Medical research Books

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection I. Introduction 1. Introduction: On brain and crime Section II. Structure and Function 2. Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression 3. Network localization of antisocial behavior in neurological patients: Evidence and implications 4. Prison and the brain 5. Forensically relevant challenging behaviours and the genetics domain 6. Social-affective functioning and learning in psychopathy 7. Amygdala connectivity and ggression 8. The "(a)moral brain": When things go wrong Section III. Brain dysfunction 9. Illicit drug use and violence 10. Child maltreatment and victimization 11. Sexual offenses and the brain 12. The risk of criminal behavior in the elderly and patients with neurodegenerative disease 13. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the risk of crime Section IV. Assessment and Treatment 14. Cognition, criminal conduct, and virtual reality: Understanding and reducing offending using simulated environments 15. Added value of neurotechnology for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment Section V. Ethics and Law 16. Neurolaw: Challenges and limits 17. Why neuroscience changes some things but not everything for the law 18. Neurotechnology to reduce recidivism: Ethical and legal challenges

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection I. Introduction to Mitochondrial Diseases 1. Mitochondrial disease in neurology – Past, present, and future Section II. Most Common Neurological Manifestations of Mitochondrial Disease 2. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia 3. Mitochondrial optic neuropathies 4. Leigh syndrome 5. Stroke-like episodes in adult mitochondrial disease 6. Ataxia and spastic paraplegia in mitochondrial disease 7. Peripheral neuropathy in mitochondrial disease 8. Complex neurological and multisystem presentations in mitochondrial disease Section III. Diagnosing Mitochondrial Disease 9. Investigation of oxidative phosphorylation activity and composition in mitochondrial disease 10. Genetics of mitochondrial diseases: Current approaches for the molecular diagnosis 11. Laboratory and metabolic investigations 12. Neuroimaging in mitochondrial disease Section IV. Therapy and Future Challenges 13. Currently available therapies in mitochondrial disease 14. Reproductive options in mitochondrial disease 15. Clinical trials in mitochondrial disease 16. Blood biomarkers of mitochondrial disease – One for all or all for one? 17. Experimental therapy for mitochondrial diseases

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart 3 Basic Science Development 1. Role of rodent models in advancing precision medicine for Parkinson disease 2. The allure and pitfalls of the prion-like aggregation in neurodegeneration 3. The shift to a proteinopenia paradigm in neurodegeneration 4. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Lysosomal dysfunction in the endolysosomal Parkinson disease subtype 5. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction 6. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease 7. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Inflammation in Parkinson disease and related disorders 8. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Microbiome 9. LRRK2: Genetic mechanisms vs genetic subtypes 10. Genetic mechanism vs genetic subtypes: The example of GBA 11. Subtyping monogenic disorders: Huntington disease Part 4 Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Approaches 12. Disease-modifying vs symptomatic treatments: splitting over lumping 13. Restorative cell and gene therapies for Parkinson disease 14. The promise and challenges of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases 15. Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disorders 16. Lessons from antiamyloid-ß immunotherapies in Alzheimer disease 17. Lessons from immunotherapies in multiple sclerosis 18. Adaptive clinical trials and master protocols 19. Role of novel endpoints and evaluations of response in Parkinson Disease 20. Leveraging the regulatory framework to facilitate drug development in Parkinson disease

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Book SynopsisKnowledge of the basic mechanisms of human disease is essential for any student or professional engaged in drug research and development. Functional gene analysis (genomics), protein analysis (proteomics), and other molecular biological techniques have made it possible to understand these cellular processes, opening up exciting opportunities for novel therapeutic possibilities.Molecular Pathomechanisms and New Trends in Drug Research presents an in-depth review of the molecular mechanisms involved in a number of common diseases including cancer, AIDS, inflammation, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with particular emphasis on signal transduction and potential therapeutic strategies. It will be a useful reference text for students and researchers in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine and the pharmaceutical sciences.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Pathomechanisms and Molecular Target Finding. Common Pathway and General Mechanism. Drug Discovery. Molecular Pathomechanism of Cancer. Infectious Diseases. Diseases of the Central and the Peripheral Nervous System. Cardiovascular Diseases. Endocrinal and Gastrointestinal Disorders. Drug Applications.

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Book SynopsisIbuprofen is widely used throughout the world for a variety of conditions. This reference work provides a comprehensive and critical review of the basic science and clinical aspects of the drug. The book begins with the history and development of the drug and its current patterns of use world- wide before moving on to examine its basic pharmaceutical attributes and medicinal chemistry. The properties of various formulations are described (oral prescription and OTC, topical and others) are described. The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in animals and humans is discussed - highlighting the factors affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The clinical pharmacology and toxicology and the drug's mechanisms of action in different disease states and conditions are covered. The therapeutic uses in various acute and inflammatory conditions is detailed. Also considered are the safety versus efficacy issues and the pharmacoepidemiological data.Table of Contents1. History and Development of Ibuprofen K.D. Rainsford 2. The Medicinal Chemistry of Ibuprofen K.J. Nichol 3. The Pharmaceutics of Ibuprofen F. Higton 4. The Pharmacokinetcs of Ibuprofen in Humans and Animals D.R. Brocks and F. Jamaili 5. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Ibuprofen K.D. Rainsford 6. Therapeutics of Ibuprofen in Rheumatic and Other Chronic and Painful Diseases W.F. Kean, W.W. Buchanan and K.D. Rainsford 7. Safety and Efficacy of Non-Prescription (OTC) Ibuprofen K.D. Rainsford 8. Use of Ibuprofen in Dentistry R.A. Dionne and S.A. Cooper 9. Gastrointestinal Adverse Drug Reactions Attributed to Ibuprofen D.A. Henry, A. Drew and S. Beuzeville 10. Renal Effects of Ibuprofen M.D. Murray and D.C. Brater 11. Adverse Drug Reactions Attributed to Ibuprofen: Effects Other Than Gastrointestinal L.J. Miwa and J.K. Jones 12. Human Toxicity of Ibuprofen G.N. Volans and R. Fitzpatrick Nichol, Boots Pharmaceuticals, UK, F. Higton, Boots Healthcare International, D.R. Brock, Western University of Health Sciences, USA, F. Jamaili, University of Alberta, USA, W.F. Kean, McMaster University, Canada, W.W. Buchanan, Sir William Osler Health Institute, Canada, R.A. Dionne, National Istitute of Health, USA, S.A. Cooper, Whitehall-Robins Health Care, USA, D.A. Henry, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Australia, A. Drew, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Australia, S. Beuzeville, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Australia, M.D. Murray, Regenstrief Health Centre, USA, D.C. Brater, Indiana university School of Medicine, USA, L.J. Miwa, The Degge Group, USA, J.K. Jones, The Degge Group, USA, G.N. Volans, Guys and St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, UK, R. Fitzpatrick, Guys and St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, UK.

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Book SynopsisThe story of the one woman who, against all odds, stopped Thalidomide in its tracks because it poisoned a nation

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Book SynopsisThe broad range of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) encompasses all areas of modern medicine and have an enormous impact on the process of drug development. Using disease-oriented methods to cover everything from screening to expression and crystallization, G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drug Discovery describes the physiological roles of GPCRs and their involvement in various human diseases.The book presents current approaches in drug discovery that include target selection, establishment of screening and functional assays. It also covers recombinant GPCR expression for drug screening and structural biology, different methods for structural characterization of GPCRs, and the importance of bioinformatics. The book has been carefully edited to avoid overlapping information, some duplication has been intentionally permitted so that each chapter can function as an independent unit. Providing in-depth discussions on structure and dynamics of GPCRs, this book outlines the importance of the GPCRs to drug discovery in general and drug targets specifically.Daniel E. Levy, editor of the Drug Discovery Series, is the founder of DEL BioPharma, a consulting service for drug discovery programs. He also maintains a blog that explores organic chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Targets for Drug Discovery. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Cardiovascular Diseases. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Cancer. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Metabolic Disease. G Protein- Coupled Receptors in CNS Drug Discovery. Recombinant G Protein-Coupled Receptors for Drug Discovery. High Throughput Screening Assays for G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Bioinformatics/ Molecular Modelling of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Structure and Dynamics of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Toward Crystallization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Novel Solid-State NMR Methods for Structural Studies on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Structural Genomics Initiatives on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Dimerization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors.

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Book SynopsisThis reference presents cutting-edge basic and clinical research on all forms of interferon (IFN) involvement in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS)-detailing topics from IFN-receptor molecular interactions to synergy and interference with other agents such as cytotoxic drugs and chemotherapy. Features detailed research findings on IFN ß -1a (Avonex) and IFN -1b (Betaseron).Trade Review"…an excellent reference for anyone interested in the basic mechanisms of action of the interferons and the clinical chapters provide a clear account of their role in the current management of patients with multiple sclerosis."-The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 1998Table of ContentsThe Molecular Biology of Interferon-ß from Receptor Binding to Transmembrane Signaling, Lawrence M. Pfeffer and Stefan N. ConstantinescuThe Molecular Biology of Type I Interferons (Interferon- /ß) (Gene Activation, Promoters, Proteins Induced), Thomas DeckerPharmacokinetics of Interferon-ß and the Biological Markers It Induces, Patricia L. WittInterferons and the Central Nervous System Glia, Timothy VartanianEffects of Interferon on the Central Nervous System, Nachum Dafny, Bertha Prieto-Gomez, and Cruz Reyes-VazquezNeuropsychological Effects of Interferon Therapy, Neil H. Pliskin, Anthony T. Reder, and Diane S. GoldsteinThe Effects of Interferon-ß on Cytokines and Immune Responses, Peter RieckmannThe Pathogenetic Role of Interferon- in Multiple Sclerosis, Gianvito Martino and Luigi M. E. GrimaldiThe Effects of Interferons and Other Cytokines on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, Hubertine Heremans and Alfons BilliauEffects of Oral Administration of Type I Interferons on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, Staley A. BrodInterferon- in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Lorne F. Kastrukoff and Joel J.-F. OgerRecombinant Interferon- in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Effects on Exacerbation Rate, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lesion Activity, and Cytokines, Luca DurelliInteferon ß-1a Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Robert M. HerndonInteferon ß-1b (Betaseron) Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Robert L. KnoblerEffects of Inteferon ß-1b on Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Other Magnetic Resonance Techniques, Robert A. Koopmans, David K. B. Li, Guo Jun Zhao, Elana Brief, Alex MacKay, Irene Vavasour, Ken Whittall, and Donald W. PatyAdverse Effects of Interferons, Richard Cirelli, Kathleen B. Herne, Monica L. McCrary, and Stephen K. TyringInterferon-t: A Potential Treatment for Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disease, Jeanne M. Soos, Joel Schiffenbauer, Howard M. Johnson, and Carol H. PontzerClinical Trials of Multiple Sclerosis, Jeremy C. Hobart and Alan J. ThompsonThe Incidence and Clinical Significance of Antibodies to Interferon-a, Kjell Öberg and Rachel M. McKennaQuantitation and Characterization of Multiple Sclerosis Patient Antibodies to Interferon-ß, Eirik Nestaas, James G. Files, Jeffrey W. Nelson, and Erno Pungor, Jr.

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Book SynopsisUsing a scientific approach, this title outlines a thorough process for conducting pharmaceutical practice and policy research and presents a theoretical and practical framework for research methods, supported by applications and examples.Trade Review"Although Research Methods for Pharmaceutical Practice and Policy was designed to be an introductory textbook for graduate students in the social and administrative sciences in pharmacy, this book will be useful to other groups, including faculty and researchers in this area, and professional program students who desire to learn more about this type of research. The book is scholarly in tone and exceptionally well referenced. The book is easy to read and makes extensive use of research that has been conducted in this field." David P. Zgarrick - ScienceDirect, 2011 -- David P. Zgarrick * ScienceDirect *"The editor has assembled a book that will take the reader through the steps of research from the conception of the research question through possible journals for submission...Individuals who are interested in teaching or performing research in the area of pharmacy practice and policy should consider obtaining this book as a resource for their library." Dean L. Arneson, PharmD, PhD, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Vol 75 (5), 2011 -- Dean L. Arneson * American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education *Table of Contents1. Scientific Approach to Pharmaceutical Practice and Policy Research 2. Conceptualizing Research 3. Operationalizing Research 4. Measurement Theory and Methods 5. Experimental Designs 6. Non-experimental Research 7. Sampling Methods 8. Systematic Review of Literature 9. Data Collection Methods 10. Survey Design 11. Statistical Analysis 12. Secondary Data Analysis: Administrative Data 13. Secondary Data Analysis: Commercial Data 14. Secondary Data Analysis: National Sample Data 15. Program Evaluation 16. Future of Pharmaceutical Policy Research

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive and useful handbook represents a definitive up-to-date compendium of key in vitro bioassay methods that are employed to quantify and validate the anticancer activity of a drug candidate before it makes its way in to animal or clinical trials.In Vitro Bioassay Techniques for Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development covers the screening and evaluation of potential drug candidates in a wide category of anticancer assays demonstrating the specific ways in which various pharmaceutical bioassays interpret the activity of drug molecules. The major emphasis of the book is to present those bioassays which can be readily set up and practiced in any laboratory with limited funds, facilities or technical know-how.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Anticancer Drug Development. Cancer. Chemotherapy. Need for Effective Anticancer Drugs. Stages of Anticancer Drug Development. References. In Vitro Biological Assays for Anticancer Chemotherapeutics. Introduction. Advantages of In Vitro Assays. Disadvantages of In Vitro Assays. Classification of In Vitro Assays. Essential Techniques of Cell Cultures. Primary Cell Cultures. Maintenance of Cell Lines. Subculture of Cells. References. Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity Assays. Introduction. Cell Membrane Integrity Assays. Dye Exclusion Assays. LDH Release Assays. Functional or Metabolic Assays. Tetrazolium Reduction Assays. Sulforhodamine B Assay. Acid Phosphatase Assay. Alamar Blue Oxidation-Reduction Assay. Neutral Red Assay. Protease Viability Marker Assay. Cell Adhesion Assay. References. Cell Proliferation Assays. Introduction. DNA Labeling Assays. [3H]-Thymidine Assay. BrdU Incorporation Assay. Metabolic Assays. Dye Assays. ATP Assays. Clonogenic Reproductive Assay.References. Apoptosis Assays. Introduction. Light Microscopy. Western Blot Caspase Activation Assay. Annexin V Ataining. DNA Ladder Assay. ELISA. TUNEL Assay. Comet Assay. Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide Staining. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay. Chromatin Condensation Assay. APOPercentageTM Apoptotic Assay.PARP Cleavage Assay. Flow Cytometry. References. Cell Migratory Assays. Introduction.2D Cell Migration Assays. Wound Healing Assay. Cell Exclusion Zone Assay. Transwell Migration Assay. Fence Assay. Microfluidic Assays. Single Cell Motility Assay. 2D/3D Migration Assays. Microcarrier Bead Assay. Spheroid Migration Assay. References. In Vitro Cell Invasion Assays. Introduction. Transwell Invasion Assay. Platypus Invasion Assay. Gelatin Degradation Assay. 3D Cell Tracking Assay. Vertical Gel 3D Invasion Assay. Spheroid/Monodispersed Cell Invasion Assay. Spheroid Confrontation Assay.Spheroid Gel Invasion Assays. References. Anti-Angiogenesis Assays. Introduction. Endothelial Tube Formation Assay. Rat Aortic Ring Assay. References.High-Throughput Screening Assays.Introduction.Cell Cultures.High-Throughput Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Screening in 2D Cultures.3D Cell-Based HTS Assays.References.Index.

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Book SynopsisIncidences of inflammatory airway diseases are on the rise across the world. Existing therapeutic options are ineffective, unsafe, and expensive, and severe cases are nonresponsive to conventional therapy. Therefore, it is imperative that research be undertaken to discover new treatment options. Obstructive Airway Diseases: Role of Lipid Mediators discusses clinically successful and potential lipid targets that can make a difference in treating some of the most intractable disease states.Topics discussed include: Obstructive airway diseases, etiology, pathophysiology, and existing therapeutic options What constitutes a lipid and how it is broken down to generate biologically active mediators The role of enzymes in the process of lipid mediator synthesis The biology of arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, and lysophosphatidic acid and the role they play in airway inflammation Products of aracTable of ContentsObstructive Airway Diseases: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Therapeutic Options. Lipids: Reservoir of Drug Targets. Phospholipase A2 as a Potential Drug Target for Airway Disorders. 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway: A Validated Route to Drug Discovery. Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and FLAP Inhibitors. EETs and Oxo-ETE in Airway Diseases. The Eosinophil Chemoattractant 5-Oxo-ET. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandin Receptors. Proresolution Mediators of Inflammation in Airway Diseases: Resolvins Pave New Directions. Platelet-Activating Factor Antagonist Therapy for Airway Disorders. Lysophosphatidic Acid in Airway Inflammation. Sphingolipids in Airway Inflammation. Protein Kinase C Isozymes and Airway Inflammation. Prospects for PI3 Kinase Signaling Inhibition in Obstructive Airway Diseases. Index.

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Book Synopsis1 Overview.- 1.1 Representation of Information.- 1.2 Data CompressionWhat Is It and Why Is It Needed.- 1.3 Historical Origins of Data Compression.- 1.4 Marketplace Trends Relating to Data Compression.- 1.5 Data Compression Algorithms.- 1.6 Applications for Data Compression.- 1.7 Integrating Data Compression in Digital Systems.- 1.8 Summary.- IMarketplace.- 2 Data Compression in the Marketplace.- 3 Marketplace Factors.- IIAlgorithms.- 4 Compression Algorithms for Symbolic Data.- 5 Compression Algorithms for Diffuse Data.- IIIApplications.- 6 Computer Applications.- 7 CommunicationsNetwork Applications.- 8 CommunicationsBroadcasting Applications.- 9 Consumer-Electronics Applications.- 10 Publishing Applications.- 11 Entertainment Applications.- 12 Healthcare Applications.- IVDigital Systems.- 13 Digital System Design.- 14 Managing Compressed Data.- 15 A Window On The Future.- Acronyms and Abbreviations.- References.Table of Contents1 Overview.- 1.1 Representation of Information.- 1.2 Data Compression—What Is It and Why Is It Needed.- 1.3 Historical Origins of Data Compression.- 1.4 Marketplace Trends Relating to Data Compression.- 1.5 Data Compression Algorithms.- 1.6 Applications for Data Compression.- 1.7 Integrating Data Compression in Digital Systems.- 1.8 Summary.- I—Marketplace.- 2 Data Compression in the Marketplace.- 2.1 Digital Systems and Applications Trends.- 2.2 The Role of Data Compression.- 2.3 End-User Expectations for Data Compression.- 2.4 Applications: From Dreams to Mass Markets.- 2.5 Summary.- Appendix 2A—Channel Bandwidth.- Appendix 2B—Media Characteristics.- 3 Marketplace Factors.- 3.1 Industry Convergence on Digital Data Representation.- 3.2 Standards for Open Systems.- 3.3 Data Compression Standards and Standards Compliance.- 3.4 Data Compression for Closed Processes.- 3.5 Proprietary, Patented, and Shared Data Compression Technology.- 3.6 Summary.- II—Algorithms.- 4 Compression Algorithms for Symbolic Data.- 4.1 Modeling and Coding.- 4.2 Symbolic Data Compression.- 4.3 Run-Length Coding.- 4.4 Huffman Coding.- 4.5 Arithmetic Coding.- 4.6 Dictionary Compression.- 4.7 State-of-the-Art Symbolic Data Compression and Beyond.- 4.8 Summary.- 5 Compression Algorithms for Diffuse Data.- 5.1 Diffuse Data Compression.- 5.2 Speech Coding.- 5.3 Audio Coding.- 5.4 Image Compression.- 5.5 Video Compression.- 5.6 Alternative Image and Video Compression Methods.- 5.7 Summary.- III—Applications.- 6 Computer Applications.- 6.1 Industry Overview.- 6.2 Computer Storage Hierarchy.- 6.3 Tape Storage Devices.- 6.4 Magnetic Disk Storage.- 6.5 Optical Disc Storage.- 6.6 Solid-State Files.- 6.7 Main Storage.- 6.8 System Software.- 6.9 Database Systems.- 6.10 User Programs.- 6.11 User Data.- 6.12 Chip-to-Chip Compression.- 6.13 Multimedia Computers.- 6.14 Summary.- 7 Communications—Network Applications.- 7.1 Industry Overview.- 7.2 Voice Telecommunications.- 7.3 Data Communications Networks.- 7.4 FAX.- 7.5 Teleconferencing.- 7.6 Audiographics.- 7.7 Videophone.- 7.8 Videoconferencing.- 7.9 Telemetry Systems.- 7.10 Summary.- 8 Communications—Broadcasting Applications.- 8.1 Broadcasting Overview.- 8.2 Terrestrial Broadcast Television.- 8.3 Direct Broadcast Satellite.- 8.4 Cable Television.- 8.5 Telco Video.- 8.6 Wireless Cable.- 8.7 Digital Radio.- 8.8 Summary.- 9 Consumer-Electronics Applications.- 9.1 Industry Overview.- 9.2 Digital Audio—Stereo Gear and Home Theater.- 9.3 Digital Television.- 9.4 Digital Set-Top Boxes.- 9.5 Digital VCRs and Camcorders.- 9.6 Digital Video Disc.- 9.7 Digital Photography.- 9.8 Digital Cameras.- 9.9 Photo CD.- 9.10 Interactive Multimedia Systems.- 9.11 Multimedia PCs.- 9.12 Multifunction Office Machines.- 9.13 Digital Speech Products.- 9.14 Summary.- 10 Publishing Applications.- 10.1 Industry Overview.- 10.2 Traditional Publishing.- 10.3 Electronic Publishing.- 10.4 Summary.- 11 Entertainment Applications.- 11.1 Industry Overview.- 11.2 Media Production and Distribution.- 11.3 Media Archiving.- 11.4 Summary.- 12 Healthcare Applications.- 12.1 Industry Overview.- 12.2 Medical Imaging Systems.- 12.3 IMACS Operation.- 12.4 The Role of Data Compression in IMACS.- 12.5 IMACS Compression Issues.- 12.6 Summary.- IV—Digital Systems.- 13 Digital System Design.- 13.1 Data Compression—Do You Need It?.- 13.2 Selecting an Algorithm.- 13.3 Selecting an Implementation Technique.- 13.4 Where To Do Data Compression.- 13.5 Summary.- 14 Managing Compressed Data.- 14.1 Self-Identifying Compressed Data.- 14.2 Error-Proofing Compression Algorithms.- 14.3 Interaction Between Compression and Other Functions.- 14.4 Interaction Between Compression Algorithms.- 14.5 Operating on Compressed Data.- 14.6 Archiving Compressed Data.- 14.7 Summary.- 15 A Window On The Future.- 15.1 Trends and Directions.- 15.2 Future Applications.- 15.3 Future Digital System Technology.- 15.4 Living in a Changing World.- 15.5 Future Compression Algorithms.- 15.6 Conclusion.- Acronyms and Abbreviations.- References.

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Book SynopsisOne of the biggest challenges faced in medical research had been to create accurate and relevant models of human disease. A number of good animal models have been developed to understand the pathophysiology. However, not all of them reflect the human disorder, a classic case being Usher's syndrome where the mutant mice do not have the same visual and auditory defects that patients face. There are others which have been even more difficult to model due to the multi-factorial nature of the condition and due to lack of discovery of a single causative gene such as age-related macular degeneration or Alzheimer's syndrome. Thus a more relevant and accurate system will allow us to make better predictions on relevant therapeutic approaches.The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells in 1998 followed by the technological advances to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotent-stem cell-like cells in 2006 has completely revolutionized the way we can now think about modelling human developTable of Contents Human induced pluripotent stem cells: derivation Human induced pluripotent stem cells: banking, and characterization Genetic and Epigenetic considerations in iPSC technology CRISPR-based genome engineering in human stem cells Stem cells for Parkinson’s disease Huntington’s Disease and Stem Cells Applications of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Therapy and Modeling of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases The Role of iPSCs in Disease Modeling: Gaucher Disease and Related Disorders Role of induced pluripotent stem cells in urological disease modeling and repair Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells – a Research Tool and a Potential Therapy for RPE-associated Blinding Eye Diseases Modeling Neuro-Retinal Development and Disease in Stem Cells

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Book SynopsisYour ability to fight off infections and viruses is determined by your immune system. It may be that you fall ill more frequently than those around you. But this is not something you just have to live with - your immune resilience can be improved.Clinical nutritionist Romilly Hodges offers science-based nutritional and lifestyle advice on how to build your immune resilience.Exploring how our bodies protect us from disease, Immune Resilience will allow you to identify ways you can build your body''s defences. A personalised programme covering diet, lifestyle and stress will help you achieve this. Did you know that sleep is connected to immune memory? And that good germs increase your immunity? You can even undertake exercises that boost immunity.With healthy recipes, a supplements guide and information on specific infections, Immune Resilience allows you to take control of your health.

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Book SynopsisThe premise of Quality by Design (QbD) is that the quality of the pharmaceutical product should be based upon a thorough understanding of both the product and the manufacturing process. This state-of-the-art book provides a single source of information on emerging statistical approaches to QbD and risk-based pharmaceutical development. A comprehensive resource, it combines in-depth explanations of advanced statistical methods with real-life case studies that illustrate practical applications of these methods in QbD implementation. Table of ContentsBACKGROUND. Introduction. ANALYTICAL METHOD. Statistical Methods for Analytical Procedure Development, Validation and Transfer. Parallelism Testing of Bioassay. Validation of Assay Linearity. ROCESS DEVELOPMENT. Residual Host Cell DNA Risk Assessment. Statistical Evaluations of Viral Clearance. Pre-filtration Bio-burden Testing. Process Validation and Verification. MANUFACTURING. Specifications.

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Book SynopsisIn Longshot, investigative journalist David Heath takes readers inside the small group of scientists whose groundbreaking work was once largely dismissed but whose feat will now eclipse the importance of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine in medical history. With never-before-reported details, Heath reveals how these scientists overcame countless obstacles to give the world an unprecedented head start when we needed a COVID-19 vaccine. The story really begins in the 1990s, with a series of discoveries that were timed perfectly to prepare us for the worst pandemic since 1918. Readers will meet Katalin Karikó, who made it possible to use messenger RNA in vaccines but struggled for years just to hang on to her job. There's also Derrick Rossi, who leveraged Karikó's work to found Moderna but was eventually expelled from his company. And then there's Barney Graham at the National Institutes of Health, who had a career-long obsession with solving the riddle of why two toddlers died in a vaccine trial in 1966, a tragedy that ultimately led to a critical breakthrough in vaccine science. With both foresight and luck, Graham and these other crucial scientists set the course for a coronavirus vaccine years before COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China. The author draws on hundreds of hours of interviews with key players to tell the definitive story about how the race to create the vaccine sparked a revolution in medical science.

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Book SynopsisIn the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical marketplace, your organization cannot afford to spend excess dollars developing drugs that will fail to get FDA approval or have profoundly poor characteristics. Biochips as Pathways to Drug Discovery takes a comprehensive look at how the industry faces these challenges, using new technologies such as biochips to reduce the cost of drug discovery and improve drug safety. The book explores the tools and skills required at each step of the discovery process when using biochips to determine biological outcomes.The authors provide an in-depth review of the clinical and pharmacogenomic relevance of biochips, ChIP-chip assays, and high-throughput approaches. They discuss how biochips are used to develop biomarkers in the drug discovery process, primarily for gene expression profiling and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The book includes coverage of experimental theory, quality control, clinical laboratory sampling considerations, database concepts, industrial laboratory design, and the analysis of the resultant large data sets. It discusses the application of biochips to the study of malaria, toxicogenomics, and SNPs, as well as intellectual property and market overviews. The book concludes with a comprehensive overview of how these chips are employed from early target discovery through preclinical toxicology and on through to pharmacogenomic and proof of concept studies in humans. Written in an easily accessible style, the breadth of coverage introduces the subject to those new to the field, while the depth of coverage forms a foundation for future work. The book gives you the knowledge required to leverage the technology into bona fide discoveries. Daniel E. Levy, editor of the Drug Discovery Series, is the founder of DEL BioPharma, a consulting service for drug discovery programs. He also maintains a blog that explores organic chemistry.Trade Review“The authors of this volume provide an in-depth review of the clinical and pharmacogenomic relevance of biochips, ChIP-chip assays, and high-throughput approaches. … The book includes coverage of experimental theory, quality control, clinical laboratory sampling considerations, database concepts, industrial laboratory design, and the analysis of the resultant large data sets. … Written in an easily accessible style, the breadth of coverage introduces the subject to those new to the field, while the depth of coverage forms a foundation for future work.” — In Anticancer Research, Vol. 27, No. 3B, May/June 2007"This book is a must have for students who use biochips in their graduate work or others initiating efforts in these areas . . . In summary, Biochips as Pathways to Drug Discovery provides a broad yet detailed look at the use of DNA microarrays in drug discovery." – Matthew D. Disney, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, in ChemMedChem, 2008, No. 3Table of ContentsDNA Biochips — Past, Present, and Future: An Overview. Three-Dimensional HydroArrays: Novel Microarrays for Genomic and Proteomic Studies. Biochip in Malaria for Antiparasitic Discovery. Regional Variations in Intestinal ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Expression Identified with a Global Error Assessment Model. Toxicogenomics in Drug Safety Evaluation: Bridging Drug Discovery and Development. The Next Generation of Automated Microarray Platforms for a Multiplexed CYP2D6 Assay. Biopsy and RNA Extraction Procedures of Muscle and Adipose Tissue for Microarray Gene-Expression Profiling. ChIP-on-Chip: Analysis of Genomewide Protein Binding and Posttranslational Modifications. DNA Microarrays as Functional Genomics Tools for Cancer Drug Discovery. High-Throughput Microarray Analysis. Laboratory Automation: Strategies for High-Volume Industrial Microarray Programs. Association Studies: Practical and Theoretical Considerations for Drug Discovery, Evaluation, and Beyond. Approaches for Microarray Data Validation. Microarray Enterprise Information Management: What Is It and Why Is It Important? Quality Control of Microarray Data. Microarray Data Normalization and Transformation. Amplification Strategies and DNA Biochips. Ribo-SPIA™, a Rapid Isothermal RNA Amplification Method for Gene Expression Analysis. Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics: Novel Detection Technologies and Drug Discovery. Intellectual Property Issues for DNA Chips and Microarrays. Biochips: Market Drivers and Commercial Prospect. A Pharmaceutical Perspective for Microarrays and Biochips: Current-Market Overview and Future Trends.

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Book SynopsisPart I Basic research on effects of exercise on physiological systems and health.- Foundations of exercise and physical activity research.- Applied physical activity epidemiology Relationship of physical activity and exercise exposures with health outcomes.- Multiple sex and circuit-specific mechanisms underlie exercise-induced stress resistance.- Exercise and neuroendocrinology.- Part II Exercise and laboratory studies of mood and cognition.- Exercise and acute cognitive enhancement.- Exercise and acute affect.- Exercise and fear and safety learning.- Exercise and memory.- Part III Exercise and clinical symptoms and treatment.- Exercise for the prevention and treatment of depression.- Exercise and smoking cessation.- Exercise and anxiety.- Adaptive and maladaptive exercise in eating disorders.-  Exercise and ptsd.- Exercise and protection from age-related cognitive decline.- Physical activity and fatigue symptoms Neurotypical adults and people with chronic multisymptom illnesses.- Influence of regular physical activity on sleep.- Exercise training for chronic pain Available evidence, current recommendations, & potential mechanisms.- Exercise and schizophrenia.- The placebo effect in exercise and mental health research.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the principles of both cardiovascular epidemiology and molecular pathophysiology; as a unique aspect, it also outlines and discusses the molecular concepts underlying epidemiological observations. This third volume is focused on the most common “cardiovascular events” to provide an overview on pathogenesis and clinical aspects. The book promotes the use of interdisciplinary approaches in the field of preventive medicine based on recent advances in molecular and cellular pathophysiology. The book offers a valuable resource for researchers in basic biomedical fields and clinical scientists alike, as well as guidelines for novel avenues of research in both basic pathophysiology and cardiovascular therapy and prevention.Table of ContentsIschemic heart disease.- Stroke.- Heart Failure.- Cardiac arrhythmias.- Pulmonary hypertension.- Peripheral artery disease.- Venous Thromboembolism.- Abdominar aortic aneurism.​

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Book SynopsisThis extensive handbook helps clinicians and physicians make a precise diagnosis as well as the right decisions for patient treatment. Up-to-date and comprehensive information for differential diagnosis is presented in a well-structured manner. The different sections describe more than 1950 conditions and around 1200 drugs. It also includes a comprehensive section on international reference values of clinical-biochemical and laboratory parameters. The detailed parameter index and an extensive list of frequently used synonyms and abbreviations enable the reader to quickly locate the information they are looking for.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This is a very important reference text which should be in the library of every hospital department, including emergency wards and outpatients clinics. It is a concise, clearly written Vademecum, which gives quick information. Useful not only to students and house staff but also to all other personnel. … The authors, especially the Slovak team, should be congratulated for assembling such a wealth of information. Note, the book is inexpensive." (PER - Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews, Vol. 1 (3), 2004)Table of Contentsto Laboratory Medicine.- Blood — Plasma — Serum.- Acid-base Balance.- Amniotic Fluid.- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid.- Cerebrospinal Fluid.- Gastric Fluid.- Hair.- Hematology.- Pericardial Fluid.- Peritoneal Fluid.- Pleural Fluid.- Saliva.- Seminal Fluid.- Sputum.- Stool.- Sweat.- Synovial fluid.- Tears.- Urine.- Biochemical/Laboratory Findings in Clinical Units and Conditions.- Medicaments — Interfering Factors.- Reference Ranges.- English Synonymous Vocabulary.- Literature Used.- Register.

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Book Synopsis21 Theorien anerkannter Fachleute legen hier den Grundstein für die fundierte Erforschung fachdidaktischer Fragen. Die Autoren präsentieren Theorien zum erfolgreichen Lehren und Lernen, zur Erkenntnisgewinnung, zum Bewerten und zu emotionalen Aspekten des Lernens und Handelns. Sie verdeutlichen die Komponenten jeder Theorie: Wie erreiche ich Ziele. Welche Faktoren muss ich kontrollieren während ich eine Untersuchung plane. Wie kann ich die Folgen einer bestimmten Handlung abschätzen. Wie erkläre ich Ergebnisse. Der schnelle Überblick für alle Forschungswilligen. Optimal vorbereitet für Examensarbeit und den Einstieg in die Dissertation.Table of ContentsEs gibt nichts Praktischeres als eine gute Theorie.- Es gibt nichts Praktischeres als eine gute Theorie.- Theorien zu Motivation, Interesse und Einstellung.- Theorie des Interesses und des Nicht-Interesses.- Einstellungen im Kontext Biologieunterricht.- Die Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens.- Das sozial-kognitive Prozessmodell gesundheitlichen Handelns.- Vom Motiv zur Handlung — Ein Handlungsmodell für den Umweltbereich.- Theorien zum Lernen.- Moderater Konstruktivismus.- Die Conceptual Change-Theorie.- Didaktische Rekonstruktion — eine praktische Theorie.- Theorie des erfahrungsbasierten Verstehens.- Intuitive Vorstellungen bei Denk- und Lernprozessen: Der Ansatz „Alltagsphantasien“.- Theoretische Ansätze zur Metakognition.- Lernstrategien, Lernorientierungen, Lern(er)typen.- Multimedia-Lernen und Cognitive Load.- Das Contextual Model of Learning — ein Theorierahmen zur Erfassung von Lernprozessen in Museen.- Theorien zur Erkenntnisgewinnung.- Erkenntnisgewinnung als wissenschaftliches Problemlösen.- Das Scientific Discovery as Dual Search-Modell.- Theorien zum Bewerten.- Theorien zur Entwicklung und Förderung moralischer Urteilsfähigkeit.- Bewertungskompetenz für systematisches Entscheiden in komplexen Gestaltungssituationen Nachhaltiger Entwicklung.- Einstellungen und Werte im empirischen Konstrukt des jugendlichen Natur- und Umweltschutzbewusstseins.- Theorien zum Lehren.- Theorien und Methoden der Expertiseforschung in biologiedidaktischen Studien.- Unterrichtsqualität als Forschungsfeld für empirische biologiedidaktische Studien.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsG Proteins and G Protein–Coupled Receptors.- Traditional GPCR Pharmacology and Beyond.- Regulation of Intraneuronal Trafficking of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors by Neurotransmitters In Vivo.- Small GTPases and Their Role in Regulating G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signal Transduction.- Regulation of G Protein Receptor Coupling, Mood Disorders and Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants.- Dysregulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cancer.- Growth Factors.- Insulin Signaling in Normal and Diabetic Conditions.- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor Signaling and Cancer.- Leptin Signaling Pathway.- Signaling in Normal and Pathological Angiogenesis.- Signaling Platforms.- Spatial and Temporal Control of Cell Signaling by A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins.- Mitochondria, a Platform for Diverse Signaling Pathways.- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Their Scaffolding Proteins.- Molecular and Functional Determinants of Ca2+ Signaling Microdomains.- Nuclear Receptors / Transcription.- Eukaryotic Gene Transcription.- Estrogen Signaling Mechanisms.- Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Glucocorticoid Actions.- Reactive Signaling Molecules.- Cellular Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species: Biochemical Basis and Physiological Scope.- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase: The Nitric Oxide Receptor.- Cell Cycle, Cell Death and Cancer.- Distinct Roles of the Pocket Proteins in the Control of Cell Cycle.- Activation of the p53 Tumor Suppressor and its Multiple Roles in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis.- Aging and Cancer: Caretakers and Gatekeepers.- Signal Transduction in Embryonic Stem Cells and the Rise of iPS Cells.- Erratum to.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Factors beyond science in the development of urine biomarkers.- Chapter 2. Human Urine proteome a powerful source for clinical research.- Chapter 3. Comparison of Urinary Proteomes Among Three Animal Models.- Chapter 4. Urimem, a membrane that preserves urine for largescale biomarker study.- Chapter 5. Posttranslation Modifications of Human Urine.- Chapter 6. Application of Peptide Level and Posttranslational Modifications to Integrative Analyses in Proteomics.- Chapter 7. BiomarkerExtractor a deep learning-based model for text mining of urine biomarkers.- Chapter 8. Why are there proteins in urine.- Chapter 9. Changes in the urine proteome in an acute hypoxic rat model.- Chapter 10. Analysis of the active alterations in the urinary proteome of rats during the immunization process.- Chapter 11.Urine Glucose Levels Are Disordered Before Blood Glucose Level Increase Was Observed in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats.- Chapter 12. Comparison of urine proteomes from tumor-bearing mice with those from tumor-resected mice.- Chapter 13. Progress in the application of urine proteomics in cancer biomarker discovery.- Chapter 14. Urine proteome application in neurodegenerative diseases biomarker discovery.- Chapter 15. Urinary Proteome Biomarker Discovery in Autism.- Chapter 16. Progress of urinary proteome research in respiratory diseases.- Chapter 17. Changes of urinary proteome in acute and chronic pulmonary inflammation.- Chapter 18. Changes of urinary proteome in global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.- Chapter 19. Urinary complement factor D is increased in primary malignant hypertension.- Chapter 20. The application of urinary proteomics in early detection of digestive diseases.- Chapter 21. Application of urine proteome in biomarker discovery for cardiovascular diseases.- Chapter 22. Comparison of urinary proteomes among three rat models of abdominal infection bacteria.- Chapter 23. Serial Changes of Urinary Proteome in Animal Models of Renal Diseases.- Chapter 24. Dynamic urine proteome changes in a rat model of simvastatin-induced skeletal muscle injury.- Chapter 25. Using one–to–many urine proteome comparisons to provide clues for fever of unknown origin.- Chapter 26. Exploring the overall effects of two traditional Chinese medicines on the body by urinary proteome.- Chapter 27. Effects of extrinsic factors on the urinary proteome.- Chapter 28. Take a deep breath.- Chapter 29. Tears: Potential Window for Monitoring Systemic Conditions.- Chapter 30. Changes of urine protiens in the rat e-cigarette model.- Chapter 31. Changes in the urinary proteome of rats after short-term intake of magnesium L-threonate(MgT).

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Book SynopsisIn the 1960s, University of Cincinnati radiologist Eugene Saenger infamously conducted human experiments on patients with advanced cancer to examine how total body radiation could treat the disease. Using the Saenger case as a means to reconsider cold war medical trials, this book examines the tensions at the heart of clinical studies of the time.Trade Review"What is truly original about Contested Medicine is that, by using the science studies approach applied to a specific historical case, Kutcher shows not only how ethics were constitutive of the shape of experimental work on cancer at its inception but how both of these things were mutually changed over time." - Christopher Lawrence, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"You might think that museums are for collecting and laboratories for experimenting. Bruno J. Strasser tracks the creation of a hybrid culture--a 'way of knowing' that was comparative and experimental at the same time. Molecular biologists used the protein sequences of very various species to crack the genetic code. From bacteria to blood and protein to DNA, this engaging book restores collecting to the experimentalist tradition and gives 'big data' biology the history it needs."--Nick Hopwood, author of Haeckel's Embryos: Images, Evolution, and Fraud "Amidst all the hype surrounding Big Data and the life sciences, Bruno J. Strasser uncovers the deep continuities of collecting and comparing that link the latest data banks to venerable natural history museums. This bold book rethinks the relationship between field, laboratory, and archive, with important implications for the ethos of open publication in science."--Lorraine Daston, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science "The long-contested line between experimental life sciences and those that collect, compare, and classify is once more unsettled. It is now accepted that comparative sciences are open to experiment and always have been. And Bruno J. Strasser now argues that the celebrated achievements of experimental biology have similarly depended on practices of collecting and curating. And not just in our own new world of digital databases, but historically: from when experimenters first thought to make collecting forever obsolete. Strasser supports his bold revision with case studies of a broad range of sciences, from taxonomy to serology, experimental and then molecular biology, and bio-informatics. In its historical depth and breadth this is a benchmark book; and for all who want to know how life sciences really work, it's a must read."--Robert E. Kohler, University of Pennsylvania "A masterful, groundbreaking work: Strasser explores collecting activities in multiple branches of biology and medicine across several centuries, covering the territory from natural historical specimens to blood and proteins, and on to DNA sequences and contemporary big-data biology. His book assesses issues of lasting salience, including control of the collections, access to specimens and data, modes of publication, and assignment of authorship and credit. Strasser contends that big-data biology is not a sharp departure from the past but a hybrid, a joining of the experimentalist-reductionist inquiries into model organisms with the practices of collectors who classified and characterized their specimens and compared them with others. Strasser's research is wide and deep, his prose lucidly informative, and his analysis subtle, discerning, and persuasive." --Daniel J. Kevles, Yale University "Collecting Experiments is an exciting and welcome addition to the historiography of the long-standing debates about the changing roles of experimentation and description in the life sciences. Rejecting the older notion of an impassable dichotomy, Bruno J. Strasser suggests that the rise of experimental approaches to biology in the nineteenth century did not eclipse the more descriptive work of natural history, but rather became a part of an overall 'way of knowing' that included both approaches. 'Big data, ' whether obtained by experimental or observational methods had to be analyzed in the same manner. Strasser has done a great service to clarify the historical relationship between these two methodologies. It is a must for all scholars in the history of biology."--Garland Allen, Washington University in Saint Louis

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Book SynopsisKenneth F. Schaffner compares the practice of biological and medical research and shows how traditional topics in philosophy of sciencesuch as the nature of theories and of explanationcan illuminate the life sciences. While Schaffner pays some attention to the conceptual questions of evolutionary biology, his chief focus is on the examples that immunology, human genetics, neuroscience, and internal medicine provide for examinations of the way scientists develop, examine, test, and apply theories. Although traditional philosophy of science has regarded scientific discoverythe questions of creativity in scienceas a subject for psychological rather than philosophical study, Schaffner argues that recent work in cognitive science and artificial intelligence enables researchers to rationally analyze the nature of discovery. As a philosopher of science who holds an M.D., he has examined biomedical work from the inside and uses detailed examples from the entire range of the life sciences to support the semantic approach to scientific theories, addressing whether there are laws in the life sciences as there are in the physical sciences. Schaffner's novel use of philosophical tools to deal with scientific research in all of its complexity provides a distinctive angle on basic questions of scientific evaluation and explanation.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the subject of federally mandated Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) has been extensively debated, we actually do not know much about what takes place when they convene. This book melds observations of IRB meetings with the history of how rules for the treatment of human subjects were formalized in the United States.Trade Review"Behind Closed Doors is a novel and important addition to the literature on the governance of experimentation on human subjects. It will appeal to academic scholars in the history of science and medicine, sociology, bioethics, and postwar American history." (Gerald Kutcher, author of Contested Medicine: Cancer Research and the Military)"

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Book SynopsisAlthough the subject of federally mandated Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) has been extensively debated, we actually do not know much about what takes place when they convene. This book melds observations of IRB meetings with the history of how rules for the treatment of human subjects were formalized in the United States.Trade Review"Behind Closed Doors is a novel and important addition to the literature on the governance of experimentation on human subjects. It will appeal to academic scholars in the history of science and medicine, sociology, bioethics, and postwar American history." (Gerald Kutcher, author of Contested Medicine: Cancer Research and the Military)"

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewJonathan Kahn's approach offers an airtight analysis of the commoditization of race in pharmaceutical development, and Race in a Bottle should be of interest and deep concern to numerous audiences. -- Ruha Benjamin, Boston University Jonathan Kahn has produced a major and unique contribution, giving readers a 'big picture' understanding of this vital issue by integrating empirically grounded analysis of real controversies into a detailed conceptual roadmap. This is a substantial piece of scholarship and will be of interest to anyone concerned with the escalating, even geometrically expanding use of the concept of race in science and medicine. -- Troy Duster, University of California, Berkeley Jonathan Kahn is the undisputed Hercules Poirot of biomedicine. His unraveling of the nonsense, non-science, and complicated illogic that allowed the vasodilator BiDil to be approved by the FDA exclusively for 'black' patients is as compelling a read as any good mystery. This riveting book details what happens to scientific method when profit motive drives the marketing of a drug to the extent that its curative properties are touted as race-specific-even when they're not. Genetic variation in humans has no correlation to the shifting historical meanings of race, yet pharmaceutical companies continue to force the square peg of social category into the round hole of scientific fact. Race in a Bottle is a brilliant deconstruction of the kinds of thought processes that make for bad policy, bad medicine, and ultimately endanger our health as a species. -- Patricia Williams, Columbia Law School Jonathan Kahn brilliantly exposes the stunning truth behind new race-based medicines: they are driven by market incentives, not scientific evidence. Based on meticulous research and astute analysis, Kahn constructs a gripping, devastating portrait of profit motivating the use of race in genetic research and pharmaceuticals. Race in a Bottle is absolutely essential for understanding why the myth of biological race has reemerged in genomic science and biotechnology and how it is distorting research, damaging pubic health, and undermining justice in our supposedly post-racial society. -- Dorothy Roberts, author of Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-first Century Kahn expertly weaves together the legal and ethical ramifications of continuing to pursue racialized drugs... No background in health sciences or genetics is necessary to understand this work. Library Journal [Race in a Bottle] tackle[s] one of the most important concerns pertaining to race facing our society today... Must-read material. New Scientist An extraordinary book... I highly recommend it. -- Osagie Obasogie BioPolitical Times Mr. Kahn deserves credit for teasing out all the daunting complexities behind these events, including the details of genetic analysis, the perils of racial determinations, and the minutiae of patent law. -- Abigail Zuger, M.D. New York Times Kahn's book should be required reading. At a time when the ties between scientific researchers and the pharmaceutical industry are becoming ever more entangled, Race in a Bottle provides valuable insights into the consequences of these connections for health and health care - and, importantly, for what passes as knowledge. -- Lundy Braun GeneWatch A powerful saga packed with engrossing twists and turns of plot and filled with food for thought and debate on the politics and health implications of racial perception. Midwest Book Review Finely crafted and written. -- Alejandra Suarez PsycCritiques [Kahn] seems as much at home discussing epidemiology and drug marketing as he does the history of US race relations and the intricacies of patenting... Magnificent. -- Dr. Martyn Pickersgill The Biologist A compelling account of a fascinating case. -- Anne Pollock Bulletin of the History of Medicine Race in a Bottle is lucid and energetic, with fascinating and little-known evidence about clinical trials, the federal regulatory and patent systems, and the history of racial classification... Kahn offers a heartfelt and persuasive case against allowing race to be reduced to biology. -- Jennifer L. Hochschild Journal of American History [Kahn] skillfully uses the story of the drug BiDil... as the backdrop for examining the expanding role of race in medical genomics, even when the same science has called the existence of race into serious doubt. -- Aravinda Chakravarti Nature Medicine Highly recommended. Choice [Jonathan Kahn's] rich portrayal of the changing meaning and uses of race in the wake of genomics makes this book a 'must read' and 'must assign' for all sociologists of race and ethnicity. Sociology of Race and EthnicityTable of ContentsAcknowledgments INTRODUCTION: Race and Medicine: Framing [Is] the Problem 1. ORGANIZING RACE: Paths Toward the Re-Biologization of Race in Modern Biomedical Research, Practice, and Product Development 2. THE BIRTH OF BIDIL: How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" 3. STATISTICAL MISCHIEF AND RACIAL FRAMES FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING 4. CAPITALIZING [ON] RACE IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 5. RACE-ING PATENTS/PATENTING RACE: An Emerging Political Geography of Intellectual Property in Biotechnology 6. NOT FADE AWAY: The Persistence of Race and the Politics of the "Meantime" in Pharmacogenomics 7. FROM DISPARITY TO DIFFERENCE: The Politics of Racial Medicine CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Notes Index

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Book SynopsisClinical Diabetes Research: Methods and Techniques summarizes established state-of-the art-techniques and describes the new technologies and their role in clinical diabetes research.Trade Review"This is a sorely-needed reference not comparable to anything else currently available." (Doody's, February 2008)Table of Contents1 Basics of Clinical Metabolic Research. 2 Methods for the Assessment of b-Cell Function In Vivo. 3 Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity from Steady-State and Dynamic Tests. 4 Glucose Clamp Techniques. 5 Methods of Assessment of Counterregulation to Hypoglycaemia. 6 Glucose Kinetics: Measurement of Flux Rates. 7 Xenobiotics as Probes of Carbohydrate Metabolism. 8 Tracing Hepatic Glucose and Glycogen Fluxes with 2H2O. 9 Lipid Kinetics. 10 Protein and Amino Acid Kinetics. 11 Assessment of Metabolic Fluxes by In Vivo MR Spectroscopy. 12 Positron Emission Tomography in Metabolic Research. 13 Assessment of Body Fat Content and Distribution. 14 Tissue Biopsies in Diabetes Research. 15 Assessment of Vascular Function. 16 Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Testing. 17 Nerve Function Testing. 18 Kidney Function. 19 Techniques for the Investigation of the Eye in Diabetes. 20 Basics of Molecular Genetics: Lessons from Type 2 Diabetes. 21 Good Clinical Practice: Friend or Foe? 22 Statistical Considerations in Diabetes Trials. Index.

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Book SynopsisBecause the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology - two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics. This book serves as a primer for new researchers in the field of cancer biology.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii 1 Cancer Stem Cells: Similarities and Variations in the Theme of Normal Stem Cells 1Sharmila Bapat, Anne Collins, Michael Dean, Kenneth Nephew, and Suraiya Rasheed 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Stem Cells in the Life of an Organism 2 1.2.1 Stem Cells in Early Development and Fetal Life 3 1.2.2 Stem Cells in the Adult Organism 4 1.3 Cancer Stem Cells 7 1.3.1 Activation of Stem Cells and Cancer 7 1.3.2 Isolation and Identification of Cancer Stem Cells 10 1.3.3 De Novo Generation of a New Organ (Tumor) by Transformed Stem Cells 12 1.4 Self-Renewal and Differentiation in CSCs 13 1.5 CSC Plasticity as Regulated by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Stem Cell Factors 14 1.5.1 Stem Cell Intrinsic Factors: Genetic and Epigenetic Effects 14 1.5.2 Stem Cell Extrinsic Effects: Niche Effects and Microenvironmental Signaling 16 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 18 References 20 2 Leukemic Stem Cells 27Sharmila Bapat 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Dysregulation of Hematopoiesis in Leukemia 28 2.2.1 Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Hierarchies 28 2.2.2 Understanding Aberrant Hierarchies in Leukemia 30 2.2.3 Types of Leukemia 31 2.3 Identification and isolation of Cancer-Initiating Cells in Leukemia 35 2.4 Molecular Regulation of Aberrant Hierarchies 36 2.4.1 Signaling Pathways Deregulated in Leukemia 37 2.4.2 Self-Renewal of Normal and Leukemic Stem Cells 39 2.4.3 Epigenetic Effects 40 2.4.4 MicroRNA in Leukemia Development 42 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 44 References 45 3 Isolation and Characterization of Breast and Brain Cancer Stem Cells 57Meera Saxena and Annapoorni Rangarajan 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Breast Cancer Stem Cells 58 3.2.1 Mammary Gland Architecture and Cell Types 58 3.2.2 Breast Cancer 59 3.2.3 Identification of Breast Cancer Stem Cells 59 3.2.4 Putative Breast Cancer Stem Cells that Exhibit the CD44+ CD24-/low Lin- Marker Profile 61 3.2.5 ESA+ Subpopulation of CD24-low Lin- Cells Enriched by Tumorigenicity 61 3.2.6 Tumorigenic Breast Cells Displaying Properties of Stem Cells 61 3.2.7 In Vitro Propagation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells as Mammospheres 62 3.3 Brain Cancer Stem Cells 64 3.3.1 Brain Architecture and Cell Types 64 3.3.2 Brain Cancers 65 3.3.3 Brain Stem Cells 66 3.3.4 Brain Cancer Stem Cells 66 3.3.5 Brain Cancer–Derived Cells that Generate Tumor Spheres 67 3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 69 References 70 4 Cancer Stem Cell Side Populations 73Danuta Balicki and Raymond Beaulieu 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Stem Cell Side Populations 75 4.3 Side Populations in Normal Tissue 78 4.4 Side Populations in Tumors 79 4.5 Overcoming Side Population Limitations 80 4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 81 References 82 5 Evidence for Cancer Stem Cells in Retinoblastoma 87Gail M. Seigel 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Elusive Origins of Retinoblastoma 87 5.3 Sources of Retinoblastoma Cells for Study 88 5.4 Precedent for Cancer Stem Cells 88 5.5 Side Populations in Retinoblastoma 89 5.6 Immunoreactivity to Stem Cell Markers in Retinoblastoma 89 5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 91 References 92 6 Ovarian Stem Cell Biology and the Emergence of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells 95Anjali Kusumbe and Sharmila Bapat 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Overview of the Human Ovary 95 6.2.1 Histological Landmarks 95 6.2.2 Ovarian Development: The Story Before Birth 96 6.2.3 The Mammalian Oogenesis Dogma 98 6.3 Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Adult Mammalian Ovary 98 6.3.1 Historical Perspective 98 6.3.2 The Oogenesis Dogma Revisited 99 6.4 Is Ovarian Cancer a Stem Cell Disease? 104 6.4.1 Putative Role of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Ovarian Cancer 104 6.4.2 Tumor as an Aberrant Organ Initiated by Cancer Stem Cells 105 6.4.3 Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Isolated as a Side Population 106 6.4.4 New Challenge: Targeting Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells 106 References 107 7 Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 111Stefanie Hager, Norman J. Maitland, and Anne Collins 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Human Prostate Biology Gland Architecture, and Pathological Alterations 111 7.3 Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 113 7.3.1 Evidence for Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 113 7.3.2 Isolation of Human Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells and Demonstration of Their Stem Cell Character 116 7.3.3 Epithelial Stem Cells in the Murine Prostate 118 7.3.4 Other Markers of Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 119 7.4 Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 120 7.4.1 Role of Stem Cells in Prostate Cancer 120 7.4.2 Prospective Isolation of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells from Human Tissue Samples 122 7.4.3 Role of the Stem Cell Niche in Prostate Cancer 124 7.4.4 Putative Markers of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 124 7.5 Stem Cell Tracking in the Prostate 125 7.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 127 References 127 8 Molecular Signatures of Highly Malignant Melanoma Stem Cells 135Suraiya Rasheed 8.1 General Properties of Human Melanomas 135 8.2 Characteristics of Stem Cell–Derived Melanomas 136 8.3 The Cat Model System for Stem Cell Melanomas 137 8.3.1 Biological Characteristics of Highly Malignant Stem Cell Melanomas 138 8.3.2 Trans-differentiation of the Malignant Cat Melanoma into Neuronal Cells 139 8.3.3 Proteins Associated with Neuronal Cell Differentiation 140 8.3.4 Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Antitumorigenic Effects During Cell Differentiation 144 8.3.5 Molecular Signatures of Self Renewal and Long-Term Proliferation of Tumor Cells 145 8.3.6 Proteins Involved in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis 147 8.3.7 Expression of Germline and Embryonic Proteins in Cat Melanomas 149 8.3.8 Naturally Occurring Protein–Protein Interaction Complexes in Melanomas 149 8.3.9 Networks of Protein Interaction Pathways 152 8.4 Challenges of Research in Cancer Stem Cellsand Therapeutics 152 8.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 154 References 156 9 Invasion Program of Normal and Cancer Stem Cells 167David Olmeda, Gema Moreno-Bueno, David Sarrió, José Palacios, and Amparo Cano 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Basics of Tumor Progression: Invasion and Metastasis 168 9.3 Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Development and Its Relation to The Invasive Process 169 9.4 Regulation of EMT: From Signals to Molecular Pathways 172 9.5 EMT and Cancer Stem Cells 176 9.6 Can Stem Cell Properties Be Extensive to Invasive Tumor Cells? 177 9.7 Is There a Unique EMT Program Linked to Invasion? 178 9.8 Evidence of EMT in Human Clinical Tumors 180 9.9 Expression of Mesenchymal Markers and Cadherin Switching in Carcinomas 181 9.10 Expression of EMT Inducers in Human Tumors 183 9.11 Occurrence of EMT in a Specific Subset of Breast Carcinomas 185 9.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 186 References 187 10 Epigenetics in Cancer Stem Cell Development 197Kenneth Nephew, Curt Balch, Tim H.-M. Huang, Zhang Shu, Michael Chan, and Pearlly Yan 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Characterization of Candidate Cancer Stem Cells 198 10.3 Possible Origins of Cancer Stem Cells 198 10.4 Epigenetics in Normal Development 199 10.5 Epigenetic Regulation of the Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype 200 10.6 Contributions of Epigenetics to Drug Resistance in Cancer Stem Cells 204 10.7 Genome-Wide Interrogation of Epigenetic Modifications in Cancer Stem Cells 206 10.8 Epigenetic Therapies Against Poorly Differentiated Cancer Cells 207 10.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 208 References 209 11 Cancer Stem Cells and New Therapeutic Approaches 217Michael Dean 11.1 Cancer Stem Cells 217 11.2 Activation of Stem Cells and Cancer 218 11.2.1 Initiation and Promotion Revised 219 11.2.2 Stem Cell Activation and Specific Cancers 221 11.3 Major Cancers and Risk Factors 223 11.3.1 Liver Cancer 223 11.3.2 Lung Cancer 224 11.3.3 Gastric Cancer 224 11.3.4 Pancreatic Cancer 224 11.3.5 Cervical Cancer 225 11.4 Treatment Implications 225 11.5 Future Perspectives 227 11.6 Conclusions 228 References 243 12 Immunobiology of Cancer Stem Cells 233Shubhada V. Chiplunkar 12.1 Cancer Stem Cells 233 12.2 Cancer Stem Cells and Lymphocytes 234 12.3 Trafficking of Normal Stem Cells and Metastasis of Cancer Stem Cells 236 References 238 Index 243

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Book SynopsisProviding a broad overview of the microbial pathogens associated with hospital-acquired human illness, Techniques for the Study of Hospital Acquired Infection examines the cost-effective use of laboratory techniques in nosocomial infectious disease epidemiology and control.Table of ContentsContributors. Forword. Preface. Dedication. I. Introduction to Healthcare Associated Infections and Their Control. 1. The Hospital and Ambulatory Care Environment (Anne Y. Chen and Hiren Pokharma). 2. Pathogen Transmission in the Healthcare Setting (Sonja Hansen and Ralf-Peter Vonberg). 3. Infection Control Basics (Louise-Marie Dembry and Carlos Torres-Viera). 4. Cost-Effectiveness of IC Program (Marc-Oliver Wright and Eli N. Perencevich). 5. Outbreak Investigations (Importance of the Healthcare Epidemiologist) (Marcus J. Zervos). 6. Pathogen Elimination: Antibiotic and Disinfectant Use and the Development of Resistance (Steven L. Foley, Beilei Ge, Carl M. Schroeder, and Arron M. Lynne). II. Techniques to Characterize Nosocomial Pathogens. 7. Rapid PCR Screening Methods (Ngolela Esther Babady, Frankling Cockerill and Robin Patel). 8. Restriction Analysis Techniques (Richard V. Goering, Mary Stemper, SanjayShukla and Steven Foley). 9. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (Mary Stemper, Steven Foley Richard V. Goering, and Sanjay Shukla). III. Application of Techniques to Characterize Predominant Nosocomial Pathogens. 10. Staphylococcus aureus (Vanthida Huang). 11. Escherichia coli (Johann D. D. Pitout). 12. Fungal Infections (Jose A. Vazquez). Index.

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