Medical research Books

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Clinical Cancer Research provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of clinical cancer research, including the full spectrum of methodologies used in the field. For those involved in research or considering research careers, this book offers a mix of practical advice and analytical tools for effective training in theoretical principles as well as specific, usable teaching examples. The clinical oncologist or trainee will find a high-yield, practical guide to the interpretation of the oncology literature and the application of data to real-world settings. Valuable for both researchers and clinicians who wish to sharpen their skills, this book contains all of the cornerstones and explanations needed to produce and recognize quality clinical science in oncology.Written from the physician-scientist's perspective, the book lays a strong foundation in preclinical sciences that is highly relevant to careers in translational oncology research along with coverage of population and outcomes research and clinical trials. It brings together fundamental principles in oncology with the statistical concepts one needs to know to design and interpret studies successfully. With each chapter including perspectives of both clinicians and scientists or biostatisticians, Principles of Clinical Cancer Research provides balanced, instructive, and high-quality topic overviews and applications that are accessible and thorough for anyone in the field.KEY FEATURES: Gives real-world examples and rationales behind which research methods to use when and why Includes numerous tables featuring key statistical methods and programming commands used in everyday clinical research Contains illustrative practical examples and figures in each chapter to help the reader master concepts Provides tips and pointers for structuring a career, avoiding pitfalls, and achieving success in the field of clinical cancer research Access to fully downloadable eBook

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Book SynopsisThis book proposed a comprehensive energy theory of reversible adaptation (ETRA) explaining general rules and mechanisms of organism adaptation to shifts in both external and internal environments. The theory is based on cellular mechanisms of reactive adaptation (CMRA) controlling long-term energy balance. CMRA and an organism-scale distributed functional system called energy mega-system (EMS) provide human reversible adaptation to unstable external/internal environmental conditions.

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Book SynopsisMicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in different organisms including viruses, insects, plants and animals. MiRNAs has emerged as key regulators of important biological processes. The differential expression of miRNAs in various human diseases has made them potential candidates for developing novel therapies and personalized medicines. This book is focused on microRNA let-7, the second miRNA discovered in the year 2000 and one of the most studied miRNA. This book discusses various aspects of miRNA let-7 starting from its discovery, biogenesis, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation to its crucial role in various fundamental cellular processes such as development, stem cell maintenance and differentiation, regulation of signalling pathways in cancer, drug resistance and therapeutic potential in different human diseases.

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Book SynopsisThe maintenance of DNA integrity and genome stability is essential for the viability of cells and the life of organisms. The genetic material is constantly under attack from external environmental factors and endogenous metabolic products that can alter its chemical structure and nucleotides sequence. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of DNA repair including topics such as DNA repair as the primary adaptive function of sex in bacteria and eukaryotes; DNA repair as a therapeutic target in breast cancer; DNA repair in the nervous system; targeting BRCA1 DNA repair pathway for cancer chemotherapy and DNA damage and repair during photodynamic therapy.

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Book SynopsisUric acid is the end-product of the purine metabolism in human beings. Most of this substance is in the form of monosodium urate in compartments with pH 7.4, such as plasma and extracellular fluids. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biology, functions and disease relating to uric acid. Topics discussed include the role of uric acid in the avian species; uric acid in multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases and the role of uric acid in metabolic syndrome and in hypertension and renal failure.

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Book SynopsisThis book compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of animal science research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisThis continuing series gathers and presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial topical data across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include new research in serum angiotensin applied to equine medicine; pertussis symptoms and treatment; heliobacter pylori virulence factors in gastritis; robotic surgery in gynaecology; sleep quality and health; management of complex osteomyelitis in children; thyroid hormone regulation and role in metabolism; and peripheral artery disease and arteriovenous fistula dysfunction as a cause of morbidity in hemodialysis patients.

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Book Synopsis"Advances in Medicine and Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book discusses research on topics such as parasitoid venom and its effects on hosts; therapeutic effects of creatine supplementation; gastritis in heliobacter pylori infection; B1 adrenoreceptor signalling in arteriosclerosis; Coenzyme Q10 super nutrient; the eradication of leprosy; peptide contamination of cell membranes in the etiology of chronic non-infectious disease; eliminating the poliovirus; the effect of glycolic acid chemical peeling on facial skin; and ultrasound-guided robotic system for intervention treatment in liver tumours.

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Book SynopsisHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. In autologous HSCT, the stem cells are collected from the patient then infused back after high dose chemotherapy. On the other hand, in allogeneic HSCT, the stem cells are donated from another individual (who may be related or unrelated and unmatched or matched). In this book, the authors present new research in the study of hematopoietic stem cells including pulmonary complications following HSCT; psychological health and adjustment of families of children who undergo HSCT; the immunogenetics of unrelated HSCT for thalassemia; HSCT for inflammatory bowel diseases; and extramedullary hematopoiesis leading to the production of a novel antigen-presenting cell type in the murine spleen.

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Book SynopsisIn neuropathology, the nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either small surgical biopsies or whole autopsy brains are studied. This book presents current research topics in the study of neuropathology gathered from authors across the globe including the therapeutic strategies for polyQ diseases; mechanisms underlying the neuropathology of Huntington''s disease; quantitative studies of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders; evaluation of the hypothalamic and circadian rhythm disturbances in developmental brain disorders; the role of B-synuclein in the pathogenesis of a-synucleinopathies; neuropathology of cultured retinas and the occiptal cortex relating to visual problems of patients with vCJD.

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Book SynopsisPhysics aims at explaining and describing as many processes of nature as possible. In this book the authors show several examples of its usefulness in the medical environment. The authors start from basic processes like bacterial diffusion, eye vision, through preclinical applications, to radiation treatment planning. This sampling allows profound examination of powerful tools, which physics provide for medical field. This book is intended for medical students at the doctoral or post-doctoral level, students of medical physics of master level or higher, or for medical doctors who want to have a deeper insight into their specialty.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Medicine Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of medicinal research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Medicine Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of medicinal research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Medicine Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of medicinal research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Genetics Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of genetics research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig''s disease is an adult-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive apoptosis of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord. This results in paralysis of bulbar, limb, thoracic and abdominal skeletal muscles, and death within 25 years of diagnosis. In this book, the authors present current research on the symptoms, treatment and prognosis of ALS. Topics include audiological profiles and hearing loss in ALS patients; the role of the lipid transcription factor and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in ALS; molecular targeted therapy for ALS; physical and communication disabilities in ALS; psychological interventions for ALS patients and their caregivers; and a study of ALS progression and propagation.

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Book Synopsis"Advances in Medicine and Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book discusses research on topics such as global eradication of malaria; heterotopic calcification pathogenesis; medico-legal diagnosis in sudden death from anaphylaxis; intestinal mucosal hypoplasia risk factors; IkB Kinase and heat shock protein 90 complex in inflammatory response to bacterial infection; prescribing errors in primary care community pharmacies; the ExPress Implant in primary and secondary glaucoma; and hearing functionality assessment of cochlear hypoplasia.

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Book SynopsisExamining the eating patterns of the U.S. population is a key factor to improving our understanding of the determinants of Americans'' nutrition and health. Analysing the time Americans spend in various activities, and in particular food-related activities, may provide some insight into why nutrition and health outcomes vary over time and across different segments of the population. A better understanding of these factors could improve programs and policies targeted at reducing obesity and improving overall nutrition. This book examines select research on American''s food choices, with a focus on how Americans rate their diet quality; new food choices free of trans fats; and the taxing of caloric sweetened beverages and its potential effect on beverage consumption, calorie intake and obesity.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is the regeneration and functional recovery of visual pathways by peripheral nerve graft in adult mammals; molecular mechanisms integrating adenylyl cyclase responsiveness to metabolic control on long-term emotional memory; ketamine as a treatment for major depression, mood disorders and epilepsy; neuroenergetic and neuroprotective effects of hydroxy acids in the central nervous system; frontal lobe symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and dementia; carbon fibres in the brain; and visual illusion perception and cognitive phenotype of children with Down Syndrome.

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Book SynopsisThis book compiles articles from the International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers which publishes original research on the leading edge of research in biology and medicine. Some of the topics discussed include current advances in nucleic acid-based antiviral therapy; the role of platelet rich plasma injections in Achilles Tendonoses; advances in tissue engineering application for ligament repair; advances in ceramic bearings for total hip replacement and liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma.

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Book SynopsisThis new book compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of microbiology and molecular biology, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in these important fields.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include the role of dendritic cells in the priming of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses; current anti-cancer agents targeting apoptosis and authophagy and clues for future cancer drug discovery; the efficacy of bufadienolides and TCM preparations on in vivo and in vivo cancer models in clinical trials; the role of tetracyclic triterpenes and their glycosides in cancer prevention; adoptive cell therapy at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy; the challenges and promises of targeted chemoprevention; the physical, emotional and social challenges associated with cancer survivorship; bioinformatics tools and resources for cancer diagnosis and drug development; and the history of radical surgery for the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is white matter hyperintensities and major affective disorders; neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system; the beneficial consequences of oxytocin on motherhood and offspring cognitive development; premotor cortex and primary motor cortex in action language comprehension; pain treatment by tDCS of the human primary motor cortex; neurotransmitter synthesis by newborn neurons in the penumbral cortex; central auditory processing alterations in phonological dyslexia; participation of the hippocampus in memory function; and the motor cortex under hypoxia.

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Book Synopsis"Advances in Medicine and Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book discusses research on topics such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia; strategies to obtain lectins from distinct sources; the role of N-Acetylcysteine on the prophilaxys of contrast induced nephropathy; pharmacokinetically-guided chemotherapy with fluorouracil; arabinose as a very rare substance to bind mushroom lectins; liver regeneration of oral supplementation with carbohydrates together with branched-chain amino acids; the feedforward and feedback loop between ChREPB and its target genes in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism; psychosocial issues in lung transplantation in children; application of nitrous oxide and current inhalational anesthetics; fibroblast growth factor-23, phosphate metabolism and risk for cardiovascular disease; and CPAP treatment with heating humidifiation in OSAS patients.

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Book Synopsis"Advances in Medicine & Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book discusses research on topics such as the treatment of osteoporosis with a combination of functional food factors; anti-diabetes drug discovery; Barrett''s Esophagus in the Chinese population; the emerging role of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of tuberculosis; cardiac impairment in therapy with fluoroquinolones; the use of platelet rich plasma in sports injuries; heritability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; esophageal stent placement for benign esophageal strictures, leaks, fistulas and perforations; characterisation of gastroesophageal reflux; proximal extension of the flexor retinaculum; what clinical teaching associates learn from gynecological examination; and treating mine-blast injuries in Sri Lanka.

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Book SynopsisThis continuing series gathers and presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial topical data across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include antimicrobial lipids as food sanitisers; melatonin as a therapeutic resource for uveitis treatment; traumatic diaphragmatic rupture; qualification and quantification of pre-implantation embryo health; infection control in endodontics; application of egg yolk immunoglobin (IgY) to gastrointestinal diseases; cachexia, obesity and lipoprotein lipase; side effects related to prednisone in randomised clinical trials; endurance exercise without diet modification; exercise and calorie intake research; the pathophysiology and management of cardiorenal syndrome; and assessing the effects of vaccination, case findings, and educational campaigns on controlling the cholera epidemic.

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Book SynopsisThis continuing series gathers and presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial topical data across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include the properties, biosynthesis and health implications of sucrose; colonisation of oral and dental tissues by uncommon bacteria; use of chlorhexidine as an adjunct therapy in oral candidal infection; biofilms and otitis media; risk factors for systemic conditions in periodontal disease; fentanyl use from analgesia to hyperalgesia; post laryngectomy voice rehabilitation and gastroesophageal reflux; acute otitis media in developing countries; long-term follow-up care of patients treated for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR); non-acid gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders in children; and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the area of donostialdea diagnosed by telemedicine.

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Book SynopsisThis book is unique in the sense that it presents a broad and dynamic research narrative, which is filled with phenomena, issues and challenges facing researchers in various disciplines, cultural contexts, linguistic and ethical discourses. The content of the book is addressing three overarching research issues: What are the diverse challenges, opportunities, and limitations different cohorts of individuals face? Why and how do these cohorts respond to these challenges, opportunities, and limitations? How, where, when, and why do researchers interact with these challenges and what have they learned from their investigations? One of the strengths of this edited book is, each of the contributors has explored these three issues from a somewhat unique perspective, but collectively they provide a rich discourse and milieu around the purpose of research and how and why it is conducted and interpreted within a contemporary multimodal context. Across all the chapters the contributions have focused on the process of researching and as a consequence there are two recurring discourses identified. The first discourse relates to conducting the research and involves topics, such as methodology, ethics, research populations, assessment, data, and linguistic complexity. The second discourse is around the researchers, because they are the "lens" through which their research is conceived, guided, articulated, and interpreted. For too long now, too many books about research, particularly social science related research, have been locked into a narrow discourse around the benefits of either qualitative or quantitative research methods. While this topic is explored in this text, it is not dominated by this one, rather artificial dichotomy. What is exciting about the book is its diversity and the range of dichotomies that are explored and the range of contexts and issues that are reviewed. There is a strong narrative quality throughout the chapters where the voice of the researchers and their purpose is amplified. The book is of special interest to research-orientated students as well as to those who want to learn more about conducting research in a challenging discourse of diverse paradigms.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an account of criticism and controversy surrounding modern medicine. Chapter One provides an overview of the contents. Chapter Four explains the contribution of the concept of paradigm'' to the analysis provided. The argument is that, for all its fine accomplishments in medicine, the science has also damaged the art. This view is an echo of views expressed by eminent physicians early in the last Century, including William Osler and Francis Peabody. Concrete evidence of an ailing doctor-patient relationship is manifest in the form of some serious clinical problems. These include patient dissatisfaction, failure to take prescribed medication, failure of a doctor''s reassurance of normality to allay anxiety, resort to alternative medicine, use of patient advocates and defection'' to alternative medicine. These we see as, not only damaging to treatment and health outcome, and very expensive, but indicators of a basic lack of trust.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, thousands of cancer biomarkers have been discovered and described in scientific literature. The promise of personalised medicine, where diseases such as cancer are accurately diagnosed and treatments tailored specifically for individuals, is becoming a reality. Significant advances in biomarker-based research methodologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) are at the cusp of ushering in a new era of personal medicine. However, unlike the spectacular advances in research technologies for disease biomarker discovery, biomarker-based technologies that can effectively be used in the clinic (or point-of-care) to enable personalised medicine are still lacking. In this book, we feature a selection of emerging technologies which are aimed at enabling clinical applications of personalised medicine. Each of the eight chapters is written by a leading group at the intersection of microfluidics, biology, and nanotechnology. For instance, to accelerate a major bottleneck in the development of clinically useful protein diagnostics, we discuss the application of yeast-derived single chain Fragment variable (scFv) antibody-like molecules as a potential low cost alternative to traditional antibody-based diagnostics. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are an emerging class of cancer biomarkers and a potential resource for understanding cancer progression; we explore various strategies combining microfluidics with nanotechnology for capturing CTCs. The book includes an evaluation of some current and emerging technologies for detecting clinical DNA methylation, another potential cancer biomarker. As personalised medicine may involve tracking a patient''s response to treatment, the application of microfluidics to detect metabolites in biological fluids is also discussed. Finally, the ultimate goal of personalised medicine is targeted therapy. One promising approach is RNAi technology which uses short nucleotides to disrupt cancer pathways. In this book, nanoparticle approaches to deliver these short nucleotides are discussed.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book of its kind that takes a unique approach to introducing key aspects of modern biomedical research and providing detailed strategies for developing competitive institutional biomedical research. The book presents current information on a variety of topics of biomedical research and research development in an organised, cogent, and in-depth manner. The consistent format of writing, the full-colour illustrations, and the comprehensive list of references along with the well-thought out self-assessment questions for each of the chapters make the book highly accessible and engaging. Besides its value as a guide for those who are involved in developing biomedical research, "Biomedical Research: Strategic Planning for Success" can also be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in the field of biomedical sciences. In addition, the book will provide a useful reference for both health professionals and the general public to gain a quick and thorough understanding of biomedical research and how to develop biomedical research, a main domain of the 21st century scientific research enterprises.

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Book SynopsisThe calcium metabolism in the living body is skilfully regulated through calcium-regulating hormones, including the parathyroid hormone, active vitamin D3 metabolite and calcitonin. The blood calcium concentration is ten thousand-fold compared with the levels in cells. Cells use extracellular calcium to regulate cell function efficiently. Intracellular calcium homeostasis is exactly regulated through the mechanism related to various calcium transport systems in cells. Signal transduction plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation. Calcium signalling is probably the most ubiquitous cellular signal that mediates the action of many hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters. Calcium regulates the activity of numerous calcium-dependent proteins including protein kinases, protein phosphatases, protease and other calcium-regulating factors involved in calcium signalling. Calcium signalling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of manifold cellular functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression. This book focuses on recent topics in calcium signalling and its related diseases.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the disease called avascular necrosis (AVN) was discovered in Egyptian mummies, there is a lack of information available in understanding and treating this pathology. AVN is a condition where cellular death of bone components occurs due to an interruption of the blood supply. Nusem discusses the morphopathological appearance of AVN. Avascular necrosis tends to affect young adults and often progresses despite appropriate treatment. Although some of the predisposing factors have been recognised, the pathogenesis of AVN remains unclear. Cheung discusses hypotheses and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the disease while Lloyd addresses new advances in the field of radiology. Most authors agree that successful treatment directly relates to the stage of the disease, which in most case is reflected by a specific classification system. Each chapter will provide an overview of the specific systems most commonly used for the anatomical region described therein. Various anatomical locations more commonly involved with AVN are discussed specifically. Nusem discusses a rare spinal disorder characterised as avascular necrosis of a vertebral body occurring in a delayed fashion after minor trauma (Kümmell''s disease). The femoral head is most commonly affected by AVN; the clinical presentation and existing treatment options are discussed by Cowie and coauthors. AVN around the knee is presented by Myers and colleagues while AVN affecting the foot is presented by Nihal and coworkers. In the upper extremity AVN of the capitellum (Panner''s disease) is presented by Shamimudeen while AVN of the lunate (Kienböck''s disease) is discussed by Rhau and colleagues and AVN of the scaphoid (Preiser''s disease) is described by Wong and his coworkers. Although AVN is not common in the paediatric age group, Jabur presents on AVN after slipped femoral capital epiphysis. Bone marrow oedema is a common finding in MRIs done in patients with AVN and Nusem will discuss bone marrow oedema syndrome and its differential diagnosis.

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Book SynopsisStem cells are the building blocks of the body. They can develop into any of the cells that make up our bodies. Stem cells carry a lot of hope for the treatment of a broad range of diseases and injuries, spanning from cancers, diabetes, genetic diseases, graft-versus-host disease, eye, heart and liver diseases, inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, to neurological diseases and injuries, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer''s and Parkinson''s diseases, cerebral strokes, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Stem cell research is therefore as important for our understanding the physio- and pathology of the body, as for development and therapy, including for the nervous system. This book aims at providing an overview and in depth analysis of recent developments in stem cell research and therapy. It is composed of recently published review articles that went through a peer-review process.

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Book SynopsisHuman biobanks are a revolution in the field of medical sciences and technologies. As organised bioresources of samples and data providing high quality services for clinical and research applications, human biobanks are contributing to the shape of the modern realm of translational research globally. In relation to this facet, human biorepositories are raising a number of ethical, legal and social issues surrounding the use of biomaterials and related information for therapeutic or research purposes. This book seeks to draw up the main issues related to the established and emerging human biobanks focusing on the issues of ownership, commercialisation, informed consent, privacy protection and return of results. To provide a comprehensive analysis of these elements, this book proposes a reading of known as well as emerging ethical and regulatory issues related to biorepositiories, comprised of both adult and paediatric biobanks. This book includes an edition of papers addressing ethical, legal and social aspects of biobanks and news contributions related to this field.

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Book SynopsisThe World Health Organization expects deaths from non-communicable diseases to rise by 15% between 2010 and 2020, with jumps of over 20% in Africa and South-East Asia. For example, the number of people in the developing world with diabetes will increase by more than 2.5-fold, from 84 million in 1995 to 228 million in 2025. Furthermore, the WHO reported that almost 80% of deaths from chronic diseases now occur in developing countries, where most of the world''s population lives. Chronic diseases negatively affect quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals, contribute to premature death, and create huge economic burdens on families, communities and societies in general. Unless urgent action is taken, 41 million people will die of a chronic disease in 2015. This book creates awareness about the problem in developing countries by outlining the magnitude and critically analysing the dilemma (that is the double burden of disease) and putting it in context, while examining the issues, best practices, government policies, prevention, the direction and the way forward using an integrated approach. The book relates chronic diseases to climate change and sustainable development, which has not been done before. It points out the need for involvement of the non-health sector, discusses dialog with the food industry, and media for better understanding and solutions to the problem. It calls for urgent action to prevent the problem from escalating and gives a number of recommendations.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Medicine Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of medicinal research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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