Microwave technology Books

Book SynopsisThis is a self-contained book on the foundations and applications of optical and microwave technologies to telecommunication networks application, with an emphasis on access, local, road, indoor and in-car data transmission.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Optical and Microwave Fundamentals 11 2.1 Free Space Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 11 2.2 Interference 16 2.3 Coherence 17 2.4 Polarization 21 2.5 Refraction and Reflection 27 2.6 Diffraction 31 3 Optical Fibers 35 3.1 Attenuation in Glass Fibers 47 3.1.1 Attenuation Mechanisms in Glass Fibers 48 3.1.2 Attenuation Measurement Techniques 51 3.2 Dispersions in Fibers 55 3.2.1 Dispersion Mechanisms in Fibers 56 3.2.2 Polarization Mode Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers 63 3.2.3 Joint Action of Dispersion Mechanisms 65 3.2.4 Dispersion Measurement Techniques 68 3.2.5 Partial Dispersion Suppression by Soliton Transmission in Single-Mode Fibers 70 4 Fiber Manufacturing, Cabling and Coupling 75 4.1 Fiber Manufacturing 75 4.1.1 Preparation of a Preform 75 4.1.2 Fiber Drawing 82 4.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers 83 4.1.4 Alternative Fiber Manufacturing Processes 85 4.2 Fiber Cabling 86 4.2.1 Fibers for Telecom and Data Networks 86 4.2.2 Cables: Applications, Operating Conditions and Requirements 94 4.2.3 Fiber Protection and Identification in Cables 100 4.2.4 Indoor Cables 108 4.2.5 Duct Cables 111 4.2.6 Aerial Cables 116 4.2.7 Optical Ground Wires 117 4.2.8 Fiber Cabling Summary 119 4.3 Coupling Elements for Fiber-Optic Systems 119 4.3.1 Light Source-to-Fiber Coupling 120 4.3.2 Fiber-to-Fiber Coupling 126 4.3.3 Fiber-Optic Splices 130 4.3.4 Fiber-Optic Connectors 131 4.3.5 Fiber-Optic Couplers 133 4.3.6 Fiber-Optic Switches 137 4.3.7 Fiber-to-Detector Coupling 137 5 Integrated-Optic Components 139 5.1 Integrated-Optic Waveguides 140 5.2 Integrated-Optic Modulators 141 5.3 Integrated-Optic Polarizers 145 5.4 Integrated-Optic Filters 146 5.5 Losses in Integrated-Optic Devices 148 6 Optical Light Sources and Drains 149 6.1 Semiconductor Light Sources 154 6.1.1 Light Emitting Diodes 156 6.1.2 Semiconductor Lasers 160 6.1.3 Organic Lasers 185 6.2 Semiconductor Light Drains 185 6.2.1 Types of Photodiodes 188 7 Optical Transmitter and Receiver Circuit Design 197 7.1 Optical Transmitter Circuit Design 197 7.2 Optical Receiver Circuit Design 199 7.2.1 Receiver Circuit Concepts 201 7.2.2 Noise in Optical Receivers 206 8 Fiber-Optic Amplifiers 209 8.1 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers 209 8.2 Fiber Raman Amplifiers 211 9 Fiber- and Wireless-Optic Data Transmission 215 9.1 Direct Transmission Systems as Point-to-Point Connections 217 9.1.1 Unidirectional, Bidirectional and Multichannel Systems 225 9.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) Systems 227 9.2.1 Approaches to Increase Channel Capacity 227 9.2.2 Fundamentals of OFDM 229 9.2.3 Implementation Options for Coherent Optical OFDM 230 9.2.4 Nyquist Pulse Shaping as an Alternative to OFDM Systems 232 9.3 Optical Satellite Communications 233 9.3.1 Applications of Optical Satellite Communications 234 9.3.2 Channel Characteristics and Technical Issues 236 9.4 Coherent Transmission Systems 241 9.4.1 Main Principle of Coherent Transmission 241 9.4.2 System Components 245 9.4.3 Modulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 247 9.4.4 Detection and Demodulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 248 9.5 Top Results on Fiber-Optic Transmission Capacity for High-Speed Long Distance 251 9.6 Optical Fibers in Automation Technology 255 9.6.1 Optical Fiber Cables 255 9.6.2 Connectors 257 9.6.3 Network and Network Components 257 10 Last Mile Systems, In-House-Networks, LAN- and MAN-Applications 263 10.1 Last Mile Systems 269 10.1.1 Special Case of Access Network 270 10.1.2 Fiber Access Networks 271 10.1.3 FTTB Networks 275 10.1.4 Point-to-Point FTTH Networks 277 10.1.5 Passive Optical Networks (PON) 280 10.1.6 WDM-PON Networks 285 10.1.7 Upgrade and Migration Issues in FTTH Networks 286 10.1.8 Passive Fiber Plant 288 10.1.9 Development and standardization of FTTH technologies 297 10.1.10 Active Equipment 300 10.1.11 Conclusions 305 10.2 Polymer Optical Fibers, POF 306 10.2.1 Basics of POF 306 10.2.2 Techniques for Data Transmission over POF 312 10.2.3 In-House Communications 319 10.2.4 Communications in Transportation Systems: From Automotive to Spatial 321 10.2.5 Standardization Activities 325 10.3 Radio over Fiber (RoF) Systems 328 10.3.1 Key Enabling Technologies 331 10.3.2 RoF Land Network Design 337 10.3.3 Case Study of the Proposed Design Framework 344 10.3.4 Conclusions 349 10.4 Free Space Optical Communications 349 10.4.1 FSO under Turbulence Conditions 352 10.4.2 System Set-up 356 10.4.3 System Performance under Weak Turbulence 358 10.4.4 FSO Link Evaluation 361 10.4.5 Relation to Outdoor FSO Link 363 10.4.6 FSO under Fog Conditions 364 10.4.7 Characterization of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in a Laboratory Chamber 366 10.4.8 Fog and Smoke Channel – Experiment Set-up 367 10.4.9 Results and Discussion 369 10.4.10 Conclusions 376 10.5 WLAN Systems and Fiber Networks 377 10.5.1 A Historical Perspective on IEEE 802.11 WLANs 380 10.5.2 Relevant Operating Principles of WLAN Systems 386 10.5.3 Hybrid Fiber-Wireless Network Architectures: Wi-Fi-based FiWi Architectures 392 10.6 Energy Efficiency Aspects in Optical Access and Core Networks 399 10.6.1 Energy Efficiency in Current and Next Generation Optical Access Networks 399 10.6.2 Energy Efficient Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 400 10.6.3 Energy Efficient Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 406 10.6.4 Spectral and Energy Efficiency Considerations in Single Rate WDM Networks with Signal Quality Guarantee 413 10.6.5 Spectral versus Energy Efficiency in Mixed-Line Rate WDM Systems with Signal Quality Guarantee 420 10.6.6 Results and Discussion 423 11 Optical Data-Bus and Microwave Systems for Automotive Application in Vehicles, Airplanes and Ships 427 11.1 Communication in Transportation Systems 427 11.1.1 Communication Needs in Transportation Systems 428 11.1.2 Communication with Transportation Systems 433 11.1.3 Hybrid Networks for use in Transportation Systems 435 11.2 Radar for Transportation Systems 438 11.2.1 ARVS Main Features 441 11.2.2 Features of ARVS Equipment Construction 446 11.2.3 Main Tasks and Processing Methods of Radar Data in the ARVS 455 11.2.4 Main Problems and Tasks of ARVS Development 460 11.2.5 Conclusions 461 References 463 Index 497

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Book SynopsisModeling and Design of Electromagnetic Compatibility for High-Speed Printed Circuit Boards and Packaging presents the electromagnetic modelling and design of three major electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues related to the high-speed printed circuit board (PCB) and electronic packages: signal integrity (SI), power integrity (PI), and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The emphasis is put on two essential passive components of PCBs and packages: the power distribution network and the signal distribution network. This book includes two parts. Part one talks about the field-circuit hybrid methods used for the EMC modeling, including the modal method, the integral equation method, the cylindrical wave expansion method and the de-embedding method. Part two illustrates EMC design methods and explores the applications of novel metamaterials and two-dimensional materials on traditional EMC problems.This book is designed to enhance worthwhile electromagTable of ContentsIntroduction. Modal Fields of Power/Ground Planes and Grids. Integral Equation Solutions of Power Distribution Network. Via Modeling. PCB-Level EMC Controls and Designs. Interposer EMC Design. Applications of New Structures and Materials.

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Book SynopsisEddy currents, soâcalled owing to their general shape like eddies, manifest as induced currents in all metallic â magnetic or nonâmagnetic â regions exposed to time varying or generally alternating magnetic fields whether of power or higher frequencies. It is imperative to apply appropriate analyses to assess the magnitude and consequences of induced eddy currents as required. Therefore, book aims at a comprehensive study of various aspects of eddy currents, from a detailed account of the basic phenomenon to their utilization in various applications, and their detrimental effects, esp. in large Turbogenerators. It gives detailed description of the finiteâelement technique(s) developed by the author to analyse the steadyâstate and transient heating of key regions of turbogenerators of ratings from 120 MW to 500 MW when exposed to negativeâsequence currents under unbalanced fault conditions.Table of ContentsEddy Currents. The Eddy Currents. Eddy-current and Power Loss. Utilisation of Eddy Currents. Eddy Currents and Turbogenerators. Finite Elements for Eddy Current Analyses. Finite Elements: General. Finite Element Solution of Representative Problems. Finite Elements for Turbogenerator Problems. Finite Element Analysis Applied to Turbogenerators. Finite Element Analysis of Eddy Currents in TGs and Temperature Rise. The Model Turbogenerator– General. The Model Turbogenerator – Representative Studies. Case Studies of Large Turbogenerators. Appendices. References and Bibliography. Subject Index. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text deals with the advantages of rare earth activated phosphors for the development of solid state lighting technology and in enhancing the light conversion efficiency of Si solar cells. The book initiates with a short overview of the atomic and semiconductor theory followed by introduction to phosphor, its working mechanism, role of rare earth ions in the lighting and PV devices and host materials being used. Further, it introduces the applications of inorganic phosphor for the development of green energy and technology including advantages of UP/DC conversion phosphor layers in the enhancing the cell response of PV devices.Key Features: Focuses on discussion of phosphors for both solid state lighting and photovoltaics applications Provides introduction for practical applications including synthesis and characterization of phosphor materials Includes broad, in-depth introduction of semiconductors and related theoTable of ContentsPart 1: Fundamentals of Atoms and Semiconductor. 1. Short Review on Atomic and Semiconductor Theory. Part 2: Phosphor- An Overview. 2. Introduction to “Phosphors, Rare Earths, Properties and Applications. 3. Synthesis & Characterization of Phosphor. Part 3: Scope of Phosphor. 4. Phosphor for Light Emitting Diode. 5. Phosphor for PV Technology. Part 4: Efficient and Eco-Friendly Technology. 6. Cell Response and Other Solar Cell Materials. 7. Phosphor for Environment Friendly Technology.

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Book SynopsisUncover the Defects that Compromise Performance and ReliabilityAs microelectronics features and devices become smaller and more complex, it is critical that engineers and technologists completely understand how components can be damaged during the increasingly complicated fabrication processes required to produce them.A comprehensive survey of defects that occur in silicon-based metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technologies, this book also discusses flaws in linear bipolar technologies, silicon carbide-based devices, and gallium arsenide materials and devices. These defects can profoundly affect the yield, performance, long-term reliability, and radiation response of microelectronic devices and integrated circuits (ICs). Organizing the material to build understanding of the problems and provide a quick reference for scientists, engineers and technologists, this text reviews yield- and performance-limitiTable of ContentsDefects in Ultra-Shallow Junctions. Hydrogen-Related Defects in Silicon, Germanium, and Silicon–Germanium Alloys. Defects in Strained-Si MOSFETs. The Effect of Defects on Electron Transport in Nanometer-Scale Electronic Devices: Impurities and Interface Roughness. Electrical Characterization of Defects in Gate Dielectrics. Dominating Defects in the MOS System: Pb and E0 Centers. Oxide Traps, Border Traps, and Interface Traps in SiO2. From 3D Imaging of Atoms to Macroscopic Device Properties. Defect Energy Levels in HfO2 and Related High-K Gate Oxides. Spectroscopic Studies of Electrically Active Defects in High-k Gate Dielectrics. Defects in CMOS Gate Dielectrics. Negative Bias Temperature Instabilities in High-k Gate Dielectrics. Defect Formation and Annihilation in Electronic Devices and the Role of Hydrogen. Toward Engineering Modeling of Negative Bias Temperature Instability. Wear-Out and Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown in Silicon Oxides. Defects Associated with Dielectric Breakdown in SiO2-Based Gate Dielectrics. Defects in Thin and Ultrathin Silicon Dioxides. Structural Defects in SiO2–Si Caused by Ion Bombardment. Impact of Radiation-Induced Defects on Bipolar Device Operation. Silicon Dioxide–Silicon Carbide Interfaces: Current Status and Recent Advances. Defects in SiC. Defects in Gallium Arsenide. Appendix: Selected High-Impact Journal Articles on Defects in Microelectronic Materials and Devices.

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Book SynopsisWritten by recognized leaders in this dynamic and rapidly expanding field, Indium Nitride and Related Alloys provides a clear and comprehensive summary of the present state of knowledge in indium nitride (InN) research. It elucidates and clarifies the often confusing and contradictory scientific literature to provide valuable and rigorous insight into the structural, optical, and electronic properties of this quickly emerging semiconductor material and its related alloys. Drawing from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, it provides a thorough review of all data since 2001 when the band gap of InN was identified as 0.7 eV. The superior transport and optical properties of InN and its alloys offer tremendous potential for a wide range of device applications, including high-efficiency solar cells and chemical sensors. Indeed, the now established narrow band gap nature of InN means that the InGaN alloys cover the entire solar spectrum and InAlN alloysTable of ContentsMolecular-beam epitaxy of InN 1. Thermal stability, surface kinetics, and MBE growth diagrams for N- and In-face InN. Polarity-dependent epitaxy control of InN, InGaN and InAlN. InN in brief: Conductivity and chemical trends. Transport properties of InN. Electronic states in InN and lattice dynamics of InN and InGaN. Optical properties of InN and related alloys. Theory of InN bulk band structure. Ellipsometry of InN and related alloys. Electronic properties of InN and InGaN: Defects and doping. Theory of native point defects and impurities in InN. Surface electronic properties of InN and related alloys. Theory of InN surfaces. Structure of InN and InGaN: Transmission electron microscopy studies. InN-based dilute magnetic semiconductors. InN-based low dimensional structures. InN nanocolumns.

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Book SynopsisOrganic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices provides a single source of information covering all aspects of OLEDs, including the systematic investigation of organic light-emitting materials, device physics and engineering, and manufacturing and performance measurement techniques. This Second Edition is a compilation of the advances made in recent years and of the challenges facing the future development of OLED technology.Featuring chapters authored by internationally recognized academic and industrial experts, this authoritative text: Introduces the history, fundamental physics, and potential applications of OLEDs Reviews the synthesis, properties, and device performance of electroluminescent materials used in OLEDs Reflects the current state of molecular design, exemplifying more than 600 light-emitting polymers and highlighting the most efficient materials and devices Explores small molecules-based OLEDs, detailing hole- anTrade Review"This large, tightly written book discusses the physics and chemistry of light-emitting materials, as well as the technology and engineering of the devices they are used in. The chapters on materials chemistry are especially good. There are also historical sketches to introduce each chapter. This up-to-date and authoritative survey of a rapidly changing field is timely and welcome."—Albert C. Claus, Loyola University Chicago, USA, from Optics & Photonics News, December 7, 2015 Praise for the Previous Edition"This book documents the enormous progress made in this fascinating area. … After a quick look at the table of contents, the preface, and the editors involved, the value and uniqueness of the chapters of this book become clear. …The final chapter gives a very useful summary of the patent positions of the key companies that are involved in the development of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials. In conclusion, this book is a very useful and up-to-date collection that reveals the state of the art in OLED materials, devices, and displays. It addresses a broad spectrum of work, from materials synthesis and characterization to display architectures and technology-related issues. This well-prepared and clearly structured book is targeted at both academic and industrial researchers working in the OLED field, but will also be of interest to M.Sc and Ph.D students."—Ulrich Scherf, Bergische Universitat Wuppertäl, Germany, Materials Today, Vol. 10, No. 5, May 2007 Table of ContentsOrganic Light-Emitting Devices and Their Applications for Flat-Panel Displays. Light-Emitting Polymers. Small-Molecule Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Phosphorescent Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes. Polarized Light Emission from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Transparent Electrode for OLEDs. Vapor-Deposited Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Material Challenges for Flexible OLED Displays. Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Active Matrix OLEDs. Microstructural Characterization and Performance Measurements.

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Book SynopsisSilicon, as a single-crystal semiconductor, has sparked a revolution in the field of electronics and touched nearly every field of science and technology. Though available abundantly as silica and in various other forms in nature, silicon is difficult to separate from its chemical compounds because of its reactivity. As a solid, silicon is chemically inert and stable, but growing it as a single crystal creates many technological challenges.Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI is one of the first books to cover the systematic growth of silicon single crystals and the complete evaluation of silicon, from sand to useful wafers for device fabrication. Written for engineers and researchers working in semiconductor fabrication industries, this practical text: Describes different techniques used to grow silicon single crystals Explains how grown single-crystal ingots become a complete silicon wafer for integrated-circuit fabricationTable of ContentsIntroduction. Silicon: The Key Material for Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technology. Importance of Single Crystals for Integrated Circuit Fabrication. Different Techniques for Growing Single-Crystal Silicon. From Silicon Ingots to Silicon Wafers. Evaluation of Silicon Wafers. Resistivity and Impurity Concentration Mapping of Silicon Wafers. Impurities in Silicon Wafers. Defects in Silicon Wafers. Silicon Wafer Preparation for VLSI and ULSI Processing. Packing of Silicon Wafers.

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Book SynopsisElectric Field Analysis is both a student-friendly textbook and a valuable tool for engineers and physicists engaged in the design work of high-voltage insulation systems. The text begins by introducing the physical and mathematical fundamentals of electric fields, presenting problems from power and dielectric engineering to show how the theories are put into practice. The book then describes various techniques for electric field analysis and their significance in the validation of numerically computed results, as well as: Discusses finite difference, finite element, charge simulation, and surface charge simulation methods for the numerical computation of electric fields Provides case studies for electric field distribution in a cable termination, around a post insulator, in a condenser bushing, and around a gas-insulated substation (GIS) spacer Explores numerical field calculation for electric field optimization, demonstrating contour correctioTrade Review"… very useful to teachers and students in classes on applications of the theory, numerical analyses, and practice of using the electric field for practical electric power applications that benefit mankind, such as avoiding electrical breakdown in high-voltage systems. … The book begins at the senior undergraduate level in developing the fundamentals of electric field physics and applications, … [and] then continues on to advanced numerical methods valuable to graduate students and practitioners."—Markus Zahn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA "… gives clear and precise description of the state of the art in electric field analysis. … the book comes along with software for the computation of capacitive as well as capacitive-resistive electric fields."Prof. Dr.-Ing. Josef Kindersberger, Technische Universität München, Institute for High Voltage Engineering and Switchgear Technology"A unique book for understanding electric fields and its computation with particular emphasis to problems and configurations typically encountered by high voltage engineers while designing and building power apparatus and electric insulation systems. The coverage is comprehensive, up to date, and spans the entire spectrum thus making it an ideal book for both undergraduate and graduate students." —Professor L. Satish, HV Lab, Dept of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore "This is a very intriguing book, because it adds a great deal of practical insight into otherwise cold and lifeless equations and theory. It was a pleasure to review it and enjoy many of the applied examples using the theory presented in the first part of the book." —IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 2016 Table of ContentsFundamentals of Electric Field. Gauss’s Law and Related Topics. Orthogonal Coordinate Systems. Single-Dielectric Configurations. Dielectric Polarization. Electrostatic Boundary Conditions. Multi-Dielectric Configurations. Electrostatic Pressures on Boundary Surfaces. Method of Images. Sphere or Cylinder in Uniform External Field. Conformal Mapping. Graphical Field Plotting. Numerical Computation of Electric Field. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Finite Difference Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Finite Element Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Charge Simulation Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Surface Charge Simulation Method. Numerical Computation of Electric Field in High-Voltage System - Case Studies. Electric Field Optimization.

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Book SynopsisThe accurate design of earthspace systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the various propagation media and phenomena that differ depending on frequencies and types of applications. The choice of the relevant channel models is crucial in the design process and constitutes a key step in performance evaluation and testing of earthspace systems. The subject of this book is built around the two characteristic cases of satellite systems: fixed satellites and mobile satellite systems.Radio Wave Propagation and Channel Modeling for EarthSpace Systems discusses the state of the art in channel modeling and characterization of next-generation fixed multiple-antennas and mobile satellite systems, as well as propagation phenomena and fade mitigation techniques. The frequencies of interest range from 100 MHz to 100 GHz (from VHF to W band), whereas the use of optical free-space communications is envisaged.Examining recent research advances in space-timeTable of ContentsNext-Generation MIMO Satellite Systems: From Channel Modeling to System Performance Evaluation. Propagation Phenomena and Modeling for Fixed Satellite Systems: Evaluation of Fade Mitigation Techniques. Mobile Satellite Channel Characterization. Land Mobile Satellite Channel Models. Propagation Effects on Satellite Navigation Systems. Tropospheric Attenuation Synthesizers. Review of Space–Time Tropospheric Propagation Models. Impact of Clouds from Ka Band to Optical Frequencies. Aeronautical Communications Channel Characteristics and Modeling: From Legacy toward Future Satellite Systems. Stratospheric Channel Models. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetics for Electrical Machines offers a comprehensive yet accessible treatment of the linear theory of electromagnetics and its application to the design of electrical machines. Leveraging valuable classroom insight gained by the authors during their impressive and ongoing teaching careers, this text emphasizes concepts rather than numerical methods, providing presentation/project problems at the end of each chapter to enhance subject knowledge. Highlighting the essence of electromagnetic field (EMF) theory and its correlation with electrical machines, this book: Reviews Maxwell's equations and scalar and vector potentials Describes the special cases leading to the Laplace, Poisson's, eddy current, and wave equations Explores the utility of the uniqueness, generalized Poynting, Helmholtz, and approximation theorems Discusses the SchwarzChristoffel transformation, as well as the determination of airgap permeance AddreTrade Review"… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."— Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "The authors of this book set out to achieve the goal of presenting electromagnetics for electrical machines in a simple and systematic manner. I think they achieve that goal. They reduce Maxwell’s equations to Laplace’s equation, Poisson’s equation, wave equation, and eddy current equation and apply them to electrical machines."— Matthew Sadiku, Prairie View A&M University"I particularly value the approach taken of developing accurate theoretical electromagnetic models for several electrical machine structures. Traditional approaches of using lumped element models for machine parts, and then trying to modify the resulting equivalent network by taking into account the effect of these elements having non-zero physical size in a piece-meal fashion do not develop the user’s basic comprehensive insight into all aspects of the electromagnetic fields which can have some effect on machine behavior."— Philip H. Alexander, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor "… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."—Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."—Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "The authors of this book set out to achieve the goal of presenting electromagnetics for electrical machines in a simple and systematic manner. I think they achieve that goal. They reduce Maxwell’s equations to Laplace’s equation, Poisson’s equation, wave equation, and eddy current equation and apply them to electrical machines."—Matthew Sadiku, Prairie View A&M University"I particularly value the approach taken of developing accurate theoretical electromagnetic models for several electrical machine structures. Traditional approaches of using lumped element models for machine parts, and then trying to modify the resulting equivalent network by taking into account the effect of these elements having non-zero physical size in a piece-meal fashion do not develop the user’s basic comprehensive insight into all aspects of the electromagnetic fields which can have some effect on machine behavior."—Philip H. Alexander, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor Table of ContentsIntroduction. Review of Field Equations. Theorems, Revisited. Laplacian Fields. Eddy Currents in Magnetic Cores. Laminated-Rotor Polyphase Induction Machines. Un-Laminated Rotor Polyphase Induction Machines. Case Studies. Numerical Computation. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisText provides information about advanced OTFT (Organic thin film transistor) structures, their modeling and extraction of performance parameters, materials of individual layers, their molecular structures, basics of pi-conjugated semiconducting materials and their properties, OTFT charge transport phenomena and fabrication techniques. It includes applications of OTFTs such as single and dual gate OTFT based inverter circuits along with bootstrap techniques, SRAM cell designs based on different material and circuit configurations, light emitting diodes (LEDs). Besides this, application of dual gate OTFT in the logic gate, shift register, Flip-Flop, counter circuits will be included as well.Trade Review"The book covers both the fundamental aspects of the operating principles of organic electronic devices, as well as their applications in digital circuit design. The book is written in an attractive textbook format with problems at the end of each chapter making the book suitable as a textbook in both undergraduate and graduate level courses. This book will be an excellent addition to university library collections."— Christine Luscombe, University of Washington, USATable of Contents1.Introduction. 2. OTFT Parameters, Structures, Models, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications: A Review. 3. Analytical Modeling and Parameter Extraction of Top and Bottom Contact Structures of Organic Thin-Film Transistors. 4. Impact of Semiconductor and Dielectric Thicknesses on the Performance of Top and Bottom Contact Organic Thin-Film Transistors. 5. Organic Light-Emitting Transistors. 6. Static and Dynamic Analysis of Organic All-p, Organic Complementary, and Hybrid Complementary Inverter Circuits. 7. Robust Organic Inverters and NAND/NOR Logic Circuits Based on Single and Dual Gate OTFTs. 8. Digital Circuit Designs Based on Single and Dual Gate Organic Thin-Film Transistors Using Diode Load Logic and Zero-Vgs Load Logic Configurations. 9. Static Random Access Memory Cell Design Based on All-p Organic, Hybrid, and Complementary Organic Thin-Film Transistors. 10. Applications and Future Perspectives. 11. Appendix A: Simulation Examples. 12. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook addresses the development of energy-efficient, environmentally friendly solid-state light sources, in particular semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other solid-state lighting devices. It reflects the vast growth of this field and impacts in diverse industries, from lighting to communications, biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. The chapters include coverage of nanoscale processing, fabrication of LEDs, light diodes, photodetectors and nanodevices, characterization techniques, application, and recent advances. Readers will obtain an understanding of the key properties of solid-state lighting and LED devices, an overview of current technologies, and appreciation for the challenges remaining. The handbook will be useful to material growers and evaluators, device design and processing engineers, newcomers, students, and professionals in the field.Table of ContentsOVERVIEW. From the dawn of GaN-based light-emitting devices to the present day. Spectrum-related quality of white-light sources. Nanofabrication of III-nitride emitters for solid-state lighting. III-nitride deep-ultraviolet materials and applications. GAN-BASED LEDS FOR LIGHTING. Efficiency droop of nitride-based light-emitting diodes. Design and fabrication of patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) for GaN-based light-emitting diodes. Surface Plasmon Coupled Light-Emitting Diodes. Deep level traps in GaN epilayer and LED. Photoluminescence Dynamics in InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Light-Emitting Diodes. DEEP ULTRAVIOLET LEDS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES. Technological developments of UV-LEDs. Influence of carrier localization on efficiency droop and stimulated emission in AlGaN quantum wells. Solar-blind AlGaN devices. LASER DIODES. Laser diode-driven white light sources. InGaN laser diodes by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. GaN-based blue and green laser diodes. NANO AND OTHER TYPES OF LEDS. Photonic Crystal Light-Emitting Diodes by Nanosphere Lithography. ZnO-based LEDs. Natural Light-Style Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENTS. III-Nitride Semiconductor LEDs Grown on Si and Stress Control of GaN Epitaxial. A hole accelerator for III-nitride light-emitting diodes. MOCVD growth of GaN on foundry compatible 200 mm Si. Terahertz spectroscopy study of III-V nitrides. Internal luminescence mechanisms of III-nitride LEDs. Fabrication of thin film nitride-based light-emitting diodes.

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Book SynopsisThe Nano Science and Technology Institute (NSTI) have built a tradition of being the most prestigious forum in the world for leading Nano Scientists. NSTI provides Nano Scientists with up-to-date global perspective on the latest developments in nanotechnology. This volume outlines the latest developments in: Energy Storage, Fuel Cells & Hydrogen, Nanomaterials for Catalysis,, Materials for Oil, Gas & Biofuels, Carbon Capture & Utilization, Solar Power Technologies, Materials for Green Building, Water Technologies, Materials for Sustainability & Efficiency.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition offers an update on the single most comprehensive survey of the two intertwined fields of spintronics and magnetism, covering the diverse array of materials and structures, including silicon, organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and engineered nanostructures. It focuses on seminal pioneering work, together with the latest in cutting-edge advances, notably extended discussion of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene, topological insulators, skyrmions, and molecular spintronics. The main sections cover physical phenomena, spin-dependent tunneling, control of spin and magnetism in semiconductors, and spin-based applications.

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Book SynopsisBridging condensed matter physics, photochemistry, photophysics, and materials science, Electromagnetic Radiation in Analysis and Design of Organic Materials: Electronic and Biotechnology Applications covers physical properties of materials in the presence of radiation from across the electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the optical, spectral, thermal, and morphological properties of a wide range of materials and their practical implications in electronic and biotechnologies. It discusses recent advances in the use of radiation in analysis of materials and design for advanced applications. The book contains experimental and theoretical issues that reflect the impact of radiation on materials characteristics highlighting their ease of analysis or adaptation for applications as optical filters, drug delivery systems, antimicrobial layers, amphetamine detectors, or liquid crystal displays.Trade Review"The selection of the topics is quite good, as it discusses the interaction of a large array of compounds with the electromagnetic radiation. The general topic is very useful, as these interactions yield very useful information, for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, although they are nondestructive techniques."— Mirela Praisler, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania"This book can represent a good text book for senior-undergraduate and post-graduate students or experienced professionals that are looking to specialize in using the electromagnetic radiation in the analysis and processing of the various materials."— George Amarandei, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland"Authors provide a well-structured and self-contained book, yet concise, focused on selected topics related to the interactions of the electromagnetic radiations with organic matter, from small molecules to macromolecules and biological polymers. Each chapter addresses a specific subject and can be read it independently and in any order. The multidisciplinary approach supported by different methods of investigations and modern methods of analysis is a main strength of the content of the book. The accessible style used in explaining the complicated phenomena is of great advantage for the readers." — Cristina Stan, University of Bucharest, Romania"This is a well-structured and comprehensive book on a very important and relevant topic of modern physics and medicine. The book focuses on selected topics of interactions of electromagnetic radiation with organic matter, from small molecules to macromolecules and biological polymers. The multidisciplinary approach supported by different methods of investigations and modern methods of analysis is an important strength of the book. The accessible style used in explaining the complicated phenomena is of great advantage for the readers."— Codrina Ionita-Schrittwieser, University of Innsbruck, AustriaTable of ContentsPart I. Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiations with Low Molecular Weight Materials. Spectral Methods in Estimating Molecular Polarizability in Non-Polar Solvents. Solvatochromic Behavior of Ternary Solutions of Some 1, 2, 4-Triazolium Ylids. Spectral Insights on Intermolecular Interactions in Solutions of Some Zwitterionic Compounds. Relevance of the Molecular Descriptors for the Modeling/Discrimination of Amphetamines using Artificial Neural Network. Methods for Evaluation of Light Double Refraction in Transparent Uniax Anisotropic Media using the Channeled Spectra. New Approaches on Birefringence Dispersion of Small-Molecule Liquid Crystals Designed as Interferential Optical Filters. Novel Aspects on Optical Radiations Involvement in Analysis of Biaxial Crystals Optical Properties. Part II. Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiations with Macromolecular Materials. Designing Antimicrobial Properties on Urinary Catheter Surfaces by Interaction with Plasma Radiation and Particles. Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Polymer Materials Used in Biomedical Applications. Role of UV-VIS Radiations in Analysis of Polymer Systems for Drug Delivery Applications. Interaction of Radiations with Stretched Polymer Foils in Controlling the Release of a Drug for Alzheimer Disease. Structuring of Polymer Surfaces via Laser Irradiation as a Tool for Micro- and Nanotechnologies. Liquid Crystal Polymers under Mechanical and Electromagnetic Fields: From Basic Concepts to Modern Technologies.

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Book SynopsisEach chapter in this book is written by a group of leading experts in one particular type of microprobe technique. They emphasize the ability of that technique to provide information about small structures (i.e. quantum dots, quantum lines), microscopic defects, strain, layer composition, and its usefulness as diagnostic technique for device degradation. Different types of probes are considered (electrons, photons and tips) and different microscopies (optical, electron microscopy and tunneling). It is an ideal reference for post-graduate and experienced researchers, as well as for crystal growers and optoelectronic device makers.Table of Contents1. Photoluminescence Imaging2. MicroRaman Spectroscopy of Semiconductors: Principles and Applications3. Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy of Semiconductor Nanostructures4. Cross-sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Heterostructures5. Application of Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study Interfaces in Optoelectronic Materials6. Electron Beam Induced Luminescence Studies of Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures7. X-ray Topography8. Selective Etching and Complementary Microprobe Techniques (SFM, EBIC)

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Book SynopsisThe first part of a comprehensive overview of fundamental optical properties of III-nitride semiconductors. All optoelectronic applications based on III-nitrides are due to their unique optical properties and characterizations of III-nitrides. Much information, which is critical to the design and improvement of optoelectronic devices based on III-nitrides has been obtained in the last several years. This is the first of a two part Volume in the series Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductors and Superlattices.Trade Review""This essential book...is the first to present a systematic, comprehensive overview of the optical properties of III-nitride semiconductors...""The style of writing is engagin, which makes the book easily accessible to anyone involved in the development of optoelectronic devices, optical spectroscopy or new materials research."-Mircea Dragoman, National Research Institute in Microtechnology, Bucharest, Romania.."Book ReviewsOptics & Photonics News, June 2004Table of ContentsIntroductionChapter One: Time-resolved Photoluminescence Studies of III-NitridesChapter Two: Time-resolved Raman Studies of Wide bandgap Wurtzite GaNChapter Three: Optical Properties of InGaN Based III-Nitride HeterostructuresChapter Four: Optical Properties of Homeopitaxial GaNChapter Five: Physics and Optical Properties of GaN/InGaN Quantum WellsChapter Six: Characterization of GaN and Related Alloys by Raman ScatteringChapter Seven: Raman Studies of Wurtzite GaN and Related CompoundsChapter Eight: Light Emission from Rare Earth Doped GaN

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Book SynopsisThis second part presents a comprehensive overview of fundamental optical properties of the III Nitride Semiconductor. All optoelectronic applications based on III-nitrides are due to their unique optical properties and characterizations of III-nitrides. Much information, which is critical to the design and improvement of optoelectronic devices based on III-nitrides has been obtained in the last several years. This is the second of a two part Volume in the seriesOptoelectronic Properties of Semiconductors and Superlattices.Table of ContentsChapter One: Optical Spectroscopy of Highly Excited Group III-Nitrides Chapter Two: Optical Constraints of III-Nitrides-Experiments Chapter Three: Optical Functions of III-Nitrides-Calculations Chapter Four: Interband Optical Transitions in Piezo-Strained InGaN Qunatum Wells Chapter Five: Electric Fields in Polarized InGaN/GaN Heterostructures Chapter Six: Inter-link Between Structural and Optical Properties of GaN and GaN/AIGaN Heterostructures Chapter Seven: LO Phonon Assisted Excition Luminescence Processes in Heteroepitaxial GaN Films Chapter Eight: Cubic Phase GaN and AIGaN: Expitaxial Growth and Optical Properties

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Book SynopsisThis volume is focused on the growth techniques for III-Nitrides featuring chapters written by leading experts in the field. This unique volume provides a comprehensive review and introduction to growth issues, substrates and characterization of GaN and related compounds for newcomers to the field and stimulus for further advances for experienced researchers. The technical chapters in this volume are focused on various aspects of growth modes, growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, epitaxial lateral overgrowth, hydride vapor phase epitaxial growth, as well as substrate issues and characterization results.Table of ContentsChapter One: Reduction of Dislocation Density in GaN Films Formed by Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth Chapter Two: Lateral and Pendo-Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Thin Films of GaN and AIGaN Alloys on SIC(0001) and Si(111) Substrates Chapter Three: Spatially Resolved Optical Characterization of GaN Structures Produced by Selective Area Epitaxy and Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth Chapter Four: Selective Area Growth of Gallium Nitride on ?-AI2O3 and Silicon Substrates Using Oxidized Aluminum Arsenide Chapter Five: Homo and Hetero-Epitaxial MOVPE Growth of GaN Chapter Six: Hydride Vapour Phase Epitaxial Growth of Thick GaN Layers Chapter Seven: Growth Modes and Strain Relaxation Mechanisms of Nitrides in Molecular Beam Epitaxy: From 2D to 3D Growth Mode Chapter Eight: Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Group-III Nitrides Chapter Nine: "Growth and Characterization of MBE-grown Cubic GaN, InxGa1-xN and AIyGa1-yN" Chapter Ten: Growth of III_V Nitrides by Pulsed Laser Deposition Chapter Eleven: Influence of the Growth Mode on the physical Properties of GaN Grown by MetalOrganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Chapter Twelve: Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of GaN-based Nitrides and Related Devices on Silicon Substrates Chapter 13: Metalorganic Vapor Phase Change Epitaxy Grown Hexagonal GaN and AIGaN for UV-Visible-Blind Photodetector Device Applications Chapter 14: Epitaxial Growth of Wurtzite GaN and Ternary Compounds

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to explore a range of ideas that have the potential to lead to future paradigm shifts. We know that technology is evolving at a rapid pace, but it is almost impossible to predict the exact direction from which the next paradigm will emerge. The book represents eighteen ideas that could result in paradigm shifts. The only criterion for inclusion in this book is that the idea has to represent a significant departure from the norm in exploring a new technology or application. The next generation of paradigm shifts in communication technology is going to start as ''blue sky'' ideas, evolving dreams into reality.

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Book SynopsisThe discovery of high-temperature superconductivity [1986] by Bendnorz and Müller in the La-BA-Cu-O system resulted in very extensive research work about the discovery and synthesis of other high-temperature superconductors, such as Y-BA-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O. These new superconducting materials, possessing superconductivity above liquid nitrogen boiling point, are used in many engineering applications, from electronic sensors to rotating electrical generators and from nanometer-scale thin films to kilometer-long wires and coils. Therefore, design and net-shape manufacturing of superconducting components, starting from the initial synthesized powders, is now of utmost industrial importance.This book is primarily focused on the bulk-fabrication techniques of high-temperature ceramic superconducting components, especially on the combination of dynamic powder-consolidation and subsequent deformation processing. The properties of these ceramics, which are difficult-to-form materials by applying conventional techniques, are combined for the net-shape manufacturing of such components for the construction of HTS devices. However, very important topics such as superconducting structures, chemical synthesis, film fabrication and characterization techniques are also reviewed to provide a complete, comprehensive view of superconductors engineering.Table of ContentsForeword, Bernard Raveau, CRISMAT Laboratory, France. Preface. Introduction. Fundamentals of Superconductors. Synthesis of Ceramic Superconductors. Impact Loading of Solid Porous Media. Fabrication of Bulk HTS. Fabrication of HTS Films. Characterization of HTS Powders and Components. Industrial Applications. Future Perspectives of High-Tc Superconductivity.

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Book SynopsisFirst introduced about a decade ago, the first edition of the Handbook of Semiconductor Interconnection Technology became widely popular for its thorough, integrated treatment of interconnect technologies and its forward-looking perspective. The field has grown tremendously in the interim and many of the "likely directions" outlined in the first edition are now standard in modern facilities. Reflecting those advances, this edition delves into the practical aspects of interconnections for manufacturing. It examines the interconnect and fabrication technologies now available, with an examination of future prospects for the field.What's in this Edition:Detailed discussion of electrochemical equipment for plating copper Information on tools used for evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and plasma processes Emphasis on measurement of mechanical and thermal properties of insulators Methods for characterizing porous dielectric thin films Greater focus on integration issues and properties of titanium, cobalt, and nickel silicides Process schemes based on the increased need for borderless contact gates and source/drain Expanded discussion on choices for low-dielectric insulators Concentration on electroplated copper, especially morphology of plated films and their properties Developments in thin film liners and barriers Expanded material on copper reliability Table of ContentsMethods/Principles of Deposition and Etching; Geraldine Cogin Schwartz. Characterization; Geraldine Cogin Schwartz. Semiconductor Contact Technology; David R. Campbell, revised by Catherine Ivers. Interlevel Dielectrics; Geraldine Cogin Schwartz and K.V. Sriksrishnan. Metallization; Geraldine Cogin CSchwartz and K.V. Srikrishnan. Chip Integration; Geraldine Cogin Schwartz and K.V. Srikrishnan. Reliability; James R. Lloyd and Kenneth P. Rodbell. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for microwave and RF engineers, this is a presentation of nonlinear microwave and RF circuits. It offers an understanding of the theory of nonlinear circuit analysis that they need for their work in the field. There is guidance on designing nonlinear circuits and modelling solid-state devices for nonlinear circuit analysis by computer, showing how characteristics of such models affect the analysis of these circuits. This second edition features new material, including critical discussions on nonlinear analysis of oscillators and design issues relating to RF (radio frequency) and wireless technology. More than 120 illustrations support key topics throughout the text.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction, Fundamental Concepts, and Definitions. Solid-State Device Modeling. Harmonic-Balance analysis. Volterra-Series and Power-Series Analysis. Balanced Circuits. Diode Mixers. Diode Frequency Multipliers. Small-Signal Amplifiers. Power Amplifiers. Active Frequency Multipliers. Active Mixers. Oscillators. Index.

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Book SynopsisGrounding is a widespread and serious problem in microwave and RF engineering and, up until now, there hasn't been a practical, authoritative resource dedicated to the topic. This first-of-its-kind volume offers professionals a comprehensive understanding of the proper grounding techniques to use when working on varied microwave circuit and antenna design projects. Practitioners learn what problems can occur when grounding design is inadequate, and how to avoid them. The book covers a wide range of critical topics, from the fundamentals of low frequency circuit theory and the differences between DC and RF short circuits...to grounding in active microwave component design and grounding issues related to antennas.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Electromagnetic Theory. Transmission Lines, Waveguides and Passive Circuits. Transmission Line Transitions. Active Microwave Devices and Circuits. Antennas. References. Index. Author Biography.

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Book SynopsisMicrowave tubes are vacuum electron devices used for the generation and amplification of radio frequencies in the microwave range. An established technology area, the use of tubes remains essential in the field today for high-power applications. The culmination of the author's 50 years of industry experience, this authoritative resource offers you a thorough understanding of the operations and major classes of microwave tubes. Minimizing the use of advanced mathematics, the book places emphasis on clear qualitative explanations of phenomena. This practical reference serves as an excellent introduction for newcomers to the field and offers established tube engineers a comprehensive refresher. Professionals find coverage of all major tube classifications, including klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), magnetrons, cross field amplifiers, and gyrotrons.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Static Fields Produced by Electrons. Electron Motion in Static Fields. Influence of Magnetic Field on Electron Motion. Thermionic Cathodes. Electron Guns. Electron Beams. Beam-Gap Interactions. Electron Bunching. Basic Klystrons and Their Operation. Special Purpose Klystrons. Traveling Wave Interaction. Wave Velocities and Dispersion. Helix TWTS. Coupled Cavity TWTS. Collectors. Crossed Field Tubes. Cathodes for Crossed Field Tubes. Magnetrons. Crossed-Field Amplifiers. Windows. Noise. Nonlinearities and Distortion. Breakdown and Protection. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisWritten by prominent experts in the field, this authoritative new resource provides guidelines for performing a wide variety of Vector Network Analyzers (VNA) measurements. The capabilities and limitations of modern VNA in the context of challenging real-world applications are explained, as well as insights for optimizing test setups and instrument settings, making accurate measurements and, equally important, avoiding costly mistakes. Organized by topic, the readers can focus on chapters covering particular measurement challenges. Application topics include linear and non-linear measurements of passive and active devices, frequency converting devices, and special considerations for high-power, high-gain, and pulsed devices. Signal Integrity and time-domain reflectometry are covered, as well as emerging applications at millimeter-wave frequencies driven by 5G and automotive radar. Waveguide is presented, with emphasis on understanding guided-wave propagation and the associated calculations required for creating calibration standards. Each application is supported by illustrations that help explain key concepts and VNA screenshots are used to show both expected and, in some cases, unexpected results. This book equips engineers and lab technicians to better understand these important instruments, and effectively use them to develop the technologies that drive our world.Table of ContentsArchitecture of the Modern VNA; Calibration Techniques; Cable, Adapter and Attenuator Measurements; Filter, Transformer, Coupler, Circulator Measurements; Amplifier Measurements; Measurements on Mixers and Frequency Converters; Pulse Measurements; Antenna Measurements; Waveguide and Millimeter-Wave Measurements; Measurements on a Probe Station.

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Book SynopsisThis book targets new trends in microwave engineering by downscaling components and devices for industrial purposes such as miniaturization and function densification, in association with the new approach of activation by a confined optical remote control. It covers the fundamental groundwork of the structure, property, characterization methods and applications of 1D and 2D nanostructures, along with providing the necessary knowledge on atomic structure, how it relates to the material band-structure and how this in turn leads to the amazing properties of these structures. It thus provides new graduates, PhD students and post-doctorates with a resource equipping them with the knowledge to undertake their research.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MATERIALS AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH LIGHT 1 1.1. Review of main trends in 3D to 0D materials 1 1.1.1. Main trends in 3D materials for radio frequency (RF) electronics and photonics 1 1.1.2. Main trends in 2D materials for RF electronics and photonics 2 1.1.3. Review of other two-dimensional structures for RF electronic applications 5 1.1.4. Main trends in 1D materials for RF electronics and photonics 6 1.1.5. Other 1D materials for RF applications 9 1.1.6. Some attempts on 0D materials 13 1.2. Light/matter interactions 13 1.2.1. Fundamental electromagnetic properties of 3D bulk materials 14 1.2.2. Linear optical transitions 22 1.2.3. Bandgap engineering in nanomaterials: effect of confinement/sizing on bandgap structure 23 1.3. Focus on two light/matter interactions at the material level 26 1.3.1. Photoconductivity in semiconductor material 26 1.3.2. Example of light absorption in metals: plasmonics 45 CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AT NANOSCALE 51 2.1. State of the art of macroscopic material characterization techniques in the microwave domain with dedicated equipment 51 2.1.1. Static resistivity 51 2.1.2. Carrier and doping density 53 2.1.3. Contact resistance and Schottky barriers 55 2.1.4. Transient methods for the determination of carrier dynamics 56 2.1.5. Frequency methods for complex permittivity determination in frequency 57 2.2. Evolution of techniques for nanomaterial characterization 60 2.2.1. The CNT transistor 60 2.2.2. Optimizing DC measurements 60 2.2.3. Pulsed I-V measurements 61 2.2.4. Capacitance–voltage measurements 61 2.3. Micro- to nanoexperimental techniques for the characterization of 2D, 1D and 0D materials 62 CHAPTER 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED COMPONENTS AND DEVICES 65 3.1. Photoconductive switches for microwave applications 67 3.1.1. Major stakes 67 3.1.2. Basic principles 67 3.1.3. State of the art of photoconductive switching 71 3.1.4. Photoconductive switching at nanoscale – examples 72 3.2. 2D materials for microwave applications 74 3.2.1. Graphene for RF applications 74 3.2.2. Optoelectronic functions 76 3.2.3. Other potential applications of graphene 77 3.3. 1D materials for RF electronics and photonics 78 3.3.1. Carbon nanotubes in microwave and RF circuits 78 3.3.2. CNT microwave transistors 79 3.3.3. RF absorbing and shielding materials based on CNT composites 82 3.3.4. Interconnects 83 CHAPTER 4. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED SUBSYSTEMS 85 4.1. Sampling and analog-to-digital converter 85 4.1.1. Basic principles of sampling and subsampling 87 4.1.2. Optical sampling of microwave signals 89 4.2. Photomixing principle 89 4.3. Nanoantennas for microwave to THz applications 91 4.3.1. Optical control of antennas in the microwave domain 91 4.3.2. THz photoconducting antennas 91 4.3.3. 2D material-based THz antennas 92 4.3.4. 1D material-based antennas 92 4.3.5. Challenges for future applications 96 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 99 C.1. Conclusions 99 C.2. Perspectives: beyond graphene structures for advanced microwave functions 100 C.2.1. van der Waals heterostructures 101 C.2.2. Beyond graphene: heterogeneous integration of graphene with other 2D semiconductor materials 103 C.2.3. Graphene allotropes 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 INDEX 119

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Book SynopsisMicrowave and radio frequency (RF) elements play an important role in communication systems, and, due to the proliferation of radar, satellite and mobile wireless systems, there is a need for the study of electromagnetism. Each of the nine chapters of this book provides a complete analysis and modeling of the microwave structure used for emission or reception technology, providing students with a set of approaches that can be used for current and future RF and microwave circuit designs. The authors emphasize the practical nature of the subject by summarizing the analysis steps and giving numerous examples of problems and exercises complete with solutions, making this book theoretical, but also experimental, with over 16 microwave problems. This approach has produced a coherent and practical treatment of the subject. The book has grown out of the authors’ own teaching and, as such, has a unity of methodology and style. It provides basic knowledge of microwave and RF range and is intended for microwave engineers and for advanced graduate students.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi INTRODUCTION xv PART 1. TRANSMISSION LINES 1 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC OF TEM TRANSMISSION LINES 3 CHAPTER 2. LOSSES IN TEM TRANSMISSION LINES 23 CHAPTER 3. DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TEM LINES 51 PART 2. GUIDES 77 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC IN LINEAR, HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC AND LOSSLESS GUIDES 79 CHAPTER 5. LOSSES IN GUIDES 107 CHAPTER 6. RECTANGULAR TM AND TE GUIDES 123 CHAPTER 7. CIRCULAR TM AND TE GUIDES 151 PART 3. CAVITIES 173 CHAPTER 8. RECTANGULAR TE011 CAVITY 175 CHAPTER 9. CIRCULAR TEmnp AND TMmnp CAVITIES 191 INDEX 201

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