Biochemistry Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisSeager/Rye-McCurdy/Yoder's FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY helps you hone your critical-thinking skills with ample problem-solving opportunities throughout the text. Fresh examples won't bog you down with incessant repetition, and new figures relevant to health professions add context and color to the core source material. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY covers all the necessary components of the GOB curriculum in sufficient depth to prepare you for future studies.Table of Contents1. Matter, Measurements, and Calculations. 2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table. 3. Chemical Bonds: Molecule Formation. 4. The Mole and Chemical Reactions. 5: Molecular Shapes and Intermolecular Forces. 6. Gasses. 7. Acids, Bases, and Buffers. 8. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. 9. Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines. 10. Carbonyl Compounds. 11. Carbohydrates. 12. Amino Acids and Proteins. 13. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 14. Lipids. 15. Nutrition and Metabolism.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIdeal for readers encountering biochemistry for the first time, Garrett and Grisham's BIOCHEMISTRY, Seventh Edition, makes even complex course concepts more accessible while revealing the beauty and usefulness of biochemistry in the everyday world. This engaging text illuminates the fundamental principles governing the structure, function and interactions of biological molecules, providing a solid foundation in biochemistry whether you are an undergraduate majoring in life sciences, chemistry or premedical programs, or a medical or graduate health sciences student seeking a deeper understanding of human physiology. Updated to reflect tremendous recent developments in biochemistry, the Seventh Edition features new and revised material and presentations throughout the text, incorporating additional content while maintaining a balanced and streamlined presentation. In addition, the authors emphasize the interrelationships of ideas to help you appreciate the overarching questions of biocheTable of ContentsPart I: MOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF CELLS. 1. The Facts of Life: Chemistry is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 1. 2. Water: The Medium of Life. 3. Thermodynamics of Biological Systems. 4. Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond. 5. Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions. 6. Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure. 7. Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces. 8. Lipids. 9. Membranes and Membrane Transport. 10. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. 11. Structure of Nucleic Acids. 12. Recombination, Cloning, Gene Editing and Synthetic Biology--An Introduction. Part II: PROTEIN DYNAMICS. 13. Enzymes--Kinetics and Specificity. 14. Mechanisms of Enzyme Action. 15. Enzyme Regulation. 16. Molecular Motors. Part III: METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION. 17. Metabolism: An Overview. 18. Glycolysis. 19. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. 20. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation. 21. Photosynthesis. 22. Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. 23. Fatty Acid Catabolism. 24. Lipid Biosynthesis. 25. Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism. 26. Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides. 27. Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization. Part IV: INFORMATION TRANSFER. 28. DNA Metabolism: Replication, Recombination and Repair. 29. Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression. 30. Protein Synthesis. 31. Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing and Degradation. 32. The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProteomics aims to study all the proteins of human and other living systems, as well as their properties to provide an integrated view of cellular processes. The study of proteomics involves the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies and new platforms that are coming forward regularly, providing versatile novel tools for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This book provides a detailed understanding of the basics of proteins and proteomics, gel based-proteomics techniques, basics of mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics, interactomics: basics and applications, and advancements in proteomics. It also covers basic knowledge about sample preparation, mass spectrometry workflow, different chromatography technologies and quantitative proteomics.The text highlights the application and challenges of various high-throughput integrated proteomics technologies capable of fast and accurate screening of thousands of biomolecules, which are fouTable of ContentsModule 1: Basics of proteins and proteomicsBasics of amino acids and proteinsProtein chemistry to proteomicsModule 2: Gel-based proteomics techniquesGel-based proteomics2-d difference in gel electrophoresis (2d-dige)Gel-based proteomic data analysisModule 3: Basics of mass-spectrometry and quantitative proteomicsIntroduction to mass spectrometryHybrid mass spectrometry configurationsTandem mass spectrometry for protein identificationIn vitro quantitative proteomics using itraqIn vivo quantitative proteomics using silacModule 4: Interactomics: basics and applicationIntroduction to interactomicsAntigen and antibody microarraysCell-free expression based protein microarraysNucleic acid programmable protein arraysLabel-free proteomicsSurface plasmon resonanceSurface plasmon resonance imagingProtein interaction analysis using spr and spriModule 5: Advancement in proteomicsProteomics for translational researchFuture of proteomics for clinical applicationsChallenges in clinical proteomics

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe IACUC Administratorâs Guide to Animal Program Management supports IACUC administrators who assist with developing, managing, and overseeing a program of animal care and animal use. It provides many options and possibilities for specific operational practices (e.g., how to build a well-functioning IACUC, what a functional protocol template looks like) to satisfy regulatory requirements.The material provided is a compilation of several years of Best Practices (BP) meetings among IACUC administrators across the country. The BP meetings included representatives from the NIH/OLAW, AAALAC, and the USDA, whose presence and dialogue assured the BP discussion met or exceeded all regulatory or accreditation minimum standards. BP meeting attendees from private, public, governmental, and academic organizations have helped to shape and develop the information offered herein. It is through the insight of several hundred colleaguesâtheir successes as well as theiTrade Review"The IACUC Administrator’s Guide to Animal Program Management is tailored to meet the needs of IACUC Administrators, Attending Veterinarians (AVs) and/or Animal Research Directors involved with developing, managing, and overseeing a program of animal care and use. While the Federal regulations (AWA act) and standards such as the guide for "The care and use of laboratory animals" help set the expectations for lab animal programs they do not provide clear guidance on the methods that need to be in place especially at the IACUC level to help balance compliance and animal welfare adequately. The authors have tried to bridge this gap by compiling shared best practices from animal program administrators across a wide spectrum of institutions ranging from academia, government and private organizations. …A special feature of the book is the inclusion of chapters on FOIA, Sunshine laws and the DOD/VA regulations. This has not been traditionally addressed in other books of this nature. We especially loved reading chapter 4, The Animal Care and Use Program and chapter 5, Protocol Review and Approval for the content and concise detail. …The authors have done a great job highlighting the issue as well as providing different practices that IACUC’s can adopt to overcome this situation. Chapter 8, Animal Care and Use Program Review was also very well written and could act as a significant resource for administrators to use when training IACUC members on how to conduct and participate in a program reviews. Overall the details, real life scenarios and wide range of topics makes this a must have book for IACUC administrators and program directors. This could be especially valuable to individuals new to the field, lab animal residents and a resource book for those seeking certification as a professional IACUC administrator." Jennifer McElroy, RVT, CPIA and Dr. Jeetendra Eswaraka, DVM, PhD, DACLAM in Laboratory AnimaTable of ContentsAn Introduction to Best Practices Meetings. The IACUC Administrator’s Office Structure. The IACUC Administrator’s Role and Responsibilities. The Animal Care and Use Program. Protocol Review and Approval. Protocol Noncompliance. Protocol and Grant Congruency. Animal Care and Use Program Review. Semiannual Facility Inspection. Monitoring the Animal Care and Use Program. Facilitating Communication. Field Studies. Personnel Qualifications and Training Programs. Tracking Animal Use on Protocols. Veterinary Care Programs. Whistle-Blower Policy. Occupational Health and Safety Program. Emergency Disaster Plans. The Role of a Primary Grantee. FOIA, Sunshine Laws, and Confidential Information. DOD and VA Regulations—Know the Differences. Data Management and Electronic Systems. Policies, Guidelines, and Standard Operating Procedures. Appendices.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ?? collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic Table of ContentsCHARNOLOPHAGY (GENERAL TOPICS). Charnolophagy as Immediate and Early Autophagy. Charnolophagy in Intramitochondrial and Intracellular Detoxification. Charnolophagy as a Biomarker of Novel Drug Discovery. Organ and Disease-specific Charnolophagy. Charnolophagy in Pressure Ulcers. Charnolophagy in Toxicology. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN METABOLIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Congenital Diseases. Charnolophagy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Recent Update).Charnolophagy in Malnutrition. Charnolophagy in Diet Restriction. Charnolophagy in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Charnolophagy in Liver Diseases. Charnolophagy in Diabetes. Charnolophagy in Obesity. Charnolohagy in Hyperlipidemia. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Skin and Hair Diseases. Charnolophagy in Musculoskeletal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Pulmonary Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. Charnolophagy in Renal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Reproductive Diseases. Charnolophagy in Opthalamic Diseases. Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (A). Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (B). Charnolophagy in Parkinson’s Disease. Charnolophagy in Alzheimer Disease. Charnolophagy in Stroke. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN INFLAMMATION, CANCER, MICROBIAL INFECTIONS, AND AGING. Charnolophagy in Inflammatory Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cancer (A). Charnolophagy in Cancer (B). Charnolophagy in Microbial Infections. Charnolophagy in Aging. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN NANOMEDICINE. Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (A). Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (B).

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book delivers a comprehensive and insightful account of applying mathematical modelling approaches to very large biological systems and networksa fundamental aspect of computational systems biology. The book covers key modelling paradigms in detail, while at the same time retaining a simplicity that will appeal to those from less quantitative fields. Key Features: A hands-on approach to modelling Covers a broad spectrum of modelling, from static networks to dynamic models and constraint-based models Thoughtful exercises to test and enable understanding of concepts State-of-the-art chapters on exciting new developments, like community modelling and biological circuit design Emphasis on coding and software tools for systems biology Companion website featuringTrade ReviewThis is a very comprehensive read that provides a solid base in computational biology. The book is structured in 4 parts and 14 chapters which cover all the way from the more basic concepts to advanced material, including the state-of-the-art methodologies in synthetic and systems biology. This is a bedside book for those researchers embarking to do investigation in computational biology and a great office companion for anyone working on systems and synthetic biology. -- Rodrigo Ledesma Amaro, Lecturer, Imperial College London This is a fantastic book. It offers an elegant introduction to both classical and modern concepts in computational biology. To the uninitiated, it is a terrific first read, bringing alive the glory of the past and the promise of the future. To the interested, it handholds and offers a springboard to dive deep. To the practitioner, it serves as a valuable resource bringing together in a panoramic view many diverse streams that adorn the landscape. -- Narendra M. Dixit, Professor, Indian Institute of Science This is a very comprehensive read that provides a solid base in computational biology. The book is structured in 4 parts and 14 chapters which cover all the way from the more basic concepts to advanced material, including the state-of-the-art methodologies in synthetic and systems biology. This is a bedside book for those researchers embarking to do investigation in computational biology and a great office companion for anyone working on systems and synthetic biology. -- Rodrigo Ledesma Amaro, Lecturer, Imperial College London This is a fantastic book. It offers an elegant introduction to both classical and modern concepts in computational biology. To the uninitiated, it is a terrific first read, bringing alive the glory of the past and the promise of the future. To the interested, it handholds and offers a springboard to dive deep. To the practitioner, it serves as a valuable resource bringing together in a panoramic view many diverse streams that adorn the landscape. -- Narendra M. Dixit, Professor, Indian Institute of Science Table of ContentsPreface Introduction to modelling 1.1 WHAT IS MODELLING? 1.1.1 What are models? 1.2 WHYBUILD MODELS? 1.2.1 Why model biological systems? 1.2.2 Why systems biology? 1.3 CHALLENGES IN MODELLING BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 1.4 THE PRACTICE OF MODELLING 1.4.1 Scope of the model1.4.2 Making assumptions 1.4.3 Modelling paradigms 1.4.4 Building the model 1.4.5 Model analysis, debugging and (in)validation 1.4.6 Simulating the model 1.5 EXAMPLES OF MODELS 1.5.1 Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model 1.5.2 SIR model: a classic example 1.6 TROUBLESHOOTING 1.6.1 Clarity of scope and objectives 1.6.2 The breakdown of assumptions 1.6.3 Ismy model fit for purpose? 1.6.4 Handling uncertainties EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Introduction to graph theory 2.1 BASICS 2.1.1 History of graph theory 2.1.2 Examples of graphs 2.2 WHYGRAPHS? 2.3 TYPES OF GRAPHS 2.3.1 Simple vs. non-simple graphs 2.3.2 Directed vs. undirected graphs 2.3.3 Weighted vs. unweighted graphs 2.3.4 Other graph types 2.3.5 Hypergraphs 2.4 COMPUTATIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF GRAPHS 2.4.1 Data structures 2.4.2 Adjacency matrix 2.4.3 The laplacian matrix 2.5 GRAPH REPRESENTATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 2.5.1 Networks of protein interactions and functional associations2.5.2 Signalling networks 2.5.3 Protein structure networks 2.5.4 Gene regulatory networks 2.5.5 Metabolic networks 2.6 COMMONCHALLENGES&TROUBLESHOOTING 2.6.1 Choosing a representation 2.6.2 Loading and creating graphs 2.7 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Structure of networks 3.1 NETWORK PARAMETERS 3.1.1 Fundamental parameters 3.1.2 Measures of centrality 3.1.3 Mixing patterns: assortativity 3.2 CANONICAL NETWORK MODELS 3.2.1 Erdos–Rényi (ER) network model 3.2.2 Small-world networks 3.2.3 Scale-free networks 3.2.4 Other models of network generation 3.3 COMMUNITY DETECTION 3.3.1 Modularity maximisation 3.3.2 Similarity-based clustering 3.3.3 Girvan–Newman algorithm 3.3.4 Other methods 3.3.5 Community detection in biological networks 3.4 NETWORKMOTIFS 3.4.1 Randomising networks 3.5 PERTURBATIONS TO NETWORKS 3.5.1 Quantifying e□fects of perturbation 3.5.2 Network structure and attack strategies 3.6 TROUBLESHOOTING 3.6.1 Is your network really scale-free? 3.7 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCESFURTHER READING Applications of network biology 4.1 THE CENTRALITY–LETHALITY HYPOTHESIS 4.1.1 Predicting essential genes fromnetworks 4.2 NETWORKS AND MODULES IN DISEASE 4.2.1 Disease networks 4.2.2 Identification of disease modules 4.2.3 Edgetic perturbation models 4.3 DIFFERENTIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS 4.4 DISEASE SPREADING ON NETWORKS 4.4.1 Percolation-based models 4.4.2 Agent-based simulations 4.5 MOLECULAR GRAPHS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 4.5.1 Retrosynthesis 4.6 PROTEIN STRUCTURE, ENERGY & CONFORMATIONAL NETWORKS4.6.1 Protein folding pathways 4.7 LINK PREDICTION EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Introduction to dynamic modelling5.1 CONSTRUCTING DYNAMIC MODELS 5.1.1 Modelling a generic biochemical system 5.2 MASS-ACTION KINETIC MODELS 5.3 MODELLING ENZYME KINETICS 5.3.1 The Michaelis–Menten model 5.3.2 Extending the Michaelis–Menten model 5.3.3 Limitations of Michaelis–Menten models 5.3.4 Co-operativity: Hill kinetics 5.3.5 An illustrative example: a three-node oscillator 5.4 GENERALISED RATE EQUATIONS 5.4.1 Biochemical systems theory 5.5 SOLVING ODES 5.6 TROUBLESHOOTING 5.6.1 Handing sti□f equations 5.6.2 Handling uncertainty 5.7 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Parameter estimation 6.1 DATA-DRIVEN MECHANISTIC MODELLING: AN OVERVIEW 6.1.1 Pre-processing the data 6.1.2 Model identification 6.2 SETTING UP AN OPTIMISATION PROBLEM 6.2.1 Linear regression 6.2.2 Least squares 6.2.3 Maximumlikelihood estimation 6.3 ALGORITHMS FOR OPTIMISATION 6.3.1 Desiderata 6.3.2 Gradient-based methods 6.3.3 Direct search methods 6.3.4 Evolutionary algorithms 6.4 POST-REGRESSION DIAGNOSTICS 6.4.1 Model selection 6.4.2 Sensitivity and robustness of biological models 6.5 TROUBLESHOOTING 6.5.1 Regularisation 6.5.2 Sloppiness 6.5.3 Choosing a search algorithm 6.5.4 Model reduction 6.5.5 The curse of dimensionality 6.6 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Discrete dynamic models: Boolean networks 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 BOOLEAN NETWORKS: TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 7.2.1 Characterising Boolean network dynamics 7.2.2 Synchronous vs. asynchronous updates 7.3 OTHER PARADIGMS 7.3.1 Probabilistic Boolean networks 7.3.2 Logical interaction hypergraphs 7.3.3 Generalised logical networks 7.3.4 Petri nets 7.4 APPLICATIONS 7.5 TROUBLESHOOTING 7.6 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Introduction to constraint-based modelling 8.1 WHAT ARE CONSTRAINTS? 8.1.1 Types of constraints 8.1.2 Mathematical representation of constraints 8.1.3 Why are constraints useful? 8.2 THE STOICHIOMETRICMATRIX 8.3 STEADY-STATEMASSBALANCE:FLUXBALANCEANALYSIS (FBA)8.4 THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION 8.4.1 The biomass objective function 8.5 OPTIMISATION TO COMPUTE FLUX DISTRIBUTION 8.6 AN ILLUSTRATION 8.7 FLUX VARIABILITY ANALYSIS (FVA) 8.8 UNDERSTANDING FBA 8.8.1 Blocked reactions and dead-end metabolites 8.8.2 Gaps in metabolic networks 8.8.3 Multiple solutions8.8.4 Loops 8.8.5 Parsimonious FBA (pFBA) 8.8.6 ATP maintenance fluxes 8.9 TROUBLESHOOTING 8.9.1 Zero growth rate 8.9.2 Objective values vs. flux values 8.10 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Extending constraint-based approaches 9.1 MINIMISATION OF METABOLIC ADJUSTMENT (MOMA) 9.1.1 Fitting experimentally measured fluxes 9.2 REGULATORY ON-OFF MINIMISATION (ROOM) 9.2.1 ROOMvs.MoMA 9.3 BI-LEVEL OPTIMISATIONS 9.3.1 OptKnock9.4 INTEGRATING REGULATORY INFORMATION 9.4.1 Embedding regulatory logic: regulatory FBA (rFBA) 9.4.2 Informing metabolic models with omic data 9.4.3 Tissue-specific models 9.5 COMPARTMENTALISED MODELS 9.6 DYNAMIC FLUX BALANCE ANALYSIS (dFBA) 9.7 13C-MFA 9.8 ELEMENTARY FLUX MODES AND EXTREME PATHWAYS 9.8.1 Computing EFMs and EPs 9.8.2 Applications EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Perturbations to metabolic networks10.1 KNOCK-OUTS 10.1.1 Gene deletions vs. reaction deletions 10.2 SYNTHETIC LETHALS 10.2.1 Exhaustive enumeration 10.2.2 Bi-level optimisation 10.2.3 Fast-SL: massively pruning the search space 10.3 OVER-EXPRESSION 10.3.1 Flux Scanning based on Enforced Objective Flux (FSEOF) 10.4 OTHER PERTURBATIONS 10.5 EVALUATING AND RANKING PERTURBATIONS 10.6 APPLICATIONS OF CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELS 10.6.1 Metabolic engineering 10.6.2 Drug target identification 10.7 LIMITATIONS OF CONSTRAINT-BASED APPROACHES 10.7.1 Scope of genome-scale metabolic models 10.7.2 Incorrect predictions 10.8 TROUBLESHOOTING10.8.1 Interpreting gene deletion simulations 10.9 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Modelling cellular interactions 11.1 MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES 11.1.1 Network-based approaches 11.1.2 Population-based and agent-based approaches 11.1.3 Constraint-based approaches 11.2 HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS (HPIs) 11.2.1 Network models 11.2.2 Dynamic models 11.2.3 Constraint-based models 11.3 SUMMARY11.4 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Designing biological circuits 12.1 WHAT IS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY? 12.2 FROMLEGO BRICKS TO BIOBRICKS 12.3 CLASSIC CIRCUIT DESIGN EXPERIMENTS 12.3.1 Designing an oscillator: the repressilator 12.3.2 Toggle switch 12.4 DESIGNING MODULES 12.4.1 Exploring the design space 12.4.2 Systems-theoretic approaches 12.4.3 Automating circuit design 12.5 DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 12.5.1 Redundancy 12.5.2 Modularity 12.5.3 Exaptation 12.5.4 Robustness 12.6 COMPUTING WITH CELLS 12.6.1 Adleman’s classic experiment 12.6.2 Examples of circuits that can compute 12.6.3 DNA data storage 12.7 CHALLENGES 12.8 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Robustness and evolvability of biological systems 13.1 ROBUSTNESS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 13.1.1 Key mechanisms 13.1.2 Hierarchies and protocols 13.1.3 Organising principles 13.2 GENOTYPE SPACES AND GENOTYPE NETWORKS 13.2.1 Genotype spaces 13.2.2 Genotype–phenotype mapping 13.3 QUANTIFYING ROBUSTNESS AND EVOLVABILITY 13.4 SOFTWARE TOOLS EXERCISES REFERENCES FURTHER READING Epilogue: The Road Ahead Index 325

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnderstanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) provides the most recent summary of toxicity data relevant to mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, and provides values for use in risk assessment applications. Predicting the bioaccumulation of PFAS in terrestrial wildlife (including humans) has proven to be extremely complex. As a group, PFAS act differently than traditional non-ionic organic molecules, where PFAS can break down and reform, whereas some are demonstrated to be extremely persistent. Where sufficient data are provided, this book establishes toxicity reference values (TRVs), which are derived to assist in characterizing environmental sources of contamination and making risk-based decisions.Features: Provides toxicity reference values (TRVs) for vertebrates (mammals, birds, amphibians) for PFAS, where sufficient data are available, and includes objective supporting background informatTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) Chapter 3 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Chapter 4 Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) Chapter 5 Perfluororoheptanoic Acid (PFHpA) Chapter 6 Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) Chapter 7 Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (PFBS) Chapter 8 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate (6:2 FTS) Chapter 9 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnderstanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) provides the most recent summary of toxicity data relevant to mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, and provides values for use in risk assessment applications. Predicting the bioaccumulation of PFAS in terrestrial wildlife (including humans) has proven to be extremely complex. As a group, PFAS act differently than traditional non-ionic organic molecules, where PFAS can break down and reform, whereas some are demonstrated to be extremely persistent. Where sufficient data are provided, this book establishes toxicity reference values (TRVs), which are derived to assist in characterizing environmental sources of contamination and making risk-based decisions.Features: Provides toxicity reference values (TRVs) for vertebrates (mammals, birds, amphibians) for PFAS, where sufficient data are available, and includes objective supporting background information.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFoundations of Confocal Scanned Imaging in Light Microscopy.- Fundamental Limits in Confocal Microscopy.- Special Optical Elements.- Points, Pixels, and Gray Levels: Digitizing Image Data.- Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy.- Non-Laser Light Sources for Three-Dimensional Microscopy.- Objective Lenses for Confocal Microscopy.- The Contrast Formation in Optical Microscopy.- The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes.- Disk-Scanning Confocal Microscopy.- Measuring the Real Point Spread Function of High Numerical Aperture Microscope Objective Lenses.- Photon Detectors for Confocal Microscopy.- Structured Illumination Methods.- Visualization Systems for Multi-Dimensional Microscopy Images.- Automated Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Methods for Confocal Microscopy.- Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy: Photophysics and Photochemistry.- Practical Considerations in the Selection and Application of Fluorescent Probes.- Guiding Principles of Specimen PreservatioTable of ContentsFoundations of Confocal Scanned Imaging in Light Microscopy.- Fundamental Limits in Confocal Microscopy.- Special Optical Elements.- Points, Pixels, and Gray Levels: Digitizing Image Data.- Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy.- Non-Laser Light Sources for Three-Dimensional Microscopy.- Objective Lenses for Confocal Microscopy.- The Contrast Formation in Optical Microscopy.- The Intermediate Optical System of Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes.- Disk-Scanning Confocal Microscopy.- Measuring the Real Point Spread Function of High Numerical Aperture Microscope Objective Lenses.- Photon Detectors for Confocal Microscopy.- Structured Illumination Methods.- Visualization Systems for Multi-Dimensional Microscopy Images.- Automated Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Methods for Confocal Microscopy.- Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy: Photophysics and Photochemistry.- Practical Considerations in the Selection and Application of Fluorescent Probes.- Guiding Principles of Specimen Preservation for Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy.- Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells.- Aberrations in Confocal and Multi-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy Induced by Refractive Index Mismatch.- Interaction of Light with Botanical Specimens.- Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Confocal Microscopes.- Comparison of Widefield/Deconvolution and Confocal Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Imaging.- Blind Deconvolution.- Image Enhancement by Deconvolution.- Fiber-Optics in Scanning Optical Microscopy.- Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging in Scanning Microscopy.- Multi-Photon Molecular Excitation in Laser-Scanning Microscopy.- Multifocal Multi-Photon Microscopy.- 4Pi Microscopy.- Nanoscale Resolution with Focused Light: Stimulated Emission Depletion and Other Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions Microscopy Concepts.- Mass Storage, Display, and Hard Copy.- Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy.- Related Methods for Three-Dimensional Imaging.- Tutorial on Practical Confocal Microscopy and Use of the Confocal Test Specimen.- Practical Confocal Microscopy.- Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy.- Cell Damage During Multi-Photon Microscopy.- Photobleaching.- Nonlinear (Harmonic Generation) Optical Microscopy.- Imaging Brain Slices.- Fluorescent Ion Measurement.- Confocal and Multi-Photon Imaging of Living Embryos.- Imaging Plant Cells.- Practical Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer or Molecular Nanobioscopy of Living Cells.- Automated Confocal Imaging and High-Content Screening for Cytomics.- Automated Interpretation of Subcellular Location Patterns from Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy.- Display and Presentation Software.- When Light Microscope Resolution Is Not Enough:Correlational Light Microscopy and Electron Microscopy.- Databases for Two- and Three-Dimensional Microscopical Images in Biology.- Confocal Microscopy of Biofilms — Spatiotemporal Approaches.- Bibliography of Confocal Microscopy.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSection I provides a brief intro­ duction to the terminology and conceptual foundations of the field of move­ ment science; All but two of the re­ maining nine sections share a common format: (l) a designated section editor; Section VI is the largest section, and it con­ sists of nine perspective chapters without commentaries.Table of ContentsSection I.- 1 Terminology and Foundations of Movement Science.- Section II.- 2 Neural and Muscular Properties: Current Views and Controversies.- 3 Intraoperative Sarcomere Length Measurements Reveal Musculoskeletal Design Principles.- Commentary Wendy M. Murray and Scott L. Delp.- 4 Comparison of Effective Synaptic Currents Generated in Spinal Motoneurons by Activating Different Input Systems.- Commentary: Nonlinear Interactions Between Multiple Synaptic Inputs Thomas M. Hamm and Mitchell G. Maltenfort.- 5 Length, Shortening Velocity, Activation, and Fatigue Are Not Independent Factors Determining Muscle Force Exerted.- Commentary: What Is the Use of Models That Are Not Even True? Steve L. Lehman.- 6 Modeling of Homogeneous Muscle: Is It Realistic to Consider Skeletal Muscle as a Lumped Sarcomere or Fiber?.- Commentary: The Role of Distributed Properties in Muscle Mechanics Michael P. Slawnych.- 7 Subtle Nonlinear Neuromuscular Properties Are Consistent with Teleological Design Principles.- Commentary: Analysis of Nonlinear Neuromuscular Properties—Teleology or Ideology? Robert E. Kearney and Michael P. Slawnych.- Commentary: Remarks Regarding the Paradigm of Study of Locomotor Apparatus and Neuromuscular Control of Movement Peter A. Huijing.- Section III.- 8 Creating Neuromusculoskeletal Models.- 9 System Identification and Neuromuscular Modeling.- 10 A Reductionist Approach to Creating and Using Neuromusculoskeletal Models.- 11 Musculoskeletal Systems with Intrinsic and Proprioceptive Feedback.- Section IV.- 12 Neuromechanical Interaction in Cyclic Movements.- 13 Musculoskeletal Dynamics in Rhythmic Systems: A Comparative Approach to Legged Locomotion.- Commentary: Cyclic Movements and Adaptive Tissues Jack M. Winters.- 14 Biomechanics of Hydroskeletons: Studies of Crawling in the Medicinal Leech.- Commentary: Biomechanical Studies Clarify Pattern Generator Circuits Hillel J. Chiel and Randall D. Beer.- 15 Simulation of the Spinal Circuits Controlling Swimming Movements in Fish.- Commentary: Computer-Simulated Models Complement Experimental Investigations of Neuromotor Control in a Simple Vertebrate Ranu Jung.- 16 A Simple Neural Network for the Control of a Six-Legged Walking System.- Commentary: Are Decentralized or Central Control Systems Implied in the Locomotion? Marc Jamon and François Clarac.- Commentary: Neural Control and Biomechanics in the Locomotion of Insects and Robots Randall D. Beer and Hillel J. Chiel.- 17 Neuromechanical Function of Reflexes During Locomotion.- Commentary: What Is a Reflex? Gerald E. Loeb.- 18 Fractal Analysis of Human Walking Rhythm.- Commentary: The Fractal Nature of the Locomotor Rhythm May Be Due to Interactions Between the Brain and the Spinal Pattern Generator Ranu Jung.- Section V.- 19 Postural Adaptation for Altered Environments, Tasks, and Intentions.- 20 Altered Astronaut Performance Following Spaceflight: Control and Modeling Insights.- Commentary: Altered Astronaut Performance Following Spaceflight—Control and Modeling Insights Guido Baroni, Giancarlo Ferrigno and Antonio Pedotti.- 21 Adaptive Sensory-Motor Processes Disturb Balance Control After Spaceflight.- Commentary: Adaptive Sensory-Motor Processes Disturb Balance Control After Spaceflight Robert J. Peterka.- 22 Neuromuscular Control Strategies in Postural Coordination.- Commentary: Neuromuscular Control Strategies in Postural Coordination David A. Winter.- Section VI.- Introduction: Neural and Mechanical Contributions to Upper Limb Movement.- 23 Maps, Modules, and Internal Models in Human Motor Control.- 24 How Much Coordination Can Be Obtained Without Representing Time?.- 25 Augmenting Postural Primitives in Spinal Cord: Dynamic Force-Field Structures Used in Trajectory Generation.- 26 Learning and Memory Formation of Arm Movements.- 27 What Do We Plan or Control When We Perform a Voluntary Movement?.- 28 Simulation of Multijoint Arm Movements.- 29 Planning of Human Motions: How Simple Must It Be?.- 30 Biomechanics of Manipulation: Grasping the Task at Hand.- 31 A Principle of Control of Rapid Multijoint Movements.- Section VII.- 32 Large-Scale Musculoskeletal Systems: Sensorimotor Integration and Optimization.- 33 Progression of Musculoskeletal Models Toward Large-Scale Cybernetic Myoskeletal Models.- Commentary: Does Progression of Musculoskeletal Models Toward Large-Scale Cybernetic Models Yield Progress Toward Understanding of Muscle and Human or Animal Movement? Peter A. Huijing.- 34 Estimation of Movement from Surface EMG Signals Using a Neural Network Model.- Commentary: What Can We Learn from Artificial Neural Networks About Human Motor Control? A.J. (Knoek) van Soest.- Commentary: What’s the Use of Black Box Musculoskeletal Models? Sybert Stroeve.- 35 Study Movement Selection and Synergies via a Synthesized Neuro-Optimization Framework.- Commentary: Can Neural Networks Teach Us the Way We Learn? Frans C.T. van der Helm.- 36 Clinical Applications of Musculoskeletal Models in Orthopedics and Rehabilitation.- Commentary: Comments on Clinical Applications of Musculoskeletal Models in Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Andy Ruina.- Section VIII.- 37 Human Performance and Rehabilitation Technologies.- 38 Rehabilitators, Robots, and Guides: New Tools for Neurological Rehabilitation.- Commentary: Rehabilitators, Robots, and Guides Dava J. Newman.- 39 Nonanalytical Control for Assisting Reaching in Humans with Disabilities.- Commentary: A Case for Soft Neurofuzzy Controller Interfaces for Humans with Disabilities Jack M. Winters.- 40 Soft Computing Techniques for Evaluation and Control of Human Performance.- Commentary: Soft Computing Techniques for Evaluation and Control of Human Performance Rajko Tomovic.- 41 From Idea to Product.- Commentary: From Idea to Product Gerald E. Loeb.- Section IX.- 42 Movement Synthesis and Regulation in Neuroprostheses.- 43 Properties of Artificially Stimulated Muscles: Simulation and Experiments.- Commentary: One Muscle Model for All Applications? Peter H. Veltink.- 44 Synthesis of Hand Grasp.- 45 Control with Natural Sensors.- Commentary: Control with Natural Sensors? Dejan Popovic.- 46 Control of Rhythmic Movements Using FNS.- Commentary Peter H. Veltink.- Section X.- Appendix 1 Morphological Data for the Development of Musculoskeletal Models: An Update Frans C.T. van der Helm and Gary T. Yamaguchi.- Appendix 2 Move3d Software Tom M. Kepple and Steven J. Stanhope.- Appendix 3 Simulation of an Antagonistic Muscle Model in Matlab Bart L. Kaptein, Guido G. Brouwn and Frans C.T. van der Helm.- Appendix 4 SPACAR: A Finite-Element Software Package for Musculoskeletal Modeling Frans C.T van der Helm.- Appendix 5 DataMonster E. Otten.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPart One presents a general introduction to the study of animal energetics: Part Two discusses the theory behind use of doubled labellled water and Part Three evaluates the practical aspects of its use and the methodlologies required for its application.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Preface. Part one: Introduction to energetics. Part two: Doubly-labelled water: theory. Part three: Doubly-labelled water: practice. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims to set out the political, social, legal and scientific underpinning of risk assessment and risk management for toxic substances. It describes the principles and processes the practitioners undertake when looking at the regulatory risk implications of their work.Table of ContentsPreface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- PART I -- The context in which toxic risk analysis takes place -- 2 What risk management covers -- 3 Legal and organisational frameworks -- 4 Philosophical frameworks for handling risk -- 5 The importance of risk perception and risk -- communication for toxicological risk assessment -- PART II -- The principles and practice of toxic risk analysis -- 6 Introduction: Royal Society and National Academy of Sciences -- 7 Toxicological assessment -- 8 Evaluation of human health effects: toxicity -- 9 Evaluation of human health effects: exposure -- 10 The special case of major accident hazards -- 11 Evaluation of effects on the environment -- 12 Effects on the atmosphere -- References -- Appendix -- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe coastal tropics comprise some of the most sensitive and yet the most understudied ecosystems in the world. Coastal plains and river valleys are also home to agriculture on a vast scale, and it is not surprising to find that streams and rivers receive the majority of agricultural runoff, carrying the residues of insecticides, fungicides and other pesticides into estuaries and coastal zones. There is a growing awareness of the urgent need to develop strategies to help productive, healthy and economically viable agriculture to coexist with natural resources. Pesticide Residues in Tropical Coastal Ecosystems brings together toxicology experts from around the world to assess pesticide burdens in many of the major food-producing tropical countries. It provides a unique set of case studies, chronicling pesticide usage and its ecotoxicological impact in coastal regions. A practical guide to recent research findings and applications, it is essential reading for environmental professionals, Table of ContentsIntroduction. Pesticides in the Marine Environment of Ghana. Pesticide Use in Zimbabwe: Impact on Lake Kariba, a Tropical Freshwater Ecosystem. Pesticides in Kenya. Distribution, Fate and Effects of Pesticides in the Tropical Coastal Zones of India K.. Pesticides in Bangladesh. Pesticide Use in Malaysia: Trends and Impacts. Distribution, Fate and Impact of Pesticides in the Tropical Marine Environment of Vietnam. Pesticides in the Peoples Republic of China. Ecotoxicology of Pesticides in the Philippines' Aquatic Ecosystem. Pesticides in the Coastal Zone of Mexico. The Use of Pesticide in Costa Rica and Their Impact on Coastal Ecosystems. Pesticides in Colombia: Their Application, Use and Legislation. Pesticide Use in Cuban Agriculture: Present and Prospects. Use, Fate and Ecotoxicity of Pesticides in Jamaica and the Commonwealth Caribbean. Coastal Watershed-Based Ecological Risk Assessment - Gulf of Mexico. Summary.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMetabolic Regulation in Mammals presents the basic principles of metabolic control, based on investigations conducted during the past twenty years. It explains the impact of recent advances in cell biology, molecular biology and genetics on the field. Beginning with the basic concepts, this text covers all angles of metabolic regulation, including blood caloric homeostasis, cardiac and skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver metabolism. Review questions, summary sections and worked examples help break down the complexity of the subject and allow the reader to review the principles and concepts presented. Details of metabolic pathways are provided for each body system, with accompanying charts to provide the reader with an overall perspective. This text is ideal for undergraduates across a range of biological and health science disciplines, particularly those taking one or two semester courses in metabolic regulation.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Metabolism. Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions. Overview of Signal Transduction. Glycolysis. Citric Acid Cycle. Fatty Acid Oxidation. Amino Acid Metabolism. Glycogen. Gluconcogenesis. Synthesis of Triglycerides. Cholesterol. Metabolic Interrelationships of Tissue.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile the subject of environmental stress in animals is broad, the available information is fragmentary and lacks an up-to-date overview and analysis. Environmental Stress and Cellular Response in Arthropods fills these knowledge gaps. Written by three experts from the same institution, the chapters have a consistency not often found in multi-authored or contributed books. The authors describe environmental stress in arthropods, specifically Drosophila and analyze the process in all its aspects, from biochemical mechanisms to effects on the whole organism. Incorporating new information that has become available in recent years, the authors explore hypotheses about the integrated response these systems often have. They explore topics ranging from disturbance of homeostasis, changes in metabolic processes, damage of cellular structures to acquired tolerance, effects on aging processes, and survival and cell death. By analyzing all these aspects in detail at the moleculaTable of ContentsBasal Signal Transduction Systems Involved in Stress Response. The Stress-protein System. The Oxidative Stress Response System. The Metallothionein System. The Mixed Function Oxygenase System. The Role of Cellular Response Systems in Developing Tolerance to Environmental Stress. The Effects of Environmental Stress on Aging and Cell Death. The Integrated Cellular Stress Defense System.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the 1950s, the residents of the southwestern coastal areas of Taiwan suffered greatly from Blackfoot disease (BFD) due to the consumption of arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Groundwater with high levels of arsenic in southwestern and northeastern Taiwan received much attention. After arsenic-safe tap water was utilized for drinking instead of groundwater in the 1970s, BFD cases decreased greatly. After 1990, no new BFD cases were reported, and as a consequence, BFD problems disregarded. However, arsenic is still present in the groundwater.This book will improve the knowledge and understanding of the occurrence and genesis of arsenic-rich groundwaters in Taiwan. It deals with constraints on the mobility of arsenic in groundwater, its uptake from soil and water by plants, arsenic-propagation through the food chain, human health impacts, and arsenic-removal technologies. Taiwan case experiences are described in this book and can be applied worldwide.This book is aTable of ContentsTaiwan and the Global Arsenic Problem; Geological Controls of Arsenic Concentrations in Ground- and Surface; Waters History of Blackfoot Disease; Arsenic in Artesian Well Water; Non-Vascular Health Effects of Arsenic in Drinking Water in Taiwan. Arsenic Sources, Occurrences and Mobility in Surface Water, Groundwater and Sediments; Arsenic in Soils and Plants; Potential Threat of the Use of Arsenic Contaminated Water in Aquaculture; Current Solutions to Arsenic Contaminated Water;

Read more less

Book SynopsisMolecular Exercise Physiology: An Introduction is the first student-friendly textbook to be published on this key topic in contemporary sport and exercise science. It introduces sport and exercise genetics and the molecular mechanisms by which exercise causes adaptation. The text is linked to real life sport and exercise science situations such as âwhat makes people good at distance running?â, âwhat DNA sequence variations code for a high muscle mass?â or âby what mechanisms does exercise improve type2 diabetes?âThe book includes a full range of useful features, such as summaries, definitions of key terms, guides to further reading, review questions, personal comments by molecular exercise pioneers (Booth, Bouchard) and leading research in the field, as well as descriptions of research methods. A companion website offers interactive and downloadable resources for both student and lecturers. Structured around central themes in sport and exercise science, such a

Read more less

Book SynopsisBIOS Instant Notes in Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, is the perfect text for undergraduates looking for a concise introduction to the subject, or a study guide to use before examinations. Each topic begins with a summary of essential facts-an ideal revision checklist-followed by a description of the subject that focuses on core information, with clear, simple diagrams that are easy for students to understand and recall in essays and exams. BIOS Instant Notes in Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, is fully up-to-date and covers: Cells Amino acids and proteins Studying proteins Enzymes Membranes and cell signalling DNA structure and replication RNA synthesis and processingTrade Review“As part of the Instant Note series, ranging from topics on plant biology, bioinformatics and medicinal chemistry, the notes satiate the intellectual thirst by serving up bite-sized chunks of synopsized biochemistry.…these notes could make the difference between an average degree and a very good degree. In a market where notes series abound, this one raises its polar headgroup above the membranous parapet and stands out as essential reading for the biochemistry undergraduate.”The Biochemist, July 2012 Table of ContentsA. Cells B. Amino acids and proteins C. Studying proteins D. Enzymes E. Membranes and cell signaling F. DNA structure and replication G. RNA synthesis and processing H. Protein synthesis I. Recombinant DNA technology J. Carbohydrate metabolism K. Lipid metabolism L. Respiration and energy M. Nitrogen metabolism

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisChromatographic Methods in Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology fills the gap that exists between theoretical treatments of chromatography, and clinical chemistry and toxicology texts that focus almost exclusively on clinical relevance and applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1. Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Method Validation in Chromatographic Applications 1Michele L. Merves and Bruce A. Goldberger 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 History 1 1.3 Definition of Quality Assurance and Quality Control 3 1.4 Professional Organizations 4 1.5 Internal Quality Assurance and Control 5 1.5.1 Standard operating procedure manual 5 1.5.2 Method development 5 1.5.3 Method validation 6 1.5.4 Accuracy 7 1.5.5 Precision 7 1.5.6 Recovery 7 1.5.7 Lower limits of detection (sensitivity) and quantitation 8 1.5.8 Range of linearity 8 1.5.9 Specificity 9 1.5.10 Stability 9 1.5.11 Carryover 9 1.5.12 Ruggedness 9 1.5.13 Selection of a reference standard 10 1.5.14 Selection of an internal standard and standard addition 10 1.5.15 Selection of derivatization agent 10 1.5.16 Selection of ions for selected-ion monitoring or full-scan analysis 11 1.5.17 Chromatographic performance 11 1.5.18 Statistical evaluation of quality control 11 1.6 External Quality Assurance 13 References 13 2. Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Measurement of Anabolic Steroids 15Don H. Catlin, Yu-Chen Chang, Borislav Starcevic and Caroline K. Hatton 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 LC-MS Analysis of Synthetic Steroids or Animal Samples 16 2.3 LC-MS Analysis of Natural Androgens in Human Samples 19 2.4 Conclusion 29 References 29 3. High-performance Liquid Chromatography in the Analysis of Active Ingredients in Herbal Nutritional Supplements 33Amitava Dasgupta 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 St John’s Wort 35 3.2.1 Drug interactions with St John’s wort 35 3.2.2 Measurement of active ingredients of St John’s wort using HPLC 36 3.2.3 Analysis of St John’s wort extract with other analytical techniques 38 3.2.4 Measurement of hypericin and hyperforin in human plasma using HPLC 38 3.3 Herbal Supplements with Digoxin-like Immunoreactivity 39 3.3.1 Use of HPLC for the determination of chan su, danshen and ginsengs 40 3.4 Herbal Remedies and Abnormal Liver Function Tests 41 3.4.1 Use of GC-MS and HPLC for the measurement of active components 43 3.5 Ginkgo Biloba 43 3.5.1 Analysis of components of ginkgo biloba by HPLC 44 3.6 Echinacea 45 3.6.1 Analysis of active components of echinacea by HPLC 45 3.7 Valerian 46 3.7.1 Analysis of components of valerian by HPLC 46 3.8 Feverfew 46 3.8.1 Analysis of parthenolide by HPLC 47 3.9 Garlic 47 3.9.1 Measurement of components of garlic by HPLC 48 3.10 Ephedra (Ma Huang) and Related Drugs 48 3.10.1 Analysis of active components of ephedra-containing products 49 3.11 Conclusions 50 References 50 4. Measurement of Plasma L-DOPA and L-Tyrosine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Tumor Marker in Melanoma 56Thierry Le Bricon, Sabine Letellier, Konstantin Stoitchkov and Jean-Pierre Garnier 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Melanogenesis 57 4.2.1 Overview of the pathway 57 4.2.2 Potential tumor markers 58 4.3 L-DOPA Alone 59 4.3.1 Urine analysis 59 4.3.2 Blood (plasma or serum) analysis 59 4.4 L-DOPA/L-Tyrosine Ratio 60 4.4.1 Technical aspects 60 4.4.2 Clinical results 61 4.4.3 Future directions 63 4.5 Conclusion 64 References 65 5. Hypersensitive Measurement of Proteins by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 67Feng Zhou and Murray Johnston 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 A Robust CIEF-RPLC Interface 69 5.3 First-Generation CIEF-RPLC-MS System for Proteins 71 5.4 Second-Generation CIEF-RPLC-MS System 76 5.5 Future Improvements 83 Acknowledgment 83 References 83 6. Chromatographic Measurement of Transferrin Glycoforms for Detecting Alcohol Abuse and Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 87Anders Helander 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Transferrin Microheterogeneity 88 6.3 Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin (CDT) 89 6.4 Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) 89 6.5 Analytical Methods for Transferrin Microheterogeneity 90 6.6 Chromatographic Methods for CDT 91 6.6.1 HPLC conditions and potential interferences 91 6.6.2 Chromatographic separation of transferrin glycoforms 92 6.6.3 Genetic transferrin variants and glycoform types 94 6.6.4 Sensitivity and reproducibility 94 6.7 Chromatographic Methods for CDG 94 6.7.1 HPLC testing for CDG 95 6.7.2 LC-MS testing for CDG 95 6.8 Summary and Conclusions 96 References 97 7. Chromatographic Measurements of Catecholamines and Metanephrines 101Eric C. Y. Chan and Paul C. L. Ho 7.1 Background 101 7.1.1 Total or individual assays 104 7.2 Analytical Measurements of Catecholamines and Metanephrines 105 7.3 Early Methods 105 7.3.1 Catecholamines 105 7.3.2 Metanephrines 106 7.4 Current Chromatographic Methods 106 7.4.1 Chemistry of catecholamines 106 7.4.2 Specimen preparation 107 7.4.3 Fluorescence detection 109 7.4.4 Electrochemical detection 110 7.4.5 Chemiluminescence detection 112 7.4.6 Mass spectrometry 115 7.5 Practical Considerations for the Stability of Urinary Catecholamines and Metanephrines During Storage 117 7.6 Future Developments 118 Dedication 119 References 119 8. Chromatographic Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 127Larry A. Broussard 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 General Considerations 127 8.3 Intended Use 128 8.4 Volatility of Compounds 128 8.5 Sample Collection, Handling and Storage 129 8.6 Headspace Gas Chromatographic Methods 129 8.7 Columns and Detectors 130 8.8 Identification, Quantitation and Confirmation 130 8.9 Ethanol and Other Volatile Alcohols 131 8.10 Inhalants and Screening for Multiple VOCs 132 8.11 Interpretation 134 8.12 Conclusion 136 References 136 9. Chromatographic Techniques for Measuring Organophosphorus Pesticides 139H. Wollersen and F. Musshoff 9.1 Introduction 139 9.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPs) 141 9.2.1 Mechanism of action 141 9.2.2 Intoxication 141 9.2.3 Progression of intoxication and longer term risks 145 9.2.4 Therapy 146 9.2.5 Analytical procedures 146 9.3 Conclusion 163 References 164 10. Chromatographic Analysis of Nerve Agents 170Jeri D. Ropero-Miller 10.1 Introduction 170 10.2 Neuromuscular Blockers 170 10.2.1 Background and uses 170 10.2.2 Classification, mechanism and duration of action 171 10.2.3 Effects and toxicity 173 10.2.4 Analysis 173 10.3 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Saxitoxin 185 10.3.1 Background 185 10.3.2 Toxicity 187 10.3.3 Analysis 188 10.4 Summary 191 References 195 11. History and Pharmacology of c-Hydroxybutyric Acid 197Laureen Marinetti 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 History of Illicit Use of GHB 198 11.3 Clinical Use of GHB in Humans 200 11.4 History of Illicit Use of GBL and 1,4BD 200 11.5 Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of GHB, GBL and 1,4BD 202 11.6 GHB Interpretation Issues and Post-mortem Production 204 11.7 Analysis for GHB, GBL and 1,4BD 208 References 213 12. Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection for Element Speciation: Clinical and Toxicological Applications 217Katarzyna Wrobel, Kazimierz Wrobel and Joseph A. Caruso 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection 218 12.3 Analytical Applications of Clinical and Toxicological Relevance 219 12.3.1 Arsenic 219 12.3.2 Iodine 234 12.3.3 Mercury 234 12.3.4 Platinum 240 12.3.5 Selenium 245 12.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 260 12.5 Abbreviations 260 References 262 13. Applications of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to the Determination of Toxic Metals 274Suresh K. Aggarwal, Robert L. Fitzgerald and David A. Herold 13.1 Introduction 274 13.2 Instrumentation 275 13.3 Experimental Procedure 276 13.3.1 Preparation of internal standard solutions 276 13.3.2 Digestion of biological sample 276 13.3.3 Preparation of metal chelate 277 13.4 GC-MS Studies 278 13.4.1 Memory effect evaluation 278 13.4.2 Precision and accuracy in measuring isotope ratios 281 13.4.3 Results of concentration determination of toxic metals in biological samples 283 13.5 Conclusions 284 References 284 Index 287

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn accessible engaging biochemistry primer with short, 'bite sized' chapters that gently lead the reader through the essential chemistry and biochemistry they need to know without going into unnecessary and intimidating detail. Assumes only a basic understanding of chemistry and focuses on helping the reader to understand key concepts.Trade Review"For students embarking on careers in the health sciences, it is an essential academic companion and, retailing at approximately £28, it is excellent value for money". (The Biochemist, 1 June 2011) "It's not every day that one picks up a textbook that can claim to occupy a unique niche, given the multitude of scientific textbooks that are vying for a medical readership. However, with the recent publication of Pain-Free Biochemistry: An Essential Guide for the Health Sciences, which is specifically aimed at students of medicine and nursing, one could be left wondering just why nobody thought of this sooner." (Irish Medical News, September 08, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface x Section 1 Foundations 1 Topic 1 Why biochemistry? 3 Topic 2 Remarkableness of life 9 Chemistry I The basic structure of substances: atoms, molecules, elements and compounds 13 Chemistry II Atomic structure, valency and bonding 16 Chemistry III Protons, acids, bases, concentration and the pH scale 25 Topic 3 Shape, molecular recognition and proteins: an example 32 Topic 4 Proteins: molecular necklaces 38 Topic 5 Chemical transformations in the living organism: metabolism 43 Topic 6 Reactions, catalysts and enzymes 46 Topic 7 Specificity, saturation and active sites 49 Topic 8 Structure of metabolism: anabolism and catabolism 54 Chemistry IV Equilibrium 56 Topic 9 Catabolism: degradation vs energy metabolism 60 Chemistry V Oxidation and reduction 63 Topic 10 Oxidation and reduction in metabolism 67 Section 2 Catabolism 71 Chemistry VI Aldehydes, ketones and sugars 73 Topic 11 Carbohydrates: sugars and polysaccharides in metabolism 81 Topic 12 Glucose inside the body 85 Topic 13 Breakdown of sugar: glycolysis 88 Topic 14 Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate: Krebs cycle 94 Topic 15 Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation and overall ATP yields 98 Topic 16 Mobilising the carbohydrate store: glycogenolysis 103 Chemistry VII Alcohols, esters, glycerol, fatty acids and triglycerides 106 Chemistry VIII Hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic 109 Topic 17 Phospholipids and membranes 111 Chemistry IX Saturated and unsaturated 114 Topic 18 Fats as an energy source 119 Topic 19 Fats: digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation 122 Topic 20 Fats: oxidation of fatty acids 126 Topic 21 Ketone bodies in health and disease 133 Topic 22 Dietary fat: essential fatty acids 137 Topic 23 Protein and amino acid breakdown 140 Topic 24 Shedding excess amino groups: urea cycle 147 Section 3 Anabolism and Control 151 Topic 25 Is anabolism just catabolism backwards? 153 Topic 26 Making new glucose: gluconeogenesis 156 Topic 27 Fatty acid biosynthesis 161 Topic 28 Providing reducing power: NADPH and the pentose phosphate pathway 164 Chemistry X Isotopes 168 Topic 29 Red cells and white cells: defence against reactive oxygen and reactive oxygen as defence! 172 Topic 30 The need for metabolic control 176 Topic 31 Relationship of fats and carbohydrates: use by different tissues 179 Section 4 Genes and Protein Synthesis 181 Topic 32 The idea of genes 183 Topic 33 The chemistry of genes: DNA and the double helix 186 Topic 34 The genetic code and mRNA 190 Topic 35 Protein synthesis, ribosomes and tRNA 193 Topic 36 Genetic differences and disease 197 Topic 37 Genetic variability: drug metabolism and disease susceptibility 203 Topic 38 Mutation, radiation and ageing 205 Topic 39 Switching genes on and off: development, tissue specificity, adaptation and tolerance 207 Topic 40 DNA and protein synthesis as targets: chemotherapy, antibiotics, etc. 210 Section 5 Physiological Systems and Clinical Issues 217 Topic 41 Hormones and second messengers 219 Topic 42 Switching enzymes on and off: coarse and fine control 222 Topic 43 Insulin, glucagon and adrenaline 224 Topic 44 Diabetes 229 Topic 45 Steroid hormones and receptors: fertility control, pregnancy testing, etc. 233 Topic 46 Pituitary hormones and feedback loops 238 Topic 47 Thyroid hormones 240 Topic 48 Adrenal cortex 244 Topic 49 Prostaglandins and inflammation: aspirin 246 Topic 50 Membrane transport 250 Topic 51 Nerve and muscle 255 Topic 52 pH homeostasis 258 Topic 53 Diagnostic markers: biochemical tests 261 Topic 54 Blood, bleeding and clotting 265 Section 6 Appendices 271 Appendix 1 pH and neutrality 273 Appendix 2 Crystallography 274 Appendix 3 Protein forces, secondary structure and folding 277 Appendix 4 Equilibrium constant 281 Appendix 5 Phosphorus, phosphoric acid and phosphate esters 283 Appendix 6 Coenzymes, cofactors and prosthetic groups 285 Appendix 7 Coenzyme A 287 Appendix 8 Krebs cycle and evidence for a catalytic reaction sequence 289 Appendix 9 Knoop’s experiment pointing to β-oxidation of fatty acids 291 Appendix 10 Isoenzymes 293 Appendix 11 Genetic code 295 Appendix 12 Different kinds of mutation 297 Appendix 13 Restriction enzymes 299 Appendix 14 Enzyme inhibition 301 Appendix 15 Electrophoresis to separate proteins 304 Appendix 16 Chromatography and mass spectrometry to separate and identify metabolites 308 Glossary 313 MCQ answers 322 Index 323

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book gathers present knowledge on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug transport and resistance. Bringing together updated information from an otherwise-scattered field of scientific literature, this resource helps researchers in pharmaceutical science in discovering drugs able to counteract multidrug resistance in diseases like cancer.Trade Review"The book is both interesting for both novice and experienced researches in the field." (ChemMedChem, July 2010) Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xi INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE? 1Jonathan A. Sheps and Victor Ling PART I ABC PROTEINS: AN OVERVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE, GENOME, NORMAL TISSUE EXPRESSION, PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT, AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 15 1 The P-glycoprotein 170: Just a multidrug resistance protein or a protean molecule? 17Fabienne Grandjean-Forestier, Christophe Stenger, Jacques Robert, Mireille Verdier, and Marie-Hélène Ratinaud 2 Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP/ABCC proteins) 47Mylène Honorat, Charles Dumontet, and Lea Payen 3 ABCG2: A new challenge in cancer drug resistance 83Orsolya Polgar, Robert W. Robey, Kin Wah To, John Deeken, Patricia A. Fetsch, and Susan E. Bates PART II ABC PROTEINS AND ONCOLOGY: EXPRESSION, DETECTION, AND IMPLICATION OF ABC PROTEINS IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS 119 4 Expression, detection, and implication of ABC proteins in acute myeloblastic leukemia 121Ollivier Legrand, Ruo-Ping Tang, and Jean-Pierre Marie 5 ABC proteins and oncology: Expression, detection, and implication of ABC proteins in solid tumors 143Jean François Bernaudin, Anne Fajac, Jocelyne Fleury-Feith, Khaldoun Kerrou, and Roger Lacave PART III ABC PROTEINS AND PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 177 6 ABC transporters and resistance to antibiotics 179Serge Michalet and Marie-Geneviève Dijoux-Franca 7 ABC proteins involved in protozoan parasite resistance 195Bruno Pradines PART IV MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) MODULATION THROUGH INHIBITION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS: DESIGN OF INHIBITORS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 239 8 Reversal agents for P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance 241Hamid Morjani and Claudie Madoulet 9 Reversal agents of multidrug resistance mediated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) 261Ahcène Boumendjel, Anne Florin, and Jean Boutonnat 10 Reversal agents for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated multidrug resistance 289Jean Boutonnat, Anne Florin, and Ahcène Boumendjel 11 Strategies to overcome drug resistance in acute and chronic leukemias 315Eric Solary, Vincent Ribrag, and Stéphane de Botton 12 Multidrug resistance reversal in solid tumors 349Tatiana Bogush and Jacques Robert PART V BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE: THE ROLE OF THE TRANSPORTERS AT THE MAIN PROTECTION BARRIERS (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2) ON THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF MANY TYPES OF DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS 363 13 ABC superfamily transporters at the human blood–brain barrier 365Jean-Michel Scherrmann 14 The role of ABC transporters at the intestinal barrier 385Roos L. Oostendorp, Jos H. Beijnen, and Jan H.M. Schellens 15 Genetic polymorphisms in ABC transporters 411Leslie W. Chinn and Deanna L. Kroetz PERSPECTIVES 437 INDEX 441

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith chapters provided by international leading experts, this book covers the recent advances in protein and peptide mass spectrometry.Trade Review"This book will be a valuable reference as it contains plenty of depth and substance to be of interest to experienced practitioners of mass spectrometry and related techniques, but is still accessible to pharmaceutical researchers who want to learn more about MS technologies and its applications." (American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 1 July 2012) Table of ContentsPREFACE xv CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I METHODOLOGY 1 1 Ionization Methods in Protein Mass Spectrometry 3 Ismael Cotte-Rodriguez, Yun Zhang, Zhixin Miao, and Hao Chen 1.1 History of the Development of Protein Mass Spectrometry 4 1.2 Laser-Based Ionization Methods for Proteins 5 1.3 Spray-Based Ionization Methods for Proteins 13 1.4 Ambient Ionization Methods 20 1.5 Conclusions 30 Acknowledgments 30 References 30 2 Ion Activation and Mass Analysis in Protein Mass Spectrometry 43 Cheng Lin and Peter O’Connor 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Ion Activation and Tandem MS Analysis 46 2.3 Mass Analyzers 59 References 81 3 Target Proteins: Bottom-up and Top-down Proteomics 89 Michael Boyne and Ron Bose 3.1 Mass Spectral Approaches to Targeted Protein Identification 89 3.2 Bottom-up Proteomics 90 3.3 Top-down Approaches 96 3.4 Next-Generation Approaches 98 References 99 4 Quantitative Proteomics by Mass Spectrometry 101 Jacob Galan, Anton Iliuk, and W. Andy Tao 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 In-Cell Labeling 105 4.3 Quantitation via Isotopic Labeling of Proteins 107 4.4 Quantitation via Isotopic Labeling on Peptides 112 4.5 Label-Free Quantitation 116 4.6 Conclusions 119 Acknowledgment 120 References 120 5 Comparative Proteomics by Direct Tissue Analysis Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry 129 Michelle L. Reyzer and Richard M. Caprioli 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Conventional Comparative Proteomics 130 5.3 Comparative Proteomics Using Imaging MS 131 5.4 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 137 References 137 6 Peptide and Protein Analysis Using Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry 139 Jeffrey R. Enders, Michal Kliman, Sevugarajan Sundarapandian, and John A. McLean 6.1 Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation and Separation Selectivity 139 6.2 Characterizing and Interpreting Peptide and Protein Structures 147 6.3 Applications of IM-MS to Peptide and Protein Characterizations 152 6.4 Future Directions 158 Acknowledgments 159 References 160 7 Chemical Footprinting for Determining Protein Properties and Interactions 175 Sandra A. Kerfoot and Michael L. Gross 7.1 Introduction to Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange 175 7.2 Experimental Procedures 178 7.3 Mass Spectrometry-Based HDX in Practice 182 7.4 Protein Footprinting via Free-Radical Oxidation 193 7.5 Chemical Crosslinking 198 7.6 Selective and Irreversible Chemical Modification 201 7.7 Conclusion 205 References 206 8 Microwave Technology to Accelerate Protein Analysis 213 Urooj A. Mirza, Birendra N. Pramanik, and Ajay K. Bose 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Microwave Technology 215 8.3 Summary 224 Acknowledgments 224 References 224 9 Bioinformatics and Database Searching 231 Surendra Dasari and David L. Tabb 9.1 Overview 231 9.2 Introduction to Tandem Mass Spectrometry 231 9.3 Overview of Peptide Identification with Database Searching 234 9.4 MyriMatch-IDPicker Protein Identification Pipeline 235 9.5 Results of a Shotgun Proteomics Study 246 9.6 Improvements to MyriMatch Database Search Engine 248 9.7 Applications of MyriMatch-IDPicker Pipeline 250 9.8 Conclusions 251 Acknowledgments 251 References 251 PART II Applications 253 10 Mass Spectrometry-Based Screening and Characterization of Protein–Ligand Complexes in Drug Discovery 255 Christine L. Andrews, Michael R. Ziebell, Elliott Nickbarg, and Xianshu Yang 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Affinity Selection Mass Spectrometry (AS-MS) 256 10.3 Solution-Based AS-MS as Screening Technologies 258 10.4 Gas-Phase Interactions 267 10.5 Enzyme Activity Assays Using MS for Screening or Confirming Drug Candidates 271 10.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 276 References 277 11 Utilization of Mass Spectrometry for the Structural Characterization of Biopharmaceutical Protein Products 287 Amareth Lim and Catherine A. Srebalus Barnes 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 MS-Based Approach for the Characterization of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins 288 11.3 Cell Culture Development 290 11.4 Purification Development 294 11.5 Formulation Development 300 11.6 Analytical Method Development 304 11.7 Confirmation of Structure/Product Comparability Assessment 311 11.8 Conclusions 313 Acknowledgments 315 References 315 12 Post-translationally Modified Proteins: Glycosylation, Phosphorylation, and Disulfide Bond Formation 321 Anthony Tsarbopoulos and Fotini N. Bazoti 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Glycosylation 322 12.3 Phosphorylation 338 12.4 Disulfide Bond Detection and Mapping 347 12.5 Future Perspectives 350 Acknowledgments 352 Abbreviations 353 References 354 13 Mass Spectrometry of Antigenic Peptides 371 Henry Rohrs 13.1 Introduction 371 13.2 Analysis of Antigenic Peptides 374 13.3 Examples of the Application of Mass Spectrometry to Antigenic Peptide Study 381 13.4 Future Work 385 Acknowledgments 386 Abbreviations 387 References 387 14 Neuropeptidomics 393 Jonathan V. Sweedler, Fang Xie, and Adriana Bora 14.1 Introduction 393 14.2 Neuropeptidomics: Characterizing Peptides in the Brain 394 14.3 Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry 395 14.4 Separations 405 14.5 Peptide Characterization via Mass Spectrometry 407 14.6 Conclusions 419 14.7 Future Perspectives 419 Acknowledgments 420 References 420 15 Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Peptide Drug Metabolism 435 Patrick J. Rudewicz 15.1 Introduction 435 15.2 Peptide Drug Metabolism 436 15.3 LC-MS/MS for Metabolite Identification 437 15.4 Quantitative Analysis 439 15.5 Case Study: IL-1b Protease Inhibitors 440 15.6 Future Directions 445 References 445 INDEX 449

Read more less