Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis one-of-a-kind reference lists information and contacts for faculty members by geography, school, and specialty at some 500 universities and technical institutes worldwide offering chemical engineering curricula. Information on placement officers and student organizations are also provided.

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Book SynopsisPractical Utility of Biomarkers in Drug Discovery and Development covers all aspects of biomarker research applied to drug discovery and development and contains state-of-the-art appraisals on the practical utility of genomic, biochemical, and protein biomarkers. Case histories and lessons from successful and unsuccessful applications of biomarkers are included along with key chapters on GLP validation, safety biomarkers and proteomics biomarkers. Regulatory agency perspectives and initiatives both in the US and internationally are also discussed.Trade Review“The ability to correlate in vitro and in vivo biomarker information in the process of drug discovery and development lies at the heart of translational research. The goal is to rapidly translate basic discoveries into clinical applications. This book provides state-of-the-art information on this exciting new research approach.” (Doody’s, 8 February 2013) “The text is packed with interesting, comprehensive, and pertinent information, clearly presented with salient points reinforced by inclusion in text boxes . . . This is an admirable textbook for those dealing with drug discovery and development. I enjoyed reading through it and I would recommend it to anyone who has an interest, or is developing an interest, in the field of biomarkers and their, as yet, unfulfilled potential.” (ISSX International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv Part I Biomarkers in Drug Discovery 1 1 The Importance of Biomarkers in Translational Medicine 3 Joseph C. Fleishaker 2 Validation of Biochemical Biomarker Assays used in Drug Discovery and Development: A Review ofChallenges and Solutions 23 Gabriella Szekely-Klepser and Scott Fountain 3 Proteomic Methods to Develop Protein Biomarkers 49 Ruth A. VanBogelen and Diane Alessi 4 Overview of Metabolomics Basics 79 Qiuwei Xu and William H. Schaefer Part II Clinical Application of Biomarkers 139 5 Vascular Biomarkers and Imaging Studies 141 Karin Potthoff, Ulrike Fiedler, and Joachim Drevs 6 Cardiovascular Biomarkers as Examples of Success and Failure in Predicting Safety in Humans 163 Simon Authier, Michael K. Pugsley, Eric Troncy, and Michael J. Curtis 7 The Use of Molecular Imaging for Receptor Occupancy Decision Making in Drug Development 189 Ralph Paul Maguire 8 Biosensors for Clinical Biomarkers 203 Sara Tombelli and Marco Mascini Part III Regulatory Perspectives 229 9 Regulatory Perspectives on Biomarker Development 231 Rajanikanth Madabushi, Lawrence Lesko, and Janet Woodcock 10 Perspectives from the European Regulatory Authorities 255 Ian Hudson 11 Use of Biomarker in Drug Development—Japanese Perspectives 269 Yoshiaki Uyama, Akihiro Ishiguro, Harumasa Nakamura, and Satoshi Toyoshima Part IV Predicting in Vivo 289 12 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations of Hepatic Drug Clearance 291 R. Scott Obach 13 The Potential of In Silico and In Vitro Approaches to Predict In Vivo Drug–Drug Interactions and ADMET/TOX Properties 307 Kenneth Bachmann and Sean Ekins 14 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Drug Discovery and Development: Concepts and Applications inToxicology 331 Rex Denton, Kimberly Brannen, and Bruce D. Car 15 Assessing the Potential for Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Predicting the In Vivo Response 353 Jiunn H. Lin Index 383

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Book SynopsisNew edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White''s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production anTable of Contents Preface xxvii Authors xxix List of Contributors and Reviewers xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses 1 2 Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine 68 3 Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment 174 4 Chlorination of Potable Water 230 5 Chlorination of Wastewater 326 6 Disinfection of Wastewater 363 7 Chlorine Contact Basin Design 404 8 Chlorine Feed Systems 418 9 Hypochlorination—Sodium Hypochlorite 452 10 On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System 528 11 Dechlorination 572 12 Process Controls for Chlorination and Dechlorination 594 13 Operation and Maintenance 678 14 Chlorine Dioxide 700 15 Ozone 767 16 Bromine, Bromine Chloride, BCDMH, and Iodine 848 17 Ultraviolet Light 893 18 Advanced Oxidation Processes 976 Appendix 1003 Index 1009

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Book SynopsisThe complete, hands-on guide to sustainable development Today''s process industries must develop natural resources within an eco-friendly framework that balances current demand with future need. Realizing this goal necessitates global vigilance of three key areaspeople, planet, and prosperityknown as the Triple Bottom Line or, simply, the Triple P. Sustainable Development in the Process Industries details how worldwide implementation of sustainable processes in present-day industries can positively influence the Triple P going forward by lowering poverty, reducing pollution, and conserving resources. This in-depth guide includes: Real-world case studies and examples Individual chapters written by industry experts Application in industries such as petroleum and fuel, food, recycling, mineral processing, and water processing Focus on the micro (molecules, unit operations, processes) to the macTable of ContentsContributors ix Foreword xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 Jan Harmsen 1.1 Reason for This Book, 1 1.2 Scope of the Book, 2 1.3 Use in Education, 2 1.4 Use in Industry, 3 2 Sustainability Metrics, Indicators, and Indices for the Process Industries 5 Joseph B. Powell 2.1 Overview and Scope, 5 2.2 Hierarchy of SD Metrics, Indices, and Indicators, 7 2.3 Practical Tools for the Process Industries, 10 2.4 Summary and Conclusions, 17 References, 19 3 Resource Effi ciency of Chemical Manufacturing Chains: Present and Future 23 Jean-Paul Lange 3.1 Introduction, 23 3.2 Resource Efficiency, 24 3.3 Economic Impact, 32 3.4 Conclusions, 35 References, 35 4 Regional Integration of Processes, Agriculture, and Society 39 Michael Narodoslawsky 4.1 The Formative Character of Raw Materials, 39 4.2 The Systemic Engineering Challenge, 44 4.3 Regional Integration of Technologies, 46 References, 57 5 Eco-industrial Parks in The Netherlands: The Rotterdam Harbor and Industry Complex 59 L. W. Baas and G. Korevaar 5.1 Introduction, 59 5.2 Industrial Ecosystem Programs in Rotterdam, 60 5.3 Conclusions, 76 References, 78 6 By-product Synergy Networks: Driving Innovation Through Waste Reduction and Carbon Mitigation 81 Andrew Mangan and Elsa Olivetti 6.1 Introduction, 81 6.2 BPS Origins, 83 6.3 The BPS Process, 87 6.4 Barriers and Challenges, 94 6.5 Benefi ts and Opportunities, 97 6.6 Examples, 100 6.7 Conclusions, 106 References, 106 7 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass For Energy and Chemicals: Technologies at Various Scales 109 R. H. Venderbosch and W. Prins 7.1 Introduction, 109 7.2 Oil Properties, 114 7.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies, 120 7.4 Mass and Energy Balance for Production of Bio-oil and Char in a 2-ton/h Wood Plant, 136 7.5 Bio-oil Fuel Applications, 139 7.6 Chemicals from Bio-oil, 144 7.7 Economics, 148 7.8 Concluding Remarks, 149 References, 150 8 Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery: A Study in Sustainable Process Development 157 Carina Maria Alles and Robin Jenkins 8.1 Introduction, 157 8.2 Technology Development for an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery, 159 8.3 LCA Results: ICBR Versus Benchmarks, 165 8.4 Final Refl ections, 168 References, 169 9 Cellulosic Biofuels: A Sustainable Option for Transportation 171 Jean-Paul Lange, Iris Lewandowski, and Paul M. Ayoub 9.1 Introduction, 171 9.2 Case Studies, 175 9.3 Sustainability of Biomass Production, 183 9.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D Activities, 194 Note Added in Proof, 196 References, 196 10 Integrated Urea–Melamine Process at DSM: Sustainable Product Development 199 Tjien T. Tjioe and Johan T. Tinge 10.1 Short Summary of Melamine Development, 199 10.2 Current Uses of Melamine, 200 10.3 Urea Production, 201 10.4 Conventional DSM Stamicarbon Gas-Phase Melamine Production Process, 202 10.5 New Integrated Urea–Melamine Process, 205 10.6 Conclusions, 207 References, 207 11 Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts 209 Joseph B. Powell 11.1 Overview, 209 11.2 Historical Perspective, 210 11.3 Innovations in the Age of Sustainability, 212 11.4 Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance, 215 References, 216 12 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Concept of Cleaner Production 219 Johannes Fresner and Jan Sage 12.1 Overview, 219 12.2 Active Strategies for Sustainable Management, 220 12.3 Eloxieranstalt A. Heuberger GmbH: Sustainable Management in an Anodizing Plant, 221 12.4 Analysis of the Results, 226 12.5 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies, 230 Appendix: A Successful Regional Cleaner Production Project, 231 References, 236 13 Sustainable Concepts in Metals Recycling and Mineral Processing 237 Nitosh Kumar Brahma 13.1 Overview, 237 13.2 Bioleaching Process Design and Development, 238 13.3 Bioleaching Reactor Design: Applicability of the Core Particle Model, 241 13.4 Industrial Applications, 243 13.5 Conclusions, 245 References, 246 14 Industrial Ecosystem Principles in Industrial Symbiosis: By-product Synergy 249 Qingzhong Wu 14.1 Introduction, 249 14.2 Relationship Between Industrial Symbiosis and Sustainable Development, 250 14.3 Challenges, Barriers, and Countermeasures in Exploration, Evaluation, and Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis, 252 14.4 What By-Product Synergy Is and Is Not, 253 14.5 Work Process and Successful Cases of Industrial Symbiosis, 254 14.6 Conclusions and Recommendations, 261 References, 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisPapers from The American Ceramic Society''s 31st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 21-26, 2007. Topics include advances in dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials; electroceramic materials for sensors; thermoelectric materials for power conversion applications; and transparent conductive oxides.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials 3 Electroceramic Materials for Sensors 101 Thermoelectric Materials for Power Conversion Applications 151 Transparent Electronic Ceramics 243 Author Index 257

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Book SynopsisThis book is a follow-on to the author's bestseller, Principles of Combustion, Second Edition published in 2005. The text covers advanced topics of combustion and flame that are not covered anywhere else.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction and Conservation Equations 1 1.1 Why Is Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion Important?, 3 1.2 Different Applications for Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion, 3 1.2.1 Applications in High Rates of Combustion of Materials for Propulsion Systems, 5 1.2.2 Applications in Power Generation, 7 1.2.3 Applications in Process Industry, 7 1.2.4 Applications in Household and Industrial Heating, 7 1.2.5 Applications in Safety Protections for Unwanted Combustion, 7 1.2.6 Applications in Ignition of Various Combustible Materials, 8 1.2.7 Applications in Emission Control of Combustion Products, 8 1.2.8 Applications in Active Control of Combustion Processes, 8 1.3 Objectives of Combustion Modeling, 8 1.4 Combustion-Related Constituent Disciplines, 9 1.5 General Approach for Solving Combustion Problems, 9 1.6 Governing Equations for Combustion Models, 11 1.6.1 Conservation Equations, 11 1.6.2 Transport Equations, 11 1.6.3 Common Assumptions Made in Combustion Models, 11 1.6.4 Equation of State, 12 1.6.4.1 High-Pressure Correction, 13 1.7 Definitions of Concentrations, 14 1.8 Definitions of Energy and Enthalpy Forms, 16 1.9 Velocities of Chemical Species, 19 1.9.1 Definitions of Absolute and Relative Mass and Molar Fluxes, 20 1.10 Dimensionless Numbers, 23 1.11 Derivation of Species Mass Conservation Equation and Continuity Equation for Multicomponent Mixtures, 23 1.12 Momentum Conservation Equation for Mixture, 29 1.13 Energy Conservation Equation for Multicomponent Mixture, 33 1.14 Total Unknowns versus Governing Equations, 40 Homework Problems, 41 2 Laminar Premixed Flames 43 2.1 Basic Structure of One-Dimensional Premixed Laminar Flames, 46 2.2 Conservation Equations for One-Dimensional Premixed Laminar Flames, 47 2.2.1 Various Models for Diffusion Velocities, 49 2.2.1.1 Multicomponent Diffusion Velocities (First-Order Approximation), 49 2.2.1.2 Various Models for Describing Source Terms due to Chemical Reactions, 54 2.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis, 66 2.3 Analytical Relationships for Premixed Laminar Flames with a Global Reaction, 68 2.3.1 Three Analysis Procedures for Premixed Laminar Flames, 77 2.3.2 Generalized Expression for Laminar Flame Speeds, 80 2.3.2.1 Reduced Reaction Mechanism for HC-Air Flame, 81 2.3.3 Dependency of Laminar Flame Speed on Temperature and Pressure, 82 2.3.4 Premixed Laminar Flame Thickness, 84 2.4 Effect of Flame Stretch on Laminar Flame Speed, 86 2.4.1 Definitions of Stretch Factor and Karlovitz Number, 86 2.4.2 Governing Equation for Premixed Laminar Flame Surface Area, 94 2.4.3 Determination of Unstretched Premixed Laminar Flame Speeds and Markstein Lengths, 95 2.5 Modeling of Soot Formation in Laminar Premixed Flames, 103 2.5.1 Reaction Mechanisms for Soot Formation and Oxidation, 104 2.5.1.1 Empirical Models for Soot Formation, 106 2.5.1.2 Detailed Models for Soot Formation and Oxidation, 108 2.5.1.3 Formation of Aromatics, 109 2.5.1.4 Growth of Aromatics, 110 2.5.1.5 Migration Reactions, 112 2.5.1.6 Oxidation of Aromatics, 113 2.5.2 Mathematical Formulation of Soot Formation Model, 114 Homework Problems, 124 3 Laminar Non-Premixed Flames 125 3.1 Basic Structure of Non-Premixed Laminar Flames, 128 3.2 Flame Sheet Model, 129 3.3 Mixture Fraction Definition and Examples, 130 3.3.1 Balance Equations for Element Mass Fractions, 134 3.3.2 Temperature-Mixture Fraction Relationship, 138 3.4 Flamelet Structure of a Diffusion Flame, 142 3.4.1 Physical Significance of the Instantaneous Scalar Dissipation Rate, 145 3.4.2 Steady-State Combustion and Critical Scalar Dissipation Rate, 147 3.5 Time and Length Scales in Diffusion Flames, 151 3.6 Examples of Laminar Diffusion Flames, 153 3.6.1 Unsteady Mixing Layer, 153 3.6.2 Counterflow Diffusion Flames, 155 3.6.3 Coflow Diffusion Flame or Jet Flames, 165 3.7 Soot Formation in Laminar Diffusion Flames, 172 3.7.1 Soot Formation Model, 173 3.7.1.1 Particle Inception, 174 3.7.1.2 Surface Growth and Oxidation, 174 3.7.2 Appearance of Soot, 175 3.7.3 Experimental Studies by Using Coflow Burners, 176 3.7.3.1 Sooting Zone, 178 3.7.3.2 Effect of Fuel Structure, 182 3.7.3.3 Influence of Additives, 183 3.7.3.4 Coflow Ethylene/Air Laminar Diffusion Flames, 186 3.7.3.5 Modeling of Soot Formation, 191 Homework Problems, 204 4 Background in Turbulent Flows 206 4.1 Characteristics of Turbulent Flows, 210 4.1.1 Some Pictures, 212 4.2 Statistical Understanding of Turbulence, 213 4.2.1 Ensemble Averaging, 214 4.2.2 Time Averaging, 215 4.2.3 Spatial Averaging, 215 4.2.4 Statistical Moments, 215 4.2.5 Homogeneous Turbulence, 216 4.2.6 Isotropic Turbulence, 217 4.3 Conventional Averaging Methods, 217 4.3.1 Reynolds Averaging, 218 4.3.1.1 Correlation Functions, 222 4.3.2 Favre Averaging, 225 4.3.3 Relation between Time Averaged-Quantities and Mass-Weighted Averaged Quantities, 227 4.3.4 Mass-Weighted Conservation and Transport Equations, 228 4.3.4.1 Continuity and Momentum Equations, 228 4.3.4.2 Energy Equation, 230 4.3.4.3 Mean Kinetic Energy Equation, 231 4.3.4.4 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations, 232 4.3.4.5 Turbulence-Kinetic-Energy Equation, 234 4.3.4.6 Turbulent Dissipation Rate Equation, 236 4.3.4.7 Species Mass Conservation Equation, 242 4.3.5 Vorticity Equation, 243 4.3.6 Relationship between Enstrophy and the Turbulent Dissipation Rate, 246 4.4 Turbulence Models, 247 4.5 Probability Density Function, 249 4.5.1 Distribution Function, 250 4.5.2 Joint Probability Density Function, 252 4.5.3 Bayes’ Theorem, 254 4.6 Turbulent Scales, 256 4.6.1 Comment on Kolmogorov Hypotheses, 260 4.7 Large Eddy Simulation, 266 4.7.1 Filtering, 268 4.7.2 Filtered Momentum Equations and Subgrid Scale Stresses, 270 4.7.3 Modeling of Subgrid-Scale Stress Tensors, 274 4.8 Direct Numerical Simulation, 279 Homework Problems, 280 5 Turbulent Premixed Flames 283 5.1 Physical Interpretation, 289 5.2 Some Early Studies in Correlation Development, 291 5.2.1 Damk¨ohler’s Analysis (1940), 292 5.2.2 Schelkin’s Analysis (1943), 295 5.2.3 Karlovitz, Denniston, and Wells’s Analysis (1951), 296 5.2.4 Summerfield’s Analysis (1955), 297 5.2.5 Kovasznay’s Characteristic Time Approach (1956), 298 5.2.6 Limitations of the Preceding Approaches, 299 5.3 Characteristic Scale of Wrinkles in Turbulent Premixed Flames, 304 5.3.1 Schlieren Photographs, 305 5.3.2 Observations on the Structure of Wrinkled Laminar Flames, 305 5.3.3 Measurements of Scales of Unburned and Burned Gas Lumps, 307 5.3.4 Length Scale of Wrinkles, 310 5.4 Development of Borghi Diagram for Premixed Turbulent Flames, 310 5.4.1 Physical Interpretation of Various Regimes in Borghi’s Diagram, 311 5.4.1.1 Wrinkled Flame Regime, 311 5.4.1.2 Wrinkled Flame with Pockets Regime (also Called Corrugated Flame Regime), 311 5.4.1.3 Thickened Wrinkled Flames, 313 5.4.1.4 Thickened Flames with Possible Extinctions/Thick Flames, 314 5.4.2 Klimov-Williams Criterion, 314 5.4.3 Construction of Borghi Diagram, 316 5.4.3.1 Thick Flames (or Distributed Reaction Zone or Well-Stirred Reaction Zone), 318 5.4.4 Wrinkled Flames, 318 5.4.4.1 Wrinkled Flamelets (Weak Turbulence), 320 5.4.4.2 Corrugated Flamelets (Strong Turbulence), 322 5.5 Measurements in Premixed Turbulent Flames, 324 5.6 Eddy-Break-up Model, 324 5.6.1 Spalding’s EBU Model, 335 5.6.2 Magnussen and Hjertager’s EBU Model, 336 5.7 Intermittency, 337 5.8 Flame-Turbulence Interaction, 339 5.8.1 Effects of Flame on Turbulence, 341 5.9 Bray-Moss-Libby Model, 342 5.9.1 Governing Equations, 349 5.9.2 Gradient Transport, 353 5.9.3 Countergradient Transport, 354 5.9.4 Closure of Transport Terms, 357 5.9.4.1 Gradient Closure, 357 5.9.4.2 BML Closure, 358 5.9.5 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations Gradients, 361 5.9.6 Summary of DNS Results, 364 5.10 Turbulent Combustion Modeling Approaches, 368 5.11 Geometrical Description of Turbulent Premixed Flames and G-Equation, 368 5.11.1 Level Set Approach for the Corrugated Flamelets Regime, 371 5.11.2 Level Set Approach for the Thin Reaction Zone Regime, 374 5.12 Scales in Turbulent Combustion, 376 5.13 Closure of Chemical Reaction Source Term, 380 5.14 Probability Density Function Approach to Turbulent Combustion, 381 5.14.1 Derivation of the Transport Equation for Probability Density Function, 386 5.14.2 Moment Equations and PDF Equations, 391 5.14.3 Lagrangian Equations for Fluid Particles, 392 5.14.4 Gradient Transport Model in Composition PDF Method, 395 5.14.5 Determination of Overall Reaction Rate, 397 5.14.6 Lagrangian Monte Carlo Particle Methods, 398 5.14.7 Filtered Density Function Approach, 398 5.14.8 Prospect of PDF Methods, 399 Homework Problems, 400 Project No. 1, 400 Project No. 2, 401 6 Non-premixed Turbulent Flames 402 6.1 Major Issues in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 404 6.2 Turbulent Damk¨ohler number, 406 6.3 Turbulent Reynolds Number, 407 6.4 Scales in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 407 6.4.1 Direct Numerical Simulation and Scales, 411 6.5 Turbulent Non-premixed Combustion Regime Diagram, 414 6.6 Turbulent Non-premixed Target Flames, 418 6.6.1 Simple Jet Flames, 419 6.6.1.1 CH4/H2/N2 Jet Flame, 420 6.6.1.2 Effect of Jet Velocity, 430 6.6.2 Piloted Jet Flames, 432 6.6.2.1 Comparison of Simple Jet Flame and Sandia Flames D and F, 448 6.6.3 Bluff Body Flames, 452 6.6.4 Swirl Stabilized Flames, 455 6.7 Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction, 456 6.7.1 Infinite Chemistry Assumption, 456 6.7.1.1 Unity Lewis Number, 457 6.7.1.2 Nonunity Lewis Number, 458 6.7.2 Finite-Rate Chemistry, 458 6.8 Probability Density Approach for Turbulent Non-premixed Combustion, 462 6.8.1 Physical Models, 465 6.8.2 Turbulent Transport in Velocity-Composition Pdf Methods, 466 6.8.2.1 Stochastic Mixing Model, 467 6.8.2.2 Stochastic Reorientation Model, 468 6.8.3 Molecular Transport and Scalar Mixing Models, 469 6.8.3.1 Interaction by Exchange with the Mean Model, 471 6.8.3.2 Modified Curl Mixing Model, 471 6.8.3.3 Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree Model, 472 6.9 Flamelet Models, 476 6.9.1 Laminar Flamelet Assumption, 477 6.9.2 Unsteady Flamelet Modeling, 478 6.9.3 Flamelet Models and PDF, 479 6.10 Interactions of Flame and Vortices, 480 6.10.1 Flame Rolled Up in a Single Vortex, 482 6.10.2 Flame in a Shear Layer, 483 6.10.3 Jet Flames, 483 6.10.4 K´arm´an Vortex Street/V-Shaped Flame Interaction, 484 6.10.5 Burning Vortex Ring, 484 6.10.6 Head-on Flame/Vortex Interaction, 485 6.10.7 Experimental Setups for Flame/Vortex Interaction Studies, 486 6.10.7.1 Reaction Front/Vortex Interaction in Liquids, 486 6.10.7.2 Jet Flames, 487 6.10.7.3 Counterflow Diffusion Flames, 488 6.11 Generation and Dissipation of Vorticity Effects, 492 6.12 Non-premixed Flame–Vortex Interaction Combustion Diagram, 493 6.13 Flame Instability in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 496 6.14 Partially Premixed Flames or Edge Flames, 500 6.14.1 Formation of Edge Flames, 501 6.14.2 Triple Flame Stabilization of Lifted Diffusion Flame, 502 6.14.3 Analysis of Edge Flames, 503 Homework Problems, 506 Project No. 6.1, 506 Project No. 6.2, 507 Project No. 6.3, 507 7 Background in Multiphase flows with Reactions 509 7.1 Classification of Multiphase Flow Systems, 512 7.2 Practical Problems Involving Multiphase Systems, 514 7.3 Homogeneous versus Multi-component/Multiphase Mixtures, 515 7.4 CFD and Multiphase Simulation, 516 7.5 Averaging Methods, 520 7.5.1 Eulerian Average—Eulerian Mean Values, 522 7.5.2 Lagrangian Average—Lagrangian Mean Values, 523 7.5.3 Boltzmann Statistical Average, 524 7.5.4 Anderson and Jackson’s Averaging for Dense Fluidized Beds, 525 7.6 Local Instant Formulation, 533 7.7 Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling, 536 7.7.1 Fluid-Fluid Modeling, 536 7.7.1.1 Closure Models, 538 7.7.2 Fluid-Solid Modeling, 540 7.7.2.1 Closure Models, 541 7.7.2.2 Dense Particle Flows, 547 7.7.2.3 Dilute Particle Flows, 549 7.8 Eulerian-Lagrangian Modeling, 550 7.8.1 Fluid-Solid Modeling, 551 7.8.1.1 Fluid Phase, 551 7.8.1.2 Solid Phase, 552 7.9 Interfacial Transport (Jump Conditions), 555 7.10 Interface-Tracking/Capturing, 561 7.10.1 Interface Tracking, 563 7.10.1.1 Markers on Interface (Surface Marker Techniques), 564 7.10.1.2 Surface-Fitted Method, 567 7.10.2 Interface Capturing, 568 7.10.2.1 Markers in Fluid (MAC Formulation), 568 7.10.2.2 Volume of Fluid Method, 569 7.11 Discrete Particle Methods, 573 Homework Problems, 575 8 Spray Atomization and Combustion 576 8.1 Introduction to Spray Combustion, 578 8.2 Spray-Combustion Systems, 580 8.3 Fuel Atomization, 582 8.3.1 Injector Types, 582 8.3.2 Atomization Characteristics, 584 8.4 Spray Statistics, 584 8.4.1 Particle Characterization, 584 8.4.2 Distribution Function, 585 8.4.2.1 Logarithmic Probability Distribution Function, 588 8.4.2.2 Rosin-Rammler Distribution Function, 588 8.4.2.3 Nukiyama-Tanasawa Distribution Function, 589 8.4.2.4 Upper-Limit Distribution Function of Mugele and Evans, 589 8.4.3 Transport Equation of the Distribution Function, 590 8.4.4 Simplified Spray Combustion Model for Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines, 591 8.5 Spray Combustion Characteristics, 594 8.6 Classification of Models Developed for Spray Combustion Processes, 602 8.6.1 Simple Correlations, 602 8.6.2 Droplet Ballistic Models, 603 8.6.3 One-Dimensional Models, 603 8.6.4 Stirred-Reactor Models, 604 8.6.5 Locally Homogeneous-Flow Models, 605 8.6.6 Two-Phase-Flow (Dispersed-Flow) Models, 605 8.7 Locally Homogeneous Flow Models, 605 8.7.1 Classification of LHF Models, 606 8.7.2 Mathematical Formulation of LHF Models, 609 8.7.2.1 Basic Assumptions, 609 8.7.2.2 Equation of State, 609 8.7.2.3 Conservation Equations, 615 8.7.2.4 Turbulent Transport Equations, 619 8.7.2.5 Boundary Conditions, 620 8.7.2.6 Solution Procedures, 620 8.7.2.7 Comparison of LHF-Model Predictions with Experimental Data, 626 8.8 Two-Phase-Flow (Dispersed-Flow) Models, 634 8.8.1 Particle-Source-in-Cell Model (Discrete-Droplet Model), 637 8.8.1.1 Models for Single Drop Behavior, 639 8.8.2 Drop Breakup Process and Mechanism, 654 8.8.2.1 Drop Breakup Process, 654 8.8.2.2 Multi-component Droplet Breakup by Microexplosion, 659 8.8.3 Deterministic Discrete Droplet Models, 662 8.8.3.1 Gas-Phase Treatment in DDDMs, 664 8.8.3.2 Liquid-Phase Treatment in DDDMs, 666 8.8.3.3 Results of DDDMs, 667 8.8.4 Stochastic Discrete Droplet Models, 669 8.8.5 Comparison of Results between DDDMs and SDDMs, 671 8.8.6 Dense Sprays, 682 8.8.6.1 Introduction, 682 8.8.6.2 Background, 684 8.8.6.3 Jet Breakup Models, 690 8.8.6.4 Impinging Jet Atomization, 699 8.9 Group-Combustion Models of Chiu, 700 8.9.1 Group-Combustion Numbers, 701 8.9.2 Modes of Group Burning in Spray Flames, 703 8.10 Droplet Collison, 706 8.10.1 Droplet-Droplet Collisions, 707 8.10.2 Droplet-Wall Collision, 708 8.10.3 Interacting Droplet in a Many-Droplet System, 710 8.11 Optical Techniques for Particle Size Measurements, 710 8.11.1 Types of Optical Particle Sizing Methods, 711 8.11.2 Single Particle Counting Methods, 711 8.11.2.1 Scattering Ratio Technique, 712 8.11.2.2 Intensity Deconvolution Method, 713 8.11.2.3 Interferometric Method (Phase-Shift Method), 713 8.11.2.4 Visibility Method Using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter LDV, 713 8.11.2.5 Phase Doppler Sizing Anemometer, 713 8.11.3 Ensemble Particle Sizing Techniques, 714 8.11.3.1 Extinction Measurement Techniques, 714 8.11.3.2 Multiple Angle Scattering Technique, 714 8.11.3.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction Particle Analyzer, 715 8.11.3.4 Integral Transform Solutions for Near-Forward Scattering, 716 8.12 Effect of Droplet Spacing on Spray Combustion, 717 8.12.1 Evaporation and Combustion of Droplet Arrays, 717 Homework Problems, 720 Appendix A: Useful Vector and Tensor Operations 723 Appendix B: Constants and Conversion Factors Often Used in Combustion 751 Appendix C: Naming of Hydrocarbons 755 Appendix D: Detailed Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanism for Aromatics Formation 759 Appendix E: Particle Size–U.S. Sieve Size and Tyler Screen Mesh Equivalents 795 Bibliography 799 Index 869

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Book SynopsisProvides a compilation of meeting proceedings pertaining to the processing, properties, and behaviour of structural and multifunctional ceramics and composites, emerging ceramic technologies and applications of engineering ceramics. This CD contains papers that were submitted and accepted from the meeting after a peer review process.

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Book SynopsisThis book helps pharmaceutical and medical researchers better understand, design, and manage clinical trials through its industry-specific viewpoint that shows how adaptive research technology and methods benefit the drug industry.Trade Review"This book certainly brings the relevant issues upfront." (Chemistry & Industry, June 2010) "It is ideal for senior executives who want a strategic view of adaptive methods, managers looking for practical opportunities to significantly improve the efficiency of their operations, and statisticians interested in learning the broader ramifications of their arcane expertise." (Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices, April 2010) "Rosenberg captures the current excitement surrounding adaptive clinical research, and provides a very readable introduction to the methodologies involved in implementing such research." (Journal for Clinical Studies, March 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Opportunity for Efficiency. The Adaptive Solution. An Industrial Success Story. Signs of Trouble Ahead. Converging Challenges. The Struggle to Replace Lost Revenues. Clinical Research is the Key. Behind the High Costs of Clinical Development. High Costs and Increasing Prices. Growing Pressures Mandate Greater Efficiency. The High Risk of Current Development Practices. Economic Consequences of Faster Clinical Development. Thriving in a New Era. References. 2 Defining and Extending the Adaptive Approach. The Adaptive Concept. Knowledge, Time and Decision-Making. The Value of Early Knowledge. The Spectrum of Design and Operational Adaptations. Maximizing the Adaptive Approach: Agile Clinical Development. Measure Performance in Real-time. Metrics in Action. Right Information to the Right Eyes at the Right Time. Make Timely Decisions. Organize Work in Lean Processes. Rework in Clinical Studies. Backflow of Patient Data. Match Technology with Tasks. Objections to Adaptive Methods. Integrity and Validity. The Regulatory Environment. The Complexity of Clinical Research. Conclusion. References. 3 Design Adaptations Part One: Finding the Right Dose. Background. Types of Design Adaptations. Order of Discussion. Dosing Nomenclature. Determining Maximum Safe Dose. Single Arm. Continual Reassessment Method. Other Bayesian Dose-Finding Methods. Determining Optimal Dose (Pruning). Multiple Arms. Improvements over Conventional Approaches to Dose Finding. Dose Selection in Practice. Optimizing Dose Selection. Minimizing Costs versus Maximizing Information. Surrogate Endpoints. Conclusion. References. 4 Design Adaptations Part Two: Additional Design Changes. Sample-Size Reestimation. The Trouble with Planning Estimates. The High Cost of "Underbuilt" Studies. The Benefits of Reestimation and Rightsizing. Reestimation and Trial Stages. Rules to Restrict Reestimation. Adjusting Sample Size for Nuisance Parameters. Seamless Designs: Combining Multiple Phases. When to Consider Seamless Studies. Seamless Phase I/Phase II Trials. Seamless Phase II/Phase III Trials. Planning Issues in Seamless Trials. Phase I-II-III Designs. Adaptive Randomization. Response-Adaptive Randomization. Other Forms of Adaptive Randomization. Other Types of Design Adaptations. Noninferiority-to-Superiority Design. Adaptive Hypotheses and Subpopulations. Treatment Switching. Conclusions. References. 5 Operational Adaptations. Design and Operational Adaptations. The Nature and Significance of Operational Adaptations. Implementing Operational Adaptations. Enrollment and Other Site Issues. Data Quality. Monitoring. Site Closeout and Database Lock. Supporting Functions for Efficient Operations. The Bottom Line. References. 6 Agile Clinical Development. Benefits of Agile Development. A Development Example. Program Planning. Safety Testing (Phase I). Design. Planning. Operational Considerations. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Dose-Finding Study. Dose Finding (Phase II). Design. Planning. Operational Considerations. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Confirmatory Studies. Confirmatory Testing (Phase III). Design. Planning. Operational. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Regulatory Filings. Summing Up: The Power of Agile Development. 7 Planning Adaptive Programs. Determining Design Adaptations and their Requirements. Determining Operational Requirements to Support Design Adaptations. Ensuring the Ability to Meet Operational Requirements. The Importance of Programmatic Thinking. Looking Ahead. Advisory and Oversight Groups. Optimizing the Planning Process. Regulatory Discussions. Contingency Planning. Planning Tools and Techniques. Decision Trees. Simulation. Uncertainties in Clinical Research. Simulation Tools. Simulation Step by Step. The Limitations of Simulation. Conclusions. References. Sources of Simulation Software. 8 Statistics and Decision Making in Adaptive Research. The Frequentist Approach. What Frequentist Results Say about the Results of a Clinical Study. Using Frequentist Results to Make Decisions Based on Individual Trials. Other Issues with Frequentist Methods. The Bayesian Approach. Prior Distributions. How Bayesian Statistics Works. Bayesian Statistics in the Real World. Bayesian Methods in Clinical Research. Comparing Bayesian and Frequentist Methods. Prior Distributions. The Pharma Context. Learning and Confirming. Ethical and Operational Issues. Regulatory Considerations. Conclusions. Frequentists, Bayesians, and Pragmatists. References. 9 The Agile Platform. Essential Types of Data. Management Cycles in Clinical Studies. The Common Platform for Design and Operational Adaptations. Data Capture. Data-Capture Technologies. The First Generation. The Second Generation. The Third Generation. Data Cleaning and Validation Technology. Data Analysis Tools. Randomization. Site Management. Supply-Chain Management. Communications. Conclusions. References. 10 The Future of Clinical Development. Is Restructuring an Alternative to Improving Clinical Development? Greater Efficiency: Changes that Everyone Can Applaud. Biotechs and Emerging Low-Cost Competitors. Globalization, Offshoring, and Outsourcing. Managing More Complex Trials. Individualized Medicine Demands Greater Efficiency. A More Important Role for Postmarketing Studies. The Reward for Greater Efficiency. Financial Implications of the Agile Approach. Financial Implications of the Agile Approach for the Drug Industry. A Brighter Future for Clinical Development. First Steps toward Agile Development. An Eight-Point Program for Embracing the Adaptive Approach. References. Index.

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Book Synopsis Delivers comprehensive coverage of key subjects in self-assembly and nanotechnology, approaching these and related topics with one unified concept. Designed for students and professionals alike, it explores a variety of materials and situations in which the importance of self-assembly nanotechnology is growing tremendously. Provides clear schematic illustrations to represent the mainstream principles behind each topic. Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments. PART I. SELF-ASSEMBLY. 1. UNIFIED APPROACH TO SELF-ASSEMBLY. 1.1. Self-Assembly through Force Balance. 1.2. General Scheme for the Formation of Self-Assembled Aggregates. 1.3. General Scheme for Self-Assembly Process. 1.4. Concluding Remarks. References. 2. INTERMOLECULAR AND COLLOIDAL FORCES. 2.1. Van der Waals Force. 2.2. Electrostatic Force: Electric Double-Layer. 2.3. Steric and Depletion Forces. 2.4. Solvation and Hydration Forces. 2.5. Hydrophobic Effect. 2.6. Hydrogen Bond. References. 3. MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY IN SOLUTION I: MICELLES. 3.1. Surfactants and Micelles. 3.2. Physical Properties of Micelles. 3.3. Thermodynamics of Micellization. 3.4. Micellization versus General Scheme of Self-Assembly. 3.5. Multicomponent Micelles. 3.6. Micellar Solubilization. 3.7. Applications of Surfactants and Micelles. References. 4. MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY IN SOLUTION II: BILAYERS, LIQUID CRYSTALS, AND EMULSIONS. 4.1. Bilayers. 4.2. Vesicles, Liposomes, and Niosomes. 4.3. Liquid Crystals. 4.4. Emulsions. References. 5. COLLOIDAL SELF-ASSEMBLY. 5.1. Forces Induced by Colloidal Phenomena. 5.2. Force Balance for Colloidal Self-Assembly. 5.3. General Scheme for Colloidal Self-Assembly. 5.4. Micelle-like Colloidal Self-Assembly: Packing Geometry. 5.5. Summary. References. 6. SELF-ASSEMBLY AT INTERFACES. 6.1. General Scheme for Interfacial Self-Assembly. 6.2. Control of Intermolecular Forces at Interfaces. 6.3. Self-Assembly at the Gas–Liquid Interface. 6.4. Self-Assembly at the Liquid–Solid Interface. 6.5. Self-Assembly at the Liquid–Liquid Interface. 6.6. Self-Assembly at the Gas–Solid Interface. 6.7. Interface-Induced Chiral Self-Assembly. References. 7. BIO-MIMETIC SELF-ASSEMBLY. 7.1. General Picture of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly. 7.2. Force Balance Scheme for Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly. 7.3. Origin of Morphological Chirality and Diversity. 7.4. Symmetric Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.5. Gels: Networked Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.6. Properties of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.7. Future Issues. References. PART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY. 8. IMPLICATIONS OF SELF-ASSEMBLY FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY. 8.1. General Concepts and Approach to Nanotechnology. 8.2. Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Share the Same Building Units. 8.3. Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Are Governed by the Same Forces. 8.4. Self-Assembly versus Manipulation for the Construction of Nanostructures. 8.5. Self-Aggregates and Nanotechnology Share the Same General Assembly Principles. 8.6. Concluding Remarks. References. 9. NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS. 9.1. What Are Nanostructured Materials? 9.2. Intermolecular Forces During the Formation of Nanostructured Materials. 9.3. Sol–Gel Chemistry. 9.4. General Self-Assembly Schemes for the Formation of Nanostructured Materials. 9.5. Micro-, Meso-, and Macroporous Materials. 9.6. Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials. 9.7. Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials. 9.8. Microporous and Macroporous Materials. 9.9. Applications of Nanostructured and Nanoporous Materials. 9.10. Summary and Future Issues. References. 10. NANOPARTICLES: METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND OXIDES. 10.1. What are Nanoparticles? 10.2. Intermolecular Forces During the Synthesis of Nanoparticles. 10.3. Synthesis of Nanoparticles. 10.4. Properties of Nanoparticles. 10.5. Applications of Nanoparticles. 10.6. Summary and Future Issues. References. 11. NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS. 11.1. What Is Nanostructured Film? 11.2. General Scheme for Nanostructured Films. 11.3. Preparation and Structural Control of Nanostructured Films. 11.4. Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Films. 11.5. Summary and Future Issues. References. 12. NANOASSEMBLY BY EXTERNAL FORCES. 12.1. Force Balance and the General Scheme of Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.3. Molecular Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.4. Applications of Colloidal Aggregates. 12.5. Summary and Future Issues. References. 13. NANOFABRICATION. 13.1. Self-Assembly and Nanofabrication. 13.2. Unit Fabrications. 13.3. Nanointegrated Systems. 13.4. Summary and Future Issues. References. 14. NANODEVICES AND NANOMACHINES. 14.1. General Scheme of Nanodevices. 14.2. Nanocomponents: Building Units for Nanodevices. 14.3. Three Element Motions: Force Balance at Work. 14.4. Unit Operations. 14.5. Nanodevices: Fabricated Nanocomponents to Operate. 14.7. Summary and Future Issues. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisKoretsky helps students understand and visualize thermodynamics through a qualitative discussion of the role of molecular interactions and a highly visual presentation of the material. By showing how principles of thermodynamics relate to molecular concepts learned in prior courses, Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, 2e helps students construct new knowledge on a solid conceptual foundation. Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, 2e is designed for Thermodynamics I and Thermodynamics II courses taught out of the Chemical Engineering department to Chemical Engineering majors. Specifically designed to accommodate students with different learning styles, this text helps establish a solid foundation in engineering and chemical thermodynamics. Clear conceptual development, worked-out examples and numerous end-of-chapter problems promote deep learning of thermodynamics and teach students how to apply thermodynamics to real-world engineering problTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Measured Thermodynamic Properties and Other Basic Concepts 1 Learning Objectives 1 1.1 Thermodynamics 2 1.2 Preliminary Concepts—The Language of Thermo 3 Thermodynamic Systems 3 Properties 4 Processes 5 Hypothetical Paths 6 Phases of Matter 6 Length Scales 6 Units 7 1.3 Measured Thermodynamic Properties 7 Volume (Extensive or Intensive) 7 Temperature (Intensive) 8 Pressure (Intensive) 11 The Ideal Gas 13 1.4 Equilibrium 15 Types of Equilibrium 15 Molecular View of Equilibrium 16 1.5 Independent and Dependent Thermodynamic Properties 17 The State Postulate 17 Gibbs Phase Rule 18 1.6 The PʋT Surface and Its Projections for Pure Substances 20 Changes of State During a Process 22 Saturation Pressure vs. Vapor Pressure 23 The Critical Point 24 1.7 Thermodynamic Property Tables 26 1.8 Summary 30 1.9 Problems 31 Conceptual Problems 31 Numerical Problems 34 CHAPTER 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 36 Learning Objectives 36 2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 37 Forms of Energy 37 Ways We Observe Changes in U 39 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 40 Work and Heat: Transfer of Energy Between the System and the Surroundings 42 2.2 Construction of Hypothetical Paths 46 2.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 48 Reversible Processes 48 Irreversible Processes 48 Efficiency 55 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 55 Integral Balances 55 Differential Balances 57 2.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems 60 Material Balance 60 Flow Work 60 Enthalpy 62 Steady-State Energy Balances 62 Transient Energy Balance 63 2.6ThermochemicalData For U and H 67 Heat Capacity: cʋ and cP 67 Latent Heats 76 Enthalpy of Reactions 80 2.7 Reversible Processes in Closed Systems 92 Reversible, Isothermal Expansion (Compression) 92 Adiabatic Expansion (Compression) with Constant Heat Capacity 93 Summary 95 2.8 Open-System Energy Balances on Process Equipment 95 Nozzles and Diffusers 96 Turbines and Pumps (or Compressors) 97 Heat Exchangers 98 Throttling Devices 101 2.9 Thermodynamic Cycles and the Carnot Cycle 102 Efficiency 104 2.10 Summary 108 2.11 Problems 110 Conceptual Problems 110 Numerical Problems 113 CHAPTER 3 Entropy and the Second Law Of Thermodynamics 127 Learning Objectives 127 3.1 Directionality of Processes/Spontaneity 128 3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes (Revisited) and their Relationship to Directionality 129 3.3 Entropy, the Thermodynamic Property 131 3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 140 3.5 Other Common Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 142 3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed and Open Systems 143 Calculation of Δs for Closed Systems 143 Calculation of Δs for Open Systems 147 3.7 Calculation of Δs for an Ideal Gas 151 3.8 The Mechanical Energy Balance and the Bernoulli Equation 160 3.9 Vapor-Compression Power and Refrigeration Cycles 164 The Rankine Cycle 164 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 169 3.10 Exergy (Availability) Analysis 172 Exergy 173 Exthalpy—Flow Exergy in Open Systems 178 3.11 Molecular View of Entropy 182 Maximizing Molecular Confi gurations over Space 185 Maximizing Molecular Confi gurations over Energy 186 3.12 Summary 190 3.13 Problems 191 Conceptual Problems 191 Numerical Problems 195 CHAPTER 4 Equations of State and Intermolecular Forces 209 Learning Objectives 209 4.1 Introduction 210 Motivation 210 The Ideal Gas 211 4.2 Intermolecular Forces 211 Internal (Molecular) Energy 211 The Electric Nature of Atoms and Molecules 212 Attractive Forces 213 Intermolecular Potential Functions and Repulsive Forces 223 Principle of Corresponding States 226 Chemical Forces 228 4.3 Equations of State 232 The van der Waals Equation of State 232 Cubic Equations of State (General) 238 The Virial Equation of State 240 Equations of State for Liquids and Solids 245 4.4 Generalized Compressibility Charts 246 4.5 Determination of Parameters for Mixtures 249 Cubic Equations of State 250 Virial Equation of State 251 Corresponding States 252 4.6 Summary 254 4.7 Problems 255 Conceptual Problems 255 Numerical Problems 257 CHAPTER 5 The Thermodynamic Web 265 Learning Objectives 265 5.1 Types of Thermodynamic Properties 265 Measured Properties 265 Fundamental Properties 266 Derived Thermodynamic Properties 266 5.2 Thermodynamic Property Relationships 267 Dependent and Independent Properties 267 Hypothetical Paths (revisited) 268 Fundamental Property Relations 269 Maxwell Relations 271 Other Useful Mathematical Relations 272 Using the Thermodynamic Web to Access Reported Data 273 5.3 Calculation of Fundamental and Derived Properties Using Equations of State and Other Measured Quantities 276 Relation of ds in Terms of Independent Properties T and ʋ and Independent Properties T and P 276 Relation of du in Terms of Independent Properties T and ʋ 277 Relation of dh in Terms of Independent Properties T and P 281 Alternative Formulation of the Web using T and P as Independent Properties 287 5.4 Departure Functions 290 Enthalpy Departure Function 290 Entropy Departure Function 293 5.5 Joule-Thomson Expansion and Liquefaction 298 Joule-Thomson Expansion 298 Liquefaction 301 5.6 Summary 304 5.7 Problems 305 Conceptual Problems 305 Numerical Problems 307 CHAPTER 6 Phase Equilibria I: Problem Formulation 315 Learning Objectives 315 6.1 Introduction 315 The Phase Equilibria Problem 316 6.2 Pure Species Phase Equilibrium 318 Gibbs Energy as a Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium 318 Roles of Energy and Entropy in Phase Equilibria 321 The Relationship Between Saturation Pressure and Temperature: The Clapeyron Equation 327 Pure Component Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium: The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 328 6.3 Thermodynamics of Mixtures 334 Introduction 334 Partial Molar Properties 335 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation 340 Summary of the Different Types of Thermodynamic Properties 342 Property Changes of Mixing 343 Determination of Partial Molar Properties 357 Relations Among Partial Molar Quantities 366 6.4 Multicomponent Phase Equilibria 367 The Chemical Potential—The Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium 367 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of μi 370 6.5 Summary 372 6.6 Problems 373 Conceptual Problems 373 Numerical Problems 377 CHAPTER 7 Phase Equilibria II: Fugacity 391 Learning Objectives 391 7.1 Introduction 391 7.2 The Fugacity 392 Definition of Fugacity 392 Criteria for Chemical Equilibria in Terms of Fugacity 395 7.3 Fugacity in the Vapor Phase 396 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Pure Gases 396 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Species i in a Gas Mixture 403 The Lewis Fugacity Rule 411 Property Changes of Mixing for Ideal Gases 412 7.4 Fugacity in the Liquid Phase 414 Reference States for the Liquid Phase 414 Thermodynamic Relations Between γi 422 Models for γi Using gE 428 Equation of State Approach to the Liquid Phase 449 7.5 Fugacity in the Solid Phase 449 Pure Solids 449 Solid Solutions 449 Interstitials and Vacancies in Crystals 450 7.6 Summary 450 7.7 Problems 452 Conceptual Problems 452 Numerical Problems 454 CHAPTER 8 Phase Equilibria III: Applications 466 Learning Objectives 466 8.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) 467 Raoult’s Law (Ideal Gas and Ideal Solution) 467 Nonideal Liquids 475 Azeotropes 484 Fitting Activity Coeffi cient Models with VLE Data 490 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 495 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Using the Equations of State Method 501 8.2 Liquid 1a2—Liquid 1b2 Equilibrium: LLE 511 8.3 Vapor–Liquid 1a2— Liquid 1b2 Equilibrium: VLLE 519 8.4 Solid–Liquid and Solid–Solid Equilibrium: SLE and SSE 523 Pure Solids 523 Solid Solutions 529 8.5 Colligative Properties 531 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression 531 Osmotic Pressure 535 8.6 Summary 538 8.7 Problems 540 Conceptual Problems 540 Numerical Problems 544 CHAPTER 9 Chemical Reaction Equilibria 562 Learning Objectives 562 9.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 563 9.2 Chemical Reaction and Gibbs Energy 565 9.3 Equilibrium for a Single Reaction 568 9.4 Calculation of K from Thermochemical Data 572 Calculation of K from Gibbs Energy of Formation 572 The Temperature Dependence of K 574 9.5 Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and the Concentrations of Reacting Species 579 The Equilibrium Constant for a Gas-Phase Reaction 579 The Equilibrium Constant for a Liquid-Phase (or Solid-Phase) Reaction 586 The Equilibrium Constant for a Heterogeneous Reaction 587 9.6 Equilibrium in Electrochemical Systems 589 Electrochemical Cells 590 Shorthand Notation 591 Electrochemical Reaction Equilibrium 592 Thermochemical Data: Half-Cell Potentials 594 Activity Coeffi cients in Electrochemical Systems 597 9.7 Multiple Reactions 599 Extent of Reaction and Equilibrium Constant for R Reactions 599 Gibbs Phase Rule for Chemically Reacting Systems and Independent Reactions 601 Solution of Multiple Reaction Equilibria by Minimization of Gibbs Energy 610 9.8 Reaction Equilibria of Point Defects in Crystalline Solids 612 Atomic Defects 613 Electronic Defects 616 Effect of Gas Partial Pressure on Defect Concentrations 619 9.9 Summary 624 9.10 Problems 626 Conceptual Problems 626 Numerical Problems 628 APPENDIX A Physical Property Data 639 APPENDIX B Steam Tables 647 APPENDIX C Lee–Kesler Generalized Correlation Tables 660 APPENDIX D Unit Systems 676 APPENDIX E ThermoSolver Software 680 APPENDIX F References 685 Index 687

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Book SynopsisTransport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition, builds on integrated transport courses in chemical engineering curricula, demonstrating the underlying unity of mass and momentum transport processes. It describes how these processes underlie the mechanics common to both pollutant transport and pollution control processes.Trade Review"This is indeed a significant contribution to the literature and is a useful book for students, scientists, and engineers interested in mathematical modeling in typical environmental situations." (Environ Earth Sci, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Symbols. 1 Conservation Laws and Continua. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Conservation Laws: Systems Approach. 1.3. Conservation Laws: Control Volume Approach. 1.4. Conservation Laws: Differential Element Approach. 1.5. Continua. 1.6. Sources, Sinks, Reactions, and Box Models. 1.7. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 2 Low-Concentration Particle Suspensions and Flows. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Drag on a Sphere. 2.3. Drag Force on Nonspherical Particles. 2.4. Low Reynolds Number Particle Dynamics and Stokes’ Law. 2.5. Particle Motions in Electric Fields. 2.6. Quiescent and Perfect-Mix Batch Sedimentation. 2.7. Continuous Sedimentation Processes. 2.8. Inertial Forces on Particles and Stopping Distance. 2.9. Inertial Forces in Particle Flows. 2.10. Rotating Flows. 2.11. Centrifugation. 2.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 3 Interactions of Small Charged Particles. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Importance of Surface. 3.3. Acquisition of Surface Charge. 3.4. Particle Size, Shape, and Polydispersity. 3.5. The Double Layer and Colloidal Stability. 3.6. The Schulze-Hardy Rule. 3.7. Electrophoresis and Zeta Potential. 3.8. Particle Collision and Fast Coagulation. 3.9. Slow Coagulation. 3.10. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 4 Adsorption, Partitioning, and Interfaces. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Accumulation of Solutes at Interfaces. 4.3. Adsorption at Solid-Liquid and Solid-Gas Interfaces. 4.4. Adsorption Isotherms. 4.5. Linear Equilibrium Partitioning Between Two Phases. 4.6. Partitioning and Separation in Flow Systems. 4.7. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 5 Basic Fluid Mechanics of Environmental Transport. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. The Joy of Fluid Mechanics. 5.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations. 5.4. Fluid Statics and the Buoyancy Force. 5.5. Capillarity and Interfacial Tension. 5.6. The Modified Pressure and Free-Surface Flows. 5.7. Steady Unidirectional Circular Streamline Flows. 5.8. Fluid Shear Stresses and the Viscosity of Newtonian Fluids. 5.9. Slip Flow. 5.10. Field-Flow Fractionation. 5.11. Nonsteady Unidirectional Flows: Stokes' First Problem. 5.12. Low Reynolds Number Flows. 5.13. Ideal Fluids, Potential Flows, and Stream Functions. 5.14. The Bernoulli Equation. 5.15. Steady Viscous Momentum Boundary Layers. 5.16. Turbulent Flows. 5.17. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 6 Diffusive Mass Transport. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Thermodynamics of Diffusion. 6.3. Fick’s First Law and General Diffusive Transport. 6.4. The Diffusion Coefficient. 6.5. Steady-State Diffusion Problems with No Overall Diffusive Mass Transfer. 6.6. Steady-State Mass Balances Over Differential Elements. 6.7. Fick’s Second Law and Nonsteady-State Diffusion. 6.8. Effective Diffusion Coefficients in Porous Media. 6.9. Hindered Diffusion. 6.10. When Chemicals Diffuse Against a Concentration Gradient. 6.11. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 7 Convective Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mass Transfer. 7.1. Introduction and Simple Example of Convective Diffusion. 7.2. The Convective-Diffusion Equation. 7.3. Mass Transport in Steady Laminar Flow in a Cylindrical Tube. 7.4. Taylor-Aris Dispersion. 7.5. Turbulent Dispersion: The Lagrangian Approach. 7.6. Turbulent Dispersion: The Eulerian Approach. 7.7. Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow Along Reacting or Dissolving Solid Surfaces. 7.8. Mass-Transfer Coefficients, Models, and Correlations for Laminar and Turbulent Flows. 7.9. Interphase Mass Transport and Resistance Models. 7.10. Summary. Exercises. References. 8 Filtration and Mass Transport in Porous Media. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Porosity, Velocity, and Porous Media Continua. 8.3. Coefficients of Mechanical, Molecular, and Hydrodynamic Dispersion. 8.4. Porous Media Dispersion Equation in a Homogeneous Isotropic Medium. 8.5. Solution of the Dispersion Equation in an Infinite One-Dimensional Medium. 8.6. Analytical Chromatography. 8.7. Filtration. 8.8. Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis. 8.9. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 9 Reaction Kinetics. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. First-Order Reactions. 9.3. Second-Order Reactions. 9.4. Pseudo-First-Order Reactions. 9.5. Zero-Order Reactions. 9.6. Elementary and Nonelementary Reactions. 9.7. Simple Series and Parallel Reactions. 9.8. Reversible Reactions. 9.9. Characteristic Reaction Times. 9.10. Arrhenius' Law and the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate. 9.11. The Fastest Reactions: Diffusion-Controlled Reactions. 9.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 10 Mixing and Reactor Modeling. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Simple Closed-Reactor and Residence-Time Distributions. 10.3. Measurement of Residence-Time Distributions. 10.4. Residence-Time Distributions from Discrete Data. 10.5. Perfect Mixing and Ideal Plug Flow. 10.6. F, W, and Disinfection. 10.7. Moments of Residence-Time Distributions. 10.8. Other Residence-Time Models. 10.9. Axial-Dispersion Model. 10.10. Fitting Residence-Time Distributions to Data. 10.11. Mixing and Reactions. 10.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. Appendix I. S I Units and Physical Constants. Bibliography. Appendix II. Review of Vectors. Bibliography. Appendix III. Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Convective Diffusion in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates. Bibliography. Appendix IV. Physical Properties of Water and Air. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisPharmaceutical and Biomedical Portfolio Management in a Changing Global Environment explores some of the critical forces at work today in the complex endeavour of pharmaceutical and medical product development. Written by experienced professionals, and including real-world approaches and best practice examples, this new title addresses three key areas small molecules, large molecules, and medical devices - and provides hard-to-find, consolidated information relevant to and needed by pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device company managers.Table of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. CONTRIBUTORS. ABBREVIATIONS. PART I: OVERVIEW. 1: Project Leadership for Biomedical Industries (Scott D. Babler). PART II: MANAGING MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROJECTS. 2: Medical Devices – Components, Systems, and their Integration (Dennis F. Marr). 3: The Role of Project Management in the Development of In Vitro Diagnostics (David Kern and Diane M. Ward). 4: Drug Development Project Management (Dirk L. Raemdonck and Bradford A. Burns). PART III: EFFECT OF BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS ON MANAGING LARGE PROJECTS. 5: Outsourcing of Project Activities (Jonathan D. Lee and Trisha Dobson). 6: The Unique Aspects of Alliance Projects (Andrew S. Eibling). Case Study: Management of Outsourcing for Biomedical Companies (Jeffery W. Frazier, Jennifer A. Hewitt and Andy Myslicki). 7: A Roadmap for Successful Technology Transfers (Nipun Davar, Sangita Ghosh, Nandan Oza). 8: Challenges for the Team Leader of Multifunctional Product Teams in an International Environment (Hartwig Hennekes). 9: Lessons Learned from Inter-Organizational Collaboration Projects (Andrea Jahn). Case Study: Project Management in Non-Profit Drug Development (Autumn Ehnow). PART IV: MANAGING UNIQUE PROJECT COMPLEXITIES. 10: Clinical Trials and Project Management (Scott E. Smith, Carol A. Connell and Dirk L. Raemdonck). 11: Role of Project Management in Quality Planning and Functions Throughout the Product Lifecycle (Thomas Dzierozynski and Ian Fleming). 12: Regulatory Strategies and Submissions in an International Product Environment (Louise Johnson). 13: Risk Management - A Practical Approach (Courtland R. LaVallee). PART V: PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE PLANNING. 14: Managing Successful Product Portfolio Creation and R&D Pipelines (Sue E. Steven). 15: Effective Strategies for Project Resource Planning and Utilization (Eduardo Rojas and Scott D. Babler). 16: Stage Gate Product Development Processes and Lifecycle Management (Karen E. Coulson). PART VI: TRENDS IN BMI PROJECT MANAGEMENT. 17: The Future of Medical Devices (Ronald L. Kirschner). 18: The Next Wave of Managing Biomedical Projects (Scott D. Babler). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a one-stop resource with current research on advanced ceramics. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Topics include Processing-Microstructure-Mechanical Properties Correlations; Mechanical Performance of Ternary Compounds; Mechanical Performance of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics; and more. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of ceramic materials and advanced ceramics. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers working in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. BINARY AND TERNARY CERAMICS. Synthesis and Phase Development in the Cr-AI-N System (M-L. Antti, Y-B. Cheng, and M. Odén). Phase Evolution and Properties of Ti2AIN Based Materials, Obtained by SHS Method (L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M.M. Bucko). Synthesis of Ti3SiC2 by Reaction of TiC and Si Powders (Ida Kero, Marta-Lena Antti, and Magnus Odén). Toughening of a ZrC Particle-Reinforced Ti3AIC2 Composite (G.M. Song, Q.Xu, W.G. Sloof, S.B. Li, and S. van der Zwaag). Microstructure and Properties of the Cermets Based on Ti(C,N) (S.Q. Zhou, W. Zhao, W.H. Xiong). Scratch-Induced Deformation and Residual Stress in a Zirconium Diboride-Silicon Carbide Composite (Dipankar Ghosh, Ghatu Subhash, and Nina Orlovskaya). Finite Element Modeling of Internal Stress Factors for ZrB2-Sic Ceramics (Michael P. Teague, Gregory E. Hilmas, and William G. Fahrenholtz). Effects of Microstructural Anisotropy on Fracture Behavior of Heat-Pressed Glass-Ceramics and Glass-Infiltrated Alumina Composites for Dental Restorations (Humberto N. Yoshimura, Carla C. Gonzaga, Paulo F. Cesar, and Walter G. Miranda, Jr.) SILICON CARBIDE, CARBON AND OXIDE BASED COMPOSITES. Mechanical Properties of Hi-NICALON S and SA3 Fiber Reinforced SiC/SiC Minicomposites (C. Sauder, A. Brusson, and J. Lamon). The Effect of Holes on the Residual Strength of SiC/SiC Ceramic Composites (G. Ojard, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmad, R. Miller, and R. John). Through Thickness Modulus (E33) of Ceramic Matrix Composites: Mechanical Test Method Confirmation (G. Ojard, T. Barnett, A. Calomino, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmaad, R. Miller. and R. John). The Effects of Si Content and Sic Polytype on the Microstructure and Properties of RBSC (A.L. Marshall, P. Chhillar, P. Karandikar, A. McCorrnick, and M.K. Aghajanian). In-Situ Reaction Sintering of Porous Mullite-Bonded Silicon Carbide, Its Mechanical Behavior and High Temperature Applications (Neelkanth Bardhan and Parag Bhargava). Study on Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Different Carbon Types in Carbon/Carbon Composites (Soydan Ozcan, Jale Tezcan, Jane Y. Howe, and Peter Filip). Effects of Temperature and Steam Environment on Creep Behavior of an Oxide-Oxide Ceramic Composite (J.C. Braun and M.B. Ruggles-Wrenn). Characterization of Foreign Object Damage in an Oxide/Oxide Composite at Ambient Temperature (Sung R. Choi and Donald J. Alexander). Processing and Properties of Fiber Reinforced Barium Aluminosilicate Composites for High Temperature Radomes (Richard Cass, Geoffrey Eadon, and Paul Wentzel). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on the behavior and reliability of ceramic macro and micro scale systems. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Topics include Design and Testing Challenges for Ceramic Joints; Structural Design, Testing and Life Prediction of Monolithic and Composite Components; Mechanical Behavior, Design, and Reliability of Small Scale Systems; Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties; and more. This is a valuable reference for researchers in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. CORROSION. Corrosion Resistance of Ceramics in Vaporous and Boiling Sulfuric Acid (C.A. Lewinsohn, H. Anderson, M. Wilson, T. Lillo, and A. Johnson). Thermocouple Interactions during Testing of Melt Infiltrated Ceramic Matrix Composites (G. Ojard, G. Morscher, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmaad, R. Miller, and R. John). Oxidation Resistance of Pressureless-Sintered Sic-AIN-Re2O3 Composites Obtained without Powder Bed (G. Magnani, F. Antolini, L. Beaulardi, F. Burgio, and C. Mingazzini). Characterization of the Re-oxidation Behavior of Anode-Supported SOFCs (Manuel Ettler, Norbert H. Menzler, Hans Peter Buchkremer, Detlev Stover). Healing Behavior of Machining Cracks in Oxide-Based Composite Containing Sic Particles (Toshio Osada, Wataru Nakao, Koji Takahashi, and Kotoji Ando). Effects of Oxidation on the Mechanical Properties of Pressureless-Sintered SiC-AIN-Y2O3 Composites Obtained without Powder Bed (G. Magnani, L. Beaulardi, E. Trentini). Fiber Push Out Testing Before and After Exposure: Results for an MI SiC/SiC Composite (G. Ojard, L. Riester, R. Trejo, R. Annis, Y. Gowayed, G. Morscher, K. An, R. Miller, and R. John). New Ceramics Surface Reinforcing Treatment using a Combination of Crack-Healing and Electron Beam Irradiation (Wataru Nakao, Youhei Chiba, Kotoji Ando, Keisuke Iwata, and Yoshitake Nishi). Effect of Si3N4 on the instability of Li2O-Containing Celsian in the BAS/Si3N4 Composites (Kuo-Tong Lee). FATIGUE, WEAR, AND CREEP. Rolling Contact Fatigue Properties and Fracture Resistance for Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Various Microstructures (Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Wataru Kanematsu, Hideki Hyuga, Yu-ichi Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi Hirao and Tatsuki Ohji). Fretting Fatigue of Engineering Ceramics (Thomas Schalk, Karl-Heinz Lang, and Detlef Lohe). Investigation into Cyclic Frequency Effects on Fatigue Behavior of an Oxide/Oxide Composite (Shankar Mall and Joon-Mo Ahn). Friction and Wear Behavior of AlBC Composites (Ellen Dubensky, Robert Newman, Aleksander J. Pyzik, and Amy Wetzel). Creep of Silicon Nitride Observed In Situ with Neutron Diffraction (G.A. Swift). Hydrothermal Oxidation of Silicon Carbide and Its Bearing on Wet Wear Mechanisms (K.G. Nickel, V. Presser, 0. Krummhauer, A. Kailer, and R. Wirth) RELIABILITY, NDE, AND FRACTOGRAPHY. Probabilistic Design Optimization and Reliability Assessment of High Temperature Thermoelectric Devices (O.M. Jadaan and A.A. Wereszczak). Development of a New Computational Method for Solving lnhomogeneous and Ultra Large Scale Model (H. Serizawa, A. Kawahara, S. ltoh and H. Murakawa). Optical Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of Subsurface Flaws in Silicon Nitride Ceramics (J.G. Sun, Z.P. Liu, Z.J. Pei, N.S.L. Phillips, and J.A. Jensen). Fractographic Analysis of Miniature Theta Specimens (George D. Quinn). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on bioceramics and porous ceramics. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. It includes papers from two symposia: Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications and Next Generation Bioceramics. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of bioceramics and porous ceramics. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers working in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. BIOCERAMICS. Thermal Interface Stresses Including 3D Microstructures in Layered Free-Form Ceramics (Hrishikesh Bale, Jay C. Hanan, and James E. Smay). Preparation and Biomineralization of Silica-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Hollow Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Generation (Song Chen, Akiyoshi Osaka, Kanji Tsuru, and Satoshi Hayakawa). Effect of Wollastonite on the In Vitro Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties of PMMA Bone Cements (Dora A. Cortes, David Renteria, M. Isabel Villarreal, Sergio Escobedo, J.M. Alrnanza, and Jose C. Escobedo). Titanium Surface Modification to Titania Nanotube for Next Generation Orthopedic Applications (Kakoli Das, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay). Calcium Phosphate Nanocarrier in BSA Delivery (Sudip Dasgupta, Amit Bandyopadhyay and Susmita Bose). Machinable Tricalcium Phosphate/Lanthanum Phosphate Composites (Celaletdin Ergun). Location of Carbonate Ions in Structure of Biological Apatite (Michael E. Fleet and Xi Liu). Nanoindentation of Yttria Doped Zirconia Under Hydrothermal Degradation (Y. Gaillard, E. Jirnenez-Pique, J. A. Muiioz, J. Valle, and M. Anglada). Influence of Sintering Conditions on the Microstructure of Chemically Precipitated Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder (Hoda Arnani Harnedani, Hiva Baradari, Sara Karimi, Harnidreza Rezaie, and Jafar Javadpour). Hydrothermal Treatment of Alpha Tricalcium Phosphate Porous Ceramics in Various Aqueous Solutions (Masanobu Karnitakahara, Koji loku, Giichiro Kawachi, and Chikara Ohtsuki). Electrochemical Deposition of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Substrates in Metastable Calcium Phosphate Solution under Pulse Current (M. Kawashita, T. Hayakawa, and G.H. Takaoka). Hydroxyapatite/GEMOSIL Nanocomposite (Ching-Chang KO, Tzy-Jiun Mark Luo, Lu Chi, and Alice Ma). Challenge Toward Microstructure Optimization of Irregular Porous Materials by Three-Dimentional Porous Structure Simulator (Michihisa Koyarna, Hiroshi Fukunaga, Kei Ogiya, Tatsuya Hattori, Ai Suzuki, Riadh Sahnoun, Hideyuki Tsuboi, Nozornu Hatakeyarna, Akira Endou, Hirornitsu Takaba, Carlos A. Del Carpio, Rarnesh C. Deka, Mornoji Kubo, and Akira Miyamoto). Synthesis of Rhenanite (p-NaCaP0,)-Apatitic Calcium Phosphate Biphasics for Skeletal Repair (R.M. Knotts, S. Jalota, S.B. Bhaduri, and A.C. Tas). Nanomaterials as Improved Implants: A Review of Recent Studies(Huinan Liu and Thomas J. Webster). Apatite-Polyglutamic Acid Composites Prepared Through Biomimetic Process (Toshiki Miyazaki, Atsushi Sugino, and Chikara Ohtsuki). Formation of Bone-Like Apatite on Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics in a Solution Mimicking Body Fluid (Chikara Ohtsuki, Kohei Yarnaguchi, Tornohiro Uchino, Giichiro Kawachi, Koichi Kikuta, and Masanobu Karnitakahara). Ultraviolet Irradiation Had Limited Effects on Enhancing In Vitro Apatite Formation on Sol-Gel Derived Titania Films (Akiyoshi Osaka, Tetsuya Shozui, Kanji Tsuru, and Satoshi Hayakawa). Nanostructured Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for Bone Repair (Mohamed N. Rahaman, Delbert E. Day, Roger F. Brown, Qiang Fu, and Steven B. Jung). Development of Novel Biocompatible Hydroxyapatite Coated Nanotubular Titania for Implant Application (K. S. Raja, G.L. Craviso, M. Misra, A.M. Raichur, and A. Kar). Low Temperature Degradation and Biomedical Properties of Y-TZP Ceramics (Yumi Tanaka, Nami Ukai, Keishi Nishio, and Kimihiro Yamashita). Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Bioceramic Applications (Tien B. Tran, Joanna R. Groza, and James F. Shackelford). Rheology and Properties of Bioactive Orthopedic Cement (Noah Wiese, Stanley D. Wagner, and Thomas D. McGee). POROUS CERAMICS. Cellular Ceramics Made of Silicon Carbide Ceramics for Burner Technology (J. Adler, G. Standke, M. Jahn, and F. Marschallek). A Modified Gelcasting Procedure to Prepare Alumina Porous Components: Process Optimization and Preliminary Mechanical Tests (Mariangela Lombardi, Laura Montanaro, Laurent Gremillard, and J e r h e Chevalier). Experimental Investigation of the Oxidation Behavior of SiSiC Foams (F.R.A. Mach, F.V. Issendorff, A. Delgado). New Technology with Porous Materials: Progress in the Development of the Diesel Vehicle Business (Kazushige Ohno). Porous Alumina and Zirconia Bodies Obtained by a Novel Gel Casting Process (Jean-Marc Tulliani, Valentina Naglieri, Mariangela Lombardi, and Laura Montanaro). R-Curve Behavior in Porous Cordierite Honeycombs (James E. Webb and Sujanto Widjaja). Fabrication of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Gradient Microstructure (Xiaowei Yin, Xiangming Li, Litong Zhang, Laifei Cheng, Yongsheng Liu, and Tianhao Pan). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on ceramic coatings and interfaces. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Papers include developments and advances in ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of ceramic coatings and interfaces. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers in industry, government, or academia who work in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. DAMPING AND EROSION COATINGS. Coatings for Enhanced Passive Damping (Peter J. Torvik). Ceramic Damping Coatings: Evaluating Their Effectiveness and Predicting Added Damping (S. Patsias). Deterioration and Retention of Coated Turbomachinery Blading (Widen Tabakoff, Awatef A. Hamed, and Rohan Swar). Large Area Filtered Arc and Hybrid Coating Deposition Technologies for Erosion and Corrosion Protection of Aircraft Components (V. Gorokhovsky, J. Wallace, C. Bowman, P.E. Gannon, J. O’Keefe, V. Champagne, and M. Pepi). COATINGS TO RESIST WEAR AND TRIBOLOGICAL LOADINGS. Deposition and Characterization of Diamond Protective Coatings on WC-Co Cutting Tools (Y. Tang, S.L. Yang, W.W. Yi, Q. Yang, Y.S. Li, A. Hirose, and R. Wei). Friction and Wear Behavior of Zirconia Ceramic Materials (C. Lorenzo-Martin, O.O. Ajayi, D. Singh. and J.L. Routbort). NANOSTRUCTU R ED COATINGS. Cerium Oxide Thin Films via Ion Assisted Electron Beam Deposition (V. Dansoh, F. Gertz, J. Gurnp, A. Johnson, J. I. Jung, M. Klingensrnith, Y. Liu, Y.D. Liu, J.T. Oxaal, C.J. Wang, G. Wynick, D. Edwards, J.H. Fan, X.W. Wang, P. J. Bush, and A. Fuchser). Formation of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films on Ti3SiC2 by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (S.L. Yang, Q. Yang, W.W. Yi, Y. Tang, T. Regier, R. Blyth, and Z.M. Sun). THERMAL BARRIER COATING PROCESSING, DEVELOPMENT AND MODELING. Process and Equipment for Advanced Thermal Barrier Coatings (Albert Feuerstein, Neil Hitchman, Thomas A. Taylor, and Don Lernen). Corrosion Resistant Thermal Barrier Coating Materials for industrial Gas Turbine Applications (Michael D. Hill, Davin P. Phelps, and Douglas E. Wolfe). Damage Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coating by Growth of TGO Layer (Y. Ohtake). Young’s Modulus and Thermal Conductivity of Nanoporous YSZ Coatings Fabricated by EB-PVD (Byung-Koog Jang, Yoshio Sakka, and Hideaki Matsubara). Influence of Porosity on Thermal Conductivity and Sintering in Suspension Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (H. KaOner, A. Stuke, M. Rodig, R. VaOen, and D. Stover). Numerical Investigation of Impact and Solidification of YSZ Droplets Plasma-Sprayed onto a Substrate: Effect of Thermal Properties and Roughness (N. Ferguen, P. Fauchais, A. Vardelle, and D. Gobin). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on ceramic armor and addressing the challenges facing armor manufacturers. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. TRANSPARENT GLASSES AND CERAMICS. Mesomechanical Constitutive Relations for Glass and Ceramic Armor (D.R. Curran, D.A. Shockey, and J.W. Simons). Optimizing Transparent Armor Design Subject to Projectile Impact Conditions (Xin Sun, Kevin C. Lai, Tara Gorsich, and Douglas W. Templeton). Physics of Glass Failure during Rod Penetration (D.A. Shockey, D. Bergmannshoff, D.R. Curran, and J.W. Simons). Adhesive Bond Evaluation in Laminated Safety Glass using Guided Wave Attenuation Measurements (S. Hou and H. Reis). Applying Modeling Tools to Predict Performance of Transparent Ceramic Laminate Armors (C.G. Fountzoulas, J.M. Sands, G.A. Gilde, and P.J. Patel). An Economic Comparison of Hot Pressing vs. Pressureless Sintering for Transparent Spinel Armor (A. LaRoche, K. Rozenburg, J. Voyles, L. Fehrenbacher, and Gary Gilde). Advances in Ballistic Performance of Commercially Available Saint-Gobain Sapphire Transparent Armor Composites (Christopher D. Jones, Jeffrey B. Rioux, John W. Locher, Vincent Pluen, and Matthias Mandelartz). Defect Free Spinel Ceramics of High Strength and High Transparency (Juan L. Sepulveda, Raouf 0. Loutfy, and Sekyung Chang). OPAQUE CERAMICS. Recent Results on the Fundamental Performance of a Hot-Pressed Silicon Carbide Impacted by Sub-scale Long-Rod Penetrators (Jeny C. LaSalvia, Brian Leavy, Herbert T. Miller, Joshua R. Houskamp, and Ryan C. McCuiston). Instrumented Hertzian Indentation Study of Two Commerical Silicon Carbides (H.T. Miller, R.C. McCuiston, and J.C. LaSalvia). Apparent Yield Strength of Hot-Pressed Sics (W.L. Daloz, A.A. Wereszczak, and O.M. Jadaan). Microstructural Examination and Quasi-Static Property Determination of Sintered Armor Grade Sic (Memduh V. Demirbas, Richard A. Haber, and Raymond E. Brennan). Quantitative Characterization of Localized Amplitude Variations in Silicon Carbide Ceramics using Ultrasound C-Scan Imaging (Raymond Brennan, James McCauley, Richard Haber, and Dale Niesz). Grain Boundary Engineering of Silicon Carbide by Means of Coprecipitation (Steven Mercurio, Mihaela Jitianu, and Richard A. Haber). The Possible Roles of Stoichiometry, Microstructure, and Defects on the Mechanical Behavior of Boron Carbide (Ryan McCuiston, Jeny LaSalvia, James McCauley, and William Mayo). A Review of Ceramics for Armor Applications (P.G. Karandikar, G. Evans, S. Wong, M.K. Aghajanian, and M. Sennett). NOVEL EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. A Portable Microwave Scanning Technique for Nondestructive Testing of Multilayered Dielectric Materials (Karl Schmidt, Jack Little, and William A. Ellingson). Ballistic Damage Assessment of a Thin Compound Curved B4C Ceramic Plate using XCT (J.M. Wells and N.L. Rupert). Evaluation of Ballistically-Induced Damage in Ceramic Targets by X-Ray Computed Tomography (William H. Green, Herbert T. Miller, Jerry C. LaSalvia, Datta P. Dandekar, and Daniel Casem). Automated Nondestructive Evaluation System for Hard Armor Protective Inserts of Body Armor (Nicholas Haynes, Karl Masters, Chris Perritt, David Simmons, James Zheng, and James E. Youngberg). Analysis of Hardness Indentation Size Effect (ISE) Curves in Ceramics: A New Approach to Determine Plasticity (Trevor E. Wilantewicz and James W. McCauley). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target. However, the effort required to implement such control technology must be offset by increased economic returns from production operations. The economic aspects of the application of the various advanced control technologies are stressed throughout the book.Trade Review"This book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target." (Live-PR, 8 December 2010) "This book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target." (Yahoo! Finance US, 8 December 2010)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Implementing Control Logic 2 1.2. Control Blocks for Process Control 12 1.3. PID Controller 16 1.4. Integrator or Totalizer 23 1.5. Lead-Lag Element 26 1.6. Dead Time 29 1.7. Selector Block 34 1.8. Cutoff Block 35 1.9. Hand Station 36 2 Cascade Control 38 2.1. Jacketed Reactor 38 2.2. Block Diagrams 43 2.3. Problem Element 45 2.4. Cooling Media Disturbances 49 2.5. Effect of Varying Heat Transfer Rate 51 2.6. Cascade Control Modes 55 2.7. Remote Set Point 58 2.8. Output Tracking 60 2.9. Control Modes 62 2.10. Interacting Stages 64 2.11. Tuning Cascades 69 2.12. Windup in Cascade Controls 74 2.13. Integral Tracking 78 2.14. External Reset 81 2.15. Inhibit Increase Inhibit Decrease 83 3 Split-Range Control 86 3.1. Storage Tank Pressure Control 87 3.2. Split Range 95 3.3. Temperature Control Using Liquid Bypass 103 3.4. Recirculating Jacket with Heat and Cool Modes 113 4 Override Control 126 4.1. Limit on the Cooling Water Return Temperature 126 4.2. Example without Windup Protection 131 4.3. Integral Tracking 137 4.4. External Reset 143 4.5. Inhibit Increase Inhibit Decrease 149 4.6. Limits on Heat Transfer 156 4.7. Other Examples 168 5 Valve Position Control 179 5.1. Polymer Pumping Example 180 5.2. Terminal Reheat Systems 185 5.3. Equilibrium Reaction 188 5.4. Reactor with a Once-Through Jacket 192 6 Ratio and Feedforward Control 198 6.1. Simple Ratios 200 6.2. Ratio Control in Digital Systems 206 6.3. Feedback Trim 210 6.4. Dynamic Compensation 220 6.5. Ratio Plus Bias 234 6.6. Characterization Function 238 6.7. Cross-Limiting 247 6.8. Directional Lags 260 6.9. Feedforward Control 262 6.10. Feedforward Control Example 267 7 Loop Interaction 277 7.1. Multivariable Processes 278 7.2. Issues with the P&I Diagram 283 7.3. Steady-State Sensitivities or Gains 292 7.4. Quantitative Measures of Interaction 308 7.5. Loop Pairing 317 7.6. Starch Pumping System 319 7.7. Reducing the Degree of Interaction 331 8 Multivariable Control 345 8.1. Decoupler 347 8.2. Dead-Time Compensation 378 8.3. Model Predictive Control 394 Index 447

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Book SynopsisCompiles a number of papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (9 th CMCEE) in Shanghai, China and was the continuation of a series of international conferences held all over the world over the last three decades.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii I. Basic Science, Design, Modeling and Simulation FRACTURE STATISTICS OF SMALL SPECIMENS 3 Robert Danzer and Peter Supancic STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF Ti-AI-C/TiB2 COMPOSITE CERAMICS 13 Xinmin Min, Gang Xu, and Bin-Chu Mei THE EFFECT OF DOPED SINTERING AIDS FOR Nd(Mg0 5Ti0 5)03 MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC CERAMICS PROPERTIES 17 Kok-Wan Tay and Teng-Yi Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (1-x)(Mg0.6Zn0.4)o.95Co005Ti03-xSrTi03 CERAMIC SYSTEM 25 Jun-Jie Wang, Chun-Huy Wang, Ting-Kuei Hsu, and Yi-Hua Liu OXYNITRIDE GLASSES: EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION ON GLASS FORMATION AND PROPERTIES WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 31 Stuart Hampshire and Michael J. Pomeroy THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINIUM NITRIDE: A PROBLEM OR AN ADVANTAGE 39 Kristoffer Kmel and Tomaz Kosmac PREPARATION AND COMPARISION OF TWO TYPICAL CVD FILMS FROM CH4 AND C3H6 AS CARBON RESOURCES 47 W. B. Yang, L. T. Zhang, L. F. Cheng, Y. S. Liu, and W. H. Zhang KINETIC INVESTIGATION ON THE DEPOSITION OF SiC FROM METHYLTRICHLOROSILANE AND HYDROGEN 55 Cuiying Lu, Laifei Cheng, Chunnian Zhao, Litong Zhang, and Fang Ye II. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies SYNTHESIS OF HEMATITE-ZIRCON-SILICA NANO COMPOSITE AS A NON TOXIC CERAMIC PIGMENT BY SOL-GEL METHOD 65 Maryam Hosseini Zori FORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE á-ALUMINAS IN DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGY FROM GEL POWDER AND BOEHMITE POWDER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 71 Xiaoxue Zhang, Yanling Ge, Simo-Pekka Hannula, Erkki Levänen, and Tapio Mäntylä SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO RELEASE OF GENTAMICIN FROM CaMCM-41/PLLA COMPOSITE MICROSPHERES 79 Yufang Zhu and Stefan Kaskel HIGHLY ORDERED CUBIC MESOPOROUS COBALT OXIDE BY AN ACCURATELY CONTROLLED INCIPIENT WETNESS TECHNIQUE 85 Limin Guo, Xiangzhi Cui, and Jianlin Shi PREPARATION OF Fe304 NANOPARTICLES BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS 93 Mingxin Geng, Futian Liu, and Zengbao Zhao NANO-ZIRCONIA/MULLITE COMPOSITE CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN-SITU CONTROLLED CRYSTALLIZATION FROM THE Si-AI-Zr-0 AMORPHOUS BULK 99 Liang Shuquan, Zhong Jie, Zhang Guowei, and Tan Xiaoping PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Er:Gd203 POWDERS 109 Rong Zhang, Lian-Jie Qin, Bo Wang, Zhi-Qiang Feng, and Ru Ge III. Ceramics in Energy Conversion Systems CMC MATERIALS AND BIOMORPHIC SiSiC FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS 117 B. Heidenreich, J. Schmidt, Sandrine Denis, Nicole Lützenburger, J. Goring, P. Mechnich, and M. Schmücker CRYSTALLIZATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF NEW TYPES OF BOROSILICATE GLASS-CERAMICS 125 Shufeng Song, Zhaoyin Wen, Liu Yu , Qunxi Zhang, Jingchao Zhang, and Xiangwei Wu vi · Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications A STUDY OF Al203 AND YSZ CERAMIC SUPPORTS FOR PALLADIUM MEMBRANE 131 M. Kitiwan and D. Atong SYNTHESIS OF OLIVINE (LiFeP04) and Ni/OLIVINE (LiFeP04) CATALYSTS FOR UPGRADING SYN-GAS PRODUCTION 139 D. Atong, C. Pechyen, D. Aht-Ong, and V. Sricharoenchaikul FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CERMET MEMBRANE FOR HYDROGEN SEPARATION 147 S. Vichaphund and D. Atong POROUS CERAMICS FOR HOT GAS CLEANING; DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF SiC-BASED FILTERS CAUSED BY LONG TERM WATER VAPOUR EXPOSURE 155 Pirjo Laurila and Tapio Mantyla IV. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): Materials and Technologies DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-STRUCTURED YSZ ELECTROLYTE LAYERS FOR SOFC APPLICATIONS VIA SOL-GEL ROUTE 165 Feng Han, Tim Van Gestel, Robert Mücke, and Hans-Peter Buchkremer DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-CHAMBER SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS: PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION AND MICRO-STACK DESIGNS 173 Bo Wei, Zhe Lü, Xiqiang Huang, Mingliang Liu, Dechang Jia, and Wenhui Su DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLE/STACK FABRICATION TECHONOLOGY FOR MICRO SOFCS 179 Toshio Suzuki, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yoshinobu Fujishiro, Masanobu Awano, and Yoshihiro Funahashi AN OVERVIEW OF SCANDIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA ELECTROLYTE DEVELOPMENT FOR SOFC APPLICATION 185 K. Ukai, M. Yokoyama, J. Shimano, Y. Mizutani, and O. Yamamoto FABRICATION OF Ni-GDC ANODE SUBSTRATE BY TAPE CASTING PROCESS 191 Fu Chang Jing, Chan Siew Hwa, Liu Qing Lin, and Ge Xiao Ming V. Ceramics in Environmental Applications INFLUENCE OF LATTICE STRAIN ON THE Ce0 5Zr0 502 AND Al203 DOPED Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 CATALYTIC POWDERS 199 Chia-Che Chuang, Hsing-I Hsiang, and Fu-Su Yen MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CORDIERITE-BONDED POROUS SiC CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN SITU REACTION BONDING 207 Shifeng Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang FABRICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT CLAY BRICKS FROM RECYCLED GLASS WASTES 213 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Thanapan Panyachai, Kanyarat Kaewsimork, and Chatnarong Siritai THE PERFORMANCE OF GEOPOLYMER BASED ON RECYCLED CONCRETE SLUDGE 221 Z.X. Yang, N.R. Ha, M.S. Jang, K.H. Hwang, B.S. Jun, and J.K.Lee STRUCTURE AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF THE 2.02L¡2O-1Nb?O5-1T¡O2 CERAMICS 225 Qun Zeng, Wei Li, and Jing-kun Guo PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF ZnO MICROTUBES SYNTHESIZED BY AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION METHOD 231 Liwei Lin, Masayoshi Fuji, Hideo Watanabe, and Minoru Takahashi THE DYNAMICS OF WATER MOLECULES ON YV04 PHOTO- CATALYST SURFACE 237 Mitsutake Oshikiri, Akiyuki Matsushita, Jinhua Ye, and Mauro Boero PREPARATION OF SILICON CARBIDE HOLLOW SPHERES BY A TEMPLATE METHOD 243 Lei Zhang, Jiu-jun Yang, Xue-ping Wang, and Feng-chun Wei NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF DEFECT IN A C/SÍC COMPOSITE 249 Hui Mei, Xiaodong Deng, and Laifei Cheng VI. Advanced Structural Ceramics FABRICATION OF BARIUM ALUMINOSILICATE-SILICON NITRIDE-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING 259 Bo Wang, Jian-Feng Yang, Ji-Qiang Gao, and Koiichi Niihara NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEADY THERMAL STRESSES IN A Zr02/FGMATi-6AI-4V COMPOSITE EFBF PLATE WITH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES 265 Yangjian Xu, Daihui Tu, and Chunping Xiao EFFECT OF MULLITE GRAINS ORIENTATION ON TOUGHNESS OF MULLITE/ZIRCONIA COMPOSITES 273 Y. K. Tür, A. E. Sünbül, H. Yilmaz, and C. Duran CONTROLLED CRYSTALLISATION OF GRAIN BOUNDARY-TYPE Y-SIALON GLASS TYPICAL OF THOSE FOUND IN SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 279 Michael J. Pomeroy and Stuart Hampshire HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPRESSION CREEP BEHAVIOR OF AMORPHOUS Si-B-C-N CERAMICS IN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE 285 Ravi Kumar, C. Eswarapragada, A. Zimmermann, and F. Aldinger FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF SÍ3N4/BN COMPOSITE CERAMICS BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING WITH Yb203-Al203-Y203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVES 291 Yongfeng Li, Ping Liu, Guanjun Qiao, Jianfeng Yang, Haiyun Jin, Xiangdong Wang, and Guojun Zhang EFFECT OF B4C ADDITIONS ON THE PRESSURELESS SINTERING OF ZrB2-SiC ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMICS 297 Hui Zhang, Yongjie Yan, Zhengren Huang, Xuejian Liu, and Dongliang Jiang TRANSLUCENT AND TOUGHENED Dy-a-SiAION CERAMICS WITH LiF AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 303 Qian Liu, Junming Xue, and Wei He PROPERTIES OF SILICON CARBIDE CERAMIC FROM GELCASTING AND PRESSURELESS SINTERING 309 Jingxian Zhang, Dongliang Jiang, Qingling Lin, Zhongming Chen, and Zhengren Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF Nb203-Zn0.95Mg0.05TiO3+0.25TiO2 CERAMICS WITH Bi203 ADDITION 315 Ying-Chieh Lee, Hui-Hsiang Huang, Wen-Hsi Lee, Yen-Lin Huang, and Shin-Feng Chien FABRICATION OF YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS WITH RETICULATED PORE MICROSTRUCTURE BY FREEZE-DRYING 321 Yuan Zhang, Kaihui Zuo, and Yu-Ping Zeng THE NOTCHED BALL TEST—A NEW STRENGTH TEST FOR CERAMIC SPHERES 327 Peter Supancic, Robert Danzer, Zhonghua Wang, Stefan Witschnig, and Oskar Schöppl LIQUID PHASE SINTERED á-SILICON CARBIDE WITH AIN-Re203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 337 Yuhong Chen, Laner Wu, Yong Jiang, Youjun Lu, and Zhenkun Huang PREPARATION OF Si3N4 CERAMICS FROM LOW-COST Si3N4 POWDER WITH HIGHER ß PHASE AND OXYGEN CONTENT 345 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Fei Han, and Zhenkun Huang MICROSTRUCTURE OF LIQUID PHASE SINTERED SILICON CARBIDE CERAMICS WITH HIGH FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 349 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Yuhong Chen, and Zhenkun Huang VII. Advanced Ceramic Coatings DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROSPINNING TITANIA WEB FROM SUSPENSION 357 W. D. Teng and Nassya M. Said HIGH-SPEED ENGINEERING CERAMIC COATING BY LASER CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 363 Takashi Goto, Teiichi Kimura, and Rong Tu A REVIEW OF NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND/ß-SiC COMPOSITE FILMS 371 Vadali. V. S. S. Srikanth, Thorsten Staedler, and Xin Jiang EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON DEPOSITION OF BORON CARBIDE COATING FORM BCI3-CH4-H2 SYSTEM 379 Yongsheng Liu, Litong Zhang, Laifei Cheng, Wenbin Yang, Weihua Zhang, and Yongdong Xu EFFECT OF DEPOSITION RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF YSZ FILMS PREPARED BY MOCVD 387 Rong Tu and Takashi Goto VIII. Novel Processing of Ceramics PREPARATION OF Na-ß"-AI203 GREEN BODIES THROUGH NONAQUEOUS GEL-CASTING PROCESS 397 Xiaogang Xu, Zhaoyin Wen, Ning Li, Xiangwei Wu, Jiu Lin, and Zhonghua Gu ROD-LIKE ß-SIALON POWDER PREPARED BY A NEW N2-ASSISTED CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF CARBON AND ALUMINUM NANOCASTED MESOPOROUS SILICA 403 Tongping Xiu, Qian Liu, Minghui Wang, and Qiang Yan CERIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA/ALUMINA NANOCOMPOSITE SUITABLE FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION IN THE FABRICATION OF DENTAL RESTORATIONS 407 Takashi Nakakmura, Hisataka Nishida, Tohru Sekino, Xuehua Tang, and Hirofumi Yatani PREPARATION OF POROUS ALUMINA BY GEL-CASTING PROCESS USING COMMERCIAL STARCHES AS A GELLING AGENT 413 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Ajcharaporn Aontee, Daruni Kaeoklom, and Adisorn Sridej THE EFFECT OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE POROUS Ti02 SHEETS FABRICATED BY FREEZE TAPE-CASTING 417 Linlin Ren, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang PRECERAMIC PAPER DERIVED FIBRILLAR CERAMICS 421 Cynthia M. Gomes, Bjoern Gutbrod, Nahum Travitzky, Tobias Fey, and Peter Greil IX. Composites IN-SITU SYNTHESYS AND PROPERTIES OF TiB2/Ti3SiC2 COMPOSITES 431 Wei Gu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF La203 ADDITIVE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF Si3N4-AIN COMPOSITE CERAMICS 437 Peng Xu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu VAPOR SILICON INFILTRATION FOR FIBER REINFORCED SILICON CARBIDE MATRIX COMPOSITES 443 Qing Zhou, Shaoming Dong, Haijun Zhou, and Dongliang Jiang TAILING PROPERTIES OF C/SiC COMPOSITES VIA MODIFICATION OF MATRIX COMPOSITION 449 Shaoming Dong, Zhen Wang, Yusheng Ding, Xiangyu Zhang, Ping He, and Le Gao STATUS AND CRITICAL ISSUES OF SiC/SiC COMPOSITES FOR FUSION APPLICATIONS 455 Zhou Xingui, Yu Haijiao, Cao Yingbin, Liu Rongjun, Wang Honglei, Zhao Shuang, and Luo Zheng PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C/SiC-ZrB2 COMPOSITES VIA PRECURSOR INFILTRATION AND PYROLYSIS PROCESS 467 Jun Wang, Haifeng Hu, Yudi Zhang, Qikun Wang, and Xinbo He FABRICATION OF Cf/SiC-BN COMPOSITES USING POLYCARBOSILANE(PCS)- BORON-SiC FOR MATRIX DERIVATION 473 Zhen Wang, Shaoming Dong, Le Gao, Haijun Zhou, Jinshan Yang, and Dongliang Jiang SINTERABILITY, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND MICROWAVE ATTENUATION PERFORMANCE OF AIN-SiC SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT SiC CONTENTS 479 Wenhui Lu, Xiaoyun Li, Weihua Cheng, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF ALKALINE EARTH OXIDES ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE BaTi205 PREPARED BY ARC MELTING 485 Xinyan Yue, Rong Tu, Takashi Goto, and Hongqiang Ru JOINING AND INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED CARBON-CARBON AND CARBON-SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS 493 M. Singh and R. Asthana JOINING OF ZIRCONIUM DIBORIDE-BASED CERAMIC COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS FOR HIGHTEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS 505 M. Singh and R. Asthana X. Bioceramics PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PLGA-COATED POROUS BIOACTIVE GLASS-CERAMIC SCAFFOLDS FOR SUBCHONDRAL BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 517 Timothy Mark O'Shea and Xigeng Miao CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR BONE TISSUE REPLACEMENT AND REGENERATION 525 W. Swieszkowski, Z. Jaegermann, D.W. Hutmacher, and K. J. Kurzydlowski CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HYDROXYAPATITE AND ORGANIC MOLECULES IN BIOMATERIALS 531 K. Tsuchiya, T. Yoshioka, T. Ikoma, and J. Tanaka POROUS Al203 PREPARED VIA FREEZE CASTING AND ITS BIOCOMPATIBILITY 537 Jing Li, Kaihui Zuo, Wenjuan Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, Fu-Qiang Zhang, and Dongliang Jiang XI. Laser Ceramics PREPARATION OF TRANSPARENT CERAMIC Nd:YAG WITH MgO AS ADDITIVE 547 Yongchao Li, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Ruixiao Fang, Benyuan Ma, and Wei Zhang SYNTHESIS OF La, Yb CODOPED Y203 POWDER AND LASER CERAMICS 553 Yihua Huang , Dongliang Jiang , Jingxian Zhang , and Qingling Lin MICROCRYSTALLIZATION IN OXYFLUORIDE Nd3+ DOPED GLASS DUE TO LASER IRRADIATION 561 S. González-Pérez, P. Haro-González, and I. R. Martin OPTICAL GAIN BY UPCONVERSION IN Tm-Yb OXYFLUORIDE GLASS CERAMIC 567 P. Haro-González, F. Lahoz, I. R. Martin, S. González-Pérez, and N. E. Capuj FEMTOSECOND LASER MODIFICATION ON STRONTIUM BARIUM NIOBATE GLASSES DOPED WITH Er3+ IONS 573 P. Haro-González, I. R. Martín, S. González-Pérez, L. L. Martin, F. Lahoz, D. Puerto, and J. Soli's INFLUENCE OF POWDER TYPE ON THE DENSIFICARON OF TRANSPARENT MgAI204 SPINEL 579 Adrian Goldstein, Ayala Goldenberg, and Meir Hefetz SINTERING EVOLUTION OF NOVEL Nd:YAG POWDERS WITH TEOS AS ADDITIVE 585 Ruixiao Fang, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Yongchao Li, Wei Zhang, and Benyuan Ma THE EFFECT OF La203 ON THE PROPERTIES OF Nd3+-DOPED YTTRIUM LANTHANUM OXIDE TRANSPARENT CERAMICS 591 Hongxu Zhou, Qiuhong Yang, and Jun Xu Lu203:Eu3+ ULTRADISPERSED POWDERS AND TRANSLUCENT CERAMICS 597 R.P. Yavetskiy, E. A. Vovk, M. B. Kosmyna, Z. P. Sergienko, A. V. Tolmachev, V. M. Puzikov, B. P. Nazarenko, and A. N. Shekhovtsov FABRICATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF Nd:Lu203 TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FOR LASER MEDIA 605 Ding Zhou, Yan Cheng, Yu Ying Ren, Ying Shi, and Jian Jun Xie FABRICATION AND LASER PERFORMANCE OF (Ybo.osYo.gs-xLa^Os CERAMICS 611 Qiuhong Yang, Chuanguo Dou, Hongxu Zhou.Qiang Hao, Wenxue Li, and Heping Zeng A STUDY ON THE ZnO-AI203-Si02 SYSTEM NdF3-DOPED TRANSPARENT FLUORIDE-OXIDE GLASS-CERAMICS 617 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng , Hongbo Zhang , Guangyuan Ma , and Chunhui Su SYNTHESIS OF NANO-SIZED Lu203 POWDER FOR TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FABRICATION USING CARBONATE DERIVED PRECURSORS 623 Xiaodong Li, Xudong Sun, Ji-Guang Li, Zhimeng Xiu, Di Huo, and Yan Liu PREPARATION AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPARENT YAG CERAMICS DOPED WITH d1 IONS 629 V. B. Kravchenko, Yu. L. Kopylov, S. N. Bagayev, V. V .Shemet, A. A. Komarov, and L. Yu. Zaharov PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEODYMIUM- DOPED LZS TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 635 Hongbo Zhang, Yimin Wang, Guang Cui, Jing Shao, Huashan Zhang, and Chunhui Su PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO-AI203-Si02 TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 639 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng, Hongbo Zhang, Guangyuan Ma, and Chunhui Su LUMINESCENCE OF Yb3+, Ho3+: Lu203 NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS AND SINTERED CERAMIC 645 Liqiong An, Jian Zhang, Guohong Zhou, and Shiwei Wang MIRRORLESS CONTINUOUS WAVE LASER EMISSION FROM Nd:YAG CERAMIC FEMTOSECOND-WRITTEN WAVEGUIDES 649 A. Benayas, D. Jaque, A. Rodenas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and G. A. Torchia Author Index 655

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an important reference source about the most common classes of pesticides for researchers engaged in the area of neurotoxicology, metabolism, and epidemiology. The book presents details about thorough characterization of target and non-target enzymes and proteins involved in toxicity and metabolism; and epidemiology of poisonings and fatalities in people from short- and long- term exposures to these pesticides in different occupational settings on an individual country basis as well as on a global basis. The early portion of the book deals with metabolism, mechanisms and biomonitoring of anticholinesterase pesticides, while the later part deals with epidemiological studies, regulatory issues, and therapeutic intervention.Table of ContentsForeword (Donald J. Ecobichon). Section I. 1. Introduction (Tetsuo Satoh, Ramesh C. Gupta). Section II: Metabolism and Mechanisms. 2. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS: BRAIN REGIONAL HETEROGENEITY (Haruo Kobayashi, Tadahiko Suzuki, Fumiaki Akahori and Tetsuo Satoh). 3. GENOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE SENSITIVITIES (Jonathan E. Cohen, Gabrial Zimmermann, Alon Friedman and Hermona Soreq). 4. BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE: OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (Oksana Lockridge, Ellen G. Duysen and Patrick Masson). 5.CARBOXYLESTERASES:OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISM (Masakiyo Hosokawa and Tetsuo Satoh). 6. CARBOXYLESTERASES IN THE METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES (Colin J. Jackson, Juan Sanchez-Hernandez, Craig E. Wheelock and John G. Oakeshott). 7. THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION AND DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES (Janice E. Chambers, Edward C. Meek and Matthew Ross). 8. PARAOXONASE 1: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISMS (Lucio G. Costa, Clement E. Furlong). 9. LONG-TERM NEUROTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES AFTER EITHER ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE (Angelo Moretto, Manuela Tiramani and Claudio Colosio). 10. MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY OF NEUROPATHY TARGET ESTERASE (Yi-Jun Wu and Ping-An Chang). 11. DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Miguel A. Sogorb and Eugennio Vilanova). Section III: Toxicity and Biomonitoring. 12. INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES TOXICITY (Dejan Milatovic, Ramesh C. Gupta, Snjezana Zaja-Milanovic, Gregory Barners and Michael Aschner). 13.CENTRAL MECHANISMS OF SEIZURES AND LETHALITY FOLLOWING ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDE EXPOSURE (Andrzej Dekundy and Rafal M. Kaminski). 14. APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Qing Li). 15. GENE EXPRESSION (Shirin Pournourmahammadi and Mohammad Abdollahi). 16. ORGANOPHOSPHATES AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (Shigeyuki Kitamura, Kazumi Sugihara, Nariaki Fujimoto and Takeshi Yamazaki). 17. DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (John Flaskos and Magdalini Sachana). 18.TOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES IN NEONATES AND CHILDREN (Diane Rohlman and Linda McCauley). 19. NEUROTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES (Kiran Dip Gill, Govinder Flora and Swaran J.S. Flora). 20. BIOMONITORING OF PESTICIDES: PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES (Charles Timchalk). 21. NOVEL BIOMARKERS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURE (Tetsuo Satoh, Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain, Michihiro Kamishima and Jun Ueyama). 22. BIOMARKERS OF CARCINOGENESIS IN RELATION TO PESTICIDES POISONING (Manashi Bagchi, Shirley Zafra-Stone, Francis C. Lau and Debasis Bagchi). 23. ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES INTERACTION (Ramesh C. Gupta and Dejan Milatovic). 24. INTERACTION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES WITH METALS (Jitendra K. Malik, Avinash G. Telang, Ashok Kumar and Ramesh C. Gupta). Section IV: Epidemiological studies. 25. GLOBAL IMPACT (Claudio Colosio, Francesca Vellere and Angelo Moretto). 26. CHILE (Floria Pancetti, Muriel Ramirez and Mauricio Castillo). 27. CHINA (Yueming Jiang). 28. EGYPT (Sameeh A. Mansour). 29. GREECE (Maria Stefanidou, S. Athanaselis, C. Spiliopoulou and C. Maravelias). 30. INDIA (Pawan K. Gupta). 31. IRAN (Mohammad Abdollahi). 32. ISRAEL (Yoram Finkelstein). 33. JAPAN (Takemi Yoshida and Yumiko Kuroki). 34. KOREA (Hyung-Keun RoBum Jin Oh, Mi-Jin Lee and Joo-Hyun Suh). 35. MEXICO (Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega, Norma Pérez-Herrera and Elizabeth Rojas-Garcia). 36. SERBIA (Milan Jokanović, Biljana Antonijević and Slavica Vučinić). 37. SPAIN (Antonio F. Hernández, Tesifón Parrón, José L. Serrano and Porfirio Marín, on behalf of the ESPAPP group). 38. TAIWAN (Tzeng Jih Lin,Dong-Zeng Hung, Jin-Lian Tsai, Sheng-Chuan Hu and Jou-Fang Deng). 39. THAILAND (Winai Wananukul). 40. TURKEY (Ismet COK). 41. U.S.A. (Anna M. Fan). Section V. 42. Regulatory Aspects (Kai Savolainen). Section VI. 43. Medical Treatment of Poisoning with Organophosphates and Carbamates (Milan Jokanović).

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Book SynopsisDesigned for pharmacy students Now updated for its Second Edition, Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems provides pharmacy students with a much-needed introduction to the mathematical intricacies of thermodynamics in relation to practical laboratory applications. Designed to meet the needs of the contemporary curriculum in pharmacy schools, the text makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems including dosage forms and newer drug delivery systems. Students and practitioners involved in drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Connors'' and Mecozzi''s authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as their attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. They will appreciate, as well, the significant revisions to the Second Edition. Expanding the book''s scope and usefulness, the new edition: Explores in greater depth topics most relevantTable of ContentsPREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 0. Review of Mathematics. 0.1. Introduction. 0.2. Dimensions and Units. 0.3. Logarithms and Exponents. 0.4. Algebraic and Graphical Analysis. 0.5. Dealing with Change. 0.6. Statistical Treatment of Data. Problems. I BASIC THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.1. Fundamental Concepts. 1.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.3. The Enthalpy. Problems. 2. The Entropy Concept. 2.1. The Entropy Defined. 2.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2.3. Applications of the Entropy Concept. Problems. 3. The Free Energy. 3.1. Properties of the Free Energy. 3.2. The Chemical Potential. Problems. 4. Equilibrium. 4.1. Conditions for Equilibrium. 4.2. Physical Processes. 4.3. Chemical Equilibrium. Problems. II THERMODYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES. 5. Introduction to Physical Processes. 5.1. Scope. 5.2. Concentration Scales. 5.3. Standard States. Problems. 6. Phase Transformations. 6.1. Pure Substances. 6.2. Multicomponent Systems. Problems. 7. Solutions of Nonelectrolytes. 7.1. Ideal Solutions. 7.2. Nonideal Solutions. 7.3. Partitioning Between Liquid Phases. Problems. 8. Solutions of Electrolytes. 8.1. Coulombic Interaction and Ionic Dissociation. 8.2. Mean Ionic Activity and Activity Coefficient. 8.3. The Debye–Hückel Theory. Problems. 9. Colligative Properties. 9.1. Boiling Point Elevation. 9.2. Freezing Point Depression. 9.3. Osmotic Pressure. 9.4. Isotonicity Calculations. Problems. 10. Solubility. 10.1. Solubility as an Equilibrium Constant. 10.2. The Ideal Solubility. 10.3. Temperature Dependence of the Solubility. 10.4. Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts. 10.5. Solubilities of Nonelectrolytes: Further Issues. Problems. 11. Surfaces and Interfaces. 11.1. Thermodynamic Properties. 11.2. Adsorption. Problems. III THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES. 12. Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.1. Acid–Base Theory. 12.2. pH Dependence of Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.3. Calculation of Solution pH. 12.4. Acid–Base Titrations. 12.5. Aqueous Solubility of Weak Acids and Bases. 12.6. Nonaqueous Acid–Base Behavior. 12.7. Acid–Base Structure and Strength. Problems. 13. Electrical Work. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions. 13.3. Electrochemical Cells. 13.4. pH Measurement. 13.5. Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. Problems. 14. Noncovalent Binding Equilibria. 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. The Noncovalent Interactions. 14.3. Binding Models. 14.4. Measurement of Binding Constants. 14.5. Applications. Problems. APPENDIXES. Appendix A Physical Constants. Appendix B Kinetic Theory of Gases. Appendix C Extrathermodynamic Relationships. ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisCovering patent literature and process improvements in twenty-two polymer subject areas, this book provides researchers with current polymer research not yet published in journals or patents. Moreover, the review and analysis by the author provides a more thorough understanding and concise package of the patent application.Trade Review"Lets the applications speak for themselves." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. I. ADDITIVES. A. Ink Dispersants. B. Ink Dispersants and Colorants. C. Oil Dispersants. D. Oil Drilling Dispersants. E. Fabric Additives. F. Paint Additives. G. Paint Stabilizers. H. Paper Additives. I. Polymeric Additives. II. ADHESIVES. A. Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. B. Surface Adhesives. C. Thermally Stable Adhesives. III. COSMETICS. A. Topical. IV. CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS. A. Liquid-Crystal Displays. V. DYES. A. Jet Printer Ink. VI. ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE POLYMERS. A. Battery. B. Conducting Polymers. C. Electrodes. D. Photovoltaic Cells. E. Semiconductors. F. Transistors. VII. ENERGETIC POLYMERS. A. Explosive Binder. VIII. ENGINEERED PLASTICS. A. Blends. B. Composites. C. Crosslinking Agents. D. High-Performance Polymers. IX. FIBERS. A. High Strength. X. FUEL CELLS. A. Fuel Cell Membranes. B. Proton Conducting. XI. IMPROVED SYNTHETIC METHODS. A. Isocyanates. B. Organometallic Catalysts. XII. INITIATORS/MODIFIERS. A. Free Radical Initiators. B. Free Radical Initiator Modifiers. C. Photoinitiators. XIII. LIGHT-EMITTING POLYMERS. A. Diodes. XIV. MEDICAL POLYMERS. A. Biodegradable. B. Biomaterials for Dental Applications. C. Biomaterials for Diagnostics. D. Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Devices. E. Biomaterials for Gene Therapy. F. Biomaterials for Membranes. XV. NITRIC-OXIDE-RELEASING AGENTS. A. Antirestenosis Agents. XVI. OPTICAL. A. Intraocular Lenses. B. Optical Fibers. C. Optical Waveguides. XVII. PHARMACEUTICALS. A. Polypeptides. B. Radiopharmaceuticals. XVIII. PHOTORESISTS. A. Resists. XIX. PHOTOTHERAPY. A. Oxygen Generators. XX. RECORDING MATERIALS. A. Anisotropic Films. XXI. STENTS. A. Cardiovascular. XXII. SUTURES. A. Adsorbable. XXIII. TISSUE REPLACEMENT. A. Tissue Engineering. XXIV. VISCOELASTIC POLYMERS. A. High Viscoelastic Materials. Contributors. Academic Contributors. Government Contributors. Industrial Contributors. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn essential introduction to the organic chemicals industryin the context of globalization, advances in technology, and environmental concerns Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas industries are responsible for products that ensure our present quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics, detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition, Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these chemical building blocksethylene, propylene, C4 olefins (butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and methaneis preferred over another in the context of an environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and economic significance. The new editioTrade Review“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 January 2013) “Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 October 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii Acknowledgments xxix Bryan Godel Reuben 1934–2012 xxxi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Introduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1 I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2 I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5 I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5 I.4 General Bibliography 6 1. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 13 1.1 The National Economy 13 1.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 16 1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 22 1.4 The Top Companies 43 1.5 The Top Chemicals 44 2. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 49 2.1 Overcapacity 51 2.3 Participation in International Trade 63 2.4 Competition from Developing Countries 66 3. Transporting Chemicals 71 3.1 Shipping Petroleum 71 3.2 Shipping Gas 74 3.3 Shipping Chemicals 75 3.4 Health and Safety 86 3.5 Economic Aspects 87 3.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 88 3.7 Top Shipping Companies 90 4. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 93 4.1 Petroleum Distillation 97 4.2 Shale Gas 100 4.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 102 4.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 103 4.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 104 4.6 Catalytic Cracking 114 4.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 117 4.8 Catalytic Reforming 119 4.9 Oligomerization 122 4.10 Alkylation 124 4.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 125 4.12 Dehydrogenation 126 4.13 Isomerization 128 4.14 Metathesis 128 4.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 133 4.16 Separation of Natural Gas 136 4.17 Oil from Tar Sands 137 5. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 139 5.1 Ethylene Polymers 141 5.2 Ethylene Copolymers 151 5.3 Oligomerization 154 5.4 Vinyl Chloride 160 5.5 Acetaldehyde 165 5.6 Vinyl Acetate 167 5.7 Ethylene Oxide 169 5.8 Styrene 177 5.9 Ethanol 181 5.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene – A Summary 182 5.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 185 6. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 211 6.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 214 6.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 217 6.3 Oligomerization 221 6.4 Acrylic Acid 222 6.5 Acrylonitrile 227 6.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 231 6.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 233 6.8 Propylene Oxide 242 6.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldehyde 255 6.10 Major Chemicals from Propylene – A Perspective 261 6.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Propylene 263 7. Chemicals from the C4 Stream 273 7.1 Chemicals and Polymers from Butadiene 277 7.2 Chemicals and Polymers from Isobutene 296 7.3 Chemicals and Polymers from 1- and 2-Butenes 302 7.4 Chemicals from n-Butane 303 8. Chemicals from the C5 Stream 309 8.1 Separation of the C5 Stream 311 8.2 Isoprene 312 8.3 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 319 8.4 Pentene-1 and Piperylene 321 9. Chemicals from Benzene 323 9.1 Phenol 326 9.2 Cyclohexane 344 9.3 Aniline 354 9.4 Alkylbenzenes 361 9.5 Maleic Anhydride 362 9.6 Chlorinated Benzenes 363 9.7 Dihydroxybenzenes 364 9.8 Anthraquinone 370 9.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 371 10. Chemicals from Toluene 375 10.1 Hydrodealkylation, Disproportionation, and Transalkylation 375 10.2 Solvents 378 10.3 Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 378 10.4 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Toluene 380 11. Chemicals from Xylenes 383 11.1 o-Xylene and Phthalic Anhydride 386 11.2 m-Xylene and Isophthalic Acid 395 11.3 p-Xylene and Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate 397 12. Chemicals from Methane 407 12.1 Hydrocyanic Acid 408 12.2 Halogenated Methanes 411 12.3 Acetylene 417 12.4 Synthesis Gas 424 12.5 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 429 12.6 Carbon Monoxide Chemistry 454 12.7 Gas-to-Liquid Fuels 459 13. Chemicals from Alkanes 463 13.1 Functionalization of Methane 464 13.2 Functionalization of C2–C4 Alkanes 468 13.3 Carbon Black 472 14. Chemicals from Coal 475 14.1 Chemicals from Coke Oven Distillate 477 14.2 The Fischer–Tropsch Reaction 480 14.3 Coal Hydrogenation 484 14.4 Substitute Natural Gas 485 14.5 SNG and Synthesis Gas Technology 485 14.6 Underground Coal Gasification 488 14.7 Calcium Carbide 488 14.8 Coal and the Environment 490 15. Fats and Oils 493 15.1 Markets for Fats and Oils 495 15.2 Purification of Fats and Oils 497 15.3 Fatty Acids 499 15.4 Fatty Nitrogen Compounds 502 15.5 "Dimer" Acid 504 15.6 Aminoamides and Imidazolines 506 15.7 Azelaic, Pelargonic, and Petroselinic Acids 507 15.8 Fatty Alcohols 508 15.9 Epoxidized Oils 509 15.10 Ricinoleic Acid 510 15.11 Glycerol 512 15.12 Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils 513 15.13 Alkyl Polyglycosides 519 15.14 Non-Caloric Fat-like Substances 519 16. Carbohydrates 523 16.1 Sugars and Sorbitol 523 16.2 Furfural 530 16.3 Starch 532 16.4 Cellulose 535 16.5 Gums 543 16.6 Fermentation and Biotechnology 544 17. How Polymers Are Made 561 17.1 Polymerization 565 17.2 Functionality 568 17.3 Step Growth and Chain Growth Polymerizations 571 17.4 Examples of Step Polymerization 605 17.5 Polymer Properties 622 17.6 Classes of Polymers 630 17.7 Plastics Fabrication Techniques 631 18. Industrial Catalysis 637 18.1 Catalyst Choice 637 18.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 643 18.3 Catalyst Markets 647 18.4 Catalysis by Acids and Bases 651 18.5 Dual Function Catalysis 654 18.6 Catalysis by Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 655 18.7 Coordination Catalysis 657 18.8 Enzymes 661 18.9 Shape-Selective Catalysts 664 18.10 Phase-Transfer and Fluorous Biphase Catalysis 669 18.11 Nanocatalysis 670 18.12 Catalysts of the Future 673 19. Green Chemistry 681 19.1 The Decline of Acetylene Chemistry 683 19.2 Nylon 683 19.3 Replacement of Phosgene 684 19.4 Monomethylation by Dimethyl Carbonate 685 19.5 Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water 685 19.6 Ionic Liquids 687 19.7 Photocatalysts 690 19.8 Paired Electrosynthesis 691 19.9 "Green" Pharmaceuticals 692 19.10 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Diethanolamine 698 19.11 Genetic Manipulation 698 19.12 Biodegradable Packaging 698 19.13 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Program 703 20. Sustainability 707 20.1 Climate Change 708 20.2 Resource Depletion 712 20.3 Energy Sources 717 20.4 Pollution 736 20.5 Valediction 759 Endnotes 761 Appendix A: A Note on Cost Calculations 765 Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors 771 Appendix C: Special Units in the Chemical Industry 773 Appendix D: The Importance of Shale Gas and Shale Oil 775 Index 779

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Book SynopsisFor researchers already familiar with biomass conversion technologies and for professionals in other fields, such as agriculture, food, and chemical industries, here is a comprehensive review of the emerging biorefinery industry.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Contributors xix 1 Integrated Biorefi nery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 1 Shang-Tian Yang and Mingrui Yu 2 The Outlook of Sugar and Starch Crops in Biorefinery 27 Klanarong Sriroth and Kuakoon Piyachomkwan 3 Novel and Traditional Oil Crops and Their Biorefinery Potential 47 Johann Vollmann and Margit Laimer 4 Energy Crops 61 Walter Zegada-Lizarazu and Andrea Monti 5 Microalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels and Biochemicals 79 Dong Wei 6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 91 Tae Hyun Kim 7 Amylases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 111 Hesham A. El-Enshasy, Yasser R. Abdel Fattah, and Nor Zalina Othman 8 Cellulases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 131 Xiao-Zhou Zhang and Yi-Heng Percival Zhang 9 Xylanases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 147 Evangelos Topakas, Gianni Panagiotou, and Paul Christakopoulos 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes: An Overview 167 Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Victor Ibrahim 11 Advances in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 193 Reeta Rani Singhania, Parameswaran Binod, and Ashok Pandey 12 Biodiesel Properties and Alternative Feedstocks 205 Bryan R. Moser 13 Biological Production of Butanol and Higher Alcohols 235 Jingbo Zhao, Congcong Lu, Chih-Chin Chen, and Shang-Tian Yang 14 Advancement of Biohydrogen Production and Its Integration with Fuel Cell Technology 263 Jong-Hwan Shin and Tai Hyun Park 15 Biogas Technology 279 Günter Busch 16 Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications 293 Nuttha Thongchul 17 Production of Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources 317 Jongho Yi, Sol Choi, Min-Sun Han, Jeong Wook Lee, and Sang Yup Lee 18 Propionic Acid Fermentation 331 Zhongqiang Wang, Jianxin Sun, An Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 19 Anaerobic Fermentations for the Production of Acetic and Butyric Acids 351 Shang-Tian Yang, Mingrui Yu, Wei-Lun Chang, and I-Ching Tang 20 Production of Citric, Itaconic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in Filamentous Fungal Fermentations 375 Kun Zhang, Baohua Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 21 Biotechnological Development for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol 399 Youngsoon Um and Kyung-Duk Kim 22 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomass Refining 415 Jian Yu 23 Microbial Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid 427 Zhinan Xu, Huili Zhang, Hao Chen, Feng Shi, Jin Huang, Shufang Wang, and Cunjiang Song 24 Refining Food Processing By-Products for Value-Added Functional Ingredients 441 Kequan Zhou, Yuting Zhou, and Y. Martin Lo About the Editors 449 Index 451

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Book SynopsisThis book guides the reader through FDA regulation guidelines and outlines a comprehensive strategy for cost reduction in regulatory affairs and compliance. This book explains six strategies to cost-effectively comply with FDA regulations while maintaining product safety and improving public access through cost controls. It provides useful and practical guidance through industry case studies from pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device industries.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Chapter 1. Controlling Regulatory Costs. Chapter 2. Clear Operation Definitions of Requirements. Chapter 3. Pre-Regulatory Audits. Chapter 4. Quality by Design. Chapter 5. Outsourcing. Chapter 6. Electronic Submissions. Chapter 7. EMEA/FDA Inspections. Chapter 8. Managing FDA Inspections. Chapter 9. Risk Assessment. Chapter 10. Cases. Chapter 11. Cost Containment Analysis. Chapter 12. Managing Regulation In Times of Chaos. Chapter 13. International Regulation. Chapter 14. Cost Contained Regulatory Compliance. Chapter 15. Future. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX .

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Book SynopsisThe accessible compendium of polymers in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)?extremely thin tubes only a few nanometers in diameter but able to attain lengths thousands of times greater?are prime candidates for use in the development of polymer composite materials. Bringing together thousands of disparate research works, Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Manufacture, Properties, and Applications covers CNT-polymers from synthesis to potential applications, presenting the basic science and engineering of this dynamic and complex area in an accessible, readable way. Designed to be of use to polymer scientists, engineers, chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, the book covers carbon nanotube fundamentals to help polymer experts understand CNTs, and polymer physics to help those in the CNT field, making it an invaluable resource for anyone working with CNT-polymer composites. Detailed chapters describe the mechanical, rheological, electrical, and theTable of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Similarities Between Polymers and Nanotubes 1 1.2 Organization of the Book 3 1.3 Why Write This Book? 7 References 9 CHAPTER 2 CARBON NANOTUBES 11 2.1 Overview 11 2.2 Synthesis 16 2.2.1 Arc Discharge 19 2.2.2 Visible Light Vaporization 21 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 22 2.3 Purification 25 2.4 Properties 26 2.4.1 Mechanical Properties 27 2.4.2 Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermal Properties 29 2.4.3 Optical Properties 32 2.5 Chemistry 36 2.5.1 Characterizing the Nature of Functionalization 38 2.5.2 Common Functionalization Chemistries 40 2.5.3 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting From” 42 2.5.4 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting To” 44 2.6 Challenges 44 References 45 CHAPTER 3 DISPERSION, ORIENTATION, AND LENGTHS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN POLYMERS 59 3.1 Overview 59 3.2 Dispersion Characterization 66 3.2.1 Microscopy 67 3.2.2 Spectroscopy 72 3.3 Methods to Disperse Nanotubes into Low-Viscosity Liquids, Including Monomers 77 3.3.1 Mixing Protocols: Sonication and High-Shear Mixing 79 3.3.2 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Water 81 3.3.3 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Other Solvents 86 3.4 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Solution Methods 88 3.4.1 Dispersion–Reaction 88 3.4.2 Dissolution–Dispersion–Precipitation 90 3.4.3 Dispersion–Dispersion–Evaporation 93 3.5 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Melt Mixing 94 3.6 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: No Fluid Mixing 96 3.7 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Impregnation/Infusion 97 3.7.1 Nanotube Fiber–Polymer Composites 97 3.7.2 Nanotube Sheet–Polymer Composites 99 3.7.3 Nanotube Forests–Polymer Composites 101 3.7.4 Nanotubes on Already Existing Fibers 101 3.8 Challenges 102 References 103 CHAPTER 4 EFFECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON POLYMER PHYSICS 119 4.1 Overview 119 4.2 Amorphous Polymers 122 4.2.1 Statics: Adsorption and Chain Configuration 122 4.2.2 Dynamics: Glass Transition and Diffusion Coefficient 129 4.3 Semicrystalline Polymers 142 4.3.1 Statics: Unit Cells, Lamellae, Spherulites, and Shish-Kebabs 147 4.3.2 Rate Effects: Glass Transition, Crystal Nucleation, and Growth 169 4.4 Blends and Block Copolymers 174 4.5 Challenges 176 References 177 CHAPTER 5 MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 191 5.1 Overview 191 5.2 Rheological Properties (Measurement of Melt and Solution Properties) 200 5.2.1 Nonoscillatory Measurements 204 5.2.2 Oscillatory Measurements and the Percolation Threshold 208 5.3 Mechanical Properties (Measurement of Solid Properties) 212 5.3.1 Interfacial Shear Strength 214 5.3.2 Tensile, Compressive, and Bending Properties 216 5.3.3 Fracture Toughness and Crack Propagation 228 5.3.4 Impact Energy 230 5.3.5 Oscillatory Measurements 230 5.3.6 Other Mechanical Properties 232 5.4 Challenges 232 References 233 CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 249 6.1 Overview 249 6.2 Mixed Composites 252 6.2.1 Maximum or Plateau Conductivity 260 6.2.2 Broadness of Percolation Region (Critical Exponent) 264 6.2.3 Percolation Threshold 264 6.2.4 Dielectric Constant 268 6.3 Impregnated/Infused Composites 269 6.4 Composites with Electrically Conducting Polymers 271 6.5 Challenges 274 References 275 CHAPTER 7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 283 7.1 Overview 283 7.2 Interfacial Resistance and Thermal Conductivity 292 7.3 Dispersion, Percolation, and Thermal Conductivity 295 7.4 Effects of Other Variables on Thermal Conductivity 296 7.5 Challenges 299 References 299 CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER–NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 305 8.1 Overview 305 8.2 Electrical Conductivity: EMI Shielding, ESD, and Transparent Electrodes 305 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Shielding 306 8.2.2 Electrostatic Dissipation 308 8.2.3 Transparent Electrodes 310 8.2.4 Other Applications Based on Nanotube Conductivity on Polymeric Substrates 312 8.3 Thermal Properties: Flame Retardancy 312 8.4 Electromechanical Properties: Strain Sensing and Actuators 315 8.4.1 Electromechanical Actuation 316 8.4.2 Strain Sensing 318 8.5 Other Applications 320 8.6 Challenges 322 References 322 GLOSSARY 331 INDEX 337

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Book SynopsisThis book covers various aspects of antibody mediated drug delivery systems theoretical aspects, processing, viral and non-viral vectors, and fields where these systems find and /or are being evaluated for applications as therapeutics and diagnostic treatment. Chapters discuss actual applications of techniques used for formulation and characterization. Applications areas include cancer, pulmonary, ocular diseases; brain drug delivery; and vaccine delivery. The contributing authors represent over 10 different countries, covering recent developments happening around the globe.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS xv PREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: GENERAL REVIEW AND APPLICATIONS Navdeep Kaur, Karthikeyan Subramani, and Yashwant Pathak 1 1 Historical Perspective 1 2 Antibodies 2 3 Antibody Mediation 3 4 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems 4 5 Applications 6 6 Recent Trends 9 7 Future Trends 10 CHAPTER 2 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR TARGETING Tatyana Levchenko, William Hartner, and Vladimir P. Torchilin 13 1 Introduction 13 2 Immunoliposome Targeting to Pathological Regions of the Vessel Wall 14 3 Liposome Internalization by Endothelial Cells 15 4 Targeting of Atherosclerotic Lesions for Tomographic Imaging 17 5 Antibody-Mediated Liposomes for Diagnosis of Thrombosis 17 6 Thrombolytic Therapy with Immunoliposomes 18 7 Targeted Sealing of Cell Membrane Lesions: Preservation of Cell Viability 19 8 Accumulation of Liposomes and Immunoliposomes in the Ischemic Heart 21 9 Immunoliposomes as a Drug and Gene Delivery Vehicle to the Infarcted Heart 26 CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPEUTICS Leonor Munoz Alcivar and Yashwant Pathak 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Breast Cancer 35 3 Drug Delivery Systems 36 4 Monoclonal Antibodies 37 5 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 40 6 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery System 43 7 Targets for the Treatment of Breast Cancer 45 8 Breast Cancer Therapies 46 9 The Future of Breast Cancer Therapeutics 49 10 Other Treatment Strategies 50 11 Nanotechnology 51 12 Conclusions 52 CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNONCONJUGATES FOR IN VIVO DELIVERY: CANCER DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND THERAPY Arutselvan Natarajan 57 1 Introduction 57 2 Immunoconjugates 61 3 Immunoconjugates in Cancer Therapy 62 4 Immunoconjugates for Imaging 69 5 Immunoconjugates in Diagnostic Applications 71 6 Immunoconjugates’ Promising Future and Challenges 72 7 Summary 73 CHAPTER 5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ANTI-TNF THERAPIES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH TUBERCULOSIS Simeone Marino, Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani, Jennifer J. Linderman, and Denise E. Kirschner 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Tuberculosis, TNF, and Anti-TNF Drugs 84 3 Theoretical Models To Study TB Infection 88 4 Present and Future Work 96 CHAPTER 6 TARGETED NANOPARTICLES IN RADIOTHERAPY Misty Muscarella and Yashwant Pathak 105 1 Introduction 105 2 Nanoparticles 106 3 Radiotherapy 110 4 Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy 111 5 Current and Future Developments with Nanotechnology in Radiotherapy 123 6 Conclusions 124 CHAPTER 7 ELECTRICALLY-ENHANCED DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND CONJUGATES FOR CANCER TREATMENT Arutselvan Natarajan, Luca Campana, and Raji Sundararajan 129 1 Introduction 129 2 Electroporation Mechanisms to Permeabilize the Drugs and DNAs in Cells 130 3 Electroporation-Aided Drug Delivery for Preclinical Studies 133 4 EP applications for Human Patient Studies 136 5 Future Perspectives 138 6 Summary 139 CHAPTER 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY VARIANTS AND GLYCOSYLATION Ting Zheng, Srinivasa Rao, Jeff Rohrer, and Chris Pohl 145 1 Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Heterogeneity by HPLC Analysis 145 2 Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycosylation 150 CHAPTER 9 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING TREATMENT Fang Wu, Hong Ding, and Zhirong Zhang 169 1 Introduction 169 2 Lymphatic Disorders and Their Normal Treatment 170 3 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Lymphatic Targeting Treatment 172 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 183 CHAPTER 10 METHODS FOR NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Junling Li and Chin K. Ng 191 1 Introduction 191 2 Current Nanoparticle Systems used for Conjugation with mAbs 191 3 Conjugation Methods 192 4 Conclusions 202 CHAPTER 11 SINGLE-USE SYSTEMS IN ANIMAL CELL–BASED BIOPRODUCTION William G. Whitford 209 1 Introduction 209 2 Component Offerings 214 3 Characteristics of Single-Use Systems and Their Applications 218 CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR SPECIFIC DRUG DELIVERY Manuela Calin 229 1 Introduction: Advances in Liposome Formulation 229 2 Design of Immunoliposomes for Site-Specific Drug Delivery 230 3 Cellular-Specific Targeting of Immunoliposomes 242 4 Cellular-Specific Internalization of Immunoliposomes 246 5 Immunoliposomes in Diagnosis and Therapy 247 6 Clinical Use of Immunoliposomes 251 7 Conclusions and Perspectives 252 CHAPTER 13 GENE THERAPY TARGETING KIDNEY DISEASES: ROUTES AND VEHICLES Yoshitaka Isaka, Yoshitsugu Takabatake, and Hiromi Rakugi 267 1 Introduction 267 2 Rationale for Successful Gene Targeting 268 3 Site-Specific Gene Delivery 268 4 Nuclear Import of Gene Material 270 5 Targeting the Glomerulus 270 6 Targeting the Tubule 272 7 Targeting the Interstitium 274 8 Targeting Muscle 274 9 Conclusions 275 CHAPTER 14 DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) POLYMERS USING DOUBLE-ANTIGEN-BRIDGING IMMUNOGENICITY ELISA Yijuan Liu, Helen Reidler, Jing Pan, David Milunic, Dujie Qin, Dave Chen, Yli Remo Vallejo, and Ray Yin 279 1 Introduction 279 2 Methods 280 3 Results 283 4 Discussion 286 CHAPTER 15 ANTIBODIES IN NANOMEDICINE AND MICROIMAGING METHODS Rakesh Sharma 291 1 Introduction: Antibody Molecules and Nanoparticles 291 2 Antibody-Based Nanoparticles in Microimaging 292 3 Troponin T: Newer Magnetic Immunoassay Method 317 4 Gold Nanoparticles as an Antigen Carrier and Adjuvant 330 5 Immunochemical Biosensors, Nanomedicine, and Disease 339 6 Future Directions and Conclusions 341 CHAPTER 16 METHODS FOR POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Uyen Minh Le, Hieu Tran, and Yashwant Pathak 351 1 Introduction 351 2 Conjugation of mAb and Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles 353 3 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactide-CO-Glycolide) Nanoparticles 357 4 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactic Acid) and its Derivatives 359 5 Conjugation of mAb to Other Polymeric Nanoparticles 360 6 Summary 361 CHAPTER 17 PLANT-DERIVED ANTIBODIES FOR ACADEMIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS Slavko Komarnytsky and Nikolai Borisjuk 365 1 Historical Perspective 365 2 Plant-Based Production of Recombinant Proteins 366 3 Expression in an Entire Plant Versus a Plant Organ 367 4 ER Targeting and Secretion of Recombinant Proteins 368 5 Expression in Seeds 370 6 Transient Expression 371 7 Glycosylation 373 8 Recent Examples of Plant-Derived Antibodies Effective in Mammalian Systems 375 9 Conclusions 376 CHAPTER 18 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS BIOPHARMACEUTICALS Girish J. Kotwal 383 1 Historical Perspective 383 2 Introduction 384 3 Structure and Types of mAbs 385 4 Mechanism of Action 385 5 FDA-approved mAb Biopharmaceuticals in Current Use 386 6 Future of Monoclonal Antibodies as Biopharmaceuticals 389 CHAPTER 19 PULMONARY TARGETING OF NANOPARTICLES AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Weiyuan Chang 391 1 Introduction 391 2 Attributes of mAbs as Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases 392 3 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Lung Targeting 393 4 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Asthma 394 5 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of COPD 398 6 Challenges in Pulmonary Disease 400 7 Conclusions 402 CHAPTER 20 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED ARTHRITIS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC AVENUES Kutty Selva Nandakumar 407 1 Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis 407 2 Role of Cartilage Antigen-Specific Antibodies in Inducing Arthritis 408 3 Arthritis Mediation Through Antibodies Recognizing Citrullinated Antigens 413 4 Regulation at the Effector Level 414 5 Cartilage Damage Independent of Inflammatory Mediators 414 6 pathogenicity of GPI-Specific Antibodies 415 7 Therapeutic Cleavage of Arthritogenic Antibodies 415 8 Arthritis Attenuation Though Removal of Specific Sugars on IgG 417 CHAPTER 21 IMMUNONANOPARTICLES FOR NUCLEAR IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY Oren Giladi and Simon Benita 427 1 Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals 427 2 Radiolabeled Antibodies 432 3 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles 437 4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 449 CHAPTER 22 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA Glenn J. Whelan 457 1 Introduction 457 2 IgE 458 3 TNFα 460 4 IL-5 462 5 IL-9 464 6 IL-4 and IL-13 465 7 Targeting the T-cell 467 8 Conclusions 468 References 469 INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisCost-effective strategies for designing novel drug delivery systems that target a broad range of disease conditions In vivo imaging has become an important tool for the development of new drug delivery systems, shedding new light on the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, bioavailability, local concentration, and clearance of drug substances for the treatment of human disease, most notably cancer. Written by a team of international experts, this book examines the use of quantitative imaging techniques in designing and evaluating novel drug delivery systems and applications. Drug Delivery Applications of Noninvasive Imaging offers a full arsenal of tested and proven methods, practices and guidance, enabling readers to overcome the many challenges in creating successful new drug delivery systems. The book begins with an introduction to molecular imaging. Next, it covers: In vivo imaging techniques and quantitative analysis Table of ContentsPreface ix contributors xi 1 Introduction to Molecular Imaging 1 Vikas Kundra 2 PET/SPECT: Instrumentation and Imaging Techniques 12 Yuan-Chuan Tai 3 Photoacoustic Tomography and Its Applications in Drug Delivery and Photothermal Therapy 45 Liang Song and Lihong V. Wang 4 Raman Microspectral Imaging for Label-Free Detection of Nanoparticle-Mediated Cellular and Subcellular Drug Delivery 70 Tatyana Chernenko, Lara Milane, Christian Matthäus, Max Diem, and Mansoor Amiji 5 A natomical and Functional MRI91 Edward F. Jackson 6 Quantitative Imaging in Drug Delivery 125 Kooresh I. Shoghi 7 PET Imaging of the Pharmacokinetics of Small Molecular-Weight Drugs 147 Stephen M. Moerlein and Zhude Tu 8 Imaging Peptides, Proteins, and Antibody Delivery 192 Frederik L. Giesel and Clemens Kratochwil 9 In Vivo Imaging and Delivery of siRNA199 Zdravka Medarova and Anna Moore 10 Imaging Cell Therapy 223 Yajie Liang and Jeff W. M. Bulte 11 Radiolabeled Liposomes as Drug Delivery Nanotheranostics 252 William T. Phillips, Ande Bao, Keitaro Sou, Shihong Li, and Beth Goins 12 Polymeric Micelles as Imaging Agents and Drug Delivery Systems 268 Jun Zhao and Chun Li 13 Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles: Translating Bench Opportunities to the Clinic 296 G. M. Lanza, P. M. Winter, S. D. Caruthers, A. H. Schmieder, and S. A. Wickline 14 Cancer Theranostics with Hollow Gold Nanospheres 308 Wei Lu and Chun Li 15 Imaging Pulmonary Drug Delivery 333 Stephen P. Newman 16 In Vivo Imaging for Validation of Oral Dose Performance 367 Fiona J. McInnes and Howard N. E. Stevens 17 Role of Large Animal Models in Translational Studies of Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery 389 Rajesh K. Uthamanthil and Mei Tian 18 Imaging Transcatheter Delivery to Liver Tumors 412 Adil Al-Nahhas, Meeran Naji, and Imene Zerizer 19 Direct Visualization of Therapeutic Radionuclide Distribution Using Nuclear Medicine Imaging: I-131 in Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma 426 Ho Young Lee, June-Key Chung, So Won Oh, Jong Jin Lee, Keon Wook Kang, Do Joon Park, Bo Youn Cho, and Myung Chul Lee 20 Imaging Drug Delivery to the CNS Using Translational Positron Emission Tomography Studies 432 Chi-Ming Lee, Katarina Varnäs, and Lars Farde Index 449

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the scientific principles underlying electrochemistry. Starting with basic concepts of electricity, early chapters discuss the physics and chemistry of electrochemical cell materials and the properties that make them appropriate as cell components.Trade Review“Students will find it a good starting point to discover electrochemistry, which was pointed out as the primary objective by the authors. Job well done!.” (Chromatographia, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Electricity 1 Electric Charge 1 Charges at Rest 3 Capacitance and Conductance 8 Mobilities 18 Electrical Circuits 21 Alternating Electricity 23 Summary 28 2 Chemistry 29 Chemical Reactions 29 Gibbs Energy 30 Activity 33 Ionic Solutions 38 Ionic Activity Coefficients 41 Chemical Kinetics 46 Summary 52 3 Electrochemical Cells 55 Equilibrium Cells 55 Cells not at Equilibrium 60 Cells with Junctions 64 Summary 69 4 Electrosynthesis 71 Metal Production 71 The Chloralkali Industry 74 Organic Electrosynthesis 75 Electrolysis of Water 77 Selective Membranes 79 Summary 83 5 Electrochemical Power 85 Types of Electrochemical Power Source 85 Battery Characteristics 86 Primary Batteries 88 Secondary Batteries 94 Fuel Cells 100 Summary 104 6 Electrodes 105 Electrode Potentials 105 Standard Electrode Potentials 109 The Nernst Equation 111 Electrochemical Series 113 Working Electrodes 117 Summary 123 7 Electrode Reactions 125 Faraday’s Law 125 Kinetics of a Simple Electron Transfer 130 Multi-step Electrode Reactions 137 Summary 144 8 Transport 145 Flux Density 145 Three Transport Modes 148 Migration 149 Diffusion 154 Diffusion and Migration 158 Convection 161 Fluxes at Electrodes and in the Bulk 165 Summary 170 9 Green Electrochemistry 171 Sensors for Pollution Control 171 Stripping Analysis 177 Electrochemical Purification of Water 182 Electrochemistry of Biological Cells 186 Summary 192 10 Electrode Polarization 193 Three Causes of Electrode Polarization 193 Ohmic Polarization 197 Kinetic Polarization 200 Transport Polarization 202 Multiple Polarizations 205 Polarizations in Two- and Three-Electrode Cells 208 Summary 212 11 Corrosion 213 Vulnerable Metals 213 Corrosion Cells 215 Electrochemical Studies 217 Concentrated Corrosion 222 Fighting Corrosion 224 Extreme Corrosion 228 Summary 229 12 Steady-State Voltammetry 231 Features of Voltammetry 232 Microelectrodes and Macroelectrodes 234 Steady-State Potential-Step Voltammetry 237 The Disk Microelectrode 245 Rotating Disk Voltammetry 248 Shapes of Reversible Voltammograms 252 Summary 258 13 The Electrode Interface 259 Double Layers 259 Adsorption 266 The Interface in Voltammetry 271 Nucleation and Growth 281 Summary 285 14 Other Interfaces 287 Semiconductor Electrodes 287 Phenomena at Liquid*Liquid Interfaces 291 Electrokinetic Phenomena 298 Summary 302 15 Electrochemistry With Periodic Signals 303 Nonfaradaic Effects of A.C. 304 Faradaic Effects of A.C. 305 Equivalent Circuits 313 A.C. Voltammetry 318 Fourier-Transform Voltammetry 322 Summary 328 16 Transient Voltammetry 329 Modeling Transient Voltammetry 329 Potential-Step Voltammetry 334 Pulse Voltammetries 339 Ramped Potentials 346 Multiple Electron Transfers 355 Chemistry Combined with Electrochemistry 357 Controlling Current Instead of Potential 362 Summary 364 Appendix 365 Glossary 365 Absolute and Relative Permittivities 382 Properties of Liquid Water 383 Contents ix Conductivities and Resistivities 384 Elements with Major Importance in Electrochemistry 386 Transport Properties 388 Standard Gibbs Energies 390 Standard Electrode Potentials 392 Index 393

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, there has been a shift in research and industrial practice, and products traditionally manufactured primarily from wood are increasingly combined with other nonwood materials of either natural or synthetic origin.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What Is Wood? 1 1.3 Natural Fibers 2 1.4 Composite Concept 6 1.5 Cellular Solids 13 1.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15 References 16 2 Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 35 2.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 40 2.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 57 2.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57 References 57 3 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 61 3.3 Moisture Interactions 61 3.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 74 3.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 79 3.6 Mechanical Properties 80 3.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83 References 83 4 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 85 4.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 89 4.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 97 4.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 104 4.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 112 4.7 Press Cycles 119 4.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123 References 125 5 Fundamentals of Adhesion 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 129 5.3 Adhesion Theories 136 5.4 Surface Interactions 143 5.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr´e Equation 152 5.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153 References 166 6 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 169 6.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 175 6.4 Amino Resins 178 6.5 Phenolic Resins 184 6.6 Resorcinol Resins 188 6.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 190 6.8 Epoxy Adhesives 193 6.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 196 6.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 197 6.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199 References 206 7 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 210 7.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 210 7.4 A Generic Process Flow 212 7.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 213 7.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 219 7.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 222 7.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225 References 234 8 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 242 8.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 247 8.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 252 8.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 257 8.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263 References 280 Index

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Book SynopsisMedicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition , provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products.Trade Review"Students should be empowered for a deductive analysis of the presented substances." (Arzneimittelforschung, December 2009) "This new edition is an excellent text that is unrivaled in both its scope and overall coverage of natural products biosynthesis." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, August 2009) "There is no question that this is the best book available on the biosynthesis and bio-organic chemistry of medicinally important natural products." (Education in Chemistry, September 2009)Table of Contents1 About this book, and how to use it 1 The subject 1 The aim 1 The approach 2 The topics 2 The figures 2 Further reading 3 What to study 3 What to learn 3 Nomenclature 3 Conventions regarding acids, bases, and ions 4 Some common abbreviations 4 Further reading 5 2 Secondary metabolism: the building blocks and construction mechanisms 7 Primary and secondary metabolism 7 The building blocks 8 The construction mechanisms 11 Alkylation reactions: nucleophilic substitution 12 Alkylation reactions: electrophilic addition 12 Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements 15 Aldol and Claisen reactions 15 Imine formation and the Mannich reaction 18 Amino acids and transamination 20 Decarboxylation reactions 22 Oxidation and reduction reactions 24 Dehydrogenases 24 Oxidases 26 Monooxygenases 26 Dioxygenases 26 Amine oxidases 27 Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases 27 Phenolic oxidative coupling 28 Halogenation reactions 28 Glycosylation reactions 31 Elucidating biosynthetic pathways 34 Further reading 38 3 The acetate pathway: fatty acids and polyketides 39 Fatty acid synthase: saturated fatty acids 39 Unsaturated fatty acids 44 Uncommon fatty acids 53 Prostaglandins 58 Thromboxanes 64 Leukotrienes 64 Polyketide synthases: generalities 66 Polyketide synthases: macrolides 68 Polyketide synthases: linear polyketides and polyethers 90 Diels–Alder cyclizations 96 Polyketide synthases: aromatics 96 Cyclizations 99 Post-polyketide synthase modifications 103 Starter groups 116 Further reading 131 4 The shikimate pathway: aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids 137 Aromatic amino acids and simple benzoic acids 137 Phenylpropanoids 148 Cinnamic acids and esters 148 Lignans and lignin 152 Phenylpropenes 156 Benzoic acids from C6 C3 compounds 157 Coumarins 161 Aromatic polyketides 166 Styrylpyrones, diarylheptanoids 166 Flavonoids and stilbenes 167 Flavonolignans 173 Isoflavonoids 174 Terpenoid quinones 178 Further reading 184 5 The mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways: terpenoids and steroids 187 Mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate 188 Hemiterpenes (C5) 192 Monoterpenes (C10) 193 Irregular monoterpenes 204 Iridoids (C10) 206 Sesquiterpenes (C15) 210 Diterpenes (C20) 223 Sesterterpenes (C25) 234 Triterpenes (C30) 234 Triterpenoid saponins 242 Steroids 247 Stereochemistry and nomenclature 247 Cholesterol 248 Phytosterols 251 Vitamin d 256 Steroidal saponins 259 Cardioactive glycosides 265 Bile acids 275 Adrenocortical hormones/corticosteroids 277 Semi-synthesis of corticosteroids 277 Progestogens 287 Oestrogens 290 Androgens 296 Tetraterpenes (C40) 298 Higher terpenoids 306 Further reading 306 6 Alkaloids 311 Alkaloids derived from ornithine 311 Polyamines 311 Pyrrolidine and tropane alkaloids 312 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 324 Alkaloids derived from lysine 326 Piperidine alkaloids 326 Quinolizidine alkaloids 328 Indolizidine alkaloids 330 Alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid 331 Pyridine alkaloids 331 Alkaloids derived from tyrosine 336 Phenylethylamines and simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 336 Modified benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 346 Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids 359 Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 363 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 365 Alkaloids derived from tryptophan 366 Simple indole alkaloids 366 Simple β-carboline alkaloids 369 Terpenoid indole alkaloids 369 Quinoline alkaloids 380 Pyrroloindole alkaloids 385 Ergot alkaloids 387 Alkaloids derived from anthranilic acid 395 Quinazoline alkaloids 395 Quinoline and acridine alkaloids 396 Alkaloids derived from histidine 398 Imidazole alkaloids 398 Alkaloids derived by amination reactions 400 Acetate-derived alkaloids 401 Phenylalanine-derived alkaloids 401 Terpenoid alkaloids 406 Steroidal alkaloids 406 Purine alkaloids 413 Caffeine 413 Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin 416 Further reading 417 7 Peptides, proteins, and other amino acid derivatives 421 Peptides and proteins 421 Ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 422 Peptide hormones 426 Thyroid hormones 426 Hypothalamic hormones 427 Anterior pituitary hormones 429 Posterior pituitary hormones 430 Pancreatic hormones 432 Interferons 433 Opioid peptides 434 Ribosomal peptide toxins 434 Enzymes 438 Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 438 Modified peptides: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactams 458 Penicillins 458 Cephalosporins 465 Other β-lactams 469 Cyanogenic glycosides 476 Glucosinolates 477 Cysteine sulfoxides 480 Further reading 481 8 Carbohydrates 485 Monosaccharides 485 Oligosaccharides 490 Polysaccharides 493 Aminosugars and aminoglycosides 498 Further reading 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisThis completely revised edition features new material covering membrane research topics including biofuels and greenhouse gases, fuel cells, and medical applications such as blood purification, artificial organs, and tissue engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Overview of Membrane Science and Technology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development of Membranes 1 1.3 Types of Membranes 4 1.3.1 Isotropic Membranes 4 1.3.2 Anisotropic Membranes 6 1.3.3 Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes 6 1.4 Membrane Processes 6 References 13 2. Membrane Transport Theory 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The Solution-Diffusion Model 18 2.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 18 2.2.2 Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes 22 2.2.3 Application of the Solution-Diffusion Model to Specific Processes 27 2.2.4 A Unified View 50 2.3 Structure-Permeability Relationships in Solution-Diffusion Membranes 53 2.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients 55 2.3.2 Sorption Coefficients in Polymers 64 2.4 Pore-Flow Membranes 72 2.4.1 Permeation in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membranes 73 2.4.2 Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusion in Microporous Membranes 79 2.4.3 Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) 86 2.4.4 The Transition Region 89 2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 90 References 92 3. Membranes and Modules 97 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Isotropic Membranes 98 3.2.1 Isotropic Nonporous Membranes 98 3.2.2 Isotropic Microporous Membranes 100 3.3 Anisotropic Membranes 102 3.3.1 Phase separation membranes 104 3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization Membranes 121 3.3.3 Solution-Coated Composite Membranes 125 3.3.4 Other Anisotropic Membranes 128 3.3.5 Repairing Membrane Defects 132 3.4 Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass Membranes 134 3.4.1 Metal Membranes 134 3.4.2 Ceramic Membranes 135 3.4.3 Zeolite Membranes 139 3.4.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 141 3.4.5 Carbon Membranes 145 3.4.6 Microporous Glass Membranes 148 3.5 Liquid Membranes 148 3.6 Hollow Fiber Membranes 148 3.7 Membrane Modules 154 3.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules 155 3.7.2 Tubular Modules 157 3.7.3 Spiral-Wound Modules 158 3.7.4 Hollow Fiber Modules 162 3.7.5 Other Module Types 165 3.8 Module Selection 167 3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 169 References 170 4. Concentration Polarization 179 4.1 Introduction 179 4.2 Boundary Layer Film Model 182 4.3 Determination of the Peclet Number 191 4.4 Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes 193 4.5 Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes 196 4.6 Cross-Flow, Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow 197 4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 204 References 205 5. Reverse Osmosis 207 5.1 Introduction and History 207 5.2 Theoretical Background 208 5.3 Membranes and Materials 213 5.3.1 Cellulosic Membranes 213 5.3.2 Noncellulosic Polymer Membranes 216 5.3.3 Interfacial Composite Membranes 217 5.3.4 Other Membrane Materials 219 5.4 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Categories 220 5.4.1 Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination Membranes 221 5.4.2 Nanofiltration Membranes 222 5.4.3 Hyperfiltration Organic Solvent Separating Membranes 224 5.5 Membrane Selectivity 227 5.6 Membrane Modules 228 5.7 Membrane Fouling Control 231 5.7.1 Scale 231 5.7.2 Silt 233 5.7.3 Biofouling 233 5.7.4 Organic Fouling 235 5.7.5 Membrane Cleaning 236 5.8 Applications 237 5.8.1 Brackish Water Desalination 238 5.8.2 Seawater Desalination 240 5.8.3 Ultrapure Water 241 5.8.4 Wastewater Treatment 242 5.8.5 Nanofiltration 244 5.8.6 Organic Solvent Separation 245 5.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 246 References 247 6. Ultrafiltration 253 6.1 Introduction and History 253 6.2 Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes 254 6.3 Membrane Fouling 257 6.3.1 Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation 257 6.3.2 Concentration Polarization 261 6.3.3 Fouling Control 271 6.4 Membranes 274 6.5 Constant Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications 274 6.5.1 Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Modules 275 6.5.2 Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System Design 278 6.5.3 Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules 282 6.6 Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications 292 6.6.1 Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules 292 6.6.2 Submerged Membrane Modules and System Design 293 6.6.3 Submerged Membrane Applications 296 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 299 References 300 7. Microfiltration 303 7.1 Introduction and History 303 7.2 Background 305 7.2.1 Types of Membrane 305 7.2.2 Membrane Characterization 306 7.2.3 Microfiltration Membranes and Modules 313 7.2.4 Process Design 316 7.3 Applications 320 7.3.1 Sterile Filtration of Pharmaceuticals 322 7.3.2 Sterilization of Wine and Beer 322 7.3.3 Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry 323 7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 323 References 324 8. Gas Separation 325 8.1 Introduction and History 325 8.2 Theoretical Background 326 8.2.1 Polymer Membranes 328 8.2.2 Metal Membranes 337 8.2.3 Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes 337 8.2.4 Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes 338 8.2.5 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 338 8.3 Membrane Modules 338 8.4 Process Design 339 8.4.1 Pressure Ratio 340 8.4.2 Stage-Cut 343 8.4.3 Multistep and Multistage System Designs 345 8.4.4 Recycle Designs 347 8.5 Applications 349 8.5.1 Hydrogen Separations 350 8.5.2 Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation 352 8.5.3 Natural Gas Separations 359 8.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation 361 8.5.5 Vapor/Gas Separations 368 8.5.6 Dehydration of Air 369 8.5.7 Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide/Nitrogen Separations 370 8.5.8 Vapor/Vapor Separations 372 8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 373 References 375 9. Pervaporation 379 9.1 Introduction and History 379 9.2 Theoretical Background 381 9.3 Membrane Materials and Modules 389 9.3.1 Membrane Materials 389 9.3.2 Dehydration Membranes 392 9.3.3 Organic/Water Separation Membranes 393 9.3.4 Organic/Organic Separation Membranes 394 9.3.5 Membrane Modules 395 9.4 System Design 398 9.5 Applications 400 9.5.1 Solvent Dehydration 401 9.5.2 Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water 406 9.5.3 Separation of Organic Mixtures 409 9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 412 References 412 10. Ion Exchange Membrane Processes – Electrodialysis 417 10.1 Introduction/History 417 10.2 Theoretical Background 421 10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes 421 10.3 Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes 423 10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes 425 10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes 426 10.4 Electrodialysis 428 10.4.1 Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density 428 10.4.2 Current Efficiency and Power Consumption 433 10.4.3 System Design 435 10.5 Electrodialysis Applications 438 10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination 438 10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater 438 10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis Separation Applications 440 10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and Ultrapure Water 442 10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes 443 10.6 Fuel Cells 444 10.7 Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes 448 10.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 449 References 449 11. Carrier Facilitated Transport 453 11.1 Introduction/History 453 11.2 Coupled Transport 459 11.2.1 Background 459 11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes 463 11.2.3 Coupled Transport Membranes 468 11.2.4 Applications 472 11.3 Facilitated Transport 473 11.3.1 Background 473 11.3.2 Process Designs 476 11.3.3 Applications 481 11.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 486 References 487 12. Medical Applications of Membranes 493 12.1 Introduction 493 12.2 Hemodialysis 493 12.3 Blood Oxygenators 498 12.4 Plasma Fractionation 500 12.5 Controlled Drug Delivery 501 12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems 502 12.5.2 Biodegradable Systems 510 12.5.3 Osmotic Systems 512 References 518 13. Other Membrane Processes 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Dialysis 521 13.3 Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis) 522 13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and Piezodialysis 526 13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation 529 13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors 532 13.6 Membrane Reactors 538 13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors 541 13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane Reactors 544 13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) 547 13.9 Chiral Drug Separation 551 13.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 552 References 553 Appendix 559 Index 571

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Book SynopsisThe latest edition of this highly acclaimed textbook, provides a comprehensive and up--to--date overview of the science and medical applications of biopharmaceutical products.Trade Review"…contains just about everything that anyone would want to know about the subject…It's all here in this easy-to-read textbook.” (Biochemistry and Molecular Education, March/April 2004) "...well written… (and) copiously illustrated..." (Chemistry & Industry, 17th January 2005) “This book should be recommended reading for all under-graduate course in pharmacy and the pharmaceutical sciences …”. (Cell Biochemistry & Function, March-April 2005)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Chapter 1 Pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals 1 Introduction to pharmaceutical products 1 Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical biotechnology 1 History of the pharmaceutical industry 3 The age of biopharmaceuticals 5 Biopharmaceuticals: current status and future prospects 8 Traditional pharmaceuticals of biological origin 12 Pharmaceuticals of animal origin 13 The sex hormones 14 The androgens 14 Oestrogens 15 Progesterone and progestogens 17 Corticosteroids 19 Catecholamines 21 Prostaglandins 23 Pharmaceutical substances of plant origin 27 Alkaloids 28 Atropine and scopalamine 28 Morphine and cocaine 29 Additional plant alkaloids 30 Ergot alkaloids 30 Flavonoids, xanthines and terpenoids 30 Cardiac glycosides and coumarins 33 Aspirin 33 Pharmaceutical substances of microbial origin 33 The macrolides and ansamycins 38 Peptide and other antibiotics 39 Conclusion 39 Further reading 40 Chapter 2 The drug development process 43 Drug discovery 44 The impact of genomics and related technologies upon drug discovery 45 Gene chips 47 Proteomics 49 Structural genomics 50 Pharmacogenetics 51 Plants as a source of drugs 52 Microbial drugs 53 Rational drug design 54 Combinatorial approaches to drug discovery 56 Initial product characterization 57 Patenting 57 What is a patent and what is patentable? 57 Patent types 62 The patent application 63 Patenting in biotechnology 64 Delivery of biopharmaceuticals 66 Oral delivery systems 66 Pulmonary delivery 67 Nasal, transmucosal and transdermal delivery systems 68 Pre-clinical trials 69 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 69 Toxicity studies 71 Reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity 71 Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and other tests 72 Clinical trials 73 Clinical trial design 75 Trial size and study population 75 Randomized control studies 76 Additional trial designs 76 The role and remit of regulatory authorities 78 The Food and Drug Administration 78 The investigational new drug application 80 The new drug application 82 European regulations 84 National regulatory authorities 84 The EMEA and the new EU drug approval systems 85 The centralized procedure 86 Mutual recognition 88 Drug registration in Japan 88 World harmonization of drug approvals 89 Conclusion 89 Further reading 89 Chapter 3 The drug manufacturing process 93 International pharmacopoeia 93 Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia 94 Guides to good manufacturing practice 94 The manufacturing facility 97 Clean rooms 98 Cleaning, decontamination and sanitation (CDS) 101 CDS of the general manufacturing area 102 CDS of process equipment 102 Water for biopharmaceutical processing 104 Generation of purified water and water for injections (WFI) 105 Distribution system for WFI 107 Documentation 109 Specifications 110 Manufacturing formulae, processing and packaging instructions 110 Records 111 Generation of manufacturing records 111 Sources of biopharmaceuticals 112 E. coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic proteins 112 Expression of recombinant proteins in animal cell culture systems 116 Additional production systems: yeasts 116 Fungal production systems 117 Transgenic animals 118 Transgenic plants 122 Insect cell-based systems 123 Production of final product 124 Cell banking systems 127 Upstream processing 128 Microbial cell fermentation 129 Mammalian cell culture systems 133 Downstream processing 134 Final product formulation 140 Some influences that can alter the biological activity of proteins 142 Proteolytic degradation 143 Protein deamidation 144 Oxidation and disulphide exchange 145 Alteration of glycoprotein glycosylation patterns 147 Stabilizing excipients used in final product formulations 150 Final product fill 153 Freeze-drying 155 Labelling and packing 158 Analysis of the final product 159 Protein-based contaminants 159 Removal of altered forms of the protein of interest from the product stream 160 Product potency 161 Determination of protein concentration 163 Detection of protein-based product impurities 164 Capillary electrophoresis 166 High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 167 Mass spectrometry 168 Immunological approaches to detection of contaminants 168 Amino acid analysis 169 Peptide mapping 170 N-terminal sequencing 171 Analysis of secondary and tertiary structure 173 Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants 173 Endotoxin, the molecule 174 Pyrogen detection 176 Dna 179 Microbial and viral contaminants 180 Viral assays 181 Miscellaneous contaminants 182 Validation studies 183 Further reading 185 Chapter 4 The cytokines —the interferon family 189 Cytokines 189 Cytokine receptors 194 Cytokines as biopharmaceuticals 195 The interferons 196 The biochemistry of interferon-a 197 Interferon-b 198 Interferon-g 198 Interferon signal transduction 198 The interferon receptors 199 The JAK–STAT pathway 199 The interferon JAK–STAT pathway 202 The biological effects of interferons 203 The eIF-2a protein kinase system 207 Interferon biotechnology 207 Production and medical uses of IFN-a 210 Medical uses of IFN-b 213 Medical applications of IFN-g 214 Interferon toxicity 216 Additional interferons 218 Conclusion 219 Further reading 219 Chapter 5 Cytokines: interleukins and tumour necrosis factor 223 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) 225 IL-2 production 228 IL-2 and cancer treatment 228 IL-2 and infectious diseases 230 Safety issues 231 Inhibition of IL-2 activity 231 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) 232 The biological activities of IL- 1 233 IL-1 biotechnology 234 Interleukin-3: biochemistry and biotechnology 235 Interleukin- 4 236 Interleukin- 6 238 Interleukin- 11 240 Interleukin- 5 241 Interleukin- 12 244 Tumour necrosis factors (TNFs) 246 TNF biochemistry 246 Biological activities of TNF-a 247 Immunity and inflammation 248 TNF receptors 249 TNF: therapeutic aspects 250 Further reading 252 Chapter 6 Haemopoietic growth factors 255 The interleukins as haemopoietic growth factors 257 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 258 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) 259 Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 259 Clinical application of CSFs 261 Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 263 Erythropoietin (EPO) 264 The EPO receptor and signal transduction 267 Regulation of EPO production 267 Therapeutic applications of EPO 268 Chronic disease and cancer chemotherapy 271 Additional non-renal applications 272 Tolerability 273 Thrombopoietin 273 Further reading 275 Chapter 7 Growth factors 277 Growth factors and wound healing 277 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 279 IGF biochemistry 280 IGF receptors 280 IGF-binding proteins 282 Biological effects 282 IGF and fetal development 283 IGFs and growth 283 Renal and reproductive effects 284 Neuronal and other effects 285 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 285 The EGF receptor 286 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 287 The PDGF receptor and signal transduction 288 PDGF and wound healing 289 Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 289 Transforming growth factors (TGFs) 290 TGF-a 290 TGF-b 292 Neurotrophic factors 293 The neurotrophins 294 Neurotrophin receptors 296 The neurotrophin low-affinity receptor 297 Ciliary neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor 297 Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative disease 298 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and peripheral neuropathy 298 Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain 298 Further reading 300 Chapter 8 Hormones of therapeutic interest 303 Insulin 303 Diabetes mellitus 304 The insulin molecule 304 The insulin receptor and signal transduction 307 Insulin production 307 Enzymatic conversion of porcine insulin 311 Production of human insulin by recombinant DNA technology 312 Formulation of insulin products 314 Engineered insulins 317 Additional means of insulin administration 320 Treating diabetics with insulin-producing cells 321 Glucagon 321 Human growth hormone (hGH) 324 Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) and inhibitory factor (GHRIF) 325 The GH receptor 325 Biological effects of GH 327 Therapeutic uses of GH 328 Recombinant hGH (rhGH) and pituitary dwarfism 328 Idiopathic short stature and Turner’s syndrome 330 Metabolic effects of hGH 330 GH, lactation and ovulation 331 The gonadotrophins 331 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) 331 Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) 335 The inhibins and activins 337 LHRH and regulation of gonadotrophin production 338 Medical and veterinary applications of gonadotrophins 339 Sources and medical uses of FSH, LHand hCG 340 Recombinant gonadotrophins 342 Veterinary uses of gonadotrophins 344 Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) 345 Additional recombinant hormones now approved 345 Conclusions 348 Further reading 348 Chapter 9 Blood products and therapeutic enzymes 351 Disease transmission 351 Whole blood 353 Platelets and red blood cells 353 Blood substitutes 353 Dextrans 354 Albumin 355 Gelatin 357 Oxygen-carrying blood substitutes 357 Haemostasis 358 The coagulation pathway 358 Terminal steps of coagulation pathway 361 Clotting disorders 365 Factor VIII and haemophilia 366 Production of Factor VIII 368 Factors IX, VII a and XIII 371 Anticoagulants 372 Heparin 372 Vitamin Kantimetabolites 375 Hirudin 375 Antithrombin 379 Thrombolytic agents 380 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 381 First-generation tPA 383 Engineered tPA 383 Streptokinase 385 Urokinase 386 Staphylokinase 386 a1 -Antitrypsin 388 Enzymes of therapeutic value 389 Asparaginase 390 DNase 392 Glucocerebrosidase 393 a-Galactosidase and urate oxidase 395 Superoxide dismutase 397 Debriding agents 397 Digestive aids 398 Lactase 400 Further reading 400 Chapter 10 Antibodies, vaccines and adjuvants 403 Polyclonal antibody preparations 403 Anti-D immunoglobulin 406 Normal immunoglobulins 407 Hepatitis Band tetanus immunoglobulin 407 Snake and spider antivenins 408 Monoclonal antibodies 409 Production of monoclonals via hybridoma technology 411 Antibody screening: phage display technology 412 Therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies 414 Tumour immunology 415 Antibody-based strategies for tumour detection/destruction 417 Drug-based tumour immunotherapy 424 First-generation anti-tumour antibodies: clinical disappointment 426 Tumour-associated antigens 426 Antigenicity of murine monoclonals 428 Chimaeric and humanized antibodies 429 Antibody fragments 432 Additional therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies 433 Cardiovascular and related disease 433 Infectious diseases 433 Autoimmune disease 434 Transplantation 434 Vaccine technology 435 Traditional vaccine preparations 436 Attenuated, dead or inactivated bacteria 438 Attenuated and inactivated viral vaccines 439 Toxoids, antigen-based and other vaccine preparations 440 The impact of genetic engineering on vaccine technology 441 Peptide vaccines 444 Vaccine vectors 445 Development of an AIDS vaccine 447 Difficulties associated with vaccine development 450 AIDS vaccines in clinical trials 450 Cancer vaccines 452 Recombinant veterinary vaccines 452 Adjuvant technology 453 Adjuvant mode of action 455 Mineral-based adjuvants 455 Oil-based emulsion adjuvants 455 Bacteria/bacterial products as adjuvants 457 Additional adjuvants 458 Further reading 460 Chapter 11 Nucleic acid therapeutics 463 Gene therapy 463 Basic approach to gene therapy 464 Some additional questions 467 Vectors used in gene therapy 468 Retroviral vectors 468 Additional viral-based vectors 472 Manufacture of viral vectors 474 Non-viral vectors 476 Manufacture of plasmid DNA 480 Gene therapy and genetic disease 482 Gene therapy and cancer 485 Gene therapy and AIDS 486 Gene-based vaccines 488 Gene therapy: some additional considerations 488 Anti-sense technology 488 Anti-sense oligonucleotides 490 Uses, advantages and disadvantages of ‘oligos’ 491 Delivery and cellular uptake of oligonucleotides 493 Manufacture of oligonucleotides 493 Vitravene, an approved antisense agent 494 Antigene sequences and ribozymes 494 Conclusion 495 Further reading 496 Appendix 1 Biopharmaceuticals thus far approved in the USA or European Union 499 Appendix 2 Some Internet addresses relevant to the biopharmaceutical sector 509 Appendix 3 Two selected monographs reproduced from the European Pharmacopoeia with permission from the European Commission: I. Products of recombinant DNA technology 515 II. Interferon a-2 concentrated solution 520 Appendix 4 Manufacture of biological medicinal products for human use. (Annex 2 from The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Community, Vol. 4, Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products) 527 Index 533

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Book SynopsisPaves the way for new industrial applications using redox biocatalysis Increasingly, researchers rely on the use of enzymes to perform redox processes as they search for novel industrial synthetic routes. In order to support and advance their investigations, this book provides a comprehensive and current overview of the use of redox enzymes and enzyme-mediated oxidative processes, with an emphasis on the role of redox enzymes in chemical transformations. The authors examine the full range of topics in the field, from basic principles to new and emerging research and applications. Moreover, they explore everything from laboratory-scale procedures to industrial manufacturing. Redox Biocatalysis begins with a discussion of the biochemical features of redox enzymes as well as cofactors and cofactor regeneration methods. Next, the authors present a variety of topics and materials to the research and development of full-scale industrial applications, including:Table of ContentsPREFACE ix 1. Enzymes Involved in Redox Reactions: Natural Sources and Mechanistic Overview 1 1.1 Motivation: Green Chemistry and Biocatalysis 1 1.2 Sources of Biocatalysts 2 1.2.1 Plants and Animals as Sources of Redox Biocatalysts 3 1.2.2 Wild-Type Microorganisms 7 1.2.2.1 Yeasts 7 1.2.2.2 Fungi 8 1.2.2.3 Bacteria 8 1.2.3 Metagenomic Assessments 9 1.3 Overview of Redox Enzymes 10 1.3.1 Dehydrogenases 13 1.3.1.1 Zn-Dependent Dehydrogenases 14 1.3.1.2 Flavin-Dependent Dehydrogenases 15 1.3.1.3 Pterin-Dependent Dehydrogenases 16 1.3.1.4 Quinoprotein Dehydrogenases 17 1.3.1.5 Dehydrogenases without Prosthetic Group 18 1.3.2 Oxygenases 19 1.3.2.1 Monooxygenases 20 1.3.2.2 Dioxygenases 38 1.3.3 Oxidases 50 1.3.3.1 Iron-Containing Oxidases 50 1.3.3.2 Copper-Containing Oxidases 51 1.3.3.3 Flavin-Dependent Oxidases 56 1.3.4 Peroxidases 61 1.4 Concluding Remarks 64 References 64 2. Natural Cofactors and Their Regeneration Strategies 86 2.1 Types of Natural Cofactors—Mechanisms 86 2.2 Cofactor Regeneration 88 2.2.1 Enzymatic Regeneration of Reduced Cofactors 88 2.2.1.1 Substrate-Assisted Method 88 2.2.1.2 Enzyme-Assisted Method 89 2.2.2 Enzymatic Regeneration of Oxidized Cofactors 92 2.2.3 Chemical Regeneration of Cofactors 94 2.2.4 Electrochemical Regeneration of Cofactors 95 2.2.5 Photochemical Regeneration of Cofactors 96 2.3 Concluding Remarks 97 References 98 3. Reactions Involving Dehydrogenases 101 3.1 General Considerations 101 3.2 Reduction of Carbonyl Groups 105 3.2.1 Reduction of Aliphatic and Aromatic Ketones 106 3.2.2 Reduction of α- and β-keto Esters and Derivatives 119 3.2.3 Reduction of Diketones 126 3.2.4 Reduction of Aldehydes 128 3.3 Racemization and Deracemization Reactions 130 3.4 Preparation of Amines 135 3.5 Reduction of C–C Double Bonds 142 3.6 Oxidation Reactions 152 3.7 Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Redox Reactions in Natural Products 159 3.8 Concluding Remarks 164 References 165 4. Reactions Involving Oxygenases 180 4.1 Monooxygenase-Catalyzed Reactions 180 4.1.1 Hydroxylation of Aliphatic Compounds 181 4.1.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 187 4.1.3 Baeyer–Villiger Reactions 189 4.1.3.1 Classification and Metabolic Role of BVMOs 192 4.1.3.2 Isolated Enzymes versus Whole-Cell Systems (Wild-Type and Recombinant Microorganisms) 194 4.1.3.3 Substrate Profile of Available Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases 195 4.1.3.4 Synthetic Applications of BVMOs 201 4.1.4 Epoxidation of Alkenes 240 4.2 Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Reactions 251 4.2.1 Aromatic Dioxygenases 251 4.2.1.1 Dihydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 251 4.2.1.2 Other Oxidation Reactions Performed by Aromatic Dioxygenases 274 4.2.2 Miscellaneous Dioxygenases 279 4.2.2.1 Lipoxygenase 279 4.3 Concluding Remarks 285 References 286 5. Reactions Involving Oxidases and Peroxidases 303 5.1 Oxidase-Catalyzed Reactions 304 5.1.1 Oxidases Acting on C–O Bonds 304 5.1.1.1 Galactose Oxidase 304 5.1.1.2 Pyranose Oxidase 308 5.1.1.3 Alcohol Oxidase 311 5.1.1.4 Glucose Oxidase 313 5.1.1.5 Glycolate Oxidase 313 5.1.2 Laccases and Tyrosinases (Phenol Oxidases) 315 5.1.2.1 Laccase 315 5.1.2.2 Tyrosinase and Other Polyphenol Oxidases 352 5.1.3 Oxidases Acting on C–N Bonds 361 5.1.3.1 d-Amino Acid Oxidase 361 5.1.3.2 l-Amino Acid Oxidase 368 5.1.3.3 Monoamine Oxidase 368 5.1.3.4 Copper Amine Oxidases 371 5.1.4 Miscellaneous 371 5.1.4.1 Cholesterol Oxidase 372 5.1.4.2 Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase 373 5.1.4.3 Alditol Oxidase 373 5.2 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reactions 375 5.2.1 Peroxidase Mediated Transformations 379 5.2.1.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation (2 RH + H2O2 → 2 R• + 2 H2O→R-R) 379 5.2.1.2 Oxidative Halogenation (RH + H2O2 +X− + H+→RX + 2 H2O) 385 5.2.1.3 Oxygen-Transfer Reactions (RH + H2O2 → ROH + H2O) 390 5.3 Concluding Remarks 403 References 404 6. Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidations 433 6.1 Hydrolase Promiscuity and in situ Peracid Formation. Perhydrolases vs. Hydrolases. Other Promiscuous Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidations 433 6.2 Hydrolase-Mediated Bulk Oxidations in Aqueous Media (e.g., Bleaching, Disinfection, etc.) 436 6.3 Lipase-Mediated Oxidations: Prileshajev Epoxidations and Baeyer–Villiger Reactions 439 6.4 Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidation and Processing of Lignocellulosic Materials 445 6.5 Concluding Remarks 448 References 448 7. Bridging Gaps: From Enzyme Discovery to Bioprocesses 453 7.1 Context 453 7.2 Enzyme Directed Evolution and High-Throughput-Screening of Biocatalysts 454 7.3 Successful Case: Baker’s Yeast Redox Enzymes, Their Cloning, and Separate Overexpression 467 7.4 Whole-Cells vs. Isolated Enzymes: Medium Engineering 473 7.5 Beyond: Multistep Domino Biocatalytic Processes 477 7.6 Concluding Remarks 482 References 483 8. Industrial Applications of Biocatalytic Redox Reactions: From Academic Curiosities to Robust Processes 487 8.1 Motivation: Drivers for Industrial Biocatalytic Processes 487 8.2 Key Aspects in Industrial Biocatalytic Processes 488 8.3 Industrial Biocatalytic Redox Processes: Free Enzymes 492 8.4 Industrial Biocatalytic Redox Processes—Whole-Cells: The “Designer Bug” Concept and Beyond (Metabolic Engineering) 500 8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 511 References 516 INDEX 521

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Book SynopsisThis book collects some of papers presented at the very successful Symposium Polymer Derived Ceramics and Composites in the framework of the 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology. There, over 70 researchers from around the world discussed their latest innovations over four full days. It covers all the main aspects of interdisciplinary research and development in the field of Polymer-Derived-Ceramics, from the precursor synthesis and characteristics to the polymer-to-ceramic conversion, from processing and shaping of preceramic polymers into ceramic components to their microstructure at the nano- and micro-scale, from their properties to their most relevant applications in different fields.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION Poly[(Silylyne)Ethynylene] and Poly[(Silylene)Ethynylene]: New Precursors for the Efficient Synthesis of Silicon Carbide 3 Soichiro Kyushin, Hiroyuki Shiraiwa, Masafumi Kubota, Keisuke Negishi, Kiyohito Okamura, and Kenji Suzuki Synthesis of a Catalyst-Loaded SiC Material from Si-Based Polymer 7 Akira Idesaki, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa Solid-State NMR Studies on Precursor-Derived Si-B-C-N Ceramics 13 Otgontuul Tsetsgee and Klaus Müller Intermediate-Range Order in Polymer-Route Si-C-0 Fibers by High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction and Reverse Monte Carlo Modelling 33 Kentaro Suzuya, Shinji Kohara, Kiyohito Okamura, Hiroshi Ichikawa, and Kenji Suzuki Evaluation of Heat Stability of Si-O-C Fibers Derived from Polymethylsilsesquioxane 39 Masaki Narisawa, Ryu-lchi Sumimoto, Ken-Ichiro Kita, Yayoi Satoh, Hiroshi Mabuchi, Young-Wook Kim, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa Investigation of Nano Porous SiC Based Fibers Synthesized by Precursor Method 45 Ken'ichiro Kita, Masaki Narisawa, Atsushi Nakahira, Hiroshi Mabuchi, Masayoshi Itoh, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS Mullite Monoliths, Coatings and Composites from a Preceramic Polymer Containing Alumina Nano-Sized Particles 53 E. Bernardo, G. Parcianello, P. Colombo, J. Adler, and D. Boettge Functionally Graded Ceramics Derived from Preceramic Polymers 61 Martin Steinau, Nahum Travitzky, Timo Zipperle, and Peter Greil Generation of Ceramic Layers on Transition Metals via Reaction with SiCN-Precursors 73 C. Delpero, W. Krenkel, and G. Motz Facile Ceramic Micro-Structure Generation Using Electrohydrodynamic Processing and Pyrolysis 81 Z. Ahmad, M. Nangrejo, U. Farook, E.Stride, M. Edirisinghe, E. Bernardo, and P. Colombo Development of Si-N Based Hydrogen Separation Membrane 87 Keita Miyajima, Tomokazu Eda, Haruka Ohta, Yasunori Ando, Shigeo Nagaya, Tomoyuki Ohba, and Yuji Iwamoto Porous Polymer Derived Ceramics Decorated with In-Situ Grown Nanowires 95 Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu and Paolo Colombo Synthesis of Ceramic Nano Fiber from Precursor Polymer by Single Particle Nano-Fabrication Technique 105 Masaki Sugimoto, Akira Idesaki, Masahito Yoshikawa, Shogo Watanabe, and Shu Seki Synthesis of Novel SiBNC Fiber Precursor by a One-Pot Route 111 Yun Tang, Jun Wang, Xiao-dong Li, and Yi Wang Preparation of SiC Ceramic Fibers Containing CNT 117 Xiaodong Li, Haizhe Wang, Dafang Zhao, and Qingling Fang Preparation and Properties of Non-Circular Cross-Section SiC Fibers from a Preceramic Polymer 121 Wang Yingde, Liu Xuguang, Wanglei, Lan Xinyan, Xue Jingen, Jiang Yonggang, and Zhong Wenli Economy of Fuel Gas in a Combustion Furnace by Means of Si-C-Zr-0 Tyranno-Fiber Mat Sheets Converting High Temperature Gas Enthalpy into Radiant Heat Rays 127 Kenji Suzuki, Kiyotaka Ito, Matsumi Tabuchi, and Masaki Shibuya Author Index 137

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Book SynopsisAs the ability to produce nanomaterials advances, it becomes more important to understand how the energy of the atoms in these materials is affected by their reduced dimensions.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS IN NANOSCALE MATERIALS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanosphere: Surface Energy is Equivalent to Gibbs–Thomson Potential 3 1.3 Nanosphere: Lower Melting Point 6 1.4 Nanosphere: Fewer Homogeneous Nucleation and its Effect on Phase Diagram 10 1.5 Nanosphere: Kirkendall Effect and Instability of Hollow Nanospheres 13 1.6 Nanosphere: Inverse Kirkendall Effect in Hollow Nano Alloy Spheres 17 1.7 Nanosphere: Combining Kirkendall Effect and Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Concentric Bilayer Hollow Nanosphere 18 1.8 Nano Hole: Instability of a Donut-Type Nano Hole in a Membrane 19 1.9 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metal and Silicon Nanowires 21 1.10 Nanowire: Nanogap in Silicon Nanowires 22 1.11 Nanowire: Lithiation in Silicon Nanowires 26 1.12 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metallic Nanowires 27 1.13 Nano Thin Film: Explosive Reaction in Periodic Multilayered Nano Thin Films 28 1.14 Nano Microstructure in Bulk Samples: Nanotwins 30 1.15 Nano Microstructure on the Surface of a Bulk Sample: Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) of Steel 32 References 33 Problems 35 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DIFFUSION 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Linear Diffusion 38 2.2.1 Atomic Flux 39 2.2.2 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion 40 2.2.3 Chemical Potential 43 2.2.4 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion 45 2.2.5 Flux Divergence 47 2.2.6 Tracer Diffusion 49 2.2.7 Diffusivity 51 2.2.8 Experimental Measurement of the Parameters in Diffusivity 53 2.3 Nonlinear Diffusion 57 2.3.1 Nonlinear Effect due to Kinetic Consideration 58 2.3.2 Nonlinear Effect due to Thermodynamic Consideration 59 2.3.3 Combining Thermodynamic and Kinetic Nonlinear Effects 62 References 63 Problems 64 CHAPTER 3 KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND INVERSE KIRKENDALL EFFECT 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Kirkendall Effect 69 3.2.1 Darken’s Analysis of Kirkendall Shift and Marker Motion 72 3.2.2 Boltzmann and Matano Analysis of Interdiffusion Coefficient 76 3.2.3 Activity and Intrinsic Diffusivity 80 3.2.4 Kirkendall (Frenkel) Voiding Without Lattice Shift 84 3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect 84 3.3.1 Physical Meaning of Inverse Kirkendall Effect 86 3.3.2 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on the Instability of an Alloy Nanoshell 88 3.3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Segregation in a Regular Solution Nanoshell 90 3.4 Interaction Between Kirkendall Effect and Gibbs–Thomson Effect in the Formation of a Spherical Compound Nanoshell 93 References 97 Problems 97 CHAPTER 4 RIPENING AMONG NANOPRECIPITATES 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Ham’s Model of Growth of a Spherical Precipitate (Cr is Constant) 101 4.3 Mean-Field Consideration 103 4.4 Gibbs–Thomson Potential 105 4.5 Growth and Dissolution of a Spherical Nanoprecipitate in a Mean Field 106 4.6 LSW Theory of Kinetics of Particle Ripening 108 4.7 Continuity Equation in Size Space 113 4.8 Size Distribution Function in Conservative Ripening 114 4.9 Further Developments of LSW Theory 115 References 115 Problems 116 CHAPTER 5 SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION 118 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Implication of Diffusion Equation in Homogenization and Decomposition 121 5.3 Spinodal Decomposition 123 5.3.1 Concentration Gradient in an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 123 5.3.2 Energy of Mixing to Form a Homogeneous Solid Solution 124 5.3.3 Energy of Mixing to Form an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 126 5.3.4 Chemical Potential in Inhomogeneous Solution 129 5.3.5 Coherent Strain Energy 131 5.3.6 Solution of the Diffusion Equation 134 References 136 Problems 136 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEATION EVENTS IN BULK MATERIALS, THIN FILMS, AND NANOWIRES 138 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nucleation 140 6.2.1 Thermodynamics of Nucleation 140 6.2.2 Kinetics of Nucleation 143 6.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Grain Boundaries of Bulk Materials 148 6.3.1 Morphology of Grain Boundary Precipitates 150 6.3.2 Introducing an Epitaxial Interface to Heterogeneous Nucleation 151 6.3.3 Replacive Mechanism of a Grain Boundary 154 6.4 No Homogeneous Nucleation in Epitaxial Growth of Si Thin Film on Si Wafer 156 6.5 Repeating Homogeneous Nucleation of Silicide in Nanowires of Si 160 6.5.1 Point Contact Reactions in Nanowires 161 6.5.2 Homogeneous Nucleation of Epitaxial Silicide in Nanowires of Si 164 References 168 Problems 168 CHAPTER 7 CONTACT REACTIONS ON Si; PLANE, LINE, AND POINT CONTACT REACTIONS 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Bulk Cases 175 7.2.1 Kidson’s Analysis of Diffusion-Controlled Planar Growth 175 7.2.2 Steady State Approximation in Layered Growth of Multiple Phases 178 7.2.3 Marker Analysis 179 7.2.4 Interdiffusion Coefficient in Intermetallic Compound 182 7.2.5 Wagner Diffusivity 186 7.3 Thin Film Cases 187 7.3.1 Diffusion-Controlled and Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 187 7.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 188 7.3.3 Kinetics of Competitive Growth of Two-Layered Phases 193 7.3.4 First Phase in Silicide Formation 194 7.4 Nanowire Cases 196 7.4.1 Point Contact Reactions 197 7.4.2 Line Contact Reactions 202 7.4.3 Planar Contact Reactions 208 References 208 Problems 209 CHAPTER 8 GRAIN GROWTH IN MICRO AND NANOSCALE 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 How to Generate a Polycrystalline Microstructure 213 8.3 Computer Simulation of Grain Growth 216 8.3.1 Atomistic Simulation Based on Monte Carlo Method 216 8.3.2 Phenomenological Simulations 217 8.4 Statistical Distribution Functions of Grain Size 219 8.5 Deterministic (Dynamic) Approach to Grain Growth 221 8.6 Coupling Between Grain Growth of a Central Grain and the Rest of Grains 225 8.7 Decoupling the Grain Growth of a Central Grain from the Rest of Grains in the Normalized Size Space 226 8.8 Grain Growth in 2D Case in the Normalized Size Space 229 8.9 Grain Rotation 231 8.9.1 Grain Rotation in Anisotropic Thin Films Under Electromigration 232 References 237 Problems 238 CHAPTER 9 SELF-SUSTAINED REACTIONS IN NANOSCALE MULTILAYERED THIN FILMS 240 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 The Selection of a Pair of Metallic Thin Films for SHS 243 9.3 A Simple Model of Single-Phase Growth in Self-Sustained Reaction 245 9.4 A Simple Estimate of Flame Velocity in Steady State Heat Transfer 250 9.5 Comparison in Phase Formation by Annealing and by Explosive Reaction in Al/Ni 251 9.6 Self-Explosive Silicidation Reactions 251 References 255 Problems 256 CHAPTER 10 FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF NANOTWINS IN COPPER 258 10.1 Introduction 258 10.2 Formation of Nanotwins in Cu 260 10.2.1 First Principle Calculation of Energy of Formation of Nanotwins 260 10.2.2 In Situ Measurement of Stress Evolution for Nanotwin Formation During Pulse Electrodeposition of Cu 264 10.2.3 Formation of Nanotwin Cu in Through-Silicon Vias 266 10.3 Formation and Transformation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 269 10.3.1 Formation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 270 10.3.2 Unidirectional Growth of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound on Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu 270 10.3.3 Transformation of ⟨111⟩ Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu to ⟨100⟩ Oriented Single Crystal of Cu 274 10.4 Potential Applications of Nanotwinned Cu 276 10.4.1 To Reduce Electromigration in Interconnect Technology 276 10.4.2 To Eliminate Kirkendall Voids in Microbump Packaging Technology 277 References 278 Problems 278 APPENDIX A LAPLACE PRESSURE IN NONSPHERICAL NANOPARTICLE 280 APPENDIX B INTERDIFFUSION COEFFICIENT Þ D = CBMG′′ 282 APPENDIX C NONEQUILIBRIUM VACANCIES AND CROSS-EFFECTS ON INTERDIFFUSION IN A PSEUDO-TERNARY ALLOY 285 APPENDIX D INTERACTION BETWEEN KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND GIBBS–THOMSON EFFECT IN THE FORMATION OF A SPHERICAL COMPOUND NANOSHELL 289 INDEX 293

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Book SynopsisDrawing from thousands of original research articles, this book focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Acronyms and Symbols xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Phase Diagrams of Single Fluids 1 1.2 The Critical Point 3 1.3 Supercritical Fluids as Solvents 5 1.4 Gaseous and Liquid Water 8 1.5 Near-Critical Water 15 1.6 Summary 17 2 Bulk Properties of SCW 22 2.1 Equations of State(EoS) 22 2.1.1 PVT Data for SCW 22 2.1.2 Classical Equations of State of SCW 24 2.1.3 Scaling Equations of State for SCW 26 2.1.4 EoS of Supercritical Heavy Water 29 2.2 Thermophysical Properties of SCW 30 2.2.1 Heat Capacity 30 2.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy 32 2.2.3 Sound Velocity 34 2.3 Electrical and Optical Properties 34 2.3.1 Static Relative Permittivity 34 2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity 37 2.3.3 Light Refraction 38 2.4 Transport Properties 39 2.4.1 Viscosity 39 2.4.2 Self-Diffusion 41 2.4.3 Thermal Conductivity 42 2.5 Ionic Dissociation of SCW 44 2.6 Properties Related to the Solvent Power of SCW 47 2.7 Summary 49 3 Molecular Properties of SCW 57 3.1 Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 60 3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 61 3.1.2 Neutron Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 62 3.2 Computer Simulations of SCW 66 3.2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 67 3.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 70 3.3 Spectroscopic Studies of SCW 74 3.3.1 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy 74 3.3.2 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy 77 3.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 79 3.3.4 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy 82 3.4 The Extent of Hydrogen Bonding in SCW 83 3.5 The Dynamics of Water Molecules in SCW 90 3.6 Summary 92 4 SCW as a “Green” Solvent 100 4.1 Solutions of Gases in SCW 101 4.1.1 Phase Equilibria 101 4.1.2 Interactions in the Solutions 104 4.2 Solutions of Organic Substances in SCW 106 4.2.1 Phase Equilibria 106 4.2.2 Interactions in the Solutions 111 4.3 Solutions of Salts and Ions in SCW 115 4.3.1 Solubilities of Salts and Electrolytes 115 4.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 121 4.3.3 Transport Properties 123 4.3.4 Ion Association in SCW 129 4.3.5 Ion Hydration in SCW 134 4.4 Binary Mixtures of Cosolvents with SCW 138 4.5 Summary 141 5 Applications of SCW 151 5.1 Conversion of Organic Substances to Fuel 152 5.1.1 Conversion to Hydrogen and Natural Gas 152 5.1.2 Conversion to Liquid Fuel 156 5.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation 157 5.2.1 General Aspects of SCWO Process 158 5.2.2 Examples of SCWO Applications 160 5.3 Uses of SCW in Organic Synthesis 162 5.4 Uses in Powder Technology of Inorganic Substances 164 5.5 Geothermal Aspects of SCW 166 5.6 Application of SCW in Nuclear Reactors 169 5.7 Corrosion Problems with SCW 171 5.8 Summary 174 Author Index 183 Subject Index 199

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Book SynopsisCovering the chemical structures and properties of fuels and fuel additives, Fuels and Fuels-Additives provides the science and technology involved in the production of energy efficient and environmentally friendly fuels and the role that fuel additives have in this process.Trade Review“The extensive and varied list of references will be of value to those working in the field even though some of the material listed appears to be from rather inaccessible sources.” (Energy Technology, 1 October 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Petroleum-Based Fuels – An outlook 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Issues 4 1.3 Classification of Fuels 6 References 8 2 Emission Regulation of Automotive Vehicles and Quality of Automotive Fuels 11 2.1 Direct Regulation of Emissions 11 2.1.1 Emission Standards in Europe 13 2.1.2 US (EPA) Emission Standards 14 2.1.3 Emission Regulation in Japan 25 2.1.4 Emission Standards in India 25 2.1.5 Emission Standards in China 33 2.2 Indirect Emission Regulations (International Standards) 34 References 45 3 Fuels from Crude Oil (Petroleum) 48 3.1 Crude Oil 48 3.2 Crude Oil Refining 52 3.2.1 Separation and Extraction Processes 52 3.2.2 Change of Quality and Yield of Hydrocarbon Fractions 57 References 105 4 Alternative Fuels 121 4.1 Light (Gaseous) Hydrocarbons 123 4.2 Propane-Butane Gas 123 4.3 Mixtures of Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons 127 4.3.1 Liquid Synthetic Hydrocarbon Mixtures from Synthesis Gas 128 4.3.2 Biogas Oils from Triglycerides 133 4.3.3 Production of Bioparaffins from Lignocellulose and Carbohydrates 136 4.4 Oxygen-Containing Engine Fuels and Blending Components 136 4.4.1 Alcohols 137 4.4.2 Ethers 144 4.4.3 Vegetable Oils and Their Oxygen-Containing Derivatives 145 4.5 Hydrogen 152 4.5.1 Production of Hydrogen 152 4.5.2 Main Characteristic of Hydrogen 156 4.5.3 Hydrogen Storage on Vehicle and Reloading 157 References 159 5 Fuel Additives 177 5.1 Consumption of Additives (Demands) 182 5.2 Engine Deposits and their Control 184 5.2.1 Deposits in Gasoline Engines 184 5.2.2 Deposit Control Additives (Detergent Dispersants) 188 5.2.3 Deposits and Their Control in Diesel Engines 201 5.2.4 Detergent Additives and Exhaust Emissions 204 5.2.5 Tests for DD Additives in Engines 205 5.2.6 Advantages of using DD Additives in Fuels 208 5.3 Antiknock Additives (Octane Number Improvers) 209 5.3.1 “Knocking” 209 5.3.2 Octane Number 209 5.3.3 Octane Number Improver Additives 210 5.4 Cetane Number Improver 213 5.4.1 Cetane Number Improver Additives 215 5.4.2 Cetane Number Measurement 217 5.4.3 Cetane Index 217 5.5 Fuel Antioxidants (Stabilizers) 217 5.5.1 Increasing Storage Stability 218 5.5.2 Oxidation of Fuels 218 5.5.3 Chemical Mechanism of Antioxidants 219 5.5.4 Types of Antioxidants 220 5.6 Metal Deactivators/Passivators 223 5.7 Corrosion Inhibitors 225 5.7.1 Mechanism of Rusting/Corrosion 225 5.7.2 Anticorrosion Compounds 227 5.8 Antistatic Agents 228 5.9 Lubricity Improvers 229 5.10 Friction Modifiers 233 5.11 Dehazer and Demulsifiers 237 5.12 Combustion Improvers 238 5.12.1 Conventional Approaches 239 5.12.2 Unconventional Approaches 242 5.13 Flow Improvers and Paraffin Dispersants of Fuels 243 5.13.1 Characteristics of Middle Distillate Fuel at Low Temperatures 245 5.13.2 Pour Point Depressants 246 5.13.3 Flow Improver Additives 247 5.13.4 Paraffin Dispersants 248 5.13.5 Distillate Operability Test (DOT Test) 253 5.14 Drag Reducers 253 5.15 Anti-icing Additives 255 5.16 Antifoam Additives 255 5.17 Biocides 256 5.18 Coloring Matters and Markers 256 5.19 Additive Compositions 256 References 257 6 Blending of Fuels 270 6.1 Blending of Gasolines 270 6.2 Blending of Diesel Gasoils 271 7 Properties of Motor Fuels and Their Effects on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1 Effects of Gasoline Properties on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1.1 Combustion Process (Octane Number) 278 7.1.2 Volatility of Engine Gasolines 286 7.1.3 Stability of Gasolines 290 7.1.4 Corrosive Properties 293 7.1.5 Chemical Composition 294 7.1.6 Other Properties 297 7.2 Effects of Properties of Diesel Gasoils on Engines and the Environment 299 7.2.1 Ignition and Combustion Properties of Diesel gasoils 300 7.2.2 Density and Energy Content of Diesel Gasoils 300 7.2.3 Distillation Properties of Diesel Fuels 301 7.2.4 Chemical Composition 303 7.2.5 Stability of Diesel Gasoils 303 7.2.6 Corrosion Properties 305 7.2.7 Lubricating Properties 305 7.2.8 Low-Temperature Flow Properties 306 7.2.9 Effects of Chemical Composition on Emissions 306 7.2.10 Other Properties 310 References 311 8 Aviation Fuels 316 8.1 Aviation Gasolines 316 8.1.1 Aviation Gasoline Grades 317 8.1.2 Aviation Gasoline Additives 317 8.1.3 Automotive Gasoline for Aircraft 319 8.2 Jet Fuels 320 8.2.1 Main Quality Requirements and Properties of Jet Fuels 320 8.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuel Specifications 321 8.2.3 Production of Aviation Turbine Fuels 324 8.2.4 Additives of Jet fuel 328 References 331 9 Fuel Oils and Marine Fuels 333 9.1 Classification of Fuel Oils 334 9.1.1 Characteristics of Fuel Oils 335 9.1.2 Classification of Heating Fuels for Power Plants 336 9.1.3 Classification of Bunker Fuels 338 9.2 Production of Fuel Oils 341 9.3 Fuel Oil Stability and Compatibility 346 9.4 Additives for Residual Fuels 347 References 348 Glossary: Common terminology in Fuels and additives 351 Index 359

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Book SynopsisSpecifically dedicated to polymer and biopolymer systems, Polymer Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication guides readers to the scratch, wear, and lubrication properties of polymers and the engineering applications, from biomedical research to automotive engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix 1 Fundamentals of Surface Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication 1 Ali Faghihnejad and Hongbo Zeng 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Concepts 2 1.2.1 Intermolecular and Surface Forces 2 1.2.2 Surface Energy 7 1.3 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 12 1.3.1 Hertz Model 13 1.3.2 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts Model 14 1.3.3 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov Model 15 1.3.4 Maugis Model 16 1.3.5 Indentation 16 1.3.6 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Adhesion 18 1.3.7 Adhesion of Rough Surfaces 19 1.3.8 Adhesion Hysteresis 20 1.4 Friction 20 1.4.1 Amontons’ Laws of Friction 20 1.4.2 The Basic Models of Friction 21 1.4.3 Stick-Slip Friction 26 1.4.4 Directionality of Friction 29 1.5 Rolling Friction 29 1.6 Lubrication 31 1.7 Wear 35 1.8 Real Contact Area 37 1.9 Modern Tools in Tribology 39 1.9.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 39 1.9.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 39 1.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 40 1.9.4 Optical Tweezers or Optical Trapping 40 1.9.5 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 41 1.9.6 Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) 45 1.10 Computer Simulations in Tribology 47 Acknowledgment 49 References 49 2 Adhesion and Tribological Characteristics of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes Prepared by Controlled Radical Polymerization 59 Motoyasu Kobayashi, Tatsuya Ishikawa, and Atsushi Takahara 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Controlled Synthesis of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes 60 2.3 Wettability of Polyelectrolyte Brushes 63 2.4 Adhesion and Detachment between Polyelectrolyte Brushes 66 2.5 Water Lubrication and Frictional Properties of Polyelectrolyte Brushes 70 2.6 Conclusions 76 References 76 3 Lubrication and Wear Protection of Natural (Bio)Systems 83 George W. Greene, Dong Woog Lee, Jing Yu, Saurabh Das, Xavier Banquy, and Jacob N. Israelachvili 3.1 Introduction 83 3.1.1 What Makes Biolubrication Unique? 84 3.1.2 Theory of Friction 85 3.2 Boundary Lubrication 89 3.2.1 Dry/Contact Lubrication 90 3.2.2 Thin Film Boundary Lubrication 91 3.2.3 Hydration Layers 92 3.2.4 Intermediate Boundary Lubrication 93 3.2.5 Thick Film Boundary Lubrication 95 3.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Interfacial Layer 96 3.3 Fluid Film Lubrication 97 3.3.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Biological Systems 98 3.3.2 Weeping Lubrication 104 3.4 Multimodal Lubrication 105 3.4.1 Mixed Lubrication and the “Stribeck Curve” 106 3.4.2 Adaptive Lubrication 108 3.4.3 Mechanically Controlled Adaptive Lubrication 109 3.5 Wear 112 3.5.1 How Are Friction and Wear Related? 112 3.5.2 Characterization, Measurement, and Evaluation of Wear 113 3.5.3 Biological Strategies for Controlling Wear 119 3.5.4 Wear of Soft, Compliant Biological Materials 120 3.5.5 Controlling Wear in Hard Biological Materials: Self-Sharpening Mechanism in Rodent Teeth 122 3.6 Biomimetic and Engineering Approaches of Biolubrication 123 3.6.1 Hydrogel Coatings as Artifi cial Cartilage Materials 123 3.6.2 Mimicking Synovial Fluid Lubricating Properties: Polyelectrolytes Lubrication 124 3.6.3 Superlubrication by Aggrecan Mimics: End-Grafted Polymers and the Brush Paradigm 125 3.6.4 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 4 Polymer Brushes and Surface Forces 135 Jacob Klein, Wuge H. Briscoe, Meng Chen, Erika Eiser, Nir Kampf, Uri Raviv, Rafael Tadmor, and Larissa Tsarkova 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Some Generic Properties of Polymer Brushes 136 4.3 Sliding of High-Tg Polymer Brushes: The Semidilute to Vitrifi ed Transition 138 4.4 Sliding Mechanism and Relaxation of Sheared Brushes 140 4.5 Compression, Shear, and Relaxation of Melt Brushes 146 4.6 Shear Swelling of Polymer Brushes 150 4.7 Telechelic Brushes 155 4.8 Polyelectrolyte Brushes in Aqueous Media 158 4.8.1 Charged Brushes: The Symmetric Case 159 4.8.2 Charged Brushes: The Asymmetric Case 162 4.9 Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes 163 4.10 Summary 166 Acknowledgments 167 Appendix: Self-Regulation and Velocity Dependence of Brush–Brush Friction 167 References 169 5 Adhesion, Wetting, and Superhydrophobicity of Polymeric Surfaces 177 Mehdi Mortazavi and Michael Nosonovsky 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Adhesion between Polymeric Surfaces 178 5.2.1 Van der Waals Forces 179 5.2.2 Capillary Forces 181 5.2.3 Electrostatic Double-Layer Forces 182 5.2.4 Solvation Forces 183 5.2.5 Mechanical Contact Force 183 5.3 Wetting of Polymers 185 5.3.1 Definition of Contact Angle: Young’s Equation 185 5.3.2 Rough Surfaces: Wenzel’s Model 186 5.3.3 Heterogeneous Surfaces: Cassie–Baxter Model 187 5.4 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials 189 5.4.1 Replication of Natural Surfaces 189 5.4.2 Molding or Template-Assisted Techniques 192 5.4.3 Roughening by Introduction of Nanoparticles 197 5.4.4 Surface Modification by Low Surface Energy Materials 202 5.4.5 Electrospinning 205 5.4.6 Solution Method 207 5.4.7 Plasma, Electron, and Laser Treatment 210 5.5 Surface Characterization 213 5.5.1 Surface Chemistry 213 5.5.2 Wetting Property 213 5.5.3 Microscopy Techniques 215 5.6 Conclusions 218 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 6 Marine Bioadhesion on Polymer Surfaces and Strategies for Its Prevention 227 Sitaraman Krishnan 6.1 Introduction 227 6.2 Protein Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 230 6.2.1 Protein-Repellant Surfaces 230 6.3 Polymer Coatings Resistant to Marine Biofouling 242 6.3.1 Hydrophobic Marine Fouling-Release Coatings: The Role of Surface Energy and Modulus 243 6.3.2 Hydrophilic Coatings 255 6.3.3 Amphiphilic Coatings 257 6.3.4 Self-Polishing Coatings 262 6.3.5 Coatings with Topographically Patterned Surfaces 262 6.3.6 Antifouling Surfaces with Surface-Immobilized Enzymes and Bioactive Fouling-Deterrent Molecules 265 6.4 Conclusion 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 267 7 Molecular Engineering of Peptides for Cellular Adhesion Control 283 Won Hyuk Suh, Badriprasad Ananthanarayanan, and Matthew Tirrell 7.1 Introduction: Cells, Biomacromolecules, and Lipidated Peptides 283 7.2 Biomaterials 285 7.3 Chemistry Tools 287 7.3.1 Bioconjugate Chemistry 287 7.3.2 Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis 288 7.4 Self-Assembly of Lipidated Peptides: Peptide Amphiphiles Engineering 289 7.4.1 Double-Tailed Peptide Amphiphile 289 7.4.2 Single-Tailed (Monoalkylated) Peptide Amphiphiles 290 7.5 Biomimetic Peptide Amphiphile Surface Engineering Case Studies 290 7.5.1 Melanoma Cell Adhesion on a Lipid Bilayer Incorporating RGD 292 7.5.2 Adhesion of α5β1 Receptors to Biomimetic Substrates 292 7.5.3 Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Adhesion 293 7.5.4 Cell Adhesion on a Polymerized Monolayer 295 7.5.5 Cell Adhesion and Growth on Patterned Lipid Bilayers 296 7.5.6 Cell Adhesion on Metallic Surfaces 297 7.5.7 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Adhesion 298 7.5.8 Nanofi brous Peptide Amphiphile Gels for Endothelial Cell Adhesion 299 7.6 Neural Stem Cells on Surfaces: A Deeper Look at Cell Adhesion Control 299 7.6.1 The Stem Cell Microenvironment 299 7.6.2 Neural Stem Cells on Lipid Bilayers 299 7.6.3 Vesicle Fusion and Bilayer Characterization 300 7.6.4 Initial NSC Adhesion on Peptide Surfaces 300 7.6.5 NSC Proliferation on Peptide Surfaces 301 7.6.6 NSC Differentiation on Peptide Surfaces 302 7.7 Overview of Molecular Engineering Designs for Cellular Adhesion 303 7.7.1 Self-Assembled Peptide Surfaces 303 7.7.2 Cell Adhesion Molecule RGD Surface Density Control: An Example 303 7.7.3 Cell Adhesion Molecule Accessibility (Exposure) Control 307 7.8 Conclusion 307 Acknowledgments 308 References 308 8 A Microcosm of Wet Adhesion: Dissecting Protein Interactions in Mussel Attachment Plaques 319 Dong Soo Hwang, Wei Wei, Nadine R. Rodriguez-Martinez, Eric Danner, and J. Herbert Waite 8.1 Introduction 319 8.2 Mussel Adhesion 320 8.2.1 Marine Surfaces 320 8.2.2 Byssal Attachment 320 8.2.3 Direct Observation of Plaque Attachment 323 8.3 Surface Forces Apparatus 323 8.3.1 Making the SFA Relevant to Biological Environments 325 8.4 Assessing Protein Contributions by SFA 327 8.4.1 Asymmetric/Symmetric Confi gurations 327 8.4.2 Protein–Surface Interactions 330 8.4.3 Protein–Protein Interactions 335 8.5 Conclusions 343 8.5.1 Insights about Protein Interactions 343 8.5.2 Effects of DOPA Reactivity on Adhesion 344 8.5.3 Mussel Foot Controls the Microenvironment around DOPA 345 8.5.4 Other Factors Infl uencing Adhesion 345 Acknowledgments 346 References 346 9 Gecko-Inspired Polymer Adhesives 351 Yiðit Mengüç and Metin Sitti 9.1 Introduction 351 9.1.1 A Note on Terminology 352 9.2 Biological Inspirations 354 9.2.1 Key Discoveries in Gecko Adhesion 354 9.2.2 Structured Adhesion in Other Animals 355 9.2.3 Summary of Observed Principles of Micro-Structured Adhesives 357 9.3 Mechanical Principles of Structured Adhesive Surfaces 359 9.3.1 Adhesion 359 9.3.2 Friction 365 9.4 Gecko-Inspired Adhesives and Their Fabrication 367 9.4.1 Macro- and Microscale Fibers 367 9.4.2 Nanoscale Fibers 371 9.4.3 Hierarchical Fibers 372 9.5 Applications of Bioinspired Adhesives 374 9.5.1 Robotics 374 9.5.2 Safety and Medical Devices 377 9.6 Future Directions: Unsolved Challenges and Possible Applications 378 References 379 10 Adhesion and Friction Mechanisms of Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films 391 Hongbo Zeng 10.1 Introduction 391 10.2 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 392 10.2.1 Surface Energies 392 10.2.2 Advances in Contact and Adhesion Mechanics 393 10.3 Adhesion of Glassy Polymers and Elastomers 398 10.3.1 Adhesion Interface: Chain Pull-Out 399 10.3.2 Glassy Polymers: Transition from Chain Pull-Out, Chain Scission to Crazing 403 10.3.3 Adhesion Promoters for Polymer Systems 407 10.4 Experimental Advances in Adhesion and Friction between Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films 408 10.5 Adhesion and Fracture Mechanism of Polymer Thin Films: from Liquid to Solid-Like Behaviors 416 10.6 Adhesion and Friction between Rough Polymer Surfaces 423 10.7 Friction between Immiscible Polymer Melts 425 10.8 Hydrophobic Interactions between Polymer Surfaces 426 10.9 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 431 Acknowledgment 432 References 432 11 Recent Advances in Rubber Friction in the Context of Tire Traction 443 Xiao-Dong Pan 11.1 Introduction 443 11.2 Background on Rubber Friction and Tire Traction 445 11.2.1 Characterization of Surface Roughness and Contact Mechanics 453 11.3 Recent Innovations on Tire Tread Compounds 457 11.4 Rubber Friction under Stationary Sliding on Rough Surfaces 461 11.4.1 Theory of Rubber Friction on Rough Surfaces by Klüppel and Heinrich 462 11.4.2 Persson’s Model on Rubber Friction 471 11.4.3 The Model by Heinrich and Klüppel versus the Model by Persson: Some Comparisons 474 11.5 Rubber Friction under Nonstationary Conditions 475 11.6 Interfacial Effects on Rubber Friction 478 11.6.1 Rubber Surface Treatment 482 11.6.2 Molecular Scale Probing of Contact/Sliding Interface 482 11.7 Rubber Friction Involving Textured Surfaces 484 11.8 Field Measurements within a Frictional Contact 486 11.9 Other Studies on or Related to Rubber Friction 488 11.10 Concluding Remarks 490 References 491 12 Polymers, Adhesion, and Paper Materials 501 Boxin Zhao, Dhamodaran Arunbabu, and Brendan McDonald 12.1 Introduction 501 12.2 Polymer Nature of Paper 502 12.2.1 Paper as a Network of Fibers 502 12.2.2 Wood Fibers and Its Natural Polymeric Constituents 503 12.2.3 Cellulose Fibers 508 12.3 Functional Polymers and Sizing Agents Used in Papermaking 509 12.3.1 Major Functions of Polymer Additives 509 12.3.2 Common Functional Polymers 514 12.3.3 Sizing Agents 519 12.4 Polymer Adhesion and the Formation of Paper 520 12.4.1 Intermolecular Forces or Molecular Adhesion Processes 521 12.4.2 Capillary Forces 524 12.4.3 Work of Adhesion and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts Contact Mechanics 524 12.4.4 The Formation of Interfi ber Bonds 526 12.4.5 Linkage between Molecular Adhesion to Paper Strength 530 12.5 Polymer Adhesion Measurement 533 12.5.1 Shear Adhesion Testing 533 12.5.2 Peeling Adhesion Testing 535 12.5.3 JKR-Type Contact Adhesion Testing 536 12.5.4 AFM Colloidal Probe Testing 537 12.6 Summary and Perspectives 538 References 539 13 Carbohydrates and Their Roles in Biological Recognition Processes 545 Keshwaree Babooram and Ravin Narain 13.1 Introduction 545 13.2 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbohydrate Chemistry 546 13.2.1 Glycopolymers 546 13.2.2 Carbohydrate Microarrays 550 13.2.3 Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 552 13.3 Molecular Interactions of Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition 557 13.4 Techniques Used in the Identifi cation of Carbohydrate Interactions in Cell Recognition 558 13.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 558 13.4.2 Cantilever Microarray Biosensors 563 13.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 564 References 566 14 The Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Bacterial Adhesion 575 Yang Liu 14.1 Bacterial Adhesion 575 14.1.1 Signifi cance of Bacterial Adhesion 575 14.1.2 Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion 576 14.2 The Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Bacterial Adhesion 577 14.2.1 Bacterial Surface Polymers 577 14.2.2 Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Adhesion 579 14.3 Methods and Models for Understanding Interaction Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion 582 14.3.1 Techniques for Studying Bacterial Surface Polymers 582 14.3.2 Models to Explain Bacterial Adhesion Mechanisms 590 References 600 15 Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication of Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications 617 Bassem Kheireddin, Ming Zhang, and Mustafa Akbulut 15.1 Introduction 617 15.2 Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles 617 15.2.1 Biomedical Applications of PNPs 618 15.2.2 Energy Storage 621 15.2.3 Skin Care 622 15.2.4 Sensors 623 15.2.5 Electronic Devices 624 15.3 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 625 15.3.1 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 625 15.3.2 Polymerization of Monomers 633 15.4 Adhesion of PNP 636 15.4.1 Hertz Theory 637 15.4.2 JKR Theory 637 15.4.3 DMT Theory 638 15.4.4 Studies on Adhesion of PNPs 638 15.5 Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles 641 15.5.1 Adsorption onto Polymeric Nanoparticles 641 15.5.2 Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles on Large Surfaces 642 15.5.3 Adsorption Isotherms 643 15.5.4 Adsorption Kinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles onto Substrates 644 15.6 Friction of PNP 647 15.7 Summary 648 References 649 16 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Materials and Mechanical Properties 659 Yu Tian, Yonggang Meng, and Shizhu Wen 16.1 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological History 659 16.2 ER/MR Phenomenon 661 16.3 ER/MR Materials 662 16.4 ER/MR Effect Models 664 16.5 Properties of ER/MR Fluids under Shearing, Tension, and Squeezing 667 16.5.1 Shear Properties of ER/MR Fluids 667 16.5.2 Tensile Behavior of ER/MR Fluids 669 16.5.3 Compression of ER/MR Fluids 672 16.6 Transient Response to Field Strength, Shear Rate, and Geometry 676 16.7 Shear Thickening in ER/MR Fluids at Low Shear Rates 681 16.8 Applications 683 References 684 Index 691

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Book SynopsisDuring the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications. This volume contains a collection of selected papers from the international symposia on Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices and Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics presented during the Material Science and Technology conference held in Pittsburgh in October 2009. It is a one-stop resource for academics on the most important issues in advances in electroceramic materials.Trade Review"Advances in Electroceramic Materials II: Ceramic Transactions, Volume 221" During the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications." (World News, 8 February 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Design, Synthesis and Properties. Barium Titanate Stannate Functionally Graded Materials: Choosing of the Ti/Sn Concentration Gradient and the Influence of the Gradient on Electrical Properties (S. Markovic and D. Uskokovic). Barium Titanate and Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles Decorated SiCN/MWCNT Nanotubes: Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization (Vishwas Bedekar, Gurpreet Singh, Roop Mahajan, and Shashank Priya). Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Properties of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramic System (Jakob König, Mojca Otonicar, Sreco D. Skapin, and Danilo Suvorov). Improvement of Electric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3 and (K,Na)(Nb, Ta)O3 Based Lead-Free Piezoelectrics (Kochi Kukuta, Yoshiki Watanabe, Shun Kondo, Takeshi Asano, Jun Sakai, and Makoto Suzuki). Structural and Electrical Characterization of Lead-Free (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xBaTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics (Deepam Maurya, Cheol-Woo Ahn, and Shashank Priya). Temperature Dependences of Piezoelectric Properties of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics (Hahime Nagata, Masahiro Menoto, Yuji Hiruma, and Tadashi Takenaka). Structure and Dielectric Properties of Tellurium Oxide-Based Materials (N. Berkaïne, J. Cornette, D. Hamani, P. Thomas, O. Masson, A. Mirgorodsky, J. Colas, J.R. Ducière, T. Merle-Méjean, J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, M. Smirnov, V. Couderc, T. Cardinal, and E. Fargin). Dielectric Anisotropy of Ferroelectric Single Crystals in Microwave C-Band by Cavity Vectorial Perturbation Method (Robert McIntosh, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Characterization and Microstructure Evolution in Er-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics (V. Mitic, V.B. Pavolovic, V. Paunovic, Lj. Kocic, and Lj. Zivkovic.). Improvement of the Dielectric Properties of Tunable (Ba,Sr)TiO3–MgO Composites by Decreasing Heterogeneous Diffusion (Romaine Costs, Michel Paté, and Jean-Pierre Ganne). High Thermal Conductivity A/N Materials (Isabel K. Lloyd). Metal-Encapsulation of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles (Su-Chul Yang, Cheol-Woo Ahn, Chee-Sung Park, Yaodong Yang, Dwight Viehland, and Shashank Priya). Applications and Devices. Optical and Electrical Single Crystals for UV/VUV Applications (K. Shimamura, E.G. Villora, and N. Ichinose). Microanalyses for Piezoresistive Effect on Actual and Modeled Interfaces of RuO2-Glass Thick Film Resistors (M. Totokawa and T. Tani). Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials for Sensors, Capacitors, and Actuators (Cheol-Woo Ahn, Deepam Maurya, Alex O. Aning, and Shashank Priya). Processing Issues in Pulse DC Sputtering of Vanadium Oxide This Films for Uncooled Infrared Detectors (S.S.N. Bharadwaja, C. Venkatasubramanyam, N. Fieldhouse, B. Gauntt, Myung Yoon Lee, S. Ashok, E.C. Dickey, T.N. Jackson, and M. Horn). Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Oxygen Sensor (Wei Wu, David W. Greene, and Irving J. Oppenheim). Introduction of Embossed Diaphragm in an Integrated Optical and Electronic Sensor (Ivan Padron, Anthony T. Fiory, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra). Optical Line Width in Quantum Dots and Nanodevices (Karel Kral and Miroslav Mensik). DuPontTM Green TapeTM 9K7 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Low Loss Dielectric System for High Frequency Microwave Applications (K. M. Nair, M. F. McCombs, K. E. Souders, J. M. Parisi, K. H. Hang, D. M. Nair, and S. C. Beers). Polyvinvylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Piezoelectric for Intravascular Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Arterial Blood Flow Rate (Juan P. Tamez, Hsiao-Yuan Wang, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Indirect Template Method of Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly (Rene D. Rivero, Ivan Padron, Michael R. Booty, Anthony T. Fiory, and N.M. Ravindra). Recent Developments in Thermoelectric Metrology at NIST (W. Wong-Ng, J. Martin, E. L. Thomas, M. Otani, N. Lowhorn, M. Green, G. Liu, Y.G. Yan, J. Hattick-Simpers, and T. Tran). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough sintering is an essential process in the manufacture of ceramics and certain metals, as well as several other industrial operations, until now, no single book has treated both the background theory and the practical application of this complex and often delicate procedure.Table of ContentsSintering Measurement Techniques. Solid-State Sintering Fundamentals. Microstructure and Processing Relations in Solid-StateSintering. Solid-State Sintering of Mixed Powders. Liquid-Phase Sintering. Pressure-Assisted Sintering. Novel Sintering Techniques. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Practice. Future Directions. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisIt is difficult to imagine how our highly evolved technological society would function, or how life would even exist on our planet, if polymers did not exist. The intensive study of polymeric systems, which has been under way for several decades, has recently yielded new insights into the properties of assemblies of these complex molecules and the physical principles that govern their behavior. These developments have included new concepts to describe aspects of the many body behavior in these systems, microscopic analyses that bring our understanding of these systems much closer to our understanding of simple liquids and solids, and the discovery of novel chemistry that these molecules can catalyze. This special topic volume of Advances in Chemical Physics surveys a number of these recent accomplishments. Supplemented with more than 250 illustrations, it provides a significant, up-to-date selection of papers by inter-nationally recognized researchers. Topics include:Table of ContentsTheory of Polyelectrolyte Solutions (J.-L. Barrat & J.-F. Joanny). Star Polymers: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation (G. Grest, et al.). Tethered Polymer Layers (I. Szleifer & M. Carignano). Living Polymers (S. Greer). Transport and Kinetics in Electroactive Polymers (M. Lyons). Polymers in Disordered Media (A. Baumgärtner & M. Muthukumar). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisCOMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY IN DRUG DISCOVERY Edited by Eric M. Gordon and James F. Kerwin, Jr. Increasing pressure to identify, optimize, develop, and commercialize novel drugs more rapidly and more cost-effectively has led to an urgent demand for technologies that can reduce the time to market for new products. Molecular diversity, of both natural and synthetic materials, provides a valuable source of compounds for identifying and optimizing new drug leads. Through the rapidly evolving technology of combinatorial chemistry, it is now possible to produce libraries of small molecules to screen for novel bioactivities. This powerful new technology has begun to help pharmaceutical companies find new drug candidates quickly, save significant dollars in preclinical development costs, and ultimately change their fundamental approach to drug discovery. Comprising the work of the leading authorities in the area of molecular diversity Trade Review"This monograph does an excellent job summarizing many of the important aspects regarding the synthesis, manipulation, and screening of combinatorial molecules for pharmacological activity...The editors are to be commended on assembling an admirable resource..." (The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 76, No. 2, June 2001)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY: AN INTRODUCTION. Historical Overview of the Developing Field of Molecular Diversity (J. Chabala, et al.). Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, Lead Generation, and Optimization (B. Seligman, et al.). Oligonucleotide Libraries as a Source of Molecular Diversity (H.-Y. Mei, et al.). SMALL MOLECULAR LIBRARIES. Protease Inhibitor Libraries (D. Patel & D. Campbell). Scaffolds for Small Molecule Libraries (M. Pavia). Encoded Combinatorial Chemistry (J. Jacobs & Z.-J. Ni). Parallel Organic Synthesis in Array Format (S. Hall). AUTOMATION, ANALYTICAL, AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS. Automation of Combinatorial Chemistry for Large Libraries (M. Needels & J. Sugarman). Quantifying Diversity (Y. Martin, et al.). BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. Protein Scaffolds for Peptide Libraries (R. Hoess). SCREENING. Strategies for Screening Combinatorial Libraries (B. Beutel). COMBINATORIAL DRUG SCREENING AND DEVELOPMENT. Combinatorial Technologies: Prospects and Future Issues (J. Kerwin). Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe complete control system engineering solution for continuous and batch manufacturing plants. This book presents a complete methodology of control system design for continuous and batch manufacturing in such diverse areas as pulp and paper, petrochemical, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and biochemical production.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Plant-wide Process Control. Control Engineering on Capital Projects. A Practitioner's Model for Automation and Control. Process Modeling. Single Loop Regulatory Control. Enhancements to Single Loop Regulatory Control. Multivariable Regulatory Control. Discrete Control. Batch Control. Case Study - Pulp and Paper Mill. Appendices. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisField flow fractionation (FFF) is an emerging separation technique, which has been proven successful in the analysis of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology products, polymers, soils, and foods, among others. In this book, Martin Schimpf joins forces with Karin Caldwell and J.Trade Review"This is very nicely produced book is the first comprehensive treatment of FFF since Janca's book...it is required reading for all users of FFF...any collection of books on separation sciences would be incomplete without it." (Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 5, 2001) "The goal of these 34 contributions is to provide a guide for first-time users of FFF by describing the four primary subtechniques, with specific examples and applications for each." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000)Table of ContentsPRINCIPLES AND THEORY. The Field-Flow Fractionation Family: Underlying Principles (J. Giddings). Retention-Normal Mode (M. Schure, et al.). Band Broadening and Plate Height (J. Davis). Resolution and Fractionating Power (M. Schimpf). Steric Field-Flow Fractionation and the Steric Transition (K. Caldwell). Optimization (M. Schimpf). Physicochemical Measurements and Distributions from Field-Flow Fractionation (F. Dondi & M. Martin). Electrical Field-Flow Fractionation (K. Caldwell). Other Field-Flow Fractionation Techniques (J. Bigelow). Sample Recovery (S. Ratanathanawongs-Williams & J. Giddings). APPLICATIONS: INDUSTRIAL AND BIOMEDICAL. Latexes and Emulsions (B. Barman). Metal Particles (L. Oppenheimer, et al.). Miscellaneous Submicrometer-Sized Particles (B. Barman). Miscellaneous Particles1 m in Diameter (M. Moon). Lipophilic Polymers (S. Lee). Synthetic PolymersWater Soluble (M. Benincasa). Protein Complexes and Lipoproteins (P. Li & M. Hansen). Cell Separations (A. Lucas, et al.). APPLICATIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL. Overview of Environmental Applications (R. Beckett). Characterization of Humic Substances (R. Beckett & M. Schimpf). Aquatic Colloids (J. Ranville & R. Beckett). Investigation of Pollutant-Particle Association (D. Murphy & R. Beckett). Biological Particles of Environmental Interest (R. Sharma & R. Beckett). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text integrates the chemical and physiological aspects of drugs and links the undergraduate sciences of organic chemistry, biochemistry, and biology with the clinical areas required for a thorough understanding of modern medicinal chemistry.Table of ContentsBasic Considerations of Drug Activity. Mechanisms of Drug Action. Drug Metabolism and Inactivation. Anticancer Drugs and Their Mechanism of Action. Analgetics and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents. Antimicrobial Drugs I. Antimicrobial Drugs II. Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Mechanisms. Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Mechanisms. Drugs and the Cardiovascular Diseases. Drugs and the Cardiovascular Diseases II. Psychoactive Drugs--Chemotherapy of the Mind. Histamine Antagonists and Local Anesthetics. Steroids. New Developments and New Problems. Index.

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