Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisA complete introduction tocar-to-X communications networking Automotive Inter-networking will introduce a range of new network and system technologies for vehicle safety, entertainment and comfort systems currently being researched and developed.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 1 1.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 1 1.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 4 1.3 Terminology 7 1.4 Stakeholders 10 1.5 Outline of this Book 10 References 12 2 Application Classifications and Requirements 13 2.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 14 2.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 15 2.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 19 2.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 22 2.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 25 2.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 28 2.3.1 Communication Technologies 28 2.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 31 2.4 Summary 34 References 34 3 System Architecture 37 3.1 Domain View of AutoNets 37 3.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 40 3.3 Profiling 42 3.4 Standardised Architectures 43 3.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 44 3.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 45 3.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 47 3.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 49 3.5 Subsystem Architectures 50 3.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 51 3.5.2 Roadside Architecture 55 3.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 56 3.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 61 3.6 Summary 62 References 63 4 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 65 4.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 67 4.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 68 4.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 71 4.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 73 4.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 75 4.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 77 4.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 78 4.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 79 4.1.8 Standardisation Issues 80 4.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 81 4.2.1 Data Collection 82 4.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 83 4.2.3 Knowledge Management 88 4.2.4 Communication 90 4.2.5 Security and Privacy 93 4.2.6 Driver Interaction 95 4.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 98 4.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 99 4.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 107 4.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 107 4.4.1 Accident Management Services 108 4.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116 References 118 5 Application Support 121 5.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 121 5.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 123 5.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 123 5.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 125 5.3 AutoNet Facilities 125 5.3.1 Application Plane 126 5.3.2 Information Plane 128 5.3.3 Communication Plane 130 5.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 131 5.5 Summary 133 References 133 6 Transport Layer 135 6.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 135 6.1.1 AutoNet Transport 137 6.1.2 TCP, UDP 138 6.2 TCP in AutoNets 139 6.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 140 6.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 141 6.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 143 6.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 144 6.2.5 Evaluation Results 148 6.3 Summary 151 References 152 7 Networking 155 7.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 155 7.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 155 7.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 158 7.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 160 7.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 160 7.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 165 7.2.3 Beaconing 176 7.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 177 7.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 187 7.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 189 7.3.2 Deployment Strategies 190 7.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 192 7.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 192 7.4.1 IPv6 193 7.4.2 Mobility Extensions 194 7.4.3 Deployment Issues 197 References 200 8 Physical Communication Technologies 205 8.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 206 8.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 208 8.2.1 Spectrum Policies 209 8.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 213 8.2.3 ETSI G5A 221 8.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 221 8.3.1 Data Differentiation 221 8.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 222 8.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 223 8.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 225 8.4 Technology Comparison 230 8.5 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Security and Privacy 233 9.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 235 9.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 235 9.1.2 Threats and Attacks 236 9.2 Challenges and Requirements 238 9.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 241 9.4 Security Services 244 9.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 244 9.4.2 Digital Signatures 246 9.5 Certification 247 9.5.1 Trust 247 9.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 249 9.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 250 9.5.4 Certificate Revocation 253 9.6 Securing Vehicles 253 9.7 Secure Communication 254 9.7.1 Secure Messaging 254 9.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 255 9.7.3 Secure Group Communication 255 9.7.4 Plausibility Checks 255 9.8 Privacy 256 9.8.1 Secret Information 256 9.9 Conclusion 258 References 259 10 System Management 261 10.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 261 10.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 263 10.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 264 10.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 264 10.3.2 Congestion Control 265 10.3.3 Mobility Management 265 10.3.4 TCP Management 268 10.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 270 10.5 Summary 271 References 271 11 Research Methodologies 273 11.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 274 11.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 274 11.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 275 11.2 Methodologies 277 11.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 278 11.2.2 Dependency Examples 280 11.3 Simulation Methodology 282 11.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 284 11.3.2 Traffic Simulation 287 11.3.3 Implementation Issues 290 11.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 298 11.4.1 Applications and Requirements 300 11.4.2 System Architecture 302 11.4.3 Trials 304 11.4.4 Analysis 306 11.5 Summary 307 References 307 12 Markets 309 12.1 Current Market Developments 310 12.1.1 Technological Push 311 12.1.2 Economic Pull 311 12.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 312 12.2 Challenges 327 12.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 328 12.2.2 Life Cycle 330 12.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 330 12.2.4 Customer Acceptance 331 12.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 339 12.4 Summary 342 References 342 13 Impact and Future Projections 345 A Appendix 351 A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351 A.1.1 ETSI 351 A.1.2 CEN 352 A.1.3 ISO 353 A.1.4 IETF 354 A.1.5 IEEE 354 A.1.6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354 A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355 A.2.1 Early Activities 355 A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358 A.2.3 COMeSafety 360 A.2.4 COOPERS 361 A.2.5 CVIS 361 A.2.6 SAFESPOT 363 A.2.7 SeVeCom 363 A.2.8 GeoNet 363 A.2.9 FRAME, E-FRAME 364 A.2.10 VII and IntelliDrive 364 A.2.11 Travolution 365 A.2.12 Aktiv 365 A.2.13 PRE-DRIVE C2X 366 A.2.14 simTD 367 References 368 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe explosion of traffic over data communications networks has resulted in a demand for Quality of Service (QoS) techniques to ensure network reliability, particularly in regard to e-commerce applications. This book covers the implementation of QoS techniques from an engineering point of view.Trade Review"...loaded with the traffic and QoS engineering knowledge necessary for any researcher or designer to keep pace with current progress in both ATM and IP networking..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2002) "The authors do an excellent job of describing the building blocks of QoS control..." (Computing Reviews)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Admission Control. Traffic Access Control. Packet Scheduling. Packet Fair Queuing Implementations. Buffer Management. Flow and Congestion Control. QoS Routing. Differentiated Services. Multiprotocol Label Switching. Appendix: SONET and ATM Protocols. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to the structure, properties, and applications of materials, this title provides the background information necessary to assimilate the academic and patent literature on materials and their applications. It is useful for students, and for scientists and engineers as well.Trade Review"This text...defines the structure and properties of a range of solids on the basis of the local chemical bonding and atomic order present in the material." SciTech Book News "To capture the essence of this vast subject in any detail is a difficult undertaking in one single book, but on the whole I believe that the authors have succeeded." Chemistry in Britain "... a fine addition to the library of material science.... Highly recommended ..." ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface. List of Tables. Introduction. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS. Structure of Crystals. Bonding in Solids. Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice. Order and Disorder in Solids. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. Phonons. Thermally Activated Processes, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Transitions. Electrons in Solids: Electrical and Thermal Properties. Optical Properties of Materials. Magnetic Properties of Materials. Mechanical Properties of Materials. CLASSES OF MATERIALS. Semiconductors. Metals and Alloys. Ceramics. Polymers. Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials. Superconductors. Magnetic Materials. Optical Materials. SURFACES, THIN FILMS, INTERFACES, AND MULTILAYERS. Surfaces. Thin Films, Interfaces, and Multilayers. SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS. Synthesis and Processing of Materials. Characterization of Materials. Appendix WA: Thermodynamics. Appendix WB: Statistical Mechanics. Appendix WC: Quantum Mechanics. Materials Index. Index.

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Book SynopsisUltrasmall Radio Frequency and Micro-wave Microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMs), such as switches, varactors, and phase shifters, exhibit nearly zero power consumption or loss. For this reason, they are being developed intensively by corporations worldwide for use in telecommunications equipment.Trade Review"...an excellent book for graduate students or practicing engineers in the field of RF microwave technology who need to learn about the latest developments in the RF MEMS world." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2004) "It provides the most comprehensive survey of this new and important technology.” (Microwave Journal, January 2004) "...an invaluable addition to the research library, and highly recommended to all interested in this fascinating technology." (Microwaves & RF, June 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1- Introduction: RF MEMS for Microwave Applications. Chapter 2- Mechanical Modeling of MEMS Devices: Static Analysis. Chapter 3- Mechanical Modeling of MEMS Devices: Dynamic Analysis. Chapter 4- Electromagnetic Modeling of MEMS Switches. Chapter 5- MEMS Switch Library. Chapter 6-MEMS Switch Fabrication and Packaging. Chapter 7-MEMS Switch Reliability and Power Handling. Chapter 8- Design of MEMS Switch Circuits. Chapter 9-MEMS Phase Shifters. Chapter 10- Distributed MEMS Phase Shifters and Switches. Chapter 11- MEMS Varactors and Tunable Oscillators. Chapter 12- Micro machined Inductors. Chapter 13- Reconfigurable MEMS Networks, Filters, Antennas, and Subsystem. Chapter 14- Phase Noise Analysis of MEMS Circuits, Phase Shifters, and Oscillators. Chapter 15- Future Work in RF MEMS. Appendix A: Detailed Analysis and Measurements of Intermodulation Distortion and Power Handling in RF MEMS Switches, Varactors, and Tunable Filters. Appendix B: Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of RF MEMS Materials. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete, one-stop reference on the state of the art of unsupervised adaptive filtering While unsupervised adaptive filtering has its roots in the 1960s, more recent advances in signal processing, information theory, imaging, and remote sensing have made this a hot area for research in several diverse fields.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 Introduction 1Simon Haykin 1.1 Why Adaptive Filtering? 1 1.2 Supervised and Unsupervised Forms of Adaptive Filtering 2 1.3 Two Important Unsupervised Signal-Processing Tasks 3 1.4 Three Fundamental Approaches to Unsupervised Adaptive Filtering 6 1.5 Organization of Volume II 10 References 11 2 The Core of FSE-CMA Behavior Theory 13C. R. Johnson, Jr., P. Schniter, I. Fijalkow, L. Tong, J. D. Behm, M. G. Larimore, D. R. Brown, R. A. Casas, T. J. Endres, S. Lambotharan, A. Touzni, H. H. Zeng, M. Green, and J. R. Treichler 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 MMSE Equalization and LMS 22 2.3 The CM Criterion and CMA 41 2.4 CMA-Adapted-Equalizer Design Issues with Illustrative Examples 75 2.5 Case Studies 89 2.6 Conclusions 106 References 108 3 Relationships between Blind Deconvolution and Blind Source Separation 113Scott C. Douglas and Simon Haykin 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 Problem Descriptions 117 3.3 Algorithmic Relationships 122 3.4 Structural Relationships 129 3.5 Extensions 140 3.6 Conclusions 142 References 142 4 Blind Separation of Independent Sources Based on Multiuser Kurtosis Optimization Criteria 147Constantinos B. Papadias 4.1 Introduction 148 4.2 Problem Formulation and Assumptions 150 4.3 Review: The Single-User Equalization Problem 154 4.4 Necessary and Su½cient Conditions for BSS 160 4.5 Unconstrained Criteria: The MU-CM Approach 162 4.6 Constrained Criteria: The MUK Approach 165 4.7 Numerical Examples 171 4.8 Conclusions 175 References 176 Index 181

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to ICA for students and practitioners Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the most exciting new topics in fields such as neural networks, advanced statistics, and signal processing.Trade Review"...researchers...introduce independent component analysis as a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES. Random Vectors and Independence. Gradients and Optimization Methods. Estimation Theory. Information Theory. Principal Component Analysis and Whitening. BASIC INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS. What is Independent Component Analysis? ICA by Maximization of Nongaussianity. ICA by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. ICA by Minimization of Mutual Information. ICA by Tensorial Methods. ICA by Nonlinear Decorrelation and Nonlinear PCA. Practical Considerations. Overview and Comparison of Basic ICA Methods. EXTENSIONS AND RELATED METHODS. Noisy ICA. ICA with Overcomplete Bases. Nonlinear ICA. Methods using Time Structure. Convolutive Mixtures and Blind Deconvolution. Other Extensions. APPLICATIONS OF ICA. Feature Extraction by ICA. Brain Imaging Applications. Telecommunications. Other Applications. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe deregulation of the power utilities industry has made the quality of power supply a worldwide issue. Providing background theory and illustrative examples, this text is structured in three parts covering fundamental theory, conventional power plant equipment and power electronic equipmentTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY. Introduction. Orthogonal Series Expansions. Electric Circuit Analysis Under Non-sinusodal Conditions. Harmonic Evaluation of Non-linear Functions. Linearisation in Harmonic Domain. Real Fourier Harmonic Domain. Hartley Harmonic Domain. Iterative Solutions of Non-linear Power Plant Components. CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT. Synchronous Generator. Transmission Lines. Magnetic Non-linearities. Electric Arcs. POWER ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT. Static VAR Compensator. Thyristor-controlled Series Compensator. Three-phase, Six-pulse Rectifier. Static Compensator with PWM Converters. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll packaging engineers and technologists who want to ensure thatthey give their customers the highest quality, most cost-effectiveproducts should know that the paradigm has shifted. It has shiftedaway from the MIL-STDs and other government standards and testprocedures that don''t cost-effectively address potential failuremechanisms or the manufacturing processes of the product. It hasshifted decisively towards tackling the root causes of failure andthe appropriate implementation of cost-effective process controls,qualityscreens, and tests. This book''s groundbreaking, science-based approach to developingqualification and quality assurance programs helps engineers reacha new level of reliability in today''s high-performancemicroelectronics. It does this with powerful... * Techniques for identifying and modeling failure mechanismsearlier in the design cycle, breaking the need to rely on fielddata * Physics-of-failure product reliability assessment methods thatcan be proTable of ContentsThree-Dimensional Stacked Dies. Cofired Ceramic Substrates. Organic Laminated Substrates and Chip-on-Board. High-Density Interconnects and Deposited Dielectrics. Wire and Wirebonds. Tape Automated Bonds. Flip-Chip Bonds. Device and Substrate Attachment. Cases. Leads. Lead Seals. Lid Seals. Material and Product Evaluation Methods. Rework Methods. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHumanless space exploration, as in the use of Rover in exploring Mars, has demonstrated the importance of human-computer communications. This book provides a comprehensive look at 'general automata' as a method of establishing the fundamentals for communication in human-computer systems (HCS).Trade Review"Essential teaching resource; exhaustive bibliography, including Koenig's 34 previously published works on GAM in HCS." (CHOICE, April 2007) "Readers have been provided with more than sufficient detail-led analysis and practical illustrations…" (Kybernetes, Volume 36, No.34, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Considerations for Establishing Knowledge Structures for Computers. 1.2 Knowledge About Automata as a Subset of World Knowledge. 1.2.1 General Automata. 1.2.2 Extracting and Storing the Meanings of Sentences. 1.2.3 Associating Knowledge. 1.2.4 Establishing Conclusions and Inferences. Exercises. 2. A General Automaton. 2.1 Formal Analysis for a General Automaton. 2.1.1 General Analysis. 2.1.2 Graph Model. 2.1.3 Select Properties of the Graph Model. 2.2 An Application of the Disciplines to the Modeling of Natural Automata. 2.2.1 A Case Study. 2.2.2 Required State Changes. 2.2.3 Algorithm for Determining Required State Changes. Exercises. 3. A General Automaton: Detailed Analysis. 3.1 Distinguishable Receptors and Effectors. 3.2 Nonhomogeneous Environments. 3.3 Transformation Response Components. 3.4 Nonshared Environments Interpreted as Distinguishable. 3.4.1 Model for Performance in Both Shared and Nonshared Environments. 3.4.2 Model for Performance in Shared Environments. Exercises. 4. Processing of Knowledge About Automata. 4.1 Formulation of a Language Information Theory. 4.1.1 Class 1 Sentence. 4.1.2 Class 2 Sentence. 4.1.3 Class 3 Sentence. 4.1.4 Class 4 Sentence. 4.1.5 Class 5 Sentence. 4.1.6 Class 6 Sentence. 4.1.7 Class 7 Sentence. 4.2 Extracting and Storing the Meaning of Sentences by Computer. 4.2.1 Description of an Algorithm. 4.3 Knowledge Association. 4.3.1 Association by Combining Graphs Through Common Points. 4.3.2 Associations by Combining Graph (n + 1)-Tuples. 4.3.3 Computer Methods for Association of Knowledge. 4.4 Deductive Processes. 4.4.1 Deductive Processes Related to Association Through Common Points. 4.4.2 Deductive Processes Related to Association by Combining Graph Tuples. 4.4.3 Deductive Processes with Aristotelian Form A as a Premise. 4.5 Inferences. 4.5.1 Inferences Related to a Single Graph Tuple of Associated Knowledge. 4.5.2 Inferences Related to More than One Graph Tuple of Associated Knowledge. Exercises. 5. A General System of Interactive Automata. 5.1 Formal Analysis for a General System of Interactive Automata. 5.1.1 General Analysis. 5.1.2 Microsystem Model. 5.1.3 Macrosystem Model. 5.2 Example Applications. 5.2.1 A Two-Component System. 5.2.2 A System of Many Components. Exercises. 6. Processing of Knowledge About Systems of Automata. 6.1 A General System of Interactive Automata: Detailed Analysis. 6.1.1 The Microsystem Model. 6.1.2 The Macrosystem Model. 6.2 Knowledge Structures for Sentences Describing Systems of Interactive Automata. Exercises. 7. Changing Expressions of Knowledge for Communication from One Form and Style to Another. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Sets and Relations. 7.3 Establishing Open Expressions and Open Sentences. 7.4 Selecting Subsets of Open Expressions. 7.5 Applying the Results of the Above Analysis. 7.6 Summary and Conclusions. Exercises. 8. Electronic Security Through Pseudo Languages. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Defi nitions, Sets, and Relations. 8.3 Analysis for E-Security Through Pseudo Languages. 8.3.1 A Basic E-Security System. 8.3.2 A Two-Step Encryption System. 8.3.3 E-Signing. 8.4 Summary and Conclusions. Exercises. Appendix A: Analysis for an Effective Operation of a General Automaton. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Recursive Methods. A.3 Effective Operation Analysis. Exercises. Appendix B: Analysis for an Effective Operation of a General System of Interactive Automata. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Microsystem Graphs. B.3 Macrosystem Graphs. B.4 Example. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOver the years, electronic technology - especially digital - has transformed our world. This title helps you to: understand Ohm's Law, magnetism, insulators, and conductors; review circuit diagrams and principles of parallel circuits; examine electromagnetic induction, capacitance, and resistance; and, explore fiber optics, LED, and laser.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiv Chapter 1 What Is Electricity? 01 The Invisible Force 01 Amazing Usefulness 02 The Invisible Twin 03 Devices That Do Intelligent Work 04 Summary 04 Review Questions 05 Chapter 2 The Primary Factors 07 The Three Primaries 07 Origins Inside of Atoms 09 Key Terms 09 The Basic Structure of an Atom 15 Current 16 Voltage 17 Resistance 18 Ohm’s Law 19 Analogy of Ohm’s Law 20 Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 21 The Ohm’s Law Circle 23 Power 24 Magnetism 26 Magnetic Poles 27 Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 28 The Earth as a Magnet 28 Magnetic Lines of Force 29 The Molecular Origins of Magnetism 30 The Strength of a Magnet 31 The Lifting Power of a Magnet 31 Static Electricity 34 Types of Current 38 Insulators and Conductors 40 Electromagnetism 41 Galvanoscope 47 Solenoids 47 Summary 49 Review Questions 49 Exercises 50 Chapter 3 Circuits 51 Open and Closed Circuits 51 Series and Parallel Circuits 52 Series Circuits 52 Parallel Circuits 52 Series-Parallel Circuits 53 Short Circuits 54 Circuit Diagrams 56 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 58 Voltage Measurements with Respect to Ground 60 Batteries 61 Principles of Parallel Circuits 68 Shortcuts for Parallel Circuits 70 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Parallel Circuits 71 Practical Problems in Parallel Circuits 72 Parallel Connection of Cells 74 Principles of Series-Parallel Circuits 76 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Series-Parallel Circuits 77 Series-Parallel Connection of Cells 78 Circuit Reduction 79 Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit 82 Three-Wire Distribution Circuit 83 Thevenin’s Theorum 88 Summary 91 Review Questions 92 Exercises 93 Chapter 4 Alternating Current 95 Alternating Current Characteristics 95 Frequency 95 Instantaneous and Effective Voltages 95 Ohm’s Law in AC Circuits 98 Power Laws in Resistive AC Circuits 100 Combining AC Voltages 103 Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 108 Inductive Circuits 109 Power in an Inductive Circuit 113 Resistance in an AC Circuit 115 Capacitive Reactance 119 Capacitive Reactance and Resistance in Series 123 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Series 127 Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 130 Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 132 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Parallel 134 Principles of Electromagnetic Induction 135 Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 136 Self-Induction of a Coil 139 Transformers 142 Reversal of Induced Secondary Voltage 150 Transformer Operation 151 Windings and Voltages 152 Recap and Formulas 155 The Primaries 155 Ohm’s Law 156 Reactance 158 Series Circuits 161 Parallel Circuits 162 Series-Parallel Circuits 164 Formulas 166 Summary 166 Review Questions 168 Exercises 169 Chapter 5 Resonance 171 RC Circuits 172 RCL Circuit 173 Parallel LC Circuit 177 Series Resonant Circuits 178 Parallel Resonant Circuits 180 Uses of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 181 Summary 183 Review Questions 183 Exercises 184 Chapter 6 Semiconductors 185 Doping and Molecular Structure 185 P and N Types 186 Vacuum Tube Devices 186 The PN Junction 189 Holes 191 How the PN Junction Works 192 PNP Junctions 194 Transistors 197 Summary 198 Review Questions 200 Exercises 200 Chapter 7 Semiconductor Devices 201 Diodes 201 Diode Applications 202 Types of Diodes 202 Transistors 207 Transistor Applications 209 Types of Transistors 209 Thyristors 213 Triacs 215 Summary 215 Review Questions 216 Exercises 216 Chapter 8 Optoelectronics 217 The Origins of Light 217 The Nature of Light 218 Wavelength 219 Intensity 221 Optoelectronic Devices 221 Photodiodes 221 Phototransistors 222 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 222 Laser Diodes 222 Optical Isolators 222 Photoresistors 223 Photomultipliers 223 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 223 Summary 224 Review Questions 225 Exercises 226 Chapter 9 Circuit Components 227 Conductors 227 Copper Wire 227 Other Conductors 230 Cables 230 Connections 230 Soldering 231 Crimp Connectors 231 Switches 232 Fuses 234 Resistors 236 Capacitors 237 Inductors 238 Relays 238 Transformers 243 Overcurrent Protection 244 Installation 245 Power Supplies 246 Working with Electronic Components 247 Printed Circuit Boards 248 Grounding 249 Grounding Requirements 250 Summary 250 Review Questions 252 Exercises 252 Chapter 10 Filters 253 Types of Filters 255 Low-Pass Filters 256 High-Pass Filters 258 Band-Pass Filters 260 Notch Filters 261 Summary 262 Review Questions 263 Exercises 263 Chapter 11 Amplifiers 265 Signal Distortion 265 Amplitude Distortion 266 Frequency Distortion 266 Clipping 266 Crossover Distortion 267 Phase Distortion 267 Heterodyning 267 Amplifier Classes 268 Class A Amplifiers 268 Class B Amplifiers 269 Class C Amplifiers 269 Transistor Coupling 270 Direct Coupling 270 RC Coupling 270 Transformer Coupling 271 Impedance Coupling 272 Transistor Amplifiers 272 Common-Base Circuits 272 Common-Emitter Circuits 273 Common-Collector Circuits 273 Op-amps 274 Summary 276 Review Questions 277 Exercises 278 Chapter 12 Oscillators 279 The Tank Circuit 279 Timing 280 Positive Feedback 281 RC Timers 281 Types of Oscillators 283 Tuned-Base Oscillator 283 RC Relaxation Oscillator 283 Crystal Oscillators 285 Additional Oscillators 286 Summary 286 Review Questions 288 Exercises 288 Chapter 13 Digital Electronics 289 Digital and Data 289 Binary Code 289 Sending Binary Numbers 290 Basic Logic Circuits 292 Transistor Gates 294 Combination Logic Circuits 296 Sequential Logic Circuits 298 Combination Logic Circuits 302 Integrated Circuits 304 Linear and Digital 306 Summary 306 Review Questions 308 Exercises 309 Chapter 14 Fiber Optics 311 Light Recap 311 Sending Light through Glass Fibers 312 Optical-Signal Transmission 313 Attenuation and Dispersion 313 Internal Reflection 315 Types of Fibers 316 Transmission Devices and Methods 318 Decibels 318 Optical System Materials 319 Light Sources 320 Cabling 321 Connectors 322 Splices 323 Receivers 324 Testing 324 Continuity Testing 324 Power Testing 324 OTDR Testing 329 Optical System Parameters 329 Summary 329 Review Questions 332 Exercises 333 Chapter 15 Radio Transmission 335 Early Development 335 Radio Waves and Propagation 336 Tuned Circuits 340 Oscillators and the Audion 342 Basics 343 Modulation 347 Amplitude Modulation 347 Demodulation 348 Frequency Modulation 349 Pulse Modulation 352 Multiplexing 353 Antennas 353 Transmitting Antennas 354 Polarity 354 Receiving Antennas 355 Wave Paths 356 Summary 357 Review Questions 359 Exercises 360 Chapter 16 Audio 361 The Nature of Sound 361 Elements of Sound 361 Acoustics 364 Audio Systems 364 Audio Devices 365 Microphones 366 Tape Recorders 369 Equalizers 371 Amplifiers 372 Speakers 372 Autotransformers 375 Crossovers 375 Summary 375 Review Questions 377 Exercises 378 Chapter 17 Television 379 Television Basics 379 The Television Picture 382 The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 383 Color Television 385 Television Systems 385 Closed-Circuit Television 385 Video Cameras 386 Cable TV Channels 387 Summary 387 Review Questions 389 Exercises 390 Chapter 18 Radar 391 Radar Basics 391 Measuring Distance 392 Measuring Speed 394 Measuring Position 395 Waveguides 395 Cavity Resonators 396 Antennas 397 Reciprocity 397 Analyzing Radar Images 397 Radar Systems 399 Summary 399 Review Questions 400 Exercises 401 Chapter 19 Computers 403 Computer Basics 404 Integrated Circuit Chips 405 The Flip-Flop Circuit 406 Personal Computers 407 The CPU 407 Bios 407 Memory 407 Operating System 408 I/O Interfaces 408 Power Supply 408 Bus Systems 408 Disk Drives 408 Summary 408 Review Questions 409 Exercises 409 Appendix A Required Mathematics 411 Appendix B Symbols and Abbreviations 421 Appendix C Circuits 433 Glossary 443 Index 453

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Book SynopsisGain an understanding of the inspection of large synchronous machines, generators, condensers, and motors! This text describes each component of the machine, operational functions, typical design features, and tell-tale signs that indicate each mode of failure. Compact with photos, graphs, commonly-used inspection forms, along with extensive references for each topic, INSPECTION OF LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES is an excellent tool for operators, inspectors, and student engineers. Sponsored by IEEE Power Engineering Society.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. PREPARATION. Site Preparation. Inspection Tools. Inspection Forms. INSPECTION. Description of Stator Items (Form 4). Description of Rotor Items (Form 5). Description of Excitation Items (Form 7). Description of Generator Auxiliaries. Standard Electrical and Mechanical Tests. Appendix: Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomedical/Electrical Engineering Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging A Signal Processing Perspective A volume in the IEEE Press Series in Biomedical EngineeringMetin Akay. Series Editor Since its inception in 1971. MRI has developed into a premier tool for anatomical and runaional imaging. Prin??ples ofMagne??c Resonance Imaging provides a clear and comprehensive treatment of MR image formation principles from a signal processing perspective. You will find discussion of these essential topics: Mathematical fundamentals Signal generation and detection principles Signal characteristics Signal localization principles Image reconstruction techniques Image contrast mechanisms Image resolution. noise, and artifacts Fast-scan imaging Constrained reconstruction Spatial information encoding Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Mathematical Fundamentals. Signal Generation and Detection. Signal Characteristics. Signal Localization. Image Reconstruction. Image Contrast. Image Resolution, Noise, and Artifacts. Fast-Scan Imaging. Constrained Reconstruction. Appendix A: Mathematical Formulas. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Abbreviations. Appendix D: Mathematical Symbols. Appendix E: Physical Constants. Bibliography. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisThe essays in Small Tech investigate the cultural impact of digital tools and provide fresh perspectives on mobile technologies such as iPods, digital cameras, and PDAs and software functions like cut, copy, and paste and WYSIWYG. Together they advance new thinking about digital environments.

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Book SynopsisEssays exploring the role of markup in contemporary discourse.Trade Review"From A to is a marvelous conception—notably good, in essay after essay, at constructing and mining a developmental history of web technologies. Bradley Dilger and Jeff Rice have assembled a remarkably thoughtful community of thinkers." —Stuart Muolthrop, University of BaltimoreTable of Contents ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Making a Vocabulary for Bradley Dilger and Jeff Rice1. Tarrying with the : The Emergence of Control through ProtocoThomas Rickert2. : Exploring Rhetorical Convergences in Transmedia WritingSarah J. Arroyo3. alt: Accessible Web Design or Token Gesture?Colleen A. Reilly4. English Jeff Rice5. A Style Guide to the Secrets of Brendan Riley6. An Accidental Imperative: The Menacing Presence of Brian Willems7. The Evil Tags, and : Two Icons of Early HTML, and Why Some People Love to Hate ThemBob Whipple8. ing Representations of the WebMichelle Glaros9. Breaking All the Rules: Using to Create Space in Online Writing EnvironmentsMatthew K. Gold10. Body on : Coding SubjectivityJennifer L. Bay11. : "Invisible" Code and the Mystique of Web WritingHelen J. Burgess12. From Cyberspaces to Cyberplaces: , Narrative, and the Psychology of PlaceRudy McDaniel and Sae Lynne Schatz13. ing the GridBradley DilgerAfterword. : Casuistic CodeCynthia HaynesContributorsIndex

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Book SynopsisExplores the use of hypertext in postmodern electronic and film media by women.Trade Review"Hypertext and the Female Imaginary is a much-needed examination of cultural studies issues as they relate to literary-oriented digital media and are played out in women’s works dealing with hypertext. Jaishree K. Odin has written an extremely valuable book." —Dene Grigar, Washington State University, VancouverTable of ContentsContents Preface Introduction. Contact Zone: Repetition and Difference 1. Discontinuity: In-between Spaces and Itineraries 2. Fragmentation: Gender and Performance 3. Multiplicity: Database and Interface 4. Assemblage: Memory and Difference 5. Technocracy: Imagined Futures and "Reality" Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe essential junkiness of our culture and biology.Trade Review"This book is thrilling. No other book takes the problem of junk (and especially junk DNA) so seriously; no other book takes the question of what molecular biology has done to us so thoroughly. Thierry Bardini’s answer is that we have literally become junk—Homo Nexus. In the age of genetic capitalism, we’ve moved beyond Deleuze’s societies of control and into an age of infinite repurposing. At the very moment that many are celebrating ‘remix culture’ Bardini's book provides a wild and weird wake-up call. We are junk, junk is us. Junkware will help us sort it out." —Christopher Kelty, author of Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software"Awakening us to the awe-ful splendor of an informatic planet crawling with self replicating ‘junkware,’ Professor Bardini joins a global cadre of interdisciplinary ecologists engaging with the digital evolution and development of living systems: Techno-Evo-Devo. Bardini’s inquiry owes as much to Woody Allen as it does to Gilbert Simondon, asking: Are we made of junk? In the tradition of Darwin's contemplation of an ‘entangled bank’ of interconnected life, Junkware beholds a planet transduced by the self replicating infoquake and a Dionysian festival of junk. Long may it replicate." —Richard Doyle, Penn State UniversityTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Coda: Lambdas All Over the Place Introduction, or a set of promoters: Robbe-Grillet Cleansing Every Object in Sight, and Vik Muniz Piling Them Up PL Envoi: where one learns about a deafening condition and a couple of figures of junk--PR' Presence of junk, this signature of our age--Pantiq Philology of junk, or what's in this name, the fabric of the rhizome, our very fiber--PRE Mapping junk, or how I wrote this book (or, maybe, how it wrote me)--PR Bio-molecular junk, first three chapters of the book: this uncanny detail on our genetic capital--PRM The Junkness of culture, last three chapters of the book, that might not be chapters at all: out of control. Part I. 3' Bio-Molecular Junk Chapter 1, or a repressor complex: How Junk Became, and Why it Might Remain, Selfish cI On genetic insignificance and its semiotics, or variations on the uncanny detail created by a "mini-revolution"--OR3 Bootstraps: two opposite takes on junk DNA, selfish and snake--OR2 The selfish contention, a repressor argument in Nature--OR1 Even the sharpest razor cannot shave its handle (scholastics return with a vengeance)--cro Genes and signs of meaning, or the fiction that turned us into junk--N Why junk might remain selfish, after all--Q Design, or everybody's good for a make-over. Chapter 2, mostly head: From Garbage to Junk DNA, or Life as a Software Problem cII Incipit junk: Ohno and the birth of a name--A (May) a thousand loops (bloom), or from teleology to teleonomy--B Regulation, without a program--C Bioinformatics, biologists using computers (or the other way around)--D Hyperreal junk, the aufhebung of code itself. Chapter 3, head again: Multi-Medium, or Life as an Interface Problem E The Field, back to the snake--F Rush and Burst, a real-life encounter with the X-files. Part II. 5' Molar Junk: Hyperviral Culture Chapter 4, all tail: Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind Z (which could appear to mean the end) The crime of the Millennium: it's a wonderful world, if you can afford it--U (as in U2 my son) Post-scripta: genetic capitalism and the machine of the fourth kind--V (Bio)ethics, or what to do you with your brand new (bio)engineered freedom--G The end of a common nature: junk as the black matter of the ontogenesis of the machine of the fourth kind--T Individuation, without a principle (or a program): another return of scholastics, from number to Oedipus. Chapter 5, lysis and replication: Homo nexus, Disaffected Subject S A philosophical fiction; nexus, nexialism and other aliens--R The debt and the contract, or nexi and addicts, all unite!--O Dis-affect, the condition of our times--P Promethean Angst: The god of junk and his paradoxical legacy, hope and all. Chapter 6, tail again: Presence of Junk H Stigmata, or the world Dick made--M Kipple: how it got its look and feel, from retrofitting and the semantics of Dr. Junk himself--L (yes, the "l" of "tail", the point of entry) Hypervirus, where it eventually becomes obvious why phage is the model entity for the ontogenesis of capitalism of the fourth kind--K Junkyard terror, or a mind for murder--I Junkspace, or how it got built--J Future Eves, artificial menials and capitalist re-genesis: a junk aesthetics. De-Coda Sib Tripping over the organism, or a tribute to Moebius: DNA is a spirit is a drug is a program--xis Thinking junk and period pieces; a Gnostic theodicy--attP (a vital non-coding sequence) Molecular gods, or when the religious is disqualified, remains the mantic--int Vanishing sequences (end credits). Glossary Notes Index

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Book SynopsisNAPA Bulletin is a peer reviewed occasional publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology, dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods. peer reviewed publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods most editions available for course adoption Table of ContentsIntroduction. Knowledge Building and Knowledge Access: Teaching with Electronic Tools (Associate Professor Frank A. Dubinskas National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 1–11. Articles). Interactive Courseware in Anthropology Classrooms (Associate Professor James F. Hamill , Associate Professor Linda F. Marchant National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 12–22). Hypertext Indexing Applied to Computer-Mediated Conferencing and Teaching: An Aid to Group Memory (Audrey E. Mason Weiss , Professor Duane G. Metzger , Assistant Professor James H. McDonald National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 23–36). Distance Education in Anthropology: Telecourses as a Teaching Strategy (Professor Edwin S. Segal National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 37–48). The Interpenetration of Technology and Institution: An Assessment of an Educational Computer Conferencing System (Assistant Professor James H. McDonald National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 49–65). When Freedom of Choice Fails: Ideology and Action in a Secondary School Hypermedia Project (Assistant Professor Gail Bader, Assistant Professor James M. Nyce National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 66–72. Commentaries). Romancing the User: Hi-Tech Teaching in Anthropology and Industry (Anna Hargreaves National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 73–78). Technology for Failure: Skeptical Perspectives on Alternate and Hi-tech Teaching Methodologies (Professor Gregory F. Truex National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 79–86. About the Contributors). About the Contributors (National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 87–89).

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Book SynopsisOne of the most methodical treatments of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scatteringincluding new applications and ideas Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic wavesincluding radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications. Written by a world renowned authority in the field of electromagnetic research, this new edition of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications presents detailed applications with useful appendices, including mathematical formulasTable of ContentsAbout The Author Xix Preface Xxi Preface To The First Edition Xxv Acknowledgments Xxvii Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Fundamental Field Equations 7 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10 2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11 2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28 2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30 Problems / 33 3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36 3.3 Polarization / 37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50 3.9 Complex Waves / 51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66 3.14 WKB Method / 68 3.15 Bremmer Series / 72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80 Problems / 81 4 Waveguides And Cavities 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91 4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100 4.9 TEM Modes / 104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117 4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128 Problems / 133 5 Green’s Functions 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144 5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145 5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163 Problems / 166 6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169 6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182 6.6 Beam Waves / 183 6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191 6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198 Problems / 199 7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201 7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203 7.3 Periodic Layers / 209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224 Problems / 229 8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240 8.6 Mixing Formula / 241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249 8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257 8.16 Warm Plasma / 259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278 Problems / 280 9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313 Problems / 314 10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318 10.2 Radar Equations / 321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330 10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350 Problems / 354 11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364 11.4 Radiation Field / 366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376 11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394 Problems / 395 12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427 12.11 Small Apertures / 430 12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439 12.14 Related Problems / 441 Problems / 441 13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463 13.8 Curved Wedge / 463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467 Problems / 470 14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481 14.3 Strip Lines / 485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502 Problems / 506 15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528 15.9 Refracted Wave / 536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549 Problems / 550 Part II Applications 553 16 Inverse Scattering 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582 Problems / 584 17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587 17.1 Radiometry / 587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594 17.6 System Temperature / 598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600 17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604 Problems / 607 18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613 18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622 19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638 19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644 19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650 20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666 20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680 21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692 21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701 21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708 21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720 22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740 23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779 24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794 24.7 Memory Effects / 795 25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797 25.1 History / 797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802 26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819 Appendices 821 References 913 Index 929

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Book SynopsisWith contributed papers from the 2011 Materials Science & Technology symposia, this is a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in the advances and applications of electroceramics. Logically organized and carefully selected, the articles cover the themes of the symposia: Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Films and Multilayers; Dielectric Ceramic Materials and Electronic Devices; and Multifunctional Oxide. An essential reference for government labs and academics in mechanical and chemical engineering, materials and or ceramics, and chemistry.Table of ContentsPreface ix DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES Dielectric ll-VI and IV-VI Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films in Silver Coated Hollow Glass Waveguides (HGWS) for Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser Delivery 3 Carlos M. Bledt, Daniel V. Kopp, and James A. Harrington Dielectric Properties of Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics Fabricated with Wollastonite Powders 13 H. A. Colorado, A. Wong, and J. M. Yang Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Core-Shell Structured Ceramic Materials 23 Andreja Eräte, Barbara Malic, Brigita Ku2nik, Marija Kosec, and Vid Bobnar Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3.xSx for Thermoelectric Applications 31 W. Wong-Ng, N. Lowhorn, J. Martin, P. Zavalij, H. Joress, Q. Huang, Y. Yan, A. N. Mansour, E. L. Thomas, J. Yang, and M. L Green Optimized Sputtering Parameters for ITO Thin Films of High Conductivity and Transparency 43 Jihoon Jung and Ruyan Guo Simulation of Enhanced Optical Transmission in Piezoelctric Materials 55 Robert Mclntosh, Amar S. Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Evolution of Microstructure Due to Additives and Processing 65 N. B. Singh, A. Berghmans, D. Knuteson, J. Talvacchio, D. Kahler, M. House, B. Schreib, B. Wagner, and M. King Comparison of the Electrical Behavior of AIN-on-Diamond and AIN-on-Si MIS Rectifying Structures 77 N. Govindaraju, D. Das, R. N. Singh, and P. B. Kosel Effect of Nanocrystalline Diamond Deposition Conditions on Si MOSFET Device Characteristics 87 N. Govindaraju, P. B. Kosel, and R. N. Singh Study of the Diffusion from Melted Erbium Salt as the Surface-Modifying Technique for Localized Erbium Doping into Various Cuts of Lithium Niobate 95 Jakub Cajzl, Pavla Nekvindova, Blanka Svecova, Jarmila Spirkova, Anna Mackova, Petr Malinsky, Jiri Vacik, Jiri Oswald, and Andreas Kolitsch Acoustic Wave Velocities Measurement on Piezoelecrtic Ceramics to Evaluate Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio for Realization of High Piezoelectricity 105 Toshio Ogawa and Takayuki Nishina Long-Term and Light Stimulated Evolution of Semiconductor Properties 113 Sergei Pyshkin, John Ballato, George Chumanov, Donald VanDerveer, and Raisa Zhitaru Porosification of CaO-B203-Si02 Glass-Ceramics by Selective Etching for Super-Low k LTCC 125 F. Yuan, Y. T. Shi, J. E. Mu, Z. X. He, J. H. Guo, and Y. Cao Mechanochemical Behavior of BaNd2Ti4012 Powder in Ball Milling for High k Microwave Applications 135 J. E. Mu, Y. T. Shi, F. Yuan, and J. Liu Evaluation of Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Concept to Enhance Respirator Facial Seal 147 Mark Stasik, Jay Sayre, Rachel Thurston, Wes Childers, Aaron Richardson, Megan Moore, and Paul Gardner Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering on the Dielectric Behavior of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles 161 T. Sundararajan, S. Balasivanandha Prabu, and S. Manisha Vidyavathy Relationship between Ordering Ratio and Microwave Q Factor on Indialite/Cordierite Glass Ceramics 167 Hitoshi Ohsato, Jeong-Seog Kim, Ye-Ji Lee, Chae-ll Cheon, Ki-Woong Chae, and Isao Kagomiya Dielectric Properties of Nb-Rich Potassium Lithium Tantalate Niobate Single Crystals 179 Jun Li, Yang Li, Zhongxiang Zhou, Ruyan Guo, and Amar Bhalla Electrical Properties of Calcium Titanate:Hydroxyapatite Composites 191 Madhuparna Pal, A. K. Dubey, B. Basu, R. Guo, and A. Bhalla The Influence of Consolidation Parameters on Grain Contact Surfaces BaTi03-Ceramics 199 Vojislav V. Mitic, Vladimir B. Pavlovic, Vesna Paunovic, Miroslav Miljkovic, Jelena Nedin, and Milan Dukic MAGNETOELECTRIC MULTIFERROIC THIN FILMS AND MULTILAYERS Ferroic and Structural Investigations in Rare Earth Modified TbMn03 Ceramics 209 G. S. Dias, R. A. M. Gotardo, I. A. Santos, L. F. Cotica, and J. A. Eiras, D. Garcia HR-TEM Investigations in BiFe03-PbTi03 Multifunctional Ceramics 215 V. F. Freitas, F. R. Estrada, G. S. Dias, L F. Cotica, I. A. Santos, D. Garcia and J. A. Eiras MULTIFUNTIONAL OXIDES Modified Pechini Synthesis of La Doped Hexaferrite Co2Z with High Permeability 223 Lang Qin, Nahien Sharif, Lanlin Zhang, John Volakis, and Henk Verweij Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Bandgap Engineering for Photoeiectrochemical Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen 231 Sudhakar Shet, Yanfa Yan, Heli Wang, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Investigation of ZnO:N and ZnO:(AI,N) Films for Solar Driven Hydrogen Production 237 Sudhakar Shet, Yanfa Yan, Nuggehalli Ravindra, Heli Wang, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Author Index 243

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Book SynopsisUltra-capacitors, used as short-term energy storage devices, are growing in popularity especially in the transportation and renewable energy sectors. This text provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of ultra-capacitor theory, modeling and module design from an application perspective, focusing on the practical aspects of power conversion and ultra-capacitor integration with power electronics systems. Key features: clearly explains the theoretical and practical aspects of ultra-capacitor, analysis, modelling and design describes different power conversion applications such as variable speed drives, renewable energy systems, traction, power quality, diesel electric hybrid applications provides detailed guidelines for the design and selection of ultra-capacitor modules and interface dc-dc converters includes end-of-chapter exercises and design examples This is an essential reference for power electronics engTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Energy Storage Technologies and Devices 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Direct Electrical Energy Storage Devices 3 1.3 Indirect Electrical Energy Storage Technologies and Devices 11 1.4 Applications and Comparison 19 2 Ultra-Capacitor Energy Storage Devices 22 2.1 Background of Ultra-Capacitors 22 2.2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors—EDLC 24 2.3 The Ultra-Capacitor Macro (Electric Circuit) Model 27 2.4 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Energy and Power 42 2.5 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Charge/Discharge Methods 47 2.6 Frequency Related Losses 59 2.7 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Thermal Aspects 65 2.8 Ultra-Capacitor High Power Modules 72 2.9 Ultra-Capacitor Trends and Future Development 74 2.10 Summary 76 3 Power Conversion and Energy Storage Applications 78 3.1 Fundamentals of Static Power Converters 78 3.2 Interest in Power Conversion with Energy Storage 84 3.3 Controlled Electric Drive Applications 90 3.4 Renewable Energy Source Applications 102 3.5 Autonomous Power Generators and Applications 113 3.6 Energy Transmission and Distribution Applications 121 3.7 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Applications 128 3.8 Electric Traction Applications 131 3.9 Summary 145 4 Ultra-Capacitor Module Selection and Design 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 The Module Voltage Rating and Voltage Level Selection 152 4.3 The Capacitance Determination 164 4.4 Ultra-Capacitor Module Design 173 4.5 The Module's Thermal Management 189 4.6 Ultra-Capacitor Module Testing 207 4.7 Summary 214 5 Interface DC–DC Converters 216 5.1 Introduction 216 5.2 Background and Classification of Interface DC–DC Converters 216 5.3 State-of-the-Art Interface DC–DC Converters 223 5.4 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Current and Voltage Definition 229 5.5 Multi-Cell Interleaved DC–DC Converters 231 5.6 Design of a Two-Level N-Cell Interleaved DC–DC Converter 254 5.7 Conversion Power Losses: A General Case Analysis 295 5.8 Power Converter Thermal Management: A General Case Analysis 299 5.9 Summary 313 References 314 Index 317

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Book SynopsisHow we interface and interact with computing, communications and entertainment devices is going through revolutionary changes, with natural user inputs based on touch, voice, and vision replacing or augmenting the use of traditional interfaces based on the keyboard, mouse, joysticks, etc.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii List of Contributors xv Series Editor’s Foreword xvii Preface xix List of Acronyms xxi 1 Senses, Perception, and Natural Human-Interfaces for Interactive Displays 1 Achintya K. Bhowmik 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Human Senses and Perception 4 1.3 Human Interface Technologies 9 1.3.1 Legacy Input Devices 9 1.3.2 Touch-based Interactions 11 1.3.3 Voice-based Interactions 13 1.3.4 Vision-based Interactions 15 1.3.5 Multimodal Interactions 18 1.4 Towards “True” 3D Interactive Displays 20 1.5 Summary 23 References 24 2 Touch Sensing 27 Geoff Walker 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Introduction to Touch Technologies 28 2.2.1 Touchscreens 30 2.2.2 Classifying Touch Technologies by Size and Application 30 2.2.3 Classifying Touch Technologies by Materials and Structure 32 2.2.4 Classifying Touch Technologies by the Physical Quantity Being Measured 33 2.2.5 Classifying Touch Technologies by Their Sensing Capabilities 33 2.2.6 The Future of Touch Technologies 34 2.3 History of Touch Technologies 35 2.4 Capacitive Touch Technologies 35 2.4.1 Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) 35 2.4.2 Surface Capacitive 47 2.5 Resistive Touch Technologies 51 2.5.1 Analog Resistive 51 2.5.2 Digital Multi-touch Resistive (DMR) 57 2.5.3 Analog Multi-touch Resistive (AMR) 59 2.6 Acoustic Touch Technologies 61 2.6.1 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) 61 2.6.2 Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR) 64 2.6.3 Dispersive Signal Technology (DST) 67 2.7 Optical Touch Technologies 68 2.7.1 Traditional Infrared 68 2.7.2 Multi-touch Infrared 73 2.7.3 Camera-based Optical 76 2.7.4 In-glass Optical (Planar Scatter Detection – PSD) 81 2.7.5 Vision-based Optical 82 2.8 Embedded Touch Technologies 86 2.8.1 On-cell Mutual-capacitive 89 2.8.2 Hybrid In-cell/On-cell Mutual-capacitive 90 2.8.3 In-cell Mutual-capacitive 91 2.8.4 In-cell Light Sensing 93 2.9 Other Touch Technologies 96 2.9.1 Force-sensing 96 2.9.2 Combinations of Touch Technologies 98 2.10 Summary 98 2.11 Appendix 100 References 101 3 Voice in the User Interface 107 Andrew Breen, Hung H. Bui, Richard Crouch, Kevin Farrell, Friedrich Faubel, Roberto Gemello, William F. Ganong III, Tim Haulick, Ronald M. Kaplan, Charles L. Ortiz, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Holger Quast, Adwait Ratnaparkhi, Vlad Sejnoha, Jiaying Shen, Peter Stubley and Paul van Mulbregt 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 Voice Recognition 110 3.2.1 Nature of Speech 110 3.2.2 Acoustic Model and Front-end 112 3.2.3 Aligning Speech to HMMs 113 3.2.4 Language Model 114 3.2.5 Search: Solving Crosswords at 1000 Words a Second 115 3.2.6 Training Acoustic and Language Models 116 3.2.7 Adapting Acoustic and Language Models for Speaker Dependent Recognition 116 3.2.8 Alternatives to the “Canonical” System 117 3.2.9 Performance 117 3.3 Deep Neural Networks for Voice Recognition 119 3.4 Hardware Optimization 122 3.4.1 Lower Power Wake-up Computation 122 3.4.2 Hardware Optimization for Specific Computations 123 3.5 Signal Enhancement Techniques for Robust Voice Recognition 123 3.5.1 Robust Voice Recognition 124 3.5.2 Single-channel Noise Suppression 124 3.5.3 Multi-channel Noise Suppression 125 3.5.4 Noise Cancellation 125 3.5.5 Acoustic Echo Cancellation 127 3.5.6 Beamforming 127 3.6 Voice Biometrics 128 3.6.1 Introduction 128 3.6.2 Existing Challenges to Voice Biometrics 129 3.6.3 New Areas of Research in Voice Biometrics 130 3.7 Speech Synthesis 130 3.8 Natural Language Understanding 134 3.8.1 Mixed Initiative Conversations 135 3.8.2 Limitations of Slot and Filler Technology 137 3.9 Multi-turn Dialog Management 141 3.10 Planning and Reasoning 144 3.10.1 Technical Challenges 144 3.10.2 Semantic Analysis and Discourse Representation 146 3.10.3 Pragmatics 147 3.10.4 Dialog Management as Collaboration 148 3.10.5 Planning and Re-planning 149 3.10.6 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning 149 3.10.7 Monitoring 150 3.10.8 Suggested Readings 151 3.11 Question Answering 151 3.11.1 Question Analysis 152 3.11.2 Find Relevant Information 152 3.11.3 Answers and Evidence 153 3.11.4 Presenting the Answer 153 3.12 Distributed Voice Interface Architecture 154 3.12.1 Distributed User Interfaces 154 3.12.2 Distributed Speech and Language Technology 155 3.13 Conclusion 157 Acknowledgements 158 References 158 4 Visual Sensing and Gesture Interactions 165 Achintya K. Bhowmik 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Imaging Technologies: 2D and 3D 167 4.3 Interacting with Gestures 170 4.4 Summary 177 References 178 5 Real-Time 3D Sensing With Structured Light Techniques 181 Tyler Bell, Nikolaus Karpinsky and Song Zhang 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Structured Pattern Codifications 183 5.2.1 2D Pseudo-random Codifications 183 5.2.2 Binary Structured Codifications 184 5.2.3 N-ary Codifications 187 5.2.4 Continuous Sinusoidal Phase Codifications 187 5.3 Structured Light System Calibration 191 5.4 Examples of 3D Sensing with DFP Techniques 193 5.5 Real-Time 3D Sensing Techniques 195 5.5.1 Fundamentals of Digital-light-processing (DLP) Technology 196 5.5.2 Real-Time 3D Data Acquisition 198 5.5.3 Real-Time 3D Data Processing and Visualization 199 5.5.4 Example of Real-Time 3D Sensing 200 5.6 Real-Time 3D Sensing for Human Computer Interaction Applications 201 5.6.1 Real-Time 3D Facial Expression Capture and its HCI Implications 201 5.6.2 Real-Time 3D Body Part Gesture Capture and its HCI Implications 202 5.6.3 Concluding Human Computer Interaction Implications 204 5.7 Some Recent Advancements 204 5.7.1 Real-Time 3D Sensing and Natural 2D Color Texture Capture 204 5.7.2 Superfast 3D Sensing 206 5.8 Summary 208 Acknowledgements 209 References 209 6 Real-Time Stereo 3D Imaging Techniques 215 Lazaros Nalpantidis 6.1 Introduction 215 6.2 Background 216 6.3 Structure of Stereo Correspondence Algorithms 219 6.3.1 Matching Cost Computation 220 6.3.2 Matching Cost Aggregation 221 6.4 Categorization of Characteristics 222 6.4.1 Depth Estimation Density 222 6.4.2 Optimization Strategy 224 6.5 Categorization of Implementation Platform 225 6.5.1 CPU-only Methods 225 6.5.2 GPU-accelerated Methods 226 6.5.3 Hardware Implementations (FPGAs, ASICs) 227 6.6 Conclusion 229 References 229 7 Time-of-Flight 3D-Imaging Techniques 233 Daniël Van Nieuwenhove 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Time-of-Flight 3D Sensing 233 7.3 Pulsed Time-of-Flight Method 235 7.4 Continuous Time-of-Flight Method 236 7.5 Calculations 236 7.6 Accuracy 239 7.7 Limitations and Improvements 240 7.7.1 TOF Challenges 240 7.7.2 Theoretical Limits 241 7.7.3 Distance Aliasing 242 7.7.4 Multi-path and Scattering 243 7.7.5 Power Budget and Optimization 243 7.8 Time-of-Flight Camera Components 244 7.9 Typical Values 244 7.9.1 Light Power Range 244 7.9.2 Background Light 245 7.10 Current State of the Art 247 7.11 Conclusion 247 References 248 8 Eye Gaze Tracking 251 Heiko Drewes 8.1 Introduction and Motivation 251 8.2 The Eyes 253 8.3 Eye Trackers 256 8.3.1 Types of Eye Trackers 256 8.3.2 Corneal Reflection Method 257 8.4 Objections and Obstacles 260 8.4.1 Human Aspects 260 8.4.2 Outdoor Use 261 8.4.3 Calibration 261 8.4.4 Accuracy 261 8.4.5 Midas Touch Problem 262 8.5 Eye Gaze Interaction Research 263 8.6 Gaze Pointing 264 8.6.1 Solving the Midas Touch Problem 264 8.6.2 Solving the Accuracy Issue 265 8.6.3 Comparison of Mouse and Gaze Pointing 266 8.6.4 Mouse and Gaze Coordination 267 8.6.5 Gaze Pointing Feedback 269 8.7 Gaze Gestures 270 8.7.1 The Concept of Gaze Gestures 270 8.7.2 Gesture Detection Algorithm 270 8.7.3 Human Ability to Perform Gaze Gestures 271 8.7.4 Gaze Gesture Alphabets 272 8.7.5 Gesture Separation from Natural Eye Movement 273 8.7.6 Applications for Gaze Gestures 274 8.8 Gaze as Context 275 8.8.1 Activity Recognition 275 8.8.2 Reading Detection 277 8.8.3 Attention Detection 279 8.8.4 Using Gaze Context 280 8.9 Outlook 280 References 281 9 Multimodal Input for Perceptual User Interfaces 285 Joseph J. LaViola Jr., Sarah Buchanan and Corey Pittman 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Multimodal Interaction Types 286 9.3 Multimodal Interfaces 287 9.3.1 Touch Input 287 9.3.2 3D Gesture 294 9.3.3 Eye Tracking and Gaze 299 9.3.4 Facial Expressions 300 9.3.5 Brain-computer Input 301 9.4 Multimodal Integration Strategies 303 9.4.1 Frame-based Integration 304 9.4.2 Unification-based Integration 304 9.4.3 Procedural Integration 305 9.4.4 Symbolic/Statistical Integration 305 9.5 Usability Issues with Multimodal Interaction 305 9.6 Conclusion 307 References 308 10 Multimodal Interaction in Biometrics: Technological and Usability Challenges 313 Norman Poh, Phillip A. Tresadern and Rita Wong 10.1 Introduction 313 10.1.1 Motivations for Identity Assurance 314 10.1.2 Biometrics 10.1.3 Application Characteristics of Multimodal Biometrics 314 10.1.4 2D and 3D Face Recognition 316 10.1.5 A Multimodal Case Study 317 10.1.6 Adaptation to Blind Subjects 318 10.1.7 Chapter Organization 320 10.2 Anatomy of the Mobile Biometry Platform 320 10.2.1 Face Analysis 320 10.2.2 Voice Analysis 323 10.2.3 Model Adaptation 325 10.2.4 Data Fusion 326 10.2.5 Mobile Platform Implementation 326 10.2.6 MoBio Database and Protocol 327 10.3 Case Study: Usability Study for the Visually Impaired 328 10.3.1 Impact of Head Pose Variations on Performance 329 10.3.2 User Interaction Module: Head Pose Quality Assessment 329 10.3.3 User-Interaction Module: Audio Feedback Mechanism 333 10.3.4 Usability Testing with the Visually Impaired 336 10.4 Discussions and Conclusions 338 Acknowledgements 339 References 339 11 Towards “True” 3D Interactive Displays 343 Jim Larimer, Philip J. Bos and Achintya K. Bhowmik 11.1 Introduction 343 11.2 The Origins of Biological Vision 346 11.3 Light Field Imaging 352 11.4 Towards “True” 3D Visual Displays 359 11.5 Interacting with Visual Content on a 3D Display 368 11.6 Summary 371 References 371 Index 375

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Book SynopsisComprehensively covers the fundamental scientific principles and technologies that are used in the design of modern computer-controlled machines and processes.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Case Study: Modeling and Control of Combustion Engines 16 1.2 Example: Electro-hydraulic Flight Control Systems for Commercial Airplanes 31 1.3 Embedded Control Software Development for Mechatronic Systems 38 1.4 Problems 43 CHAPTER 2 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL 45 2.1 Components of a Digital Control System 46 2.2 The Sampling Operation and Signal Reconstruction 48 2.3 Open Loop Control Versus Closed Loop Control 63 2.4 Performance Specifications for Control Systems 67 2.5 Time Domain and S-domain Correlation of Signals 69 2.6 Transient Response Specifications: Selection of Pole Locations 70 2.7 Steady-State Response Specifications 74 2.8 Stability of Dynamic Systems 76 2.9 Experimental Determination of Frequency Response 78 2.10 The Root Locus Method 89 2.11 Correlation Between Time Domain and Frequency Domain Information 93 2.12 Basic Feedback Control Types 97 2.13 Translation of Analog Control to Digital Control 125 2.14 Problems 128 CHAPTER 3 MECHANISMS FOR MOTION TRANSMISSION 133 3.1 Introduction 133 3.2 Rotary to Rotary Motion Transmission Mechanisms 136 3.3 Rotary to Translational Motion Transmission Mechanisms 139 3.4 Cyclic Motion Transmission Mechanisms 143 3.5 Shaft Misalignments and Flexible Couplings 153 3.6 Actuator Sizing 154 3.7 Homogeneous Transformation Matrices 162 3.8 A Case Study: Automotive Transmission as a “Gear Reducer” 172 3.9 Problems 201 CHAPTER 4 MICROCONTROLLERS 207 4.1 Embedded Computers versus Non-Embedded Computers 207 4.2 Basic Computer Model 214 4.3 Microcontroller Hardware and Software: PIC 18F452 218 4.4 Interrupts 235 4.5 Problems 243 CHAPTER 5 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 245 5.1 Introduction 245 5.2 Basics of Linear Circuits 245 5.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Methods 249 5.4 Impedance 252 5.5 Semiconductor Electronic Devices 260 5.6 Operational Amplifiers 282 5.7 Digital Electronic Devices 308 5.8 Digital and Analog I/O and Their Computer Interface 314 5.9 D/A and A/D Converters and Their Computer Interface 318 5.10 Problems 324 CHAPTER 6 SENSORS 329 6.1 Introduction to Measurement Devices 329 6.2 Measurement Device Loading Errors 333 6.3 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit 335 6.4 Position Sensors 339 6.5 Velocity Sensors 362 6.6 Acceleration Sensors 365 6.7 Strain, Force, and Torque Sensors 372 6.8 Pressure Sensors 376 6.9 Temperature Sensors 381 6.10 Flow Rate Sensors 385 6.11 Humidity Sensors 393 6.12 Vision Systems 394 6.13 GPS: Global Positioning System 397 6.14 Problems 403 CHAPTER 7 ELECTROHYDRAULIC MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 407 7.1 Introduction 407 7.2 Fundamental Physical Principles 425 7.3 Hydraulic Pumps 437 7.4 Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic Cylinder and Rotary Motor 457 7.5 Hydraulic Valves 461 7.6 Sizing of Hydraulic Motion System Components 507 7.7 Hydraulic Motion Axis Natural Frequency and Bandwidth Limit 518 7.8 Linear Dynamic Model of a One-Axis Hydraulic Motion System 520 7.9 Nonlinear Dynamic Model of One-Axis Hydraulic Motion System 527 7.10 Example: Open Center Hydraulic System – Force and Speed Modulation Curves in Steady State 571 7.11 Example: Hydrostatic Transmissions 576 7.12 Current Trends in Electrohydraulics 586 7.13 Case Studies 589 7.14 Problems 593 CHAPTER 8 ELECTRIC ACTUATORS: MOTOR AND DRIVE TECHNOLOGY 603 8.1 Introduction 603 8.2 Energy Losses in Electric Motors 629 8.3 Solenoids 633 8.4 DC Servo Motors and Drives 640 8.5 AC Induction Motors and Drives 659 8.6 Step Motors 670 8.7 Linear Motors 681 8.8 DC Motor: Electromechanical Dynamic Model 683 8.9 Problems 691 CHAPTER 9 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS 695 9.1 Introduction 695 9.2 Hardware Components of PLCs 697 9.3 Programming of PLCs 705 9.4 PLC Control System Applications 709 9.5 PLC Application Example: Conveyor and Furnace Control 712 9.6 Problems 714 CHAPTER 10 PROGRAMMABLE MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 717 10.1 Introduction 717 10.2 Design Methodology for PMC Systems 722 10.3 Motion Controller Hardware and Software 723 10.4 Basic Single-Axis Motions 724 10.5 Coordinated Motion Control Methods 729 10.6 Coordinated Motion Applications 735 10.7 Problems 747 CHAPTER 11 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 749 11.1 Experiment 1: Basic Electrical Circuit Components and Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current Laws 749 11.2 Experiment 2: Transistor Operation: ON/OFF Mode and Linear Mode of Operation 754 11.3 Experiment 3: Passive First-Order RC Filters: Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter 758 11.4 Experiment 4: Active First-Order Low Pass Filter with Op-Amps 762 11.5 Experiment 5: Schmitt Trigger With Variable Hysteresis using an Op-Amp Circuit 766 11.6 Experiment 6: Analog PID Control Using Op-Amps 770 11.7 Experiment 7: LED Control Using the PIC Microcontroller 775 11.8 Experiment 8: Force and Strain Measurement Using a Strain Gauge and PIC-ADC Interface 780 11.9 Experiment 9: Solenoid Control Using a Transistor and PIC Microcontroller 787 11.10 Experiment 10: Stepper Motor Motion Control Using a PIC Microcontroller 790 11.11 Experiment 11: DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM 794 11.12 Experiment 12: Closed Loop DC Motor Position Control 799 APPENDIX MATLAB®, SIMULINK®, STATEFLOW, AND AUTO-CODE GENERATION 805 A.1 MATLAB® Overview 805 A.1.1 Data in MATLAB® Environment 808 A.1.2 Program Flow Control Statements in MATLAB® 813 A.1.3 Functions in MATLAB®: M-script files and M-function files 815 A.1.4 Input and Output in MATLAB® 822 A.1.5 MATLAB® Toolboxes 831 A.1.6 Controller Design Functions: Transform Domain and State-Space Methods 832 A.2 Simulink® 836 A.2.1 Simulink® Block Examples 843 A.2.2 Simulink®S-Functions in C Language 852 A.3 Stateflow 856 A.3.1 Accessing Data and Functions from a Stateflow Chart 865 A.4 Auto Code Generation 876 REFERENCES 879 INDEX 883

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Book SynopsisFROM LED TO SOLID STATE LIGHTING A comprehensive and practical reference complete with hands-on exercises and experimental data In From LED to Solid State Lighting: Principles, Materials, Packaging, Characterization, and Applications, accomplished mechanical engineers Shi-Wei Ricky Lee, Jeffery C. C. Lo, Mian Tao, and Huaiyu Ye deliver a practical overview of the design and construction of LED lighting modules, from the fabrication of the LED chip to the LED modules incorporated in complete LED lighting fixtures. The distinguished authors discuss the major advantages of solid-state lighting, including energy savings, environmental friendliness, and lengthy operational life, as well as the contributions offered by the packaging of light-emitting diodes in the pursuit of these features. Readers will discover presentations of the technical issues that arise in packaging LED components, like interconnection, phosphor deposition, and encapsulation. They'll alsoTable of ContentsPreface v About the Authors vii 1 LEDs for Solid-State Lighting 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evolution of Light Sources and Lighting Systems 1 1.3 Historical Development of LEDs 6 1.4 Implementation of White Light Illumination with an LED 8 1.5 LEDs for General Lighting 10 References 12 2 Packaging of LED Chips 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Overall Packaging Process and LED Package Types 16 2.3 Chip Mounting and Interconnection 20 2.4 Phosphor Coating and Dispensing Process 38 2.5 Encapsulation and Molding Process 48 2.6 Secondary Optics and Lens Design 50 References 54 3 Chip Scale and Wafer Level Packaging of LEDs 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Chip Scale Packaging 63 3.3 Enabling Technologies forWafer Level Packaging 66 3.4 Designs and Structures of LED Wafer Level Packaging 91 3.5 Processes of LED Wafer Level Packaging 96 References 106 4 Board Level Assemblies and LED Modules 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Board Level Assembly Processes 112 4.3 Chip-on-Board Assemblies 130 4.4 LED Modules and Considerations 137 References 141 5 Optical, Electrical, and Thermal Performance 145 5.1 Evaluation of Optical Performance 145 5.2 Power Supply and Efficiency 159 5.3 Consideration of LED Thermal Performance 163 References 172 6 Reliability Engineering for LED Packaging 175 6.1 Concept of Reliability and Test Methods 175 6.2 Failure Analysis and Life Assessment 181 6.3 Design for Reliability 185 References 187 7 Emerging Applications of LEDs 189 7.1 LEDs for Automotive Lighting 189 7.2 Micro- and Mini-LED Display 194 7.3 LED for Visible Light Communication 203 References 208 8 LEDs Beyond Visible Light 213 8.1 Applications of UV-LED 213 8.2 Applications of IR-LEDs 225 8.3 Future Outlook and Other Technology Trends 233 References 235 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThe essential guide to the entire process behind performing a complete characterization and benchmarking of cameras through image quality analysis Camera Image Quality Benchmarking contains the basic information and approaches for the use of subjectively correlated image quality metrics and outlines a framework for camera benchmarking. The authors show how to quantitatively compare image quality of cameras used for consumer photography. This book helps to fill a void in the literature by detailing the types of objective and subjective metrics that are fundamental to benchmarking still and video imaging devices. Specifically, the book provides an explanation of individual image quality attributes and how they manifest themselves to camera components and explores the key photographic still and video image quality metrics. The text also includes illustrative examples of benchmarking methods so that the practitioner can design a methodology appropriate to the photographic usage in considerTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Series Preface xvii Preface xix List of Abbreviations xxiii About the CompanionWebsite xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Image Content and Image Quality 2 1.1.1 Color 3 1.1.2 Shape 8 1.1.3 Texture 10 1.1.4 Depth 11 1.1.5 Luminance Range 12 1.1.6 Motion 15 1.2 Benchmarking 18 1.3 Book Content 22 Summary of this Chapter 24 References 25 2 Defining Image Quality 27 2.1 What is Image Quality? 27 2.2 Image Quality Attributes 29 2.3 Subjective and Objective Image Quality Assessment 31 Summary of this Chapter 32 References 33 3 Image Quality Attributes 35 3.1 Global Attributes 35 3.1.1 Exposure, Tonal Reproduction, and Flare 35 3.1.2 Color 39 3.1.3 Geometrical Artifacts 40 3.1.3.1 Perspective Distortion 40 3.1.3.2 Optical Distortion 42 3.1.3.3 Other Geometrical Artifacts 42 3.1.4 Nonuniformities 43 3.1.4.1 Luminance Shading 45 3.1.4.2 Color Shading 45 3.2 Local Attributes 45 3.2.1 Sharpness and Resolution 45 3.2.2 Noise 49 3.2.3 Texture Rendition 50 3.2.4 Color Fringing 50 3.2.5 Image Defects 51 3.2.6 Artifacts 51 3.2.6.1 Aliasing and Demosaicing Artifacts 52 3.2.6.2 Still Image Compression Artifacts 53 3.2.6.3 Flicker 53 3.2.6.4 HDR Processing Artifacts 55 3.2.6.5 Lens Ghosting 55 3.3 Video Quality Attributes 56 3.3.1 Frame Rate 56 3.3.2 Exposure and White Balance Responsiveness and Consistency 58 3.3.3 Focus Adaption 58 3.3.4 Audio-Visual Synchronization 58 3.3.5 Video Compression Artifacts 59 3.3.6 Temporal Noise 60 3.3.7 Fixed Pattern Noise 60 3.3.8 Mosquito Noise 60 Summary of this Chapter 60 References 61 4 The Camera 63 4.1 The Pinhole Camera 63 4.2 Lens 64 4.2.1 Aberrations 64 4.2.1.1 Third-Order Aberrations 65 4.2.1.2 Chromatic Aberrations 66 4.2.2 Optical Parameters 67 4.2.3 Relative Illumination 69 4.2.4 Depth of Field 70 4.2.5 Diffraction 71 4.2.6 Stray Light 73 4.2.7 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Lens 74 4.3 Image Sensor 75 4.3.1 CCD Image Sensors 75 4.3.2 CMOS Image Sensors 77 4.3.3 Color Imaging 81 4.3.4 Image Sensor Performance 82 4.3.5 CCD versus CMOS 89 4.3.6 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Image Sensor 90 4.4 Image Signal Processor 91 4.4.1 Image Processing 91 4.4.2 Image Compression 98 4.4.2.1 Chroma Subsampling 98 4.4.2.2 Transform Coding 98 4.4.2.3 Coefficient Quantization 99 4.4.2.4 Coefficient Compression 100 4.4.3 Control Algorithms 101 4.4.4 Image Quality Attributes Related to the ISP 101 4.5 Illumination 102 4.5.1 LED Flash 103 4.5.2 Xenon Flash 103 4.6 Video Processing 103 4.6.1 Video Stabilization 103 4.6.1.1 Global Motion Models 104 4.6.1.2 Global Motion Estimation 105 4.6.1.3 Global Motion Compensation 106 4.6.2 Video Compression 107 4.6.2.1 Computation of Residuals 107 4.6.2.2 Video Compression Standards and Codecs 109 4.6.2.3 Some Significant Video Compression Standards 110 4.6.2.4 A Note On Video Stream Structure 111 4.7 System Considerations 111 Summary of this Chapter 112 References 113 5 Subjective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 117 5.1 Psychophysics 118 5.2 Measurement Scales 120 5.3 PsychophysicalMethodologies 122 5.3.1 Rank Order 123 5.3.2 Category Scaling 123 5.3.3 Acceptability Scaling 124 5.3.4 Anchored Scaling 125 5.3.5 Forced-Choice Comparison 125 5.3.6 Magnitude Estimation 125 5.3.7 Methodology Comparison 126 5.4 Cross-Modal Psychophysics 126 5.4.1 Example Research 127 5.4.2 Image Quality-Related Demonstration 128 5.5 Thurstonian Scaling 129 5.6 Quality Ruler 131 5.6.1 Ruler Generation 134 5.6.2 Quality Ruler Insights 135 5.6.2.1 Lab Cross-Comparisons 135 5.6.2.2 SQS2 JND Validation 136 5.6.2.3 Quality Ruler Standard Deviation Trends 139 5.6.2.4 Observer Impact 141 5.6.3 Perspective from Academia 142 5.6.4 Practical Example 144 5.6.5 Quality Ruler Applications to Image Quality Benchmarking 147 5.7 Subjective Video Quality 148 5.7.1 Terminology 149 5.7.2 Observer Selection 149 5.7.3 Viewing Setup 150 5.7.4 Video Display and Playback 151 5.7.5 Clip Selection 152 5.7.6 Presentation Protocols 154 5.7.7 Assessment Methods 156 5.7.8 Interpreting Results 158 5.7.9 ITU Recommendations 159 5.7.9.1 The Double-Stimulus Impairment Scale Method 160 5.7.9.2 The Double-Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale Method 160 5.7.9.3 The Simultaneous Double-Stimulus for Continuous Evaluation Method 160 5.7.9.4 The Absolute Category Rating Method 161 5.7.9.5 The Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation Method 161 5.7.9.6 The Subjective Assessment of Multimedia Video Quality Method 161 5.7.9.7 ITU Methodology Comparison 162 5.7.10 Other Sources 162 Summary of this Chapter 162 References 163 6 Objective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 167 6.1 Exposure and Tone 168 6.1.1 Exposure Index and ISO Sensitivity 168 6.1.2 Optoelectronic Conversion Function 169 6.1.3 Practical Considerations 170 6.2 Dynamic Range 170 6.3 Color 171 6.3.1 Light Sources 171 6.3.2 Scene 174 6.3.3 Observer 176 6.3.4 Basic Color Metrics 178 6.3.5 RGB Color Spaces 180 6.3.6 Practical Considerations 181 6.4 Shading 181 6.4.1 Practical Considerations 182 6.5 Geometric Distortion 182 6.5.1 Practical Considerations 184 6.6 Stray Light 184 6.6.1 Practical Considerations 185 6.7 Sharpness and Resolution 185 6.7.1 The Modulation Transfer Function 186 6.7.2 The Contrast Transfer Function 191 6.7.3 Geometry in Optical Systems and the MTF 193 6.7.4 Sampling and Aliasing 194 6.7.5 System MTF 195 6.7.6 Measuring the MTF 198 6.7.7 Edge SFR 198 6.7.8 Sine Modulated Siemens Star SFR 201 6.7.9 Comparing Edge SFR and Sine Modulated Siemens SFR 203 6.7.10 Practical Considerations 204 6.8 Texture Blur 204 6.8.1 Chart Construction 206 6.8.2 Practical Considerations 206 6.8.3 AlternativeMethods 207 6.9 Noise 207 6.9.1 Noise and Color 207 6.9.2 Spatial Frequency Dependence 209 6.9.3 Signal to Noise Measurements in Nonlinear Systems and Noise Component Analysis 211 6.9.4 Practical Considerations 212 6.10 Color Fringing 213 6.11 Image Defects 214 6.12 Video Quality Metrics 214 6.12.1 Frame Rate and Frame Rate Consistency 215 6.12.2 Frame Exposure Time and Consistency 215 6.12.3 Auto White Balance Consistency 216 6.12.4 Autofocusing Time and Stability 216 6.12.5 Video Stabilization Performance 217 6.12.6 Audio-Video Synchronization 218 6.13 Related International Standards 218 Summary of this Chapter 221 References 221 7 Perceptually Correlated Image Quality Metrics 227 7.1 Aspects of Human Vision 227 7.1.1 Physiological Processes 227 7.2 HVS Modeling 232 7.3 Viewing Conditions 232 7.4 Spatial Image Quality Metrics 234 7.4.1 Sharpness 235 7.4.1.1 Edge Acutance 235 7.4.1.2 Mapping Acutance to JND Values 237 7.4.1.3 Other Perceptual Sharpness Metrics 239 7.4.2 Texture Blur 239 7.4.3 Visual Noise 240 7.5 Color 244 7.5.1 Chromatic Adaptation Transformations 244 7.5.2 Color Appearance Models 245 7.5.3 Color and Spatial Content—Image Appearance Models 247 7.5.4 Image Quality Benchmarking and Color 249 7.6 Other Metrics 251 7.7 Combination of Metrics 252 7.8 Full-Reference Digital Video Quality Metrics 252 7.8.1 PSNR 253 7.8.2 Structural Similarity (SSIM) 256 7.8.3 VQM 260 7.8.4 VDP 262 7.8.4.1 Further Considerations 263 7.8.5 Discussion 265 Summary of this Chapter 267 References 267 8 Measurement Protocols—Building Up a Lab 273 8.1 Still Objective Measurements 273 8.1.1 Lab Needs 274 8.1.1.1 Lab Space 274 8.1.1.2 Lighting 275 8.1.1.3 Light Booths 278 8.1.1.4 Transmissive Light Sources 279 8.1.1.5 Additional Lighting Options 280 8.1.1.6 Light Measurement Devices 281 8.1.2 Charts 282 8.1.2.1 Printing Technologies for Reflective Charts 282 8.1.2.2 Technologies for Transmissive Charts 286 8.1.2.3 Inhouse Printing 286 8.1.2.4 Chart Alignment and Framing 287 8.1.3 Camera Settings 289 8.1.4 Supplemental Equipment 289 8.1.4.1 RealWorld Objects 290 8.2 Video Objective Measurements 293 8.2.0.2 Visual Timer 293 8.2.0.3 Motion 294 8.3 Still Subjective Measurements 297 8.3.1 Lab Needs 297 8.3.2 Stimuli 298 8.3.2.1 Stimuli Generation 298 8.3.2.2 Stimuli Presentation 301 8.3.3 Observer Needs 302 8.3.3.1 Observer Selection and Screening 302 8.3.3.2 Experimental Design and Duration 303 8.4 Video Subjective Measurements 304 Summary of this Chapter 305 References 305 9 The Camera Benchmarking Process 309 9.1 Objective Metrics for Benchmarking 309 9.2 Subjective Methods for Benchmarking 311 9.2.1 Photospace 312 9.2.2 Use Cases 313 9.2.3 Observer Impact 314 9.3 Methods of Combining Metrics 315 9.3.1 Weighted Combinations 316 9.3.2 Minkowski Summation 316 9.4 Benchmarking Systems 317 9.4.1 GSMArena 317 9.4.2 FNAC 318 9.4.3 VCX 318 9.4.4 Skype Video Capture Specification 319 9.4.5 VIQET 320 9.4.6 DxOMark 321 9.4.7 IEEE P1858 323 9.5 Example Benchmark Results 324 9.5.1 VIQET 324 9.5.2 IEEE CPIQ 325 9.5.2.1 CPIQ Objective Metrics 327 9.5.2.2 CPIQ Quality Loss Predictions from Objective Metrics 337 9.5.3 DxOMark Mobile 338 9.5.4 Real-World Images 339 9.5.5 High-End DSLR Objective Metrics 339 9.6 Benchmarking Validation 345 Summary of this Chapter 348 References 349 10 Summary and Conclusions 353 References 357 Index 359

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Book SynopsisDESIGN FOR EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING An authoritative guide to optimizing design for manufacturability and reliability from a team of expertsDesign for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing is a comprehensive, state-of-the-art book that covers design and reliability of electronics. The authorsnoted experts on the topicexplain how using the DfX concepts of design for reliability, design for manufacturability, design for environment, design for testability, and more, reduce research and development costs and decrease time to market and allow companies to confidently issue warranty coverage. By employing the concepts outlined in Design for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing, engineers and managers can increase customer satisfaction, market share, and long-term profits. In addition, the authors describe the best practices regarding product design and show how the practices can be adapted for different manufacturing processes, suppliers, use environments, and reliabilTable of ContentsContributors xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv Series Foreword xxvii Foreword xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Acronyms xxxv 1 Introduction to Design for Excellence 1 1.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 1 1.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 2 1.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 3 1.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 3 1.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability (DfM) 4 1.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 4 1.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 5 2 Establishing a Reliability Program 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Best Practices and the Economics of a Reliability Program 9 2.2.1 Best-in-Class Reliability Program Practices 10 2.3 Elements of a Reliability Program 12 2.3.1 Reliability Goals 13 2.3.2 Defined Use Environments 14 2.3.3 Software Reliability 15 2.3.4 General Software Requirements 18 2.4 Reliability Data 24 2.4.1 Sources of Reliability Data 27 2.4.2 Reliability Data from Suppliers 27 2.5 Analyzing Reliability Data: Commonly Used Probability and Statistics Concepts in Reliability 29 2.5.1 Reliability Probability in Electronics 30 2.5.2 Reliability Statistics in Electronics 31 2.5.2.1 Basic Statistics Assumptions and Caveats 32 2.5.2.2 Variation Statistics 33 2.5.2.3 Statistical Distributions Used in Reliability 33 2.6 Reliability Analysis and Prediction Methods 34 2.7 Summary 40 References 40 3 Design for Reliability 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 DfR and Physics of Failure 45 3.2.1 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 48 3.2.2 Fault Tree Analysis 48 3.2.3 Sneak Circuit Analysis 48 3.2.4 DfR at the Concept Stage 48 3.3 Specifications (Product and Environment Definitions and Concerns) 52 3.4 Reliability Physics Analysis 55 3.4.1 Reliability Physics Alternatives 62 3.4.2 Reliability Physics Models and Examples 64 3.4.2.1 Arrhenius Equation 64 3.4.2.2 Eyring Equation 65 3.4.2.3 Black’s Equation 65 3.4.2.4 Peck’s Law 66 3.4.2.5 Norris-Landzberg Equation 66 3.4.2.6 Creep Mechanisms 68 3.4.3 Component Selection 68 3.4.4 Critical Components 70 3.4.5 Moisture-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.6 Temperature-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.7 Electrostatic Discharge 72 3.4.8 Lifetime 73 3.5 Surviving the Heat Wave 74 3.6 Redundancy 78 3.7 Plating Materials: Tin Whiskers 79 3.8 Derating and Uprating 82 3.9 Reliability of New Packaging Technologies 84 3.10 Printed Circuit Boards 86 3.10.1 Surface Finishes 86 3.10.1.1 Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP) 88 3.10.1.2 Immersion Silver (ImAg) 88 3.10.1.3 Immersion Tin (ImSn) 90 3.10.1.4 Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) 90 3.10.1.5 Lead-Free Hot Air Solder Leveled (HASL) 91 3.10.2 Laminate Selection 93 3.10.3 Cracking and Delamination 93 3.10.4 Plated Through-Holes and Vias 95 3.10.5 Conductive Anodic Filament 98 3.10.6 Strain and Flexure Issues 101 3.10.7 Pad Cratering 105 3.10.8 PCB Buckling 106 3.10.9 Electrochemical Migration 106 3.10.9.1 Temperature 107 3.10.9.2 Relative Humidity 107 3.10.9.3 Voltage Bias 108 3.10.9.4 Conductor Spacing 108 3.10.9.5 Condensation 113 3.10.10 Cleanliness 117 3.10.10.1 Chloride 118 3.10.10.2 Bromide 118 3.10.10.3 Cations 119 3.10.10.4 Weak Organic Acids 119 3.10.10.5 Cleanliness Testing 119 3.11 Non-Functional Pads 120 3.12 Wearout Mechanisms 121 3.12.1 IC Wearout 121 3.13 Conformal Coating and Potting 124 3.13.1 Silicone 125 3.13.2 Polyurethane 126 3.13.3 Epoxy 126 3.13.4 Acrylic 126 3.13.5 Superhydrophobics 127 References 131 4 Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 135 4.1 Introduction 135 4.1.1 Elements of a Testing Program 136 4.1.2 Know the Environment 140 4.2 Standards and Measurements 142 4.3 Failure-Inducing Stressors 143 4.4 Common Test Types 143 4.4.1 Temperature Cycling 143 4.4.2 Temperature-Humidity-Bias Testing 145 4.4.3 Electrical Connection 146 4.4.4 Corrosion Tests 146 4.4.5 Power Cycling 147 4.4.6 Electrical Loads 147 4.4.7 Mechanical Bending 147 4.4.8 Random and Sinusoidal Vibration 148 4.4.9 Mechanical Shock 154 4.4.10 ALT Testing 154 4.4.11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) 156 4.4.12 EMC Testing Dos and Don’ts 157 4.5 Test Plan Development 158 4.5.1 The Process 161 4.5.2 Failure Analysis 162 4.5.3 Screening Tests 162 4.5.4 Case Study One 165 4.5.5 Case Study Two 167 4.5.6 Case Study Three 169 References 172 5 Design for Manufacturability 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 177 5.3 Overview of DfM Processes 181 5.3.1 The DfM Process 182 5.4 Component Topics 183 5.4.1 Part Selection 184 5.4.2 Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) 184 5.4.3 Temperature Sensitivity Level (TSL) 185 5.4.4 ESD 186 5.4.5 Derating 187 5.4.6 Ceramic Capacitor Cracks 188 5.4.7 Life Expectancies 193 5.4.8 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 194 5.4.9 Resistors 195 5.4.10 Tin Whiskers 196 5.4.11 Integrated Circuits 198 5.5 Printed Circuit Board Topics 199 5.5.1 Laminate Selection 199 5.5.2 Surface Finish 200 5.5.3 Discussion of Different Surface Finishes 200 5.5.4 Stackup 204 5.5.5 Plated Through-Holes 206 5.5.6 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation 206 5.5.7 Copper Weight 208 5.5.8 Pad Geometries 208 5.5.9 Trace and Space Separation 210 5.5.10 Non-Functional Pads 211 5.5.11 Shipping and Handling 211 5.5.12 Cleanliness and Contamination 211 5.6 Process Materials 215 5.6.1 Solder 215 5.6.2 Solder Paste 215 5.6.3 Flux 216 5.6.4 Stencils 218 5.6.5 Conformal Coating 219 5.6.6 Potting 223 5.6.7 Underfill 224 5.6.8 Cleaning Materials 225 5.6.9 Adhesives 226 5.7 Summary: Implementing DfM 227 References 227 6 Design for Sustainability 229 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 Obsolescence Management 230 6.2.1 Obsolescence-Resolution Techniques 230 6.2.1.1 Industry Standards 233 6.2.1.2 Asset Security 235 6.3 Long-Term Storage 236 6.4 Long-Term Reliability Issues 238 6.5 Counterfeit Prevention and Detection Strategies 243 6.6 Supplier Selection 257 6.6.1 Selecting a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 260 6.6.2 Auditing a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 266 6.6.2.1 Selecting a Contract Manufacturer 284 6.6.2.2 Auditing a Contract Manufacturer 287 6.6.2.3 Summary 292 References 292 7 Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 295 7.1 Introduction 295 7.1.1 Continual Improvement 296 7.1.2 Problem-Solving 297 7.1.3 Identifying Problems and Improvement Opportunities 297 7.1.4 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 299 7.2 Root Cause Failure Analysis Methodology 301 7.2.1 Strategies for Selecting an Approach 301 7.2.2 The 5Whys Approach 302 7.2.3 The Eight Disciplines (8D) 304 7.2.4 Shainin Red X: Diagnostic Journey 308 7.2.5 Six Sigma 310 7.2.6 Physics of Failure 311 7.3 Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) 312 7.4 Failure Analysis 314 7.4.1 Failure Analysis Techniques 317 7.4.1.1 Visual Inspection 318 7.4.1.2 Electrical Characterization 318 7.4.1.3 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 319 7.4.1.4 X-Ray Microscopy 321 7.4.1.5 Thermal Imaging 323 7.4.1.6 SQUID Microscopy 324 7.4.1.7 Decapsulation 324 7.4.1.8 Cross-Sectioning 325 7.4.1.9 Scanning Electron Microscope / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) 326 7.4.1.10 Surface/Depth Profiling Techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger 329 7.4.1.11 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) 330 7.4.1.12 Mechanical Testing: Wire Pull, Wire Shear, Solder Ball Shear, Die Shear 330 7.4.1.13 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy FTIR 330 7.4.1.14 Ion Chromatography 332 7.4.1.15 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 333 7.4.1.16 Thermomechanical Analysis / Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA/TMA) 334 7.4.1.17 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 334 7.4.1.18 Other Simple Failure Analysis Tools 334 7.4.2 Failure Verification 335 7.4.3 Corrective Action 336 7.4.4 Closing the Failure Report 337 7.5 Continuing Education and Improvement Activities 338 7.6 Summary: Implementing Root Cause Methodology 338 References 339 8 Conclusion to Design for Excellence: Bringing It All Together 341 8.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 341 8.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 341 8.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 343 8.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 344 8.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability 346 8.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 348 8.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 349 Index 351

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the recent advances in electrode materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials. The book is divided into two sections: State-of-the-art electrode materials; and engineering of applied electrode materials. The chapters deal with electrocatalysis for energy conversion in view of bionanotechnology; surfactant-free materials and polyoxometalates through the concepts of biosensors to renewable energy applications; mesoporous carbon, diamond, conducting polymers and tungsten oxide/conducting polymer-based electrodes and hybrid systems. Numerous approaches are reviewed for lithium batteries, fuel cells, the design and construction of anode for microbial fuel cells including phosphate polyanion electrodes, electrocatalytic materials, fuel cell reactions, conducting polymer based hybrid nanocomposites and advanced nanomaterials.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials 1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3 J. Sołoducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zając 1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4 1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4 1.1.2 Graphene 6 1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6 1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7 1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9 1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11 1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12 1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13 1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15 1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16 1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16 1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17 1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27 Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28 2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30 2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32 2.4 Diamond Doping 33 2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34 2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37 2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37 2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39 2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39 2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40 2.6.3 Energy Technology 45 2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45 2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49 2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51 2.7 Conclusions 52 References 53 3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61 Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63 3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63 3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64 3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64 3.3.3 Switching Speed 65 3.3.4 Stability 65 3.3.5 Optical Memory 65 3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67 3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67 3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69 3.7 Hybrid Materials 70 3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71 3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Contents vii 4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103 Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh 4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104 4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104 4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109 4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114 4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114 4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114 4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116 4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 118 4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118 4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120 4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121 4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 123 4.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 128 4.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 131 4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 131 4.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 133 4.4 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 137 Notes 137 References 138 Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials 5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149 Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araújo 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 151 5.2.1 Polyoxometalates 151 5.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 154 5.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 157 5.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 160 5.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 161 5.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 161 5.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 167 5.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 168 5.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 170 5.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 173 5.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 173 5.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 177 5.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 178 5.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 179 5.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 183 5.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 185 5.5 Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 193 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193 References 196 6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213 Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 217 6.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 222 6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 226 6.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 228 6.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 230 6.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgments 236 References 236 7 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243 Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib 7.1 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon (M–N–C) Electrocatalysts 244 7.1.1 Introduction 244 7.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 245 7.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 248 7.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 249 7.1.5 None-Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 250 7.1.6 Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 254 7.1.7 Conclusion 261 7.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 262 7.2.1 Introduction 262 7.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 266 7.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 267 7.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 272 7.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 274 7.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 276 7.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 277 7.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 278 7.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 278 7.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 279 7.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 279 7.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 281 7.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 281 7.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 283 7.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 283 7.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 284 7.2.6 Conclusion 285 7.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 285 7.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 285 7.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 294 7.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 296 7.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 298 7.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 300 7.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 300 7.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 303 7.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 303 7.4.2.2 2D Graphene 306 7.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308 References 310 8 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321 S. Terny and M.A. Frechero 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Glass Samples Preparation 323 8.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 324 8.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 325 8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 325 8.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 326 8.5 Thermal Analysis 326 8.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 326 8.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 329 8.6 Density and Appearance 330 8.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 330 8.6.2 Materials’ Appearance 331 8.6.2.1 Glasses 331 8.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 332 8.7 Structural Features 332 8.7.1 Glassy Materials 332 8.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 334 8.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 337 8.8 Electrical Behavior 342 8.8.1 Glasses Materials 342 8.8.2 Composite Materials 347 8.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 349 8.10 Final Remarks 350 Acknowledgments 352 References 352 9 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355 O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 357 9.2.1 Host–Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 357 9.2.2 Core–Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 361 9.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 368 9.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 368 9.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 370 9.4 Conclusion 384 References 385 10 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397 Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi 10.1 Introduction 398 10.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 399 10.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 399 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 401 10.2.3 Graphene Supports 403 10.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 405 10.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 406 10.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 408 10.2.7 Hybrid Supports 410 10.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411 References 421 11 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435 Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 438 11.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 440 11.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 441 11.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 442 11.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 443 11.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 444 11.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 445 11.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 445 11.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 446 11.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 446 11.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 448 11.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 450 11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452 References 453 12 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457 Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 459 12.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 466 12.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 470 12.5 Conclusions 474 Acknowledgments 475 References 475 13 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485 Filiz Kuralay 13.1 Introduction 486 13.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 487 13.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 489 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493 Acknowledgments 494 References 494

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Book SynopsisProvides a self-contained account on applications of electromagnetic reciprocity theorems to multiport antenna systems The reciprocity theorem is among the most intriguing concepts in wave field theory and has become an integral part of almost all standard textbooks on electromagnetic (EM) theory. This book makes use of the theorem to quantitatively describe EM interactions concerning general multiport antenna systems. It covers a general reciprocity-based description of antenna systems, their EM scattering properties, and further related aspects. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory provides readers first with the basic prerequisites before offering coverage of the equivalent multiport circuit antenna representations, EM coupling between multiport antenna systems and their EM interactions with scatterers, accompanied with the corresponding EM compensation theorems. In addition, the text: Presents basic prerequisites includiTable of ContentsIntroduction xi 1 Basic Prerequisites 1 1.1 Laplace Transformation 3 1.2 Time Convolution 4 1.3 Time Correlation 5 1.4 EMReciprocity Theorems 6 1.4.1 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 8 1.4.2 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 9 1.4.3 Application of the Reciprocity Theorems to an Unbounded Domain 11 1.5 Description of the Antenna Configuration 13 1.5.1 Antenna Power Conservation 14 1.5.2 Antenna Interface Relations 16 2 Antenna Uniqueness Theorem 19 2.1 Problem Description 19 2.2 Problem Solution 19 3 Forward-Scattering Theorem in Antenna Theory 23 3.1 Problem Description 23 3.2 Problem Solution 23 4 Antenna Matching Theorems 31 4.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Correlation Type 31 4.1.1 Transmitting State 31 4.1.2 Receiving State 34 4.1.3 EquivalentMatching Condition 35 5 Equivalent Kirchhoff Network Representations of a Receiving Antenna System 41 5.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Convolution Type 41 5.1.1 Equivalent Circuits for Plane-Wave Incidence 41 5.1.2 Equivalent Circuits for a Known Volume-Current Distribution 45 6 The Antenna Systemin the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.1 Receiving Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.2 Transmitting Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 56 6.2.1 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 57 6.2.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 59 7 EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antenna Systems 65 7.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 65 7.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 68 7.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 71 8 Compensation Theorems for the EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antennas 77 8.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 77 8.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 79 8.2.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 79 8.2.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 82 8.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 85 8.3.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 85 8.3.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 88 9 Compensation Theorems for the EMScattering of an Antenna System 95 9.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 95 9.2 Reciprocity Analysis 96 9.2.1 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Electric Current-excited Sensing EM Fields 99 9.2.2 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Voltage-Excited Sensing EM Fields 100 9.2.3 Power Reciprocity Expressions 101 AppendixA Lerch’s Uniqueness Theorem 107 A.1 Problem ofMoments 107 A.2 Proof of Lerch’s Theorem 108 References 111 Index 115

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Book SynopsisDiscover how the NG-RAN architecture is, and isn''t, ready for the challenges introduced by 5G 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G explores foundational and advanced topics in Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture and why a re-thinking of that architecture is necessary to support new 5G requirements. The distinguished engineer and editor Sasha Sirotkin has included numerous works written by industry insiders with state of the art research at their disposal. The book explains the relevant standards and technologies from an academic perspective, but also explains why particular standards decisions were made and how a variety of NG-RAN architecture options could be deployed in real-life networks. All major standards and technologies associated with the NG-RAN architecture are discussed in this book, including 3GPP, O-RAN, Small Cell Forum, IEEE, and IETF. Readers will learn about how a re-design of the RAN architecture would ensure that 5G neTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Contributors xix Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Market Drivers 5Reza Arefi and Sasha Sirotkin 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Key Ideas 7 2.3 Spectrum 9 2.3.1 Spectrum Needs 9 2.3.2 Target Spectrum 12 2.3.3 Spectrum Implications 13 2.4 New Spectrum Models 14 2.4.1 New Ways of Sharing Spectrum 15 2.4.2 Localized Licensing 17 2.5 Regulations Facilitating 5G Applications 18 2.6 Network Deployment Models 19 2.7 Technical Requirements of 5G Radio Interfaces 20 2.8 Business Drivers 23 2.9 Role of Standards 25 2.10 Role of Open Source 29 2.11 Competition 31 2.12 Challenges 32 2.13 Summary 34 References 35 3 5G System Overview 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 5G Core Network 37Sebastian Speicher 3.2.1 Introduction 37 3.2.2 Service-Based Architecture 39 3.2.2.1 Fostering Functional Reuse 39 3.2.2.2 Overview of 5GC Control-Plane Functions 41 3.2.3 Control-User Plane Separation (CUPS) 43 3.2.4 Common Access-Agnostic Core Network 44 3.2.5 Enablers for Concurrent and Efficient Access to Local and Centralized Services 46 3.2.5.1 Overview 46 3.2.5.2 Single PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 47 3.2.5.3 Multiple PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 48 3.2.6 Network Slicing 50 3.2.7 Private Networks 53 3.2.7.1 Overview 53 3.2.7.2 Stand-Alone Non-public Networks 54 3.2.7.3 Public-Network-Integrated Non-public Network 55 References 57 3.3 NG Radio Access Network 59Sasha Sirotkin 3.3.1 Introduction 59 3.3.2 Network Protocol Stacks 62 3.3.2.1 Control-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.2 User-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.3 Standards 63 3.3.3 NG Interface 63 3.3.3.1 NG-C Interface 64 3.3.3.2 NG-U Interface 69 3.3.4 Xn Interface 70 3.3.4.1 Xn Control Plane (Xn-C) Interface 70 3.3.4.2 Xn User Plane (Xn-U) Interface 75 3.3.5 Additional NG-RAN Features 76 3.3.5.1 RAN Sharing 76 3.3.5.2 Slicing 77 3.3.5.3 Virtualization 78 3.3.5.4 Non-3GPP Access 78 References 79 3.4 NR Protocol Stack 80Sudeep Palat 3.4.1 Introduction 80 3.4.2 NG-RAN Architecture 81 3.4.3 NR User Plane 81 3.4.4 Supporting QoS with 5GC 86 3.4.5 NR Control Plane 88 3.4.5.1 RRC States 88 3.4.5.2 RRC Procedures and Functions 89 3.4.6 Summary 97 References 98 3.5 NR Physical Layer 99Alexei Davydov 3.5.1 Introduction 99 3.5.2 Waveform and Numerology 100 3.5.3 Frame Structure 101 3.5.4 Synchronization and Initial Access 104 3.5.4.1 Downlink Synchronization Signals 104 3.5.4.2 Random Access Channel 106 3.5.5 Downlink Control Channel 107 3.5.6 Uplink Control Channel 109 3.5.7 Reference Signals 112 3.5.7.1 CSI-RS 112 3.5.7.2 DM-RS 114 3.5.7.3 PT-RS 115 3.5.7.4 SRS 116 3.5.8 Beam Management 116 3.5.9 Channel Coding and Modulation 118 3.5.10 Co-Existence with LTE, Forward Compatibility and Uplink Coverage Enhancement 121 References 122 4 NG-RAN Architecture 123Colby Harper and Sasha Sirotkin 4.1 Introduction 123 4.1.1 Monolithic gNB Architecture 124 4.1.2 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) 125 4.1.3 Antenna Interface 129 4.1.3.1 Before 5G: WhereWe Have Been 130 4.1.3.2 New 5G Era: WhereWe Are 131 4.1.3.3 Release-17 and Beyond: WhereWe Are Going 132 4.1.4 gNB Functional Split(s) 133 4.1.5 Conclusions 138 4.1.6 Further Reading 138 References 138 4.2 High-Level gNB-CU/DU Split 140 4.2.1 Key Ideas 140 4.2.2 Market Drivers 141 4.2.3 Functional Description 143 4.2.3.1 F1 Control-Plane Protocol 144 4.2.3.2 User-Plane Protocol 154 4.2.3.3 OAM Aspects 154 4.2.4 Further Reading 154 References 155 4.3 Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity 156Sergio Parolari 4.3.1 Key Ideas 157 4.3.2 MR-DC Options 157 4.3.3 Market Drivers 158 4.3.4 Functional Description 160 4.3.4.1 Control Plane 160 4.3.4.2 User Plane 164 4.3.4.3 Procedures 169 4.3.5 Further Reading 174 References 175 4.4 Control–User Plane Separation 176Feng Yang 4.4.1 Key Ideas 176 4.4.2 Market Drivers 177 4.4.3 Functional Description 179 4.4.3.1 Control Plane 180 4.4.3.2 OAM Aspects 187 4.4.3.3 Relation to SDN 188 4.4.3.4 Relation to 5GC 188 4.4.4 Further Reading 189 References 190 4.5 Lower-Layer Split 191 4.5.1 Key Ideas 191 4.5.2 Market Drivers 192 4.5.3 Functional Split 194 4.5.3.1 Fronthaul Bandwidth Requirements 195 4.5.3.2 Low-Level Functional Split Details 196 4.5.3.3 Latency Management 198 4.5.4 Fronthaul Interface 200 4.5.4.1 Messages 201 4.5.4.2 Scheduling Procedure 207 4.5.4.3 Beamforming Methods 209 4.5.5 Fronthaul Timing Synchronization 209 4.5.6 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 210 4.5.7 Further Reading 211 References 212 4.6 Small Cells 213Clare Somerville 4.6.1 Key Ideas 213 4.6.2 Market Drivers 214 4.6.3 Barriers and Solutions 215 4.6.3.1 Site Locations 215 4.6.3.2 Scaling Up Deployment 215 4.6.3.3 Backhaul 216 4.6.3.4 Edge Compute 216 4.6.4 Small Cell Variants 216 4.6.4.1 Disaggregation Architectures 216 4.6.4.2 Platform Architectures 218 4.6.4.3 Operating Frequency Impacts on Architecture 220 4.6.4.4 Operational Models 221 4.6.5 Key Interfaces for Small Cells 222 4.6.5.1 FAPI 222 4.6.5.2 nFAPI 226 4.6.5.3 Management Plane 228 4.6.6 Worked Examples 229 4.6.6.1 Indoor Enterprise Example 229 4.6.6.2 Outdoor Urban Example 230 4.6.6.3 Private Network Example 231 4.6.7 Further Reading 232 References 232 4.7 Summary 233 5 NG-RAN Evolution 235 5.1 Introduction 235 5.2 Wireless Relaying in 5G 235Georg Hampel 5.2.1 Key Ideas 236 5.2.2 Market Drivers 237 5.2.3 Functional Description 239 5.2.3.1 IAB Architecture 239 5.2.3.2 Backhaul Transport and QoS 242 5.2.3.3 Resource Coordination 247 5.2.3.4 Plug-and-Play Network Integration 250 5.2.4 Outlook 255 References 255 5.3 Non-terrestrial Networks 257Leszek Raschkowski, Eiko Seidel, Nicolas Chuberre, Stefano Cioni, Thibault Deleu, and Thomas Heyn 5.3.1 Key Ideas 258 5.3.2 Market Drivers 260 5.3.3 NTN Based NG-RAN Architecture 261 5.3.3.1 Access Network with Transparent NTN Payload 261 5.3.3.2 Access Network with Regenerative NTN Payload 262 5.3.3.3 Transport network based on NTN 262 5.3.4 NTN radio protocol 262 5.3.4.1 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 264 5.3.4.2 NR Layer 2 Enhancements for NTN 264 5.3.4.3 NR Control-Plane Procedure Adaptations for NTN 265 5.3.4.4 NR Mobility within NTN 266 5.3.5 NR Physical Layer Adaptations for NTN 267 5.3.5.1 Timing and Frequency Acquisition and Tracking 267 5.3.5.2 HARQ 268 5.3.5.3 Timing Advance (TA) 271 5.3.5.4 Physical Layer Control Loops 272 5.3.6 NTN Channel Model 272 5.3.7 Outlook 274 References 274 6 Enabling Technologies 277 6.1 Introduction 277 6.2 Virtualization 277Sridhar Rajagopal 6.2.1 Key Ideas 278 6.2.2 Market Drivers 279 6.2.3 Architecture Evolution Toward Virtualization 280 6.2.4 Containers and Microservices 280 6.2.5 NFV Evolution 284 6.2.6 RAN Virtualization Platform 285 6.2.6.1 gNB-DU and gNB-CU Virtualization 286 6.2.6.2 Standardization of Orchestration and Cloudification in O-RAN 288 6.2.7 Virtualization Challenges 289 6.2.7.1 Accelerator Integration 289 6.2.7.2 Timing and Synchronization 290 6.2.7.3 RAN Scaling withWorkload 290 6.2.7.4 Inter-Process Communication 291 6.2.7.5 Virtualization Overhead 291 6.2.7.6 SCTP/GTP Interface Support 291 6.2.7.7 High Availability 292 6.2.7.8 Power Consumption 292 6.2.7.9 Distributed Cloud Deployments for RAN Nodes 292 6.2.8 Further Reading 293 References 293 6.3 Open Source 294Sasha Sirotkin 6.3.1 Key Ideas 295 6.3.2 Market Drivers 296 6.3.3 Open Source License 296 6.3.4 Software-Defined Radio 298 6.3.5 Open Source RAN Projects 299 6.3.5.1 srsLTE 299 6.3.5.2 OpenLTE 300 6.3.5.3 OpenBTS 300 6.3.5.4 Open Air Interface 300 6.3.5.5 TIP 301 6.3.5.6 O-RAN 301 6.3.6 Summary 302 References 302 6.4 Multi-Access Edge Computing 303Miltiadis Filippou and Dario Sabella 6.4.1 Key Ideas 304 6.4.2 Market Drivers 304 6.4.3 MEC Standard 305 6.4.3.1 ETSI MEC System Architecture 305 6.4.3.2 ETSI MEC APIs 308 6.4.3.3 Location API 308 6.4.4 ETSI MEC Deployment in 3GPP 5G Systems 310 6.4.4.1 MEC Deployment in a 5G Network 311 6.4.5 Inter-MEC System Communication 313 6.4.5.1 Possible Implementation 315 6.4.6 Flexible MEC Service Consumption 316 6.4.6.1 Edge Host Zoning in Multi-Vendor Environments 316 6.4.7 High Mobility Automotive Scenarios 321 6.4.7.1 MEC-Supported Cooperative Information 321 6.4.8 Further Reading 323 References 323 6.5 Operations, Administration, and Management 326Vladimir Yanover 6.5.1 Introduction 326 6.5.2 Key Ideas 326 6.5.3 Service-Based Management Architecture 327 6.5.3.1 Examples of Management Services 328 6.5.3.2 Management Service Exposure 329 6.5.4 NG-RAN and 5GC Information Models 330 6.5.5 Performance Management 330 6.5.6 Management of Split NG-RAN 332 6.5.6.1 Background 332 6.5.6.2 Information Object Classes 332 6.5.7 O-RAN Alliance Management Architecture 333 6.5.8 Management of Network Slicing 334 6.5.8.1 Basic Concepts of Slicing Management 334 6.5.8.2 Support of Slicing Management in RAN Provisioning Service 336 6.5.8.3 Configuration and LCM of NSSI and NSI 337 6.5.8.4 NSI and NSSI Information Models (NRMs) 338 6.5.9 SON in 5G 338 6.5.9.1 SON Evolution 338 6.5.9.2 “Legacy” SON Use Cases 339 6.5.9.3 Multi-Domain SON with E2E Optimization 340 6.5.9.4 SON Enablers in 5G System 342 6.5.9.5 Distributed SON 342 6.5.9.6 Hybrid SON 343 6.5.10 Further Reading 343 References 345 6.6 Transport Network 346Yaakov (J.) Stein, Yuri Gittik, and Ron Insler 6.6.1 Key Ideas 346 6.6.2 Market Drivers 347 6.6.3 Defining the Problem 349 6.6.4 The Physical Layer 350 6.6.4.1 Achieving the Required Data Rates 351 6.6.4.2 Achieving the Required Latencies 352 6.6.4.3 Achieving the Required Reliability 355 6.6.4.4 Frequency and Time Synchronization 357 6.6.4.5 Energy Efficiency 360 6.6.5 Higher Layers 360 6.6.5.1 xHaul Network Topology 362 6.6.5.2 Transport Protocols 363 6.6.5.3 Protocol Stacks for User Traffic 366 6.6.5.4 Technology Comparison 367 6.6.6 Conclusions 374 References 374 7 NG-RAN Deployment Considerations 379Andreas Neubacher and Vishwanath Ramamurthi 7.1 Introduction 379 7.2 Key Ideas 381 7.3 Deployment Objectives and Challenges 381 7.3.1 Where to Provide Coverage 381 7.3.2 Network Capacity and Compute Resource Planning 383 7.3.2.1 Air Interface Capacity 383 7.3.2.2 Compute Resources for Edge Computing Services 384 7.3.2.3 Reliability Considerations 385 7.3.3 Service Fulfillment Criteria 386 7.4 Deployment Considerations 387 7.4.1 Deployment Cost 387 7.4.2 Spectrum and Radio Propagation Considerations 388 7.4.3 5G Frequency Ranges 390 7.4.4 Transport Considerations 391 7.4.5 Baseband Pooling 393 7.4.6 Choice of a NG-RAN Split Architecture 394 7.4.6.1 Sub-6 GHz Case 394 7.4.6.2 High-Band (mmWave) Case 394 7.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 Index 397

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Book SynopsisDigital Logic with an Introduction to Verilog and FPGA-Based Design provides basic knowledge of field programmable gate array (FPGA) design and implementation using Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL) commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits. Emphasizing fundamental principles, this student-friendly textbook is an ideal resource for introductory digital logic courses. Chapters offer clear explanations of key concepts and step-by-step procedures that illustrate the real-world application of FPGA-based design. Designed for beginning students familiar with DC circuits and the C programming language, the text begins by describing of basic terminologies and essential concepts of digital integrated circuits using transistors. Subsequent chapters cover device level and logic level design in detail, including combinational and sequential circuits used in the design of microcontrollers and microprocessors. Topics include Boolean algebra and fuTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Digital Systems 1 1.1 Explanation of Terms 2 1.2 Design Levels 4 1.3 Combinational vs. Sequential Systems 4 1.4 Digital Circuits 5 1.4.1 Diodes 5 1.4.2 Transistors 5 1.4.3 MOS Transistors 11 1.5 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 14 1.6 CAD (Computer-Aided Design) 16 1.7 Evolution of Digital Logic, Microprocessors, and Microcontrollers 16 1.8 A Typical Application of a Digital System such as a Microcontroller 18 2 Number Systems, Arithmetic/Logic Operations, and Codes 21 2.1 Number Systems 21 2.1.1 General Number Representation 21 2.1.2 Converting Numbers from One Base to Another 23 2.2 Unsigned and Signed Binary Numbers 27 2.3 Codes 30 2.3.1 Binary-Coded-Decimal Code (8421 Code) 30 2.3.2 Alphanumeric Codes 31 2.3.3 Excess-3 Code 31 2.3.4 Gray Code 33 2.3.5 Unicode 35 2.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representations 35 2.5 Arithmetic Operations 36 2.5.1 Binary Arithmetic 36 2.5.2 BCD Arithmetic 44 2.5.3 Multiword Binary Addition and Subtraction 45 2.5.4 Binary Multiplication and Division by Shift Operations 46 2.6 Error Correction and Detection 48 Questions and Problems 50 3 Digital Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, and Simplification 53 3.1 Basic Logic Operations 53 3.1.1 NOT Operation 53 3.1.2 OR operation 54 3.1.3 AND operation 56 3.2 Other Logic Operations 57 3.2.1 NOR operation 57 3.2.2 NAND operation 58 3.2.3 Exclusive-OR operation (XOR) 59 3.2.4 Exclusive-NOR Operation (XNOR) 61 3.3 Positive and Negative Logic 62 3.4 Boolean Algebra 63 3.4.1 Boolean Identities 64 3.4.2 Simplification Using Boolean Identities 65 3.4.3 Consensus Theorem 69 3.4.4 Getting Rid of Glitches or Hazards in Combinational Circuits 70 3.4.5 Complement of a Boolean Function 71 3.5 XOR / XNOR Implementations 71 Questions and Problems 74 4 Minterms, Maxterms, and Karnaugh Map 77 4.1 Standard Representations 77 4.2 Karnaugh Maps 81 4.2.1 Two-Variable K-map 81 4.2.2 Three-Variable K-map 82 4.2.3 Four-Variable K-map 84 4.2.4 Prime Implicants 87 4.2.5 Expressing a Boolean function in Product-of-sums (POS) form using a K-map 89 4.2.6 Don’t Care Conditions 90 4.2.7 Five-Variable K-map 94 4.3 Quine–McCluskey Method 95 4.4 Implementation of Digital Circuits with NAND, and NOR Gates 96 4.4.1 NAND Gate Implementation 97 4.4.2 NOR Gate Implementation 98 Questions and Problems 103 5 Analysis and Design of Combinational Circuits Using Gates 107 5.1 Basic Concepts 107 5.2 Analysis of a Combinational Logic Circuit 107 5.3 Design of Combinational Circuits Using Logic Gates 108 5.4 Multiple-Output Combinational Circuits 113 Questions and Problems 118 6 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.1 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.2 Comparators 121 6.3 Decoders 124 6.4 Encoders 130 6.5 Multiplexers 133 6.6 Demultiplexers 137 6.7 Binary Adder/Subtractor and BCD Adder 139 Questions and Problems 148 7 Combinational Shifter, Fast Adders, Array Multipliers, ALU, & PLDS 151 7.1 Combinational Shifter 151 7.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 152 7.3 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 154 7.4 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 165 7.5 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 167 7.6 Commercially Available Field Programmable Devices (FPDs) 170 Questions and Problems 172 8 Combinational Logic Using Verilog 175 8.1 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) 175 8.2 Basics of Verilog 176 8.2.1 Verilog keywords 176 8.2.2 Representing numbers in Verilog 176 8.2.3 A typical Verilog Segment 177 8.3 Structural Modeling 182 8.4 Dataflow Modeling 189 8.5 Behavioral modeling 195 8.5.1 if-else block 197 8.5.2 Modeling logical conditions in a circuit 198 8.5.3 Case-endcase construct 198 8.5.4 Conditional Operator 200 8.6 Simulation 201 Questions and Problems 207 9 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1.1 SR Latch 211 9.1.2 Gated SR Latch 213 9.1.3 Gated D Latch 213 9.1.4 Edge-Trigerred D Flip-Flop 214 9.1.5 JK Flip-Flop 216 9.1.6 T Flip-Flop 217 9.2 Timing parameters for edge-triggered flip-flops 218 9.3 Preset and Clear Inputs 219 9.4 Summary of Flip-Flops 220 Questions and Problems 224 10 Analysis and Design of Sequential Circuits 227 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 228 10.3 Types of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 233 10.4 Minimization of States 235 10.5 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 237 10.6 Serial Adder 240 10.7 Sequence Generator/Detector 242 10.8 Random-Access Memory (RAM) 245 10.9 Algorithmic State Machines (ASM) Chart 247 10.10 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 255 Questions and Problems 258 11 Counters and Registers 263 11.1 Design of Counters 263 11.2 Design of Registers 268 11.2.1 Shift Register 268 11.2.2 “Shift register” Counters 271 11.2.3 General-Purpose Register (GPR) 275 Questions and Problems 277 12 Sequential Logic Design Using Verilog 281 12.1 Basics 281 12.2 Examples Illustrating Non-blocking and Blocking Assignments 283 12.3 RTL (Register Transfer Level) modeling 289 Questions and Problems 298 13 Implementation of Digital Design Using FPGA 301 13.1 Basics of FPGA 301 13.1.1 LUTs (Look-Up Tables) 302 13.1.2 Programmable Switch Matrix 308 13.1.3 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) 308 13.1.4 FPGA Architecture 311 13.1.5 FPGA Programming 311 13.2 A Typical FPGA Chip 312 13.2.1 Configuration Pins 314 13.2.2 User I/O Pins 315 13.2.3 Power/Ground Pins 315 13.3 A Typical FPGA Board 315 13.4 FPGA-based Design and Implementation 320 13.4.1 Design 320 13.4.2 Synthesis 320 13.4.3 Implementation, Programming, and Verification 320 13.5 FPGA Examples 322 Questions and Problems 374 Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems 379 Appendix B: Glossary 389 Appendix C: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Downloading and Installing Xilinx Vivado IDE 395 Appendix D: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Creating & Simulating a Verilog Design Using Xilinx Vivado IDE 399 I Combinational Circuit 399 II Sequential Circuit 407 Appendix E: Step-By-Step Procedure for Implementing FPGA-Based Design Using Vivado IDE & Nexys A7 FPGA Board 419 I Combinational Circuit 419 II FPGA Implementation of Sequential Circuit 426 Bibliography 437 Index 439

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Book SynopsisExplore the cloud-native paradigm for event-driven and service-oriented applications In Cloud-Native Computing: How to Design, Develop, and Secure Microservices and Event-Driven Applications, a team of distinguished professionals delivers a comprehensive and insightful treatment of cloud-native computing technologies and tools. With a particular emphasis on the Kubernetes platform, as well as service mesh and API gateway solutions, the book demonstrates the need for reliability assurance in any distributed environment. The authors explain the application engineering and legacy modernization aspects of the technology at length, along with agile programming models. Descriptions of MSA and EDA as tools for accelerating software design and development accompany discussions of how cloud DevOps tools empower continuous integration, delivery, and deployment. Cloud-Native Computing also introduces proven edge devices and clouds used to construct microservices-centric and real-time edge applications. Finally, readers will benefit from: Thorough introductions to the demystification of digital transformationComprehensive explorations of distributed computing in the digital era, as well as reflections on the history and technological development of cloud computingPractical discussions of cloud-native computing and microservices architecture, as well as event-driven architecture and serverless computingIn-depth examinations of the Akka framework as a tool for concurrent and distributed applications development Perfect for graduate and postgraduate students in a variety of IT- and cloud-related specialties, Cloud-Native Computing also belongs in the libraries of IT professionals and business leaders engaged or interested in the application of cloud technologies to various business operations.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 - The Dawning of Digital Era Chapter 2 – Leveraging the Cloud-Native Computing Model for the Digital Era Chapter 3 - Kubernetes Architecture, Best Practices and Patterns Chapter 4 - The Resiliency and Observability Aspects of Cloud-native Applications Chapter 5 - Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Private Cloud (VMware vSphere) Chapter 6: Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Public Cloud (Microsoft Azure) Chapter 7: Design, Development and Deployment of Event-driven Microservices Practically Chapter 8 - Serverless Computing for the Cloud-native Era Chapter 9 - Demonstrating a Serverless Application using Knative on a Kubernetes Cluster Chapter 10 - Delineating Cloud-native Edge Computing Chapter 11 - Setting up a Kubernetes Cluster using Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Chapter 12 - Reliable Cloud-native Applications through Service Mesh Chapter 13 – Cloud-native Computing: The Security Challenges and the Solution Approaches Chapter 14 – Microservices Security: The Concerns and the Solution Approaches Chapter 15 - Apache Kafka: Setup, Monitor and Secure Kubernetes cluster.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Control of Power Converters Unique resource presenting advanced nonlinear control methods for power converters, plus simulation, controller design, analyses, and case studies Advanced Control of Power Converters equips readers with the latest knowledge of three control methods developed for power converters: nonlinear control methods such as sliding mode control, Lyapunov-function-based control, and model predictive control. Readers will learn about the design of each control method, and simulation case studies and results will be presented and discussed to point out the behavior of each control method in different applications. In this way, readers wishing to learn these control methods can gain insight on how to design and simulate each control method easily. The book is organized into three clear sections: introduction of classical and advanced control methods, design of advanced control methods, and case studies. Each control method is supporTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgment xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Basic Closed-Loop Control for Power Converters 3 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Power Converters 4 1.4 Basic Control Objectives 6 1.4.1 Closed-Loop Stability 6 1.4.2 Settling Time 10 1.4.3 Steady-State Error 11 1.4.4 Robustness to Parameter Variations and Disturbances 12 1.5 Performance Evaluation 12 1.5.1 Simulation-Based Method 12 1.5.2 Experimental Method 13 1.6 Contents of the Book 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Advanced Control Methods 17 2.1 Classical Control Methods for Power Converters 17 2.2 Sliding Mode Control 18 2.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control 22 2.3.1 Lyapunov’s Linearization Method 23 2.3.2 Lyapunov’s Direct Method 24 2.4 Model Predictive Control 27 2.4.1 Functional Principle 27 2.4.2 Basic Concept 28 2.4.3 Cost Function 29 References 30 3 Design of Sliding Mode Control for Power Converters 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck and Cuk Converters 33 3.3 Sliding Mode Control Design Procedure 44 3.3.1 Selection of Sliding Surface Function 44 3.3.2 Control Input Design 46 3.4 Chattering Mitigation Techniques 48 3.4.1 Hysteresis Function Technique 48 3.4.2 Boundary Layer Technique 49 3.4.3 State Observer Technique 50 3.5 Modulation Techniques 51 3.5.1 Hysteresis Modulation Technique 51 3.5.2 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique 52 3.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Technique 53 3.6 Other Types of Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.1 Terminal Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.2 Second-Order Sliding Mode Control 54 References 55 4 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control for Power Converters 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Lyapunov-Function-Based Control Design Using Direct Method 59 4.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Buck Converter 62 4.4 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Boost Converter 67 References 71 5 Design of Model Predictive Control 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Predictive Control Methods 73 5.3 FCS Model Predictive Control 75 5.3.1 Design Procedure 76 5.3.2 Tutorial 1: Implementation of FCS-MPC for Three-Phase VSI 80 5.4 CCS Model Predictive Control 86 5.4.1 Incremental Models 86 5.4.2 Predictive Model 88 5.4.3 Cost Function in CCSMPC 92 5.4.4 Cost Function Minimization 93 5.4.5 Receding Control Horizon Principle 96 5.4.6 Closed-Loop of an MPC System 97 5.4.7 Discrete Linear Quadratic Regulators 97 5.4.8 Formulation of the Constraints in MPC 99 5.4.9 Optimization with Equality Constraints 103 5.4.10 Optimization with Inequality Constraints 105 5.4.11 MPC for Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems 108 5.4.12 Tutorial 2: MPC Design For a Grid-Connected VSI in dq Frame 109 5.5 Design and Implementation Issues 112 5.5.1 Cost Function Selection 112 5.5.1.1 Examples for Primary Control Objectives 113 5.5.1.2 Examples for Secondary Control Objectives 114 5.5.2 Weighting Factor Design 114 5.5.2.1 Empirical Selection Method 115 5.5.2.2 Equal-Weighted Cost-Function-Based Selection Method 116 5.5.2.3 Lookup Table-Based Selection Method 117 References 118 6 MATLAB/Simulink Tutorial on Physical Modeling and Experimental Setup 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Building Simulation Model for Power Converters 121 6.2.1 Building Simulation Model for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Sliding Mode Control 122 6.2.2 Building Simulation Model for Three-Phase Rectifier Based on Lyapunov-Function-Based Control 126 6.2.3 Building Simulation Model for Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter Based on Model Predictive Control 131 6.2.4 Building Simulation Model for Distributed Generations in Islanded AC Microgrid 137 6.3 Building Real-Time Model for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 142 6.4 Building Rapid Control Prototyping for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 154 6.4.1 Components in the Experimental Testbed 155 6.4.1.1 Grid Simulator 155 6.4.1.2 A Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier Prototype 156 6.4.1.3 Measurement Board 157 6.4.1.4 Programmable Load 158 6.4.1.5 Controller 158 6.4.2 Building Control Structure on OP- 5707 158 References 162 7 Sliding Mode Control of Various Power Converters 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 163 7.2.1 Mathematical Modeling of Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 164 7.2.2 Sliding Mode Control 165 7.2.3 PWM Signal Generation Using Hysteresis Modulation 168 7.2.3.1 Single-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.3.2 Double-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.4 Switching Frequency Computation 170 7.2.4.1 Switching Frequency Computation with Single-Band Hysteresis Modulation 170 7.2.4.2 Switching Frequency Computation with Double-Band Hysteresis Modulation 171 7.2.5 Selection of Control Gains 172 7.2.6 Simulation Study 174 7.2.7 Experimental Study 177 7.3 Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 180 7.3.1 Physical Model Equations for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI with an LCL Filter 181 7.3.2 Control System 182 7.3.2.1 Reduced State-Space Model of the Converter 183 7.3.2.2 Model Discretization and KF Adaptive Equation 187 7.3.2.3 Sliding Surfaces with Active Damping Capability 188 7.3.3 Stability Analysis 189 7.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Equivalent Control Deduction 189 7.3.3.2 Closed-Loop System Equations 191 7.3.3.3 Test of Robustness Against Parameters Uncertainties 192 7.3.4 Experimental Study 192 7.3.4.1 Test of Robustness Against Grid Inductance Variations 192 7.3.4.2 Test of Stability in Case of Grid Harmonics Near the Resonance Frequency 196 7.3.4.3 Test of the VSI Against Sudden Changes in the Reference Current 196 7.3.4.4 Test of the VSI Under Distorted Grid 198 7.3.4.5 Test of the VSI Under Voltage Sags 198 7.3.5 Computational Load and Performances of the Control Algorithm 199 7.4 Three-Phase AC–DC Rectifier 200 7.4.1 Nonlinear Model of the Unity Power Factor Rectifier 200 7.4.2 Problem Formulation 202 7.4.3 Axis-Decoupling Based on an Estimator 203 7.4.4 Control System 205 7.4.4.1 Kalman Filter 206 7.4.4.2 Practical Considerations: Election of Q and R Matrices 208 7.4.4.3 Practical Considerations: Computational Burden Reduction 208 7.4.5 Sliding Mode Control 209 7.4.5.1 Inner Control Loop 209 7.4.5.2 Outer Control Loop 210 7.4.6 Hysteresis Band Generator with Switching Decision Algorithm 212 7.4.7 Experimental Study 215 7.5 Three-Phase Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.2 Design of Sliding Mode Control for TDVR 225 7.5.3 Time-Varying Switching Frequency with Single-Band Hysteresis 227 7.5.4 Constant Switching Frequency with Boundary Layer 229 7.5.5 Simulation Study 231 7.5.6 Experimental Study 233 7.6 Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 240 7.6.1 Nonlinear Model of the SAPF 240 7.6.2 Problem Formulation 242 7.6.3 Control System 243 7.6.3.1 State Model of the Converter 243 7.6.3.2 Kalman Filter 245 7.6.3.3 Sliding Mode Control 246 7.6.3.4 Hysteresis Band Generator with SDA 247 7.6.4 Experimental Study 248 7.6.4.1 Response of the SAPF to Load Variations 249 7.6.4.2 SAPF Performances Under a Distorted Grid 253 7.6.4.3 SAPF Performances Under Grid Voltage Sags 254 7.6.4.4 Spectrum of the Control Signal 254 References 257 8 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control of Various Power Converters 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 261 8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling and Controller Design 261 8.2.2 Controller Modification with Capacitor Voltage Feedback 264 8.2.3 Inverter-Side Current Reference Generation Using Proportional- Resonant Controller 264 8.2.4 Grid Current Transfer Function 266 8.2.5 Harmonic Attenuation and Harmonic Impedance 267 8.2.6 Results 270 8.3 Single-Phase Quasi-Z-Source Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 277 8.3.1 Quasi-Z-Source Network Modeling 277 8.3.2 Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling 280 8.3.3 Control of Quasi-Z-Source Network 281 8.3.4 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter 281 8.3.5 Reference Generation Using Cascaded PR Control 282 8.3.6 Results 283 8.4 Single-Phase Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.2 Controller Design 288 8.4.3 Criteria for Selecting Control Parameters 290 8.4.4 Results 292 8.5 Three-Phase Voltage-Source AC–DC Rectifier 298 8.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Rectifier 298 8.5.2 Controller Design 301 8.5.3 Results 304 References 307 9 Model Predictive Control of Various Converters 309 9.1 CCS MPC Method for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI 309 9.1.1 Model Predictive Control Design 310 9.1.1.1 VSI Incremental Model with an Embedded Integrator 310 9.1.1.2 Predictive Model of the Converter 311 9.1.1.3 Cost Function Minimization 312 9.1.1.4 Inclusion of Constraints 313 9.1.2 MATLAB ® /Simulink ® Implementation 315 9.1.3 Simulation Studies 322 9.2 Model Predictive Control Method for Single-Phase Three-Level Shunt Active Filter 325 9.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) 325 9.2.2 The Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.1 Design of Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.2 Discrete-Time Model 331 9.2.3 Experimental Studies 332 9.2.3.1 Steady-State and Dynamic Response Tests 333 9.2.3.2 Comparison with Classical MPC Method 337 9.3 Model Predictive Control of Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 341 9.3.1 qZS Four-Leg Inverter Model 341 9.3.2 MPC Algorithm 345 9.3.2.1 Determination of References 345 9.3.2.2 Discrete-Time Models of the System 346 9.3.2.3 Cost Function Optimization 347 9.3.2.4 Control Algorithm 347 9.3.3 Simulation Results 349 9.4 Weighting Factorless Model Predictive Control for DC–DC SEPIC Converters 352 9.4.1 Principle of Control Strategy 352 9.4.1.1 Conventional Model Predictive Current Control 355 9.4.1.2 Cost Function Analysis of Conventional MPC 356 9.4.1.3 Cost Function Design of Presented MPC in [11] 358 9.4.1.4 Output Voltage Control 361 9.4.2 Experimental Results 362 9.4.2.1 Switching Frequency Control Test 362 9.4.2.2 Dynamic Response Test Under Input Voltage Variation 363 9.4.2.3 Dynamic Response Test Under Load Change 366 9.4.2.4 Influence of Parameter Mismatch 367 9.5 Model Predictive Droop Control of Distributed Generation Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrid 370 9.5.1 Conventional Droop Control 370 9.5.2 Control Technique 373 9.5.2.1 Reference Voltage Generation Through Droop Control 373 9.5.2.2 Model Predictive Control 374 9.5.3 Simulation Results 376 9.6 FCS-MPC for a Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 378 9.6.1 System Modeling 381 9.6.2 Control Technique 383 9.6.3 FCS-MPC with Reduced States 384 9.6.3.1 Vector Selection Based on Vector Operation 384 9.6.3.2 Cost Function Minimization Procedure 387 9.6.3.3 Kalman Filter 387 9.6.4 Experimental Results 389 9.7 FCS-MPC for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.1 Modeling of Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.2 Model Predictive Control 397 9.7.2.1 Sensorless Grid Voltage Estimation 397 9.7.2.2 Reference Current Generation 400 9.7.2.3 MPC for the T-Type Rectifier 400 9.7.2.4 MPC for the Power Decoupling Circuit 402 9.7.3 Experimental Studies 404 9.7.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 404 9.7.3.2 Robustness Analysis 404 9.8 Predictive Torque Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter 408 9.8.1 Overview of the System Model 411 9.8.1.1 Topology Overview 411 9.8.1.2 Mathematical Model of the CDFIG 412 9.8.1.3 Mathematical Model of the Matrix Converter 414 9.8.2 Predictive Torque Control of CDFIG 415 9.8.2.1 Outer Loop 416 9.8.2.2 Internal Model of the Controller 416 9.8.2.3 Cost Function Minimization 418 9.8.3 Simulation Results 418 9.9 An Enhanced Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Method with Self-Balancing Capacitor Voltages for Three-Level T-Type Rectifiers 420 9.9.1 Overview of the System Model 422 9.9.2 Problem Definition 424 9.9.3 Derivation of Lyapunov-Energy Function 425 9.9.4 Discrete-Time Model 428 9.9.5 Experimental Studies 429 References 431 Index 435

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface x Part I Theory 1 1 Basic Principles of Eddy Currents 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 5 1.3 Proximity Effect 8 1.4 Resistance and Reactance Limited Eddy Currents 11 1.5 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference 14 1.6 Waves, Diffusion, and the Magneto-Quasi-static Approximation 22 1.7 Skin Depth or Depth of Penetration 27 1.8 Diffusion, Heat Transfer, and Eddy Currents 30 1.9 The Diffusion Equation and RandomWalks 32 1.10 Transient Magnetic Diffusion 34 1.11 Coupled Circuit Models for Eddy Currents 39 1.12 Summary 43 2 Conductors with Rectangular Cross Sections 45 2.1 Finite Plate: Resistance Limited 45 2.2 Infinite Plate: Reactance Limited 48 2.3 Finite Plate: Reactance Limited 53 2.4 Superposition of Eddy Losses in a Conductor 58 2.5 Discussion of Losses in Rectangular Plates 59 2.6 Eddy Currents in a Nonlinear Plate 68 2.7 Plate with Hysteresis and Complex Permeability 80 2.8 Conducting Plates with Sinusoidal Space Variation of Field 83 2.9 Eddy Currents in Multi-Layered Plate Geometries 94 2.10 Thin Wire Carrying Current Above Conducting Plates 100 2.11 Eddy Currents in Materials with Anisotropic Permeability 112 2.12 Isolated Rectangular Conductor with Axial Current Applied 115 2.13 Transient Diffusion Into a Solid Conducting Block 118 2.14 Eddy Current Modes in a Rectangular Core 125 2.15 Summary 129 3 Conductors with Circular Cross Sections 131 3.1 Axial Current in a Conductor with Circular Cross Section: Reactance-Limited Case 131 3.2 Axial Current in Composite Circular Conductors 136 3.3 Circular Conductor with Applied Axial Flux: Resistance-Limited Case 144 3.4 Circular Conductor with Applied Axial Flux: Reactance-Limited Case 146 3.5 Shielding with a Conducting Tube in an Axial Field 151 3.6 Circular Conductors with Transverse Applied Field: Resistance-Limited Case 155 3.7 Cylindrical Conductor with Applied Transverse Field: Reactance-Limited Case 157 3.8 Shielding with a Conducting Tube in a Transverse Field 165 3.9 Spherical Conductor in a Uniform Sinusoidally Time-Varying Field: Resistance-Limited Case 167 3.10 Diffusion Through Thin Cylinders 169 3.11 Surface Impedance Formulation for Electric Machines 175 3.12 Summary 181 Part II Modeling 183 4 Formulations 185 4.1 Mathematical Formulations for Eddy Current Modeling 185 5 Finite Differences 199 5.1 Difference Equations 199 5.2 The Two-Dimensional Diffusion Equation 201 5.3 Time-Domain Solution of the Diffusion Equation 205 5.4 Equivalent Circuit Representation for Finite Difference Equations 207 6 Finite Elements 219 6.1 Finite Elements 219 6.2 The Variational Method 220 6.3 Axisymmetric Finite Element Eddy Current Formulation with Magnetic Vector Potential 248 7 Integral Equations 255 7.1 Surface Integral Equation Method for Eddy Current Analysis 255 7.2 Boundary Element Method for Eddy Current Analysis 260 7.3 Integral Equations for Three-Dimensional Eddy Currents 270 Part III Applications 277 8 Induction Heating 279 8.1 Simplified Induction Heating Analysis 279 8.2 Coupled Eddy Current and Thermal Analysis: Induction Heating 285 9 Wattmeter 291 10 Magnetic Stirring 303 10.1 Introduction 303 10.2 Analysis 304 11 Electric Machines 311 11.1 Eddy Currents in Slot-Embedded Conductors 311 11.2 Solid Rotor Electric Machines 339 11.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Analysis by the Finite Element Method 352 12 Transformer Losses 361 12.1 FoilWound Transformer 361 12.2 Phase Shifting Transformers 363 Appendix A Bessel Functions 367 Appendix B Separation of Variables 369 B.1 One-Dimensional Separation of Variables in Rectangular Coordinates 369 B.2 Two-Dimensional Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Coordinates 371 Appendix C The Error Function 373 Appendix D Replacing Hollow Conducting Cylinders with Line Currents Using the Method of Images 375 Appendix E Inductance of Parallel Wires 379 Appendix F Shape Functions for First-Order Hexahedral Element 381 References 383 Index 387

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Book SynopsisSYSTEMS ENGINEERING NEURAL NETWORKS A complete and authoritative discussion of systems engineering and neural networks In Systems Engineering Neural Networks, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a thorough exploration of the fundamental concepts underpinning the creation and improvement of neural networks with a systems engineering mindset. In the book, you'll find a general theoretical discussion of both systems engineering and neural networks accompanied by coverage of relevant and specific topics, from deep learning fundamentals to sport business applications. Readers will discover in-depth examples derived from many years of engineering experience, a comprehensive glossary with links to further reading, and supplementary online content. The authors have also included a variety of applications programmed in both Python 3 and Microsoft Excel. The book provides: A thorough introduction to neural networks, introduced as key element of complex systems Practical discussions of sTable of ContentsABOUT THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 HOW TO READ THIS BOOK 8 Part I 9 1 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION 9 THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 14 SOURCES 18 CHAPTER SUMMARY 18 QUESTIONS 19 2 DEFINING A NEURAL NETWORK 20 BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 22 FROM BIOLOGY TO MATHEMATICS 24 WE CAME A FULL CIRCLE 25 THE MODEL OF McCULLOCH-PITTS 25 THE ARTIFICIAL NEURON OF ROSENBLATT 26 FINAL REMARKS 33 SOURCES 35 CHAPTER SUMMARY 36 QUESTIONS 37 3 ENGINEERING NEURAL NETWORKS 38 A BRIEF RECAP ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 40 THE KEYSTONE: SE4AI AND AI4SE 41 ENGINEERING COMPLEXITY 41 THE SPORT SYSTEM 45 ENGINEERING A SPORT CLUB 51 OPTIMISATION 52 AN EXAMPLE OF DECISION MAKING 56 FUTURISM AND FORESIGHT 60 QUALITATIVE TO QUANTITATIVE 61 FUZZY THINKING 64 IT IS ALL IN THE TOOLS 74 SOURCES 77 CHAPTER SUMMARY 77 QUESTIONS 78 Part II 79 4 SYSTEMS THINKING FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 79 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 82 ONE MORE THING: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 94 CHAPTER SUMMARY 101 QUESTIONS 102 SOURCES 102 5 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 103 EXAMPLE 1: COSINE FUNCTION 105 EXAMPLE 2: CORROSION ON A METAL STRUCTURE 112 EXAMPLE 3: DEFINING ROLES OF ATHLETES 127 EXAMPLE 4: ATHLETE’S PERFORMANCE 134 EXAMPLE 5: TEAM PERFORMANCE 142 A human-defined-system 142 Human Factors 143 The sport team as system of interest 144 Impact of Human Error on Sports Team Performance 145 EXAMPLE 6: TREND PREDICTION 156 EXAMPLE 7: SYMPLEX AND GAME THEORY 163 EXAMPLE 8: SORTING MACHINE FOR LEGO® BRICKS 168 Part III 174 6 INPUT/OUTPUT, HIDDEN LAYER AND BIAS 174 INPUT/OUTPUT 175 HIDDEN LAYER 180 BIAS 184 FINAL REMARKS 186 CHAPTER SUMMARY 187 QUESTIONS 188 7 ACTIVATION FUNCTION 189 TYPES OF ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS 191 ACTIVATION FUNCTION DERIVATIVES 194 ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS RESPONSE TO W AND b VARIABLES 200 FINAL REMARKS 202 CHAPTER SUMMARY 204 QUESTIONS 205 SOURCES 205 8 COST FUNCTION, BACK-PROPAGATION AND OTHER ITERATIVE METHODS 206 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOSS AND COST? 209 TRAINING THE NEURAL NETWORK 212 BACK-PROPAGATION (BP) 214 ONE MORE THING: GRADIENT METHOD AND CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHOD 218 ONE MORE THING: NEWTON’S METHOD 221 CHAPTER SUMMARY 223 QUESTIONS 224 SOURCES 224 9 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 225 GLOSSARY AND INSIGHTS 233

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Book SynopsisJoint Source-Channel Coding Consolidating knowledge on Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC), this book provides an indispensable resource on a key area of performance enhancement for communications networks Presenting in one volume the key theories, concepts and important developments in the area of Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC), this book provides the fundamental material needed to enhance the performance of digital and wireless communication systems and networks. It comprehensively introduces JSCC technologies for communications systems, including coding and decoding algorithms, and emerging applications of JSCC in current wireless communications. The book covers the full range of theoretical and technical areas before concluding with a section considering recent applications and emerging designs for JSCC. A methodical reference for academic and industrial researchers, development engineers, system engineers, system architects and software engineers, this boTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Simplified Model for a Communication System 2 1.2 Entropy and Information 3 1.3 Introduction to Source Coding 6 1.3.1 Sampling and Quantization of Signals 6 1.3.2 Source Coding of Quantized Signals 9 1.3.3 Distortion and Rate-distortion Theory 13 1.4 Channels, Channel Coding, and Capacity 17 1.4.1 Channel Models 17 1.4.2 Wireless Channels 19 1.4.3 Channel Coding and Channel Capacity 23 1.5 Layered Model for a Communication System 26 1.6 Distortion, Quality of Service, and Quality of Experience 30 1.6.1 Objective Measurements of Distortion or Quality 31 1.6.2 Subjective and Perceptually Based Measurements of Distortion or Quality 32 1.7 Shannon’s Separation Principle and Joint Source–Channel Coding 36 1.8 Major Classes of Joint Source–Channel Coding Techniques 40 References 42 2 Source Coding and Signal Compression 43 2.1 Types of Sources 43 2.2 Lossless Compression 46 2.2.1 Entropy Coding 47 2.2.2 Predictive Coding 52 2.3 Lossy Compression 54 2.3.1 Quantization 54 2.3.2 Differential Coding 62 2.3.3 Transform Coding 63 2.3.4 Subband and Wavelet Coding 65 2.4 Embedded and Layered Coding 68 2.5 Coding of Practical Sources 71 2.5.1 Image Coding - JPEG 71 2.5.2 Embedded Image Coding – SPIHT 75 2.5.3 Video Coding 78 2.5.4 Speech Coding 83 References 86 3 Channel Coding 87 3.1 Linear Block Codes 87 3.1.1 Binary Linear Block Codes 90 3.1.2 Generator Matrix, Parity-Check Matrix, and Syndrome Testing 91 3.1.3 Common Linear Block Codes 92 3.1.4 Error and Erasure Correction with Block Codes 95 3.2 Convolutional Codes 97 3.2.1 Code Characterization: State and Trellis Diagrams 98 3.2.2 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 100 3.2.3 The Viterbi Algorithm 101 3.2.4 Error Correction Performance 104 3.3 Modified Linear Codes (Puncturing, Shortening, Expurgating, Extending, Augmenting, and Lengthening) 105 3.4 Rate-Compatible Channel Codes 105 References 110 4 Concatenated Joint Source–Channel Coding 111 4.1 Concatenated JSCC Bit Rate Allocation 111 4.2 Performance Characterization 119 4.2.1 Practical Source and Channel Codecs 119 4.3 Application Cases 131 References 133 5 Unequal Error Protection Source–Channel Coding 135 5.1 Effect of Channel Errors on Source Encoded Data 135 5.2 Priority Encoding Transmission Schemes for Unequal Loss Protection 142 5.3 Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Optimal UEP 147 5.4 Unequal Error Protection Using Digital Fountain Codes 163 References 171 6 Source–Channel Coding with Feedback 173 6.1 Joint Source–Channel Coding Formulation for a System with ACK/NACK Feedback 173 6.1.1 Performance Measurement 175 6.1.2 Classification of the Transmitters 176 6.1.3 Decoder Structure and Design 177 6.2 Packet Combining for Joint Source–Channel ARQ over Memoryless Channels 179 6.2.1 Decoder Design Problem 179 6.3 Pruned Tree-Structured Quantization in Noise and Feedback 193 6.3.1 Pruned Tree-Structured Vector Quantizers 194 6.3.2 Progressive Transmission with ACK/NACK Feedback of TSVQ-Encoded Sources 195 6.3.3 Progressive Transmission and Receiver-Driven Rate Control 204 6.4 Delay-Constrained JSCC Using Incremental Redundancy with Feedback 205 6.4.1 System Description 205 6.4.2 Optimal Source and Channel Rate Allocations Design 208 6.4.3 Performance 213 References 220 7 Quantizers Designed for Noisy Channels 223 7.1 Channel-Optimized Quantizers 223 7.2 Scalar Quantizer Design 227 7.3 Vector Quantizer Design 234 7.4 Channel Mismatch Considerations 245 7.5 Structured Vector Quantizers 249 References 255 8 Error-Resilient Source Coding 257 8.1 Multiple-Description Coding 257 8.2 Error-Resilient Coded Bit Streams 273 8.2.1 Robust Entropy Coding 273 8.2.2 Predictive Coding Mode Selection 279 References 281 9 Analog and Hybrid Digital–Analog JSCC Techniques 283 9.1 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding Techniques 283 9.1.1 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding in Vector Spaces 283 9.1.2 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding Through Artificial Neural Networks 293 9.2 Hybrid Digital–Analog JSCC Techniques 297 References 302 10 Joint Source–Channel Decoding 305 10.1 Source-Controlled Channel Decoding 305 10.2 Exploiting Residual Redundancy at the Decoder 314 10.2.1 The Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 315 10.2.2 Exploiting Residual Redundancy to Estimate A Priori Information 318 10.3 Iterative Source–Channel Decoding 323 10.3.1 The Channel Coding Optimal Estimation Algorithm 328 10.3.2 Channel Coding Optimal Estimation Applied to JSCD 330 References 333 11 Recent Applications and Emerging Designs in Source–Channel Coding 335 11.1 Source–Channel Coding for Wireless Sensor Networks 335 11.2 Extending Network Capacity Through JSCC 343 11.2.1 Video Telephony Calls as Application Example 345 11.2.2 CDMA Statistical Multiplexing Resource Allocation and Flow Control 347 11.2.3 Overhead from Communicating Rate-Distortion Data 354 11.2.4 Analysis for Dynamic Call Traffic and Admission Control 356 11.2.5 Performance Results 358 11.3 Source–Channel Coding and Cognitive Radios 364 11.4 Design of JSCC Schemes Based on Artificial Neural Networks 374 References 378 Index 381

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Book SynopsisWhy simply play music or go online when you can use your iPhone or iPad for some really fun projects, such as building a metal detector, hacking a radio control truck, or tracking a model rocket in flight? Learn how to build these and other cool things by using iOS device sensors and inexpensive hardware.

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Book SynopsisThe book describes how combining hardware design with software design leads to a solution to this important computer engineering problem. The book covers four topics in hardware/software codesign: fundamentals, the design space of custom architectures, the hardware/software interface and application examples.Table of ContentsThe Nature of Hardware and Software.- Data Flow Modeling and Transformation.- Data FlowImplementation in Software and Hardware.- Analysis of Control Flow and Data Flow.- Final Statet Machine with Datapath.- Microprogrammed Architectures.- General-purpose Embedded Cores.- System On Chip.- Principles of Hardware/Software Communication.- On-chip Busses.- Microprocessor Interfaces.- Hardware Interfaces.- Trivium Crypto-Coprocessor.- AES Co-processor.- CORDIC Co-processor.-Hands-on Experiments in GEZEL.

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Book SynopsisWhat happens when screen time is all the time?In the early 1990s, the phrase screen time emerged to scare parents about the dangers of too much TV for kids. Screen time was something to fret over, police, and judge in a low-grade moral panic. Now, screen time has become a metric not only for good parenting, but for our adult lives as well. There's even an app for it! In the streaming eraand with streaming made nearly ubiquitous during COVID-19almost every aspect of our day is mediated by these bright surfaces. Whether it was ever the real villain in the first place, or merely a convenient proxy for unaddressed familial, social, and institutional failures, screen time is now all the time.Avidly Reads Screen Time is a funny, insightful work of cultural criticism and history about how we define screens, and how they now define us. From Mad Men to iCarly, Vine to FaceTime, binge-watching to doom-scrolling, Phillip Maciak leads us on a sometimes heartwarming, sometimes harrowing tour of the media that brings us together and tears us apart.Trade ReviewOriginal and thought-provoking. Maciak’s willingness to defend screen time refreshes. Readers will want to tune in to this. * Publishers Weekly *A witty, intimate meditation on the way we watch now from Phillip Maciak, an author of the celebrated Dear TV column. Hopscotching elegantly from Twin Peaks to bedtime doomscrolling, Zoom school to Vine, Maciak explores the deep paradoxes of ‘screen time,’ the mirror we all gaze into, at once together and alone. * Emily Nussbaum, Pulitzer Prize winning author of I Like to Watch: Arguing My Way Through the TV Revolution *What a timely and important contribution to the study of the present! Maciak beautifully synthesizes scholarship, art, and his personal experiences of the past decades, teasing apart some of the skeins that get knotted together around that ubiquitous modern experience (and source of anxiety), screen time. Maciak puts aside the scolding that haunts today's parents (and scrollers), and instead shows the complex and sometimes even beautiful ways technology has changed the way we learn, play, communicate, fight, create, and connect, reframing our habits and providing some wonderful cultural criticism along the way. An essential text for our streaming, scrolling era. * Lydia Kiesling, author of The Golden State, A Novel *Alas, we are creatures made of screens! But beheld in Maciak’s shrewd, tender gaze, our relationship with these pulsing surfaces that situate our lives loses the flavor of a diagnosis—in its place, wit, and curiosity. This book offers a roomy haven for working out what it means to live and grow up in a modern age, honoring the tangle of feelings—bad, euphoric—that accompany our most sacred rituals, from appointment television to all that scrolling. It prompted me to continue wondering about the screens we take for granted, what they offer us and why we return. * Lauren Michele Jackson, contributing writer, The New Yorker *Phillip Maciak is one of the best TV critics alive right now, full stop. Whether he’s writing about Girls or Station Eleven or Bluey, his criticism is always characterized by wit, insight, and a remarkable propensity for close-reading. So yes, I was over the moon to learn about his new book of cultural criticism and history, Avidly Reads Screen Time, about how we define screens and how they define us. There are three Mad Men screen caps within the book’s first 30 pages, so, yeah, it’s gonna be ridiculously good. * The Millions *Screen Time is a book about this televisual unconscious, about parenting, about a world that children will consume long before they know what they’re digesting—that formed us when we were still children—and about trying to understand the selves we only belatedly discover ourselves to have already always been. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/phillip-maciaks-avidly-reads-screen-time-a-symposium/ -- Jorge Cotte, Aaron Bady, Lili Loofbourow, Jane Hu * LA Review of Books *The New Republic’s TV critic offers cultural criticism about Succession, Zoom, TikTok and Twin Peaks as well as the many types of screens that demand our attention everywhere, all the time. * The Globe and Mail *

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Book SynopsisWith this practical book, data scientists and professionals working with large-scale data applications will learn how to use Spark from R to tackle big data and big compute problems.

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Book SynopsisPart A Propagation of Sound.- Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics.- Part C Architectural Acoustics.- Part D Hearing and Signal Processing.- Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics.- Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics.- Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise.- Part H Engineering Acoustics.- Acknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index.   Trade Review Table of ContentsChap. 1 Introduction to Acoustics (Thomas D. Rossing)Part A Propagation of Sound Chap. 2 A Brief History of Acoustics (Thomas D. Rossing)Chap. 3 Basic Linear Acoustics (Alan D. Pierce)Chap. 4 Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere ( Keith Attenborough)Chap. 5 Underwater Acoustics (William A. Kuperman, Philippe Roux)Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics Chap. 6 Physical Acoustics (Mack A. Breazeale +, Michael McPherson)Chap. 7 Thermoacoustics (Gregory W. Swift)Chap. 8 Nonlinear Acoustics in Fluids (Werner Lauterborn, Thomas Kurz, Iskander Akhatov)Part C Architectural Acoustics Chap. 9 Acoustics in Halls for Speech and Music (Anders C. Gade)Chap. 10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Subjective Preference Theory (Yoichi Ando)Chap. 11 Building Acoustics (James Cowan)Part D Hearing and Signal Processing Chap. 12 Physiological Acoustics (Eric D. Young)Chap. 13 Psychoacoustics (Brian C.J. Moore)Chap. 14 Signal Processing (William M. Hartmann, James V. Candy)Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics Chap. 15 Musical Acoustics (Colin Gough)Chap. 16 The Human Voice in Speech and Singing (Björn Lindblom, Johan Sundberg)Chap. 17 Computer Music (Perry R. Cook)Chap. 18 Audio and Electroacoustics (Mark F. Davis)Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics Chap. 19 Animal Bioacoustics (Neville H. Fletcher)Chap. 20 Cetacean Acoustics (Whitlow W.L. Au, Marc O. Lammers)Chap. 21 Medical Acoustics (Kirk W. Beach, Barbrina Dunmire)Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise Chap. 22 Structural Acoustics and Vibrations (Antoine Chaigne)Chap. 23 Noise (George C. Maling, Jr.)Part H Engineering Acoustics Chap. 24 Microphones and Their Calibration (George S.K. Wong)Chap. 25 Sound Intensity (Finn Jacobsen)Chap. 26 Acoustic Holography (Yang-Hann Kim)Chap. 27 Optical Methods for Acoustics and Vibration Measurements (Nils-Erik Molin)Chap. 28 Modal Analysis (Thomas D. Rossing)Chap. 29 Microphone Arrays (Rolf Bader)Chap. 30 Acoustic Emission (Kanji Ono)Acknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisWith information on the subject of dielectric materials, this volume brings important updates to electronic device engineers and researchers in the area of ferroelectric materials. Topics include materials, processes, properties, and electronic devices based on these materials and systems. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 103rd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 22-25, 2001, in Indiana; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 131.Table of ContentsPoisson's Ratios in High-Coupling Ferroelectric Ceramics (A. Ballato). Determination of Binder Decomposition Kinetics for PVB-BaTiO3-Pt Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (S.J. Lombardo and R.V. Shende). Characterization of the Sol-Gel Derived PZT Thick Films on Metal Substrates (J. Cheng, W. Zhu, N.Li, L.E. Cross and Z. Meng). A Study on Hot-Pressed 0.3PAN-0.7PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics (Y. Xu, D. Shi, S. Li, P. Wang and S. Tian). Rare-Earth Metal Doping Effects on the Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-Pb(Mn,Sb)O3 Ceramics (Y. Gao, K. Uchino and D. Viehland). Studies on Dielectric Behavior of Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 Processed through Novel Techniques (R.V. Mangalaraja, S. Ananthakumar, P. Manohar and F.D. Gnanam). High Breakdown Strength and High Dielectric Constant Capacitors in the Strontium Zirconate and Strontium Titanate Solid Solution System (S.J. Lombardo, R.V. Shende and D.S. Krueger). Preparation and Characterization of Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 Ceramic Fibers through Sol-Gel Processing (M. Toyoda and K. Shirono). Current Topics in the Field of Materials Technology of BME-MLCCs (T. Nomura and Y. Nakano). Formation of Titanium Dioxide Micropattern by Direct Synthesis from Aqueous Solution and Transcription of Resist Pattern (N. Ozawa, H. Yabe and T. Yao). Study of Surface Donor-Acceptor Active Centers Distributions during Ceramics Ball Milling (M.M. Sychov, O.A. Cheremisina, V.G. Korsakov, S.V. Mjakin, V.V. Popov, N.V. Zakharova and L.B. Svatovskaya). Modeling of Nonlinear Phenomena during Deformation of Interparticle Necks by Diffusion-Controlled Creep (A. Maximenko, O. VanDerBiest and E.A. Olevsky). Manufacture and Characterization of Low-Temperature Sintered CO2Z Ceramics (S. Wang, L. Li, Z. Gui, S. Su and J. Zhou). Fabrication and Cofiring Behaviors of Low-Sintering Monolithic Piezoelectric Transformers (L. Li, R. Zuo and Z. Gui). Functionally Gradient Relaxor Dielectric Composites with X7R Characteristics (Z. Gui, R. Zuo, C. Ji and L. Li). Dielectric, Peizoelectric, and Ferroelectric Properties of PMN-PNN-PZT Quarternary System (X. Guo, J. Cheng, Z. Meng and H. Chen). Optimization of Ferrite Powder Processing by Characterization of Slurry Properties (J. Wrba and R. Lucke). Manufacturing of Advanced Dielectric Coatings by Thermal Spraying (A. Killinger). Electrical Properties of Barium Titanate Thick Films (C.R. Foschini, B.D. Stojanovic, J.A. Varela, V.B. Pavlovic, V.M. Pavlovic and V. Pejovic). Microwave Dielectric Properties of Al2O3-MgO-REOx (RE: Rare Earth) Systems and their Application to New LTCC (H. Kagata and H. Katsumura). An Ultrasonic Motor for Catheter Applications (S. Cagatay, B. Koc and K. Uchino). Grain Size Dependence of High-Power Piezoelectric Characteristics in a Soft PZT (C. Sakaki and K. Uchino). High Power Piezoelectrics of (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 Single Crystals (S. Priya, U. Belegundu, A. Carazo and K. Uchino). Residual Stress in High-Capacitance BME-MLCCS (Y. Nakano, D. Iwanaga, T. Hibi, M. Miyauchi and T. Nomura). Processing of Pb-Ba-Zr-Ti-Based Dielectrics for High-Power Capacitor Applications (R.J. Rayne, T.J. Jessen, B.A. Bender, M. Kahn and M.T. Chase). Additive Interactions in Aqueous BaTiO3 Suspension (C.-C. Li and J.-H. Jean). Aqueous Tape Casting of Surface-Modified Cordierite Glass-Ceramics Powders (S. Mei, J.M.F. Ferreira, J. Yang and R. Martins). Embedding a Passive Material Layer in Low-Temperature Cofired Packing (E.R. Twiname, G.L. Messing and C.A. Randall). Recent Topics in Ferrite Materials for Multilayer Chip Components (A. Nakano, H. Ichikawa, I. Nakahata, M. Endo and T. Nomura). Lead-Free Multilayer Dielectric System for Telecommunications (R.L. Wahlers, S.J. Stein, C.Y.D. Huang, M.R. Heinz and A.H. Feingold). Microwave Dielectric Characterization of Ferroelectric Ceramics with Sleeve Resonator Techniques (R.G. Geyer, P. Kabos and J. Baker-Jarvis). Field Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Barium Strontium Titanate Single Crystals (D. Garcia, R. Guo and A.S. Bhalla). Electric Field Dependence of Dielectric Behavior of (Sr1-xPbx)TiO3 (Y. Somiya, R. Guo, A.S. Bhalla and L.E. Cross). Lattice Dynamics and Dielectric Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films for Frequency Agile Devices (X.X. Xi, A.A. Sirenko, I.A. Akimov, A.M. Clark and J.-H. Hao).

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Book SynopsisThe results are in for our 6th annual Desktop Digital Fabrication Shoot Out! Make: Volume 60 has more than 30 reviews that show off the latest and greatest FDM and resin 3D printers, CNC machines, laser cutters, and vinyl cutters, including new machines from Ultimaker, Prusa, Lulzbot, ShopBot, and Glowforge. Also, learn about our revamped 3D printer scoring system! Get the latest reviews of 3D printers and CNC devices Add graphics to your prints using hydrographic film Why you should buy a laser cutter over a 3D printer How to design dual color models for multi-material prints Laser cut a map of the stars And more!

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a synthesis of Electronics through keynotes which are substantiated in three volumes. The first one comprises four chapters devoted to elementary devices, i.e. diodes, bipolar transistors and related devices, field effect transistors and amplifiers. In each of one, device physics, non linear and linearized models, and applications are studied. The second volume is devoted to systems in the continuous time regime and contains two chapters: one describes different approaches to the transfer function concept and applications, and the following deals with the quadripole properties, filtering and filter synthesis. The third volume presents the various aspects of sampling systems and quantized level systems in the two last chapters.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Continuous-time Systems: General Properties, Feedback, Stability, Oscillators 1 1.1. Representation of continuous time signals 2 1.1.1. Sinusoidal signals 2 1.1.2. Periodic signals 4 1.1.3. Non-periodic real signals and Fourier transforms 5 1.2. Representations of linear and stationary systems and circuits built with localized elements 8 1.2.1. Representation using ordinary differential equation 8 1.2.2. Periodic permanent conditions and harmonic conditions 10 1.2.3. Unilateral Laplace transform of causal systems and study of the various regimes 12 1.3. Negative feedback 25 1.3.1. Inversion of a transfer function 26 1.3.2. Linearization of a nonlinear system 27 1.3.3. Gain-bandwidth product for first-order low-pass systems 28 1.3.4. Simultaneous negative and positive feedback 29 1.4. Study of system stability 30 1.4.1. Time response: pole mapping 31 1.4.2. Nyquist criterion in general case 33 1.4.3. Stability of looped systems assumed stable in open loop: Nyquist and Bode criteria 35 1.4.4. Stability of linear and nonlinear networks of any order, analyzed from state variables 37 1.5. State space form 40 1.6. Oscillators and unstable systems 42 1.6.1. Sinusoidal oscillators 42 1.6.2. Relaxation oscillators using a nonlinear dipole and other resonant circuit oscillators 49 1.6.3. General case of systems comprising a nonlinear dipole and study of oscillation in phase space 52 1.7. Exercises 66 1.7.1. Response and stability of an operational amplifier not compensated until unity gain and loaded by a capacitor 66 1.7.2. Active filters built with operational amplifiers 69 1.7.3. Study of a looped system and its stability: sample and hold circuit 72 1.7.4. Study of a Colpitts oscillator built with a JFET 78 1.7.5. Study of a system in state-space form 80 Chapter 2. Continuous-time Linear Systems: Quadripoles, Filtering and Filter Synthesis 85 2.1. Quadripoles or two-port networks 85 2.1.1. Quadripoles deduced from dynamic circuits 86 2.1.2. Quadripoles and transfer matrices 87 2.1.3. Modification of the parameters of the quadripoles using negative feedback 89 2.1.4. Passive quadripoles 91 2.1.5. Dipole impedances and admittances; iterative impedance 92 2.1.6. Scattering matrix (or s-matrix) and transfer matrix 102 2.1.7. Powers in quadripoles and matching 107 2.1.8. Image-impedances and image-matching 118 2.1.9. Representation of quadripoles by block diagrams 124 2.2. Analog filters 126 2.2.1. Definition and impulse response 126 2.2.2. Properties of real, causal and stable filters 131 2.3. Synthesis of analog active filters using operational amplifiers 146 2.3.1. Cascading second-order cell filters 146 2.3.2. Multiple feedback loop cell 148 2.4. Non-dissipative filters synthesis methods 150 2.4.1. Synthesis based on effective parameters 151 2.4.2. Synthesis based on image parameters 166 2.4.3. Filter sensitivity and Orchard’s argument 195 2.5. Exercises 196 2.5.1. Impedance matching by means of passive two-port networks; application to class B push–pull power RF amplifier with MOS transistors 196 2.5.2. Passive low-pass filtering of an ideal voltage source by a two-port network built with an LC ladder (single-ended ladder filter) 204 2.5.3. Dual-ended passive filter, synthesized by the image impedance method 211 2.5.4. Lattice filter 214 Appendix 223 Bibliography 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis book will teach you how to take advantage of the JavaScript language to process data provided on the Internet. Much attention is given to the main JavaScript backbone: prototype based objects, and functional capabilities, while common features (loops, etc.) are summarized in a few cheat-sheets. Only operational features are detailed through the coding of several applications -the second and largest part of the book-, on free-access datasets (e.g. World Bank). It includes: cartography (SVG or API's based), data-sheets access (via Ajax or Jsonp), video data and post-synchronization, and animation examples.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Part 1. Core JavaScript 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Variables: Declaration, Definition and Type 5 1.1. Declarations of functions and variables 6 1.1.1. The different declaration keywords 6 1.1.2. Lexical scope and definition of a variable according to declaration mode: var, let, const 9 1.1.3. Comments (important improvements carried over by ES6) 11 1.1.4. General conclusion about the variable declarations in JavaScript 11 1.1.5. Naming variables and functions: best practices 14 1.2. Variable definition, initialization and typing in JavaScript 15 1.2.1. Variables initialization and definition 15 1.2.2. Types 15 1.2.3. How to use the type “undefined” and the value undefined 17 Chapter 2. Controls: Booleans, Branch and Loops 19 2.1. Truth values and boolean operators 19 2.1.1. Boolean operators: “!” (not), “&&” (and), “||” (or) 19 2.1.2. Relational operators: >, <, >=, <= 20 2.1.3. Comparison operators: = =, != (simple) or = = =, != = (strict) 20 2.2. Conditional instructions: branch test, loop test 21 2.2.1. Conditional instructions: if ... else, if ... else if ... else 21 2.2.2. Ternary conditional operator 21 2.2.3. Instruction “switch” 22 2.2.4. Classical iteration loop: instruction “for” 22 2.2.5. Repeat under condition: instructions “while”, and “do..while” 23 2.2.6. Implicit casting of values “undefined” and “null” in boolean context 23 2.2.7. Short-cut evaluation: tips for the uncertain definitions 24 2.2.8. Exception handling 24 Chapter 3. Data: Numbers and Strings 27 3.1. Handling numbers 28 3.1.1. Literal notation of type “number” variables 28 3.1.2. Arithmetic operators 29 3.1.3. Math operations using the methods of the object Math 30 3.1.4. Evaluation in the “numerical context” versus “boolean context” 32 3.2. Handling character strings 32 3.2.1. Literal notation of strings 32 3.2.2. Backtick syntax, or template syntax, introduced by ES6 33 3.2.3. Concatenation operator 34 3.2.4. Resolving polymorphism issues with operator + in numerical or string context 34 3.2.5. Behavior of the relational and equality operators 35 3.2.6. Various facets of string-related issues in a sample application 35 3.3. The String.prototype methods 37 3.3.1. The need for preprocessing before comparison 37 3.3.2. Handling partial comparisons 38 3.3.3. Methods for handling strings 39 3.3.4. Regular expressions 41 3.3.5. Evaluation and uses 42 3.3.6. Some examples of useful patterns 42 3.3.7. General syntax of a regular expression 43 3.3.8. Combining RegExp and String.prototype methods 44 Chapter 4. Objects and Prototypes 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. The objects: concepts versus named entities 46 4.3. Object literal notation in JavaScript 47 4.3.1. Syntax for “object literal”: 47 4.3.2. Important warnings about writing JavaScript object notation 48 4.3.3. The object literal first use: to define an object type variable 49 4.3.4. The object literal second use: data notation in JSON format 49 4.3.5. Accessing the individual properties of an object 50 4.3.6. Notation syntax evolution with ES6 51 4.4. The builtin methods of Object and Object.prototype 51 4.4.1. The methods of Object, Object.prototype, and JSON 51 4.4.2. Create an object and specify its properties 53 4.4.3. Syntax and usage of the “descriptor” property 53 4.4.4. Listing the properties of an object, analyzing a literal 54 4.5. Basics of the “prototypal approach” in JavaScript 56 4.5.1. JavaScript object's fundamental relation: “has prototype” 57 4.5.2. Role of the prototypes and inheritance mechanism 58 4.5.3. Object construction: the “literal approach” 60 4.5.4. Object construction: the “prototypal approach” 61 4.5.5. The pattern “assign/create” 62 4.5.6. Object construction: the “classical approach” 63 4.6. Comparing “prototypal” and “classical” approaches 64 4.6.1. Simulating a class hierarchy in JavaScript 65 4.6.2. Summing up what we learned so far 68 Chapter 5. Arrays 71 5.1. Handling arrays: creation and access to its elements 72 5.1.1. Creating an array with the array literal notation 72 5.1.2. Checking if a variable is an array 72 5.1.3. The length property, the index count 73 5.1.4. Accessing individual values in an array: the indices 74 5.2. Methods of the object Array and Array.prototype 74 5.2.1. The “Mutators” family 75 5.2.2. The “Accessors” family 77 5.2.3. The “Iteration” family 78 5.2.4. Iterating over the elements of an array 78 5.2.5. Iteration without a loop, with Array/Array.prototype methods 79 5.2.6. Chaining array methods 81 5.2.7. Arrays and the arrow function syntax 82 5.2.8. The “Iterables” 83 5.3. Array of arrays (multidimensional array) 83 5.3.1. Frameworks proposing an “augmented Array.prototype” 85 Chapter 6. Functions 87 6.1. General syntax of a JavaScript function 88 6.1.1. Name 88 6.1.2. Parameters 88 6.1.3. Return 89 6.1.4. Function code block and scope 89 6.1.5. Creating functions 89 6.2. Invoking a function with operator (.) 90 6.2.1. The three facets of the “parentheses operator” in a function context 91 6.3. Choosing function declaration versus function expression 92 6.4. Arguments 93 6.4.1. The arguments are passed by value 93 6.4.2. The inner object “arguments” 94 6.5. Scope: global scope, function scopes and block scopes 94 6.5.1. Vocabulary: lexical scope and “namespace” 94 6.5.2. Wrapping-up and warnings 98 6.6. Function “closures” 101 6.6.1. Saving the value of a free variable in a given context 102 6.6.2. Creating a list of functions linked to an array of data 103 6.6.3. Currying”: breaking down a function into 1-parameter functions 106 6.6.4. Compositing functions from an array of functions 107 6.7. Immediately invocable functions: IIFE 109 6.7.1. Creating a “namespace”, or a named library, with an IIFE 109 6.8. The methods of Function.prototype 110 6.8.1. Function.prototype.call() and .apply(), and pronoun 'this' 112 6.8.2. Function.prototype.bind() 112 6.9. Built-in functions 113 6.10. Closure and IIFE cheat-sheet 114 Chapter 7. From Signs to Patterns 117 7.1. Reserved words 118 7.2. The pronoun “this” 119 7.2.1. The many ways to link the pronoun “this” 119 7.2.2. How to explicitly bind the pronoun? 121 7.3. Operator: new 121 7.4. Punctuation signs 122 7.5. JavaScript usual design patterns 123 7.5.1. Programming idioms 124 7.5.2. Creational pattern: “Assign/Create Combo” 125 7.5.3. Structural pattern: singleton or namespace pattern 127 7.5.4. Another structural pattern: the Decorator pattern 128 7.5.5. Behavioral pattern: the observer or publish/subscribe pattern 130 7.6. Metaprogramming with ES6 131 7.6.1. “Reflection” by “Symbols” 131 7.6.2. New tool for measuring code performance 131 Part 2. Client-Side JavaScript 133 Introduction to Part 2 135 Chapter 8. JavaScript in the Web Page 137 8.1. Ecosystem of the web page: the HTML sequence 137 8.1.1. Structure and semantics/layout and presentation 137 8.1.2. Reminder about HTML5 tags 138 8.2. Building the web page DOM: the layout engine 140 8.2.1. DOM tree built by the layout engine: selecting nodes via CSS 141 8.2.2. CSS rules and relationship with JavaScript selection methods 142 8.3. Dynamic behavior of the web page: the script engine 143 8.4. Interface with the DOM 145 8.4.1. DOM interface 1: selecting elements 145 8.4.2. DOM interface 2: reading/writing/creating an element 146 8.4.3. Methods for HTML DOM document and element prototypes 148 8.5. The events in client side JavaScript 150 8.5.1. The browser event loop 150 8.5.2. Handling DOM events 151 8.6. Interacting with the DOM: to link elements/events 153 8.6.1. Waiting for the DOM 153 8.6.2. Example: to build an HTML list 153 8.6.3. Using events: modifying attributes and class names of an element. 154 8.6.4. Dispatching events, creating a CustomEvent 155 Chapter 9. Graphic and Multimedia Tools 157 9.1. To draw in the web page 157 9.1.1. The elements and 158 9.1.2. 2D curve plot 158 9.2. SVG language 161 9.3. Handling time in graphics animation 163 9.3.1. Methods setTimeout, setInterval, requestAnimationFrame 163 9.3.2. Performance considerations, generator functions 165 9.4. Data persistence between client sessions 166 9.4.1. Http cookies 166 9.4.2. Local storages 167 9.5. Note about “JavaScript frameworks” (jQuery, d3, etc.) 168 9.5.1. A few words about jQuery 168 9.5.2. Recommendation 169 Chapter 10. AJAX Technology (Asynchrony) 171 10.1. Architecture for client–server data exchange 171 10.1.1. The object XMLHttpRequest 172 10.1.2. Using XMLHttpRequest: several steps 172 10.2. Remarks about HTTP 173 10.3. “Promises” and asynchronous programming 173 10.3.1. Example: promisifying XMLHttpRequest 174 10.3.2. Chaining promises 175 10.3.3. Parallel processing of several promises 175 10.3.4. Fetch: the promise to fetch AJAX 176 10.3.5. About the “Same Origin Policy” 177 10.4. The exchange format: JSON 177 10.4.1. A very useful application of JSON: converting data from a spreadsheet 178 10.4.2. Exporting spreadsheet data into JSON format 179 10.4.3. Differences between JSON and the Javascript object Notation 182 10.5. JavaScript Object Notation with Padding 184 10.6. A parallel JavaScript: the “worker” 185 Part 3. Applications 187 Introduction to Part 3 189 Chapter 11. Chronological Data 191 11.1. Accessing a JSON file via Ajax 191 11.1.1. Quick presentation of the Quandl API 191 11.1.2. Processing an example with promises 192 11.2. Using open source graphic libraries 195 11.2.1. Plot multiple data series against the same time axis 195 11.2.2. Dynamic plot: simulating time evolution 197 Chapter 12. Relational Data 199 12.1. Aggregating tabulated JSON data 199 12.1.1. lectoral data: administrative breakdown, political breakdown 200 12.1.2. Aggregating data along the spatial dimension: votes by circonscription 203 12.1.3. Aggregating data along the affiliations dimension: labels by candidate 205 12.2. Joining data: multiple JSON files 207 12.2.1. Advantage of the flexibility brought by the prototypal approach 207 12.2.2. Coding the join on the electoral application 208 12.3. Postprocessing: analysis 210 12.3.1. Analyzing the affiliations 210 12.4. The role of promises 211 12.4.1. Performance considerations with the electoral application 213 12.5. Using Google Gantt chart for a graphic visualization 214 Chapter 13. Cartographic Data 217 13.1. Cartographic application: using cartographic libraries 217 13.1.1. Preparation of the map 219 13.1.2. Creating a layer of markers 220 13.1.3. Interacting and selecting features 222 13.2. SVG-based cartography 222 13.2.1. Description of the application 223 13.2.2. Embedding the whole SVG document by direct copy 224 13.2.3. Embedding the SVG code, element by element 225 13.2.4. Joining relational data and SVG data 225 13.2.5. Processing the combined information 226 13.3. Getting coordinates from Wikipedia pages 227 Chapter 14. Data Served by JSONP 229 14.1. Serving RSS feeds through Yahoo Query Language 229 14.2. Serving shared spreadsheets through Google spreadsheets 231 14.2.1. Client-side code: HTML and script of the callback function 231 14.2.2. Server-side code under the GoogleScript global object 232 14.3. Serving images and their metadata through the Flickr API 233 Bibliography 235 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThe ability of future industry to create interactive, flexible and always-on connections between design, manufacturing and supply is an ongoing challenge, affecting competitiveness, efficiency and resourcing. The goal of enterprise interoperability (EI) research is therefore to address the effectiveness of solutions that will successfully prepare organizations for the advent and uptake of new technologies. This volume outlines results and practical concepts from recent and ongoing European research studies in EI, and examines the results of research and discussions cultivated at the I-ESA 2018 conference, “Smart services and business impact of enterprise interoperability”. The conference, designed to encourage collaboration between academic inquiry and real-world industry applications, addressed a number of advanced multidisciplinary topics including Industry 4.0, Big Data, the Internet of Things, Cloud computing, ontology, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and enterprise modelling for future “smart” manufacturing. Readers will find this book to be a source of invaluable knowledge for enterprise architects in a range of industries and organizations. Table of ContentsPart 1. Embedded Intelligence 1. Exploiting Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision Support, Paul Goodall, Heinz Lugo, Richard Sharpe, Kate Van-Lopik, Sarogini Pease, Andrew West and Bob Young. 2.Test of the Industrial Internet of Things: Opening the Black Box, Frank-Walter Jaekel and Jan Torka. 3. Intelligent Decision-support Systems in Supply Chains: Requirements Identification, Eduardo Saiz, Raul Poler and Beatriz Andres. 4. A Total Solution Provider’s Perspective on Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision-support Systems, Gash Bhullar. Part 2. Business Impact of Enterprise Interoperability 5. Enterprise Interoperability Management and Artifacts, Frank-Walter Jaekel. 6. Challenges for Adaptable Energy-efficient Production Processes, Kay Burow, Marc Allan Redecker, Alena V. Fedotova, Quan Deng, Marco Franke, Zied Ghrairi and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 7. Interoperability Requirements for Adaptive Production System-of-Systems, Georg Weichhart and Alexander Egyed. 8. Platforms for the Industrial Internet of Things: Enhancing Business Models through Interoperability, David Soto Setzke, Nicolas Scheidl, Tobias Riasanow, Markus Böhm and Helmut Krcmar. Part 3. Virtual Factory 9. vf-OS Architecture, Danny Pape, Tobias Hinz, Oscar Garcia Perales, Francisco Fraile, José Luis Flores and Oscar J. Rubio. 10. Enablers Framework: Developing Applications Using FIWARE, Pedro Corista, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar Garcia Perales, Raquel Almeida and Nejib Moalla. 11. vf-OS IO Toolkit, Víctor Anaya, Nejib Moalla, Ludo Stellingwerff, José Luis Flores and Francisco Fraile. 12. Data Management Component for Virtual Factories Systems, Artem A. Nazarenko, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar J. Saiz, Oscar Garcia Perales and Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves. 13. An Open Environment for Development of Manufacturing Applications on vf-OS, Carlos Coutinho, Luís Lopes, Vítor Viana, Danny Pape, Gerrit Klasen, Bastian von Halem, Oscar Garcia Perales, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. 14. A Novel Approach to Software Development in the Microservice Environment of vf-OS, Luís Manteigas Da Cunha, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. Part 4. Standardization 15. Standardization and Innovation: a Multipriority Approach, Eitan Naveh. 16. Why Should Interoperability R&D Work Be Driven by Agile Integration and Message Standards Concerns?, Nenad Ivezic and Boonserm Kulvatunyou. 17. Managing IT Standardization in Government: Towards a Descriptive Reference Model, Dian Balta, Nina-Mareike Harders and Helmut Krcmar. 18. Review: What are the Strategies for and Benefits of Effective IT Standardization in Government?, Dian Balta, Florian Feller and Helmut Krcmar. 19. Licensing Terms for IoT Standard Setting: Do We Need “End-User” or “License for All” Concepts?, Matt Heckman. Part 5. Industrial Big Data and Platforms 20. Semantic Interoperability for the IoT: Analysis of JSON for Linked Data, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires and Marten van Sinderen. 21. FIWARE for Industry: A Data-driven Reference Architecture,Stefano De Panfilis, Sergio Gusmeroli, Jorge Rodriguez, Ernö Kovacs and Jesús Benedicto. 22. European Big Data Value Association Position Paper on the Smart Manufacturing Industry, Anibal Reñones, Davide Dalle Carbonare and Sergio Gusmeroli. 23. SmTIP: A Big Data Integration Platform for Synchromodal Transport, Prince M. Singh, Marten van Sinderen and Roel Wieringa. 24. Fault Prediction in Aerospace Product Manufacturing: A Model-based Big Data Analytics Service, Anna Maria Crespino, Carla Di Biccari, Mariangela Lazoi and Marianna Lezzi. 25. A SAREF Extension for Semantic Interoperability in the Industry and Manufacturing Domain, Laura M. Daniele, Matthijs Punter, Christopher Brewster, Raúl García Castro, María Poveda and Alba Fernández. 26. A Building Information Model-centered Big Data Platform to Support Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry, Yvar Bosdriesz, Marten van Sinderen, Maria Iacob and Pieter Verkroost. 27. ISBM: a Data Integration Infrastructure for IoT Applications, Helder Oliveira Gomes Filho, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. 28. RS4IoT: a Recommender System for IoT, Caio Martins Barbosa, Roberta Lima Gomes, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. Part 6. Predictive Maintenance 29. Using Sensor Data for Predictive Maintenance of a Complex Transportation Asset, Bernd Bredehorst, Olaf Peters, Jeroen Versteeg, Markus Neuhaus, Carl Hans and Moritz von Stietencron. 30. The ProaSense Platform for Predictive Maintenance in the Automotive Lighting Equipment Industry ,Alexandros Bousdekis, Babis Magoutas, Dimitris Apostolou,Gregoris Mentzas and Primoz Puhar. 31. Predictive Maintenance Framework: Implementation of Local and Cloud Processing for Multi-stage Prediction of CNC Machines’ Health, Panagiotis Aivaliotis, Konstantinos Georgoulias, Raffaele Ricatto and Michele Surico. 32. An Onboard Model-of-signals Approach for Condition Monitoring in Automatic Machines, Matteo Barbieri, Alessandro Bosso, Christian Conficoni, Roberto Diversi, Matteo Sartini and Andrea Tilli. 33. Maintenance Planning Support Tool Based on Condition Monitoring with Semantic Modeling of Systems, Alice Reina, Sang-Je Cho, Gökan May, Eva Coscia, Jacopo Cassina and Dimitris Kiritsis. 34. SERENA: Versatile Plug-and-Play Platform Enabling Remote Predictive Maintenance, Sotirios Makris, Nikolaos Nikolakis, Konstantinos Dimoulas, Apostolos Papavasileiou and Massimo Ippolito. 35. DRIFT: A Data-driven Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis Tool, Davide Zanardi, Manuele Barbieri and Giovanni Uguccioni. 36. Real-time Predictive Maintenance Based on Complex Event Processing, Klaus-Dieter Thoben, Abderrahim Ait-Alla, Marco Franke, Karl Hribernik, Michael Lütjen and Michael Freitag. 37. The Standards as Critical Means of Integration of Advanced Maintenance Approaches to Production Systems, Yves Keraron. Part 7. Industry 4.0 Qualification 38. Evaluation of Industry 4.0 Technology – Applications,Moritz von Stietencron, Bjørnar Henriksen, Carl Christian Røstad, Karl Hribernik and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 39. Improving the Efficiency of Industrial Processes with a Plug and Play IOT Data Acquisition Platform, Daniele Mazzei, Gabriele Montelisciani, Giacomo Baldi, Andrea Baù, Matteo Cipriani and Gualtiero Fantoni. 40. Knowledge Transfer from Students to Companies: Understanding Industry 4.0 Maturity Levels, Leonello Trivelli, Simona Pira, Gualtiero Fantoni and Andrea Bonaccorsi. Part 8. Enterprise Modelling and Simulation 41. Developing an Enterprise Modeling Ontology, David Chen. 42. Model-driven Requirements Elicitation for Manufacturing System Development, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, João Sousa, Carlos Agostinho, Sudeep Ghimire and Cristiano Fertuzinhos. 43. A Comprehensive Architecture to Integrate Modeling and Simulation Solutions in CPPS, Carlos Agostinho, José Ferreira, Sudeep Ghimire, Gregory Zacharewicz, Amir Pirayesh and Guy Doumeingts. 44. Modeling and Simulation of Decision Systems, Raul Poler, Beatriz Andres, Guy Doumeingts and Amir Pirayesh. Part 9. Methods and Tools for Product-Service Systems 45. Identifying New PSS Concepts: the Product-Service Concept Tree, Giuditta Pezzotta, Fabiana Pirola, Roberto Sala, Antonio Margarito, Paulo Pina and Rui Neves-Silva. 46. Role of Enterprise Strategy in Product-Service System Innovation Process, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, Carl Hans and Maria José Nuñez Ariño. 47. Technological and Organizational Pathways towards 2025 Collaborative Product-Service Connected Factories of the Future, Chris Decubber, Sergio Gusmeroli, Guy Doumeingts, Domenico Rotondi, Fenareti Lampathaki and Luis Usatorre Arazusta. 48. Circular Engineering and Product-Service Systems in the Machine Tool Sector: the PSYMBIOSYS Approach, Nerea Sopelana, Lara Gonzalez, Oscar Lazaro, Andoni Laskurain and Rikardo Minguez . Part 10. Interoperability for Crisis Management 49. Assessment of Climate Change-related Risks and Vulnerabilities in Cities and Urban Environments, Jingquan Xie, Manfred Bogen, Daniel Lückerath, Erich Rome, Betim Sojeva, Oliver Ullrich and Rainer Worst. 50. Semantic Interoperability of Early Warning Systems: a Systematic Literature Review, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires, Patricia Dockhorn Costa and Marten van Sinderen. 51. Towards Semantic Generation of Geolocalized Models of Risk, Alex Coletti, Antonio De Nicola, Antonio Di Pietro, Maurizio Pollino, Vittorio Rosato, Giordano Vicoli and Maria Luisa Villani. 52. An Ontology-based Emergency Response System for Interoperability in a Crisis Situation in Smart Cities, Linda Elmhadhbi, Mohamed-Hedi Karray and Bernard Archimède. 53. Analyzing Interoperability in a Non-functional Requirements Ecosystem to Support Crisis Management Response, Nicolas Daclin, Behrang Moradi and Vincent Chapurlat. Part 11. I-ESA 2018 Doctoral Symposium 54. Providing the Flexibility of the Shop Floor to Information Systems for Monitoring Tasks, Alexander Dennert. 55. Shop Floor Management Systems in Case of Increasing Process Variation, Wolf Schliephack. 56. Comprehensive Function Models for the Management of Heterogeneous Industrial Networks as Enabler for Interoperability, Santiago Soler Perez Olaya.

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Book SynopsisWith the end of Moore's law and the emergence of new application needs such as those of the Internet of Things (IoT) or artificial intelligence (AI), neuro-inspired, or neuromorphic, information processing is attracting more and more attention from the scientific community. Its principle is to emulate in a simplified way the formidable machine to process information which is the brain, with neurons and artificial synapses organized in network. These networks can be software – and therefore implemented in the form of a computer program – but also hardware and produced by nanoelectronic circuits. The �material� path allows very low energy consumption, and the possibility of faithfully reproducing the shape and dynamics of the action potentials of living neurons (biomimetic approach) or even being up to a thousand times faster (high frequency approach). This path is promising and welcomed by the major manufacturers of nanoelectronics, as circuits can now today integrate several million neurons and artificial synapses.Table of Contents1. Information Processing. 2. Information Processing in the Living. 3. Neurons and Synapses. 4. Artificial Neural Networks.

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Book SynopsisThe emergence of a true systemic science - the systemic one - capable of rigorously addressing the many problems posed by the design and management of the evolution of modern complex systems is therefore urgently needed if wants to be able to provide satisfactory answers to the many profoundly systemic challenges that humanity will have to face at the dawn of the third millennium. This emergence is of course not easy because one can easily understand that the development of the systemic is mechanically confronted with all the classical disciplines which can all pretend to bring part of the explanations necessary to the understanding of a system and which do not naturally see a good eye a new discipline claim to encompass them in a holistic approach ... The book of Jacques Printz is therefore an extremely important contribution to this new emerging scientific and technical discipline: it is indeed first of all one of the very few "serious" works published in French and offering a good introduction to the systemic. It gives an extremely broad vision of this field, taking a thread given by the architecture of systems, in other words by the part of the systemic that is interested in the structure of systems and their design processes, which allows everyone to fully understand the issues and issues of the systemic. We can only encourage the reader to draw all the quintessence of the masterful work of Jacques Printz which mixes historical reminders explaining how the systemic emerged, introduction to key concepts of the systemic and practical examples to understand the nature and the scope of the ideas introduced.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Part 1. The Foundations of Systemics 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Norbert Wiener and the Birth of Cybernetics 5 1.1. The birth of systemics: the facts 6 1.1.1. The idea of integration 8 1.1.2. Implementation and the first applications 14 1.2. Modeling for understanding: the computer science singularity 21 1.3. Engineering in the 21st Century 24 1.4. Education: systemics at MIT 29 Chapter 2. At the Origins of System Sciences: Communication and Control 33 2.1. A little systemic epistemology 33 2.2. Systems sciences: elements of systemic phenomenology 38 2.2.1. Control/regulation 42 2.2.2. Communication/information 45 2.3. The means of existence of technical objects 51 Chapter 3. The Definitions of Systemics: Integration and Interoperability of Systems 55 3.1. A few common definitions 55 3.2. Elements of the system 59 3.3. Interactions between the elements of the system 62 3.4. Organization of the system: layered architectures 65 3.4.1. Classification trees 65 3.4.2. Meaning and notation: properties of classification trees 74 Chapter 4. The System and its Invariants 83 4.1. Models 83 4.2. Laws of conservation 89 4.2.1. Invariance 96 4.2.2. System safety: risks 106 Chapter 5. Generations of Systems and the System in the System 113 5.1. System as a language 116 5.2. The company as an integrated system 119 5.2.1. The computer, driving force behind the information system 120 5.2.2. Digital companies 126 Part 2. A World of Systems of Systems 129 Introduction to Part 2 131 Chapter 6. The Problem of Control 133 6.1. An open world: the transition from analog to all-digital 133 6.2. The world of real time systems 142 6.3. Enterprise architectures: the digital firm 145 6.4. Systems of systems 147 Chapter 7. Dynamics of Processes 151 7.1. Processes 153 7.2. Description of processes 158 7.2.1. Generalizing to simplify 165 7.2.2. Constructing and construction pathways 166 7.2.3. Evolution of processes 168 7.2.4. Antagonistic processes: forms of invariants 170 7.3. Degenerative processes: faults, errors and “noise” 173 7.4. Composition of processes 176 7.4.1. Antagonistic interactions 178 7.5. Energetics of processes and systems 181 Chapter 8. Interoperability 191 8.1. Means of systemic growth 195 8.2. Dynamics of the growth of systems 197 8.2.1. The nature of interactions between systems 200 8.2.2. Pre-eminence of the interaction 204 8.3. Limits of the growth of systems 207 8.3.1. Limits and limitations regarding energy 211 8.3.2. Information energy 214 8.3.3. Limitations of external origin: PESTEL factors 216 8.4. Growth by cooperation 221 8.4.1. The individuation stage 223 8.4.2. The cooperation/integration stage 226 8.4.3. The opening stage 233 Chapter 9. Fundamental Properties of Systems of Systems 235 9.1. Semantic invariance: notion of a semantic map 235 9.2. Recursive organization of the semantic 239 9.3. Laws of interoperability: control of errors 240 9.3.1. Models and metamodels of exchanges 241 9.3.2. Organization “in layers” of the models and systems 243 9.3.3. Energy performance of the interaction between systems 245 9.3.4. Systemic approach to system safety 247 9.4. Genealogy of systems 252 Conclusion 257 List of Acronyms 269 References 275 Index 277

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