customising the Agent Class. 7.3 Customising the Overall Architecture. 7.4 Customising the Belief Base. 7.5 Pre-Processing Directives. 7.6 Exercises. 8 Advanced Goal-Based Programming. 8.1 BDI Programming. 8.2 Declarative (Achievement) Goal Patterns. 8.3 Commitment Strategy Patterns. 8.4 Other Useful Patterns. 8.5 Pre-Processing Directives for Plan Patterns. 9 Case Studies. 9.1 Case Study I: Gold Miners. 9.2 Case Study II: Electronic Bookstore. 10 Formal Semantics. 10.1 Semantic Rules. 10.2 Semantics of Message Exchange in a Multi-Agent System. 10.3 Semantic Rules for Receiving Messages. 10.4 Semantics of the BDI Modalities for AgentSpeak. 11 Conclusions. 11.1 Jason and Agent-Oriented Programming. 11.2 Ongoing Work and Related Research. 11.3 General Advice on Programming Style and Practice. A Reference Guide. A.1 EBNF for the Agent Language. A.2 EBNF for the Multi-Agent Systems Language. A.3 Standard Internal Actions. A.4 Pre-Defined Annotations. A.5 Pre-Processing Directives. A.6 Interpreter Configuration. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisRapid advances in electronic and optical technology have enabled the implementation of powerful error-control codes, which are now used in almost the entire range of information systems with close to optimal performance.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Symbols xvii Abbreviations xxv 1 Information and Coding Theory 1 1.1 Information 3 1.1.1 A Measure of Information 3 1.2 Entropy and Information Rate 4 1.3 Extended DMSs 9 1.4 Channels and Mutual Information 10 1.4.1 Information Transmission over Discrete Channels 10 1.4.2 Information Channels 10 1.5 Channel Probability Relationships 13 1.6 The A Priori and A Posteriori Entropies 15 1.7 Mutual Information 16 1.7.1 Mutual Information: Definition 16 1.7.2 Mutual Information: Properties 17 1.8 Capacity of a Discrete Channel 21 1.9 The Shannon Theorems 22 1.9.1 Source Coding Theorem 22 1.9.2 Channel Capacity and Coding 23 1.9.3 Channel Coding Theorem 25 1.10 Signal Spaces and the Channel Coding Theorem 27 1.10.1 Capacity of the Gaussian Channel 28 1.11 Error-Control Coding 32 1.12 Limits to Communication and their Consequences 34 Bibliography and References 38 Problems 38 2 Block Codes 41 2.1 Error-Control Coding 41 2.2 Error Detection and Correction 41 2.2.1 Simple Codes: The Repetition Code 42 2.3 Block Codes: Introduction and Parameters 43 2.4 The Vector Space over the Binary Field 44 2.4.1 Vector Subspaces 46 2.4.2 Dual Subspace 48 2.4.3 Matrix Form 48 2.4.4 Dual Subspace Matrix 49 2.5 Linear Block Codes 50 2.5.1 Generator Matrix G 51 2.5.2 Block Codes in Systematic Form 52 2.5.3 Parity Check Matrix H 54 2.6 Syndrome Error Detection 55 2.7 Minimum Distance of a Block Code 58 2.7.1 Minimum Distance and the Structure of the H Matrix 58 2.8 Error-Correction Capability of a Block Code 59 2.9 Syndrome Detection and the Standard Array 61 2.10 Hamming Codes 64 2.11 Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat ReQuest 65 2.11.1 Forward Error Correction 65 2.11.2 Automatic Repeat ReQuest 68 2.11.3 ARQ Schemes 69 2.11.4 ARQ Scheme Efficiencies 71 2.11.5 Hybrid-ARQ Schemes 72 Bibliography and References 76 Problems 77 3 Cyclic Codes 81 3.1 Description 81 3.2 Polynomial Representation of Codewords 81 3.3 Generator Polynomial of a Cyclic Code 83 3.4 Cyclic Codes in Systematic Form 85 3.5 Generator Matrix of a Cyclic Code 87 3.6 Syndrome Calculation and Error Detection 89 3.7 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 90 3.8 An Application Example: Cyclic Redundancy Check Code for the Ethernet Standard 92 Bibliography and References 93 Problems 94 4 BCH Codes 97 4.1 Introduction: The Minimal Polynomial 97 4.2 Description of BCH Cyclic Codes 99 4.2.1 Bounds on the Error-Correction Capability of a BCH Code: The Vandermonde Determinant 102 4.3 Decoding of BCH Codes 104 4.4 Error-Location and Error-Evaluation Polynomials 105 4.5 The Key Equation 107 4.6 Decoding of Binary BCH Codes Using the Euclidean Algorithm 108 4.6.1 The Euclidean Algorithm 108 Bibliography and References 112 Problems 112 5 Reed–Solomon Codes 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Error-Correction Capability of RS Codes: The Vandermonde Determinant 117 5.3 RS Codes in Systematic Form 119 5.4 Syndrome Decoding of RS Codes 120 5.5 The Euclidean Algorithm: Error-Location and Error-Evaluation Polynomials 122 5.6 Decoding of RS Codes Using the Euclidean Algorithm 125 5.6.1 Steps of the Euclidean Algorithm 127 5.7 Decoding of RS and BCH Codes Using the Berlekamp–Massey Algorithm 128 5.7.1 B–M Iterative Algorithm for Finding the Error-Location Polynomial 130 5.7.2 B–M Decoding of RS Codes 133 5.7.3 Relationship Between the Error-Location Polynomials of the Euclidean and B–M Algorithms 136 5.8 A Practical Application: Error-Control Coding for the Compact Disk 136 5.8.1 Compact Disk Characteristics 136 5.8.2 Channel Characteristics 138 5.8.3 Coding Procedure 138 5.9 Encoding for RS codes CRS(28, 24), CRS(32, 28) and CRS(255, 251) 139 5.10 Decoding of RS Codes CRS(28, 24) and CRS(32, 28) 142 5.10.1 B–M Decoding 142 5.10.2 Alternative Decoding Methods 145 5.10.3 Direct Solution of Syndrome Equations 146 5.11 Importance of Interleaving 148 Bibliography and References 152 Problems 153 6 Convolutional Codes 157 6.1 Linear Sequential Circuits 158 6.2 Convolutional Codes and Encoders 158 6.3 Description in the D-Transform Domain 161 6.4 Convolutional Encoder Representations 166 6.4.1 Representation of Connections 166 6.4.2 State Diagram Representation 166 6.4.3 Trellis Representation 168 6.5 Convolutional Codes in Systematic Form 168 6.6 General Structure of Finite Impulse Response and Infinite Impulse Response FSSMs 170 6.6.1 Finite Impulse Response FSSMs 170 6.6.2 Infinite Impulse Response FSSMs 171 6.7 State Transfer Function Matrix: Calculation of the Transfer Function 172 6.7.1 State Transfer Function for FIR FSSMs 172 6.7.2 State Transfer Function for IIR FSSMs 173 6.8 Relationship Between the Systematic and the Non-Systematic Forms 175 6.9 Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes 177 6.10 Minimum Free Distance of a Convolutional Code 180 6.11 Maximum Likelihood Detection 181 6.12 Decoding of Convolutional Codes: The Viterbi Algorithm 182 6.13 Extended and Modified State Diagram 185 6.14 Error Probability Analysis for Convolutional Codes 186 6.15 Hard and Soft Decisions 189 6.15.1 Maximum Likelihood Criterion for the Gaussian Channel 192 6.15.2 Bounds for Soft-Decision Detection 194 6.15.3 An Example of Soft-Decision Decoding of Convolutional Codes 196 6.16 Punctured Convolutional Codes and Rate-Compatible Schemes 200 Bibliography and References 203 Problems 205 7 Turbo Codes 209 7.1 A Turbo Encoder 210 7.2 Decoding of Turbo Codes 211 7.2.1 The Turbo Decoder 211 7.2.2 Probabilities and Estimates 212 7.2.3 Symbol Detection 213 7.2.4 The Log Likelihood Ratio 214 7.3 Markov Sources and Discrete Channels 215 7.4 The BCJR Algorithm: Trellis Coding and Discrete Memoryless Channels 218 7.5 Iterative Coefficient Calculation 221 7.6 The BCJR MAP Algorithm and the LLR 234 7.6.1 The BCJR MAP Algorithm: LLR Calculation 235 7.6.2 Calculation of Coefficients γi (u_, u) 236 7.7 Turbo Decoding 239 7.7.1 Initial Conditions of Coefficients αi−1(u_) and βi (u) 248 7.8 Construction Methods for Turbo Codes 249 7.8.1 Interleavers 249 7.8.2 Block Interleavers 250 7.8.3 Convolutional Interleavers 250 7.8.4 Random Interleavers 251 7.8.5 Linear Interleavers 253 7.8.6 Code Concatenation Methods 253 7.8.7 Turbo Code Performance as a Function of Size and Type of Interleaver 257 7.9 Other Decoding Algorithms for Turbo Codes 257 7.10 EXIT Charts for Turbo Codes 257 7.10.1 Introduction to EXIT Charts 258 7.10.2 Construction of the EXIT Chart 259 7.10.3 Extrinsic Transfer Characteristics of the Constituent Decoders 261 Bibliography and References 269 Problems 271 8 Low-Density Parity Check Codes 277 8.1 Different Systematic Forms of a Block Code 278 8.2 Description of LDPC Codes 279 8.3 Construction of LDPC Codes 280 8.3.1 Regular LDPC Codes 280 8.3.2 Irregular LDPC Codes 281 8.3.3 Decoding of LDPC Codes: The Tanner Graph 281 8.4 The Sum–Product Algorithm 282 8.5 Sum–Product Algorithm for LDPC Codes: An Example 284 8.6 Simplifications of the Sum–Product Algorithm 297 8.7 A Logarithmic LDPC Decoder 302 8.7.1 Initialization 302 8.7.2 Horizontal Step 302 8.7.3 Vertical Step 304 8.7.4 Summary of the Logarithmic Decoding Algorithm 305 8.7.5 Construction of the Look-up Tables 306 8.8 Extrinsic Information Transfer Charts for LDPC Codes 306 8.8.1 Introduction 306 8.8.2 Iterative Decoding of Block Codes 310 8.8.3 EXIT Chart Construction for LDPC Codes 312 8.8.4 Mutual Information Function 312 8.8.5 EXIT Chart for the SND 314 8.8.6 EXIT Chart for the PCND 315 8.9 Fountain and LT Codes 317 8.9.1 Introduction 317 8.9.2 Fountain Codes 318 8.9.3 Linear Random Codes 318 8.9.4 Luby Transform Codes 320 8.10 LDPC and Turbo Codes 322 Bibliography and References 323 Problems 324 Appendix A: Error Probability in the Transmission of Digital Signals 327 Appendix B: Galois Fields GF(q) 339 Answers to Problems 351 Index 357

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Book SynopsisUncertain Judgments Eliciting Experts' Probabilities presents a range of tried and tested elicitation methods to enable statisticians to get make the most of expert opinion. An elicitation method forms a bridge between an expert's opinion and an expression of these points in a statistically useful form.Trade Review“This book, written by a group of expert statisticians and psychologists, provides an introduction to the subject and a detailed overview of the existing literature. The book guides the reader through the design of an elicitation method and details examples from a cross section of literature in the statistics, psychology, engineering and health sciences disciplines.” (Zentralblatt Math, 1 August 2013) "This is an interesting, well-written book that will be valuable to any decision maker who much rely on expert judgments, any statistician who uses Bayesian statistics, and any researcher who wishes to understand the field of elicitation." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 2009) "This book provides an excellent introduction and working reference to the subject of its title and should be an invaluable aid to producers and consumers of expert opinion." (Biometrics, September 2008) "I recommend 'Uncertain Judgements' as an excellent source for a wide variety of research." (Psychometrika, March 2008) “…will be of interest to those who are concerned with or interested primarily in the practicalities of modeling expert judgement and opinion.” (International Journal of Marketing, January 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Fundamentals of Probability and Judgement 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Probability and elicitation 1 1.2.1 Probability 1 1.2.2 Random variables and probability distributions 3 1.2.3 Summaries of distributions 5 1.2.4 Joint distributions 7 1.2.5 Bayes’ Theorem 8 1.2.6 Elicitation 9 1.3 Uncertainty and the interpretation of probability 10 1.3.1 Aleatory and epistemic uncertainty 10 1.3.2 Frequency and personal probabilities 11 1.3.3 An extended example 12 1.3.4 Implications for elicitation 14 1.4 Elicitation and the psychology of judgement 14 1.4.1 Judgement – absolute or relative? 15 1.4.2 Beyond perception 18 1.4.3 Implications for elicitation 20 1.5 Of what use are such judgements? 20 1.5.1 Normative theories of probability 21 1.5.2 Coherence 21 1.5.3 Do elicited probabilities have the desired interpretation? 22 1.6 Conclusions 24 1.6.1 Elicitation practice 24 1.6.2 Research questions 24 2 The Elicitation Context 25 2.1 How and who? 25 2.1.1 Choice of format 25 2.1.2 What is an expert? 26 2.2 The elicitation process 27 2.2.1 Roles within the elicitation process 28 2.2.2 A model for the elicitation process 28 2.3 Conventions in Chapters 3 to 9 31 2.4 Conclusions 31 2.4.1 Elicitation practice 31 2.4.2 Research question 31 3 The Psychology of Judgement Under Uncertainty 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Why psychology? 33 3.1.2 Chapter overview 34 3.2 Understanding the task and the expert 35 3.2.1 Cognitive capabilities: the proper view of human information processing? 35 3.2.2 Constructive processes: the proper view of the process? 36 3.3 Understanding research on human judgement 37 3.3.1 Experts versus the rest: the proper focus of research? 37 3.3.2 Early research on subjective probability: ‘conservatism’ in Bayesian probability revision 38 3.4 The heuristics and biases research programme 38 3.4.1 Availability 39 3.4.2 Representativeness 41 3.4.3 Do frequency representations remove the biases attributed to availability and representativeness? 46 3.4.4 Anchoring-and-adjusting 47 3.4.5 Support theory 49 3.4.6 The affect heuristic 51 3.4.7 Critique of the heuristics and biases approach 52 3.5 Experts and expertise 52 3.5.1 The heuristics and biases approach 53 3.5.2 The cognitive science approach 53 3.5.3 ‘The middle way’ 54 3.6 Three meta-theories of judgement 55 3.6.1 The cognitive continuum 56 3.6.2 The inside versus the outside view 56 3.6.3 The naive intuitive statistician metaphor 58 3.7 Conclusions 58 3.7.1 Elicitation practice 58 3.7.2 Research questions 59 4 The Elicitation of Probabilities 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 The calibration of subjective probabilities 62 4.2.1 Research methods in calibration research 67 4.2.2 Calibration research: general findings 68 4.2.3 Calibration research in applied settings 72 4.2.4 A case study in probability judgement: calibration research in medicine 74 4.3 The calibration of subjective probabilities: theories and explanations 77 4.3.1 Explanations of probability judgement in calibration tasks 77 4.3.2 Theories of the calibration of subjective probabilities 79 4.4 Representations and methods 82 4.4.1 Different modes for representing uncertainty 83 4.4.2 Different formats for eliciting responses 87 4.4.3 Key lessons 89 4.5 Debiasing 89 4.5.1 General principles for debiasing judgement 90 4.5.2 Managing noise 91 4.5.3 Redressing insufficient regressiveness in prediction 92 4.5.4 A caveat concerning post hoc corrections 94 4.6 Conclusions 95 4.6.1 Elicitation practice 95 4.6.2 Research questions 95 5 Eliciting Distributions – General 97 5.1 From probabilities to distributions 97 5.1.1 From a few to infinity 98 5.1.2 Summaries 99 5.1.3 Fitting 100 5.1.4 Overview 100 5.2 Eliciting univariate distributions 100 5.2.1 Summaries based on probabilities 100 5.2.2 Proportions 104 5.2.3 Other summaries 105 5.3 Eliciting multivariate distributions 107 5.3.1 Structuring 107 5.3.2 Eliciting association 108 5.3.3 Joint and conditional probabilities 111 5.3.4 Regression 112 5.3.5 Many variables 113 5.4 Uncertainty and imprecision 114 5.4.1 Quantifying elicitation error 114 5.4.2 Sensitivity analysis 115 5.4.3 Feedback and overfitting 116 5.5 Conclusions 118 5.5.1 Elicitation practice 118 5.5.2 Research questions 119 6 Eliciting and Fitting a Parametric Distribution 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Outline of this chapter 122 6.3 Eliciting opinion about a proportion 124 6.4 Eliciting opinion about a general scalar quantity 132 6.5 Eliciting opinion about a set of proportions 137 6.6 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a multivariate normal distribution 139 6.7 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a linear regression model 142 6.8 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a generalised linear model 145 6.9 Elicitation methods for other problems 147 6.10 Deficiencies in existing research 149 6.11 Conclusions 150 6.11.1 Elicitation practice 150 6.11.2 Research questions 151 7 Eliciting Distributions – Uncertainty and Imprecision 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Imprecise probabilities 153 7.3 Incomplete information 156 7.4 Summary 160 7.5 Conclusions 160 7.5.1 Elicitation practice 160 7.5.2 Research questions 160 8 Evaluating Elicitation 161 8.1 Introduction 161 8.1.1 Good elicitation 161 8.1.2 Inaccurate knowledge 161 8.1.3 Automatic calibration 162 8.1.4 Lessons of the psychological literature 163 8.1.5 Outline of this chapter 163 8.2 Scoring rules 163 8.2.1 Scoring rules for discrete probability distributions 165 8.2.2 Scoring rules for continuous probability distributions 169 8.3 Coherence, feedback and overfitting 171 8.3.1 Coherence and calibration 171 8.3.2 Feedback and overfitting 173 8.4 Conclusions 176 8.4.1 Elicitation practice 176 8.4.2 Research questions 177 9 Multiple Experts 179 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Mathematical aggregation 180 9.2.1 Bayesian methods 180 9.2.2 Opinion pooling 181 9.2.3 Cooke’s method 184 9.2.4 Performance of mathematical aggregation 185 9.3 Behavioural aggregation 186 9.3.1 Group elicitation 186 9.3.2 Other methods of behavioural aggregation 188 9.3.3 Performance of behavioural methods 190 9.4 Discussion 190 9.5 Elicitation practice 191 9.6 Research questions 191 10 Published Examples of the Formal Elicitation of Expert Opinion 193 10.1 Some applications 193 10.2 An example of an elicitation interview – eliciting engine sales 193 10.3 Medicine 195 10.3.1 Diagnosis and treatment decisions 195 10.3.2 Clinical trials 199 10.3.3 Survival analysis 201 10.3.4 Clinical psychology 202 10.4 The nuclear industry 204 10.5 Veterinary science 206 10.6 Agriculture 207 10.7 Meteorology 208 10.8 Business studies, economics and finance 209 10.9 Other professions 212 10.10 Other examples of the elicitation of subjective probabilities 213 11 Guidance on Best Practice 217 12 Areas for Research 223 Glossary 227 Bibliography 267 Author Index 307 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThe presence of high voltage power lines has provoked widespread concern for many years. High Voltage Electricity Installations presents an in-depth study of policy surrounding the planning of high voltage installations, discussing the manner in which they are percieved by the public, and the associated environmental issues. An analysis of these concerns, along with the geographical, environmental and political influences that shape their expression, is presented. Investigates local planning policy in an area of the energy sector that is of highly topical environmental and public concern Covers the planning of high-voltage installations, and formulation of local authority policies on high-voltage installations across England and Wales Features a number of case studies from both rural and urban areas, along with detailed analysis of these case studies High Voltage Electricity Installations will be of interest to postgraduate studenTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations used in the text. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 The development of high voltage systems. 1.2 Land-use planning relating to HVDT installations. 1.3 Local planning authorities and HVDT installations. 1.4 The formation of HVDT-related policy by LPAs. 1.5 Scope and organisation of the book. Chapter 2. High-voltage Distribution and Transmission in England and Wales. 2.1 Introduction. THE LAND-USE PLANNING OF HVDT INSTALLATIONS. 2.2 Consent Procedures for HVDT Installations. 2.3 The Electricity Act 1989. 2.4 Other Provisions Relating to Consent. 2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment. 2.6 Safety Standards and Draft EMF Circular. THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HVDT INSTALLATIONS. 2.7 Perspectives on the Environmental Effects of HVDT. 2.8 Corporate Environmental Reports. 2.9 Environmental Statements for Proposed Projects. 2.10 Industry Planning Guidelines. 2.11 CIGRE Papers. 2.12 Electricity Industry Perspectives on the Effects of HVDT. 2.13 Conclusion. Chapter 3. The Development Plan System in England and Wales. 3.1 Introduction. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN SYSTEM. 3.2 Development plans from 1947 to 1991. 3.3 Development plans since 1991. THE EXPRESSION OF INTERESTS IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS. 3.5Procedures for consultation and participation in plan-making. 3.6 The role of different interests in plan-making. 3.7 Conclusion. Chapter 4. An Approach to the Analysis of HVDT-related Policy. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 A framework for the empirical study of HVDT-related policy. 4.3 Study of HVDT-related policy across England and Wales. 4.4 Localised study of HVDT-related policy. 4.5 Combining results. Chapter 5. HVDT-related Policy across England and Wales. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Development plan processes with HVDT-related policy. 5.3 HVDT-related policy concerns. 5.4 HVDT-related policy and aspects of DPPs. 5.5 Geographical distribution of HVDT-related policy. 5.6 Patterns in HVDT-related policy. 5.7 Case study selection. 5.8 Conclusion. Chapter 6. Case Studies (1): Urbanised Areas. 6.1 Introduction. SWINDON BOROUGH COUNCIL. 6.2 Introduction. 6.3 Articulation of polic. 6.4 Key policy issues. 6.5 Conclusion. ROTHERHAM METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCIL. 6.6 Introduction. 6.7 Articulation of policy. 6.8 Key policy issues. 6.9 Conclusion. NEWHAM COUNCIL. 6.10 Introduction. 6.11 Articulation of policy. 6.12 Key policy issues. 6.13 Conclusion. Chapter 7. Case Studies (2): Rural Areas. 7.1Introduction. TYNEDALE COUNCIL. 7.2Introduction. 7.3Articulation of policy. 7.4 Key policy issues. 7.5Conclusion. NORFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL . 7.6 Introduction. 7.7 Articulation of policy. 7.8 Key policy issues. 7.9 Conclusion. SNOWDONIA NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY. 7.10 Introduction. 7.11 Articulation of policy. 7.12 Key policy issues. 7.13 Conclusion. Chapter 8. Case Studies (3): Town-Rural Areas. 8.1 Introduction. REDCAR & CLEVELAND BOROUGH COUNCIL. 8.2Introduction. 8.3 Articulation of policy. 8.4 Key policy issues. 8.5 Conclusion. MENDIP DISTRICT COUNCIL. 8.6 Introduction. 8.7 Articulation of policy. 8.8 Key policy issues. 8.9 Conclusion. AYLESBURY VALE DISTRICT COUNCIL. 8.10 Introduction. 8.11 Articulation of policy. 8.12 Key policy issues. 8.13 Conclusion. BRIDGEND COUNTY BOROUGH COUNCIL. 8.14 Introduction. 8.15 Articulation of policy. 8.16 Key policy issues. 8.17 Conclusion. Chapter 9. Analysis of the Case Studies. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Cross-case analysis. 9.3 Policy themes. 9.4Comparison of the policy themes. 9.5 ‘No HVDT-related policy’ authorities. 9.6 Conclusion. Chapter 10. The Formation of HVDT-related Policy. 10.1 Introduction. COUNTRYSIDE PROTECTION. 10.2 Rural and designated areas. 10.3 Established HVDT installations in the landscape. 10.4 Current HVDT developments: heightened concerns. 10.5 Environmental priorities. 10.6 Policy content. 10.7 Policy support. RESIDENTIAL AREA PROTECTION. 10.8 Sensitive residential areas. 10.9 Public health and safety. 10.10 Amenity. 10.11 Policy measures. ENCOURAGING REGENERATION. 10.12 Regeneration potential and HVDT installations. Chapter 11. Conclusions. 11.1 A generalised process of HVDT-related policy formation. 11.2 The protection of local environmental quality. 11.3 Future directions in HVDT-related policy formation. 11.4 Recommendations. 11.5 HVDT installations in the local environment. References. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, along with its supporting animated website, helps the reader to understand the propagation of waves within complex intelligent structures within buildings, and the operation of systems designed to protect these structures. It also comments on proper human behaviour during a lightning thunderstorm.Trade Review"…would be used by students or as a resource for those who need to design and specify electrical protection equipment…and by anyone with an interest in lighting." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2007)Table of ContentsCHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page PREFACE xi INTRODUCTION 1 Guide to use the program 1 1. CLOUD, CYCLONE AND FRONTS 1-0 3 Development of a cloud 1-1 3 Growth of a thunderstorm cloud 1-5 4 Development of a cyclone 1-13 6 Warm and cold fronts 1-21 7 Distribution of thunderstorms 1-25 7 2. ELECTRIC CHARGES IN CLOUDS 2-0 9 Processes of charge separation 2-1 9 Charging process in the liquid phase 2-1 9 Charging process during freezing 2-8 10 Final distribution of charges 2-14 11 Static electric field 2-16 11 Relation to the ionosphere 2-17 12 3. DISCHARGE PROCESSES IN AIR 3-0 13 Photon processes 3-1 13 Excitation by photon 3-2 13 Ionisation and absorption 3-3 14 Recombination 3-4 14 Electron collisions 3-6 14 Excitation by electron 3-9 15 Ionisation by collision 3-10 15 Discharges 3-11 15 Electron avalanche 3-11 15 Streamer discharge 3-18 16 Klydonograph 3-22 17 Leader discharge 3-25 17 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHTNING FLASH 4-0 19 Start on drops in the cloud 4-1 19 From leader to main stroke 4-5 20 Multiple stroke 4-13 21 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Upward leader 4-16 22 The Boys-camera: Principle and construction 4-22 23 The Boys-camera: Operation 4-27 24 Boys-record of ideal lightning 4-30 24 Real Boys-records 4-36 25 5. PHYSICS OF THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE 5-0 27 Properties of a downward leader 5-1 27 Condition of connecting leader 5-5 28 Striking process 5-11 29 Development of main stroke 5-13 29 Multiple and upward stroke 5-15 30 The current wave 5-19 30 Lightning parameters 5-24 31 Distribution functions 5-28 32 6. CURIOUS LIGHTNING PHENOMENA 6-0 35 Properties of ball lightning 6-1 35 Ball lightning-theories 6-7 37 Resonance theory 6-10 37 Quantum-theory 6-11 38 Theory of magnetic vortex 6-12 38 Photos of ball lightning 6-18 39 Beaded lightning 6-23 40 Stroke from clear sky 6-28 41 Discharge to the ionosphere 6-31 41 7. INDUCED VOLTAGE 7-0 43 Ampère’s law 7-1 43 Rectangular loop + infinite conductor 7-5 44 Rectangular loop + cut conductor 7-8 44 Reduction to basic components 7-10 44 Triangular loop 7-13 45 Polygonal loop 7-16 45 Induced voltage due to direct stroke 7-18 46 Induced current due to direct stroke 7-23 46 Induced voltage due to distant stroke 7-28 47 Induced current due to distant stroke 7-35 48 8. DYNAMIC FORCES DUE TO LIGHTNING 8-0 51 Parallel wires 8-1 51 Force due to lightning on a rod struck at the top 8-8 52 Force due to lightning on a horizontal wire 8-12 53 Force due to lightning on a metal plate 8-15 53 Force of leaded current at inversion of wire 8-18 54 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Force of leaded current on a tube 8-20 54 Dynamic force on a console 8-22 54 Slit effect 8-27 55 Damage on tree 8-32 56 9. HEAT EFFECTS ON METAL OBJECTS 9-0 59 Heating a metal plate 9-1 59 Change of temperature in a metal plate 9-4 60 Equations of melting a metal plate 9-9 61 Crater and droplets 9-15 62 Melting a wire at contact spot 9-18 62 Melting a wire leading current 9-22 63 Probability of melting 9-30 64 10. LIGHTNING ATTACHMENT 10-0 67 Point of orientation 10-1 67 The striking distance 10-5 68 Distribution and density functions 10-7 68 The expected frequency of stroke 10-10 69 The principle of calculation 10-10 69 Collection space 10-17 70 11. COLLECTION SPACES OF STRUCTURES 11-0 73 The principle of collection space 11-1 73 Dividing the collection space 11-3 74 Two conductors 11-6 74 Lightning rod on tower 11-9 75 Air terminations of block-house 11-13 75 The collection space of one mesh 11-25 77 12. PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON FLAT ROOF 12-0 79 Air termination systems on blockhouse 12-1 79 Diagrams related to several air terminations 12-4 80 Application of rolling sphere method 12-8 81 13. PROTECTION OF INCLINED ROOF 13-0 83 Types of air termination systems 13-1 83 Attraction of roof and eaves 13-6 84 Effect of electrodes on eaves 13-11 85 Effect of electrodes on the edges 13-15 85 Attraction of unprotected edges 13-23 87 Stroke-free period 13-26 87 14. RESIDUAL RISK OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION 14-0 89 The flow diagram 14-1 89 Equivalent area of a structure 14-2 89 Cases of the point of strike 14-11 91 Cases of damaging stroke 14-18 92 Intercepted stroke 14-19 92 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Striking the roof 14-23 93 Calculation of risk 14-27 94 Weighting the consequences 14-28 95 Resulting damage 14-38 97 Resulting frequency of weighted damage 14-40 97 Resulting risk 14-44 98 15. CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 15-0 101 Classes of structures 15-1 101 Height and surroundings 15-12 103 High surroundings 15-13 103 Increased danger of stroke 15-18 104 Classes according to height 15-26 106 Effect of the soil profile 15-27 106 The materials of roof 15-31 107 Further classifications 15-37 108 16. AIR TERMINATION SYSTEMS 16-0 111 Level of risk and protection 16-1 111 Construction methods 16-3 111 Protective angle 16-3 111 Rolling sphere 16-7 112 Mesh size 16-9 112 Degrees of Hungarian standard 16-12 113 Natural air termination 16-13 113 Simplified air termination 16-17 114 Data of higher degrees 16-19 114 Distance to the structure 16-21 115 Forms of air terminations 16-28 116 17. DOWN CONDUCTORS AND METAL OBJECTS 17-0 119 Down conductors 17-1 119 Calculation of current paths 17-1 119 Example of current path 17-9 120 Positioning along the perimeter 17-15 121 Degrees of down conductors 17-17 121 Forms of down conductors 17-22 122 Vertical metal structures 17-26 123 Dangerous loops 17-26 123 Bonding metal structures 17-30 124 Insulating spacers 17-34 124 Elevators 17-37 125 18. EARTHING OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM 18-0 127 Degrees of earthing 18-1 127 Natural earthing 18-2 127 Simple earthing systems 18-5 128 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Earthing resistance 18-10 129 Normal and enhanced systems 18-17 130 Earthing by foundation 18-22 131 Soil resistivity 18-27 132 Measurement of earthing resistance 18-30 132 Impulse earthing 18-32 132 19. LIGHTNING ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPULSE 19-0 135 Conductive coupling 19-1 135 Inductive coupling 19-3 136 Capacitive coupling 19-5 136 Distribution of current 19-7 136 Arriving current along a single line 19-10 137 Arriving current along branching line 19-15 138 Faraday holes 19-20 139 Shielded entrance 19-25 139 Shielded cable 19-30 140 Circuit of lightning 19-32 141 20. GRADED SURGE-PROTECTION 20-0 143 Operation principles 20-1 143 Three stage with resistors 20-6 144 Influence of distance between stages 20-11 145 Propagation of waves 20-19 146 Waves on devices 20-27 147 21. SURGE PROTECTION DEVICES 21-0 149 Gas filled arrester 21-1 149 Arc blowing spark gap 21-5 150 Gliding spark gap 21-9 150 Encapsulated arrester 21-13 151 Characteristics of gaps 21-18 152 The varistor 21-20 152 Characteristics of varistor 21-29 153 Types of protection devices 21-33 154 22. INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION ZONES 22-0 157 Structure of zones 22-1 157 Standardised lightning parameters 22-5 158 Networks of information systems 22-6 158 Tray configuration 22-17 160 23. CONNECTION TO ELECTRIC POWER NETWORK 23-0 161 Striking the supply line 23-1 161 Striking the air termination 23-10 162 TT system 23-17 163 Outdoor kWh box 23-22 164 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page 24. PROTECTION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES 24-0 167 Protection of personal computer 24-1 167 Protection of television 24-10 169 Relay station 24-16 170 25. LIGHTNING MEASUREMENT AND LOCALIZATION 25-0 171 Measuring of lightning current 25-1 171 Magnetic card 25-2 171 Magnetic link 25-5 172 Shunt resistor 25-9 172 Coil of Rogowski 25-13 173 Reflection of the current wave 25-18 174 Localising by direction finding 25-21 174 Localising by pulse arrival time 25-24 175 Lightning detection systems 25-28 175 26. THE MANKIND IN THE THUNDERSTORM 26-0 177 Danger in open air 26-1 177 Danger on or beside a tree 26-5 178 Step voltage 26-11 179 What to do outdoors? 26-14 179 Danger on a bicycle 26-18 180 Danger at a car 26-22 180 Danger at a truck 26-26 181 Danger in water 26-30 182 Danger in boats and vessels 26-34 182 REFERENCES 185 INDEX 189

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Book SynopsisOptimizing Analog CMOS Design presents methods for the optimized design of analog CMOS circuits through the design choices of Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor device drain current, inversion level, and channel length.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Symbols and Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Importance of Tradeoffs and Optimization in Analog CMOS Design. 1.2 Industry Designers and University Students as Readers. 1.3 Organization and Overview of Book. 1.4 Full or Selective Reading of Book. 1.5 Example Technologies and Technology Extensions. 1.6 Limitations of the Methods. 1.7 Disclaimer. PART I MOS Device Performance, Tradeoffs and Optimization for Analog CMOS Design. 2 MOS Design from Weak through Strong Inversion. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 MOS Design Complexity Compared to Bipolar Design. 2.3 Bipolar Transistor Collector Current and Transconductance. 2.4 MOS Drain Current and Transconductance. 2.5 MOS Drain–Source Conductance. 2.6 Analog CMOS Electronic Design Automation Tools and Design Methods. References. 3 MOS Performance versus Drain Current, Inversion Coefficient, and Channel Length. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Advantages of Selecting Drain Current, Inversion Coefficient, and Channel Length in Analog CMOS Design. 3.3 Process Parameters for Example Processes. 3.4 Substrate Factor and Inversion Coefficient. 3.5 Temperature Effects. 3.6 Sizing Relationships. 3.7 Drain Current and Bias Voltages. 3.8 Small-Signal Parameters and Intrinsic Voltage Gain. 3.9 Capacitances and Bandwidth. 3.10 Noise. 3.11 Mismatch. 3.12 Leakage Current. References. 4 Tradeoffs in MOS Performance, and Design of Differential Pairs and Current Mirrors. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance Trends. 4.3 Performance Tradeoffs. 4.4 Design of Differential Pairs and Current Mirrors Using the Analog CMOS Design, Tradeoffs and Optimization Spreadsheet. References. PART II Circuit Design Examples Illustrating Optimization for Analog CMOS Design. 5 Design of CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifiers Optimized for DC, Balanced, and AC Performance. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Circuit Description. 5.3 Circuit Analysis and Performance Optimization. 5.4 Design Optimization and Resulting Performance for the Simple OTAs. 5.5 Design Optimization and Resulting Performance for the Cascoded OTAs. 5.6 Prediction Accuracy for Design Guidance and Optimization. References. 6 Design of Micropower CMOS Preamplifiers Optimized for Low Thermal and Flicker Noise. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Using the Lateral Bipolar Transistor for Low-Flicker-Noise Applications. 6.3 Measures of Preamplifier Noise Performance. 6.4 Reported Micropower, Low-Noise CMOS Preamplifiers. 6.5 MOS Noise versus the Bias Compliance Voltage. 6.6 Extraction of MOS Flicker-Noise Parameters. 6.7 Differential Input Preamplifier. 6.8 Single-Ended Input Preamplifier. 6.9 Prediction Accuracy for Design Guidance and Optimization. 6.10 Summary of Low-Noise Design Methods and Resulting Challenges in Low-Voltage Processes. References. 7 Extending Optimization Methods to Smaller-Geometry CMOS Processes and Future Technologies. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Using the Inversion Coefficient for CMOS Process Independence and for Extension to Smaller-Geometry Processes. 7.3 Enhancing Optimization Methods by Including Gate Leakage Current Effects. 7.4 Using an Inversion Coefficient Measure for Non-CMOS Technologies. References. Appendix: The Analog CMOS Design, Tradeoffs and Optimization Spreadsheet. Index.

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Book SynopsisRobust Control Design is based on research into an optimal control approach to robust control design. This book presents an approach that differs from the conventional direct approaches to robust control usually discussed, by firstly translating the robust control problem into its optimal control counterpart.Table of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Systems and Control 1.2 Modern Control Theory 1.3 Stability 1.4 Optimal Control 1.5 Optimal Control Approach 1.6 Kharitonov Approach 1.7 H_ and H2 Control 1.8 Applications 1.9 Use of This Book 2 Fundamentals of Control Theory. 2.1 State Space Model 2.2 Responses of Linear Systems 2.3 Similarity Transformation 2.4 Controllability and Observability 2.5 Pole Placement by State Feedback 2.6 Pole Placement Using Observer 2.7 Notes and References 2.8 Problems 3 Stability Theory. 3.1 Stability and Lyapunov Theorem 3.2 Linear Systems 3.3 Routh–Hurwitz Criterion 3.4 Nyquist Criterion 3.5 Stabilizability and Detectability 3.6 Notes and References 3.7 Problems 4 Optimal Control and Optimal Observers. 4.1 Optimal Control Problem 4.2 Principle of Optimality 4.3 Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equation 4.4 Linear Quadratic Regulator Problem 4.5 Kalman Filter 4.6 Notes and References 4.7 Problems 5 Robust Control of Linear Systems. 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Matched Uncertainty 5.3 Unmatched Uncertainty 5.4 Uncertainty in the Input Matrix 5.5 Notes and References 5.6 Problems 6 Robust Control of Nonlinear Systems. 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Matched Uncertainty 6.3 Unmatched Uncertainty 6.4 Uncertainty in the Input Matrix 6.5 Notes and References 6.6 Problems 7 Kharitonov Approach. 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Preliminary Theorems 7.3 Kharitonov Theorem 7.4 Control Design Using Kharitonov Theorem 7.5 Notes and References 7.6 Problems 8 H and H2 Control. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Function Space 8.3 Computation of H2 and H_ Norms 8.4 Robust Control Problem as H2 and H_ Control Problem 8.5 H2/H_ Control Synthesis 8.6 Notes and References 8.7 Problems 9 Robust Active Damping. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Problem Formulation 9.3 Robust Active Damping Design 9.4 Active Vehicle Suspension System 9.5 Discussion 9.6 Notes and References 10 Robust Control of Manipulators. 10.1 Robot Dynamics 10.2 Problem Formulation 10.3 Robust Control Design 10.4 Simulations 10.5 Notes and References 11 Aircraft Hovering Control. 11.1 Modelling and Problem Formulation 11.2 Control Design for Jet-borne Hovering 11.3 Simulation 11.4 Notes and References Appendix A: Mathematical Modelling of Physical Systems. References and Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics, communications, embedded systems, computers, security and military equipment. Devices used in applications such as these are constantly decreasing in size and employing more complex technology.Trade Review"It is easy to read, well structured, and will be a rich resource and valuable study companion for students of electrical and computer engineering." (Computing Reviews, February 6, 2008) "There is a particularly notable section on numerical systems and conversions from one radix system to another that, along with the presentation of binary coding and interpretation schemes, demonstrates the clarity and extent of Maini's work to construct a definitive road map..." (CHOICE, March 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xxi 1 Number Systems 1 1.1 Analogue Versus Digital 1 1.2 Introduction to Number Systems 2 1.3 Decimal Number System 2 1.4 Binary Number System 3 1.4.1 Advantages 3 1.5 Octal Number System 4 1.6 Hexadecimal Number System 4 1.7 Number Systems – Some Common Terms 4 1.7.1 Binary Number System 4 1.7.2 Decimal Number System 5 1.7.3 Octal Number System 5 1.7.4 Hexadecimal Number System 5 1.8 Number Representation in Binary 5 1.8.1 Sign-Bit Magnitude 5 1.8.2 1’s Complement 6 1.8.3 2’s Complement 6 1.9 Finding the Decimal Equivalent 6 1.9.1 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 6 1.9.2 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion 6 1.9.3 Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion 7 1.10 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 7 1.11 Decimal-to-Octal Conversion 8 1.12 Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 9 1.13 Binary–Octal and Octal–Binary Conversions 9 1.14 Hex–Binary and Binary–Hex Conversions 10 1.15 Hex–Octal and Octal–Hex Conversions 10 1.16 The Four Axioms 11 1.17 Floating-Point Numbers 12 1.17.1 Range of Numbers and Precision 13 1.17.2 Floating-Point Number Formats 13 Review Questions 17 Problems 17 Further Reading 18 2 Binary Codes 19 2.1 Binary Coded Decimal 19 2.1.1 BCD-to-Binary Conversion 20 2.1.2 Binary-to-BCD Conversion 20 2.1.3 Higher-Density BCD Encoding 21 2.1.4 Packed and Unpacked BCD Numbers 21 2.2 Excess-3 Code 21 2.3 Gray Code 23 2.3.1 Binary–Gray Code Conversion 24 2.3.2 Gray Code–Binary Conversion 25 2.3.3 n-ary Gray Code 25 2.3.4 Applications 25 2.4 Alphanumeric Codes 27 2.4.1 ASCII code 28 2.4.2 EBCDIC code 31 2.4.3 Unicode 37 2.5 Seven-segment Display Code 38 2.6 Error Detection and Correction Codes 40 2.6.1 Parity Code 41 2.6.2 Repetition Code 41 2.6.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Code 41 2.6.4 Hamming Code 42 Review Questions 44 Problems 45 Further Reading 45 3 Digital Arithmetic 47 3.1 Basic Rules of Binary Addition and Subtraction 47 3.2 Addition of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 49 3.2.1 Addition Using the 2’s Complement Method 49 3.3 Subtraction of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 52 3.3.1 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement Arithmetic 53 3.4 BCD Addition and Subtraction in Excess-3 Code 57 3.4.1 Addition 57 3.4.2 Subtraction 57 3.5 Binary Multiplication 58 3.5.1 Repeated Left-Shift and Add Algorithm 59 3.5.2 Repeated Add and Right-Shift Algorithm 59 3.6 Binary Division 60 3.6.1 Repeated Right-Shift and Subtract Algorithm 61 3.6.2 Repeated Subtract and Left-Shift Algorithm 62 3.7 Floating-Point Arithmetic 64 3.7.1 Addition and Subtraction 65 3.7.2 Multiplication and Division 65 Review Questions 67 Problems 68 Further Reading 68 4 Logic Gates and Related Devices 69 4.1 Positive and Negative Logic 69 4.2 Truth Table 70 4.3 Logic Gates 71 4.3.1 OR Gate 71 4.3.2 AND Gate 73 4.3.3 NOT Gate 75 4.3.4 EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate 76 4.3.5 NAND Gate 79 4.3.6 NOR Gate 79 4.3.7 EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate 80 4.3.8 INHIBIT Gate 82 4.4 Universal Gates 85 4.5 Gates with Open Collector/Drain Outputs 85 4.6 Tristate Logic Gates 87 4.7 AND-OR-INVERT Gates 87 4.8 Schmitt Gates 88 4.9 Special Output Gates 91 4.10 Fan-Out of Logic Gates 95 4.11 Buffers and Transceivers 98 4.12 IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols 100 4.12.1 IEEE/ANSI Standards – Salient Features 100 4.12.2 ANSI Symbols for Logic Gate ICs 101 4.13 Some Common Applications of Logic Gates 102 4.13.1 OR Gate 103 4.13.2 AND Gate 104 4.13.3 EX-OR/EX-NOR Gate 104 4.13.4 Inverter 105 4.14 Application-Relevant Information 107 Review Questions 109 Problems 110 Further Reading 114 5 Logic Families 115 5.1 Logic Families – Significance and Types 115 5.1.1 Significance 115 5.1.2 Types of Logic Family 116 5.2 Characteristic Parameters 118 5.3 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) 124 5.3.1 Standard TTL 125 5.3.2 Other Logic Gates in Standard TTL 127 5.3.3 Low-Power TTL 133 5.3.4 High-Power TTL (74H/54H) 134 5.3.5 Schottky TTL (74S/54S) 135 5.3.6 Low-Power Schottky TTL (74LS/54LS) 136 5.3.7 Advanced Low-Power Schottky TTL (74ALS/54ALS) 137 5.3.8 Advanced Schottky TTL (74AS/54AS) 139 5.3.9 Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (74F/54F) 140 5.3.10 Floating and Unused Inputs 141 5.3.11 Current Transients and Power Supply Decoupling 142 5.4 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) 147 5.4.1 Different Subfamilies 147 5.4.2 Logic Gate Implementation in ECL 148 5.4.3 Salient Features of ECL 150 5.5 CMOS Logic Family 151 5.5.1 Circuit Implementation of Logic Functions 151 5.5.2 CMOS Subfamilies 165 5.6 BiCMOS Logic 170 5.6.1 BiCMOS Inverter 171 5.6.2 BiCMOS NAND 171 5.7 NMOS and PMOS Logic 172 5.7.1 PMOS Logic 173 5.7.2 NMOS Logic 174 5.8 Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) Family 174 5.9 Comparison of Different Logic Families 176 5.10 Guidelines to Using TTL Devices 176 5.11 Guidelines to Handling and Using CMOS Devices 179 5.12 Interfacing with Different Logic Families 179 5.12.1 CMOS-to-TTL Interface 179 5.12.2 TTL-to-CMOS Interface 180 5.12.3 TTL-to-ECL and ECL-to-TTL Interfaces 180 5.12.4 CMOS-to-ECL and ECL-to-CMOS Interfaces 183 5.13 Classification of Digital ICs 183 5.14 Application-Relevant Information 184 Review Questions 185 Problems 185 Further Reading 187 6 Boolean Algebra and Simplification Techniques 189 6.1 Introduction to Boolean Algebra 189 6.1.1 Variables, Literals and Terms in Boolean Expressions 190 6.1.2 Equivalent and Complement of Boolean Expressions 190 6.1.3 Dual of a Boolean Expression 191 6.2 Postulates of Boolean Algebra 192 6.3 Theorems of Boolean Algebra 192 6.3.1 Theorem 1 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) 192 6.3.2 Theorem 2 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) 193 6.3.3 Theorem 3 (Idempotent or Identity Laws) 193 6.3.4 Theorem 4 (Complementation Law) 193 6.3.5 Theorem 5 (Commutative Laws) 194 6.3.6 Theorem 6 (Associative Laws) 194 6.3.7 Theorem 7 (Distributive Laws) 195 6.3.8 Theorem 8 196 6.3.9 Theorem 9 197 6.3.10 Theorem 10 (Absorption Law or Redundancy Law) 197 6.3.11 Theorem 11 197 6.3.12 Theorem 12 (Consensus Theorem) 198 6.3.13 Theorem 13 (DeMorgan’s Theorem) 199 6.3.14 Theorem 14 (Transposition Theorem) 200 6.3.15 Theorem 15 201 6.3.16 Theorem 16 201 6.3.17 Theorem 17 (Involution Law) 202 6.4 Simplification Techniques 204 6.4.1 Sum-of-Products Boolean Expressions 204 6.4.2 Product-of-Sums Expressions 205 6.4.3 Expanded Forms of Boolean Expressions 206 6.4.4 Canonical Form of Boolean Expressions 206 6.4.5 _ and _ Nomenclature 207 6.5 Quine–McCluskey Tabular Method 208 6.5.1 Tabular Method for Multi-Output Functions 212 6.6 Karnaugh Map Method 216 6.6.1 Construction of a Karnaugh Map 216 6.6.2 Karnaugh Map for Boolean Expressions with a Larger Number of Variables 222 6.6.3 Karnaugh Maps for Multi-Output Functions 225 Review Questions 230 Problems 230 Further Reading 231 7 Arithmetic Circuits 233 7.1 Combinational Circuits 233 7.2 Implementing Combinational Logic 235 7.3 Arithmetic Circuits – Basic Building Blocks 236 7.3.1 Half-Adder 236 7.3.2 Full Adder 237 7.3.3 Half-Subtractor 240 7.3.4 Full Subtractor 242 7.3.5 Controlled Inverter 244 7.4 Adder–Subtractor 245 7.5 BCD Adder 246 7.6 Carry Propagation–Look-Ahead Carry Generator 254 7.7 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 260 7.8 Multipliers 260 7.9 Magnitude Comparator 261 7.9.1 Cascading Magnitude Comparators 263 7.10 Application-Relevant Information 266 Review Questions 266 Problems 267 Further Reading 268 8 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 269 8.1 Multiplexer 269 8.1.1 Inside the Multiplexer 271 8.1.2 Implementing Boolean Functions with Multiplexers 273 8.1.3 Multiplexers for Parallel-to-Serial Data Conversion 277 8.1.4 Cascading Multiplexer Circuits 280 8.2 Encoders 280 8.2.1 Priority Encoder 281 8.3 Demultiplexers and Decoders 285 8.3.1 Implementing Boolean Functions with Decoders 286 8.3.2 Cascading Decoder Circuits 288 8.4 Application-Relevant Information 293 Review Questions 294 Problems 295 Further Reading 298 9 Programmable Logic Devices 299 9.1 Fixed Logic Versus Programmable Logic 299 9.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 301 9.2 Programmable Logic Devices – An Overview 302 9.2.1 Programmable ROMs 302 9.2.2 Programmable Logic Array 302 9.2.3 Programmable Array Logic 304 9.2.4 Generic Array Logic 305 9.2.5 Complex Programmable Logic Device 306 9.2.6 Field-Programmable Gate Array 307 9.3 Programmable ROMs 308 9.4 Programmable Logic Array 312 9.5 Programmable Array Logic 317 9.5.1 PAL Architecture 319 9.5.2 PAL Numbering System 320 9.6 Generic Array Logic 325 9.7 Complex Programmable Logic Devices 328 9.7.1 Internal Architecture 328 9.7.2 Applications 330 9.8 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 331 9.8.1 Internal Architecture 331 9.8.2 Applications 333 9.9 Programmable Interconnect Technologies 333 9.9.1 Fuse 334 9.9.2 Floating-Gate Transistor Switch 334 9.9.3 Static RAM-Controlled Programmable Switches 335 9.9.4 Antifuse 335 9.10 Design and Development of Programmable Logic Hardware 337 9.11 Programming Languages 338 9.11.1 ABEL-Hardware Description Language 339 9.11.2 VHDL-VHSIC Hardware Description Language 339 9.11.3 Verilog 339 9.11.4 Java HDL 340 9.12 Application Information on PLDs 340 9.12.1 SPLDs 340 9.12.2 CPLDs 343 9.12.3 FPGAs 349 Review Questions 352 Problems 353 Further Reading 355 10 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 357 10.1 Multivibrator 357 10.1.1 Bistable Multivibrator 357 10.1.2 Schmitt Trigger 358 10.1.3 Monostable Multivibrator 360 10.1.4 Astable Multivibrator 362 10.2 Integrated Circuit (IC) Multivibrators 363 10.2.1 Digital IC-Based Monostable Multivibrator 363 10.2.2 IC Timer-Based Multivibrators 363 10.3 R-S Flip-Flop 373 10.3.1 R-S Flip-Flop with Active LOW Inputs 374 10.3.2 R-S Flip-Flop with Active HIGH Inputs 375 10.3.3 Clocked R-S Flip-Flop 377 10.4 Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 381 10.5 J-K Flip-Flop 382 10.5.1 J-K Flip-Flop with PRESET and CLEAR Inputs 382 10.5.2 Master–Slave Flip-Flops 382 10.6 Toggle Flip-Flop (T Flip-Flop) 390 10.6.1 J-K Flip-Flop as a Toggle Flip-Flop 391 10.7 D Flip-Flop 394 10.7.1 J-K Flip-Flop as D Flip-Flop 395 10.7.2 D Latch 395 10.8 Synchronous and Asynchronous Inputs 398 10.9 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters 399 10.9.1 Set-Up and Hold Times 399 10.9.2 Propagation Delay 399 10.9.3 Clock Pulse HIGH and LOW Times 401 10.9.4 Asynchronous Input Active Pulse Width 401 10.9.5 Clock Transition Times 402 10.9.6 Maximum Clock Frequency 402 10.10 Flip-Flop Applications 402 10.10.1 Switch Debouncing 402 10.10.2 Flip-Flop Synchronization 404 10.10.3 Detecting the Sequence of Edges 404 10.11 Application-Relevant Data 407 Review Questions 408 Problems 409 Further Reading 410 11 Counters and Registers 411 11.1 Ripple (Asynchronous) Counter 411 11.1.1 Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters 412 11.2 Synchronous Counter 413 11.3 Modulus of a Counter 413 11.4 Binary Ripple Counter – Operational Basics 413 11.4.1 Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2N 416 11.4.2 Ripple Counters in IC Form 418 11.5 Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters 423 11.6 UP/DOWN Counters 425 11.7 Decade and BCD Counters 426 11.8 Presettable Counters 426 11.8.1 Variable Modulus with Presettable Counters 428 11.9 Decoding a Counter 428 11.10 Cascading Counters 433 11.10.1 Cascading Binary Counters 433 11.10.2 Cascading BCD Counters 435 11.11 Designing Counters with Arbitrary Sequences 438 11.11.1 Excitation Table of a Flip-Flop 438 11.11.2 State Transition Diagram 439 11.11.3 Design Procedure 439 11.12 Shift Register 447 11.12.1 Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register 449 11.12.2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 452 11.12.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register 452 11.12.4 Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 453 11.12.5 Bidirectional Shift Register 455 11.12.6 Universal Shift Register 455 11.13 Shift Register Counters 459 11.13.1 Ring Counter 459 11.13.2 Shift Counter 460 11.14 IEEE/ANSI Symbology for Registers and Counters 464 11.14.1 Counters 464 11.14.2 Registers 466 11.15 Application-Relevant Information 466 Review Questions 466 Problems 469 Further Reading 471 12 Data Conversion Circuits – D/A and A/D Converters 473 12.1 Digital-to-Analogue Converters 473 12.1.1 Simple Resistive Divider Network for D/A Conversion 474 12.1.2 Binary Ladder Network for D/A Conversion 475 12.2 D/A Converter Specifications 476 12.2.1 Resolution 476 12.2.2 Accuracy 477 12.2.3 Conversion Speed or Settling Time 477 12.2.4 Dynamic Range 478 12.2.5 Nonlinearity and Differential Nonlinearity 478 12.2.6 Monotonocity 478 12.3 Types of D/A Converter 479 12.3.1 Multiplying D/A Converters 479 12.3.2 Bipolar-Output D/A Converters 480 12.3.3 Companding D/A Converters 480 12.4 Modes of Operation 480 12.4.1 Current Steering Mode of Operation 480 12.4.2 Voltage Switching Mode of Operation 481 12.5 BCD-Input D/A Converter 482 12.6 Integrated Circuit D/A Converters 486 12.6.1 DAC-08 486 12.6.2 DAC-0808 487 12.6.3 DAC-80 487 12.6.4 AD 7524 489 12.6.5 DAC-1408/DAC-1508 489 12.7 D/A Converter Applications 490 12.7.1 D/A Converter as a Multiplier 490 12.7.2 D/A converter as a Divider 490 12.7.3 Programmable Integrator 491 12.7.4 Low-Frequency Function Generator 492 12.7.5 Digitally Controlled Filters 493 12.8 A/D Converters 495 12.9 A/D Converter Specifications 495 12.9.1 Resolution 495 12.9.2 Accuracy 496 12.9.3 Gain and Offset Errors 496 12.9.4 Gain and Offset Drifts 496 12.9.5 Sampling Frequency and Aliasing Phenomenon 496 12.9.6 Quantization Error 496 12.9.7 Nonlinearity 497 12.9.8 Differential Nonlinearity 497 12.9.9 Conversion Time 498 12.9.10 Aperture and Acquisition Times 498 12.9.11 Code Width 499 12.10 A/D Converter Terminology 499 12.10.1 Unipolar Mode Operation 499 12.10.2 Bipolar Mode Operation 499 12.10.3 Coding 499 12.10.4 Low Byte and High Byte 499 12.10.5 Right-Justified Data, Left-Justified Data 499 12.10.6 Command Register, Status Register 500 12.10.7 Control Lines 500 12.11 Types of A/D Converter 500 12.11.1 Simultaneous or Flash A/D Converters 500 12.11.2 Half-Flash A/D Converter 503 12.11.3 Counter-Type A/D Converter 504 12.11.4 Tracking-Type A/D Converter 505 12.11.5 Successive Approximation Type A/D Converter 505 12.11.6 Single-, Dual- and Multislope A/D Converters 506 12.11.7 Sigma-Delta A/D Converter 509 12.12 Integrated Circuit A/D Converters 513 12.12.1 ADC-0800 513 12.12.2 ADC-0808 514 12.12.3 ADC-80/AD ADC-80 515 12.12.4 ADC-84/ADC-85/AD ADC-84/AD ADC-85/AD-5240 516 12.12.5 AD 7820 516 12.12.6 ICL 7106/ICL 7107 517 12.13 A/D Converter Applications 520 12.13.1 Data Acquisition 521 Review Questions 522 Problems 523 Further Reading 523 13 Microprocessors 525 13.1 Introduction to Microprocessors 525 13.2 Evolution of Microprocessors 527 13.3 Inside a Microprocessor 528 13.3.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 529 13.3.2 Register File 529 13.3.3 Control Unit 531 13.4 Basic Microprocessor Instructions 531 13.4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 531 13.4.2 Arithmetic Instructions 532 13.4.3 Logic Instructions 533 13.4.4 Control Transfer or Branch or Program Control Instructions 533 13.4.5 Machine Control Instructions 534 13.5 Addressing Modes 534 13.5.1 Absolute or Memory Direct Addressing Mode 534 13.5.2 Immediate Addressing Mode 535 13.5.3 Register Direct Addressing Mode 535 13.5.4 Register Indirect Addressing Mode 535 13.5.5 Indexed Addressing Mode 536 13.5.6 Implicit Addressing Mode and Relative Addressing Mode 537 13.6 Microprocessor Selection 537 13.6.1 Selection Criteria 537 13.6.2 Microprocessor Selection Table for Common Applications 539 13.7 Programming Microprocessors 540 13.8 RISC Versus CISC Processors 541 13.9 Eight-Bit Microprocessors 541 13.9.1 8085 Microprocessor 541 13.9.2 Motorola 6800 Microprocessor 544 13.9.3 Zilog Z80 Microprocessor 546 13.10 16-Bit Microprocessors 547 13.10.1 8086 Microprocessor 547 13.10.2 80186 Microprocessor 548 13.10.3 80286 Microprocessor 548 13.10.4 MC68000 Microprocessor 549 13.11 32-Bit Microprocessors 551 13.11.1 80386 Microprocessor 551 13.11.2 MC68020 Microprocessor 553 13.11.3 MC68030 Microprocessor 554 13.11.4 80486 Microprocessor 555 13.11.5 PowerPC RISC Microprocessors 557 13.12 Pentium Series of Microprocessors 557 13.12.1 Salient Features 558 13.12.2 Pentium Pro Microprocessor 559 13.12.3 Pentium II Series 559 13.12.4 Pentium III and Pentium IV Microprocessors 559 13.12.5 Pentium M, D and Extreme Edition Processors 559 13.12.6 Celeron and Xeon Processors 560 13.13 Microprocessors for Embedded Applications 560 13.14 Peripheral Devices 560 13.14.1 Programmable Timer/Counter 561 13.14.2 Programmable Peripheral Interface 561 13.14.3 Programmable Interrupt Controller 561 13.14.4 DMA Controller 561 13.14.5 Programmable Communication Interface 562 13.14.6 Math Coprocessor 562 13.14.7 Programmable Keyboard/Display Interface 562 13.14.8 Programmable CRT Controller 562 13.14.9 Floppy Disk Controller 563 13.14.10 Clock Generator 563 13.14.11 Octal Bus Transceiver 563 Review Questions 563 Further Reading 564 14 Microcontrollers 565 14.1 Introduction to the Microcontroller 565 14.1.1 Applications 567 14.2 Inside the Microcontroller 567 14.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 568 14.2.2 Random Access Memory (RAM) 569 14.2.3 Read Only Memory (ROM) 569 14.2.4 Special-Function Registers 569 14.2.5 Peripheral Components 569 14.3 Microcontroller Architecture 574 14.3.1 Architecture to Access Memory 574 14.3.2 Mapping Special-Function Registers into Memory Space 576 14.3.3 Processor Architecture 577 14.4 Power-Saving Modes 579 14.5 Application-Relevant Information 580 14.5.1 Eight-Bit Microcontrollers 580 14.5.2 16-Bit Microcontrollers 588 14.5.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers 590 14.6 Interfacing Peripheral Devices with a Microcontroller 592 14.6.1 Interfacing LEDs 592 14.6.2 Interfacing Electromechanical Relays 593 14.6.3 Interfacing Keyboards 594 14.6.4 Interfacing Seven-Segment Displays 596 14.6.5 Interfacing LCD Displays 598 14.6.6 Interfacing A/D Converters 600 14.6.7 Interfacing D/A Converters 600 Review Questions 602 Problems 602 Further Reading 603 15 Computer Fundamentals 605 15.1 Anatomy of a Computer 605 15.1.1 Central Processing Unit 605 15.1.2 Memory 606 15.1.3 Input/Output Ports 607 15.2 A Computer System 607 15.3 Types of Computer System 607 15.3.1 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Applications 607 15.3.2 Classification of Computers on the Basis of the Technology Used 608 15.3.3 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity 609 15.4 Computer Memory 610 15.4.1 Primary Memory 611 15.5 Random Access Memory 612 15.5.1 Static RAM 612 15.5.2 Dynamic RAM 619 15.5.3 RAM Applications 622 15.6 Read Only Memory 622 15.6.1 ROM Architecture 623 15.6.2 Types of ROM 624 15.6.3 Applications of ROMs 629 15.7 Expanding Memory Capacity 632 15.7.1 Word Size Expansion 632 15.7.2 Memory Location Expansion 634 15.8 Input and Output Ports 637 15.8.1 Serial Ports 638 15.8.2 Parallel Ports 640 15.8.3 Internal Buses 642 15.9 Input/Output Devices 642 15.9.1 Input Devices 643 15.9.2 Output Devices 643 15.10 Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage 645 15.10.1 Magnetic Storage Devices 645 15.10.2 Magneto-Optical Storage Devices 648 15.10.3 Optical Storage Devices 648 15.10.4 USB Flash Drive 650 Review Questions 650 Problems 650 Further Reading 651 16 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits and Test Equipment 653 16.1 General Troubleshooting Guidelines 653 16.1.1 Faults Internal to Digital Integrated Circuits 654 16.1.2 Faults External to Digital Integrated Circuits 655 16.2 Troubleshooting Sequential Logic Circuits 659 16.3 Troubleshooting Arithmetic Circuits 663 16.4 Troubleshooting Memory Devices 664 16.4.1 Troubleshooting RAM Devices 664 16.4.2 Troubleshooting ROM Devices 664 16.5 Test and Measuring Equipment 665 16.6 Digital Multimeter 665 16.6.1 Advantages of Using a Digital Multimeter 666 16.6.2 Inside the Digital Meter 666 16.6.3 Significance of the Half-Digit 666 16.7 Oscilloscope 668 16.7.1 Importance of Specifications and Front-Panel Controls 668 16.7.2 Types of Oscilloscope 669 16.8 Analogue Oscilloscopes 669 16.9 CRT Storage Type Analogue Oscilloscopes 669 16.10 Digital Oscilloscopes 669 16.11 Analogue Versus Digital Oscilloscopes 672 16.12 Oscilloscope Specifications 672 16.12.1 Analogue Oscilloscopes 673 16.12.2 Analogue Storage Oscilloscope 674 16.12.3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 674 16.13 Oscilloscope Probes 677 16.13.1 Probe Compensation 677 16.14 Frequency Counter 678 16.14.1 Universal Counters – Functional Modes 679 16.14.2 Basic Counter Architecture 679 16.14.3 Reciprocal Counters 681 16.14.4 Continuous-Count Counters 682 16.14.5 Counter Specifications 682 16.14.6 Microwave Counters 683 16.15 Frequency Synthesizers and Synthesized Function/Signal Generators 684 16.15.1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 684 16.15.2 Indirect Synthesis 685 16.15.3 Sampled Sine Synthesis (Direct Digital Synthesis) 687 16.15.4 Important Specifications 689 16.15.5 Synthesized Function Generators 689 16.15.6 Arbitrary Waveform Generator 690 16.16 Logic Probe 691 16.17 Logic Analyser 692 16.17.1 Operational Modes 692 16.17.2 Logic Analyser Architecture 692 16.17.3 Key Specifications 695 16.18 Computer–Instrument Interface Standards 696 16.18.1 IEEE-488 Interface 696 16.19 Virtual Instrumentation 697 16.19.1 Use of Virtual Instruments 698 16.19.2 Components of a Virtual Instrument 700 Review Questions 703 Problems 704 Further Reading 705 Index 707

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Book SynopsisUMTS Performance Measurement is a practical guide that explains how to identify and measure the main problems seen in today's UMTS live networks and will make performance measurement results gathered in the UTRAN environment understandable for the reader.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Basics of Performance Measurement in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 1 1.1 General Ideas of Performance Measurement 2 1.1.1 What is a KPI? 4 1.1.2 KPI Aggregation Levels and Correlations 6 1.1.3 Basic Approach to Capture and Filter Performance-Related Data in UTRAN 7 1.1.4 Performance Measurement Definitions of 3GPP 13 1.1.5 User Experience vs. 3GPP Performance Measurement Definitions 16 1.1.5.1 Problems with Registration and Call Setup 17 1.1.5.2 Dropped Calls 19 1.1.5.3 Poor Transmission Speed 20 1.1.5.4 Corrupted Data 25 1.1.6 Basics of PS Call Analysis in UTRAN 27 1.2 Basic Architectural Concept of Performance Measurement Equipment Based on Protocol Analysis 34 1.2.1 Protocol Decoding and Protocol Stacks 37 1.2.2 Diversity Combining and Filtering 39 1.2.3 State Transition Analysis 44 1.3 Aggregation Levels/Dimensions 47 1.3.1 SGSN Dimension 47 1.3.2 MSC Dimension 48 1.3.3 SRNC Dimension 48 1.3.4 DRNC Dimension 48 1.3.5 CRNC Dimension 48 1.3.6 Node B Dimension 49 1.3.7 Cell Dimension 49 1.3.8 Call/Connection Dimension 51 1.3.9 UE Dimensions 51 1.3.10 Radio Bearer/Radio Access Bearer Type Dimensions 52 1.4 Statistics Calculation and Presentation 54 1.4.1 Sampling Period 54 1.4.2 Bins 56 1.4.3 The 95th Percentile 57 1.4.4 Gauges and Distribution Functions 58 2 Selected UMTS Key Performance Parameters 61 2.1 Block Error Rate (BLER) Measurements 61 2.1.1 Uplink Block Error Rate (UL BLER) 62 2.1.1.1 Uplink Transport Channel BLER 62 2.1.1.2 UL BLER per Call 65 2.1.1.3 UL BLER per Call Type 65 2.1.2 Downlink Block Error Rate (DL BLER) 65 2.1.2.1 DL BLER per Call or Service 68 2.1.3 Correlation of BLER and Other Measurements 69 2.2 Radio-Related Measurements 71 2.2.1 Radio Link Quality Parameters and Flow Control in Lub Frame Protocol (FP) 71 2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurements 74 2.2.2.1 Transmitted Carrier Power 76 2.2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurement Enhancements in Release 5 77 2.2.2.3 Received Total Wideband Power 78 2.2.3 NBAP Dedicated Measurements 81 2.2.3.1 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) 82 2.2.3.2 Signal-to-Interference Ratio Error (SIR Error) 83 2.2.3.3 Uplink SIR Target 85 2.2.3.4 Transmitted Code Power 86 2.2.3.5 Round Trip Time (RTT) 87 2.2.4 RRC Measurements and UE Measurement Abilities 87 2.3 Throughput Measurements 100 2.3.1 RLC Throughput 101 2.3.2 Transport Channel Throughput 102 2.3.3 Packet Switched User Perceived Throughput 112 2.3.4 Application Throughput 114 2.4 Transport Channel Usage Ratio 115 2.5 Primary and Secondary Traffic 118 2.6 Active Set Size Distribution 122 2.7 Soft Handover Success and Failure Analysis 127 2.8 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 132 2.9 Core Network Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 137 2.9.1 Intra-MSC and Inter-MSC Hard Handover (3G-3G) 138 2.9.2 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover for CS and PS Services 143 2.9.2.1 CS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 144 2.9.2.2 PS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 146 2.10 State Transitions and Channel Type Switching 147 2.11 Call Establish Success and Failure Rates 151 2.11.1 RRC Connection Establishment 152 2.11.2 Radio Bearer and Radio Access Bearer Establishment and Release 155 2.12 Call Drop Rates 160 2.13 NBAP Radio Link Failure Analysis and RRC Re-Establishment Success Rate 165 2.14 Cell Matrices 171 2.15 Miscellaneous Protocol Procedures and Events that Indicate Abnormal Behaviour of Protocol Entities on Different Layers 174 2.15.1 Miscellaneous RRC Failure Indications and Ratio KPIs 175 2.15.1.1 RRC UTRAN Mobility Information Failure 175 2.15.1.2 RRC Measurement Control Failure 175 2.15.1.3 RRC Status 175 2.15.1.4 RRC Security Mode Failure 176 2.15.1.5 RRC Transport Format Combination Control Failure 176 2.15.1.6 RRC Paging Response 176 2.15.2 SCCP Failure Analysis 177 2.15.2.1 Connection Refused (CREF) 177 2.15.2.2 Inactivity Check Failure 178 2.15.3 RANAP Failure Analysis 178 2.15.3.1 RANAP Reset Resource 178 2.15.3.2 RANAP Reset 178 2.15.3.3 RANAP Overload 178 2.15.4 NBAP Failure Analysis 178 2.15.5 RLC Acknowledge Mode Retransmission Rate 180 3 Call Establishment and Handover Procedures of PS Calls using HSDPA 181 3.1 HSDPA Cell Set Up 181 3.2 HSDPA Basic Call 182 3.2.1 Call Set Up and Measurement Initialisations 182 3.2.2 Call Release 187 3.3 Mobility Management and Handover Procedures in HSDPA 188 3.3.1 Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change without Change of Active Set 189 3.3.2 Inter-Node B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 191 3.3.3 HSDPA Cell Change After Soft Handover 193 Glossary 197 References 205 Index 207

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Book SynopsisDespite previous books on UWB systems for radar systems and more recently, communications, no book exists that deals with the antennas and propagation of UWB for both communication and radar systems. This text provides up-to-date material on fundamental design concepts and principles for UWB antennas and arrays.Table of ContentsEditors xv Prime Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii Abbreviations & Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems 1Andreas F. Molisch 1.1 History of UWB 1 1.2 Motivation 3 1.3 UWB Signals and Systems 6 1.4 Frequency Regulation 12 1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation 13 1.6 System Outlook 15 References 16 Part I Fundamentals 19 Introduction to Part I 21Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards 2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory 25Mischa Dohler 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 25 2.3 Resulting Principles 30 References 30 3 Basic Antenna Elements 31Mischa Dohler 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology 34 3.4 Basic Antenna Elements 42 References 47 4 Antenna Arrays 49Ernest E. Okon 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Point Sources 49 4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication 55 4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements 56 4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions 58 4.6 Planar Arrays 62 4.7 Design Considerations 65 4.8 Summary 66 References 66 5 Beamforming 67Ben Allen 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Antenna Arrays 69 5.3 Adaptive Array Systems 73 5.4 Beamforming 75 5.5 Summary 86 References 87 6 Antenna Diversity Techniques 89Junsheng Liu, Wasim Q. Malik, David J. Edwards and Mohammad Ghavami 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 A Review of Fading 89 6.3 Receive Diversity 93 6.4 Transmit Diversity 100 6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems 102 References 103 Part II Antennas for UWB Communications 105 Introduction to Part II 107Ernest E. Okon 7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements 111Xiaodong Chen 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas 112 7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas 121 7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas 132 7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 140 7.6 Summary 144 Acknowledgements 144 References 144 8 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio 147Zhi Ning Chen 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations 148 8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs 153 8.4 Summary 160 References 161 9 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products 163Peter Massey 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques 164 9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model 164 9.4 Planar Dipoles 167 9.5 Practical Antennas 178 9.6 Summary 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 10 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications 197Dirk Manteuffel 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation 199 10.3 Antenna Design and Integration 205 10.4 Propagation Modelling 214 10.5 System Analysis 215 10.6 Conclusions 218 References 220 11 Ultra-wideband Arrays 221Ernest E. Okon 11.1 Introduction 221 11.2 Linear Arrays 221 11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays 225 11.4 Phased Arrays 230 11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design 232 11.6 Modelling Considerations 234 11.7 Feed Configurations 234 11.8 Design Considerations 238 11.9 Summary 239 References 240 12 UWB Beamforming 241Mohammad Ghavami and Kaveh Heidary 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Basic Concept 242 12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array 243 12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays 249 12.5 Summary 257 References 258 Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications 259 Introduction to Part III 261Mischa Dohler and Ben Allen 13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials 265Domenico Porcino 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics 267 13.3 The Materials Under Test 270 13.4 Experimental Campaign 272 13.5 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling 283Mischa Dohler, Junsheng Liu, R. Michael Buehrer, Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben Allen 14.1 Introduction 283 14.2 Deterministic Models 284 14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models 297 14.4 Standardised Reference Models 303 14.5 Conclusions 306 References 306 15 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling 309Swaroop Venkatesh, R. Michael Buehrer, Junsheng Liu and Mischa Dohler 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling 310 15.3 Spatial Modelling 321 15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model 324 15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model 325 15.6 Summary 327 References 327 16 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWBWireless BAN 331Yang Hao, Akram Alomainy and Yan Zhao 16.1 Introduction 331 16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics 332 16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling 345 16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks 353 16.5 Summary 355 References 358 17 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics 361Wasim Q. Malik, Junsheng Liu, Ben Allen and David J. Edwards 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 Preliminaries 361 17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation 362 17.4 Characterisation Techniques 363 17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate 364 17.6 Signal Quality Improvement 370 17.7 Performance Parameters 375 17.8 Summary 381 References 381 Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging 385 Introduction to Part IV 387Anthony K. Brown 18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays 389Thomas Kaiser, Christiane Senger, Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau Sieskul 18.1 Introduction 389 18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework 394 18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming 398 18.4 Beamloc Approach 401 18.5 Algorithmic Framework 403 18.6 Time-delay Estimation 404 18.7 Simulation Results 406 18.8 Conclusions 410 References 410 19 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar 413Ian Craddock 19.1 Introduction 413 19.2 GPR Example Applications 413 19.3 Analysis and GPR Design 419 19.4 Antenna Elements 425 19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 430 19.6 Conclusions 433 Acknowledgements 434 References 434 20 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging 437Ian Craddock 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 Detection and Imaging 437 20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria 440 20.4 Antenna Elements 441 20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 445 20.6 Conclusions 447 Acknowledgements 448 References 448 21 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications 451Anthony K. Brown 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar 452 21.3 UWB Reflector Antennas 453 21.4 UWB Feed Designs 459 21.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion 461 21.6 Summary 468 References 468 Index 471

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Book SynopsisThis book collects a wealth of information about spatial audio coding into one comprehensible volume. It is a thorough reference to the 3GPP and MPEG Parametric Stereo standards and the MPEG Surround multi-channel audio coding standard. It describes key developments in coding techniques, which is an important factor in the optimization of advanced entertainment, communications and signal processing applications. Until recently, technologies for coding audio signals, such as redundancy reduction and sophisticated source and receiver models did not incorporate spatial characteristics of source and receiving ends. Spatial audio coding achieves much higher compression ratios than conventional coders. It does this by representing multi-channel audio signals as a downmix signal plus side information that describes the perceptually-relevant spatial information. Written by experts in spatial audio coding, Spatial Audio Processing: reviews psychoacousticTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies. Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The human auditory system. 1.2 Spatial audio reproduction. 1.3 Spatial audio coding. 1.4 Book outline. 2 Background. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Spatial audio playback systems. 2.2.1 Stereo audio loudspeaker playback. 2.2.2 Headphone audio playback. 2.2.3 Multi-channel audio playback. 2.3 Audio coding. 2.3.1 Audio signal representation. 2.3.2 Lossless audio coding. 2.3.3 Perceptual audio coding. 2.3.4 Parametric audio coding. 2.3.5 Combining perceptual and parametric audio coding. 2.4 Matrix surround. 2.5 Conclusions. 3 Spatial Hearing. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Physiology of the human hearing system. 3.3 Spatial hearing basics. 3.3.1 Spatial hearing with one sound source. 3.3.2 Ear entrance signal properties and lateralization. 3.3.3 Sound source localization. 3.3.4 Two sound sources: summing localization. 3.3.5 Superposition of signals each evoking one auditory object. 3.4 Spatial hearing in rooms. 3.4.1 Source localization in the presence of reflections: the precedence effect. 3.4.2 Spatial impression. 3.5 Limitations of the human auditory system. 3.5.1 Just-noticeable differences in interaural cues. 3.5.2 Spectro-temporal decomposition. 3.5.3 Localization accuracy of single sources. 3.5.4 Localization accuracy of concurrent sources. 3.5.5 Localization accuracy when reflections are present. 3.6 Source localization in complex listening situations. 3.6.1 Cue selection model. 3.6.2 Simulation examples. 3.7 Conclusions. 4 Spatial Audio Coding. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Related techniques. 4.2.1 Pseudostereophonic processes. 4.2.2 Intensity stereo coding. 4.3 Binaural Cue Coding (BCC). 4.3.1 Time–frequency processing. 4.3.2 Down-mixing to one channel. 4.3.3 ‘Perceptually relevant differences’ between audio channels. 4.3.4 Estimation of spatial cues. 4.3.5 Synthesis of spatial cues. 4.4 Coding of low-frequency effects (LFE) audio channels. 4.5 Subjective performance. 4.6 Generalization to spatial audio coding. 5 Parametric Stereo. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Development and standardization. 5.1.2 AacPlus v2. 5.2 Interaction between core coder and spatial audio coding. 5.3 Relation to BCC. 5.4 Parametric stereo encoder. 5.4.1 Time/frequency decomposition. 5.4.2 Parameter extraction. 5.4.3 Down-mix. 5.4.4 Parameter quantization and coding. 5.5 Parametric stereo decoder. 5.5.1 Analysis filterbank. 5.5.2 Decorrelation. 5.5.3 Matrixing. 5.5.4 Interpolation. 5.5.5 Synthesis filterbanks. 5.5.6 Parametric stereo in enhanced aacPlus. 5.6 Conclusions. 6 MPEG Surround. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Spatial audio coding. 6.2.1 Concept. 6.2.2 Elementary building blocks. 6.3 MPEG Surround encoder. 6.3.1 Structure. 6.3.2 Pre- and post-gains. 6.3.3 Time–frequency decomposition. 6.3.4 Spatial encoder. 6.3.5 Parameter quantization and coding. 6.3.6 Coding of residual signals. 6.4 MPEG Surround decoder. 6.4.1 Structure. 6.4.2 Spatial decoder. 6.4.3 Enhanced matrix mode. 6.5 Subjective evaluation. 6.5.1 Test 1: operation using spatial parameters. 6.5.2 Test 2: operation using enhanced matrix mode. 6.6 Conclusions. 7 Binaural Cues for a Single Sound Source. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 HRTF parameterization. 7.2.1 HRTF analysis. 7.2.2 HRTF synthesis. 7.3 Sound source position dependencies. 7.3.1 Experimental procedure. 7.3.2 Results and discussion. 7.4 HRTF set dependencies. 7.4.1 Experimental procedure. 7.4.2 Results and discussion. 7.5 Single ITD approximation. 7.5.1 Procedure. 7.5.2 Results and discussion. 7.6 Conclusions. 8 Binaural Cues for Multiple Sound Sources. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Binaural parameters. 8.3 Binaural parameter analysis. 8.3.1 Binaural parameters for a single sound source. 8.3.2 Binaural parameters for multiple independent sound sources. 8.3.3 Binaural parameters for multiple sound sources with varying degrees of mutual correlation. 8.4 Binaural parameter synthesis. 8.4.1 Mono down-mix. 8.4.2 Extension towards stereo down-mixes. 8.5 Application to MPEG Surround. 8.5.1 Binaural decoding mode. 8.5.2 Binaural parameter synthesis. 8.5.3 Binaural encoding mode. 8.5.4 Evaluation. 8.6 Conclusions. 9 Audio Coding with Mixing Flexibility at the Decoder Side. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Motivation and details. 9.2.1 ICTD, ICLD and ICC of the mixer output. 9.3 Side information. 9.3.1 Reconstructing the sources. 9.4 Using spatial audio decoders as mixers. 9.5 Transcoding to MPEG Surround. 9.6 Conclusions. 10 Multi-loudspeaker Playback of Stereo Signals. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Multi-channel stereo. 10.3 Spatial decomposition of stereo signals. 10.3.1 Estimating ps,b, Ab and pn,b. 10.3.2 Least-squares estimation of sm, n1,m and n2,m. 10.3.3 Post-scaling. 10.3.4 Numerical examples. 10.4 Reproduction using different rendering setups. 10.4.1 Multiple loudspeakers in front of the listener. 10.4.2 Multiple front loudspeakers plus side loudspeakers. 10.4.3 Conventional 5.1 surround loudspeaker setup. 10.4.4 Wavefield synthesis playback system. 10.4.5 Modifying the decomposed audio signals. 10.5 Subjective evaluation. 10.5.1 Subjects and playback setup. 10.5.2 Stimuli. 10.5.3 Test method. 10.5.4 Results. 10.6 Conclusions. 10.7 Acknowledgement. Frequently Used Terms, Abbreviations and Notation. Terms and abbreviations. Notation and variables. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisGain the knowledge and tools to deliver compelling mobile phone applications. Mobile and wireless application design is complex and challenging.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Introduction: Mobility is Different. 1.1 Mobilizing Applications. 1.2 What is ‘Mobile’ Anyhow? 1.3 The Carry Principle. 1.4 Components of a Mobile Application. 1.5 About This Book. 2 Mobile Users in the Wild. 2.1 Mobile User Characteristics. 2.2 Groups and Tribes. 2.3 International Differences. 3 Mobile Devices. 3.1 A Device Taxonomy. 3.2 Anatomy of the PCD. 4 Selecting Application Technologies. 4.1 Input Modalities. 4.2 Interaction Responsiveness. 4.3 Data Storage Locations. 4.4 Display Modality. 4.5 Supplemental Technologies. 4.6 Distribution Methods. 4.7 Other Concerns. 4.8 Platforms. 5 Mobile Design Principles. 5.1 Mobilize, Don’t Miniaturize. 5.2 User Context. 5.3 Handling Device Proliferation. 5.4 Emulators and Simulators. 5.5 Detailed Design Recommendations. 6 Mobile User Interface Design Patterns. 6.1 About User Interface Patterns. 6.2 Screen Design. 6.3 Application Navigation. 6.4 Application Management. 6.5 Advertising. 7 Graphic and Media Design. 7.1 Composition for the Small Screen. 7.2 Video and Animation. 7.3 Sound. 7.4 Streaming versus Downloaded Content. 7.5 Managing Media: Meta Data. 8 Industry Players. 8.1 Carriers (Operators). 8.2 Device Manufacturers. 8.3 Technology and Platform Providers. 8.4 Application and Content Developers. 8.5 Content Distributors. 8.6 Industry Associations. 8.7 Government. 9 Research and Design Process. 9.1 Mobile Research Challenges. 9.2 User Research. 9.3 Design Phase Testing. 9.4 Application Usability Testing. 9.5 Market Acceptance (beta) Testing. 10 Example Application: Traveler Tool. 10.1 User Requirements. 10.2 Product Requirements. 10.3 High-level Design Concepts. 10.4 Detailed Design Plan. Appendices. A: Mobile Markup Languages. B: Domain Names. C: Minimum Object Resolution. D: Opt-In and Opt-Out. E: Mobile Companies. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to automotive vehicle buses, covering the principles, components, implementation and application of the technology. Paret offers both a global and historical perspective, so enabling the reader to clearly understand the connections between theory, technology and economic implications throughout.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Part A CAN: from concept to reality. 1 The CAN bus: general. 1.1 Concepts of bus access and arbitration. 1.2 Error processing and management. 1.3 Increase your word power. 1.4 From concept to reality. 1.5 Historical context of CAN. 1.6 Patents, licences and certification. 2 CAN: its protocol, its properties, its novel features. 2.1 Definitions of the CAN protocol: ‘ISO 11898-1’. 2.2 Errors: their intrinsic properties, detection and processing. 2.3 The rest of the frame. 2.4 CAN 2.0B. 3 The CAN physical layer. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The ‘CAN bit’. 3.3 Nominal bit time. 3.4 CAN and signal propagation. 3.5 Bit synchronization. 3.6 Network speed. 4 Medium, implementation and physical layers in CAN. 4.1 The range of media and the types of coupling to the network. 4.2 High speed CAN, from 125 kbits -1 to 1 Mbits -1: ISO 11898-2. 4.3 Low speed CAN, from 10 to 125 kbits -1. 4.4 Optical media. 4.5 Electromagnetic media. 4.6 Pollution and EMC conformity. 5 Components, applications and tools for CAN. 5.1 CAN components. 5.2 Applications. 5.3 Application layers and development tools for CAN. 6 Time-triggered protocols – FlexRay. 6.1 Some general remarks. 6.2 Event-triggered and time-triggered aspects. 6.3 TTCAN – Time-triggered communication on CAN. 6.4 Towards high-speed, X-by-Wire and redundant systems. 6.5 FlexRay. Part B New multiplexed bus concepts: LIN, FlexRay, Fail-safe SBC, Safe-by-Wire. 7 LIN – Local Interconnect Network. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Basic concept of the LIN 2.0 protocol. 7.3 Cost and market. 7.4 Conformity of LIN. 7.5 Examples of components for LIN 2.0. 8 Think ‘Bus’, think ‘Fail-safe SBC’, ‘Gateways’. 8.1 Fail-safe SBCs: their multiple aspects and reasons for using them. 8.2 The strategy and principles of re-use. 8.3 Demo board. 8.4 Gateways. 8.5 Managing the application layers. 9 Safe-by-Wire. 9.1 A little history. 9.2 Safe-by-Wire Plus. 9.3 Some words of technology. 10 Audio-video buses. 10.1 I2C Bus. 10.2 The D2B (Domestic digital) bus. 10.3 The MOST (Media oriented systems transport) bus. 10.4 The IEEE 1394 bus or ‘FireWire’. 11 RF communication and wireless mini-networks. 11.1 Radio-frequency communication: internal. 11.2 Radio-frequency communication: external. 11.3 Wireless networks. Conclusion. Part C Appendices. Appendix A. CiA (CAN in Automation). Appendix B. Essential references. Appendix C. Further reading. Appendix D. Useful addresses. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe new era of powerful, mobile computing and sensing devices having ever larger memories and personal databases brings to light a number of difficult problems in software, interface design, search, organization of information, and methods for inferring context and for sharing personal content The authors have done an admirable job at describing the problems and opportunities and, as such, this book should be on the shelves of researchers struggling to make these mobile devices truly valuable to the ever expanding number of their users. David G. Stork, Chief Scientist, Ricoh Innovations Personal Content Experience is a comprehensive introduction to mobile personal content. The book introduces and explores issues such as context capture, user interfaces for continuous mobile use, UI design for mobile media applications, metadata magic, virtual communities, and ontologies. User interactions and behavioural patterns with personal content are also covered, resulting in a GTrade Review"The book is well referenced, and can serve as a jumping-off point for someone who wishes to get started in this fascinating area of research and development." (Computing Reviews, May 15, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. Prologue. Chapter 1: Digital Memories and the Personal Content Explosion. 1.1 Digital Us. 1.2 You and This Book. 1.3 Contents at a Glance. Chapter 2: Trends Towards Mobility. 2.1 The New Nomads. 2.1.1 Five-Second Attention Span. 2.1.2 Continuous and Nomadic Mobile Use. 2.2 Mobile Device Categories. 2.2.1 Dedicated Media Devices. 2.2.2 Swiss Army Knives. 2.2.3 Toolbox Devices. 2.2.4 Accessories and Other Devices. 2.3 Mobile Compromises. 2.3.1 Teeny Weeny UIs. 2.4 Because it Can! 2.5 Convergence. 2.6 Wireless Revolution. 2.6.1 Broadcast Networks. 2.6.2 Short-Range Wireless. 2.7 Case Study: Mobile Music. 2.8 References. Chapter 3: Mobile Personal Content Uncovered. 3.1 First there were Files. 3.1.1 From File Management to Content Management. 3.1.2 Creation and Usage make Content Personal. 3.2 Categorization. 3.3 Characteristics of Personal Content. 3.3.1 Content Explosion. 3.3.2 Personal Content is Invaluable. 3.3.3 Personal Content is Familiar . . . or Not. 3.3.4 Favourites. 3.3.5 Sharing and Communities. 3.3.6 Relations and Associations. 3.3.7 Privacy and Security Requirements. 3.4 Mobile Personal Content. 3.4.1 Mobile Personal Content is Distributed. 3.4.2 Mobile Content is Tied to Creation and Usage Context. 3.4.3 The Same Content Types, New Usage Patterns. 3.4.4 Totally New Content Types, or Extended Use of Existing Content Types. 3.4.5 New Behavioural Patterns. 3.4.6 New Challenges. 3.5 Content Wants to be Free? 3.6 GEMS, a Tool for Modelling Personal Content Experience. 3.7 References. Chapter 4: Metadata Magic. 4.1 Metadata for Consumers: A Brief Introduction. 4.1.1 Metadata Semantics. 4.1.2 Metadata – For Managing or Enjoying? 4.2 Metadata Creation. 4.3 Metadata Maintenance. 4.4 Relations Give Meaning. 4.4.1 People as First-Class Metadata. 4.4.2 Derived Metadata. 4.5 How does Metadata Benefit the User? 4.5.1 Tracing and Recall. 4.5.2 Searching. 4.5.3 Organizing: Sorting, Grouping and Filtering. 4.5.4 Automatic Summarizing. 4.5.5 Enhancing Privacy and Security. 4.5.6 Constructing Views. 4.5.7 Better Recommendations. 4.5.8 Reusing / Remixing / Reconstructing. 4.5.9 Smoother Transition Between Applications. 4.6 Existing Approaches. 4.6.1 MARC. 4.6.2 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 4.6.3 XMP. 4.6.4 ID3v2. 4.6.5 Acidized Wav. 4.6.6 DCF and EXIF. 4.6.7 Quicktime. 4.6.8 MPEG-7. 4.6.9 RSS. 4.6.10 Summary. 4.7 The PCE Trinity: Mobility, Context and Metadata. 4.7.1 File Context. 4.7.2 Elements of Context. 4.7.3 Context is Essential for Communication. 4.8 The Challenges: Universal Metadata, Extensibility, Abuse. 4.9 Yet Another Challenge: Interoperability. 4.9.1 Personal Content Device Ecosystem. 4.9.2 Application Interoperability. 4.9.3 Existing Solutions for Interoperability. 4.10 The Dream: When Metadata Really Works. 4.11 References. Chapter 5: Realizing a Metadata Framework. 5.1 Metadata is a Solution . . . and a Problem. 5.2 Challenges in Distributed Mobile Content Management. 5.2.1 Storage. 5.2.2 Synchronization. 5.2.3 Version Control. 5.2.4 Backing Up. 5.2.5 Content Adaptation. 5.2.6 Locating the Desired Piece of Content. 5.3 Different Types of Metadata. 5.3.1 Tags. 5.3.2 Context Capture. 5.3.3 Relationships. 5.3.4 Usage History and Events. 5.4 From Content Management to Metadata Management. 5.4.1 Cross Media Challenge and Metadata Ownership. 5.4.2 Separating Metadata from Content Binaries. 5.4.3 Preparing for the Future. 5.5 Overall Architecture. 5.6 Our Metadata Ontology. 5.6.1 Instance Metadata and the Schema. 5.6.2 Initializing the Framework. 5.6.3 Our Default Ontology. 5.6.4 Namespace. 5.6.5 Metadata Schema Objects. 5.6.6 The Most Typical Metadata Schema Objects and Attributes. 5.6.7 Events. 5.6.8 Relationships. 5.6.9 How to Handle Composite Objects. 5.6.10 URIs for Fragments. 5.6.11 Extending the Ontology. 5.7 Making a Prototype Implementation. 5.7.1 Metadata Engine. 5.7.2 Managing Schemas. 5.7.3 Why Use SQL and Especially SQLite as Persistent Storage. 5.7.4 Harvester Manager. 5.7.5 Context Engine. 5.8 Facing Real Life. 5.8.1 Memory Consumption. 5.8.2 Speed. 5.8.3 Example Usage of Metadata Engine. 5.9 Metadata Processors. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 References. Chapter 6: User Interfaces for Mobile Media. 6.1 Human in the Loop. 6.1.1 Searching. 6.1.2 User-Centred Design. 6.2 Interacting with Mobile Personal Content. 6.2.1 Music. 6.2.2 Photos. 6.2.3 Video. 6.3 Interfaces for Mobile Media Devices. 6.3.1 Why not Speech User Interfaces for Mobiles? 6.3.2 Graphical User Interfaces. 6.3.3 Interaction Technologies and Techniques. 6.3.4 UI structure and Navigation. 6.3.5 Basic UI Components for Mobile Media. 6.4 Designing a Mobile User Interface. 6.4.1 Common UI Design Guidelines. 6.4.2 The UI Design Process and Methods. 6.4.3 Validating the Design. 6.5 Performing the GEMS Tasks. 6.5.1 Cross-GEMS Tasks: Browse and Search. 6.5.2 Get Content. 6.5.3 Enjoy Content. 6.5.4 Maintain Content. 6.5.5 Share Content. 6.5.6 Multi-Tasking in GEMS. 6.6 The Effect of Device Category on UI. 6.7 Summary. 6.8 References. Chapter 7: Application Outlook. 7.1 General Characteristics of Mobile Applications. 7.2 Location-Based Applications. 7.2.1 Point of Interest. 7.2.2 Wayfi nding. 7.2.3 Annotations. 7.2.4 Location as Metadata. 7.2.5 Location and Communities. 7.2.6 Other Applications. 7.2.7 Discussion. 7.3 Sharing and Communities. 7.3.1 Content Sharing. 7.3.2 Content Rating. 7.3.3 Self-Expression. 7.3.4 YouTube. 7.3.5 Video Sharing Cornes of Age. 7.4 Games. 7.4.1 Mobile Games. 7.4.2 Personal Content Types Related to Games. 7.4.3 Modding. 7.4.4 Discussion. 7.5 Other Domains. 7.5.1 Personal Training. 7.5.2 Movie Subtitles. 7.5.3 Flash, Comics, Animations. 7.5.4 Discussion. 7.6 References. Chapter 8: Timeshifting Life. 8.1 Metadata in the Years to Come. 8.1.1 Metadata Enablers. 8.2 Metadata Creation: Top-Down or Bottom-Up? 8.3 Show Me the Money. 8.4 Obstacles in Reaching the Vision. 8.4.1 Technical Problems and Challenges. 8.4.2 Human-Related Issues. 8.5 From Databases to Lifebases. 8.6 Move that Metadata! 8.7 References. Epilogue. Index.

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Book SynopsisA wireless sensor network (WSN) uses a number of autonomous devices to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions via a wireless network. Since its military beginnings as a means of battlefield surveillance, practical use of this technology has extended to a range of civilian applications including environmental monitoring, natural disaster prediction and relief, health monitoring and fire detection. Technological advancements, coupled with lowering costs, suggest that wireless sensor networks will have a significant impact on 21st century life. The design of wireless sensor networks requires consideration for several disciplines such as distributed signal processing, communications and cross-layer design. Wireless Sensor Networks: Signal Processing and Communications focuses on the theoretical aspects of wireless sensor networks and offers readers signal processing and communication perspectives on the design of large-scale networks. It explains state-of-theTable of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Introduction. Part I. Fundamental Properties and Limits. 2. Information-theoretic Bounds on Sensor Network Performance (Michael Gastpar). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sensor Network Models. 2.3 Digital Architectures. 2.4 The Price of Digital Architectures. 2.5 Bounds on General Architectures. 2.6 Concluding Remarks and Some Interesting Questions. Bibliography. 3 In-Network Information Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks (Arvind Giridhar and P. R. Kumar). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Communication Complexity Model. 3.3 Computing Functions Over Wireless Networks: Spatial Reuse and Block Computation . 3.4 Wireless Networks with Noisy Communications: Reliable Computation in a Collocated Broadcast Network. 3.5 Towards an Information Theoretic Formulation. 3.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. 4 The Sensing Capacity of Sensor Networks (Rohit Negi, Yaron Rachlin, and Pradeep Khosla). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Sensing Capacity of Sensor Networks. 4.3 Extensions to other Sensor Network Models. 4.4 Discussion and Open Problems. Bibliography. 5. Law of Sensor Network Lifetime and Its Applications (Yunxia Chen and Qing Zhao). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Law of Network Lifetime and General Design Principle. 5.3 Fundamental Performance Limit: A Stochastic Shortest Path Framework. 5.4 Distributed Asymptotically Optimal Transmission Scheduling. 5.5 A Brief Overview of Network Lifetime Analysis. 5.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. Part II. Signal Processing for Sensor Networks. 6. Detection in Sensor Networks. 6.1 Centralized Detection. 6.2 The Classical Decentralized Detection Framework. 6.3 Decentralized Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks. 6.4 Wireless Sensor Networks. 6.5 New Paradigms. 6.6 Extensions and Generalizations. 6.7 Discussion and Concluding Remarks. Bibliography. 7. Distributed Estimation Under Bandwidth and Energy Constraints (Alejandro Ribeiro, Ioannis D. Schizas, Jin-Jun Xiao, Georgios B. Giannakis and Zhi-Quan Luo). 7.1 Distributed Quantization-Estimation. 7.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 7.3 Unknown noise pdf. 7.4 Estimation of Vector parameters. 7.5 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Estimation. 7.6 Dimensionality Reduction for Distributed Estimation. 7.7 Distortion-RateAnalysis. 7.8 Conclusion. 7.9 Further Reading. Bibliography. 8. Distributed Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks (Joel B. Predd, Sanjeev R. Kulkarni, and H. Vincent Poor). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Classical Learning. 8.3 Distributed Learningin Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.4 Distributed Learningin WSNs with a Fusion Center. 8.5 Distributed Learningin Ad-hocWSNs with In-network Processing. 8.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. 9. Graphical Models and Fusion in Sensor Networks (M¨ujdat C¸ etin, Lei Chen, John W. Fisher III, Alexander T. Ihler, O. Patrick Kreidl, Randolph L. Moses, Martin J. Wainwright, Jason L. Williams, and Alan S. Willsky). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Graphical Models. 9.3 From Sensor Network Fusion to Graphical Models. 9.4 Message Censoring, Approximation,and Impacton Fusion. 9.5 The Effects of Message Approximation . 9.6 Optimizing theUse of Constrained Resources in Network Fusion. 9.7 Conclusion. Bibliography. Part III. Communications, Networking and Cross-Layered Designs. 10. Randomized Cooperative Transmission in Large-Scale Sensor Networks (Birsen Sirkeci-Mergen and Anna Scaglione). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Transmit cooperation in sensor networks. 10.3 Randomized distributed cooperative schemes. 10.4 Performance of Randomized Cooperative Codes. 10.5 Analysis of Cooperative Large-scale Networks utilizing Randomized Cooperative Codes. 10.6 Conclusion. 10.7 Appendix. Bibliography. 11. Application Dependent Shortest Path Routing in Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks (Saswat Misra, Lang Tong, and Anthony Ephremides). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamental SPR. 11.3 SPR for MobileWireless Networks. 11.4 SPRf or Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks. 11.5 Conclusion. 11.6 A Short Review of Basic Graph Theory. Bibliography. 12. Data-Centric and CooperativeMAC Protocols for Sensor Networks (Yao-Win Hong and Pramod K. Varshney). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Traditional Medium Access Control Protocols: Random Access and Deterministic Scheduling. 12.3 Energy Efficient MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks. 12.4 Data-Centric MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks. 12.5 Cooperative MAC Protocol for Independent Sources. 12.6 Cooperative MAC Protocol for Correlated Sensors. 12.7 DiscussionandFutureResearchDirections. Bibliography. 13. Game Theoretic Activation and Transmission Scheduling in Unattended Ground Sensor Networks: A Correlated Equilibrium Approach (Vikram Krishnamurthy, Michael Maskery, and Minh Hanh Ngo). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Unattended Ground Sensor Network: Capabilities and Objectives. 13.3 Sensor Activation as the Correlated Equilibrium of a Noncooperative Game. 13.4 Energy Efficient Transmission Scheduling in UGSN - A Markov Decision Process Approach. 13.5 Numerical Results. 13.6 Discussion and Extensions . 13.7 Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA definitive guide for accurate state-of-the-art modelling of free surface flows Understanding the dynamics of free surface flows is the starting point of many environmental studies, impact studies, and waterworks design.Trade Review?The book gains an insight into the mathematical fundament of free surface flows and into the implementation of these models in the programme system Telemac. It is useful for students and researchers of this field and of computational fluid dynamics.? (ZAMM, October 2009) "This would provide a useful guide from fundamental theory to more advanced topics that deal with the applications of the finite element method and the Telemac system." (Zentralblatt Math 1131, June 2008)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Plates. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Acknowledgements. Chapter 2. Equations of free surface hydrodynamics. Chapter 3. Principles of the finite element method. Chapter 4. Resolution of the Saint-Venant equations. Chapter 5. Resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Chapter 6. Solving transport equations. Chapter 7. Modern techniques in finite elements. Chapter 8. Parallelism. Chapter 9. Parameter estimation. Chapter 10. Applications. Appendix A. Tide-generating force. Appendix B. Diffusion matrix with tetrahedra. Appendix C. Notations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the complex field of ubiquitous computing Ubiquitous Computing (also commonly referred to as Pervasive Computing) describes the ways in which current technological models, based upon three base designs: smart (mobile, wireless, service) devices, smart environments (of embedded system devices) and smart interaction (between devices), relate to and support a computing vision for a greater range of computer devices, used in a greater range of (human, ICT and physical) environments and activities. The author details the rich potential of ubiquitous computing, the challenges involved in making it a reality, and the prerequisite technological infrastructure. Additionally, the book discusses the application and convergence of several current major and future computing trends. Key Features: Provides an introduction to the complex field of ubiquitous computing Describes how current technology models based upon six different technology form factors which have varying degrees of mobility wireless connectivity and service volatility: tabs, pads, boards, dust, skins and clay, enable the vision of ubiquitous computing Describes and explores how the three core designs (smart devices, environments and interaction) based upon current technology models can be applied to, and can evolve to, support a vision of ubiquitous computing and computing for the future Covers the principles of the following current technology models, including mobile wireless networks, service-oriented computing, human computer interaction, artificial intelligence, context-awareness, autonomous systems, micro-electromechanical systems, sensors, embedded controllers and robots Covers a range of interactions, between two or more UbiCom devices, between devices and people (HCI), between devices and the physical world. Includes an accompanying website with PowerPoint slides, problems and solutions, exercises, bibliography and further reading Graduate students in computer science, electrical engineering and telecommunications courses will find this a fascinating and useful introduction to the subject. It will also be of interest to ICT professionals, software and network developers and others interested in future trends and models of computing and interaction over the next decades.Table of ContentsList of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii 1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 1 1.1 Living in a Digital World 1 1.1.1 Chapter Overview 2 1.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications 2 1.1.2.1 Personal Memories 3 1.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service 5 1.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management 5 1.1.2.4 Utility Regulation 6 1.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI 7 1.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 8 1.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems 9 1.2.2 Distributed ICT Systems 9 1.2.2.1 Networked ICT Devices 10 1.2.2.2 Transparency and Openness 10 1.2.3 Implicit Human–Computer Interaction (iHCI) 11 1.2.3.1 The Calm Computer 11 1.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human–Computer Interaction 12 1.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality 12 1.2.4 Context-Awareness 13 1.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual 14 1.2.4.2 User-Awareness 14 1.2.4.3 Active Versus Passive Context-Awareness 15 1.2.5 Autonomy 15 1.2.5.1 Reducing Human Interaction 16 1.2.5.2 Easing System Maintenance Versus Self-Maintaining Systems 16 1.2.6 Intelligence 17 1.2.7 Taxonomy of UbiCom Properties 17 1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 22 1.3.1 Human–ICT Device Interaction (HCI) 24 1.3.2 ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) 25 1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 26 1.4.1 Smart Devices 27 1.4.1.1 Weiser’s ICT Device Forms: Tabs, Pads and Boards 28 1.4.1.2 Extended Forms for ICT Devices: Dust, Skin and Clay 28 1.4.1.3 Mobility 29 1.4.1.4 Volatile Service Access 29 1.4.1.5 Situated and Self-Aware 30 1.4.2 Smart Environments 30 1.4.2.1 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments 31 1.4.2.2 Embedded Versus Untethered 31 1.4.2.3 Device Sizes 32 1.4.3 Smart Interaction 32 1.4.3.1 Basic Interaction 32 1.4.3.2 Smart Interaction 33 1.5 Discussion 34 1.5.1 Interlinking System Properties, Environments and Designs 34 1.5.2 Common Myths about Ubiquitous Computing 35 1.5.3 Organisation of the Smart DEI Approach 37 Exercises 38 References 39 2 Applications and Requirements 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.1.1 Overview 41 2.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 41 2.2.1 Smart Devices: cci 42 2.2.1.1 Smart Boards, Pads and Tabs 42 2.2.1.2 Active Badge, Bat and Floor 42 2.2.2 Smart Environments: CPI and cci 43 2.2.2.1 Classroom 2000 43 2.2.2.2 Smart Space and Meeting Room 43 2.2.2.3 Interactive Workspaces and iRoom 44 2.2.2.4 Cooltown 44 2.2.2.5 EasyLiving and SPOT 45 2.2.2.6 HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence 46 2.2.3 Smart Devices: CPI 46 2.2.3.1 Unimate and MH-1 Robots 46 2.2.3.2 Smart Dust and TinyOS 47 2.2.4 Smart Devices: iHCI and HPI 48 2.2.4.1 Calm Computing 48 2.2.4.2 Things That Think and Tangible Bits 48 2.2.4.3 DataTiles 49 2.2.4.4 Ambient Wood 50 2.2.4.5 WearComp and WearCam 50 2.2.4.6 Cyborg 1.0 and 2.0 52 2.2.5 Other UbiCom Projects 52 2.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 53 2.3.1 Ubiquitous Networks of Devices: cci 53 2.3.2 Human–Computer Interaction 54 2.3.2.1 Ubiquitous Audio-Video Content Access 54 2.3.2.2 Ubiquitous Information Access and Ebooks 55 2.3.2.3 Universal Local Control of ICT Systems 56 2.3.2.4 User-Awareness and Personal Spaces 58 2.3.3 Human-to-Human Interaction (HHI) Applications 58 2.3.3.1 Transaction-based M-Commerce and U-Commerce Services 59 2.3.3.2 Enhancing the Productivity of Mobile Humans 59 2.3.3.3 Care in the Community 60 2.3.4 Human-Physical World-Computer Interaction (HPI) and (CPI) 61 2.3.4.1 Physical Environment Awareness 61 2.3.4.2 (Physical) Environment Control 61 2.3.4.3 Smart Utilities 62 2.3.4.4 Smart Buildings and Home Automation 62 2.3.4.5 Smart Living Environments and Smart Furniture 63 2.3.4.6 Smart Street Furniture 65 2.3.4.7 Smart Vehicles, Transport and Travel 65 2.3.4.8 Pervasive Games and Social Physical Spaces 66 2.4 Discussion 67 2.4.1 Achievements from Early Projects and Status Today 67 2.4.1.1 Smart Devices 67 2.4.1.2 Smart Physical World Environments 68 2.4.1.3 Context-Awareness and Service Discovery 69 2.4.1.4 Wearable Smart Devices and Implants 69 Exercises 71 References 71 3 Smart Devices and Services 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.1.1 Chapter Overview 75 3.1.2 Smart Device and Service Characteristics 75 3.1.3 Distributed System Viewpoints 77 3.1.4 Abstraction Versus Virtualisation 78 3.2 Service Architecture Models 80 3.2.1 Partitioning and Distribution of Service Components 80 3.2.2 Multi-tier Client Service Models 81 3.2.2.1 Distributed Data Storage 82 3.2.2.2 Distributed Processing 82 3.2.2.3 Client–Server Design 83 3.2.2.4 Proxy-based Service Access 84 3.2.3 Middleware 85 3.2.4 Service Oriented Computing (SOC) 86 3.2.5 Grid Computing 87 3.2.6 Peer-to-Peer Systems 88 3.2.7 Device Models 91 3.3 Service Provision Life-Cycle 91 3.3.1 Network Discovery 92 3.3.2 Service Announcement, Discovery, Selection and Configuration 93 3.3.2.1 Web Service Discovery 95 3.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Semantic Resource Discovery 95 3.3.3 Service Invocation 95 3.3.3.1 Distributed Processes 96 3.3.3.2 Asynchronous (MOM) Versus Synchronous (RPC) Communication Models 97 3.3.3.3 Reliable versus Unreliable Communication 99 3.3.3.4 Caches, Read-Ahead and Delayed Writes 99 3.3.3.5 On-Demand Service Access 100 3.3.3.6 Event-Driven Architectures (EDA) 101 3.3.3.7 Shared Data Repository 103 3.3.3.8 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Model 103 3.3.3.9 Volatile Service Invocation 104 3.3.4 Service Composition 105 3.3.4.1 Service Interoperability 106 3.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 106 3.4.1 Virtual Machines 106 3.4.2 Bios 107 3.4.3 Multi-Tasking Operating Systems (MTOS) 108 3.4.4 Process Control 109 3.4.5 Memory Management 110 3.4.6 Input and Output 111 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.1.1 Chapter Overview 115 4.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 115 4.2.1 Mobile Service Design 116 4.2.1.1 SMS and Mobile Web Services 117 4.2.1.2 Java VM and J2ME 119 4.2.1.3 .net Cf 120 4.2.2 Mobile Code 121 4.2.3 Mobile Devices and Mobile Users 122 4.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 123 4.3.1 Microkernel Designs 123 4.3.2 Mobility Support 123 4.3.3 Resource-Constrained Devices 124 4.3.4 Power Management 125 4.3.4.1 Low Power CPUs 125 4.3.4.2 Application Support 126 4.4 Smart Card Devices 126 4.4.1 Smart Card OS 127 4.4.2 Smart Card Development 128 4.5 Device Networks 128 4.5.1 HAVi, HES and X 10 129 4.5.2 Device Discovery 129 4.5.3 OSGi 131 Exercises 132 References 133 5 Human–Computer Interaction 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.1.1 Chapter Overview 135 5.1.2 Explicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 136 5.1.3 Complexity of Ubiquitous Explicit HCI 136 5.1.4 Implicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 137 5.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely Used Devices 138 5.2.1 Diversity of ICT Device Interaction 138 5.2.2 Personal Computer Interface 139 5.2.3 Mobile Hand-Held Device Interfaces 140 5.2.3.1 Handling Limited Key Input: Multi-Tap, T9, Fastap, Soft keys and Soft Keyboard 140 5.2.3.2 Handling Limited Output 141 5.2.4 Games Console Interfaces and Interaction 142 5.2.5 Localised Remote Control: Video Devices 143 5.3 Hidden UI Via Basic Smart Devices 143 5.3.1 Multi-Modal Visual Interfaces 144 5.3.2 Gesture Interfaces 145 5.3.3 Reflective Versus Active Displays 147 5.3.4 Combining Input and Output User Interfaces 148 5.3.4.1 Touchscreens 149 5.3.4.2 Tangible Interfaces 149 5.3.4.3 Organic Interfaces 150 5.3.5 Auditory Interfaces 151 5.3.6 Natural Language Interfaces 151 5.4 Hidden UI Via Wearable and Implanted Devices 152 5.4.1 Posthuman Technology Model 152 5.4.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 152 5.4.3 Wearable Computer Interaction 153 5.4.3.1 Head(s)-Up Display (HUD) 154 5.4.3.2 Eyetap 154 5.4.3.3 Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) 154 5.4.3.4 Clothes as Computers 155 5.4.4 Computer Implants and Brain Computer Interfaces 155 5.4.5 Sense-of-Presence and Telepresence 157 5.5 Human-Centred Design (HCD) 157 5.5.1 Human-Centred Design Life-Cycle 158 5.5.2 Methods to Acquire User Input and to Build Used Models 159 5.5.3 Defining the Virtual and Physical Environment Use Context 160 5.5.4 Defining the Human Environment Use Context and Requirements 160 5.5.4.1 User Characteristics 160 5.5.5 Interaction Design 161 5.5.5.1 Conceptual Models and Mental Models 162 5.5.6 Evaluation 162 5.6 User Models: Acquisition and Representation 163 5.6.1 Indirect User Input and Modelling 164 5.6.2 Direct User Input and Modelling 164 5.6.3 User Stereotypes 165 5.6.4 Modelling Users’ Planned Tasks and Goals 165 5.6.5 Multiple User Tasks and Activity-Based Computing 166 5.6.6 Situation Action Versus Planned Action Models 167 5.7 iHCI Design 167 5.7.1 iHCI Model Characteristics 167 5.7.2 User Context-Awareness 168 5.7.3 More Intuitive and Customised Interaction 168 5.7.4 Personalisation 169 5.7.5 Affective Computing: Interactions Using Users’ Emotional Context 171 5.7.6 Design Heuristics and Patterns 171 Exercises 175 References 175 6 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.1.1 Chapter Overview 180 6.2 Tagging the Physical World 180 6.2.1 Life-Cycle for Tagging Physical Objects 181 6.2.2 Tags: Types and Characteristics 181 6.2.3 Physical and Virtual Tag Management 183 6.2.4 RFID Tags 183 6.2.4.1 Active RFID Tags 185 6.2.4.2 Passive RFID Tags 185 6.2.5 Personalised and Social Tags 186 6.2.6 Micro Versus Macro Tags 187 6.3 Sensors and Sensor Networks 187 6.3.1 Overview of Sensor Net Components and Processes 187 6.3.2 Sensor Electronics 189 6.3.3 Physical Network: Environment, Density and Transmission 191 6.3.4 Data Network: Addressing and Routing 192 6.3.4.1 Sensor Networks Versus Ad Hoc Networks 193 6.3.5 Data Processing: Distributed Data Storage and Data Queries 193 6.4 Micro Actuation and Sensing: MEMS 194 6.4.1 Fabrication 195 6.4.2 Micro-Actuators 195 6.4.3 Micro-Sensors 196 6.4.4 Smart Surfaces, Skin, Paint, Matter and Dust 197 6.4.5 Downsizing to Nanotechnology and Quantum Devices 198 6.5 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems 199 6.5.1 Application-Specific Operating Systems (ASOS) 200 6.5.2 Real-Time Operating Systems for Embedded Systems 201 6.6 Control Systems (for Physical World Tasks) 202 6.6.1 Programmable Controllers 202 6.6.2 Simple PID-Type Controllers 203 6.6.3 More Complex Controllers 203 6.7 Robots 204 6.7.1 Robot Manipulators 205 6.7.2 Mobile Robots 206 6.7.3 Biologically Inspired Robots 206 6.7.4 Nanobots 207 6.7.5 Developing UbiCom Robot Applications 207 Exercises 209 References 210 7 Context-Aware Systems 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.1.1 Chapter Overview 214 7.1.2 Context-Aware Applications 214 7.2 Modelling Context-Aware Systems 216 7.2.1 Types of Context 216 7.2.2 Context Creation and Context Composition 218 7.2.3 Context-Aware Adaptation 219 7.2.4 Environment Modelling 221 7.2.5 Context Representation 221 7.2.6 A Basic Architecture 222 7.2.7 Challenges in Context-Awareness 225 7.3 Mobility Awareness 227 7.3.1 Call Routing for Mobile Users 227 7.3.2 Mobile Phone Location Determination 227 7.3.3 Mobile User Awareness as an Example of Composite Context-Awareness 228 7.3.4 Tourism Services for Mobile Users 228 7.4 Spatial Awareness 229 7.4.1 Spatial Context Creation 230 7.4.1.1 Spatial Acquisition 230 7.4.1.2 Location Acquisition 231 7.4.2 Location and Other Spatial Abstractions 233 7.4.3 User Context Creation and Context-Aware Adaptation 233 7.4.3.1 Cartography: Adapting Spatial Viewpoints to Different User Contexts 233 7.4.3.2 Geocoding: Mapping Location Contexts to User Contexts 234 7.4.4 Spatial Context Queries and Management: GIS 234 7.5 Temporal Awareness: Coordinating and Scheduling 235 7.5.1 Clock Synchronization: Temporal Context Creation 235 7.5.2 Temporal Models and Abstractions 236 7.5.3 Temporal Context Management and Adaptation to User Contexts 237 7.6 ICT System Awareness 238 7.6.1 Context-Aware Presentation and Interaction at the UI 238 7.6.1.1 Acquiring the UI Context 238 7.6.1.2 Content Adaptation 239 7.6.2 Network-Aware Service Adaptation 240 Exercises 242 References 242 8 Intelligent Systems (IS) 245 With Patricia Charlton 8.1 Introduction 245 8.1.1 Chapter Overview 246 8.2 Basic Concepts 246 8.2.1 Types of Intelligent Systems 246 8.2.2 Types of Environment for Intelligent Systems 247 8.2.3 Use of Intelligence in Ubiquitous Computing 248 8.3 IS Architectures 249 8.3.1 What a Model Knows Versus How it is Used 249 8.3.1.1 Types of Architecture Model 250 8.3.1.2 Unilateral Versus Bilateral System Environment Models 251 8.3.1.3 Model Representations 252 8.3.1.4 How System Models are Acquired and Adapt 252 8.3.2 Reactive IS Models 252 8.3.3 Environment Model-based IS 254 8.3.4 Goal-based IS 255 8.3.5 Utility-based IS 256 8.3.6 Learning-based IS 256 8.3.6.1 Machine Learning Design 257 8.3.7 Hybrid IS 258 8.3.8 Knowledge-based (KB) IS 260 8.3.8.1 Production or Rule-based KB System 260 8.3.8.2 Blackboard KB System 261 8.3.9 IS Models Applied to UbiCom Systems 261 8.4 Semantic KB IS 263 8.4.1 Knowledge Representation 263 8.4.2 Design Issues 265 8.4.2.1 Open World Versus Closed World Semantics 265 8.4.2.2 Knowledge Life-cycle and Knowledge Management 266 8.4.2.3 Creating Knowledge 266 8.4.2.4 Knowledge Deployment and Maintaining Knowledge 267 8.4.2.5 Design Issues for UbiCom Use 267 8.5 Classical Logic IS 268 8.5.1 Propositional and Predicate Logic 268 8.5.2 Reasoning 269 8.5.3 Design Issues 270 8.6 Soft Computing IS Models 271 8.6.1 Probabilistic Networks 271 8.6.2 Fuzzy Logic 272 8.7 IS System Operations 272 8.7.1 Searching 272 8.7.2 Classical (Deterministic) Planning 274 8.7.3 Non-Deterministic Planning 275 Exercises 276 References 276 9 Intelligent System Interaction 279 With Patricia Charlton 9.1 Introduction 279 9.1.1 Chapter Overview 279 9.2 Interaction Multiplicity 279 9.2.1 P2P Interaction Between Multiple Senders and Receivers 281 9.2.1.1 Unknown Sender and Malicious Senders 281 9.2.1.2 Unknown Receivers 282 9.2.1.3 Too Many Messages 282 9.2.2 Interaction Using Mediators 282 9.2.2.1 Shared Communication Resource Access 283 9.2.2.2 Shared Computation Resource Access 283 9.2.2.3 Mediating Between Requesters and Providers 284 9.2.3 Interaction Using Cooperative Participants 286 9.2.3.1 Coordination 287 9.2.3.2 Coordination Using Norms and Electronic Institutions 289 9.2.3.3 Hierarchical and Role-based Organisational Interaction 290 9.2.4 Interaction with Self-Interested Participants 291 9.2.4.1 Market-based Interaction and Auctions 292 9.2.4.2 Negotiation and Agreements 293 9.2.4.3 Consensus-based Agreements 295 9.3 Is Interaction Design 295 9.3.1 Designing System Interaction to be More Intelligent 296 9.3.2 Designing Interaction Between Individual Intelligent Systems 297 9.3.3 Interaction Protocol Design 297 9.3.3.1 Semantic or Knowledge-Sharing Protocols 298 9.3.3.2 Agent Communication Languages and Linguistic-based Protocols 300 9.3.4 Further Examples of the Use of Interaction Protocols 302 9.3.5 Multi-Agent Systems 303 9.3.5.1 ACL and Agent Platform Design 304 9.3.5.2 Multi-Agent System Application Design 305 9.4 Some Generic Intelligent Interaction Applications 306 9.4.1 Social Networking and Media Exchange 307 9.4.2 Recommender and Referral Systems 308 9.4.2.1 Recommender Systems 308 9.4.2.2 Content-based Recommendations 308 9.4.2.3 Collaborative Filtering 309 9.4.3 Pervasive Work Flow Management for People 309 9.4.4 Trust Management 309 Exercises 311 References 312 10 Autonomous Systems and Artificial Life 317 10.1 Introduction 317 10.1.1 Chapter Overview 317 10.2 Basic Autonomous Intra-Acting Systems 318 10.2.1 Types of Autonomous System 318 10.2.1.1 Autonomous Intelligent Systems 319 10.2.1.2 Limitation of Autonomous Systems 319 10.2.2 Self-* Properties of Intra-Action 320 10.3 Reflective and Self-Aware Systems 322 10.3.1 Self-Awareness 322 10.3.2 Self-Describing and Self-Explaining Systems 323 10.3.3 Self-Modifying Systems Based Upon Reflective Computation 325 10.4 Self-Management and Autonomic Computing 326 10.4.1 Autonomic Computing Design 328 10.4.2 Autonomic Computing Applications 330 10.4.3 Modelling and Management Self-Star Systems 331 10.5 Complex Systems 332 10.5.1 Self-Organization and Interaction 332 10.5.2 Self-Creation and Self-Replication 335 10.6 Artificial Life 336 10.6.1 Finite State Automata Models 336 10.6.2 Evolutionary Computing 337 Exercises 338 References 339 11 Ubiquitous Communication 343 11.1 Introduction 343 11.1.1 Chapter Overview 344 11.2 Audio Networks 344 11.2.1 PSTN Voice Networks 344 11.2.2 Intelligent Networks and IP Multimedia Subsystems 345 11.2.3 ADLS Broadband 346 11.2.4 Wireless Telecoms Networks 346 11.2.5 Audio Broadcast (Radio Entertainment) Networks 347 11.3 Data Networks 347 11.3.1 Network Protocol Suites 348 11.3.2 Addressing 348 11.3.3 Routing and Internetworking 349 11.4 Wireless Data Networks 350 11.4.1 Types of Wireless Network 350 11.4.2 WLAN and WiMAX 352 11.4.3 Bluetooth 353 11.4.4 ZigBee 353 11.4.5 Infrared 354 11.4.6 Uwb 354 11.4.7 Satellite and Microwave Communication 354 11.4.8 Roaming between Local Wireless LANs 355 11.5 Universal and Transparent Audio, Video and Alphanumeric Data Network Access 356 11.5.1 Combined Voice and Data Networks 357 11.5.2 Combined Audio-Video and Data Content Distribution Networks 358 11.5.3 On-demand, Interactive and Distributed Content 360 11.6 Ubiquitous Networks 360 11.6.1 Wireless Networks 360 11.6.2 Power Line Communication (PLC) 361 11.6.3 Personal Area Networks 362 11.6.4 Body Area Networks 362 11.6.5 Mobile Users Networks 363 11.6.5.1 Mobile Addresses 363 11.6.5.2 Single-Path Routing 364 11.6.5.3 Multi-Path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 364 11.7 Further Network Design Issues 365 11.7.1 Network Access Control 365 11.7.2 Ubiquitous Versus Localised Access 366 11.7.3 Controlling Network Access: Firewalls, NATs and VPNs 367 11.7.4 Group Communication: Transmissions for Multiple Receivers 368 11.7.5 Internetworking Heterogeneous Networks 368 11.7.6 Global Use: Low-Cost Access Networks for Rural Use 369 11.7.7 Separating Management and Control from Usage 369 11.7.8 Service-Oriented Networks 370 11.7.8.1 Service-Orientation at the Network Edge 371 11.7.8.2 Content-based Networks 372 11.7.8.3 Programmable Networks 372 11.7.8.4 Overlay Networks 372 11.7.8.5 Mesh Networks 373 11.7.8.6 Cooperative Networks 375 Exercises 375 References 376 12 Management of Smart Devices 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.1.1 Chapter Overview 380 12.2 Managing Smart Devices in Virtual Environments 380 12.2.1 Process and Application Management 380 12.2.2 Network-Oriented Management 380 12.2.2.1 Fcaps 382 12.2.3 Monitoring and Accounting 383 12.2.3.1 Icmp 384 12.2.3.2 Snmp 384 12.2.4 Configuration Management 386 12.2.5 Security Management 386 12.2.5.1 Encryption Support for Confidentiality, Authentication and Authorisation 388 12.2.5.2 Securing the System and its Middleware 389 12.2.5.3 Securing Access Devices 391 12.2.5.4 Securing Information 392 12.2.6 Fault Management 393 12.2.7 Performance Management 394 12.2.8 Service-Oriented Computer Management 395 12.2.8.1 Metrics for Evaluating the Use of SOA 395 12.2.8.2 Distributed Resource Management and the Grid 396 12.2.8.3 SLA Management of Services 397 12.2.8.4 Policy-based Service Management 397 12.2.8.5 Pervasive Work Flow Management for Services 398 12.2.9 Information Management 399 12.2.9.1 Information Applications 399 12.2.9.2 Rich Versus Lean and Soft Versus Hard Information 399 12.2.9.3 Managing the Information Explosion 400 12.2.9.4 Managing Multimedia Content 401 12.2.9.5 Managing Lean and Hard Data Using RDBMSs 402 12.2.9.6 Managing Metadata 403 12.3 Managing Smart Devices in Human User-Centred Environments 404 12.3.1 Managing Richer and Softer Data 404 12.3.2 Service Management Models for Human User and Physical Environments 404 12.3.3 User Task and Activity-Based Management 407 12.3.4 Privacy Management 407 12.3.4.1 Biometric User Identification 408 12.3.4.2 Privacy-Invasive Technologies versus Privacy-Enhanced Technologies 410 12.3.4.3 Entrusted Regulation of User Privacy to Service Providers 411 12.3.4.4 Legislative Approaches to Privacy 412 12.4 Managing Smart Devices in Physical Environments 412 12.4.1 Context-Awareness 412 12.4.1.1 Context-Aware Management of Physical and Human Activities 413 12.4.1.2 Management of Contexts and Events 413 12.4.2 Micro and Nano-Sized Devices 415 12.4.3 Unattended Embedded Devices 415 Exercises 416 References 416 13 Ubiquitous System: Challenges and Outlook 421 13.1 Introduction 421 13.1.1 Chapter Overview 421 13.2 Overview of Challenges 422 13.2.1 Key Challenges 422 13.2.2 Multi-Level Support for UbiCom Properties 423 13.2.3 Evolution Versus Revolution 424 13.2.4 Future Technologies 424 13.3 Smart Devices 425 13.3.1 Smaller, More Functional Smart Devices 425 13.3.2 More Fluid Ensembles of Diverse Devices 426 13.3.3 Richer System Interaction and Interoperability 427 13.3.3.1 Migrating from Analogue to Digital Device Interaction 427 13.3.3.2 Richer Digital Device Interaction 428 13.4 Smart Interaction 428 13.4.1 Unexpected Connectivity: Accidentally Smart Environments 428 13.4.2 Impromptu Service Interoperability 429 13.5 Smart Physical Environment Device Interaction 430 13.5.1 Context-Awareness: Ill-Defined Contexts Versus a Context-Free World 430 13.5.2 Lower Power and Sustainable Energy Usage 431 13.5.3 ECO-Friendly UbiCom Devices 433 13.6 Smart Human–Device Interaction 436 13.6.1 More Diverse Human–Device Interaction 437 13.6.2 More Versus Less Natural HCI 439 13.6.3 Analogue to Digital and Digital Analogues 439 13.6.4 Form Follows Function 440 13.6.5 Forms for Multi-Function Devices 441 13.7 Human Intelligence Versus Machine Intelligence 441 13.7.1 Posthuman: ICT Augments Human Abilities Beyond Being Human 443 13.7.2 Blurring of Reality and Mediated Realities 444 13.8 Social Issues: Promise Versus Peril 444 13.8.1 Increased Virtual Social Interaction Versus Local Social Interaction 446 13.8.2 UbiCom Accessible by Everyone 446 13.8.3 UbiCom Affordable by Everyone 447 13.8.4 Legislation in the Digital World and Digitising Legislation 448 13.9 Final Remarks 450 Exercises 451 References 452 Index 455

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Book SynopsisThis book will enable readers to handle various EMC problems, to develop their own EMC computational models in applications in research and industry, and to better understand numerical methods developed and used by other researchers and engineers not only in EMC, but in other areas of engineering.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 1 1. Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Compatibility 3 1.1 Historical Note on Modeling in Electromagnetics 3 1.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference 5 1.2.1 EMC Computational Models and Solution Methods 5 1.2.2 Classification of EMC Models 7 1.2.3 Summary Remarks on EMC Modeling 8 1.3 References 8 2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory 10 2.1 Differential Form of Maxwell Equations 10 2.2 Integral Form of Maxwell Equations 11 2.3 Maxwell Equations for Moving Media 14 2.4 The Continuity Equation 17 2.5 Ohm’s Law 19 2.6 Conservation Law in the Electromagnetic Field 21 2.7 The Electromagnetic Wave Equations 24 2.8 Boundary Relationships for Discontinuities in Material Properties 26 2.9 The Electromagnetic Potentials 32 2.10 Boundary Relationships for Potential Functions 33 2.11 Potential Wave Equations 35 2.11.1 Coulomb Gauge 36 2.11.2 Diffusion Gauge 37 2.11.3 Lorentz Gauge 38 2.12 Retarded Potentials 40 2.13 General Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness Theorem 41 2.14 Electric and Magnetic Walls 41 2.15 The Lagrangian Form of Electromagnetic Field Laws 42 2.15.1 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton Variational Principle 43 2.15.2 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton Variational Principle in Electromagnetics 45 2.16 Complex Phasor Notation of Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 51 2.16.1 Poyinting Theorem for Complex Phasors 52 2.16.2 Complex Phasor Form of Electromagnetic Wave Equations 53 2.16.3 The Retarded Potentials for the Time-Harmonic Fields 54 2.17 Transmission Line Theory 54 2.17.1 Field Coupling Using Transmission Line Models 55 2.17.2 Derivation of Telegrapher’s Equation for the Two-Wire Transmission Line 56 2.18 Plane Wave Propagation 66 2.19 Radiation 68 2.19.1 Radiation Mechanism 68 2.19.2 Hertzian Dipole 69 2.19.3 Fundamental Antenna Parameters 71 2.19.4 Linear Antennas 75 2.20 References 79 3 Introduction to Numerical Methods in Electromagnetics 80 3.1 Analytical Versus Numerical Methods 82 3.1.1 Frequency and Time Domain Modeling 82 3.2 Overview of Numerical Methods: Domain, Boundary, and Source Simulation 84 3.2.1 Modeling of Problems via the Domain Methods: FDM and FEM 84 3.2.2 Modeling of Problems via the BEM: Direct and Indirect Approach 85 3.3 The Finite Difference Method 85 3.3.1 One-Dimensional FDM 86 3.3.2 Two-Dimensional FDM 88 3.4 The Finite Element Method 91 3.4.1 Basic Concepts of FEM 91 3.4.2 One-Dimensional FEM 92 3.4.3 Two-Dimensional FEM 98 3.5 The Boundary Element Method 109 3.5.1 Integral Equation Formulation 109 3.5.2 Boundary Element Discretization 114 3.5.3 Computational Example for 2D Static Problem 121 3.6 References 122 4 Static Field Analysis 123 4.1 Electrostatic Fields 123 4.2 Magnetostatic Fields 124 4.3 Modeling of Static Field Problems 126 4.3.1 Integral Equations in Electrostatics Using Sources 126 4.3.2 Computational Example: Modeling of a Lightning Rod 129 4.4 References 135 5 Quasistatic Field Analysis 136 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Formulation of the Quasistatic Problem 137 5.3 Integral Equation Representation of the Helmholtz Equation 140 5.4 Computational Example 143 5.4.1 Analytical Solution of the Eddy Current Problem 144 5.4.2 Boundary Element Solution of the Eddy Current Problem 146 5.5 References 150 6 Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis 151 6.1 The Electromagnetic Wave Equations 151 6.2 Complex Phasor Form of the Wave Equations 154 6.3 Two-Dimensional Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Cylinder of Arbitrary Cross-Section 154 6.4 Solution by the Indirect Boundary Element Method 156 6.4.1 Constant Element Case 158 6.4.2 Linear Elements Case 159 6.5 Numerical Example 159 6.6 References 162 PART II: ANALYSIS OF THIN WIRE ANTENNAS AND SCATTERERS 163 7 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: General Considerations 165 7.1 Frequency Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations 165 7.2 Time Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations 166 7.3 Modeling in the Frequency and Time Domain: Computational Aspects 167 7.4 References 168 8 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Frequency Domain Analysis 171 8.1 Thin Wires in Free Space 171 8.1.1 Single Straight Wire in Free Space 172 8.1.2 Boundary Element Solution of Thin Wire Integral Equation 174 8.1.3 Calculation of the Radiated Electric Field and the Input Impedance of the Wire 180 8.1.4 Numerical Results for Thin Wire in Free Space 180 8.1.5 Coated Thin Wire Antenna in Free Space 181 8.1.6 The Near Field of a Coated Thin Wire Antenna 186 8.1.7 Boundary Element Procedures for Coated Wires 187 8.1.8 Numerical Results for Coated Wire 190 8.1.9 Thin Wire Loop Antenna 191 8.1.10 Boundary Element Solution of Loop Antenna Integral Equation 193 8.1.11 Numerical Results for a Loop Antenna 196 8.1.12 Thin Wire Array in Free Space: Horizontal Arrangement 196 8.1.13 Boundary Element Analysis of Horizontal Antenna Array 199 8.1.14 Radiated Electric Field of the Wire Array 201 8.1.15 Numerical Results for Horizontal Wire Array 201 8.1.16 Boundary Element Analysis of Vertical Antenna Array: Modeling of Radio Base Station Antennas 201 8.1.17 Numerical Procedures for Vertical Array 207 8.1.18 Numerical Results 209 8.2 Thin Wires Above a Lossy Half-Space 213 8.2.1 Single Straight Wire Above a Dissipative Half-Space 214 8.2.2 Loaded Antenna Above a Dissipative Half-Space 220 8.2.3 Electric Field and the Input Impedance of a Single Wire Above a Half-Space 222 8.2.4 Boundary Element Analysis for Single Wire Above a Real Ground 224 8.2.5 Treatment of Sommerfeld Integrals 227 8.2.6 Calculation of Electric Field and Input Impedance 229 8.2.7 Numerical Results for a Single Wire Above a Real Ground 233 8.2.8 Multiple Straight Wire Antennas Over a Lossy Half-Space 237 8.2.9 Electric Field of a Wire Array Above a Lossy Half-Space 239 8.2.10 Boundary Element Analysis of Wire Array Above a Lossy Ground 240 8.2.11 Near-Field Calculation for Wires Above Half-Space 241 8.2.12 Computational Examples for Wires Above a Lossy Half-Space 242 8.3 References 246 9 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Time Domain Analysis 250 9.1 Thin Wires in Free Space 252 9.1.1 Single Wire in Free Space 252 9.1.2 Single Wire Far Field 256 9.1.3 Loaded Straight Thin Wire in Free Space 257 9.1.4 Two Coupled Identical Wires in Free Space 259 9.1.5 Measures for Postprocessing of Transient Response 263 9.1.6 Computational Procedures for Thin Wires in Free Space 265 9.1.7 Numerical Results for Thin Wires in Free Space 275 9.2 Thin Wires in a Presence of a Two-Media Configuration 290 9.2.1 Single Straight Wire Above a Real Ground 290 9.2.2 Far Field Equations 294 9.2.3 Loaded Straight Thin Wire Above a Lossy Half-Space 296 9.2.4 Two Coupled Horizontal Wires in a Two Media Configuration 300 9.2.5 Thin Wire Array Above a Real Ground 304 9.2.6 Computational Procedures for Horizontal Wires Above a Dielectric Half-Space 307 9.2.7 Computational Examples 317 9.3 References 333 PART III: COMPUTATIONAL MODELS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 335 10 Transmission Lines of Finite Length: General Considerations 337 10.1 Transmission Line Theory Method 338 10.2 Antenna Models of the Transmission Lines 340 10.2.1 Above-Ground Transmission Lines 341 10.2.2 Below-Ground Transmission Lines 341 10.3 References 342 11 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Overhead Lines: Frequency Domain and Time Domain Analysis 345 11.1 Frequency Domain Analysis: Derivation of Generalized Telegrapher’s Equations 345 11.2 Frequency Domain Computational Results 351 11.2.1 Single Wire Above an Imperfect Ground 351 11.2.2 Multiple Wire Transmission Line Above an Imperfect Ground 355 11.3 Time Domain Analysis 359 11.4 Time Domain Computational Examples 359 11.4.1 Single Wire Transmission Line 360 11.4.2 Two Wire Transmission Line 367 11.4.3 Three Wire Transmission Line 367 11.5 References 372 12 The Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Buried Cables: Frequency- and Time-Domain Analysis 374 12.1 The Frequency-Domain Approach 374 12.1.1 Formulation in the Frequency Domain 375 12.1.2 Numerical Solution of the Integral Equation 378 12.1.3 The Calculation of Transient Response 380 12.1.4 Numerical Results 381 12.2 Time-Domain Approach 384 12.2.1 Formulation in the Time Domain 384 12.2.2 Time-Domain Energy Measures 391 12.2.3 Time-Domain Numerical Solution Procedures 392 12.2.4 Computational Examples 395 12.3 References 403 13 Simple Grounding Systems 405 13.1 Vertical Grounding Electrode 406 13.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the Vertical Grounding Electrode 407 13.1.2 The Evaluation of the Input Impedance Spectrum 411 13.1.3 Numerical Procedures for Vertical Grounding Electrode 413 13.1.4 Calculation of the Transient Impedance 414 13.1.5 Numerical Results 416 13.2 Horizontal Grounding Electrode 418 13.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the Horizontal Electrode 420 13.2.2 The Evaluation of the Input Impedance Spectrum 425 13.2.3 Numerical Procedures for Horizontal Electrode 427 13.2.4 The Transient Impedance Calculation 428 13.2.5 Numerical Results 428 13.3 Transmission Line Method Versus Antenna Theory Approach 437 13.3.1 Transmission Line Method (TLM) Approach to Modeling of Horizontal Grounding Electrode 438 13.3.2 Computational Examples 439 13.4 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Response of Grounding Electrodes 443 13.4.1 Transient Response Assessment 443 13.4.2 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Response 444 13.4.3 Computational Examples 445 13.5 References 451 14 Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields 453 14.1 Environmental Risk of Electromagnetic Fields: General Considerations 453 14.1.1 Nonionizing and Ionizing Radiation 454 14.1.2 Electrosmog or Radiation Pollution at Low and High Frequencies 454 14.1.3 The Effects of Low Frequency Fields 455 14.1.4 The Effects of High Frequency Fields 456 14.1.5 Remarks on Electromagnetic Fields and Related Possible Hazard to Humans 457 14.2 Assessment of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Frequency and Time Domain Approach 458 14.2.1 Frequency Domain Cylindrical Antenna Model 458 14.2.2 Realistic Models of the Human Body for ELF Exposures 459 14.2.3 Human Exposure to Transient Electromagnetic Fields 459 14.3 Human Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields 459 14.3.1 Parasitic Antenna Representation of the Human Body 460 14.3.2 Realistic Modeling of the Human Body 467 14.4 Exposure of Humans to Transient Radiation: Cylindrical Model of the Human Body 478 14.4.1 Time Domain Model of the Human Body 479 14.4.2 Measures of the Transient Response 480 14.5 References 489 Index 493

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