Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisThis book has been written by an international body of authors working in a variety of industries including electronics, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, who discuss the considerations to be taken into account when designing cleanrooms. Three chapters describe how cleanrooms are designed for the principal manufacturing areas of microelectronics, pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotechnology. Other subjects covered are international design standards, the economics of cleanroom design, high efficiency air filtration, materials used in cleanroom construction, and the provision of clean gases and water. A unique feature of this new edition includes the application of cleanroom design technology to a mini environment such as a bench-top.Trade Review"..it is good value for money and an essential guide for cleanroom designers, users and controllers...", European Journal of Parenteral Sciences, Volume 5, No.1Table of ContentsAn Introduction to the Design of Clean and Containment Areas (W. Whyte). International Standards for the Design of Cleanrooms (�. Möller). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Microelectronics Industry (J. King). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Pharmaceutical Industry (G. Farquharson & W. Whyte). The Design of Cleanrooms for the Medical Device Industry (H. Schicht). Contamination Control Facilities for the Biotechnology Industry (P. Tubito & T. Latham). Cost-Efficiency and Energy-Saving Concepts for Cleanrooms (H. Schicht). High Efficiency Air Filtration (S. Klocke & W. Whyte). Construction Materials and Surface Finishes for Cleanrooms (E. Sirch). Purification Techniques for Clean Water (T. Hodgkiess). The Design of an Ultra-Pure Water System for Use in the Manufacture of Integrated Circuits (R. Galbraith). The Production and Transmission of High Purity Gases for the Semiconductor Industry (R. Galbraith). Materials for Services Pipework (T. Hodgkiess). Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a foreword by Yakov Rekhter Here at last is a single, all encompassing resource where the myriad applications sharpen into a comprehensible text that first explains the whys and whats of each application before going on to the technical detail of the hows. Kireeti Kompella, CTO Junos, Juniper Networks The authoritative guide to MPLS, now in its Third edition, fully updated with brand new material! MPLS is now considered the networking technology for carrying all types of network traffic, including voice telephony, real-time video, and data traffic. In MPLS-Enabled Applications, Third Edition, the authors methodically show how MPLS holds the key to network convergence by allowing operators to offer more services over a single physical infrastructure. The Third Edition contains more than 170 illustrations, new chapters, and more coverage, guiding the reader from the basics of the technology, though all its major VPN applications.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part One. 1 Foundations. 1.1 Historical perspective. 1.2 Current trends. 1.3 MPLS mechanisms. 1.4 Conclusion. 1.5 References. 1.6 Further reading. 1.7 Study questions. 2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS (MPLS-TE). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The business drivers. 2.3 Application scenarios. 2.4 Setting up traffic-engineered paths using MPLS-TE. 2.5 Using the traffic-engineered paths. 2.6 Deployment considerations. 2.7 Using traffic engineering to achieve resource optimization. 2.8 Offline path computation. 2.9 Conclusion. 2.10 References. 2.11 Further reading. 2.12 Study questions. 3 Protection and Restoration in MPLS Networks. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The business drivers. 3.3 Failure detection. 3.4 End-to-end protection. 3.5 Local protection using fast reroute. 3.6 Link protection. 3.7 Node protection. 3.8 Additional constraints for the computation of the protection path. 3.9 Interaction of end-to-end protection and fast reroute. 3.10 Deployment considerations for local protection mechanisms. 3.11 IP and LDP FRR. 3.12 Conclusion. 3.13 References. 3.14 Further reading. 3.15 Study questions. 4 MPLS DiffServ-TE. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The business drivers. 4.3 Application scenarios. 4.4 The DiffServ-TE solution. 4.5 Extending the DiffServ-TE solution with multiclass LSPs. 4.6 Conclusion. 4.7 References. 4.8 Further reading. 4.9 Study questions. 5 Interdomain Traffic Engineering. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The business drivers. 5.3 Setting up interdomain TE LSPs. 5.4 Interprovider challenges. 5.5 Comparison of the LSP setup methods. 5.6 Conclusion. 5.7 References. 5.8 Further reading. 5.9 Study questions. 6 MPLS Multicast. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The business drivers. 6.3 P2MP LSP mechanisms. 6.4 LAN procedures for P2MP LSPs. 6.5 Coupling traffic into a P2MP LSP. 6.6 MPLS fast reroute. 6.7 Ingress redundancy for P2MP LSPs. 6.8 P2MP LSP hierarchy. 6.9 Applications of point-to-multipoint LSPs. 6.10 Conclusion. 6.11 References. 6.12 Study questions. Part Two. 7 Foundations of Layer 3 BGP/MPLS Virtual Private Networks. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The business drivers. 7.3 The overlay VPN model. 7.4 The peer VPN model. 7.5 Building the BGP/MPLS VPN solution. 7.6 Benefits of the BGP/MPLS VPN solution. 7.7 References. 7.8 Further reading. 7.9 Study questions. 8 Advanced Topics in Layer 3 BGP/MPLS Virtual. Private Networks. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Routing between CE and PE. 8.3 Differentiated VPN treatment in the core. 8.4 Route reflectors and VPNs. 8.5 Scalability discussion. 8.6 Convergence times in a VPN network. 8.7 Security issues. 8.8 QoS in a VPN scenario. 8.9 IPv6 VPNs. 8.10 Conclusion. 8.11 References. 8.12 Further reading. 8.13 Study questions. 9 Hierarchical and Inter-AS VPNs. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Carriers’ carrier – service providers as VPN customers. 9.3 Multi-AS backbones. 9.4 Interprovider QoS. 9.5 Conclusion. 9.6 References. 9.7 Further reading. 9.8 Study questions. 10 Multicast in a Layer 3 VPN. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The business drivers. 10.3 mVPN – problem decomposition. 10.4 The original multicast solution – PIM/GRE mVPN (draft-rosen). 10.5 NG multicast for L3VPN – BGP/MPLS mVPN(NG mVPN). 10.6 Comparison of PIM/GRE and BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 10.7 Conclusion. 10.8 References. 10.9 Further reading. 10.10 Study questions. 11 Advanced Topics in BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 BGP/MPLS mVPN – inter-AS operations. 11.3 Support of PIM DM in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.4 Discovering the RP – auto-RP and BSR support in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.5 Implementing extranets in BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.6 Transition from draft-rosen to BGP/MPLS mVPNs. 11.7 Scalability discussion. 11.8 Achieving multicast high availability with BGP/MPLS mVPN. 11.9 Internet multicast service using the BGP/MPLS mVPN technology. 11.10 Conclusion. 11.11 References. 11.12 Study questions. 12 Layer 2 Transport over MPLS. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The business drivers. 12.3 Comparison of Layer 2 VPNs and Layer 3 VPNs. 12.4 Principles of Layer 2 transport over MPLS. 12.5 Forwarding plane. 12.6 Control plane operation. 12.7 Admission control of Layer 2 connections into network. 12.8 Failure notification mechanisms. 12.9 Multi-homing. 12.10 Layer 2 interworking. 12.11 Circuit cross connect (CCC). 12.12 Point-to-multipoint Layer 2 transport. 12.13 Other applications of Layer 2 transport. 12.14 Conclusion. 12.15 References. 12.16 Study questions. 13 Virtual Private LAN Service. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 The business drivers. 13.3 VPLS mechanism overview. 13.4 Forwarding plane mechanisms. 13.5 Control plane mechanisms. 13.6 LDP and BGP interworking for VPLS. 13.7 Interprovider Option E for VPLS. 13.8 Operational considerations for VPLS. 13.8 Conclusion. 13.9 References 13.10 Study questions. Part Three. 14 Advanced protection and restoration: protecting the service. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The business drivers. 14.3 Failure scenarios. 14.4 Existing solutions. 14.5 Protecting the egress - local protection solution. 14.6 Conclusion. 14.7 References. 14.8 Study questions. 15 MPLS Management. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Management – why and what. 15.3 Detecting and troubleshooting failures. 15.4 Configuration errors. 15.5 Visibility. 15.6 Conclusion. 15.7 References. 15.8 Further reading. 15.9 Study questions. 16 MPLS in Access Networks and Seamless MPLS. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The business drivers. 16.3 Models for MPLS deployment in access networks. 16.4 Seamless MPLS Mechanisms. 16.5 Conclusions. 16.6 References. 16.7 Study questions. 17 MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 The business drivers. 17.3 Requirements for a transport profile for MPLS. 17.4 MPLS-TP functionality. 17.5 Deployment considerations. 17.6 Misconceptions about MPLS-TP. 17.7 Conclusion. 17.8 References. 17.9 Study quetions. 18 Conclusions. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Network convergence. 18.3 Interaction with client edge equipment. 18.4 Interprovider capability. 18.5 MPLS in the data communications network (DCN). 18.6 MPLS in mobile networks 18.7 MPLS in the enterprise. 18.8 Final remarks. 18.9 References. Appendix A – Selected backhaul scenarios in MPLS-based access networks Appendix B – MPLS resources. Appendix C – Solutions to Selected Study Questions. Appendix D: Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book targets the application of the front-end digital compensation principles to real-life communication systems. For each system, the analog front-end requirements are deduced with and without digital compensation. It focuses on the IEEE 802. 11n WLAN communication system, the Long Term Evolution of the 3GPP cellular system, and the IEEE 802.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Wireless transceiver functional description. 1.2. Evolution of the wireless transceiver design. 1.3. Contribution of the book. 1.4. Organization. 2. New Air Interfaces. 2.1. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. 2.2. Single-carrier with frequency domain equalization. 2.3. Multi-input multi-output OFDM. 2.4. Code-division multiple access. 2.5. Frequency-division multiple access. References. 3. Real Lie Front-Ends. 3.1. Front-end architectures. 3.2. Constituent blocks and their non-idealities. 3.3. Individual non-idealities. Referneces. 4. Impact of the Non-Ideal Front Ends on the System Performance. 4.1. OFDM system in the presence of carrier frequency domain and IQ imbalance. 4.2. SC-FDE system in the presence of carrier frequency offset, sample clock offset and IQ imbalance. 4.3. Comparison of the sensitivity of OFDM and SC-FDE to CFO, SCO and IQ imbalance. 4.4. OFDM and SC-FDE systems in he presence of phase noise. 4.5. OFDM system in the presence of clipping, quantization and nonlinearity. 4.6. SC-FDE system in the presence of clipping, quantization an nonlinearity. 4.7. MIMO systems. 4.8. Multi-user systems. References. 5. Generic OFDM System. 5.1. Definition of the generic OFDM system. 5.2. Burst detection. 5.3. AGC setting (amplitude estimation). 5.4. Coarse timing estimation. 5.5 Coarse CFO estimation. 5.6. Fine timing estimation. 5.7. Fine CFO estimation. 5.8. Complexity of auto- and cross-correlation. 5.9. Joint CFO and IQ imbalance acquisition. 5.10. Joint channel and frequency-dependent IQ imbalance estimation. 5.11. Tracking loops for phase noise and residual CFO/SCO. References. 6. Emerging Wireless Communication Systems. 6.1. IEEE 802.11n. 6.2. 3GPP Long-term evolution. Appendices. A. MMSE Linear Detector. B. ML Channel Estimator. C. Matlab Models of Non-Idealities. D. Mathematical Conventions. E. Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisNow fully revised, this second edition of Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application builds on its highly successful predecessor, now the leading textbook for wind energy degree courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 1 1.1 Modern Wind Turbines 2 1.2 History of Wind Energy 10 References 21 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 24 2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 36 2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 53 2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques 63 2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 65 2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 72 2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 74 2.9 Advanced Topics 84 References 87 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 91 3.1 General Overview 91 3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 92 3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 96 3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 101 3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 115 3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 117 3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 121 3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 124 3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 131 3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 133 3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 138 3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 139 3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 141 3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145 References 153 4 Mechanics and Dynamics 157 4.1 Background 157 4.2 Wind Turbine Loads 158 4.3 General Principles of Mechanics 161 4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 172 4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200 References 202 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 205 5.1 Overview 205 5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 206 5.3 Power Transformers 217 5.4 Electrical Machines 219 5.5 Power Converters 237 5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 246 5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253 References 255 6 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 257 6.1 Overview 257 6.2 Material Fatigue 257 6.3 Wind Turbine Materials 266 6.4 Machine Elements 270 6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276 References 308 7 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 311 7.1 Overview 311 7.2 Design Procedure 312 7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 316 7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 322 7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 325 7.6 Load Scaling Relations 333 7.7 Power Curve Prediction 336 7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 340 7.9 Design Evaluation 345 7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346 References 355 8 Wind Turbine Control 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 364 8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 370 8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 374 8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382 References 404 9 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 407 9.1 General Overview 407 9.2 Wind Turbine Siting 408 9.3 Installation and Operation Issues 416 9.4 Wind Farms 419 9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433 References 446 10 Wind Energy Applications 449 10.1 General Overview 449 10.2 Distributed Generation 450 10.3 Hybrid Power Systems 450 10.4 Offshore Wind Energy 461 10.5 Operation in Severe Climates 478 10.6 Special Purpose Applications 480 10.7 Energy Storage 489 10.8 Fuel Production 497 References 501 11 Wind Energy System Economics 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 506 11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 511 11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 519 11.5 Value of Wind Energy 521 11.6 Economic Analysis Methods 530 11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539 References 543 12 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 549 12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 556 12.4 Wind Turbine Noise 561 12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 573 12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 582 12.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585 References 589 Appendix A Nomenclature 593 A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593 A.2 Chapter 2 593 A.3 Chapter 3 595 A.4 Chapter 4 597 A.5 Chapter 5 601 A.6 Chapter 6 604 A.7 Chapter 7 606 A.8 Chapter 8 607 A.9 Chapter 9 608 A.10 Chapter 10 610 A.11 Chapter 11 612 A.12 Chapter 12 613 A.13 Abbreviations 614 Appendix B Problems 617 B.1 Problem Solving 617 B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617 B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621 B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628 B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632 B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637 B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639 B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642 B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647 B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652 B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656 B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658 Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661 C.1 Overview 661 C.2 Data Analysis 661 C.3 Data Synthesis 671 References 675 Index 677

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Book SynopsisManagement of Change (MOC) is a process for evaluating and controlling adjustments to facility design, operations, organization, or activities-prior to implementation-to make certain that no new hazards are introduced and that the risk of existing hazards to employees, the public, or the environment is not unknowingly increased.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Items on the CD Accompanyting Those Guidelines. List of Tables. List of Figures. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Glossary. Executive Summary. 1 Introduction. 2 Relationship To Risk- Based Process Safety. 3 Designing An MOC System. 4 Devolping An Moc System. 5 Implementing and Operating An Moc System. 6 Monitoring and Improving An Moc System. 7 The Future of Change Management. Appendix A: Examples of Replacements- In- Kind and Changes for Various Classes of Change. Appendix B: MOC System Design Structure. Appendix C: Examples of MOC System Procedure Work Flow Charts and MOC Review Documentation Forms. Appendix D: Electronic MOC Applications. Appendix E: Example MOC System Audit Checklist. Appendix F: Example MOC Performance and Efficiency Metrics. Appendix G: Common MOC Problems and Proposed Solutions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the advanced issues of FPGA design as the underlying theme of the work. In practice, an engineer typically needs to be mentored for several years before these principles are appropriately utilized. The topics that will be discussed in this book are essential to designing FPGA's beyond moderate complexity.Trade Review"Advanced FPGA Design is an excellent and concise reference book that is suitable for engineers already familiar with the fundamentals of FPGA design. (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, November 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1. Architecting Speed 1 1.1 High Throughput 2 1.2 Low Latency 4 1.3 Timing 6 1.3.1 Add Register Layers 6 1.3.2 Parallel Structures 8 1.3.3 Flatten Logic Structures 10 1.3.4 Register Balancing 12 1.3.5 Reorder Paths 14 1.4 Summary of Key Points 16 2. Architecting Area 17 2.1 Rolling Up the Pipeline 18 2.2 Control-Based Logic Reuse 20 2.3 Resource Sharing 23 2.4 Impact of Reset on Area 25 2.4.1 Resources Without Reset 25 2.4.2 Resources Without Set 26 2.4.3 Resources Without Asynchronous Reset 27 2.4.4 Resetting RAM 29 2.4.5 Utilizing Set/Reset Flip-Flop Pins 31 2.5 Summary of Key Points 34 3. Architecting Power 37 3.1 Clock Control 38 3.1.1 Clock Skew 39 3.1.2 Managing Skew 40 3.2 Input Control 42 3.3 Reducing the Voltage Supply 44 3.4 Dual-Edge Triggered Flip-Flops 44 3.5 Modifying Terminations 45 3.6 Summary of Key Points 46 4. Example Design: The Advanced Encryption Standard 47 4.1 AES Architectures 47 4.1.1 One Stage for Sub-bytes 51 4.1.2 Zero Stages for Shift Rows 51 4.1.3 Two Pipeline Stages for Mix-Column 52 4.1.4 One Stage for Add Round Key 52 4.1.5 Compact Architecture 53 4.1.6 Partially Pipelined Architecture 57 4.1.7 Fully Pipelined Architecture 60 4.2 Performance Versus Area 66 4.3 Other Optimizations 67 5. High-Level Design 69 5.1 Abstract Design Techniques 69 5.2 Graphical State Machines 70 5.3 DSP Design 75 5.4 Software/Hardware Codesign 80 5.5 Summary of Key Points 81 6. Clock Domains 83 6.1 Crossing Clock Domains 84 6.1.1 Metastability 86 6.1.2 Solution 1: Phase Control 88 6.1.3 Solution 2: Double Flopping 89 6.1.4 Solution 3: FIFO Structure 92 6.1.5 Partitioning Synchronizer Blocks 97 6.2 Gated Clocks in ASIC Prototypes 97 6.2.1 Clocks Module 98 6.2.2 Gating Removal 99 6.3 Summary of Key Points 100 7. Example Design: I2S Versus SPDIF 101 7.1 I2S 101 7.1.1 Protocol 102 7.1.2 Hardware Architecture 102 7.1.3 Analysis 105 7.2 SPDIF 107 7.2.1 Protocol 107 7.2.2 Hardware Architecture 108 7.2.3 Analysis 114 8. Implementing Math Functions 117 8.1 Hardware Division 117 8.1.1 Multiply and Shift 118 8.1.2 Iterative Division 119 8.1.3 The Goldschmidt Method 120 8.2 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Expansion 122 8.3 The CORDIC Algorithm 124 8.4 Summary of Key Points 126 9. Example Design: Floating-Point Unit 127 9.1 Floating-Point Formats 127 9.2 Pipelined Architecture 128 9.2.1 Verilog Implementation 131 9.2.2 Resources and Performance 137 10. Reset Circuits 139 10.1 Asynchronous Versus Synchronous 140 10.1.1 Problems with Fully Asynchronous Resets 140 10.1.2 Fully Synchronized Resets 142 10.1.3 Asynchronous Assertion, Synchronous Deassertion 144 10.2 Mixing Reset Types 145 10.2.1 Nonresetable Flip-Flops 145 10.2.2 Internally Generated Resets 146 10.3 Multiple Clock Domains 148 10.4 Summary of Key Points 149 11. Advanced Simulation 151 11.1 Testbench Architecture 152 11.1.1 Testbench Components 152 11.1.2 Testbench Flow 153 11.1.2.1 Main Thread 153 11.1.2.2 Clocks and Resets 154 11.1.2.3 Test Cases 155 11.2 System Stimulus 157 11.2.1 MATLAB 157 11.2.2 Bus-Functional Models 158 11.3 Code Coverage 159 11.4 Gate-Level Simulations 159 11.5 Toggle Coverage 162 11.6 Run-Time Traps 165 11.6.1 Timescale 165 11.6.2 Glitch Rejection 165 11.6.3 Combinatorial Delay Modeling 166 11.7 Summary of Key Points 169 12. Coding for Synthesis 171 12.1 Decision Trees 172 12.1.1 Priority Versus Parallel 172 12.1.2 Full Conditions 176 12.1.3 Multiple Control Branches 179 12.2 Traps 180 12.2.1 Blocking Versus Nonblocking 180 12.2.2 For-Loops 183 12.2.3 Combinatorial Loops 185 12.2.4 Inferred Latches 187 12.3 Design Organization 188 12.3.1 Partitioning 188 12.3.1.1 Data Path Versus Control 188 12.3.1.2 Clock and Reset Structures 189 12.3.1.3 Multiple Instantiations 190 12.3.2 Parameterization 191 12.3.2.1 Definitions 191 12.3.2.2 Parameters 192 12.3.2.3 Parameters in Verilog-2001 194 12.4 Summary of Key Points 195 13. Example Design: The Secure Hash Algorithm 197 13.1 SHA-1 Architecture 197 13.2 Implementation Results 204 14. Synthesis Optimization 205 14.1 Speed Versus Area 206 14.2 Resource Sharing 208 14.3 Pipelining, Retiming, and Register Balancing 211 14.3.1 The Effect of Reset on Register Balancing 213 14.3.2 Resynchronization Registers 215 14.4 FSM Compilation 216 14.4.1 Removal of Unreachable States 219 14.5 Black Boxes 220 14.6 Physical Synthesis 223 14.6.1 Forward Annotation Versus Back-Annotation 224 14.6.2 Graph-Based Physical Synthesis 225 14.7 Summary of Key Points 226 15. Floorplanning 229 15.1 Design Partitioning 229 15.2 Critical-Path Floorplanning 232 15.3 Floorplanning Dangers 233 15.4 Optimal Floorplanning 234 15.4.1 Data Path 234 15.4.2 High Fan-Out 234 15.4.3 Device Structure 235 15.4.4 Reusability 238 15.5 Reducing Power Dissipation 238 15.6 Summary of Key Points 240 16. Place and Route Optimization 241 16.1 Optimal Constraints 241 16.2 Relationship between Placement and Routing 244 16.3 Logic Replication 246 16.4 Optimization across Hierarchy 247 16.5 I/O Registers 248 16.6 Pack Factor 250 16.7 Mapping Logic into RAM 251 16.8 Register Ordering 251 16.9 Placement Seed 252 16.10 Guided Place and Route 254 16.11 Summary of Key Points 254 17. Example Design: Microprocessor 257 17.1 SRC Architecture 257 17.2 Synthesis Optimizations 259 17.2.1 Speed Versus Area 260 17.2.2 Pipelining 261 17.2.3 Physical Synthesis 262 17.3 Floorplan Optimizations 262 17.3.1 Partitioned Floorplan 263 17.3.2 Critical-Path Floorplan: Abstraction 1 264 17.3.3 Critical-Path Floorplan: Abstraction 2 265 18. Static Timing Analysis 269 18.1 Standard Analysis 269 18.2 Latches 273 18.3 Asynchronous Circuits 276 18.3.1 Combinatorial Feedback 277 18.4 Summary of Key Points 278 19. PCB Issues 279 19.1 Power Supply 279 19.1.1 Supply Requirements 279 19.1.2 Regulation 283 19.2 Decoupling Capacitors 283 19.2.1 Concept 283 19.2.2 Calculating Values 285 19.2.3 Capacitor Placement 286 19.3 Summary of Key Points 288 Appendix A 289 Appendix B 303 Bibliography 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive reference on the design, analysis, and application of space vehicle mechanisms Space Vehicle Mechanisms: Elements of Successful Design brings together accumulated industry experience in the design, analysis, and application of the mechanical systems used during space flight.Table of ContentsStainless Steels (P. Gross). Beryllium and Its Alloys (J. Marder). Structural Composites (F. Penado). Fasterner Materials (W. Ferguson). Ball Bearing Materials (J. Grout). Spring Materials (D. Kasul). Solid Lubricants (D. Stone & P. Bessette). Other Broadly Used Materials (G. Dallimore). Pyrotechnic Release Devices (N. Butterfield). Nonexplosive Release Devices (W. Purdy). Ball Bearings (H. Singer). Permanent Magnet Motors (R. Fink, et al.). Feedback Devices (T. Malcolm, et al.). Rotating Signal and Power Transfer (S. Cole, et al.). Deployment Devices (M. Bowden). Structural Dynamics (J. Leete). Contamination (R. Rantanen). Thermal Design (H. Wong). Radiation and Survivability (M. Rose). Design Validation (N. Butterfield & P. Conley). Electrical Interfaces (L. Ekman). The Pointing Subsystem (B. Eyerly & W. Burkett). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisHarry Van Trees s Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I is one of the great time-tested classics in the field of signal processing. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded, making it again the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject.Table of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the First Edition xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Topical Outline 1 1.3 Possible Approaches 11 1.4 Organization 14 2 Classical Detection Theory 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Simple Binary Hypothesis Tests 20 2.3 m Hypotheses 51 2.4 Performance Bounds and Approximations 63 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 80 2.6 Summary 109 2.7 Problems 110 3 General Gaussian Detection 125 3.1 Detection of Gaussian Random Vectors 126 3.2 Equal Covariance Matrices 138 3.3 Equal Mean Vectors 174 3.4 General Gaussian 197 3.5 m Hypotheses 209 3.6 Summary 213 3.7 Problems 215 4 Classical Parameter Estimation 230 4.1 Introduction 230 4.2 Scalar Parameter Estimation 232 4.3 Multiple Parameter Estimation 293 4.4 Global Bayesian Bounds 332 4.5 Composite Hypotheses 348 4.6 Summary 375 4.7 Problems 377 5 General Gaussian Estimation 400 5.1 Introduction 400 5.2 Nonrandom Parameters 401 5.3 Random Parameters 483 5.4 Sequential Estimation 495 5.5 Summary 507 5.6 Problems 510 6 Representation of Random Processes 519 6.1 Introduction 519 6.2 Orthonormal Expansions: Deterministic Signals 520 6.3 Random Process Characterization 528 6.4 Homogeous Integral Equations and Eigenfunctions 540 6.5 Vector Random Processes 564 6.6 Summary 568 6.7 Problems 569 7 Detection of Signals–Estimation of Signal Parameters 584 7.1 Introduction 584 7.2 Detection and Estimation in White Gaussian Noise 591 7.3 Detection and Estimation in Nonwhite Gaussian Noise 629 7.4 Signals with Unwanted Parameters: The Composite Hypothesis Problem 675 7.5 Multiple Channels 712 7.6 Multiple Parameter Estimation 716 7.7 Summary 721 7.8 Problems 722 8 Estimation of Continuous-Time Random Processes 771 8.1 Optimum Linear Processors 771 8.2 Realizable Linear Filters: Stationary Processes, Infinite Past: Wiener Filters 787 8.3 Gaussian–Markov Processes: Kalman Filter 807 8.4 Bayesian Estimation of Non-Gaussian Models 842 8.5 Summary 852 8.6 Problems 855 9 Estimation of Discrete–Time Random Processes 880 9.1 Introduction 880 9.2 Discrete-Time Wiener Filtering 882 9.3 Discrete-Time Kalman Filter 919 9.4 Summary 1016 9.5 Problems 1016 10 Detection of Gaussian Signals 1030 10.1 Introduction 1030 10.2 Detection of Continuous-Time Gaussian Processes 1030 10.3 Detection of Discrete-Time Gaussian Processes 1067 10.4 Summary 1076 10.5 Problems 1077 11 Epilogue 1084 11.1 Classical Detection and Estimation Theory 1084 11.2 Representation of Random Processes 1093 11.3 Detection of Signals and Estimation of Signal Parameters 1095 11.4 Linear Estimation of Random Processes 1098 11.5 Observations 1105 11.6 Conclusion 1106 Appendix A: Probability Distributions and Mathematical Functions 1107 Appendix B: Example Index 1119 References 1125 Index 1145

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most photographed structures in the world. It's also the most deadly. Since it opened in 1937, more than 1,500 people have died jumping off the bridge, making it the top suicide site on earth. This title leads us on a journey that uncovers the reasons for the design decision that led to so many deaths.Trade Review"The appearance of the publication of this sensitive and humane apologia signifies the continuing struggle for maturity and depth in an American civilization capable of creating such a breathtaking path of sculptured steel across the entrance to a bay and a city so evocative of life." San Francisco Chronicle "The appearance of the publication of this sensitive and humane apologia signifies the continuing struggle for maturity and depth in an American civilization capable of creating such a breathtaking path of sculptured steel across the entrance to a bay and a city so evocative of life." Salt Lake Tribune "Compelling... The Final Leap is a highly readable book ... [and] is accessible to a wide range of readers." -- Tony O'Brien Metapsychology Online Review "Masterful... It is hard not to be emotionally moved by this relatively slim volume... Gripping, informative, maddening, and saddening." -- Daniel S. Weiss PsyccritiquesTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Prologue 1. Beauty and Death 2. Fatal Decisions 3. Endless Ripple 4. Opening Up 5. Surviving the Fall 6. In Lieu of a Net 7. Guardians of an Icon 8. The Barrier Debate Epilogue Appendices A. Explaining Suicide B. Help and Resources C. Golden Gate Bridge Suicides Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisAutodesk Revit 2025 Architecture Certified Professional Exam Study Guide is geared toward users who have been using Autodesk Revit for at least six months and are ready to pursue their official Autodesk Revit certification. This fast-paced book will get you ready for the certification exam quickly with fun and easy to follow instructions, covering everything from masses to views to documentation. The author brings years of professional experience with Revit as well as wisdom gleaned from preparing her students for the Autodesk Certified Professional exam to provide you with step-by-step instruction and valuable information youâll want to know before taking the exam.This book will get you up to speed quickly on the nature of the exam and its questions so you will know exactly what to expect on exam day. This book is the most comprehensive and thorough preparation for this exam available. Included are exercises, practice questions and an exam simulation which are inten

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Book SynopsisModelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated to the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, coupling them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book, the transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e. on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are thoroughly discussed.The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented in detail so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises, some of them more demanding than others.Trade Review`The main topic covered by this book, ionic transport, is of technological importance in relation to the current interest in membrane technology, for instance for developments in fuel cells. The complexity of these problems requires a fundamental approach and understanding of the basic processes taking place. [...] The book is of very high quality and the inclusion of problem sets is a definite plus.' David Schiffrin, University of Liverpool`The book fills a very definite and well sensed gap in the existing literature, and it has all potential qualification to become a standard study and teaching tool and source of reference for the researchers in the classical electrochemistry and membranology as well as in the rapidly developing neighbour areas of bio- and nano-technology and microfluidics. It should also be of interest to biophysicists with interests in electro- and neurophysiology.' Isaak Rubinstein, Ben Gurion University, IsraelTable of Contents1. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes ; 2. Transport equations ; 3. Transport at electrodes ; 4. Transport in membranes ; 5. Transport through liquid membranes

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Book SynopsisRobert L. Mott is professor emeritus of engineering technology at the University of Dayton. He is a member of ASEE, SME, and ASME. He is a Fellow of ASEE and a recipient of the ASEE James H. McGraw Award and the Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator Award from the Mechanics Division. He is a recipient of the SME Education Award. He holds the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree from General Motors Institute (Now Kettering University) and the Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University. He has authored three textbooks; Applied Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition (2015) and Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 6th Edition(2018), published by Pearson/Prentice-Hall; and Applied Strength of Materials, 6th Edition (2017) published by CRC Press. His work experience includes serving as a research engineer for General Motors Corporation, consulting for industrial clients, working for the UniversiTable of Contents Part 1 Principles of Design and Stress Analysis 1 The Nature of Mechanical Design 2 Materials in Mechanical Design 3 Stress and Deformation Analysis 4 Combined Stresses 5 Design for Different Types of Loading 6 Columns Part 2 Design of a Mechanical Drive 7 Belt Drives and Chain Drives 8 Kinematics of Gears 9 Spur Gear Design 10 Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, and Wormgearing 11 Keys, Couplings, and Seals 12 Shaft Design 13 Tolerances and Fits 14 Rolling Contact Bearings 15 Completion of the Design of a Power Transmission Part 3 Design Details and Other Machine Elements 16 Plain Surface Bearings 17 Linear Motion Elements 18 Springs 19 Fasteners 20 Machine Frames, Bolted Connections, and Welded Joints 21 Electric Motors and Controls 22 Motion Control: Clutches and Brakes 23 Design Projects List of Appendices Appendix 1 Properties of Areas Appendix 2 Preferred Basic Sizes and Screw Threads Appendix 3 Design Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels Appendix 4 Properties of Heat-Treated Steels Appendix 5 Properties of Carburized Steels Appendix 6 Properties of Stainless Steels Appendix 7 Properties of Structural Steels Appendix 8 Design Properties of Cast Iron–U.S. Units Basis Appendix 8A Design Properties of Cast Iron–SI Units Basis Appendix 9 Typical Properties of Aluminum Appendix 10-1 Properties of Die-Cast Zinc Alloys Appendix 10-2 Properties of Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys Appendix 11-1 Properties of Nickel-Based Alloys Appendix 11-2 Properties of Titanium Alloys Appendix 12 Properties of Bronzes, Brasses, and Other Copper Alloys Appendix 13 Typical Properties of Selected Plastics Appendix 14 Beam-Deflection Formulas Appendix 15 Commercially Available Shapes Used for Load-Carrying Members Appendix 16 Conversion Factors Appendix 17 Hardness Conversion Table Appendix 18 Stress Concentration Factors Appendix 19 Geometry Factor, I, for Pitting for Spur Gear

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Book SynopsisThis edition ensures the legacy of the original 1950 classic, Process Heat Transfer, by Donald Q. Kern that by many is held to be the gold standard. This second edition book is divided into three parts: Fundamental Principles; Heat Exchangers; and Other Heat Transfer Equipment/ Considerations. Part I provides a series of chapters concerned with introductory topics that are required when solving heat transfer problems. This part of the book deals with topics such as steady-state heat conduction, unsteady-state conduction, forced convection, free convection, and radiation. Part II is considered by the authors to be the meat of the book, and the primary reason for undertaking this project. Other than minor updates, Part II remains relatively unchanged from the first edition. Notably, it includes Kern''s original design methodology for double-pipe, shell-and-tube, and extended surface heat exchangers. Part II also inTrade Review"Congratulations to the authors for keeping Kern's classic heat transfer book alive and relevant. This new edition is a wonderful contribution to the chemical engineering literature. As with the classic first edition, the new book can be used as either a reference book for the practicing engineer or a textbook for the undergraduate/graduate engineering student. This book was masterfully updated by a team of experts."—Rita L. D'Aquino, Former Senior Editor of Chemical Engineering Magazine Table of ContentsTable of Contents (First Edition) vii Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgement xix Part I Fundamentals and Principles 1 1. Introduction to Process Heat Transfer 3 1.1 Units and Dimensional Analysis 4 1.2 Key Physical Properties 10 1.3 Key Process Variables and Concepts 14 1.4 Laws of Thermodynamics 22 1.5 Heat-related Theories and Transfer Mechanisms 26 1.6 Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop Calculations 28 1.7 Process Heat Transfer 35 Reference 40 2 Steady-State and Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 43 2.1 Flow of Heat through a Wall 46 2.2 Flow of Heat through a Composite Wall: Resistances in Series 50 2.3 Flow of Heat through a Pipe Wall 54 2.4 Microscopic Approach: Steady-State Conduction 63 2.5 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 68 2.6 Microscopic Approach: Unsteady-State Conduction 71 Reference 77 3 Forced and Free Convection 79 3.1 Forced Convection Principles 82 3.2 Convective Resistances 87 3.3 Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 89 3.4 Convection Heat Transfer: Microscopic Approach 105 3.5 Free Convection Principles and Applications 108 3.6 Environmental Applications 120 Reference 126 4 Radiation 129 4.1 The Origin of Radiant Energy 132 4.2 The Distribution of Radiant Energy 133 4.3 Radiant Exchange Principles 138 4.4 Kirchoff ’s Law 139 4.5 Emissivity Factors and Energy Interchange 145 4.6 View Factors 152 Reference 157 Part II – Heat Exchangers 159 5. The Heat Transfer Equation 161 5.1 Heat Exchanger Equipment Classification 162 5.2 Energy Relationships 163 5.3 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Driving Force 166 5.4 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 183 5.5 The Heat Transfer Equation 208 Reference 216 6 Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 217 6.1 Equipment Description and Details 218 6.2 Key Describing Equations 225 6.3 Pressure Drop in Pipes and Pipe Annuli 244 6.4 Calculation of Exit Temperatures 251 6.5 Open-Ended Problems 254 6.6 Kern’s Design Methodology 262 Reference 286 7 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 287 7.1 Equipment Description and Details 288 7.2 Key Describing Equations 305 7.3 Open-Ended Problems 331 7.4 Kern’s Design Methodology 337 7.5 Other Design Procedures and Applications 348 7.6 Computer Aided Heat Exchanger Design 370 Reference 377 8 Finned heat Exchangers 379 8.1 Fin Details 380 8.2 Equipment Description 386 8.3 Key Describing Equations 388 8.4 Fin Effectiveness and Performance 396 8.5 Kern’s Design Methodology 416 8.6 Other Fin Considerations 430 Reference 432 9 Other Heat Exchangers 433 9.1 Condensers 435 9.2 Evaporators 447 9.3 Boilers and Furnace 466 9.4 Waste Heat Boilers 476 9.5 Quenchers 484 9.6 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power 488 9.7 Cooling towers 494 9.8 Heat pipes 504 Reference 506 Part III – Peripheral Topics 509 10 Other Heat Transfer Considerations 511 10.1 Insulation and Refractory 512 10.2 Refrigeration and Cryogenics 529 10.3 Instrumentation and Controls 542 10.4 Batch and Unsteady-state Processes 551 10.5 Operation, Maintenance and Inspection (OM & I) 558 10.6 Economics and Finance 565 Reference 581 11. Entropy Considerations and Analysis 585 11.1 Qualitative Review of the Second Law 586 11.2 Describing Equations 587 11.3 The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 591 11.4 Application to a Heat Exchanger Network 599 Reference 602 Chapter 12 – Health and Safety Concerns 603 12.1 Definitions 607 12.2 Legislation 616 12.3 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) 619 12.4 Health Risk versus Hazard Risk 624 12.5 Health Risk Assessment 625 12.6 Hazard Risk Assessment 636 Reference 646 Appendix 649 AT.1 Conversion Constants 641 AT.2 Steam Tables 653 AT.3 Properties of Water (Saturated Liquid) 662 AT.4 Properties of Air at 1 atm 664 AT.5 Properties of Selected Liquids at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F) 665 AT.6 Properties of Selected Gases at 1 atm and 20.°C (68.°F) 667 AT.7 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel Pipes 669 AT.8 Dimensions of Heat Exchanger Tubes 671 AT.9 Tube-Sheet Layouts (Tube Counts) on a Square Pitch 673 AT.10 Tube-Sheet Layouts (Tube Counts) on a Triangular Pitch 675 AT.11 Approximate Design Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (Btu/hr∙ft2.°F) 678 AT.12 Approximate Design Fouling Coefficient Factors (hr∙ft2.°F/Btu) 679 Figures AF.1 Fanning Friction Factor (f) vs. Reynolds Number (Re) Plot 683 AF.2 Psychometric Chart: Low Temperatures: Barometric Pressure, 29.92 in. Hg. 684 AF.3 Psychometric Chart: High Temperatures: Barometric Pressure, 29.92 in. Hg. 685 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the Finite Element Method for the analysis of elastic structures such as beams, plates, shells and solids. The modern approach of Unified Formulation (UF), as proposed by the lead author, deals with the consideration of one-dimensional (beams), two-dimensional (plates and shells) and three-dimensional (solids) elements.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of symbols and acronyms xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is in this book 1 1.2 The finite element method 2 1.2.1 Approximation of the domain 2 1.2.2 The numerical approximation 4 1.3 Calculation of the area of a surface with a complex geometry via FEM 5 1.4 Elasticity of a bar 6 1.5 Stiffness matrix of a single bar 8 1.6 Stiffness matrix of a bar via the Principle of Virtual Displacements 11 1.7 Truss structures and their automatic calculation by means of FEM 14 1.8 Example of a truss structure 17 1.8.1 Element matrices in the local reference system 18 1.8.2 Element matrices in the global reference system 18 1.8.3 Global structure stiffness matrix assembly 19 1.8.4 Application of boundary conditions and the numerical solution 20 1.9 Outline of the book contents 22 2 Fundamental equations of three-dimensional elasticity 25 2.1 Equilibrium conditions 25 2.2 Geometrical relations 27 2.3 Hooke's law 27 2.4 Displacement formulations 28 3 From 3D problems to 2D and 1D problems: theories for beams, plates and shells 31 3.1 Typical structures 31 3.1.1 Three-dimensional structures, 3D (solids) 32 3.1.2 Two-dimensional structures, 2D (plates, shells and membranes) 32 3.1.3 One-dimensional structures, 1D (beams and bars) 33 3.2 Axiomatic method 33 3.2.1 2D case 34 3.2.2 1D Case 37 3.3 Asymptotic method 39 4 Typical FE governing equations and procedures 41 4.1 Static response analysis 41 4.2 Free vibration analysis 42 4.3 Dynamic response analysis 43 5 Introduction to the unified formulation 47 5.1 Stiffness matrix of a bar and the related fundamental nucleus 47 5.2 Fundamental nucleus for the case of a bar element with internal nodes 49 5.2.1 The case of an arbitrary defined number of nodes 53 5.3 Combination of FEM and the theory of structure approximations: a four indices fundamental nucleus and the Carrera unified formulation 54 5.3.1 Fundamental nucleus for a 1D element with a variable axial displacement over the cross-section 55 5.3.2 Fundamental nucleus for a 1D structure with a complete displacement field: the case of a refined beam model 56 5.4 CUF assembly technique 58 5.5 CUF as a unique approach for one-, two- and three-dimensional structures 59 5.6 Literature review of the CUF 60 6 The displacement approach via the Principle of Virtual Displacements and FN for 1D, 2D and 3D elements 65 6.1 Strong form of the equilibrium equations via PVD 65 6.1.1 The two fundamental terms of the fundamental nucleus 69 6.2 Weak form of the solid model using the PVD 69 6.3 Weak form of a solid element using indicial notation 72 6.4 Fundamental nucleus for 1D, 2D and 3D problems in unique form 73 6.4.1 Three-dimensional models 74 6.4.2 Two-dimensional models 74 6.4.3 One-dimensional models 75 6.5 CUF at a glance 76 6.5.1 Choice of Ni, Nj, F and Fs 78 7 3D FEM formulation (solid elements) 81 7.1 An 8-node element using the classical matrix notation 81 7.1.1 Stiffness Matrix 83 7.1.2 Load Vector 84 7.2 Derivation of the stiffness matrix using the indicial notation 85 7.2.1 Governing equations 86 7.2.2 Finite element approximation in the CUF framework 86 7.2.3 Stiffness matrix 87 7.2.4 Mass matrix 89 7.2.5 Loading vector 90 7.3 3D numerical integration 91 7.3.1 3D Gauss-Legendre quadrature 91 7.3.2 Isoparametric formulation 92 7.3.3 Reduced integration: shear locking correction 93 7.4 Shape functions 95 8 1D models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor Expansion class (TE) 99 8.1 Classical models and the complete linear expansion case 99 8.1.1 The Euler-Bernoulli beam model (EBBT) 101 8.1.2 The Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) 102 8.1.3 The complete linear expansion case 105 8.1.4 A finite element based on N = 1 106 8.2 EBBT, TBT and N = 1 in unified form 107 8.2.1 Unified formulation of N = 1 108 8.2.2 EBBT and TBT as particular cases of N = 1 109 8.3 Carrera unified formulation for higher-order models 110 8.3.1 N = 3 and N = 4 112 8.3.2 N-order 113 8.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 114 8.4.1 Governing equations 115 8.4.2 Finite element formulation 116 8.4.3 Stiffness matrix 117 8.4.4 Mass matrix 120 8.4.5 Loading vector 121 8.5 Locking phenomena 122 8.5.1 Poisson locking and its correction 123 8.5.2 Shear Locking 125 8.6 Numerical applications 126 8.6.1 Structural analysis of a thin-walled cylinder 128 8.6.2 Dynamic response of compact and thin-walled structures 132 9 1D models with a physical volume/surface-based geometry and pure displacement variables, the Lagrange Expansion class (LE) 143 9.1 Physical volume/surface approach 143 9.2 Lagrange polynomials and isoparametric formulation 145 9.2.1 Lagrange polynomials 147 9.2.2 Isoparametric formulation 150 9.3 LE displacement fields and cross-section elements 153 9.3.1 Finite element formulation and fundamental nucleus 156 9.4 Cross-section multi-elements and locally refined models 159 9.5 Numerical examples 160 9.5.1 Mesh refinement and convergence analysis 160 9.5.2 Considerations on Poisson’s locking 165 9.5.3 Thin-walled structures and open cross-sections 167 9.5.4 Solid-like geometrical boundary conditions 174 9.6 The Component-Wise approach for aerospace and civil engineering applications 184 9.6.1 CW for aeronautical structures 184 9.6.2 CW for civil engineering 197 10 2D plate models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor expansion class 201 10.1 Classical models and the complete linear expansion 201 10.1.1 Classical plate theory 203 10.1.2 First-order shear deformation theory 205 10.1.3 The complete linear expansion case 207 10.1.4 A finite element based on N = 1 207 10.2 CPT, FSDT and N = 1 model in unified form 209 10.2.1 Unified formulation of N = 1 model 209 10.2.2 CPT and FSDT as particular cases of N = 1 211 10.3 Carrera unified formulation of N-order 211 10.3.1 N = 3 and N = 4 213 10.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 213 10.4.1 Governing equations 214 10.4.2 Finite element formulation 215 10.4.3 Stiffness matrix 216 10.4.4 Mass matrix 217 10.4.5 Loading vector 218 10.4.6 Numerical integration 218 10.5 Locking phenomena 220 10.5.1 Poisson locking and its correction 220 10.5.2 Shear locking and its correction 221 10.6 Numerical Applications 226 11 2D shell models with N-order displacement field, the Taylor expansion class 231 11.1 Geometry description 231 11.2 Classical models and unified formulation 234 11.3 Geometrical relations for cylindrical shells 235 11.4 Governing equations, finite element formulation and the fundamental nucleus 238 11.4.1 Governing equations 238 11.4.2 Finite element formulation 238 11.5 Membrane and shear locking phenomenon 239 11.5.1 MITC9 shell element 240 11.5.2 Stiffness matrix 244 11.6 Numerical applications 247 12 2D models with physical volume/surface-based geometry and pure displacement variables, the Lagrange Expansion class (LE) 255 12.1 Physical volume/surface approach 255 12.2 Lagrange expansion model 258 12.3 Numerical examples 259 13 Discussion on possible best beam, plate and shell diagrams 263 13.1 The Mixed Axiomatic/Asymptotic Method 263 13.2 Static analysis of beams 267 13.2.1 Influence of the loading conditions 267 13.2.2 Influence of the cross-section geometry 268 13.2.3 Reduced models vs accuracy 269 13.3 Modal analysis of beams 271 13.3.1 Influence of the cross-section geometry 271 13.3.2 Influence of the boundary conditions 276 13.4 Static analysis of plates and shells 276 13.4.1 Influence of the boundary conditions 279 13.4.2 Influence of the loading conditions 280 13.4.3 Influence of the loading and thickness 283 13.4.4 Influence of the thickness ratio on shells 287 13.5 The best theory diagram 290 14 Mixing variable kinematic models 295 14.1 Coupling variable kinematic models via shared stiffness 296 14.1.1 Application of the shared stiffness method 298 14.2 Coupling variable kinematic models via the Lagrange multiplier method 299 14.2.1 Application of the Lagrange multiplier method to variable kinematics models 302 14.3 Coupling variable kinematic models via the Arlequin method 303 14.3.1 Application of the Arlequin method 305 15 Extension to multilayered structures 307 15.1 Multilayered structures 307 15.2 Theories on multilayered structures 311 15.2.1 C0z–requirements 312 15.2.2 Refined theories 312 15.2.3 Zig-Zag theories 313 15.2.4 Layer-Wise theories 314 15.2.5 Mixed theories 315 15.3 Unified formulation for multilayered structures 315 15.3.1 ESL models 316 15.3.2 Inclusion of Murakami’s Zig-Zag function 316 15.3.3 Layer-Wise theory and Legendre expansion 317 15.3.4 Mixed models with displacement an transverse stress variables 318 15.4 Finite element formulation 319 15.4.1 Assemblage at multi-layer level 320 15.4.2 Selected results 320 15.5 Literature on CUF extended to multilayered structures 323 16 Extension to multifield problems 329 16.1 Mechanical vs field loadings 329 16.2 The need for second generation FEs for multifaced cases 330 16.3 Constitutive equations for multifield problems 331 16.4 Variational statements for multifield problems 334 16.4.1 PVD - Principle of Virtual Displacements 335 16.4.2 RMVT - Reissner Mixed Variational Theorem 338 16.5 Use of variational statements to obtained FE equations in terms of ”Fundamental Nuclei” 340 16.5.1 PVD - applications 341 16.5.2 RMVT - applications 343 16.6 Selected results 346 16.6.1 Mechanical-Electrical coupling: static analysis of an actuator plate 347 16.6.2 Mechanical-Electrical coupling: comparison between RMVT analyses 349 16.7 Literature on CUF extended to multifield problems 349 A Numerical integration 357 A.1 Gauss-Legendre quadrature 357 B CUF finite element models: programming and implementation guidelines 361 B.1 Preprocessing and input descriptions 361 B.1.1 General FE inputs 362 B.1.2 Specific CUF inputs 367 B.2 FEM code 371 B.2.1 Stiffness and mass matrix 372 B.2.2 Stiffness and mass matrix numerical examples 377 B.2.3 Constraints and reduced models 379 B.2.4 Load vector 382 B.3 Postprocessing 384 B.3.1 Stresses and strains 385 References 386

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to temporary structures in construction projects Temporary Structure Design is the first book of its kind, presenting students and professionals with authoritative coverage of the major concepts in designing temporary construction structures.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Statics Review 1 1.1. Statics Review 1 1.2. Units of Measure 1 1.2.1. Common Units of Measure 2 1.3. Statics 3 1.3.1. Centroids/Center of Gravity 4 1.3.2. Properties of Sections 7 2 Strength of Materials Review 18 2.1. Stress 18 2.1.1. Normal Stress 18 2.1.2. Bending Stress 19 2.1.3. Shear Stress 19 2.1.4. Horizontal Shear Stress 20 2.1.5. Modulus of Elasticity 22 2.2. Bending Moments 22 2.2.1. Maximum Bending Moments 22 2.2.2. Maximum Shear 23 2.2.3. Law of Superposition 23 2.3. Materials 24 2.3.1. Factors of Safety 24 2.3.2. Grades of Steel 24 2.3.3. Compact Beam 25 2.3.4. Wood 26 2.4. Deflection 27 2.5. Shear and Moment Diagrams 28 2.6. Beam Design 34 2.6.1. Combined Stress 41 3 Types of Loads on Temporary Structures 45 3.1. Supports and Connections on Temporary Structures 45 3.1.1. Forces and Loads on Temporary Structures 47 3.1.2. Materials—How Different Materials Create Different Forces 48 4 Scaffolding Design 59 4.1. Regulatory 59 4.2. Types of Scaffolding 59 4.3. Loading on Scaffolding 61 4.4. Scaffolding Factors of Safety 62 4.5. Scaffold Components 62 4.5.1. Planking 62 4.5.2. Bearers (Lateral Supports) 62 4.5.3. Runners 62 4.5.4. Posts 63 4.5.5. OSHA 63 4.6. Scaffold Design 63 4.6.1. Securing Scaffolding to the Structure 69 4.6.2. Hanging Scaffold 69 5 Soil Properties and Soil Loading 75 5.1. Soil Properties 75 5.1.1. Standard Penetration Test and Log of Test Borings 77 5.1.2. Unit Weights above and below the Water Table 78 5.1.3. Testing 81 5.2. Soil Loading 81 5.2.1. Soil Mechanics 81 5.2.2. Active Soil Pressure and Coefficient 82 5.2.3. Soil Pressure Theories 83 5.2.4. Soil Pressure Examples Using Rankine Theory 85 5.2.5. Soil Pressures Using State and Federal Department Standards 91 6 Soldier Beam, Lagging, and Tiebacks 104 6.1. System Description and Units of Measure 104 6.1.1. Beams/Piles 104 6.1.2. Lagging 105 6.1.3. Tiebacks 105 6.2. Materials 105 6.2.1. Steel AISC 105 6.2.2. Wood Species—National Design Specifications (NDS) for Wood Construction 106 6.2.3. Lagging 108 6.2.4. Soldier Beam Design 112 6.2.5. Tiebacks and Soil Nails 121 7 Sheet Piling and Strutting 130 7.1. Sheet Piling Basics 130 7.1.1. Materials 130 7.1.2. System Description and Unit of Measure 130 7.1.3. Driving Equipment 133 8 Pressure and Forces on Formwork and Falsework 155 8.1. Properties of Materials 155 8.1.1. Unit Weights 155 8.1.2. Forces from Concrete Placement 157 9 Concrete Formwork Design 178 9.1. General Requirements 178 9.1.1. Concrete Specifications 178 9.1.2. Types and Costs of Forms in Construction 179 9.2. Formwork Design 180 9.2.1. Bending, Shear, and Deflection 180 9.2.2. Form Design Examples Using All-Wood Materials with Snap Ties or Coil Ties 191 9.2.3. Formwork Charts 199 9.2.4. Estimating Concrete Formwork 219 9.3. Conclusion 228 10 Falsework Design 229 10.1. Falsework Risks 229 10.1.1. Falsework Accidents 230 10.1.2. Falsework Review Process 233 10.1.3. Falsework Design Criteria 235 10.1.4. Load Paths for Falsework Design 236 10.1.5. Falsework Design Using Formwork Charts 242 10.1.6. Bridge Project 262 11 Bracing and Guying 267 11.1. Rebar Bracing and Guying 268 11.2. Form Bracing with Steel Pipe and Concrete Deadmen 269 11.2.1. Life Application of Friction Forces 278 11.3. Rebar Guying on Highway Projects 279 11.4. Alternate Anchor Method 289 12 Trestles and Equipment Bridges 300 12.1. Basic Composition of a Standard Trestle 300 12.1.1. Foundation—Pipe, H Pile, and Wide-Flange and Composite Piles 301 12.1.2. Cap Beams—Wide-Flange Beams with Stiffeners 301 12.1.3. Stringers/Girders—Wide-Flange Beams Braced Together 303 12.1.4. Lateral Bracing 303 12.1.5. Decking—Timber or Precast Concrete Panels 306 12.1.6. Environmental Concerns 308 12.1.7. Stringer Design 325 12.1.8. Star Pile Design and Properties 340 12.2. Other Projects Utilizing Methods of Access 341 12.3. Conclusion 343 13 Support of Existing Structures 344 13.1. Basic Building Materials 345 13.1.1. Example 13.1 Pipe Unit Weight 346 13.1.2. Example 13.2 Existing Water Treatment Plant 347 13.1.3. Example 13.3 Temporary Pipe Supports 354 Appendixes 369 Appendix 1: Steel Beams (AISC) 371 Appendix 2: Steel Pipe 391 Appendix 3: H Pile (AISC) 393 Appendix 4: Allowable Buckling Stress 395 Appendix 5: Sheet Pile (Skyline) 397 Appendix 6: Wood Properties 401 Appendix 7: Formwork Charts (Williams) 404 Appendix 8: Form Hardware Values (Williams) 412 Appendix 9: Aluminum Beams (Aluma) 422 Index 425

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisR.C. Hibbeler graduated from the University of Illinois-Urbana with a B.S. in Civil Engineering (major in Structures) and an M.S. in Nuclear Engineering. He obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Northwestern University. Professor Hibbeler's professional experience includes postdoctoral work in reactor safety and analysis at Argonne National Laboratory, and structural and stress analysis work at Chicago Bridge and Iron, as well as at Sargent and Lundy in Chicago. He has practiced engineering in Ohio, New York, and Louisiana.Table of Contents General Principles Force Vectors Equilibrium of a Particle Force System Resultants Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Structural Analysis Internal Forces Friction Center of Gravity and Centroid Moments of Inertia Virtual Work Appendix Mathematical Review and Expressions Fundamental Problems Solutions and Answers Review Problem Solutions

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Book SynopsisThe world of construction is intrinsically linked with that of finance, from the procurement and tendering stage of projects right through to valuation of buildings. In addition to this, things like administrations, liquidations, mergers, take-overs, buy-outs and floatations affect construction firms as they do all other companies.This book is a rare explanation of common construction management activities from a financial point of view. While the practical side of the industry is illustrated here with case studies, the authors also take the time to build up an understanding of balance sheets and P&L accounts before explaining how common tasks like estimating or valuation work from this perspective.Readers of this book will not only learn how to carry out the tasks of a construction cost manager, quantity surveyor or estimator, they will also understand the financial logic behind them, and the motivations that drive senior management. This is an essential book for studTable of Contents1. Pre-contract financial management 2. Procurement systems 3. Elements of a contractor’s bid 4. Design and consultancy teams managing finance and risk for employers 5. Valuations and interim payments 6. Post Contract 7. Financial management post practical completion 8. Capital investment appraisal 9. Capital investment appraisal – further considerations 10. Corporate accounts 11. Raising capital and managing liquidity

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and Loads, Second Edition is an updated new edition offering comprehensive coverage of the main principles of aircraft aeroelasticity and loads. For ease of reference, the book is divided into three parts and begins by reviewing the underlying disciplines of vibrations, aerodynamics, loads and control, and then goes on to describe simplified models to illustrate aeroelastic behaviour and aircraft response and loads for the flexible aircraft before introducing some more advanced methodologies. Finally, it explains how industrial certification requirements for aeroelasticity and loads may be met and relates these to the earlier theoretical approaches used. Key features of this new edition include: Uses a unified simple aeroelastic model throughout the book Major revisions to chapters on aeroelasticity Updates and reorganisation of chapters involving Finite Elements Some reorganisation of loadTrade Review“I strongly recommend this textbook to under­graduates and researchers, not only due to how principles and concepts are explained, but also because it clearly shows the multidisciplinary nature of modern engineering techniques.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 November 2015) Table of ContentsSeries Preface xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv Abbreviations xxix Introduction 1 PART I BACKGROUND MATERIAL 7 1 Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems 9 1.1 Setting up Equations of Motion for SDoF Systems 9 1.2 Free Vibration of SDoF Systems 11 1.3 Forced Vibration of SDoF Systems 13 1.4 Harmonic Forced Vibration – Frequency Response Functions 14 1.5 Transient/Random Forced Vibration – Time Domain Solution 17 1.6 Transient Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 21 1.7 Random Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 23 1.8 Examples 24 2 Vibration of Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems 27 2.1 Setting up Equations of Motion 27 2.2 Undamped Free Vibration 29 2.3 Damped Free Vibration 31 2.4 Transformation to Modal Coordinates 34 2.5 Two-DoF Rigid Aircraft in Heave and Pitch 38 2.6 ‘Free–Free’ Systems 40 2.7 Harmonic Forced Vibration 41 2.8 Transient/Random Forced Vibration – Time Domain Solution 43 2.9 Transient Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 44 2.10 Random Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 44 2.11 Examples 45 3 Vibration of Continuous Systems – Assumed Shapes Approach 49 3.1 Continuous Systems 49 3.2 Modelling Continuous Systems 49 3.3 Elastic and Flexural Axes 51 3.4 Rayleigh–Ritz ‘Assumed Shapes’ Method 52 3.5 Generalized Equations of Motion – Basic Approach 53 3.6 Generalized Equations of Motion – Matrix Approach 58 3.7 Generating Whole Aircraft ‘Free–Free’ Modes from ‘Branch’ Modes 61 3.8 Whole Aircraft ‘Free–Free’ Modes 64 3.9 Examples 65 4 Introduction to Steady Aerodynamics 69 4.1 The Standard Atmosphere 69 4.2 Effect of Air Speed on Aerodynamic Characteristics 71 4.3 Flows and Pressures Around a Symmetric Aerofoil 73 4.4 Forces on an Aerofoil 74 4.5 Variation of Lift for an Aerofoil at an Angle of Incidence 76 4.6 Pitching Moment Variation and the Aerodynamic Centre 77 4.7 Lift on a Three-dimensional Wing 78 4.8 Drag on a Three-dimensional Wing 82 4.9 Control Surfaces 83 4.10 Transonic Flows 84 4.11 Examples 85 5 Introduction to Loads 87 5.1 Laws of Motion 88 5.2 D’Alembert’s Principle – Inertia Forces and Couples 90 5.3 External Loads – Applied and Reactive 94 5.4 Free Body Diagrams 95 5.5 Internal Loads 96 5.6 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member 96 5.7 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member 101 5.8 Intercomponent Loads 103 5.9 Obtaining Stresses from Internal Loads – Structural Members with Simple Load Paths 103 5.10 Examples 104 6 Introduction to Control 109 6.1 Open and Closed Loop Systems 109 6.2 Laplace Transforms 110 6.3 Modelling of Open and Closed Loop Systems using Laplace and Frequency Domains 112 6.4 Stability of Systems 114 6.5 PID Control 121 6.6 Examples 122 PART II INTRODUCTION TO AEROELASTICITY AND LOADS 123 7 Static Aeroelasticity – Effect of Wing Flexibility on Lift Distribution and Divergence 125 7.1 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Two-dimensional Rigid Aerofoil with a Torsional Spring Attachment 126 7.2 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Fixed Root Flexible Wing 130 7.3 Effect of Trim on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour 133 7.4 Effect of Wing Sweep on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour 137 7.5 Examples 142 8 Static Aeroelasticity – Effect of Wing Flexibility on Control Effectiveness 143 8.1 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing – Fixed Wing Root Case 144 8.2 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing – Steady Roll Case 147 8.3 Effect of Spanwise Position of the Control Surface 151 8.4 Full Aircraft Model – Control Effectiveness 152 8.5 Effect of Trim on Reversal Speed 153 8.6 Examples 153 9 Introduction to Unsteady Aerodynamics 155 9.1 Quasi-steady Aerodynamics 156 9.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Motion 156 9.3 Aerodynamic Lift and Moment for an Aerofoil Oscillating Harmonically in Heave and Pitch 161 9.4 Oscillatory Aerodynamic Derivatives 162 9.5 Aerodynamic Damping and Stiffness 163 9.6 Approximation of Unsteady Aerodynamic Terms 164 9.7 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Gusts 164 9.8 Examples 168 10 Dynamic Aeroelasticity – Flutter 171 10.1 Simplified Unsteady Aerodynamic Model 172 10.2 Binary Aeroelastic Model 173 10.3 General Form of the Aeroelastic Equations 176 10.4 Eigenvalue Solution of the Flutter Equations 176 10.5 Aeroelastic Behaviour of the Binary Model 177 10.6 Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Multiple Mode System 185 10.7 Flutter Speed Prediction for Binary Systems 185 10.8 Divergence of Dynamic Aeroelastic Systems 188 10.9 Inclusion of Unsteady Reduced Frequency Effects 189 10.10 Control Surface Flutter 193 10.11 Whole Aircraft Model – Inclusion of Rigid Body Modes 199 10.12 Flutter in the Transonic Regime 202 10.13 Effect of Non-Linearities – Limit Cycle Oscillations 202 10.14 Examples 204 11 Aeroservoelasticity 207 11.1 Mathematical Modelling of a Simple Aeroelastic System with a Control Surface 208 11.2 Inclusion of Gust Terms 209 11.3 Implementation of a Control System 210 11.4 Determination of Closed Loop System Stability 211 11.5 Gust Response of the Closed Loop System 213 11.6 Inclusion of Control Law Frequency Dependency in Stability Calculations 214 11.7 Response Determination via the Frequency Domain 215 11.8 State Space Modelling 216 11.9 Examples 217 12 Equilibrium Manoeuvres 219 12.1 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft under Normal Acceleration 221 12.2 Manoeuvre Envelope 226 12.3 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft Pitching 227 12.4 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Flexible Aircraft Pitching 235 12.5 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 250 12.6 Examples 250 13 Dynamic Manoeuvres 253 13.1 Aircraft Axes 255 13.2 Motion Variables 257 13.3 Axes Transformations 257 13.4 Velocity and Acceleration Components for Moving Axes in 2D 259 13.5 Flight Mechanics Equations of Motion for a Rigid Symmetric Aircraft in 2D 262 13.6 Representation of Disturbing Forces and Moments 265 13.7 Modelling the Flexible Aircraft 267 13.8 Solution of Flight Mechanics Equations for the Rigid Aircraft 272 13.9 Dynamic Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft in Longitudinal Motion 273 13.10 Dynamic Manoeuvre – Flexible Aircraft Heave/Pitch 279 13.11 General Form of Longitudinal Equations 287 13.12 Dynamic Manoeuvre for Rigid Aircraft in Lateral Motion 288 13.13 Bookcase Manoeuvres for Rigid Aircraft in Lateral Motion 289 13.14 Flight Control System (FCS) 293 13.15 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 295 13.16 Examples 295 14 Gust and Turbulence Encounters 299 14.1 Gusts and Turbulence 300 14.2 Gust Response in the Time Domain 301 14.3 Time Domain Gust Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave 303 14.4 Time Domain Gust Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave/Pitch 310 14.5 Time Domain Gust Response – Flexible Aircraft 316 14.6 General Form of Equations in the Time Domain 321 14.7 Turbulence Response in the Frequency Domain 321 14.8 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave 324 14.9 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave/Pitch 329 14.10 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Flexible Aircraft 330 14.11 General Form of Equations in the Frequency Domain 333 14.12 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 334 14.13 Examples 334 15 Ground Manoeuvres 337 15.1 Landing Gear 337 15.2 Taxi, Take-Off and Landing Roll 342 15.3 Landing 351 15.4 Braking 359 15.5 Turning 360 15.6 Shimmy 361 15.7 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 363 15.8 Examples 363 16 Aircraft Internal Loads 367 16.1 Limit and Ultimate Loads 368 16.2 Internal Loads for an Aircraft 368 16.3 General Internal Loads Expressions – Continuous Wing 370 16.4 Effect of Wing-mounted Engines and Landing Gear 372 16.5 Internal Loads – Continuous Flexible Wing 373 16.6 General Internal Loads Expressions – Discretized Wing 379 16.7 Internal Loads – Discretized Fuselage 384 16.8 Internal Loads – Continuous Turbulence Encounter 387 16.9 Loads Generation and Sorting to yield Critical Cases 388 16.10 Aircraft Dimensioning Cases 390 16.11 Stresses derived from Internal Loads – Complex Load Paths 391 16.12 Examples 391 17 Vibration of Continuous Systems – Finite Element Approach 395 17.1 Introduction to the Finite Element Approach 395 17.2 Formulation of the Beam Bending Element 397 17.3 Assembly and Solution for a Beam Structure 401 17.4 Torsion Element 406 17.5 Combined Bending/Torsion Element 407 17.6 Concentrated Mass Element 408 17.7 Stiffness Element 408 17.8 Rigid Body Elements 409 17.9 Other Elements 410 17.10 Comments on Modelling 411 17.11 Examples 413 18 Potential Flow Aerodynamics 415 18.1 Components of Inviscid, Incompressible Flow Analysis 415 18.2 Inclusion of Vorticity 420 18.3 Numerical Steady Aerodynamic Modelling of Thin Two-dimensional Aerofoils 422 18.4 Steady Aerodynamic Modelling of Three-Dimensional Wings using a Panel Method 425 18.5 Unsteady Aerodynamic Modelling of Wings undergoing Harmonic Motion 429 18.6 Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients in Modal Space 432 18.7 Examples 436 19 Coupling of Structural and Aerodynamic Computational Models 437 19.1 Mathematical Modelling – Static Aeroelastic Case 438 19.2 2D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model – Pitch 439 19.3 2D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model – Heave/Pitch 440 19.4 3D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model 441 19.5 Mathematical Modelling – Dynamic Aeroelastic Response 446 19.6 2D Coupled Dynamic Aeroelastic Model – Bending/Torsion 447 19.7 3D Flutter Analysis 448 19.8 Inclusion of Frequency Dependent Aerodynamics for State–Space Modelling – Rational Function Approximation 450 PART III INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE 455 20 Aircraft Design and Certification 457 20.1 Aeroelastics and Loads in the Aircraft Design Process 457 20.2 Aircraft Certification Process 459 21 Aeroelasticity and Loads Models 465 21.1 Structural Model 465 21.2 Aerodynamic Model 471 21.3 Flight Control System 473 21.4 Other Model Issues 474 21.5 Loads Transformations 474 22 Static Aeroelasticity and Flutter 475 22.1 Static Aeroelasticity 475 22.2 Flutter 478 23 Flight Manoeuvre and Gust/Turbulence Loads 481 23.1 Evaluation of Internal Loads 481 23.2 Equilibrium/Balanced Flight Manoeuvres 481 23.3 Dynamic Flight Manoeuvres 485 23.4 Gusts and Turbulence 489 24 Ground Manoeuvre Loads 495 24.1 Aircraft/Landing Gear Models for Ground Manoeuvres 495 24.2 Landing Gear/Airframe Interface 496 24.3 Ground Manoeuvres – Landing 496 24.4 Ground Manoeuvres – Ground Handling 497 24.5 Loads Processing 498 25 Testing Relevant to Aeroelasticity and Loads 501 25.1 Introduction 501 25.2 Wind Tunnel Tests 501 25.3 Ground Vibration Test 502 25.4 Structural Coupling Test 503 25.5 Flight Simulator Test 504 25.6 Structural Tests 504 25.7 Flight Flutter Test 505 25.8 Flight Loads Validation 507 Appendices 509 A Aircraft Rigid Body Modes 511 B Table of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Derivatives 513 C Aircraft Symmetric Flexible Modes 517 D Model Condensation 527 E Aerodynamic Derivatives in Body Fixed Axes 531 References 535 Index 539

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading author on the subject, PID and Predictive Control of Electric Drives and Power Supplies using MATLAB / Simulink provides a timely introduction to current research on PID and predictive control.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgment xix List of Symbols and Acronyms xxi 1 Modeling of AC Drives and Power Converter 1 1.1 Space Phasor Representation 1 1.1.1 Space Vector for Magnetic Motive Force 1 1.1.2 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation 4 1.2 Model of Surface Mounted PMSM 5 1.2.1 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 5 1.2.2 Representation in Synchronous Reference Frame 7 1.2.3 Electromagnetic Torque 8 1.3 Model of Interior Magnets PMSM 10 1.3.1 Complete Model of PMSM 11 1.4 Per Unit Model and PMSM Parameters 11 1.4.1 Per Unit Model and Physical Parameters 11 1.4.2 Experimental Validation of PMSM Model 12 1.5 Modeling of Induction Motor 13 1.5.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation of Induction Motor 13 1.5.2 Representation in Stationary Reference Frame 17 1.5.3 Representation in Reference Frame 17 1.5.4 Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 19 1.5.5 Model Parameters of Induction Motor and Model Validation 19 1.6 Modeling of Power Converter 21 1.6.1 Space Vector Representation of Voltage Equation for Power Converter 22 1.6.2 Representation in Reference Frame 22 1.6.3 Representation in Reference Frame 23 1.6.4 Energy Balance Equation 24 1.7 Summary 25 1.8 Further Reading 25 References 25 2 Control of Semiconductor Switches via PWM Technologies 27 2.1 Topology of IGBT Inverter 28 2.2 Six-step Operating Mode 30 2.3 Carrier Based PWM 31 2.3.1 Sinusoidal PWM 31 2.3.2 Carrier Based PWM with Zero-sequence Injection 32 2.4 Space Vector PWM 35 2.5 Simulation Study of the Effect of PWM 37 2.6 Summary 40 2.7 Further Reading 40 References 40 3 PID Control System Design for Electrical Drives and Power Converters 41 3.1 Overview of PID Control Systems Using Pole-assignment Design Techniques 42 3.1.1 PI Controller Design 42 3.1.2 Selecting the Desired Closed-loop Performance 43 3.1.3 Overshoot in Reference Response 45 3.1.4 PID Controller Design 46 3.1.5 Cascade PID Control Systems 48 3.2 Overview of PID Control of PMSM 49 3.2.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals (See the lower part of Figure 3.6) 50 3.2.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the PMSM (See the top part of Figure 3.6) 51 3.3 PI Controller Design for Torque Control of PMSM 52 3.3.1 Set-point Signals to the Current Control Loops 52 3.3.2 Decoupling of the Current Control Systems 53 3.3.3 PI Current Controller Design 54 3.4 Velocity Control of PMSM 55 3.4.1 Inner-loop Proportional Control of q-axis Current 55 3.4.2 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:P Plus PI 57 3.4.3 Simulation Example for P Plus PI Control System 59 3.4.4 Cascade Feedback Control of Velocity:PI Plus PI 61 3.4.5 Simulation Example for PI Plus PI Control System 63 3.5 PID Controller Design for Position Control of PMSM 64 3.6 Overview of PID Control of Induction Motor 65 3.6.1 Bridging the Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 67 3.6.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs to the Induction Motor 67 3.7 PID Controller Design for Induction Motor 68 3.7.1 PI Control of Electromagnetic Torque of Induction Motor 68 3.7.2 Cascade Control of Velocity and Position 70 3.7.3 Slip Estimation 73 3.8 Overview of PID Control of Power Converter 74 3.8.1 Bridging Sensor Measurements to Feedback Signals 75 3.8.2 Bridging the Control Signals to the Inputs of the Power Converter 76 3.9 PI Current and Voltage Controller Design for Power Converter 76 3.9.1 P Control of d-axis Current 76 3.9.2 PI Control of q-axis Current 77 3.9.3 PI Cascade Control of Output Voltage 79 3.9.4 Simulation Example 80 3.9.5 Phase Locked Loop 80 3.10 Summary 82 3.11 Further Reading 83 References 83 4 PID Control System Implementation 87 4.1 P and PI Controller Implementation in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.1 Voltage Operational Limits in Current Control Systems 87 4.1.2 Discretization of Current Controllers 90 4.1.3 Anti-windup Mechanisms 92 4.2 Implementation of Current Controllers for PMSM 93 4.3 Implementation of Current Controllers for Induction Motors 95 4.4 Current Controller Implementation for Power Converter 97 4.4.1 Constraints on the Control Variables 97 4.5 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control System 98 4.5.1 Constraints in the Outer-loop 98 4.5.2 Over Current Protection for AC Machines 99 4.5.3 Implementation of Outer-loop PI Control of Velocity 100 4.5.4 Over Current Protection for Power Converters 100 4.6 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of PI Controller 100 4.7 Summary 102 4.8 Further Reading 103 References 103 5 Tuning PID Control Systems with Experimental Validations 105 5.1 Sensitivity Functions in Feedback Control Systems 105 5.1.1 Two-degrees of Freedom Control System Structure 105 5.1.2 Sensitivity Functions 109 5.1.3 Disturbance Rejection and Noise Attenuation 110 5.2 Tuning Current-loop q-axis Proportional Controller (PMSM) 111 5.2.1 Performance Factor and Proportional Gain 112 5.2.2 Complementary Sensitivity Function 112 5.2.3 Sensitivity and Input Sensitivity Functions 114 5.2.4 Effect of PWM Noise on Current Proportional Control System 114 5.2.5 Effect of Current Sensor Noise and Bias 116 5.2.6 Experimental Case Study of Current Sensor Bias Using P Control 118 5.2.7 Experimental Case Study of Current Loop Noise 119 5.3 Tuning Current-loop PI Controller (PMSM) 123 5.4 Performance Robustness in Outer-loop Controllers 128 5.4.1 Sensitivity Functions for Outer-loop Control System 131 5.4.2 Input Sensitivity Functions for the Outer-loop System 135 5.5 Analysis of Time-delay Effects 136 5.5.1 PI Control of q-axis Current 137 5.5.2 P Control of q-axis Current 137 5.6 Tuning Cascade PI Control Systems for Induction Motor 138 5.6.1 Robustness of Cascade PI Control System 140 5.6.2 Robustness Study Using Nyquist Plot 143 5.7 Tuning PI Control Systems for Power Converter 147 5.7.1 Overview of the Designs 147 5.7.2 Tuning the Current Controllers 149 5.7.3 Tuning Voltage Controller 150 5.7.4 Experimental Evaluations 154 5.8 Tuning P Plus PI Controllers for Power Converter 157 5.8.1 Design and Sensitivity Functions 157 5.8.2 Experimental Results 158 5.9 Robustness of Power Converter Control System Using PI Current Controllers 159 5.9.1 Variation of Inductance Using PI Current Controllers 160 5.9.2 Variation of Capacitance on Closed-loop Performance 163 5.10 Summary 167 5.10.1 Current Controllers 167 5.10.2 Velocity, Position and Voltage Controllers 168 5.10.3 Choice between P Current Control and PI Current Control 169 5.11 Further Reading 169 References 169 6 FCS Predictive Control in d − q Reference Frame 171 6.1 States of IGBT Inverter and the Operational Constraints 172 6.2 FCS Predictive Control of PMSM 175 6.3 MATLAB Tutorial on Real-time Implementation of FCS-MPC 177 6.3.1 Simulation Results 179 6.3.2 Experimental Results of FCS Control 181 6.4 Analysis of FCS-MPC System 182 6.4.1 Optimal Control System 182 6.4.2 Feedback Controller Gain 184 6.4.3 Constrained Optimal Control 185 6.5 Overview of FCS-MPC with Integral Action 187 6.6 Derivation of I-FCS Predictive Control Algorithm 191 6.6.1 Optimal Control without Constraints 191 6.6.2 I-FCS Predictive Controller with Constraints 194 6.6.3 Implementation of I-FCS-MPC Algorithm 196 6.7 MATLAB Tutorial on Implementation of I-FCS Predictive Controller 197 6.7.1 Simulation Results 198 6.8 I-FCS Predictive Control of Induction Motor 201 6.8.1 The Control Algorithm for an Induction Motor 202 6.8.2 Simulation Results 204 6.8.3 Experimental Results 205 6.9 I-FCS Predictive Control of Power Converter 209 6.9.1 I-FCS Predictive Control of a Power Converter 209 6.9.2 Simulation Results 211 6.9.3 Experimental Results 214 6.10 Evaluation of Robustness of I-FCS-MPC via Monte-Carlo Simulations 215 6.10.1 Discussion on Mean Square Errors 216 6.11 Velocity and Position Control of PMSM Using I-FCS-MPC 218 6.11.1 Choice of Sampling Rate for the Outer-loop Control System 219 6.11.2 Velocity and Position Controller Design 223 6.12 Velocity and Position Control of Induction Motor Using I-FCS-MPC 224 6.12.1 I-FCS Cascade Velocity Control of Induction Motor 225 6.12.2 I-FCS-MPC Cascade Position Control of Induction Motor 226 6.12.3 Experimental Evaluation of Velocity Control 228 6.13 Summary 232 6.13.1 Selection of sampling interval 233 6.13.2 Selection of the Integral Gain 233 6.14 Further Reading 234 References 234 7 FCS Predictive Control in Reference Frame 237 7.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of PMSM 237 7.1.1 Predictive Control Using One-step-ahead Prediction 238 7.1.2 FCS Current Control in Reference Frame 239 7.1.3 Generating Current Reference Signals in Frame 240 7.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control 241 7.2.1 Control System Configuration 241 7.2.2 Outer-loop Controller Design 242 7.2.3 Resonant FCS Predictive Control System 243 7.3 Resonant FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.1 The Original FCS Current Control of Induction Motor 247 7.3.2 Resonant FCS Predictive Current Control of Induction Motor 250 7.3.3 Experimental Evaluations of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 252 7.4 Resonant FCS Predictive Power Converter Control 255 7.4.1 FCS Predictive Current Control of Power Converter 255 7.4.2 Experimental Results of Resonant FCS Predictive Control 260 7.5 Summary 261 7.6 Further Reading 262 References 262 8 Discrete-time Model Predictive Control (DMPC) of Electrical Drives and Power Converter 265 8.1 Linear Discrete-time Model for PMSM 266 8.1.1 Linear Model for PMSM 266 8.1.2 Discretization of the Continuous-time Model 267 8.2 Discrete-time MPC Design with Constraints 268 8.2.1 Augmented Model 269 8.2.2 Design without Constraints 270 8.2.3 Formulation of the Constraints 272 8.2.4 On-line Solution for Constrained MPC 272 8.3 Experimental Evaluation of DMPC of PMSM 274 8.3.1 The MPC Parameters 274 8.3.2 Constraints 275 8.3.3 Response to Load Disturbances 275 8.3.4 Response to a Staircase Reference 277 8.3.5 Tuning of the MPC controller 278 8.4 Power Converter Control Using DMPC with Experimental Validation 280 8.5 Summary 281 8.6 Further Reading 282 References 283 9 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control (CMPC) of Electrical Drives and PowerConverter 285 9.1 Continuous-time MPC Design 286 9.1.1 Augmented Model 286 9.1.2 Description of the Control Trajectories Using Laguerre Functions 287 9.1.3 Continuous-time Predictive Control without Constraints 289 9.1.4 Tuning of CMPC Control System Using Exponential Data Weighting and Prescribed Degree of Stability 292 9.2 CMPC with Nonlinear Constraints 294 9.2.1 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Four Linear Constraints 294 9.2.2 Approximation of Nonlinear Constraint Using Sixteen Linear Constraints 294 9.2.3 State Feedback Observer 297 9.3 Simulation and Experimental Evaluation of CMPC of Induction Motor 298 9.3.1 Simulation Results 298 9.3.2 Experimental Results 300 9.4 Continuous-time Model Predictive Control of Power Converter 301 9.4.1 Use of Prescribed Degree of Stability in the Design 302 9.4.2 Experimental Results for Rectification Mode 303 9.4.3 Experimental Results for Regeneration Mode 303 9.4.4 Experimental Results for Disturbance Rejection 304 9.5 Gain Scheduled Predictive Controller 305 9.5.1 The Weighting Parameters 305 9.5.2 Gain Scheduled Predictive Control Law 307 9.6 Experimental Results of Gain Scheduled Predictive Control of Induction Motor 309 9.6.1 The First Set of Experimental Results 309 9.6.2 The Second Set of Experimental Results 311 9.6.3 The Third Set of Experimental Results 312 9.7 Summary 312 9.8 Further Reading 313 References 313 10 MATLAB®/Simulink® Tutorials on Physical Modeling and Test-bed Setup 315 10.1 Building Embedded Functions for Park-Clarke Transformation 315 10.1.1 Park-Clarke Transformation for Current Measurements 316 10.1.2 Inverse Park-Clarke Transformation for Voltage Actuation 317 10.2 Building Simulation Model for PMSM 318 10.3 Building Simulation Model for Induction Motor 320 10.4 Building Simulation Model for Power Converter 325 10.4.1 Embedded MATLAB Function for Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 325 10.4.2 Physical Simulation Model for Grid Connected Voltage Source Converter 328 10.5 PMSM Experimental Setup 332 10.6 Induction Motor Experimental Setup 334 10.6.1 Controller 334 10.6.2 Power Supply 334 10.6.3 Inverter 335 10.6.4 Mechanical Load 335 10.6.5 Induction Motor and Sensors 335 10.7 Grid Connected Power Converter Experimental Setup 335 10.7.1 Controller 335 10.7.2 Inverter 336 10.7.3 Sensors 336 10.8 Summary 337 10.9 Further Reading 337 References 337 Index 339

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