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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the use of ionic liquids in biotransformation and organocatalysis. Its major parts include: an overview of the fundamentals of ionic liquids and their interactions with proteins and enzymes; the use of ILs in biotransformations; non-solvent applications such as additives, membranes, substrate anchoring, and the use of ILs in organocatalysis (from solvents to co-catalysts and new reactivities, as well as non-solvent applications such as anchoring and immobilization).Table of ContentsForeword by Prof. Dr. Roger Sheldon xiii Preface xv Contributors xvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 IONIC LIQUIDS: DEFINITION, APPLICATIONS, AND CONTEXT FOR BIOTRANSFORMATIONS AND ORGANOCATALYSIS 3 Pablo Domínguez de María 1.1 Ionic Liquids: Definition, Development, and Overview of Current Main Applications 3 1.2 On the Greenness of ILs: Toward the Third Generation of ILs and DES 6 1.3 Context of ILs in Biotransformations and Organocatalysis 12 References 13 2 IONIC LIQUIDS AND PROTEINS: ACADEMIC AND SOME PRACTICAL INTERACTIONS 15 Zhen Yang 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Ionic Liquids, Water, and Proteins 18 2.3 Hofmeister Effects on Biocatalysis 26 2.4 Impact of Ionic Liquids on Enzymes and Proteins 41 2.5 Protein Extraction by Means of Ionic Liquids 52 2.6 Proper Selection of Ionic Liquids for Biocatalysis 57 2.7 Concluding Remarks 65 PART II IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS 73 3 IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS: MOTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 75 Christina Kohlmann and Lasse Greiner 3.1 First Uses of Ionic Liquids in Biotransformations 75 3.2 Motivation to Use IL in Biotransformations 80 3.3 Challenges for the Use of IL in Biotransformations 91 4 IONIC LIQUIDS AND OTHER NONCONVENTIONAL SOLVENTS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS: MEDIUM ENGINEERING AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT 103 Pedro Lozano and Eduardo García-Verdugo 4.1 Introduction: Toward Greener Catalytic Processes 103 4.2 The Importance of the Medium Engineering in Biotransformations 106 4.3 Biocatalysis in Monophasic ILs Systems 110 4.4 (Bio)catalytic Processes in SCFs 118 4.5 Multiphase Biotransformations 124 4.6 Prospects 140 5 IONIC LIQUIDS AS (CO-)SOLVENTS FOR HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 151 Hua Zhao 5.1 Introduction 152 5.2 State-of-the-art: Lipases, Esterases, Proteases in ILs as (co-)Solvents 155 5.3 Use of ILs for (dynamic) Kinetic Resolutions ((D)KRs) 183 5.4 Hydrolase-Catalyzed Esterifi cations of Saccharides and Cellulose Derivatives in ILs 205 5.5 ILs for Glycosidases 210 5.6 Prospects 212 6 IONIC LIQUIDS AS (CO-)SOLVENTS FOR NONHYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 229 Daniela Gamenara, Patricia Saenz Méndez, Gustavo Seoane, and Pablo Domínguez de María 6.1 Ionic Liquids and Nonhydrolytic Enzymes 231 6.2 Use of ILs in Oxidoreductase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Reactions 232 6.3 ILs in Lyase-Catalyzed Reactions 253 6.4 Prospects 256 7 IONIC LIQUIDS AND WHOLE-CELL–CATALYZED PROCESSES 261 Danielle Dennewald and Dirk Weuster-Botz 7.1 Ionic Liquids Compatible with Whole-Cell Biocatalysis: Fundamentals and Design 263 7.2 Biocompatibility, Tolerance, and Accumulation in the Cell 272 7.3 State of the Art 281 7.4 Prospects 308 8 NONSOLVENT APPLICATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOTRANSFORMATIONS 315 Pablo Domínguez de María and Christina Kohlmann 8.1 Introduction 315 8.2 Ionic Liquids as Additives in Biotransformations 316 8.3 Ionic Liquids for Coating Enzymes: The ILCE Concept 318 8.4 Ionic Liquids Combined with Membranes and Biotransformations 321 8.5 Ionic Liquids Anchoring Substrates 321 8.6 Ionic Liquids and Bioelectrochemistry 324 PART III IONIC LIQUIDS IN ORGANOCATALYSIS 331 9 IONIC LIQUIDS AS (CO-)SOLVENTS AND CO-CATALYSTS FOR ORGANOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 333 Štefan Toma and Radovan Šebesta 9.1 Nontraditional Media in Organocatalysis 333 9.2 Early Organocatalytic Reactions in Ionic Liquids 334 9.3 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Organocatalytic Reactions 335 9.4 Ionic Liquids as Co-catalysts for Organocatalytic Reactions: Toward New Reactivities and Selectivities 353 9.5 Key Factors in Choosing Ionic Liquids for Organocatalysis and Prospects 355 10 "NONSOLVENT" APPLICATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN ORGANOCATALYSIS 361 Michelangelo Gruttadauria, Francesco Giacalone, Paola Agrigento, and Renato Noto 10.1 Introduction 361 10.2 Immobilizing Ionic Liquids and Organocatalysts 363 10.3 Anchoring of Organocatalyst to Ionic Liquids 378 10.4 Ionic Liquids as Organocatalysts 409 10.5 Conclusions 414 References 414 Index 419

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Book SynopsisThis book provides up-to-date information on experimental and computational characterization of the structural and functional properties of viral proteins, which are widely involved in regulatory and signaling processes. With chapters by leading research groups, it features current information on the structural and functional roles of intrinsic disorders in viral proteomes. It systematically addresses the measles, HIV, influenza, potato virus, forest virus, bovine virus, hepatitis, and rotavirus as well as viral genomics. After analyzing the unique features of each class of viral proteins, future directions for research and disease management are presented.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Do viral proteins possess unique features? (Vladimir Uversky). 2. Functional role of structural disorder in capsid proteins (Lars Liljas). 3. Structural disorder within the nucleoproteins and phosphoproteins of measles, Nipah and Hendra viruses (Johnny Habchi and Sonia Longhi). 4. Structural disorder within the Sendai virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (Rob Ruigrok and Martin Blackledge). 5. Structural disorder in Rhabdoviridae phosphoproteins (Marc Jamin). 6. Structural disorder in matrix proteins from HiV-related viruses (Vladimir Uversky and Keith Dunker). 7. Structural disorder in proteins from influenza virus (Vladmir Uversky and Keith Dunker). 8. Structural disorder in the HIV-1 Vif protein and oilgomerization-dependent gain of structure (Assaf Friedler). 9. Order from Disorder: Structure, Function and Dynamics of the HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Joe D. O’Neil). 10. Intrinsically disordered protein domains of the non structural proteins of Sesbania mosaic virus and their functional role (Handanahal S. Savithri). 11. Intrinsic disorder in genome-linked viral proteins VPgs of potyviruses (Jadwiga Chroboczek, Eugénie Hébrard, Kristiina Mäkinen, Thierry Michon and Kimmo Rantalainen). 12. Intrinsic disorder in HPV 16 E7 protein (Gonzalo de Prat-Gay). 13. The Semiliki forest virus serine protease is disordered and yet displays catalytic activity (Manuel Morillas). 14. Intrinsic disorder in the core proteins of Flaviviridae (Jean-Luc Darlix). 15. Domains 2 and 3 of non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) of hepatitis C virus is natively unfolded (Ho Sup Yoon). 16. Intrinsic disorder within phage λ N protein and interaction with the E. coli NusA protein (Kristian Schweimer). 17. The N-terminal extension region of Hordeivirus movement TGB1 protein consists of two domains with different content of disordered structure (V.V. Makarov, M.E. Tailansky, E.N. Dobrov, N.O. Kalinina).

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Book SynopsisDue to their strong antimicrobial properties, lipids and essential oils are being studied for use in prevention and treatment of infections, as potential disinfectants, and for their preservative and antimicrobial properties as pharmaceuticals and in food products and cosmetics.Trade Review"I recommend this book to all scientists, researchers, academicians, health professionals in academia, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and health sectors interested in natural products, oils, nutrition and health matters. Students can greatly benefit from the comprehensive reviews in various chapters in order to understand and learn similar actions of these two diverse groups of natural chemicals." (Herbalgram, 1 February 2012) Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Introduction xiii 1 Membranes as Targets of Antimicrobial Lipids 1 Peter J. Quinn 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Oil and Water Don’t Mix! 2 1.3 Polar Lipids 3 1.3.1 The Amphiphilic Character of Polar Lipids 3 1.3.2 Hydrophobic Constituents of Lipids 4 1.3.3 Polar Groups of Complex Lipids 5 1.4 Properties of Surfactants 7 1.4.1 Critical Micelle Concentration 7 1.4.2 Aggregation of Surface-Active Molecules 8 1.4.3 The Influence of Solvent 9 1.5 Cell Membranes 11 1.5.1 Membrane Lipids 11 1.5.2 Lipid Domains in Membranes 13 1.5.3 Membrane Proteins 15 1.5.4 Membrane Stability 15 1.5.4.1 Membrane Lipid Phase Behaviour 17 1.5.4.2 Membrane Lipid Homeostasis in Homoiothermic Organisms 18 1.5.4.3 Membrane Lipid Adaption in Poikilothermic Organisms 19 1.6 The Action of Antimicrobial Lipids on Cell Membranes 20 1.7 Conclusions 21 Acknowledgements 21 References 22 2 Antibacterial Effects of Lipids: Historical Review (1881 to 1960) 25 Halldor Thormar 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Antibacterial Activity of Soaps 26 2.2.1 Antibacterial Action of Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives 29 2.3 Inhibition of Lipids and Serum Albumin against the Antibacterial Action of Soaps 33 2.4 Diverse Actions of Fatty Acids and Their Salts on Bacteria 34 2.5 The Nature of the Bactericidal Action of Fatty Acids 36 2.6 A Possible Role of Soaps and Fatty Acids in Host Defence against Bacteria 38 2.7 Studies of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Applications of Soaps and Fatty Acids 40 2.8 Conclusions 43 References 43 3 Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Activities of Lipids 47 Gudmundur Bergsson, Hilmar Hilmarsson and Halldor Thormar 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Antibacterial Activities of Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides 48 3.2.1 Activities against Gram-Positive Bacteria In Vitro 48 3.2.2 Activities against Gram-Negative Bacteria In Vitro 51 3.2.3 Antibacterial Mechanism 53 3.2.4 A Possible Role of Antimicrobial Lipids in Host Defence against Bacteria 57 3.3 Antiviral Activities of Fatty Alcohols, Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides 58 3.3.1 Early Studies of Antiviral Lipids 58 3.3.2 Antiviral Activities of Milk Lipids 60 3.3.3 Antiviral Activities of Lipids and Fatty Alcohols 61 3.3.4 Antiviral Mechanism of Lipids 65 3.4 Antifungal Activities of Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides 67 3.4.1 In Vitro Studies 67 3.4.2 In Vivo Studies 71 3.5 Conclusions 74 References 75 4 Antimicrobial Lipids in Milk 81 Charles E. Isaacs 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 Occurrence 83 4.2.1 Biosynthesis 83 4.2.2 Quantitative Assays 83 4.2.2.1 Measurement of Antibacterial Activity 83 4.2.2.2 Measurement of Antiviral Activity 84 4.3 Molecular Properties 84 4.3.1 Lipids in Milk and Plant Oils 84 4.3.2 Dependence of Antimicrobial Activity on Chain Length, Saturation and pH 85 4.4 Antimicrobial Activity 85 4.4.1 Mechanism of Action 85 4.4.2 Synergy between Antimicrobial Lipids and Antimicrobial Peptides 87 4.4.2.1 Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins 87 4.4.2.2 Potential Synergism between Antimicrobial Milk Lipids and Peptides 88 4.4.3 Influencing Factors 88 4.4.4 Spectrum 89 4.5 Applications 89 4.5.1 Additive Advantage to Foods and Biological Products 89 4.5.2 Physiological Advantage 90 4.5.3 Sexually Transmitted Pathogens and Topical Activity 91 4.6 Safety, Tolerance and Efficacy 91 4.7 Conclusions 92 References 92 5 Antimicrobial Lipids of the Skin and Tear Film 99 Carol L. Bratt, Phil Wertz, David Drake, Deborah V. Dawson and Kim A. Brogden 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Innate Immune Mechanisms in Skin 101 5.2.1 The Extensive Cutaneous Microbial Burden 101 5.2.2 Cutaneous Innate Immune Mechanisms 104 5.3 Types and Locations of Lipids of the Skin and Tear Film 106 5.3.1 Hypodermal and Dermal Lipids 107 5.3.2 Epidermal Lipids 107 5.3.3 Secreted Lipids 109 5.3.4 Tear-Film Lipids 109 5.4 Functions of Lipids 111 5.4.1 Cutaneous Lipids as Permeability Barriers 111 5.4.2 Cutaneous Lipids as Innate Immune Mechanisms 111 5.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Lipids and Their Mechanisms of Killing 111 5.5.1 Lipid Deficiencies 112 5.5.2 Lipid Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action 112 5.5.2.1 Sphingolipids 113 5.5.2.2 Fatty acids 114 5.6 Synergy of Cutaneous Lipids and Other Innate Immune Molecules 114 5.7 Lipids as Therapeutic Agents 115 5.8 Conclusions 115 Acknowledgements 116 References 116 6 Antimicrobial Lipids and Innate Immunity 123 Halldor Thormar 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 The Role of Human Milk Lipids in Innate Immunity 126 6.2.1 Breast-Feeding Protects Infants against Infection 126 6.2.2 Factors in Human Milk which Protect against Infection 127 6.2.3 Antmicrobial Lipids in Human Milk and Their Possible Protective Function 129 6.3 Antimicrobial Lipids in the Pulmonary Mucosa 134 6.3.1 The Innate Immune System of the Respiratory Tract 134 6.3.2 Antimicrobial Fatty Acids in the Alveoli of Animal and Human Lungs 135 6.4 Antimicrobial Skin Lipids 137 6.4.1 The Self-Disinfecting Power of the Human Skin 137 6.4.2 The Role of Skin Lipids in the Self-Disinfection of Human Skin 137 6.4.3 Sebum Lipids as a Source of Antimicrobial Fatty Acids in the Skin 139 6.4.4 Stratum Corneum as a Source of Antimicrobial Lipids in the Skin 142 6.4.5 Antimicrobial Lipids as a Part of the Innate Immune Defence 144 6.5 Conclusions 144 References 144 7 Lipids as Active Ingredients in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Health Foods 151 Thórdís Kristmundsdóttir and Skúli Skúlason 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Antimicrobial Effects of Lipids 152 7.2.1 Antibacterial Activity 152 7.2.2 Antiviral Activity 153 7.2.3 Antifungal Activity 154 7.3 Lipids in Pharmaceuticals 155 7.3.1 Lipids in Pharmacopeias 155 7.3.2 Microbicidal Lipids for Treatment of Mucosal and Skin Infections 155 7.3.3 Lipids as Penetration Enhancers in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 159 7.4 Microbicidal Lipids in Agriculture and Aquaculture 160 7.5 Lipids in Therapy 163 7.5.1 Effect of Lipids on Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases 163 7.5.2 Effect of Lipids on Psoriasis 165 7.5.3 Effect of Lipids on Cardiovascular Diseases 165 7.5.4 Effect of Lipids on Cognitive Function 166 7.6 Lipids in Cosmetics 167 7.6.1 Sources of Lipids Used in Cosmetics 167 7.6.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Lipids in Cosmetics 168 7.6.3 Other Activities of Lipids in Cosmetics 169 7.7 Lipids in Health Food 169 7.8 Conclusions 171 References 171 8 Antimicrobial Lipids as Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Sanitizers 179 Halldor Thormar and Hilmar Hilmarsson 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Soaps as Disinfectants and Antiseptics 182 8.3 Use of Bactericidal Lipids to Reduce Microbial Contamination of Food Products 184 8.4 Killing of Foodborne Bacteria by Glycerol Monocaprate (Monocaprin) Emulsions 186 8.4.1 Reduction of Viable Campylobacter in Drinking Water and Feed of Chickens by Addition of Monocaprin Emulsions 187 8.4.2 Reduction of Viable Campylobacter on Poultry Carcasses 188 8.4.3 Reduction of Psychrotrophic Spoilage Bacteria on Chicken Carcasses 191 8.4.4 Sanitation of Kitchen Surfaces by Washing with Monocaprin Emulsions 194 8.5 Conclusions 197 References 197 9 Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils 203 Christine F. Carson and Katherine A. Hammer 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Chemistry of Essential Oils 205 9.2.1 Terpenes 205 9.2.1.1 Biosynthesis of Terpenes 206 9.2.1.2 Monoterpenes 206 9.2.1.3 Sesquiterpenes 208 9.2.1.4 Diterpenes 208 9.2.1.5 Norterpenes 209 9.2.2 Phenylpropanoids 209 9.2.2.1 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids 209 9.2.2.2 Phenylpropanoids in Essential Oils 210 9.2.3 Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds of Essential Oils 210 9.3 Biological Activity of Essential Oils 211 9.3.1 General Overview 211 9.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity 212 9.3.2.1 Antibacterial Activity 212 9.3.2.2 Antifungal Activity 215 9.3.2.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial and Antifungal Action 216 9.3.2.4 Antiviral Activity 216 9.3.2.5 Antiprotozoal Activity 218 9.3.3 Anticancer Activity 219 9.4 Uses of Essential Oils 221 9.4.1 Pharmaceutical Products 221 9.4.2 Foods and Beverages 222 9.5 Conclusions 223 References 223 10 Antiviral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Pure Oil Components 239 Paul Schnitzler, Akram Astani and Jürgen Reichling 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Characterization and Medicinal Use of Essential Oils 240 10.3 Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils 240 10.4 Antiviral Activities of Essential oils 241 10.4.1 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Antiherpesvirus Activity of Essential Oils 241 10.4.2 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Antiherpesvirus Activity of Pure Essential Oil Components 247 10.4.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils against Other Viruses 248 10.5 Mode of Antiviral Action of Essential Oils 250 10.6 Conclusions 251 References 252 11 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils 255 Katherine A. Hammer and Christine F. Carson 11.1 Introduction 256 11.2 Methods for Quantifying Antimicrobial Activity 257 11.3 Antibacterial and Antifungal Essential Oils by Plant Family 258 11.3.1 Apiaceae 258 11.3.2 Lamiaceae 258 11.3.3 Lauraceae 263 11.3.4 Myrtaceae 264 11.3.5 Poaceae 265 11.3.6 Rutaceae 266 11.3.7 Other 266 11.3.8 Comparative Activities of Essential Oils 266 11.4 Antimicrobial Essential-Oil Components 267 11.4.1 Aldehydes 267 11.4.2 Alcohols 267 11.4.3 Phenols 268 11.4.4 Ketones 269 11.4.5 Esters 269 11.4.6 Oxides and Epoxides 270 11.4.7 Methyl Ethers 270 11.4.8 Terpene Hydrocarbons 270 11.4.9 Generalizations about Component Activity 271 11.5 Factors Influencing Activity 271 11.5.1 Microorganism-Related Factors 271 11.5.2 Environmental Conditions 272 11.6 Mechanisms of Action 274 11.6.1 Membrane and Membrane-Related Actions 274 11.6.2 Adaptation and Tolerance 276 11.6.2.1 Resistance 278 11.6.3 Other Antimicrobial Effects 279 11.6.3.1 Toxins, Enzymes and Virulence Factors 279 11.6.3.2 Biofilms and Quorum Sensing 280 11.6.3.3 Synergy between Essential Oils or with Other Compounds 281 11.6.3.4 Other 282 11.7 Clinical Efficacy of Essential Oils and Components 282 11.7.1 Animal Studies 282 11.7.2 Human Studies 288 11.8 Toxicity of Essential Oils 288 11.8.1 In Vitro Toxicity Assays 288 11.8.2 Animal Studies 288 11.8.3 Toxic Effects in Humans 293 11.9 Conclusions 293 References 295 Index 307

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Book SynopsisProteins in solution and at interfaces are increasingly used in exciting new applications, from biomimetic materials to nanoparticle patterning.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I 1 X-Ray Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules: Fundamentals and Applications 3 Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz and Mark J. van Raaij 2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for Studying Soluble, Fibrous, and Membrane-Embedded Proteins 23 Victoria A. Higman 3 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Applied to Proteins in Solution 49 Leandro Ramos Souza Barbosa, Francesco Spinozzi, Paolo Mariani, and Rosangela Itri 4 Analyzing the Solution State of Protein Structure, Interactions, and Ligands by Spectroscopic Methods 73 Veronica I. Dodero and Paula V. Messina 5 Resolving Membrane-Bound Protein Orientation and Conformation by Neutron Reflectivity 99 Hirsh Nanda 6 Investigating Protein Interactions at Solid Surfaces—In Situ, Nonlabeling Techniques 113 Olof Svensson, Javier Sotres, and Alejandro Barrantes 7 Calorimetric Methods to Characterize the Forces Driving Macromolecular Association and Folding Processes 139 Conceic¸ ˜ao A.S.A. Minetti, Peter L. Privalov, and David P. Remeta 8 Virtual Ligand Screening Against Comparative Models of Proteins 179 Hao Fan 9 Atomistic and Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membrane Proteins 193 Thomas J. Piggot, Peter J. Bond, and Syma Khalid PART II 10 Preparation of Nanomaterials Based on Peptides and Proteins 209 Yujing Sun and Zhuang Li 11 Natural Fibrous Proteins: Structural Analysis, Assembly, and Applications 219 Mark J. van Raaij and Anna Mitraki 12 Amyloid-Like Fibrils: Origin, Structure, Properties, and Potential Technological Applications 233 Pablo Taboada, Silvia Barbosa, Josue Juarez, Manuel-Alatorre Meda, and Výctor Mosquera 13 Proteins and Peptides in Biomimetic Polymeric Membranes 283 Alfredo Gonzalez-Perez 14 Study of Proteins and Peptides at Interfaces By Molecular Dynamics Simulation Techniques 291 David Poger and Alan E. Mark 15 A Single-Molecule Approach to Explore the Role of the Solvent Environment in Protein Folding 315 Katarzyna Tych and Lorna Dougan 16 Enhanced Functionality of Peroxidases By Its Immobilization at The Solid–Liquid Interface of Mesoporous Materials and Nanoparticles 335 Jose Campos-Teran, Iker Inarritu, Jorge Aburto, and Eduardo Torres 17 Superactivity of Enzymes in Supramolecular Hydrogels 353 Ye Zhang and Bing Xu 18 Surfactant Proteins and Natural Biofoams 365 Malcolm W. Kennedy and Alan Cooper 19 Promiscuous Enzymes 379 Luis F. Olguin 20 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Mixed Protein/Surfactant Adsorption Layers at Liquid Interfaces 389 Reinhard Miller, E.V. Aksenenko, V.S. Alahverdjieva, V.B. Fainerman, C.S. Kotsmar, J. Kragel, M.E. Leser, J. Maldonado-Valderrama, V. Pradines, C. Stefaniu, A. Stocco, and R. Wustneck 21 Application of Force Spectroscopy Methods to the Study of Biomaterials 429 Chuan Xu and Erika F. Merschrod S. 22 Protein Gel Rheology 437 Katie Weigandt and Danilo Pozzo 23 Exploring Biomolecular Thermodynamics in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Environments using Time-Resolved Photothermal Methods 449 Randy W. Larsen, Carissa M. Vetromile, William A. Maza, Khoa Pham, Jaroslava Miksovska INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisThis book is an alphabetically arranged compilation listing the many plant substances that man has found essential and invaluable in his life and for his well being. The Dictionary of Useful Plant Products consists of between 1,500 and 2,000 entries.Trade Review"It is full of interesting information". (Natural Products Report, Vol.18, 2001)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Medicinal Plants. Food Plants. Essential Oils. Oils and Fats. Dyestuffs. Tannins. Plant Biocides. Hallucinogenics. Gums and Rubbers. Waxes and Resins. Plant Fibres. Books Consulted. Species Index. Name Index.

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Book SynopsisTools, techniques, and progress in cancer biomarkers discovery The completion of a number of gene sequencing projects, recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies, and the availability of powerful bioinformatics tools have led to promising new avenues and approaches in the search for cancer biomarkers.Trade ReviewVery well written and up-to-date. I recommend … to anyone interested in learning about cancer research from the basic discovery to clinical stages. (The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, June 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. 1 Overview. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Cancer Biomarkers. 1.3. Phases of Biomarkers Development. 1.4. New Approach to Biomarkers Discovery. 1.4.1. New and Powerful Technologies. 1.4.2. Promising Sources for Biomarkers. 1.4.2.1. DNA Methylation. 1.4.2.2. Mitochondrial DNA Mutations. 1.4.2.3. Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinases (PI3Ks). 1.4.2.4. Profi ling Tyrosine Phosphorylation. 1.4.2.5. Proteins Expression. 1.5. Initiatives Relevant to Biomarkers Discovery. 1.5.1. Initiatives of the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO). 1.5.2. Data Mining in Cancer Research. 1.6. Concluding Remarks. References. 2 Proteomic Platforms for Biomarkers Discovery. 2.1. Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization. 2.1.1. Some Basic Considerations. 2.1.2. Protein Capture Surfaces. 2.1.3. Enrichment/prefractionation Prior to SELDI Analysis. 2.1.3.1. Combinatorial Affi nity. 2.1.3.2. Magnetic Beads. 2.1.3.3. Stacked Sorbents. 2.1.3.4. Organic Solvent Extraction. 2.2. Bioinformatics in SELDI. 2.3. Some Representative SELDI Applications. 2.3.1. Addressing Reproducibility in SELDI Analysis. 2.3.2. Limitations and Other Open Questions Regarding Current SELDI. 2.3.3. Other Open Questions. 2.3.4. Outlook. 2.4. Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. 2.4.1. Sample Preparation. 2.4.2. Reducing Sample Complexity. 2.4.3. Various Nomenclatures In-gel Analysis. 2.4.3.1. Multiple-gels Two-dimensional Analyses. 2.4.3.2. Two-dimensional DIGE Analysis. 2.4.3.3. Multiphoton Detection Imaging. 2.4.3.4. Stable-isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC). 2.5. Laser Capture Microdissection. 2.6. MS Analysis of Gel-separated Proteins. 2.7. Representative Applications of 2-DE for Biomarkers Discovery. 2.8. Protein Microarrays. 2.8.1. Analytical Protein Microarrays. 2.8.2. Substrates and Protein Attachment Methods. 2.8.3. Detection Strategies. 2.8.3.1. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). 2.8.3.2. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). 2.8.3.3. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). 2.8.3.4. Radio Isotope Labeling. 2.8.3.5. Fluorescence Detection. 2.8.4. Functional Protein Microarrays. 2.8.5. Reverse-phase Protein Microarrays. 2.8.6. Future Prospects. 2.9. Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to MS. 2.9.1. Protein Labeling. 2.9.2. Labeling a Specifi c Amino Acid. 2.9.3. Stable Isotope Incorporation. 2.9.4. Limitations of Labeling. 2.10. Chromatographic Separation. 2.10.1. Three Dimensional Separation. 2.10.2. Two-dimensional Chromatography. 2.10.3. Basic Considerations Regarding MudPIT. 2.10.4. Mass Spectrometry and Data Analysis. 2.10.5. Data Analysis and Interpretation. 2.10.6. Application of Multidimensional Chromatography/MS. 2.10.7. Outlook for Multidimensional LC/MS. 2.11. Imaging Mass Spectrometry. 2.11.1. Tissue Preparation and Matrix Application. 2.11.2. MS Acquisition. 2.11.3. Some Representative Applications of Imaging MS. 2.11.4. Current Limitations and Potential Developments. References. 3 Some Existing Cancer Biomarkers. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Historic Glimpse at PSA. 3.3. Prostate-specifi c Antigen. 3.4. PSA as a Screening Marker. 3.5. Improving the Specifi city of PSA. 3.5.1. Free/Complexed PSA. 3.5.2. PSA Isoforms. 3.5.3. Impact of Age, Race, and PSA Velocity. 3.6. Looking for Other Solutions. 3.6.1. Genetic Alterations. 3.6.2. Phosphorylated Akt. 3.7. Concluding Remarks. 3.8. Existing Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer. 3.8.1. Genetic Disorder and Increased Risk of Ovarian Cancer. 3.8.2. Association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 with Cancer-susceptibility. 3.8.3. p53 Mutations in BRCA1-linked and Sporadic Ovarian Cancer. 3.8.4. Carcinoma-associated Glycoprotein Antigen (CA-125). 3.8.5. Potential Uses of CA-125 in Prognosis and Patient Management. 3.9. Osteopontin. 3.9.1. Human Kallikrein 10. 3.9.2. Prostasin. 3.10. Combination of CA-125 with Other Potential Biomarkers. 3.11. Profi ling Proteins and Gene Expression in Ovarian Cancer. 3.12. General Observations. References. 4 Potential Cancer Biomarkers. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Human Tissue Kallikreins. 4.2.1. Background and Nomenclature. 4.2.2. Gene Locus and Gene Organization of Human Kallikreins. 4.2.3. Tissue Expression and Regulation. 4.2.4. Physiologic Roles. 4.2.5. Kallikreins as Potential Cancer Biomarkers. 4.2.6. Concluding Remarks. 4.3. Protein Family 14-3-3. 4.3.1. Functions Attributed to the 14-3-3 Proteins. 4.3.2. Binding of 14-3-3 Proteins to Different Partners. 4.3.3. The Role of 14-3-3 Proteins in Apoptosis. 4.3.4. The Role of 14-3-3 Proteins in Cell-cycle Regulation. 4.3.5. The Potential of Some 14-3-3 Proteins as Cancer Biomarkers. 4.3.5.1. Down-regulation of 14-3-3σ in Various Types of Cancer. 4.3.5.2. Down-regulation of 14-3-3σ in Breast Cancer. 4.3.5.3. Perspectives. 4.4. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). 4.4.1. Structure and Functions of HSP90. 4.4.2. Association of HSP90 with Cancer. 4.4.3. HSP90 as a Therapeutic Target. 4.5. Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27). 4.5.1. The Role of HSP27 in Apoptosis. 4.5.2. Expression of HSP27 in Cancer. 4.6. Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). 4.6.1. Structure and Mechanism of Action. 4.6.2. Anti-apoptotic Role of HSP70. 4.6.3. Overexpression of HSP70 in Cancer. 4.7. General Remarks. 4.8. Calcium Binding Proteins. 4.8.1. Structure and Chromosomal Location of S100. 4.8.2. S100A4 Protein. 4.8.3. Association of S100A4 with Cancer. 4.8.4. Overexpression of S100A4 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. 4.8.5. S100A4 in Human Breast Cancer. 4.8.6. General Considerations. 4.9. DNA Methylation. 4.9.1. Detection of DNA Methylation. 4.9.1.1. Restriction Landmark Genomic Screening (RLGS). 4.9.1.2. Methylation-specifi c PCR (MSP). 4.9.1.3. Other Variations. 4.10. DNA Methylation in Cancer. 4.10.1. CpG Island Methylation and Gene Silencing. 4.10.1.1. Proteins that Mediate DNA Methylation. 4.10.1.2. Nucleosomes. 4.10.1.3. Histone Acetylation. 4.10.2. Methylated Biomarkers in Cancer. 4.10.3. Hypermethylation as a Biomarker in Lung Cancer. 4.11. Inhibition of DNA Methylation. 4.12. Concluding Remarks. References. 5 Protein Networks and Protein Phosphorylation in Cancer. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Protein Interaction Networks. 5.2.1. Experimental Approaches. 5.2.2. Yeast Two Hybrid (Y2H) System. 5.2.3. Tandem Affi nity Purifi cation/Mass Spectrometry (TAP-MS). 5.2.4. Y2H and TAP-MS as Complementary Approaches. 5.2.5. DNA Microarrays. 5.2.6. Other Approaches. 5.3. Computational Approaches. 5.3.1. Phylogentic Profi les. 5.3.2. Similarity of Phylogenetic Trees (Mirrortree). 5.3.3. In Silico Two-hybrid Method. 5.4. Human Protein Intractome. 5.4.1. Human Intractome Based on Orthologs. 5.4.2. Human Interactome Based on Experimental Data. 5.5. Relationship Between Gene Expression and Protein Interaction. 5.6. Gene Signatures in Cancer Prediction/Classifi cation. 5.6.1. Breast Cancer. 5.6.2. Follicular Lymphoma. 5.6.3. Lymphocytic Leukemia. 5.6.4. Lung Adenocarcinoma. 5.7. Concluding Remarks. 5.8. Protein Phosphorylation. 5.8.1. Introduction. 5.8.2. Experimental Approaches for the Detection and Quantifi cation of Protein Phosphorylation. 5.8.3. Enrichment Strategies. 5.8.4. MS Detection of Phosphorylation. 5.8.4.1. Analyses Using Electrospray Ionization (ESI). 5.8.4.2. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. 5.9. Other Approaches. 5.10. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway (PI3K-Akt). 5.10.1. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K). 5.10.2. Akt (PKB) and Its Activation. 5.10.3. Biological Consequences of Akt Activation. 5.10.4. Altered PI3K-Akt Signaling in Human Cancer. 5.11. PIK3/Akt Alterations and Prognostic Biomarkers. 5.11.1. Melanoma. 5.11.2. Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 5.11.3. Prostate Cancer. 5.12. General Observations. References. 6 Ethical Issues and Initiatives Relevant to Cancer Biomarkers. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Background. 6.3. Ethical Committees/Organizations. 6.4. Human Biobanks. 6.4.1. Ethical Issues in Biobanking. 6.5. Large Population Screening. 6.5.1. Screening for Colorectal Cancer. 6.5.2. Screening for Early Prostate Cancer. 6.5.3. Screening for Cervical Cancer. 6.6. Genetic Testing for Cancer Susceptibility. 6.7. Ethics in Phase I Oncology Trials. 6.7.1. Risks and Benefi ts of Phase I Oncology Trials. 6.8. Initiatives Relevant to Biomarkers Discovery. 6.8.1. The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO). 6.8.2. HUPO Initiative Around Biological Fluids. 6.8.3. Early Detection Research Network (EDRN). 6.8.4. Other Initiatives. 6.9. Genomic Initiatives/Resources. 6.9.1. The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP). 6.9.2. The Human Cancer Genome Project (HCGP). 6.10. Achievements and Perspectives. 6.10.1. Molecular Biomarkers. 6.10.2. Integrative Analysis of Cancer. References. Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisProfound mortality rates, due to cardiovascular disease, are a worldwide problem. Cardiovascular disease results from complications of a silent and chronic arterial disease: atherosclerosis.Table of ContentsI- The Metabolism of Lipoproteins.- 1.1- Historical Landmarks.- 1.1.1- Cholesterol: a « Janus-Faced » molecule.- 1.1.2- The pathological descriptions of the 19th century.- 1.1.3- From lipido-proteinic « cenapses » to apolipoproteins.- 1.1.4- The concept of molecular disease.- 1.2- Lipids are essential components for living cells.- 1.2.1- Fatty acids derivatives.- 1.2.2- lsoprenoid derivatives.- 1.3- Lipoproteins: soluble carriers of lipids in extracellular spaces.- 1.3.1- Structure and functions of lipoproteins.- 1.3.2- Lipoproteins accross the evolution of living species.- 1.4- The Metabolism of Lipoproteins.- 1.4.1- The general architecture of lipoprotein metabolism.- + The Exogenous Pathway.- + The Endogenous Pathway.- + The Reverse Pathway.- 1.4.2- Regulations of Lipoprotein Metabolism.- + By exogenous sources of energy.- + By endogenous sensors of energy.- 1.5- Lipids and Atherosclerosis: The Causal Link.- + Pathological and biological evidence.- + Epidemiological and clinical evidence.- 1.6- Heterogeneity of Dyslipidemia.- 1.6.1- The phenotypic heterogeneity of dyslipoproteinemia.- 1.6.2- Genetic heterogeneity of dyslipidemia.- II- Genes of Lipoprotein Metabolism.- 2.1- Genes of the endogenous pathway.- 2.1.1- The LDL receptor: a gene for familial hypercholesterolemia.- 2.1.2- Apolipoprotein B: a single locus for opposite diseases.- 2.1.3- Microsomal-triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP), a locus for abetalipoproteinemia.- 2.1.4- Lipoprotein Lp(a), a mysterious candidate for atherosclerosis.- 2.1.5- HMGCoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway.- 2.1.6- Scavenger receptors.- 2.1.6.1- Scavenger receptors class A: molecular flypapers for modified lipoproteins.- 2.1.6.2- CD36, a multifunctional receptor for fatty acids and thrombospondin, scavenging oxidized lipoproteins.- 2.2- Genes controlling Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism.- 2.2.1- Lipases.- 2.2.11- Lipoprotein Lipase, the rate limiting enzyme for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.- 2.2.12- Hepatic Lipase, a lipase for lipoprotein remodeling.- 2.2.13- Other Lipases.- 2.2.2- Apolipoproteins.- 2.2.21- Apolipoprotein C-II, an activator of lipoprotein lipase.- 2.2.22- Apoliprotein C-I, a modulator of lipoprotein catabolism.- 2.2.23- Apolipoprotein E, the major apolipoprotein for intermediate lipoproteins.- 2.2.3- Receptors.- 2.2.31- LRP, a multifunctional receptor for intermediate lipoproteins.- 2.2.32- Megalin, an ancient member of the LDL receptor gene family expressed in the kidney.- 2.2.33- VLDL Receptor (LR8), a multifunctional receptor with species-dependent requirements.- 2.3- Genes of the Reverse Pathway of lipoprotein metabolism.- 2.3.1- Apolipoproteins.- 2.3.11- Apolipoprotein A-I, a major component of HDL.- 2.3.12- Apoliprotein C-III, a modulator for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism.- 2.3.13- Apolipoprotein A-IV, a component of intestinal lipoproteins.- 2.3.14- Apolipoprotein A-II, a modulator of HDL metabolism.- 2.3.2- Circulating Enzymes and Transfer Proteins for Lipoprotein Remodeling.- 2.3.21- Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl transferase (LCAT), a rate limiting enzyme for HDL metabolism.- 2.3.22- Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP), a « points man» of lipoprotein metabolism.- 2.3.23- Phospholipid Transfer Protein (PLTP), a major component of HDL formation in plasma.- 2.3.3- Receptors.- 2.3.31- ABC-1, or cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, a gene for Tangier Disease and Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia.- 2.3.32- Scavenger Receptor class B-1 (SR-BI), a multifunctional receptor for the selective uptake of cholesterol.- 2.3.33- Cubilin, a receptor for HDL in the kidney.- 2.4- Other Regulatory Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism.- 2.4.1- The Traffic of Intracellular Lipids.- 2.4.11- Lipid tafficking in cellular compartments.- + Niemann Pick Disease type C.- + Lysosomal Acid Lipase.- + Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyl transferases (ACAT).- + Intracellular fatty acid trafficking.- 2.4.12- Nuclear coordinators of intracellular energy resources.- + SREBPs (Sterol Responsive Element Binding Proteins).- + PPARs (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors).- + LXR (Liver X Receptor), FXR (Farnesoid X Receptor).- + Lamins A/C.- 2.4.2- The Biosynthesis of Bile Acids.- 2.4.3- Other Apolipoproteins.- 2.4.4- Anti-toxic and Anti-oxidative Protection.- III- The Genetic Basis of Dyslipidemias.- 3.1- The Genetic Architecture of Lipoprotein Metabolism.- 3.1.1- The functionality of candidate genes.- 3.1.11- Levels of functional significance of candidate genes.- 3.1.12- The redundancy of candidate genes.- 3.1.13- The multifunctionality of candidate genes.- 3.1.2- The driving forces of lipoprotein metabolism.- 3.2- The Candidate Gene Approach.- 3.2.1- In human disorders of lipoprotein metabolism.- 3.2.11- Identifying the disease causing mutation in inherited dyslipidemia.- 3.2.12- A redefinition of inherited dyslipidemia.- 3.2.13- The evidence of genetic interactions.- 3.2.14- Identifying risk alleles for complex diseases in populations.- 3.2.15- Genetic determinants of dyslipidemia in populations.- 3.2.2- The candidate gene approach in experimental models of dyslipidemia.- 3.2.21- In vitro studies and cell cultures.- 3.2.22- In vivo studies and animal models.- 3.2.3- Clinical issues of the candidate gene approach.- 3.2.31- Applications in current clinical care.- 3.2.32- Corrective gene therapy.- 3.2.4- Present limitations to the candidate gene approach.- 3.3- Novel Genes, Novel Approaches.- 3.3.1- Identifying novel genes of lipoprotein metabolism.- 3.3.11- Positional cloning of novel genes.- 3.3.12- Expression cloning of novel genes.- 3.3.13- In silico cloning of novel genes.- 3.3.2- Novel approaches to identify novel mechanisms of human dyslipidemia.- Conclusion.- References.

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Book SynopsisThe central themes of Cell Boundaries concern the structural and organizational principles underlying cell membranes, and how these principles enable function. By building a biological and biophysical foundation for understanding the organization of lipids in bilayers and the folding, assembly, stability, and function of membrane proteins, the book aims to broaden the knowledge of bioscience students to include the basic physics and physical chemistry that inform us about membranes. In doing so, it is hoped that physics students will find familiar territory that will lead them to an interest in biology. Our progress toward understanding membranes and membrane proteins depends strongly upon the concerted use of both biology and physics. It is important for students to know not only what we know, but how we have come to know it, so Cell Boundaries endeavours to bring out the history behind the central discoveries, especially in the early chapters, where the foundation isTable of Contents0. The E Words 1. Foundations of Membrane Structure 2. Lipid Bilayers 3. Interactions of Peptides with Lipid Bilayers 4. Membrane Protein Folding & Stability 5. Protein Trafficking in Cells 6. Biosynthesis and Assembly of Membrane Proteins 7. How Proteins Shape Membranes 8. Membrane Protein Bioinformatics 9. Primer on Biomolecular Structure Determination 10. Small-Molecule Channels 11. Ion Channels 12. Primary Transporters: Transport Against Electrical and Chemical Gradients 13. Secondary Transport 14. Bioenergetics 15. Information Transfer: Signaling in Cells

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Book SynopsisCellular Signal Processing offers a unifying view of cell signaling based on the concept that protein interactions act as sophisticated data processing networks that govern intracellular and extracellular communication. It is intended for use in signal transduction courses for undergraduate and graduate students working in biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, and pharmacology, as well as medical students. The text is organized by three key topics central to signal transduction: the protein network, its energy supply, and its evolution. It covers all important aspects of cell signaling, ranging from prokaryotic signal transduction to neuronal signaling, and also highlights the clinical aspects of cell signaling in health and disease. This new edition includes expanded coverage of prokaryotes, as well as content on new developments in systems biology, epigenetics, redox signaling, and small, non-coding RNA signaling.Table of Contents1. The "Brain of the Cell": Data Processing by Protein Networks 2. Supplying the Network with Energy: Basic Biochemistry of Signal Transduction 3. Evolution of Cellular Data Processing 4. Basic Equipment: G-Proteins, Second Messengers, and Protein Kinases 5. Signal Transduction by Receptors with Seven Transmembrane Domains 6. Signal Transduction by Serine/Threonine Kinase-Coupled Receptors 7. Signal Transduction by Tyrosine Kinase- and Protein Phosphatase Coupled Receptors 8. Eukaryotic Gene Transcription: The Ultimate Target of Signal Transduction 9. Signals Controlling mRNA Translation 10. Signal Transduction by Small G-Proteins: The Art of Molecular Targeting 11. Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor κB Modules 12. Regulation of Cell Division 13. Signal Transduction by Proteolysis, and Programmed Cell Death 14. Signal Transduction by Ions 15. Sensory Signal Processing 16. Signaling at Synapses: Neurotransmitters and their Receptors 17. Putting Together the Pieces: The Approach of Systems Biology

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Book SynopsisForensic professionals, particularly medical examinersâoften working through heavy caseloadsârequire quick and easy access to reliable sources of information to help interpret toxicology results. While several in-depth resources are available, they are often large, cumbersome, and contain more information than is often needed. The Handbook of Forensic Toxicology for Medical Examiners is a concise handbook referencing the most common toxic substances and their reported non-toxic, toxic, and lethal concentrations, making it an ideal text for quick reference in the lab or autopsy room.Features of the Second Edition: Explains the principles of postmortem toxicology and the factors which must be considered Provides tables of toxicologic data for over 200 commonly encountered substances, including drugs of abuse, poisons, prescription drugs, and over-the-counter medications Includes discussion andTable of Contents List of Abbreviations 1. How to Use This Book 2. Special Drug Groups 3. Specific Drugs (Alphabetical Listing) Appendix A. Specimen Types and Collection Appendix B. Common Methodologies Appendix C. Normal Values Reference Charts Appendix D. Conversion Chart

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Book SynopsisToxicology of Reptiles cohesively summarizes much of the cutting-edge research taking place in fields such as reptilian endocrinology, neurophysiology, immunology, and ecology. It also addresses conservation needs along with the complications often associated with population studies. The text is easy to synthesize and apply in the evaluation and understanding of potential risks to reptiles from environmental contaminants.This book provides a comprehensive description of the current state of knowledge of reptilian toxicology from the perspective of target organ systems. It covers major contaminant classes within each chapter, focusing on those of greatest concern. The authors highlight the most pressing information gaps, and propose priority directions for further advancement in the fields of reptilian biology, wildlife and environmental toxicology, conservation, and ecological risk assessment.Trade Review“The book is well organized and eminently readable. …Its strength relates to discussions of the challenges of increasing our knowledge of contaminant effects on reptile populations, both in the field and in the laboratory.” —Dr. R.H. Poppenga, Veterinary Pathology, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2006 “This book and the investigators who have supported the research discussed within it prove that we are making great strides in the area of reptilian ecotoxicology. To the editors and authors – congratulations on a much needed and comprehensive effort. To the readers – give reptiles a try if you haven’t already.” —Linda Meyers-Schöne, Ph.D., Blue World Environment, from the ForewordTable of ContentsIntroduction to reptilian toxicology. Global threats affecting the status of reptile populations. Use of tissue residues in reptile ecotoxicology: A call for integration and experimentalism. Tools for assessing contaminant exposure and affects in reptiles. Hepatic, renal, and adrenal toxicology. Developmental and reproductive effects. Neurotoxicology and behavioral effects in reptiles. Immunotoxicology and implications for reptilian health. Reptilian genotoxicity. Reptile ecotoxicology: Studying the effects of contaminants on populations.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this important monograph is to provide the reader with a better understanding of the toxicity, channels of absorption, and metabolism of explosives by the body. This one-of-a-kind work also incorporates the symptoms and clinical manifestations of poisoning by these compounds. It discusses how the disposal of explosives and their degradation products from munition manufacturing plants affect our environment. This resource gives special attention to the methods of analysis of explosives and their metabolites in body fluids. It also features explosives and their degradation products in water and soil. This significant book provides an excellent review and reference for toxicologists, physicians, and environmental chemists interested in this field.Table of ContentsTRINITROTOLUENE (TNT). Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity. Metabolism and Degradation. Environmental Aspects. Analysis of TNT. References. TETRYL. Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity. Degradation. Environmental Aspects. Analysis of Tetryl in Water and Soil. References. NITROGLYCERIN (NG). Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Genotoxicity and Teratogenicity. Metabolism and Degradation. Environmental Aspects. Analysis of NG. References. PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE (PETN). Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Metabolism and Degradation. Analysis of PETN. References. ETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE (EGDN). Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Metabolism and Degradation. Analysis of EGDN. References. CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE (RDX). Physical and Chemical Properties. Human Toxicity. Toxicity in Animals. Metabolism and Degradation. Environmental Aspects. Analysis of RDX. References. CYCLOTETRAMETHYLENETETRANITRAMINE (HMX). Physical and Chemical Properties. Environmental Aspects. Analysis of HMX. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMammalian heme peroxidase enzymes play a critical role in innate immune responses and disease prevention. The formation of potent chemical oxidants is essential to this protective physiologic activity in immunity. Although highly beneficial in the context of immune defense, it is now well established that peroxidases and their overproduction of oxidants contribute to the initiation and persistence of many chronic inflammatory conditions in the cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal systems. Peroxidasins, a protein family related to heme peroxidases, play a novel role in tissue biogenesis and matrix assembly, which are also attracting attention in different pathological contexts. Given the diverse roles of mammalian heme peroxidases and the breadth and incidence of pathologies associated with these enzymes, there has been significant interest in modulating peroxidase activity as a therapeutic strategy. This book highlights recent developments in our undeTable of ContentsSECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO MAMMALIAN HEME PEROXIDASES Structure, function, phylogeny of heme peroxidases Biosynthesis of MPO and other heme peroxidases Peroxidasin structure and function SECTION 2: REACTIVITY OF PEROXIDASE OXIDANTS Reactivity of peroxidase oxidants with proteins and proteoglycans Reactivity of peroxidase with nucleic acids, RNA and DNA Reactivity of peroxidase oxidants with lipids – modification and signaling Role of MPO in the modification of lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) Regulation of cellular signaling and survival by peroxidase oxidants Global profiling of cell responses to peroxidase oxidants SECTION 3: PEROXIDASES IN INNATE IMMUNITY MPO and immune cell recruitment and activation Role of MPO in extracellular trap release by neutrophils Imaging HOCl production by neutrophils How microbes combat reactive chlorine species Priming the innate immune system to combat respiratory disease SECTION 4: PEROXIDASES IN PATHOLOGY Imaging the reactivity of MPO in vivo Role of MPO in vascular dysfunction and signaling MPO in ischemic heart disease Role of MPO in neurodegenerative disease Role of MPO in kidney disease Role of peroxidases in respiratory disease Role of peroxidasins in disease SECTION 5: PREVENTION OF MPO INDUCED DAMAGE Design and functionality of MPO inhibitors Modulation of disease using MPO inhibitors Novel peroxidase inhibitory protein “SPIN” with broad target specificity Selenium and resistance to oxidative enzyme inactivation

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Book SynopsisVolume 25, entitled Modern Avenues in Metal-Nucleic Acid Chemistry, of the series Metal Ions in Life Sciences (MILS), provides a timely overview of selected relevant developments in a field which previously had a pronounced focus on fundamental chemistry aspects such as coordination principles, structural chemistry, and consequences for biological processes and disease-related medicinal issues. More recently, also as a consequence of the advent of supramolecular chemistry, advancements in nanochemistry, and new bio-analytical methods, novel aspects of this field have emerged. MILS-25 gives a state-of-the-art account on the present state of research in this field, addressing, among others, porous materials, non-covalent interactions, stimuli-responsive bioconjugates, DNA-templated metal arrays and nanoclusters, genotyping, guanine quadruplexes, and riboswitches. It consists of 15 comprehensive chapters with over 1600 citations, 160 figures (90 of them in color), with key contributions from 40 international experts from Europe, Asia, and America. It is an essential resource for scientists from numerous disciplines, ranging from materials science to biochemistry, by way of classical chemistry and physics. It offers an update on nucleic acid â metal complex bioconjugates and their applications It provides an insight into coordination polymers involving nucleic acid components It covers a wide range of nucleic acids, from DNA duplexes, triplexes and quadruplexes to RNA

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Book SynopsisFatigue is an important concern for athletes at all levels, recreational sport and exercise participants, athletic coaches, personal trainers, and fitness professionals. The study of fatigue is also important for students of the sport, exercise, and health sciences, as it enables a deeper understanding of fundamental physical function and the limitations behind human performance. There remains considerable debate about the definition of fatigue, what causes it, its impact during different forms of sport and exercise, and the multitude of factors that can influence the nature and severity of fatigue. The vast body of literature in these areas can make it challenging to understand what we know and what we still need to understand about fatigue in sport and exercise. The second edition of this book presents a fully revised and updated overview of the contemporary research evidence into sport and exercise fatigue. The book examines the latest thinking into how we conceptua

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Book SynopsisEnzymes are biological molecules of great relevance. In addition to the fundamental role in metabolic reactions, they have diverse applications in industrial processes in generating products of great commercial utility for the most diverse areas. Thus, industries seek to expand research to select microorganisms capable of producing enzymes according to their commercial objectives. Considering the diversity of the microbiota kingdom, as well as the diversity of mode of action of different classes of enzymes, this is an area that deserves constant investments to elucidate new applications, considering that these biological catalysts have great selectivity and a diversity of mode of action, reusable, and operate under mild process conditions, becoming the bridge for the development of sustainable processes and for adding value to commercial products. This book is intended for bioengineers, biologists, biochemists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, food technologists, enzTable of ContentsChapter 1. Agri-Wastes Valorization for Enzymatic Production of Galactooligosaccharides and Fructooligosaccharides. Chapter 2. Microbial Enzymes in Action to Bioethanol. Chapter 3. Industrial Amylase Production Using Agri-Food Wastes. Chapter 4. Industrial Xylanase Production Using Agri-Food Wastes Through Microbial Applications. Chapter 5. Agro-Industrial Waste Exploitation for Pectin Degrading Enzyme Production by Microbial Fermentation. Chapter 6. Microbial Tannase Production From Agro-Industrial By-Products for Industrial Applications. Chapter 7. Industrial Lipases Production Using Agri-Food Wastes Through Microbial Applications. Chapter 8. Proteases Production Using Agri-Food Wastes Through Microbial Applications. Chapter 9. Valorization of Agro-Industrial Waste Through Microbes for Production of Industrial Protease.

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Book SynopsisFood ingredients are important molecules of the most diverse chemical classes responsible for conferring nutrition, stability, color, flavor, rheological and sensorial characteristics, in addition to several other important uses in the food industry. In this way, the production routes of these ingredients have gained more and more attention from consumers and producing industries, who expect that, in addition to their technological properties, these ingredients are still obtained without synthetic means, with savings of natural resources and mainly with less environmental impact. This book is intended for bioengineers, biologists, biochemists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, food technologists, enzymologists, and related professionals/ researchers. Explores recent advances in the valorization of agri-food waste into food ingredients Provides technical concepts on the production of various food ingredients of commercial interest ExploresTable of ContentsChapter 1. Microbial Valorization of Tomato Waste for the Extraction of Carotenoids: Food Applications. Chapter 2. Bio-Valorization of Citrus-Waste for the Production of Bioactive Molecules for Food Applications. Chapter 3. Agri-Food Waste Utilization: Obtaining Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides as Functional Ingredient for Food Application. Chapter 4. Microbial Fructo-Oligosaccharides Derived From Agri-Food Waste. Chapter 5. Valorization of Vegetal Wastes for the Production of Antioxidants and Vitamins. Chapter 6. Microbial Production of Citric Acid by Agro-Industrial Residues From Solid-State Cultivation. Chapter 7. Agricultural Wastes: A Feedstock for Citric Acid Production Through Microbial Pathway. Chapter 8. Microbial Production of Lactic Acid Using Agri-Food Wastes. Chapter 9. Lactic Acid Production Using Agro-Industrial Waste in Terms of Circular Bioeconomy and Biorefinery: Advances and Perspectives. Chapter 10. Microbial Valorisation of Agroindustrial Wastes for the Generation of Novel Food Flavours.

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Book SynopsisPhytochemicals are receiving increasing attention due to their observed nutritional and health-promoting effects in numerous food applications. As plant secondary metabolites with bioactive properties, they may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition to reduce chronic disease conditions. Their importance in nutrition and health cannot be overstated as it has generated so much interest and studies focused on elucidating their roles has produced so many outstanding results. Plant phytochemicals are readily used in alternative medicine in South East Asia especially, in China and India and they are becoming widely acceptable worldwide. However, very little is still known about the phytochemicals despite these intense research efforts because of their diverse biological and chemical nature.In this newest addition to the series, Nutraceuticals: Basic Research and Clinical Applications, Plant Food Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds in Nutrition and Health provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge in the field of bioactive plant phytochemical compounds, their food sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, extraction, production, and applications. Experts in the field discuss various bioactivities of the notable and promising plant phytochemicals of significance in nutrition and health, e.g., lowering of CVD, hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, cancer, oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases and a host of other chronic disease conditions.Key Features: Describes the various nutritional and bioactive significances of notable and promising plant phytochemicals of significance in nutritional and medical research and their food and/or plant sources Includes various approaches for the quantification, extraction and production of the notable and promising phytochemical compounds in nutrition and health Examines the challenges and promises of plant phytochemical as ingredients for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals as well as their use in alternative medicine Discusses regulatory issues regarding plant phytochemicals, especially as it pertains to their health claims and use

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Book SynopsisFood ingredients are important molecules of the most diverse chemical classes responsible for conferring nutrition, stability, color, flavor, rheological and sensorial characteristics, in addition to several other important uses in the food industry. In this way, the production routes of these ingredients have gained more and more attention from consumers and producing industries, who expect that, in addition to their technological properties, these ingredients are still obtained without synthetic means, with savings of natural resources and mainly with less environmental impact. This book is intended for bioengineers, biologists, biochemists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, food technologists, enzymologists, and related professionals/ researchers. â Explores recent advances in the valorization of agri-food waste into food ingredients â Provides technical concepts on the production of various food ingredients of commercial interestâ Explores novel technologically advanced strategies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from food wastesâ Presents important classes of food ingredients obtained from alternative raw materialsâ Presents sustainable food waste resources and management strategiesâ Presents different pretreatment technologies and green extraction methodologies to support a green environment in the circular economy concept.â Challenges in applications of re-derived bioactive compounds from food wastes in food formulations

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Book SynopsisThis unique volume covers specific aspects of the biological chemistry of terpenoids. It provides extensive information related to classification, general methods of extraction and isolation of terpenoids, synthesis and pharmacological activities of monoterpenoids, synthesis and medicinal uses of diterpenoids, biogenesis of terpenoids, synthesis and medicinal uses of sesqui terpenoids and sesterpenoids. Some terpenes are also classified as diterpene alkaloids. Most of the terpenoids with diverse molecular structures are biologically active and are used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, malaria, inflammation, tuberculosis and infection, and this is discussed.Features:Activities and biological relationships of terpenes An accurate assessment of where and what terpenes can lead to Discusses how microbes, in particular the actinomycetales, have well over 400 different gene clusters that produce terpenes Arranged by biological activities and usage Provides information on eukaryotic enzymes that have been shown to be a source of âœethnobotanicalâ terpenes

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Book SynopsisWhile severe hypoxia has detrimental health consequences, the controlled application of hypoxia can be protective and holds great promise as a performance-enhancing and therapeutic intervention. Hypoxia Conditioning in Health, Exercise and Sport: Principles, Mechanisms and Applications delivers an understanding of systemic and molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxia adaptations and examines the most promising forms of hypoxia conditioning with a view to create performance-enhancing strategies for athletes, as well as an offering an examination on clinical applications for numerous pathologies.This cutting-edge book examines how positive physiological adaptations not only acutely enhance tolerance to hypoxia but can also induce sustained health benefits. This has enabled the development and refinement of approaches utilizing hypoxia, strategies also termed hypoxia conditioning, to improve health and performance outcomes.By linking research with recommendations f

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Book SynopsisNanomedicine represents a paradigm shift in cancer therapeutics, offering targeted drug delivery, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced efficacy. This book provides a detailed and systematic overview of nanomedicine formulations and their diverse applications across the cancer treatment landscape.Beginning with fundamental principles of nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, and application in medicine, the text progresses to explore key nanoparticle platforms. Polymer-based nanoparticles are examined with respect to material properties, production methodologies, and their role in developing tailored cancer therapies. A dedicated section addresses lipid-based nanoparticles, focusing on the complexities of biological delivery, clinical successes, and essential considerations for stability and storage. Self-generating nanoemulsions (SGNEs) are introduced as a strategy to enhance drug bioavailability and overcome resistance, with attention given to regulatory pathways for clinical translation.This book further elucidates site-specific drug delivery, detailing passive and active targeting mechanisms through various ligands. Diagnostic applications of nanomedicine are also presented, with a focus on fluorescent nanoparticles, their characterization, biomedical uses, clinical trial status, and limitations in comparison to alternative diagnostic modalities.Critical areas such as cancer immunotherapy, including preventive and therapeutic vaccines and oncolytic viruses, and the burgeoning field of RNA-based therapeutics, highlighting the role of nanotechnology in their stabilization and targeted delivery, are thoroughly discussed. The text culminates with an overview of CAR-T cell therapy, associated challenges, innovative engineering strategies like CRISPR/Cas9, nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery, and relevant clinical advancements. Finally, this book addresses the multifaceted hurdles hindering the clinical translation of cancer-targeting nanomedicines, proposing potential solutions and design considerations to optimize clinical outcomes.Key Features In-Depth Coverage of Nanomedicine in Oncology: A comprehensive guide covering fundamental principles to advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in cancer care. Focus on Targeted Drug Delivery and Imaging: Highlights nanoparticle formulations (polymer, lipid, nano-emulsions) for precise drug delivery and advanced imaging techniques for early diagnosis. Exploration of Cutting-Edge Therapeutic Modalities: Covers breakthroughs in nanoparticle-enhanced immunotherapy, RNA therapeutics, and nanotechnology's role in CAR-T cell therapy. Clinical Translation Focus: Bridges research and clinical application, addressing challenges and opportunities in bringing nanomedicines to patients.

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Book SynopsisA Synopsis of Proteins and Their Purification.- Mixed-mode chromatography and its role in monoclonal antibody purification.- Application of Continuous Counter-current Chromatography in Protein Purification.- Chromatographic Purification of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy Applications.- Scale-up of Protein Purification -Downstream Processing Issues.- Approaches to avoid Proteolysis During Protein Expression and Purification.- Tagging Recombinant Proteins to Enhance Solubility and Aid Purification.- Magnetic nanoparticles for protein separation and purification.- Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Basic Principles and Application.- Hydroxyapatite Chromatography.- Poly-Histidine-Tagged Protein Purification using IMAC.- Lectin Affinity Chromatography.- Single-step non-chromatographic purification of recombinant mammalian proteins using a split intein ELP tag system.- Clinical Proteomics: Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/M

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Book SynopsisIdeal for those studying biochemistry for the first time, this proven book balances scientific detail with readability and shows you how principles of biochemistry affect your everyday life. Designed throughout to help you succeed (and excel!), the book includes in-text questions that help you master key concepts, end-of-chapter problem sets grouped by problem type that help you prepare for exams, and state-of-the art visuals that help you understand key processes and concepts. In addition, visually dynamic "Hot Topics" cover the latest advances in the field, while "Biochemical Connections" demonstrate how biochemistry affects other fields, such as health and sports medicine. The accompanying OWL homework offers end-of-chapter problems in digital form, giving you on-demand access to hints, solutions, and other information directly related to the problem.Table of Contents1. Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells. 2. Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions. 3. Amino Acids and Peptides. 4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins. 5. Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques. 6. The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes. 7. The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control. 8. Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes. 9. Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information. 10. Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication. 11. Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA. 12. Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message. 13. Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques. 14. Viruses, Cancer and Immunology. 15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism. 16. Carbohydrates. 17. Glycolysis. 18. Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism. 19. The Citric Acid Cycle. 20. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation. 21. Lipid Metabolism. 22. Photosynthesis. 23. The Metabolism of Nitrogen. 24. Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling. Answers. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn an age of rapid advances in behavioural genetics, this book applies a unique genetic-social framework to the study of crime and criminal behaviour. Drawing upon evidence from evolutionary psychology and behavioural genetics, it offers an up-to-date and balanced account of the mutuality between genes and environment.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Transitions in Criminological and Social Theory 3. Constructing a Genetic-Social Framework 4. An Application of the Meta Theoretical Framework to the Study of Crime and Criminal Behaviour Concluding Observations

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Book SynopsisHighlighting latest advances in genetics and biochemistry, the completely revised Third Edition reviews the field from basic science, clinical, epidemiological, and regulatory perspectives. Contributions from top opinion leaders in the field bring together developments in molecular embryology and cell biology as they apply to problems in developmental toxicology. It covers testing of pharmaceutical and environmental agents and interpretation of developmental toxicology data, highlighting mathematical and statistical techniques, as well as the effects of toxic exposure on the functional development of various organs.The relationship between maternal and developmental toxicology is examined, in addition to current techniques for studying chemical disposition, metabolism, and placental transfer. Close attention is given to the regulatory aspects of testing and risk assessment. Pre- and postconceptional clinical care and genetic factors in clinicaTable of Contents1. Role of Apoptosis in Normal and Abnormal Development. 2. Signal transduction pathways as targets for teratogens. 3. Nutrition in Developmental Toxicology. 4. Epigenetic Mechanisms-Role of DNA Methylation, Histone Modifications and Imprinting. 5. Personalized Nutrition and Medicine in Perinatal Development. 6. Targeted Gene changes affecting Developmental Toxicity. 7. Use of mammalian in vitro systems, including embryonic stem cells, in developmental toxicity testing. 8. Zebrafish: a Non-Mammalian Model of Developmental Toxicology. 9. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in the risk assessment of developmental toxicants. 10. Integration of whole animal developmental toxicity data into risk assessment. 11. Genomic Approaches in Developmental Toxicology. 12. Comparative Bioinformatics and Computational Toxicology. 13. Investigating Drug Effects in Human Pregnancy.

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Book SynopsisBuilding on the success of its popular predecessor, the second edition of Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles presents newly available findings on the species that are important environmental indicators. This new edition covers nearly twice as many topics as the first, including recent developments in the ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles, the current status of these animals, and intrinsic factors that affect their susceptibility to contaminants. The book also provides the latest information on specific groups of contaminants and their effects and body burdens in herpetafauna. After a review of how contaminants interact with other ecological factors, the text explores concerns for the future. New in the second edition: New research on the effects of pesticides, heavy metals, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and UVB Increased focus on the effects of contaminants rather than merely reporting residue information A synthesTable of Contents Recent Advancements in Amphibian and Reptile Ecotoxicology. Declines and the Global Status of Amphibians. The Global Status of Reptiles and Causes of Their Decline. Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles in a Nutshell. Physiological Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles: Natural History and Life History Attributes Framing Chemical Exposure in the Field. Effects of Current Use Pesticides on Amphibians. Ecotoxicology of Pesticides in Reptiles. Atrazine in the Environment and Its Implications for Amphibians and Reptiles. Ecotoxicology of Organic Contaminants to Amphibians. Organic Contaminants in Reptiles. Interdisciplinary and Hierarchical Approaches for Studying the Effects of Metals and Metalloids on Amphibians. The Ecotoxicology of Metals in Reptiles. Solar UV Radiation and Amphibians: Factors Mitigating Injury. Multiple Stressors and Indirect Food Web Effects of Contaminants on Herptofauna. Emerging Contaminants and Their Potential Effects on Amphibians and Reptiles. A Decade of Deformities: Advances in Our Understanding of Amphibian Malformations and Their Implications. Population Estimation Methods for Amphibians and Reptiles. Epilogue: Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles — Where Should Be We Going and How Do We Get There? Appendix.

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Book SynopsisIn the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology and classic human toxicology, Mixture Toxicity: Linking Approaches from Ecological and Human Toxicology incorporates extensive reviews of exposure to toxicants, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, toxicity of mixtures, and risk assessment.The book examines developments in both fields, compares and contrasts their current state of the art, and identifies where one field can learn from the other. Each chapter provides an essential overview of the state of the art in both human and ecotoxicological mixture risk assessment, focusing on the work published in the last fifteen years. The coverage progresses from exposuTable of ContentsExposure. Introduction. Emission Scenarios. Interactions Affecting Availability and Exposure to Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Fate Modeling. Exposure Scenarios and Monitoring. Summary and Conclusions. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics. Introduction. Fundamental Principles. Toxicokinetics. Toxicodynamics. Toxicity from Combined Exposure to Chemicals. Introduction. Approaches to Mixture Effect Assessment. Mechanisms and mixture effects. The predictability of mixture effects – a brief review. Defining Determinants of Synergistic Mixture Effects. Mixture Effects at Low Levels. What About the Real World? Test Design, Mixture Characterization and Data Evaluation. Introduction. Testing Aims. Concentration Addition and Independent Action: Empirical Modeling. Technical Issues and Pitfalls. Component-Based Approaches, Test Designs and Methods. Whole Mixture Approaches, Test Designs and Methods. Case Studies. Risk Assessment. Introduction. Typical Features of Mixture Assessment. State of the Art in Mixture Assessment. Conceptual Framework for Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mixtures. Issues in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mixtures. Appendix. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisThe plant hormone ethylene is one of the most important, being one of the first chemicals to be determined as a naturally-occurring growth regulator and influencer of plant development. It was also the first hormone for which significant evidence was found for the presence of receptors. This important new volume in Annual Plant Reviews is broadly divided into three parts. The first part covers the biosynthesis of ethylene and includes chapters on S-adenosylmethionine and the formation and fate of ACC in plant cells. The second part of the volume covers ethylene signaling, including the perception of ethylene by plant cells, CTR proteins, MAP kinases and EIN2 / EIN3. The final part covers the control by ethylene of cell function and development, including seed development, germination, plant growth, cell separation, fruit ripening, senescent processes, and plant-pathogen interactions. The Plant Hormone Ethylene is an extremely valuable addition to Wiley-BlackwelTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xxiii 1 100 Years of Ethylene – A Personal View 1 Don Grierson 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ethylene biosynthesis 2 1.3 Ethylene perception and signalling 7 1.4 Differential responses to ethylene 9 1.5 Ethylene and development 10 1.6 Looking ahead 13 Acknowledgements 14 References 14 2 Early Events in the Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway – Regulation of the Pools of Methionine and S-Adenosylmethionine 19 Katharina B¨ urstenbinder and Margret Sauter 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The metabolism of Met and SAM 22 2.3 Regulation of de novo Met synthesis 25 2.4 Regulation of the SAM pool 27 2.4.1 Regulation of SAMS genes by ethylene and of SAMS enzyme activity by protein-S-nitrosylation 29 2.5 The activated methyl cycle 30 2.6 The S-methylmethionine cycle 32 2.7 The methionine or Yang cycle 35 2.7.1 The Yang cycle in relation to polyamine and nicotianamine biosynthesis 39 2.7.2 Regulation of the Yang cycle in relation to ethylene synthesis 40 2.8 Conclusions 42 Acknowledgement 43 References 44 3 The Formation of ACC and Competition Between Polyamines and Ethylene for SAM 53 Smadar Harpaz-Saad, Gyeong Mee Yoon, Autar K. Mattoo, and Joseph J. Kieber 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Identification and characterization of ACC synthase activity in plants 54 3.2.1 Historical overview 54 3.2.2 Purification and properties of the ACC synthase protein 56 3.3 Analysis of ACC synthase at the transcriptional level 58 3.3.1 Molecular cloning of ACC synthase genes 58 3.3.2 Transcriptional regulation of the ACC synthase gene family 59 3.4 Post-transcriptional regulation of ACS 62 3.4.1 Identification and characterization of interactions with ETO1 62 3.4.2 Regulation of ACS degradation 64 3.5 Does ACC act as a signal? 65 3.6 Biosynthesis and physiology of polyamines 67 3.6.1 SAM is a substrate for polyamines 67 3.6.2 Physiology of polyamine effects in vitro and in vivo 67 3.6.3 Concurrent biosynthesis of ethylene and polyamines 70 3.6.4 Do plant cells invoke a homeostatic regulation of SAM levels? 72 Acknowledgements 72 References 72 4 The Fate of ACC in Higher Plants 83 Sarah J. Dorling and Michael T. McManus 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 History of the discovery of ACC oxidase as the ethylene-forming enzyme 84 4.2.1 Early characterization of ACC oxidase 84 4.2.2 Cloning of the ethylene-forming enzyme as an indicator of enzyme activity 85 4.2.3 Initial biochemical demonstration of ethylene-forming enzyme activity in vitro 86 4.3 Mechanism of the ACC oxidase-catalyzed reaction 86 4.3.1 Investigation of the ACO reaction mechanism 87 4.3.2 Metabolism of HCN 89 4.3.3 Evidence of the conjugation of ACC 91 4.4 Transcriptional regulation of ACC oxidase 92 4.4.1 ACO multi-gene families 92 4.4.2 Differential expression of members of ACO multi-gene families in response to developmental and environmental stimuli 94 4.4.3 Transcriptional regulation of ACO gene expression 96 4.4.4 Crosstalk between ethylene signalling elements and ACO gene expression 97 4.5 Translational regulation of ACC oxidase 97 4.6 Evidence that ACC oxidase acts as a control point in ethylene biosynthesis 100 4.6.1 Cell-specific expression of ACC oxidase 102 4.6.2 Differential expression of ACS and ACO genes 103 4.7 Evolutionary aspects of ACC oxidase 104 Acknowledgements 105 References 105 5 Perception of Ethylene by Plants – Ethylene Receptors 117 Brad M. Binder, Caren Chang and G. Eric Schaller 5.1 Historical overview 118 5.2 Subfamilies of ethylene receptors and their evolutionary history 120 5.3 Ethylene binding 123 5.3.1 Requirements for a metal cofactor 123 5.3.2 Characterization of the ethylene-binding pocket and signal transduction 124 5.4 Signal output from the receptors 126 5.5 Overlapping and non-overlapping roles for the receptor isoforms in controlling various phenotypes 128 5.6 Post-translational regulation of the receptors 131 5.6.1 Clustering of receptors 131 5.6.2 Ethylene-mediated degradation of receptors 132 5.6.3 Regulatory role of REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 (RTE1)/GREEN-RIPE (GR) 133 5.6.4 Other proteins that interact with the ethylene receptors 134 5.7 Conclusions and model 135 Acknowledgements 137 References 138 6 Ethylene Signalling: the CTR1 Protein Kinase 147 Silin Zhong and Caren Chang 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Discovery of CTR1, a negative regulator of ethylene signal transduction 148 6.2.1 Isolation of the Arabidopsis CTR1 mutant 148 6.2.2 CTR1 mutant phenotypes in Arabidopsis 149 6.2.3 Placement of CTR1 in the ethylene-response pathway 150 6.3 CTR1 Encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase 151 6.3.1 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Arabidopsis CTR1 gene 151 6.3.2 CTR1 biochemical activity 152 6.4 The CTR1 gene family 153 6.4.1 The CTR multi-gene family in tomato 153 6.4.2 Functional roles of tomato CTR genes 153 6.4.3 Transcriptional regulation of CTR-like genes 155 6.5 Regulation of CTR1 activity 156 6.5.1 Physical association of CTR1 with ethylene receptors 158 6.5.2 Membrane localization of CTR1 159 6.5.3 An inhibitory role for the CTR1 N-terminus? 159 6.5.4 Other factors that potentially interact with and regulate CTR1 activity 160 6.6 Elusive targets of CTR1 signalling 161 6.7 CTR1 crosstalk and interactions with other signals 162 6.8 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgements 164 References 164 7 EIN2 and EIN3 in Ethylene Signalling 169 Young-Hee Cho, Sangho Lee and Sang-Dong Yoo 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Overview of ethylene signalling and EIN2 and EIN3 172 7.3 Genetic identification and biochemical regulation of EIN2 173 7.4 EIN3 regulation in ethylene signalling 174 7.4.1 Genetic identification and biochemical regulation of EIN3 174 7.4.2 Structural and functional analysis of ein3 function 178 7.4.3 Function of EIN3 as transcription activator 180 7.5 Functions of ERF1 and other ERFs in ethylene signalling 181 7.6 Future directions 183 Acknowledgements 184 References 184 8 Ethylene in Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination 189 Renata Bogatek and Agnieszka Gniazdowska 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Ethylene in seed embryogenesis 192 8.2.1 Ethylene biosynthesis during zygotic embryogenesis 192 8.2.2 Ethylene involvement in the regulation of seed morphology 194 8.3 Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination 194 8.3.1 Ethylene biosynthesis during dormancy release and germination 194 8.3.2 The role of ethylene in seed heterogeneity 199 8.4 Ethylene interactions with other plant hormones in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 199 8.5 Ethylene interactions with ROS in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 202 8.6 Ethylene interactions with other small gaseous signalling molecules (NO, HCN) in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 204 8.7 Concluding remarks 207 Acknowledgements 209 References 209 9 The Role of Ethylene in Plant Growth and Development 219 Filip Vandenbussche and Dominique Van Der Straeten 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Design of root architecture 220 9.3 Regulation of hypocotyl growth 225 9.4 Shoot architecture and orientation: post-seedling growth 229 9.4.1 Inhibition of growth by ethylene 229 9.4.2 Stimulation of growth by ethylene 229 9.4.3 Shoot gravitropism 231 9.4.4 Control of stomatal density and aperture 231 9.4.5 Activity of the shoot apical meristem 231 9.5 Floral transition 232 9.6 Determination of sexual forms of flowers 232 9.7 Ethylene effects on growth controlling mechanisms 233 9.8 Conclusions 234 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 10 Ethylene and Cell Separation Processes 243 Zinnia H. Gonzalez-Carranza and Jeremy A. Roberts 10.1 Introduction 243 10.2 Overview of the cell separation process 244 10.2.1 Abscission 245 10.2.2 Dehiscence 249 10.2.3 Aerenchyma formation 251 10.2.4 Stomata development and hydathode formation 252 10.2.5 Root cap cell sloughing and lateral root emergence 254 10.2.6 Xylem differentiation 257 10.3 Transcription analyses during cell separation 258 10.4 Relationship between ethylene and other hormones in the regulation of cell separation 259 10.4.1 Ethyene and IAA 259 10.4.2 Ethylene and jasmonic acid 260 10.4.3 Ethylene and abscisic acid 261 10.5 Ethylene and signalling systems during cell separation 261 10.5.1 Role of IDA, IDA-like, HAESA and HAESA-like genes 261 10.5.2 MAP kinases 262 10.5.3 Nevershed 262 10.6 Application of knowledge of abscission to crops of horticultural and agricultural importance 262 10.7 Conclusions and future perspectives 263 References 265 11 Ethylene and Fruit Ripening 275 Jean-Claude Pech, Eduardo Purgatto, Mondher Bouzayen and Alain Latch´e 11.1 Introduction 276 11.2 Regulation of ethylene production during ripening of climacteric fruit 276 11.2.1 Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes during the System 1 to System 2 transition 277 11.2.2 ACS gene alleles are major determinants of ethylene biosynthesis and shelf-life of climacteric fruit 280 11.2.3 Genetic determinism of the climacteric character 281 11.3 Transcriptional control of ethylene biosynthesis genes 282 11.4 Role of ethylene in ripening of non-climacteric fruit 283 11.5 Manipulation of ethylene biosynthesis and ripening 284 11.6 Ethylene-dependent and -independent aspects of climacteric ripening 286 11.7 Ethylene perception and transduction effects in fruit ripening 288 11.7.1 Ethylene perception 288 11.7.2 Chemical control of the post-harvest ethylene response in fruit ripening 289 11.7.3 Ethylene signal transduction 290 11.7.4 The transcriptional cascade leading to the regulation of ethylene-responsive and ripening-related genes 291 11.8 Hormonal crosstalk in fruit ripening 292 11.8.1 Ethylene and abscisic acid 293 11.8.2 Ethylene and jasmonate 293 11.8.3 Ethylene and auxin 294 11.8.4 Ethylene and the gibberellins 295 11.9 Conclusions and future directions 295 Acknowledgements 296 References 296 12 Ethylene and Senescence Processes 305 Laura E. Graham, Jos H.M. Schippers, Paul P. Dijkwel and Carol Wagstaff 12.1 Introduction 306 12.2 Overview of ethylene-mediated senescence in different plant organs 306 12.2.1 Leaf senescence 306 12.2.2 Pod senescence 310 12.2.3 Petal senescence 312 12.3 Transcriptional regulation of ethylene-mediated senescence processes 314 12.3.1 Global regulation 314 12.3.2 Transcription factors and signalling pathways 315 12.4 Interaction of ethylene with other hormones in relation to senescence 323 12.5 The importance of ethylene-mediated senescence in post-harvest biology 325 12.5.1 Post-harvest factors affected by ethylene 325 12.5.2 Ways of controlling ethylene-related post-harvest losses 327 12.5.2.1 Packaging 327 12.5.2.2 1-Methylcyclopropene 328 12.6 Conclusions and future perspectives 329 References 329 13 Ethylene: Multi-Tasker in Plant–Attacker Interactions 343 Sjoerd Van der Ent and Corn´e M.J. Pieterse 13.1 Introduction 344 13.2 Hormones in plant defence signalling 346 13.2.1 Hormones as defence regulators 346 13.2.2 Salicylic acid 347 13.2.3 Jasmonic acid 347 13.2.4 Ethylene 348 13.3 Implications of ethylene in basal defence and disease susceptibility 348 13.3.1 Studies with Arabidopsis thaliana 348 13.3.2 Studies with tobacco 350 13.3.3 Studies with tomato 351 13.3.4 Studies with soybean 352 13.3.5 Other plant species 352 13.4 Implications of ethylene in systemic immune responses 353 13.4.1 Systemic induced immunity 353 13.4.2 Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR 354 13.4.3 Genetic dissection of the ISR pathway in Arabidopsis 356 13.4.4 Priming for enhanced JA/ethylene-dependent defences 358 13.4.5 Molecular mechanisms of priming for enhanced defence 360 13.4.6 Costs and benefits of priming for enhanced defence 362 13.5 Ethylene modulates crosstalk among defence-signalling pathways 362 13.5.1 Crosstalk in defence signalling 362 13.5.2 Interplay among SA, JA and ethylene signalling 363 13.5.3 Ethylene: an important modulator of defence-signalling pathways 365 13.6 Concluding remarks 365 Acknowledgements 366 References 367 Index 379 First 8-page color plate section (between pages 168 and 169) Second 8-page color plate section (between pages 360 and 361)

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Book SynopsisPlant polyphenols are secondary metabolites that constitute one of the most common and widespread groups of natural products. They express a large and diverse panel of biological activities including beneficial effects on both plants and humans. Many polyphenols, from their structurally simplest representatives to their oligo/polymeric versions (also referred to as vegetable tannins) are notably known as phytoestrogens, plant pigments, potent antioxidants, and protein interacting agents. Sponsored by Groupe Polyphénols, this publication, which is the third volume in this highly regarded Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research series, is edited by Véronique Cheynier, Pascale Sarni-Manchado, and Stéphane Quideau (the current President of Groupe Polyphénols). Like their predecessors, they have once again put together an impressive collection of cutting-edge chapters written by expert scientists internationally respected in their respective field of polyphenol sciences. ThiTrade Review"Readers will also appreciate the text's comprehensive bibliography. Summing Up: Highly recommended. General readers, upper-division undergraduates, researchers/faculty." (Choice, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsContributors xv Preface xix 1 Plant Phenolics: A Biochemical and Physiological Perspective 1 Vincenzo Lattanzio, Angela Cardinali and Vito Linsalata 1.1 The general phenolic metabolism in plants 1 1.2 Effect of non-freezing low temperature stress on phenolic metabolism in crop plants 6 1.3 Plant phenolics as defence compounds 11 1.4 Diversion of carbon skeletons from primary to phenolic-related secondary metabolism 19 References 26 2 Polyphenols: From Plant Adaptation to Useful Chemical Resources 41 Alain-Michel Boudet 2.1 The emergence of phenolic metabolism and the adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment 41 2.2 The shikimate pathway: a complex and subtle interface between primary metabolism and phenolic metabolism 47 2.3 Plant (poly)phenols: a diversified reservoir of useful chemicals 56 2.4 Concluding remarks 63 Acknowledgments 64 References 64 3 Fifty Years of Polyphenol–Protein Complexes 71 Ann E. Hagerman 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Precipitable complexes 74 3.3 Soluble complexes 76 3.4 Proline-rich proteins 78 3.5 Mechanisms of binding 79 3.6 Stoichiometry of binding 80 3.7 Protein conformation 82 3.8 Covalent tannin–protein complexes 83 3.9 Conclusions 90 Acknowledgments 91 References 91 4 Chemistry of Flavonoids in Color Development 99 Kumi Yoshida, Kin-ichi Oyama and Tadao Kondo 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Synthetic studies on anthocyanins toward polyacylated pigments 103 4.3 Synthesis of copigments for studying blue color development 109 4.4 Conclusion 122 Abbreviations 123 Acknowledgments 124 References 124 5 Colouring up Plant Biotechnology 131 Cathie Martin, Yang Zhang, Laurence Tomlinson, Kalyani Kallam, Jie Luo, Jonathan D.G. Jones, Antonio Granell, Diego Orzaez and Eugenio Butelli 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Plant production of anthocyanins 132 5.3 Engineering anthocyanin production in plants 137 5.4 Conclusions 139 Acknowledgements 139 References 139 6 Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport: New Insights from Model Species 143 Lucille Pourcel, Andrés Bohórquez-Restrepo, Niloufer G. Irani and Erich Grotewold 6.1 Anthocyanins and related pigments in model plant species 143 6.2 Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes 147 6.3 Anthocyanin transport and subvacuolar localization 151 6.4 Concluding remarks 154 References 154 7 Shedding Light on the Black Boxes of the Proanthocyanidin Pathway with Grapevine 161 Yung-Fen Huang, Véronique Cheynier and Nancy Terrier 7.1 Tools available on grape to study PA biosynthesis 161 7.2 Biosynthesis 167 7.3 Regulation of the pathway 176 References 182 8 Phenolic Compounds in Plant Defense and Pathogen Counter-defense Mechanisms 191 Fouad Daayf, Abdelbasset El Hadrami, Ahmed F. El-Bebany, Maria A. Henriquez, Zhen Yao, Holly Derksen, Isma¨il El-Hadrami and Lorne R. Adam 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Plant defenses and pathogen counter-defenses 192 8.3 Phenolic-related plant responses to pathogens 194 8.4 Pathogens counter-defense against plants’ phenolic-related defenses 200 8.5 Concluding remarks 202 Acknowledgments 203 References 203 9 Absorption and Metabolism of Dietary Chlorogenic Acids and Procyanidins 209 Gary Williamson and Angelique Stalmach 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Procyanidins 210 9.3 Chlorogenic acids and hydroxycinnamates 214 References 218 10 Extra-Virgin Olive Oil—Healthful Properties of Its Phenolic Constituents 223 Francesco Visioli and Elena Bernardini 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Epidemiological studies 225 10.3 In vitro studies on olive oil’s phenolics 225 10.4 In vivo studies 228 10.5 Olive oil and cancer 231 10.6 Potential mechanisms of action of olive phenols—to be elucidated 232 10.7 Focus on hydroxytyrosol 233 10.8 Olive mill waste water as a source of olive phenols 236 10.9 Conclusions 240 Acknowledgments 244 References 244 11 Analysis and Characterisation of Flavonoid Phase II Metabolites 249 Celestino Santos-Buelga, Susana González-Manzano, Montserrat Dueñas and Ana M. González-Param´as 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Flavonoid metabolism 251 11.3 Preparation of metabolites 253 11.4 Characterisation of flavonoid metabolites 258 11.5 Extraction and preparation 263 11.6 Analysis of metabolites in biological samples 268 Acknowledgments 277 References 277 12 High-speed Countercurrent Chromatography in the Separation of Polyphenols 287 Andrew Marston 12.1 Foreword 287 12.2 High-speed countercurrent chromatography 288 12.3 Separations of polyphenols 291 12.4 Extensions of the basic countercurrent chromatography method 302 References 307 13 Strategies for the Controlled Synthesis of Oligomeric Polyphenols 311 Scott A. Snyder 13.1 Introduction 311 13.2 Serial oligomer families 313 13.3 Oligomer families with diverse bond connections 319 13.4 Conclusion 345 Acknowledgments 345 References 346 Index 353 A color plate section is located between pages 12 and 13. 2

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Book SynopsisFor those of us who have labored in the field of hormonal carcinogenesis, it has been most gratifying to see its rapid growth and increasing relevance in recent years. Although many factors and forces have contributed to this phenomenon, a few appear particularly significant. Perhaps foremost is the realization that two of the most prevalent cancers which afflict women and men; that is, breast and prostate, have essential hormonal component(s) to their etiologies. This should not surprise us since the high frequency of these cancers in human populations has to date not been attributed to any exogenous physical, environmental, or dietary factor(s). A similar argument may be applied to other less prevalent but equally important cancers including ovarian, endometrial, testicular, cervico vaginal, pituitary, thyroid, and sex hormone-associated hepatic neoplasms. The Office of ResearcTable of ContentsIntroductions.- Introductory Remarks.- Opening Address Important Questions in Women’s Health Research: Determining the Influence of Hormones on Health.- Symposium Presentations Mammary Carcinogenesis: A Unifying Hypothesis.- Regulation of Cytochrome P-450 and Carcinogenesis: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor and Dioxin Receptor.- State Of The Art Lectures.- 1 Cell Cycle and Cell Proliferation.- 2 Role of a Cell Cycle Regulator in Hereditary and Sporadic Cancers.- 3 Molecular Cytogenetics of Solid Tumor Progression.- 4 Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Estrogen Receptors Is Blocked by “Pure Antiestrogens”.- I. Epidemiology: Hormonal Cancers.- Causality in Hormone Associated Human Cancers.- 5 Breast Cancer Incidence in Women Exposed to Estrogen and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Therapy.- 6 Breast Cancer Trends in Women in Sweden, the UK, and the USA in Relation to Their Past Use of Oral Contraceptives.- 7 Gene Expression in Familial Breast Cancer: A Genetic-Epidemiology Study of Premenopausal, Bilateral Breast Cancer.- 2. Breast/Mammary Gland.- The Importance of Human Breast Development in Mammary Carcinogenesis.- 8 Breast Susceptibility to Carcinogenesis.- 9 Hormones, Growth Factors and Gene Expression in Preneoplasias of the Mouse Mammary Gland.- 10 Pathogenesis of Ductal and Lobular Progestin-Induced Mammary Carcinomas in BALB/c Mice.- 3. Endometrium/Uterus.- 11 Is the hsp90 Connection Between Steroid Receptors and Immunosuppressant Binding Immunophilins Involved in the Control of Gene Transcription and Cell Growth?.- 12 Expression and Regulation of 17?-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Steroidogenic Cells and Estrogen Target Tissues.- Growth Factors in Endometrial Cancer.- 4. Kidney.- 13 Introduction Estrogens and Genitourinary Cancers of Syrian Hamsters.- 14 Interstitial Cell Origin of Estrogen-Induced Kidney Tumors in the Syrian Golden Hamster.- 15 Effects of Estrogens on Microtubule Assembly: Significance for Aneuploidy.- 16 Estrogen Carcinogenesis: A Sequential, Epi-Genotoxic, Multi-Stage Process.- 5. Liver.- Role of Estrogens in Liver Carcinogenesis.- 17 Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis: Implications for Carcinogenesis.- 18 Mechanisms of Tamoxifen-Induced Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity.- 19 Regulation of Growth-Associated Nuclear Transcription Factors During Growth Hormone-Regulated, Sex Differentiated Rat Liver Carcinogenesis.- 6. Prostate.- 20 Isolation of Differentially Expressed cDNAs from Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Using Differential Display PCR: Identification of an Androgen-Regulated Gene.- 21 Progression of LNCaP Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells: Androgen Receptor Activity and c-myc Gene.- 22 Regulation of Prostatic Growth and Gene Expression: Role of Stroma.- Concluding Remarks.- 23 Sex Hormones and Neoplastic Transformation.- CLINICAL FORUM: Risk and Benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Oral Contraceptive Use.- Therapeutic Implications of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Oral Contraceptives.- 24 Postmenopausal Estrogen-Progestin Therapy in Relation to Cancers of the Endometrium and Breast.- 25 The Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women Previously Treated for Breast Cancer.- 26 Cardioprotection by Hormone Replacement Therapy.- 27 Risk and Benefits of Oral Contraceptives.- 28 Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Breast and Cervical Cancer.- Communications Session I. Epidemiology, Human Studies.- Some Aspects of Breast Cancer Epidemiology.- Risk of Breast Cancer Associated with Induced Abortion.- Family History of Breast Cancer as a Modifier of Other Risk Factors.- Oral Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Results among Black and White Women.- Patterns of Cancer Mortality in Women Who Had Used Sex Steroid Hormones under Age 60.- Progestogen Use and Risk of Breast Cancer.- Five-Year Survival of Women with Breast Cancer According to Prior Use of Oral Contraceptives.- Plasma Prolactin and IGF-1 Levels in Young, Healthy, Nulliparous Women in Relation to Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Use.- Effect of a Low-Fat Diet on Estrogen and Bile Acid Metabolism in Normal Human Subjects.- Expression of GST? in Breast Cancer and its Relationship with the Expression of Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor.- p53 and Neu (c-erbB-2) Overexpression in Relation to Risk Factors for Breast Cancer.- Cost Effectiveness of Hormone Replacement Therapy in French Postmenopausal Women.- Tamoxifen Treatment Does Not Induce Endometrial Hyperplasia in Postmenopausal Women.- Uterine Myomas: A Model to Study Hormonal Regulation of Growth Related Genes.- Transforming Growth Factor ?1 Facilitates Cell Proliferation and Invasion in MAT-LyLu Prostatic Cancer Cells.- Quantitative Effects of Antiandrogen Therapy on High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens.- Alterations in Circulating Levels of Androgens and PSA During Treatment with Finasteride in Men at High Risk for Prostate Cancer.- Session II. Cell & Molecular Biology, Metabolism.- Effect of Estradiol on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells: Ultrastructural Studies.- Estradiol and Tamoxifen Induce TGF-?l Gene Expression in Cultured Normal Human Breast Stromal Cells.- Estrogen and Anti-Estrogen Regulation of Amplified erbB2 Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells.- Evaluation of Conformational Changes in hER-HBD by Pharmacological Dissection of Hormone Dissociation Rates in a Homogeneous Hormone-Binding Assay.- Estradiol Promotion of Size and Number of Hepatic Enzyme-Altered Foci in Rats in the Absence of Cell Proliferation.- Expression of Liver-Enriched Transcription Factors During Progression in the Resistant-Hepatocyte Model.- Nuclear Protein Binding to the AP-1 and CRE Sites During Sex-Differentiated Promotion of Rat Liver Carcinogenesis.- Induction of Endometrial Cancer by Tamoxifen in the Rat.- Mechanisms of Anti-Estrogen and Retinoid Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation.- Bisphenol-A Disturbs Microtubule Assembly and Induces Micronuclei In Vitro.- Natural Estrogens Induce Modulation of Microtubules in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells in Culture.- Induction of Micronucleation, Spindle Disturbances, and Mitotic Arrest in Human Chorionic Villi Cells by 17?-Estradiol, Diethylstilbestrol, and Coumestrol.- Increased Nuclear IGF-I Receptor Level, Coupled with Attenuation in DNA Repair, Plays an Important Role in Estrogen-Induced Carcinogenesis.- Pattern of Reproductive Aging in Female Rats Can Affect Mammary Tumor Incidence.- Antiproliferative Activity of Luteolin, a Naturally-Occurring Edible Plant Flavone, Against Estrone-Induced Cell Proliferation in the Mammary Gland of Noble Rats.- Sex Hormone-Induced Prostatic Carcinogenesis in Noble Rats Involves Genetic Damage and Cell Proliferation.- Catechol Estrogen Analogs as Probes of Estrogen Carcinogenesis.- In-Vitro Metabolites of Coumestrol.

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Book SynopsisMarine environment can be affected by several pollutants such as the presence of elements and their chemical species, pharmaceuticals, nanoparticles and other emerging contaminants. Environmental monitoring can be assessed by genomics, proteomics (i.e. redox proteomics), chemical speciation analysis and metallomics, metabolomics as well as other advanced strategies. The present book is a useful methodological tool for researchers and specialists in the field of analytical chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, genomics and toxicology. The book includes for the first time the methodological aspects and applications related to chemical speciation and omics strategies applied to marine environment. Table of ContentsElement Speciation in Seawater: From Free Metal Determination to Proteomic Analysis. The Decisive Role of ICPMS and Related Hyphenated Techniques in Multielement and Speciation Analysis of Marine Biota. Mercury Speciation in Marine Biota and its Influence on Human Health: Metallomic and Metabolomic Approaches. Selenium Speciation in the Marine Environment. Arsenic Occurrence in Marine Biota: The Analytical Approach. Biological Effects of Organotins on the Marine Environment. Functional Genomics Approaches in Marine Pollution and Aquaculture. New Trends in Aquatic Pollution Monitoring: From Conventional Biomarkers to Environmental Proteomics. Protein Expression Profiles in Marine Organisms Exposed to Nanoparticles. Effects of Climate Change in Marine Organisms: A Proteomic Approach. Environmental Metabolomics and Toxicometabolomics in Marine Pollution Assessment. Fate and Toxicity of Inorganic Engineered Nanomaterials in the Marine Environment: Analytical Techniques and Methods. Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment: Analytical Techniques and Applications. Biological Effects of Pharmaceuticals on the Marine Environment.

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Book SynopsisThe aim this volume is to present the methods, challenges, software, and applications of this widespread and yet still evolving and maturing field. Computational Protein Design, the first book with this title, guides readers through computational protein design approaches, software and tailored solutions to specific case-study targets. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Computational Protein Design aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.Table of ContentsPart I: Computational Protein Design1. The Framework of Computational Protein DesignIlan Samish2. Achievements and Challenges in Computational Protein DesignIlan Samish3. Production of Computationally Designed Small Soluble- and Membrane-Proteins: Cloning, Expression and PurificationBarsha Tripathy and Rudresh Acharya4. Deterministic Search methods for Computational Protein DesignSeydou Traoré, David Allouche, Isabelle André Thomas Schiex, and Sophie Barbe5. Geometric Potentials for Computational Protein Sequence DesignJie Li and Patrice Koehl 6. Modeling Binding Affinity of Pathological Mutations for Computational Protein DesignMiguel Romero-Durana, Chiara Pallara, Fabian Glaser, and Juan Fernández-Recio7. Multistate Computational Protein Design with Backbone EnsemblesJames A. Davey and Roberto A. Chica8. Integration of Molecular Dynamics Based Predictions into the Optimization of de novo Protein Designs: Limitations and BenefitsHenrique F. Carvalho, Arménio J. M. Barbosa, Ana C. A. Roque, Olga Iranzo, and Ricardo J. F. Branco9. Applications of Normal Mode Analysis Methods in Computational Protein DesignVincent Frappier, Matthieu Chartier, and Rafael NajmanovichPart II: Software of Computational Protein Design Applications10. Computational Protein Design Under a Given backbone Structure with a Statistical Energy FunctionPeng Xiong, Quan Chen, and Haiyan Liu11. Computational Protein Design Through Grafting and StabilizationCheng Zhu, David D. Mowrey, and Nikolay V. Dokholyan12. An Evolution Based Approach to de novo Protein DesignJeffrey R. Brender, David Shultis, Naureen Aslam, and Yang Zhang13. Parallel Computational Protein Design Yichao Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, and Jianyang Zeng14. BindML/BindML+: Detecting Protein-Protein Interaction Interface Propensity from Amino Acid Substitution PatternsQing Wei, David La, and Daisuke Kihara15. OSPREY Predicts Resistance Mutations using Positive and Negative Computational Protein DesignAdegoke Ojewole, Anna Lowegard, Pablo Gainza, Stephanie M. Reeve, Ivelin Georgiev, Amy C. Anderson, and Bruce R. DonaldPart III: Computational Protein Design of Specific Targets16. Evolution-inspired Computational Design of Symmetric ProteinsArnout R.D. Voet, David Simoncini, Jeremy R.H. Tame, and Kam Y. J. Zhang17. A Protocol for the Design of Protein and Peptide Nanostructure Self-assemblies Exploiting Synthetic Amino Acids18. Probing Oligomerized Conformations of Defensin in the MembraneWenxun Gan, Dina Schneidman, Ning Zhang, Buyong Ma, and Ruth Nussinov19. Computational Design of Ligand Binding ProteinsChristine E. Tinberg and Sagar D. Khare20. EpiSweep: Computationally-driven Reengineering of Therapeutic Proteins to Reduce Immunogenicity while Maintaining FunctionYoonjoo Choi, Deeptak Verma, Karl E. Griswold, and Chris Bailey-Kellogg21. Computational Tools for Aiding Rational Antibody DesignKonrad Krawczyk, James Dunbar, and Charlotte M Deane22. Computational Design of Membrane Curvature-Sensing PeptidesArmando Jerome de Jesus and Hang Yin23. Computational Tools for Allosteric Drug Discovery: Site Identification and Focus Library DesignWenkang Huang, Ruth Nussinov, and Jian Zhang

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Book SynopsisImmunology has rapidly evolved as a field, in particular, by moving beyond merely understanding the basic mechanisms of the immune system to developing diagnostic and clinical applications. As part of this globally broadening effort, the Fifth Congress of the Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania (FIMSA) was held in New Delhi March 14–17 2012. The presentations centered on the theme: “Translational Immunology in Health and Diseases.” Extending this theme, this volume comprises the topics covered in ten Master Lectures and five award-winning poster presentations, including work on genetic control of immunity, autoimmunity, and the immune response in relation to specific conditions. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.Table of ContentsA brief history of the Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania (FIMSA) v Narinder K. Mehra Immunology and world health: key contributions from the global community 1 G. J. V. Nossal The life of regulatory T cells 8 Iris K. Gratz, Michael D. Rosenblum, and Abul K. Abbas Cross-reactive humoral responses to influenza and their implications for a universal vaccine 13 Christopher Chiu, Jens Wrammert, Gui-Mei Li, Megan McCausland, Patrick C. Wilson, and Rafi Ahmed The dual role of biomarkers for understanding basic principles and devising novel intervention strategies in tuberculosis 22 January Weiner 3rd, Jeroen Maertzdorf, and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Clinical relevance of antibody development in renal transplantation 30 Narinder Mehra, Jamshaid Siddiqui, Ajay Baranwal, Sanjeev Goswami, and Gurvinder Kaur Th2-type innate immune responses mediated by natural helper cells 43 Shigeo Koyasu and Kazuyo Moro A unique vaccine for control of fertility and therapy of advanced-stage terminal cancers ectopically expressing human chorionic gonadotropin 50 G. P. Talwar Immunology of neuromyelitis optica: a T cell-B cell collaboration 57 Meike Mitsdoerffer, Vijay Kuchroo, and Thomas Korn Regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in innate immune responses 67 Cheng Quian and Xuetao Cao Best Oral Presentation Winners TAP expression level in tumor cells defines the nature and processing of MHC class I peptides for recognition by tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes 75 Faten El Hage, Aurélie Durgeau, and Fathia Mami-Chouaib Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to development and function of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes 81 Helen E. Thomas, Kate L. Graham, Jonathan Chee, Ranjeny Thomas, Thomas W. Kay, and Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy Development of novel genetic cancer vaccines based on membrane-attached β2 microglobulin 87 Gal Cafri, Alon Margalit, Esther Tzehoval, Lea Eisenbach, and Gideon Gross Genomic evaluation of HLA-DR3+ haplotypes associated with type 1 diabetes 91 Neeraj Kumar, Gurvinder Kaur, Nikhil Tandon, Uma Kanga, and Narinder Mehra PPE2 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may inhibit nitric oxide in activated macrophages 97 Khalid Hussain Bhat, Arghya Das, Aparna Srikantam, and Sangita Mukhopadhyay 102 Corrigendum for Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2012.1274: 86-91 103 Erratum for Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2012. 1275: 54-62

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Book SynopsisScience can do much good for mankind or can cause a catastrophe for mankind if it is handled by terrorists, (even aircraft can be turned into weapons of destruction as we have seen on September 11 2001 in New York City and Washington DC) This volume deals with science for the sake of mankind. Chemical physics, which combines chemistry and physics, and biochemical physics, which combines chemistry, physics and biology, have been developing quite radically recently. This holds true for pure and applied science as well. Some examples of such success are given in this book. Included in this volume are papers from Russian scientists, scientists from the republics of the former USSR and papers from scientists in western countries.

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Book SynopsisProteins are one of the most basic components of all living cells and therefore serve a vital purpose in the cells of animals, plants and bacteria. They are comprised of chains of amino acids, which are held together by ribosome. These chains have many different patterns, which are known as folds.'' These folds are complicated, and therefore susceptible to irregularities that are known to be the source of many diseases. Cystic fibrosis, mad cow disease, Alzheimer''s disease, emphysema and others are all initiated by improper protein folds. It is clear that, improving our understanding of protein folding is a key to fighting these diseases. This book presents recently performed research from around the world on this important subject.

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Book SynopsisAmong many research topics, this book considers phytoestrogens, natural compounds found in plants that possess oestrogen-like activity. Despite the growing evidence of the health benefits of phytoestrogens, further investigation is needed to better understand their mechanism of actions, the biological outcomes and possible adverse effects. This book chapter summarises the most recent developments of lanthanide nanorods in the field of biomedical nanotechnology. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles as a function of several parameters, such as polymeric material and surfactant type are considered. Camptothecins (CPTs) are regarded as one of the most promising anticancer drugs of the twenty-first century. A further chapter describes SAR, QSAR, and the clinical chemistry of CPT derivatives to understand their chemical-biological interactions and side effects. This book addresses the biological and pharmacological significances of identification and analysis of effective components of natural medicines and describes methods and procedures for identification and analysis. Potential future prospects in the field are provided. The porphyrazines are an emerging class of compounds exhibiting tremendous potential for use as anti-tumour therapeutic agents and in imaging applications. This book reviews the initial structure-function studies that have been carried out to date on this little-studied class of compounds. A further study hypothesises that the differences in the biology of breast cancers observed in women of different races are partially related to differences in the secretory activity of adipocytes in the breast tissue. The possible role of adipokines in breast malignancies of women of various races is reviewed.

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Book SynopsisThe most promising natural substance in our body is NADH, the biological form of hydrogen. It reacts with the oxygen present in every living cell, producing energy and water. The more energy it can produce the better it function, and the longer the cell, and the entire organism, lives. This book describes the many positive benefits of this new energy supplement that is a potent antioxident, lowers cholesterol and high blood pressure, and boosts the immune system.

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Book SynopsisFor human health, leishmaniasis is among the most important protozoan diseases, superseded only by malaria. Globally, 10 to 12 million people are infected with 1.5 million new cases every year. The development of cheaper new drugs is urgently needed for this neglected disease that is developing resistance to current treatments. Chemotherapy remains the only treatment option for the bulk of patients. However, this is largely unaffordable for most. In the past three years numerous advances in drug discovery have been made for treating this disease by exploiting diverging metabolic pathways between the Leishmania enzymes and their hosts, using nanotechnology to target the immune cell phagolysosomes where Leishmania resides. Drug Discovery for Leishmaniasis aims to provide a perspective of the current treatments and their challenges, blended with the emerging strategies and methodologies that will drive new target appraisals and drug developments, as well as addressing the molecular basis of resistance in Leishmania. Recent studies have shown that leishmaniasis affects some of the poorest people in the world, with 95% of fatal cases occurring in only 6 countries. With the WHO goal of eliminating this public health problem in the South-east Asia Region by 2020, this book will be important for anyone who is interested in neglected tropical diseases.Trade ReviewThis is a timely and highly relevant book that provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the current state and future directions of drug discovery for leishmaniasis. It has a broad scientific scope and wonderful insights from leading experts in the field which ensures that there is something for everyone, and that this book is truly a must-have for anyone working in the area of leishmaniasis. -- Dr. Steven L. Cobb, Durham University (UK) * ChemMedChem, DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800266 *Table of ContentsLeishmaniasis, Impact and Therapeutic Needs; Anti-leishmanial Drug Discovery: Past, Present and Future Perspectives; From Bench to Bedside: Development and Optimization of Clinical Therapies for Visceral Leishmaniasis; Drug Assay Methodology in Leishmaniasis: From the Microplate to Image Analysis; The Pursuit of Novel Anti-leishmanial Agents by High-throughput Screening (HTS) of Chemical Libraries; Omics and Their Impact on the Development of Chemotherapy Against Leishmania; In silico Tools for Target Identification and Drug Molecular Docking in Leishmania; Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Discover New Leishmanicidal Drugs; Natural Products as a Source of New Drugs Against Leishmania; Organometallic Compounds in Chemotherapy Against Leishmania; New Avenues for Drug Delivery in Leishmania: Using Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis with Amphotericin B as an Exemplar; Addressing the Molecular Biology of Leishmania for Drug Development; The Physical Matrix of the Plasma Membrane as a Target: The Charm of Drugs with Low Specificity; Nutrient Transport and Sensing as Pharmacological Targets for Leishmaniasis; Carbon Metabolism as a Drug Target in Leishmania; The Redox Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Leishmania as a Crossroads for the Lethal Effect of Drugs; DNA Topoisomerases as Promising Targets for Leishmania Chemotherapy; Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance in Leishmania; The Macrophage–Parasite Interface as a Chemotherapeutic Target in Leishmaniasis

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