Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1. Integrated Analysis in Geography: The Way to Cloud Computing xix Introduction to Part 1 xxiDominique LAFFLY Chapter 1. Geographical Information and Landscape, Elements of Formalization 1Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 2. Sampling Strategies 7Dominique LAFFLY 2.1. References 18 Chapter 3. Characterization of the Spatial Structure 19Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 4. Thematic Information Structures 27Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 5. From the Point to the Surface, How to Link Endogenous and Exogenous Data 35Dominique LAFFLY 5.1. References 44 Chapter 6. Big Data in Geography 45Dominique LAFFLY Conclusion to Part 1 55Dominique LAFFLY Part 2. Basic Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Tools 59 Chapter 7. An Introduction to Machine Learning 61Hichem SAHLI 7.1. Predictive modeling: introduction 61 7.2. Bayesian modeling61 7.2.1. Basic probability theory 62 7.2.2. Bayes rule 63 7.2.3. Parameter estimation 63 7.2.4. Learning Gaussians 64 7.3. Generative versus discriminative models 66 7.4. Classification 67 7.4.1. Naïve Bayes 68 7.4.2. Support vector machines 69 7.5. Evaluation metrics for classification evaluation 71 7.5.1. Confusion matrix-based measures 71 7.5.2. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 73 7.6. Cross-validation and over-fitting 73 7.7. References 74 Chapter 8. Multivariate Data Analysis 75Astrid JOURDAN and Dominique LAFFLY 8.1. Introduction 75 8.2. Principal component analysis 77 8.2.1. How to measure the information 78 8.2.2. Scalar product and orthogonal variables 80 8.2.3. Construction of the principal axes 81 8.2.4. Analysis of the principal axes 84 8.2.5. Analysis of the data points 86 8.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 88 8.3.1. Indicator matrix 89 8.3.2. Cloud of data points 90 8.3.3. Cloud of levels 92 8.3.4. MCA or PCA? 94 8.4. Clustering 96 8.4.1. Distance between data points 97 8.4.2. Dissimilarity criteria between clusters 98 8.4.3. Variance (inertia) decomposition 99 8.4.4. k-means method 101 8.4.5. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering 104 8.5. References 105 Chapter 9. Sensitivity Analysis 107Astrid JOURDAN and Peio LOUBIÈRE 9.1. Generalities 107 9.2. Methods based on linear regression 109 9.2.1. Presentation 109 9.2.2. R practice 111 9.3. Morris’ method 114 9.3.1. Elementary effects method (Morris’ method) 114 9.3.2. R practice 117 9.4. Methods based on variance analysis 119 9.4.1. Sobol’ indices 120 9.4.2. Estimation of the Sobol’ indices 122 9.4.3. R practice 123 9.5. Conclusion 126 9.6. References 127 Chapter 10. Using R for Multivariate Analysis 129Astrid JOURDAN 10.1. Introduction 129 10.1.1. The dataset 131 10.1.2. The variables 134 10.2. Principal component analysis 136 10.2.1. Eigenvalues 137 10.2.2. Data points (Individuals) 139 10.2.3. Supplementary variables 143 10.2.4. Other representations 143 10.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 144 10.4. Clustering 145 10.4.1. k-means algorithm 145 10.5. References 151 Part 3. Computer Science 153 Chapter 11. High Performance and Distributed Computing 155Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Eleonora LUPPI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN and Luca TOMASSETTI 11.1. High performance computing 155 11.2. Systems based on multi-core CPUs 157 11.2.1. Systems based on GPUs 159 Chapter 12. Introduction to Distributed Computing 163Eleonora LUPPI 12.1. Introduction 163 12.1.1. A brief history 163 12.1.2. Design requirements165 12.1.3. Models 168 12.1.4. Grid computing 171 12.2. References 176 Chapter 13. Towards Cloud Computing 179Peio LOUBIÈRE and Luca TOMASSETTI 13.1. Introduction 179 13.1.1. Generalities 179 13.1.2. Benefits and drawbacks 180 13.2. Service model 180 13.2.1. Software as a Service 181 13.2.2. Platform as a Service 182 13.2.3. Infrastructure as a Service 182 13.2.4. And many more: XaaS 182 13.3. Deployment model 183 13.3.1. Public cloud 183 13.3.2. Private cloud 183 13.3.3. Hybrid cloud 184 13.4. Behind the hood, a technological overview 184 13.4.1. Structure 184 13.4.2. Virtualization 185 13.4.3. Scalability 186 13.4.4. Web-Oriented Architecture 187 13.5. Conclusion 187 13.6. References 188 Chapter 14. Web-Oriented Architecture – How to design a RESTFull API 191Florent DEVIN 14.1. Introduction 191 14.2. Web services 192 14.2.1. Introduction 192 14.2.2. SOAP web services 193 14.2.3. REST web services 195 14.3. Web-Oriented Applications – Microservice applications 198 14.3.1. Stateless and scalabilty 199 14.3.2. API 200 14.3.3. HTTP Methods 201 14.3.4. Example of an API 202 14.4. WSDL example 203 14.5. Conclusion 205 14.6. References 205 Chapter 15. SCALA – Functional Programming 207Florent DEVIN 15.1. Introduction 207 15.1.1. Programming languages 208 15.1.2. Paradigm 208 15.2. Functional programming 212 15.2.1. Introduction 212 15.2.2. Why now? 212 15.2.3. High order function 213 15.2.4. Basic functional blocks 215 15.3. Scala 217 15.3.1. Types systems 218 15.3.2. Basic manipulation of collection 222 15.4. Rational 224 15.5. Why immutability matters? 224 15.6. Conclusion 226 15.7. References 227 Chapter 16. Spark and Machine Learning Library 229Yannick LE NIR 16.1. Introduction 229 16.2. Spark 230 16.2.1. Spark introduction 230 16.2.2. RDD presentation 230 16.2.3. RDD lifecycle 231 16.2.4. Operations on RDD 232 16.2.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 236 16.3. Spark machine learning library 237 16.3.1. Local vectors 237 16.3.2. Labeled points 237 16.3.3. Learning dataset 238 16.3.4. Classification and regression algorithms in Spark 238 16.3.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 239 16.4. Conclusion 242 Chapter 17. Database for Cloud Computing 245Peio LOUBIÈRE 17.1. Introduction 245 17.2. From myGlsrdbms to NoSQL 245 17.2.1. CAP theorem 246 17.2.2. From ACID to BASE 247 17.3. NoSQL database storage paradigms 248 17.3.1. Column-family oriented storage 249 17.3.2. Key/value-oriented storage 249 17.3.3. Document-oriented storage 250 17.3.4. Graph-oriented storage 251 17.4. SQL versus NoSQL, the war will not take place 251 17.5. Example: a dive into MongoDB 252 17.5.1. Presentation 253 17.5.2. First steps 254 17.5.3. Database level commands 254 17.5.4. Data types 255 17.5.5. Modifying data 255 17.6. Conclusion 273 17.7. References 273 Chapter 18. WRF Performance Analysis and Scalability on Multicore High Performance Computing Systems 275Didin Agustian PERMADI, Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Eleonora LUPPI and Luca TOMASSETTI 18.1. Introduction 276 18.2. The weather research and forecast model and experimental set-up 276 18.2.1. Model architecture 276 18.3. Architecture of multicore HPC system 282 18.4. Results 283 18.4.1. Results of experiment E1 283 18.4.2. Results of experiment E2 286 18.5. Conclusion 288 18.6. References 288 List of Authors 291 Index 293 Summaries of other volumes 295

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Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Environmental Management and Services 1Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Quoc Tuan LE, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Environmental components 2 1.2.1. Lithosphere 3 1.2.2. Atmosphere 3 1.2.3. Hydrosphere 4 1.2.4. Biosphere 5 1.3. Environmental pollution 6 1.3.1. Air pollution 6 1.3.2. Water pollution 7 1.3.3. Soil pollution 8 1.3.4. Biological pollution 8 1.4. Environmental quality management 9 1.4.1. Air quality management: technical tools and data management 9 1.4.2. Water quality management 11 1.4.3. Biosphere reservation and management 12 1.5. Data services for the environment 14 1.6. References 15 Part. Environmental Case Studies 17 Chapter 2. Air Quality Monitoring with Focus on Wireless Sensor Application and Data Management 19Tan Loi HUYNH, Sathita FAKPRAPAI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. Development of air pollution monitoring techniques 20 2.2.1. Conventional air pollution monitoring 21 2.2.2. Sensing technology for air monitoring 25 2.3. Wireless sensor network for air monitoring 28 2.3.1. Case studies of application of wireless sensors for air quality monitoring 29 2.3.2. AIT case study 1 30 2.3.3. AIT case study 2 32 2.3.4. Influencing factors of low-cost sensor performance in air pollution monitoring 35 2.4. Summary: toward application of cloud computing for air quality monitoring data management 36 2.5. References 36 Chapter 3. Emission Inventories for Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases with Emphasis on Data Management in the Cloud 41Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Kok SOTHEA, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Jantira RATTANARAT and Surasak SICHUM 3.1. Introduction 42 3.2. Methodology for development of EI database 43 3.2.1. Framework of EI development 43 3.2.2. Calculation of EI 44 3.2.3. Sources of data 45 3.3. Case studies 52 3.3.1. Southeast Asia (SEA) 52 3.3.2. Vietnam inland domain 56 3.3.3. Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand 59 3.3.4. Forest fire emissions from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 60 3.3.5. Phnom Penh (PNH), Cambodia 63 3.4. Summary and conclusion 65 3.5. References 65 Chapter 4. Atmospheric Modeling with Focus on Management of Input/Output Data and Potential of Cloud Computing Applications 73Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI and Didin Agustian PERMADI 4.1. Introduction 74 4.1.1. Atmospheric modeling 74 4.1.2. Roles of modeling in air quality management 75 4.1.3. Existing modeling systems 76 4.2. Model architecture of chemistry transport model 80 4.2.1. Conceptual framework and structure 80 4.2.2. Data flow and processing 83 4.3. Output data processing 85 4.3.1. Output data processing 85 4.3.2. Model performance evaluation 86 4.4. Potential applications of cloud computing in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.1. Current status of cloud computing applications in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.2. Potential applications of cloud computing in air quality modeling 88 4.5. Case studies of air pollution modeling in Southeast Asia 89 4.5.1. Modeling air quality in Vietnam 89 4.5.2. Modeling air quality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region 93 4.5.3. Modeling air quality in the Southeast Asia domain 96 4.6. Summary and conclusion 99 4.7. References 100 Chapter 5. Particulate Matter Concentration Mapping from Satellite Imagery 103Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN, Viet Hung LUU, Van Ha PHAM, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Relation of aerosol optical thickness, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration 104 5.2.1. Data collection 105 5.2.2. Outlier detection 105 5.2.3. Data integration 105 5.2.4. Correlation analysis 106 5.2.5. Validation of satellite-derived AOD and ground-measured AOD 107 5.2.6. Relation of particulate matter concentration and meteorological variables 108 5.2.7. Relation of particulate matter concentration and satellite-derived AOD 111 5.3. PM2.5 mapping from moderate resolution satellite images 114 5.3.1. Data collection 114 5.3.2. Multiple variable regressions 115 5.3.3. Data interpolation 115 5.3.4. Evaluation metrics 116 5.3.5. Predictor variables and model selection 116 5.3.6. Interpolation model 117 5.3.7. Map validation results 118 5.4. PM10 mapping from high resolution satellite images 119 5.4.1. Dataset 119 5.4.2. Radiometric normalization 120 5.4.3. Relative Aerosol Optical Depth Extraction 121 5.4.4. Least square fitting 123 5.4.5. PM10 estimation from SPOT images 124 5.5. Conclusion 127 5.6. References 127 Chapter 6. Comparison and Assessment of Culturable Airborne Microorganism Levels and Related Environmental Factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 131Tri Quang Hung NGUYEN, Minh Ky NGUYEN and Ngoc Thu Huong HUYNH 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Materials and methods 132 6.2.1. Studying sites 132 6.2.2. Sampling 133 6.2.3. Identification of microorganisms 134 6.2.4. Statistical analysis 134 6.3. Results and discussions 135 6.3.1. Results of environmental factors in Ho Chi Minh City 135 6.3.2. Results of monitoring on culturable microorganism levels in ambient air 136 6.3.3. Comparison and assessment of environmental factor effects on culturable microorganism levels 139 6.3.4. Principal component analysis of microorganism groups 146 6.4. Conclusion 149 6.5. References 150 Chapter 7. Application of GIS and RS in Planning Environmental Protection Zones in Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue Province 155Quoc Tuan LE, Trinh Minh Anh NGUYEN, Huy Anh NGUYEN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 7.1. Introduction 155 7.2. Materials and research methods 157 7.2.1. Materials 157 7.3. Research methods 158 7.3.1. Research approach 158 7.3.2. Research methods 158 7.3.3. Results and discussion 160 7.3.4. Environmental protection planning map 161 7.4. Conclusion 164 7.5. References 164 Chapter 8. Forecasting the Water Quality and the Capacity of the Dong Nai River to Receive Wastewater up to 2020 165Quoc Tuan LE, Thi Kieu Diem NGO and Truong Ngoc Han LE 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. Materials and methods 166 8.2.1. Assessing the water quality and partitioning the receiving zone 166 8.2.2. MIKE 11 modeling 167 8.3. Results and discussion 167 8.3.1. The water quality of the Dong Nai River 167 8.3.2. Waste sources to the Dong Nai River 168 8.3.3. Waste load to Dong Nai river 169 8.3.4. Forecasting load to the Dong Nai River in 2020 170 8.3.5. Water quality forecasting 172 8.3.6. Partition for water receiving of the Dong Nai River 173 8.4. Conclusion 173 8.5. Appendix 174 8.6. References 175 Chapter 9. Water Resource Management 177Imeshi WEERASINGHE 9.1. Introduction 177 9.1.1. The hydrological cycle 178 9.1.2. Hydrological models 179 9.2. Hydrological models for water resource management 179 9.2.1. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) 180 9.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS) and the SWAT model 181 9.3. Setting up of a SWAT model for the Blue Nile basin 181 9.4. Scenario analysis using SWAT 184 9.4.1. Management scenarios 185 9.4.2. Land use scenarios 185 9.4.3. Climate change scenarios 185 9.5. Cloud computing and SWAT 186 9.6. References 186 Chapter 10. Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change and Climate Change on Water Resources in the La Vi Catchment, Binh Dinh Province 191Kim Loi NGUYEN, Le Tan Dat NGUYEN, Hoang Tu LE, Duy Liem NGUYEN, Ngoc Quynh Tram VO, Van Phan LE, Duy Nang NGUYEN, Thi Thanh Thuy NGUYEN, Gia Diep PHAM, Dang Nguyen Dong PHUONG, Thi Hong NGUYEN, Thong Nhat TRAN, Margaret SHANAFIELD and Okke BATELAAN 10.1. Introduction 191 10.1.1. Background of the study/related literature 192 10.1.2. Description of study area 195 10.1.3. Land use/land cover 197 10.2. Materials and methodology 198 10.2.1. Brief description of the SWAT model 198 10.2.2. Materials 200 10.2.3. Data collection 200 10.2.4. Methodology 203 10.3. Primary results 203 10.3.1. The automatic hydro-meteorology 203 10.3.2. Assessing water discharge in the La Vi catchment using the SWAT model 205 10.4. Conclusion 206 10.5. Acknowledgments 206 10.6. References 207 Conclusion and Future Prospects 211 List of Authors 215 Index 219 Summaries of other volumes 221Dominique LAFFLY and Yannick LE NIR

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Book SynopsisCapturing, recording and broadcasting the voice is often difficult. Many factors must be taken into account and achieving a true representation is much more complex than one might think. The capture devices such as the position of the singer(s) or narrator(s), the acoustics, atmosphere and equipment are just some of the physical aspects that need to be mastered. Then there is the passage through the analog or digital channel, which disrupts the audio signal, as well as the processes that are often required to enrich, improve or even transform the vocal timbre and tessitura. While in the past these processes were purely material, today digital technologies and software produce surprising results that every professional in recording and broadcasting should know how to master.Recording and Voice Processing 1 addresses some general theoretical concepts. A history of recording and the physiology of the vocal apparatus are detailed in order to give the reader an understanding of the fundamental aspects of the subject. This volume also includes an advanced study of microphones, addressing their characteristics and typologies. The acoustic environment and its treatment are also considered in terms of the location of the sound capture - whether in a home studio, recording studio, live or natural environment - in order to achieve a satisfactory sound recording.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Recording History 1 1.1 In the beginning was the phonautograph 1 1.2 When it really started 2 1.3 Magnetic recording 8 1.4 The advent of 78 rpm 9 1.5 The magnetic tape and the LP 15 1.6 8-track cartridges, mini-cassette and Trimicron 20 1.7 The compact disk and the advent of digital technology 27 1.8 Digital technology is essential 29 1.9 Hard disk recorder and minidisc 36 1.10 Microcomputer, direct-to-disk and DAW 38 1.11 To conclude 42 Chapter 2 The Voice 45 2.1 The vocal apparatus and its functioning 45 2.2 Voice and breath 48 2.3 Song and speech 49 2.4 Frequency, intensity and timbre 50 2.5 Voice and range 51 2.6 Voice quality 54 2.7 Characteristics of the vocal timbre 55 2.8 Conclusion 57 Chapter 3 Microphones 59 3.1 A little history 59 3.2 The characteristics of a microphone 71 3.2.1 General characteristics 71 3.2.2 Specific characteristics 91 3.3 Microphone families 93 3.3.1 Microphone and transformer 94 3.3.2 Dynamic moving coil microphones 96 3.3.3 Ribbon microphones 98 3.3.4 Condenser microphones 100 3.3.5 USB microphones 104 3.4 Uses of microphones according to their directivity 107 3.4.1 Omnidirectional microphones 107 3.4.2 Bidirectional microphones (figure-8) 107 3.4.3 Cardioid microphones 109 3.5 Conclusion 110 Chapter 4 The Acoustic Environment 111 4.1 Location of pickup and sound isolation 111 4.2 Acoustic processing 112 4.2.1 State of the art 112 4.2.2 Bass traps 114 4.2.3 Acoustic diffusers 123 4.3 Acoustic booths 130 4.4 Accessories 132 4.4.1 Acoustic shields 132 4.4.2 Pop filters 135 4.4.3 Headphones 136 4.4.4 Microphone suspensions 142 4.4.5 Feet, poles, and arms 142 4.4.6 Bonnets 146 4.5 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 149 Appendices 151 Appendix 1 Sound Unit 153 Appendix 2 Audio Connectivity 161 Appendix 3 Audio Processing Plugins 171 Appendix 4 Tube and JFET Microphone Amplifiers 177 Appendix 5 Microphone Pairs 181 Glossary 195 References 203 Index 213

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Book SynopsisScientists largely attribute the recent deterioration of the electromagnetic environment to power electronics. This realization has spurred the study of methodical approaches to electromagnetic compatibility designs as explored in this text. The book addresses major challenges, such as handling numerous parameters vital to predicting electro magnetic effects and achieving compliance with line-harmonics norms, while proposing potential solutions.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Phenomena of Perturbation in Electrical Systems 1 1.1. Electromagnetic perturbations in energy systems 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Power grid harmonics 6 1.2.1 Presentation 6 1.2.2. Characterization of the quality of electrical energy 8 1.2.3. Relevant standards for harmonic emissions 10 1.2.4. Classification of appliances 11 1.2.5. The limits of harmonic currents 12 1.2.6. Examples of observations of harmonic currents 15 1.2.7. Fluorescent lighting scenario 16 1.2.8. Practical scenario of the improvement of the total harmonic distortion generated by a variable-frequency drive 20 1.2.9. Converter with sinusoidal absorption 24 1.3. Common-mode and differential-mode conducted perturbations. 29 1.3.1. Common mode and differential mode 30 1.3.2. Crosstalk 41 1.4. Measuring electromagnetic perturbations 44 1.4.1. The line impedance stabilization network 44 1.4.2. Current sensors 46 1.4.3. Antennae 53 1.4.4. Spectrum analyzer 65 1.5. The standards 72 1.6. Bibliography 73 Chapter 2. Fundamental Principles 75 2.1. Sources of noise: the switching cell and its control 75 2.1.1. Origin of conducted and radiated perturbations in static converters 76 2.2. Modeling 77 2.2.1. Simple model of the switching cell 77 2.2.2. More complex model of the switching cell 82 2.3. Characterization of coupling functions and parasitic elements 86 2.3.1. Passive components and differential-mode effects 86 2.3.2. Invisible parasitic elements and common-mode effects 89 2.3.3. Parasitic effects contributing to undesirable couplings 91 2.4. Electromagnetic compatibility study of a practical scenario: the Buck chopper 103 2.4.1. Description of the case study 104 2.4.2. Influence of the design parameters of the converter 109 2.4.3. Influence of technological parameters and control 111 2.4.4. Other sources of switching noise 112 2.4.5. Other switching modes: soft switching, advantages and constraints 113 2.5. EMC study of an insulated DC-DC fly back power supply 114 2.5.1. Description of the device 114 2.5.2. Creation of the circuit model 117 2.5.3. Analysis of switchings in the structure 121 2.5.4. Electric simulation of the complete structure 123 2.6. Corrected exercise number 1: conducted perturbations of a step-up chopper 127 2.7. Answers with comments 130 2.8. Bibliography 141 Chapter 3. EMC of Complex Electrical Energy Conversion Systems: Electromagnetic Actuators 143 3.1. How to define a complex system? 143 3.2. Qualitative study 145 3.2.1. Description of the conversion chain 145 3.2.2. Reminder of the standards. 147 3.2.3. Propagation methods 149 3.3. Modeling in frequency domain 152 3.3.1. Linearization of the switching cell 152 3.3.2. Modeling of the perturbation sources 157 3.4. Frequency-based representation of an inverter 173 3.4.1. Equivalent common-mode source – simplified diagram 173 3.4.2. Differential-mode influence 176 3.4.3. Proposed frequency-based diagram 178 3.5. Modeling of the cables and motors 179 3.5.1. Estimation of the primary parameters of the power cables 179 3.5.2. High-frequency model of an asynchronous machine 185 3.6. Connection of the cable and the motor 196 3.6.1. Total impedance read by the variable-speed drive 196 3.6.2. Measuring the total common-mode impedance 197 3.7. Results 198 3.7.1. Time-based simulation and frequency-based simulation 198 3.7.2. Measurement versus simulation 200 3.8. Passing from the time domain to the frequency domain: circuit simulations 201 3.9. Conclusion 204 3.10. Bibliography 205 Chapter 4. Concrete Study of Solutions for the Reduction of Electromagnetic Perturbations 207 4.1. Concrete study of solutions for the reduction of electromagnetic perturbations 207 4.1.1. Introduction 207 4.2. Filtering conducted emissions: analysis and conceptual design of common-mode filters 212 4.2.1. Introduction 212 4.2.2. Description of a common-mode filter 214 4.3. Case study: determining a common-mode filter for a variable-speed drive 221 4.3.1. Equivalent model of the drive 221 4.3.2. Filter simulated using perfect components 223 4.3.3. Effect of the parasitic elements of components 226 4.4. Design and optimization components 230 4.4.1. Study of capacitors 230 4.4.2. Study of the common-mode toric inductance 232 4.4.3. Results 237 4.5. Conclusion 239 4.5.1. Corrected exercise: filtering the conducted perturbations of a step-up chopper 239 4.6. Shielding 248 4.6.1. Introduction 248 4.6.2. Breakdown of shielding effects 249 4.6.3. Materials 252 4.6.4. Wave impedance 257 4.6.5. Expression of attenuations 264 4.6.6. Global attenuation: case study 269 4.6.7. Shielding issues for magnetic fields in low frequency 273 4.7. Conclusion 275 4.8. Bibliography 276 Index 279

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Book SynopsisResource allocation and power optimization is a new challenge in multimedia services in cellular communication systems. To provide a better end-user experience, the fourth generation (4G) standard Long Term Evolution/Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-Advanced) has been developed for high-bandwidth mobile access to accommodate today’s data-heavy applications. LTE/LTE-Advanced has adopted discontinuous reception (DRX) to extend the user equipment’s battery lifetime, thereby further supporting various services and large amounts of data transmissions. By introducing the basics of mathematical analysis and performance evaluation of power-saving mechanisms in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) LTE and LTE-Advanced networks, the authors of this book aim to describe novel algorithms which could have better performance capabilities than previous methods. Chapter 1 gives the basic theory description of the 3GPP LTE network and 3GPP DRX power saving mechanism, empirical measurements of LTE network traffic and an overview of the basic LTE DRX model in the field of power saving techniques. Chapter 2 provides steps for deriving a 2-state analytical model up to a 4-state DRX model. The third and final chapter summarizes alternative methods for the implementation of LTE DRX. Contents 1. Basic Theory. 2. Analytical Semi-Markov Power-Saving Models. 3. Other Approaches for LTE Power Saving. About the Authors Scott A. Fowler is Associate Professor at Linköping University, Sweden, working with the Mobile Telecommunication (MT) group. He has served on several IEEE conferences/workshops as TPC to Chair, including Special Interest Groups coordinator for IEEE Communications Software (CommSoft) Technical Committee since 2012. His research interests include Quality of Service (QoS) support over heterogeneous networks, computer networks (wired, wireless), energy management, mobile computing, pervasive/ubiquitous, performance evaluation of networks and security. Abdelhamid Mellouk is Full Professor at the University of Paris-Est Créteil VdM (UPEC, ex. Paris 12), Networks & Telecommunications (N&T) Department (IUT C/V) and LiSSi Laboratory in France. He is a founder of the Network Control Research activity with extensive international academic and industrial collaborations. His general area of research is in adaptive real-time control for high-speed new generation dynamic wired/wireless networking in order to maintain acceptable Quality of Service/Experience for added-value services. Naomi Yamada is a research associate at Linköping University, Sweden.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. BASIC THEORY 1 1.1. LTE overview 2 1.2. Scheduling in LTE 5 1.2.1. Quality of Service parameters 6 1.2.2. Channel quality indicator 8 1.2.3. Buffer state and resource allocation history 10 1.3. LTE Traffic measurements 11 1.3.1. Testing environment 12 1.3.2. VoIP preliminary capacity 13 1.3.3. Video conversation preliminary capacity 14 1.3.4. Post video and live video preliminary capacity 15 1.3.5. Summary on the LTE Traffic measurements 18 1.4. User equipment power saving in LTE 18 1.4.1. DRX cycle 18 1.5. Models for LTE Power Saving 24 1.5.1. 3GPP power consumption model 25 1.5.2. Characteristics of NokiaTM power consumption model 26 1.6. Conclusion 29 1.7. Bibliography 30 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL SEMI-MARKOV POWER-SAVING MODELS 33 2.1. Introduction of bursty packet data traffic 33 2.2. Designing a simple Two-state DRX model using semi-Markov 36 2.2.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 38 2.2.2. Transition probability matrix 39 2.2.3. How we obtain equation [2.4] 39 2.2.4. Holding states 40 2.2.5. State H1 40 2.2.6. Sleep states H2 42 2.2.7. DRX cycles in basic 3GPP LTE 43 2.2.8. Wake-up delay 43 2.2.9. Power-saving factor (PS) 44 2.2.10. Numerical results 44 2.3. Three-state fixed model 47 2.3.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 49 2.3.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 49 2.3.3. Transition probability matrix 50 2.3.4. State H1 51 2.3.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 51 2.3.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 52 2.3.7. Numerical results 54 2.3.8. Summary of the Three-state model 59 2.4. Four-state fixed model 60 2.4.1. State 1 to state 1, state 1 to state 2 and state 1 to state 3 61 2.4.2. State 2 to state 1, state 2 to state 2 and state 2 to state 3 61 2.4.3. State 3 to state 1, state 3 to state 2 and state 3 to state 4 62 2.4.4. State 4 to state 1 and state 4 to state 2 63 2.4.5. Transition probability matrix 63 2.4.6. Sleep states H3 and H4 65 2.4.7. Power-saving factor (PS) 66 2.4.8. Numerical results 68 2.5. Conclusion 69 2.6. Bibliography 69 CHAPTER 3. OTHER APPROACHES FOR LTE POWER SAVING 71 3.1. Scheduling schemes 71 3.2. DRX power-saving method 74 3.3. Analytical work 78 3.4. Analytical Adjustable-DRX Three-state model 79 3.4.1. Adjustable DRX timer state for light sleep 79 3.4.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 80 3.4.3. Transition probability matrix 81 3.4.4. Adjustable DRX cycles in 3GPP LTE 82 3.4.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 83 3.4.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 84 3.4.7. Numerical results 86 3.5. Conclusion 92 3.6. Bibliography 92 ACRONYMS AND NOTATIONS 95 INDEX 101

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Book SynopsisThe improvement of energy efficiency in electronics and computing systems is currently central to information and communication technology design; low-cost cooling, autonomous portable systems and functioning on recovered energy all need to be continuously improved to allow modern technology to compute more while consuming less. This book presents the basic principles of the origins and limits of heat dissipation in electronic systems. Mechanisms of energy dissipation, the physical foundations for understanding CMOS components and sophisticated optimization techniques are explored in the first half of the book, before an introduction to reversible and quantum computing. Adiabatic computing and nano-relay technology are then explored as new solutions to achieving improvements in heat creation and energy consumption, particularly in renewed consideration of circuit architecture and component technology. Concepts inspired by recent research into energy efficiency are brought together in this book, providing an introduction to new approaches and technologies which are required to keep pace with the rapid evolution of electronics.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Dissipation Sources in Electronic Circuits 1 1.1. Brief description of logic types 1 1.1.1. Boolean logic 1 1.1.2. Combinational and sequential logic 7 1.1.3. NMOS and PMOS transistors 15 1.1.4. Complementary CMOS logic 21 1.1.5. Pass-transistor logic 26 1.1.6. Dynamic logic 29 1.2. Origins of heat dissipation in circuits 32 1.2.1. Joule effect in circuits 32 1.2.2. Calculating dynamic power 34 1.2.3. Calculating static power and its origins 37 Chapter 2. Thermodynamics and Information Theory 39 2.1. Recalling the basics: entropy and information 39 2.1.1. Statistical definition of entropy 39 2.1.2. Macroscopic energy and entropy 42 2.1.3. Thermostat exchange, Boltzmann’s law and the equal division of energy 46 2.1.4. Summary and example of energy production in a conductor carrying a current 50 2.1.5. Information and the associated entropy 52 2.2. Presenting Landauer’s principle 57 2.2.1. Presenting Landauer’s principle and other examples 57 2.2.2. Experimental validations of Landauer’s principle 64 2.3. Adiabaticity and reversibility 66 2.3.1. Adiabatic principle of charging capacitors 66 2.3.2. Adiabaticity and reversibility: a circuit approach 82 Chapter 3. Transistor Models in CMOS Technology 91 3.1. Reminder on semiconductor properties 91 3.1.1. State densities and semiconductor properties 91 3.1.2. Currents in a semiconductor 100 3.1.3. Contact potentials 102 3.1.4. Metal-oxide semiconductor structure 103 3.1.5. Weak and strong inversion 109 3.2. Long- and short-channel static models 114 3.2.1. Basic principle and brief history of semiconductor technology 114 3.2.2. Transistor architecture and Fermi pseudo-potentials 117 3.2.3. Calculating the current in a long-channel static regime 120 3.2.4. Calculating the current in a short-channel regime 129 3.3. Dynamic transistor models 132 3.3.1. Quasi-static regime 132 3.3.2. Dynamic regime 135 3.3.3. “Small signals” transistor model 136 Chapter 4. Practical and Theoretical Limits of CMOS Technology 143 4.1. Speed–dissipation trade-off and limits of CMOS technology 143 4.1.1. From the transistor to the integrated circuit 143 4.1.2. Trade-off between speed and consumption 146 4.1.3. The trade-off between dynamic consumption and static consumption 149 4.2. Sub-threshold regimes 154 4.2.1. Recall of the weak inversion properties 154 4.2.2. Limits to sub-threshold CMOS technology 160 4.3. Practical and theoretical limits in CMOS technology 162 4.3.1. Economic considerations and evolving methodologies 162 4.3.2. Technological difficulties: dissipation, variability and interconnects 164 4.3.3. Theoretical limits and open questions 171 Chapter 5. Very Low Consumption at System Level 177 5.1. The evolution of power management technologies 177 5.1.1. Basic techniques for reducing dynamic power 177 5.1.2. Basic techniques for reducing static power 180 5.1.3. Designing in 90, 65 and 45 nm technology 185 5.2. Sub-threshold integrated circuits 186 5.2.1. Sub-threshold circuit features 186 5.2.2. Pipeline and parallelization 187 5.2.3. New SRAM structures 187 5.3. Near-threshold circuits 188 5.3.1. Optimization method 189 5.4. Chip interconnect and networks 194 5.4.1. Dissipation in the interconnect 194 5.4.2. Techniques for reducing dissipation in the interconnect 199 Chapter 6. Reversible Computing and Quantum Computing 203 6.1. The basis for reversible computing 203 6.1.1. Introduction 203 6.1.2. Group structure of reversible gates 205 6.1.3. Conservative gates, linearity and affinity 206 6.1.4. Exchange gates 207 6.1.5. Control gates 210 6.1.6. Two basic theorems: “no fan-out” and “no cloning” 213 6.2. A few elements for synthesizing a function 214 6.2.1. The problem and constraints on synthesis 214 6.2.2. Synthesizing a reversible function 215 6.2.3. Synthesizing an irreversible function 218 6.2.4. The adder example 219 6.2.5. Hardware implementation of reversible gates 222 6.3. Reversible computing and quantum computing 225 6.3.1. Principles of quantum computing 226 6.3.2. Entanglement 227 6.3.3. A few examples of quantum gates 229 6.3.4. The example of Grover’s algorithm 231 Chapter 7. Quasi-adiabatic CMOS Circuits 237 7.1. Adiabatic logic gates in CMOS 237 7.1.1. Implementing the principles of optimal charge and adiabatic pipeline 237 7.1.2. ECRL and PFAL in CMOS 244 7.1.3. Comparison to other gate technologies 250 7.2. Calculation of dissipation in an adiabatic circuit 251 7.2.1. Calculation in the normal regime 251 7.2.2. Calculation in sub-threshold regimes 259 7.3. Energy-recovery supplies and their contribution to dissipation 264 7.3.1. Capacitor-based supply 264 7.3.2. Inductance-based supply 273 7.4. Adiabatic arithmetic architecture 280 7.4.1. Basic principles 280 7.4.2. Adder example 281 7.4.3. The interest in complex gates 283 Chapter 8. Micro-relay Based Technology 285 8.1. The physics of micro-relays 285 8.1.1. Different computing technologies 285 8.1.2. Different actuation technologies 287 8.1.3. Dynamic modeling of microelectro-mechanical relays 290 8.1.4. Implementation examples and technological difficulties 297 8.2. Calculation of dissipation in a micro-relay based circuit 299 8.2.1. Optimization of micro-relays through electrostatic actuation 299 8.2.2. Adiabatic regime solutions 307 8.2.3. Comparison between CMOS logic and micro-relays 312 Bibliography 317 Index 321

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Book SynopsisIntelligence is defined by the ability to optimize, manage and reconcile the currents of physical, economic and even social flows. The strong constraint of immediacy proves to be an opportunity to imagine, propose and deliver solutions on the common basis of optimization techniques. Metaheuristics for Intelligent Electrical Networks analyzes the use of metaheuristics through independent applications but united by the same methodology.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1 Single Solution Based Metaheuristics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The descent method 2 1.3 Simulated annealing 3 1.4 Microcanonical annealing 4 1.5 Tabu search 6 1.6 Pattern search algorithms 6 1.6.1 The GRASP method 7 1.6.2 Variable neighborhood search 8 1.6.3 Guided local search 10 1.6.4 Iterated local search 11 1.7 Other methods 12 1.7.1 The Nelder–Mead simplex method 13 1.7.2 The noising method 14 1.7.3 Smoothing methods 15 1.8 Conclusion 16 Chapter 2 Population-based Methods 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Evolutionary algorithms 18 2.2.1 Genetic algorithms 18 2.2.2 Evolution strategies 20 2.2.3 Coevolutionary algorithms 21 2.2.4 Cultural algorithms 21 2.2.5 Differential evolution 23 2.2.6 Biogeography-based optimization 25 2.2.7 Hybrid metaheuristic based on Bayesian estimation 27 2.3 Swarm intelligence 29 2.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 29 2.3.2 Ant colony optimization 32 2.3.3 Cuckoo search 35 2.3.4 The firefly algorithm 36 2.3.5 The fireworks algorithm 38 2.4 Conclusion 42 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Metaheuristics 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Performance measures 44 3.2.1 Quality of solutions 44 3.2.2 Computational effort 45 3.2.3 Robustness 46 3.3 Statistical analysis 46 3.3.1 Data description 47 3.3.2 Statistical tests 48 3.4 Literature benchmarks 49 3.4.1 Characteristics of a test function 49 3.4.2 Test functions 50 3.5 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4 Metaheuristics for FACTS Placement and Sizing 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 FACTS devices 61 4.2.1 The SVC 62 4.2.2 The STATCOM 63 4.2.3 The TCSC 63 4.2.4 The UPFC 63 4.3 The PF model and its solution 64 4.3.1 The PF model 64 4.3.2 Solution of the network equations 66 4.3.3 FACTS implementation and network modification 69 4.3.4 Formulation of FACTS placement problem as an optimization issue 69 4.4 PSO for FACTS placement 72 4.4.1 Solutions coding 73 4.4.2 Binary particle swarm optimization 75 4.4.3 Proposed Lévy-based hybrid PSO algorithm 82 4.4.4 “Hybridization” of continuous and discrete PSO algorithms for application to the positioning and sizing of FACTS 99 4.5 Application to the placement and sizing of two FACTS 100 4.5.1 Application to the 30-node IEEE network 103 4.5.2 Application to the IEEE 57-node network 104 4.5.3. Significance of the modified velocity likelihoods method 109 4.5.4 Influence of the upper and lower bounds on the velocity Vciof particles ci 111 4.5.5 Optimization of the placement of several FACTS of different types (general case) 115 4.6 Conclusion 118 Chapter 5 Genetic Algorithm-based Wind Farm Topology Optimization 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Problem statement 122 5.2.1 Context 122 5.2.2 Calculation of power flow in wind turbine connection cables 125 5.3 Genetic algorithms and adaptation to our problem 129 5.3.1 Solution encoding 129 5.3.2 Selection operator 131 5.3.3 Crossover 132 5.3.4 Mutation 135 5.4 Application 137 5.4.1 Application to farms of 15–20 wind turbines 140 5.4.2 Application to a farm of 30 wind turbines 140 5.4.3 Solution of a farm of 30 turbines proposed by human expertise 144 5.4.4 Validation 145 5.5 Conclusion 145 Chapter 6 Topological Study of Electrical Networks 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Topological study of networks 150 6.2.1 Random graphs 151 6.2.2 Generalized random graphs 151 6.2.3 Small-world networks 152 6.2.4 Scale-free networks 152 6.2.5 Some results inspired by the theory of percolation 153 6.2.6 Network dynamic robustness 160 6.3 Topological analysis of the Colombian electrical network 161 6.3.1 Phenomenological characteristics 161 6.3.2 Fractal dimension 169 6.3.3 Network robustness 179 6.4 Conclusion 182 Chapter 7. Parameter Estimation of α-Stable Distributions 183 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Lévy probability distribution 184 7.2.1 Definitions 184 7.2.2 McCulloch α-stable distribution generator 189 7.3 Elaboration of our non-parametric α-stable distribution estimator 191 7.3.1 Statistical tests 192 7.3.2 Identification of the optimization problem and design of the non-parametric estimator 195 7.4 Results and comparison with benchmarks 197 7.4.1 Validation with benchmarks 197 7.4.2 Parallelization of the process on a GP/GPU card 211 7.5 Conclusion 220 Chapter 8 SmartGrid and MicroGrid Perspectives 221 8.1 New SmartGrid concepts 221 8.2 Key elements for SmartGrid deployment 224 8.2.1 Improvement of network resilience in the face of catastrophic climate events 225 8.2.2 Increasing electrical network efficiency 227 8.2.3 Integration of the variability of renewable energy sources 229 8.3 SmartGrids and components technology architecture 231 8.3.1 Global SmartGrid architecture 231 8.3.2 Basic technological elements for SmartGrids 232 8.3.3 Integration of new MicroGrid layers: definition 235 Appendix 1 241 Appendix 2 245 Bibliography 251 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to metaheuristics as applied to vehicle routing problems. Several implementations are given as illustrative examples, along with applications to several typical vehicle routing problems. As a first step, a general presentation intends to make the reader more familiar with the related field of logistics and combinatorial optimization. This preamble is completed with a description of significant heuristic methods classically used to provide feasible solutions quickly, and local improvement moves widely used to search for enhanced solutions. The overview of these fundamentals allows appreciating the core of the work devoted to an analysis of metaheuristic methods for vehicle routing problems. Those methods are exposed according to their feature of working either on a sequence of single solutions, or on a set of solutions, or even by hybridizing metaheuristic approaches with others kind of methods.Table of ContentsNotations and Abbreviations ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. General Presentation of Vehicle Routing Problems 1 1.1. Logistics management and combinatorial optimization 1 1.1.1. History of logistics 2 1.1.2. Logistics as a science 5 1.1.3. Combinatorial optimization 5 1.2. Vehicle routing problems 6 1.2.1. Problems in transportation optimization 6 1.2.2. Vehicle routing problems in other contexts 7 1.2.3. Characteristics of vehicle routing problems 7 1.2.4. The capacitated vehicle routing problem 11 1.3. Conclusion 13 Chapter 2. Simple Heuristics and Local Search Procedures 15 2.1. Simple heuristics 16 2.1.1. Constructive heuristics 16 2.1.2. Two-phase methods 19 2.1.3. Best-of approach and randomization 22 2.2. Local search 23 2.2.1. Principle 23 2.2.2. Classical moves 24 2.2.3. Feasibility tests 25 2.2.4. General approach from Vidal et al 28 2.2.5. Multiple neighborhoods 30 2.2.6. Very constrained problems 33 2.2.7. Acceleration techniques 33 2.2.8. Complex moves 36 2.3. Conclusion 37 Chapter 3. Metaheuristics Generating a Sequence of Solutions 39 3.1. Simulated annealing (SA) 39 3.1.1. Principle 39 3.1.2. Simulated annealing in vehicle routing problems 40 3.2. Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure: GRASP 41 3.2.1. Principle 41 3.2.2. GRASP in vehicle routing problems 43 3.3. Tabu search 44 3.3.1. Principle 44 3.3.2. Tabu search in vehicle routing problems 45 3.4. Variable neighborhood search 47 3.4.1. Principle 47 3.4.2. Variable neighborhood search in vehicle routing problems 49 3.5. Iterated local search 50 3.5.1. Principle 50 3.5.2. Iterated local search in vehicle routing problems 52 3.6. Guided local search 54 3.6.1. Principle 54 3.6.2. Guided local search in vehicle routing problems 55 3.7. Large neighborhood search 56 3.7.1. Principle 56 3.7.2. Large neighborhood search in vehicle routing problems 58 3.8. Transitional forms 59 3.8.1. Evolutionary local search principle 59 3.8.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 60 3.9. Selected examples 61 3.9.1. GRASP for the location-routing problem 61 3.9.2. Granular tabu search for the CVRP 65 3.9.3. Adaptive large neighborhood search for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows 69 3.10. Conclusion 74 Chapter 4. Metaheuristics Based on a Set of Solutions 77 4.1. Genetic algorithm and its variants 77 4.1.1. Genetic algorithm 77 4.1.2. Memetic algorithm 79 4.1.3. Memetic algorithm with population management 79 4.1.4. Genetic algorithm and its variants in vehicle routing problems 80 4.2. Scatter search 82 4.2.1. Scatter search principle 82 4.2.2. Scatter search in vehicle routing problems 83 4.3. Path relinking 83 4.3.1. Principle 84 4.3.2. Path relinking in vehicle routing problems 85 4.4. Ant colony optimization 86 4.4.1. Principle 86 4.4.2. ACO in vehicle routing problems 89 4.5. Particle swarm optimization 89 4.5.1. Principle 89 4.5.2. PSO in vehicle routing problems 90 4.6. Other approaches and their use in vehicle routing problems 91 4.7. Selected examples 92 4.7.1. Scatter search for the periodic capacitated arc routing problem 92 4.7.2. PR for the muti-depot periodic VRP 97 4.7.3. Unified genetic algorithm for a wide class of vehicle routing problems 101 4.8. Conclusion 106 Chapter 5. Metaheuristics Hybridizing Various Components 109 5.1. Hybridizing metaheuristics 109 5.1.1. Principle 110 5.1.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 111 5.1.3. Selected examples 112 5.2. Matheuristics 122 5.2.1. Principle 123 5.2.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 124 5.2.3. Selected examples 128 5.3. Conclusion 144 Conclusion 145 Bibliography 149 Index 167

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Book SynopsisThis didactic book presents the main elements of acoustics, aeroacoustics and vibrations. Illustrated with numerous concrete examples linked to solid and fluid continua, Acoustics, Aeroacoustics and Vibrations proposes a selection of applications encountered in the three fields, whether in room acoustics, transport, energy production systems or environmental problems. Theoretical approaches enable us to analyze the different processes in play. Typical results, mostly from numerical simulations, are used to illustrate the main phenomena (fluid acoustics, radiation, diffraction, vibroacoustics, etc.).Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. A Bit of History 1 1.1. The production of sound 1 1.2. The propagation of sound 4 1.3. The reception of sound 6 1.4. Aeroacoustics 7 Chapter 2. Elements of Continuum Mechanics 9 2.1. Mechanics of deformable media 9 2.1.1. Continuum 9 2.1.2. Kinematics of deformable media 10 2.1.3. Deformation tensor (or Green’s tensor) 12 2.2. Conservation laws 13 2.2.1. Conservation of mass 13 2.2.2. Conservation of momentum 14 2.2.3. Conservation of energy 15 2.3. Constitutive laws 15 2.3.1. Elasticity 16 2.3.2. Thermoelasticity and effects of temperature variations 19 2.3.3. Viscoelasticity 21 2.3.4. Fluid medium 28 2.4. Hamilton principle 29 2.5. Characteristics of materials 29 Chapter 3. Small Mathematics Travel Kit 31 3.1. Measure theory and Lebesgue integration 32 3.1.1. Boolean algebra 32 3.1.2. Measure on a σ-algebra 33 3.1.3. Convergence and integration of measurable functions 33 3.1.4. Functional space – functional 35 3.1.5. Measure as linear functional 36 3.2. Distributions 37 3.2.1. The space D of test functions 37 3.2.2. Distributions definition 37 3.2.3. Operations on distributions 39 3.2.4. N-dimensional generalization 43 3.2.5. Distributions tensor product 47 3.3. Convolution 48 3.3.1. Definition and first properties 48 3.3.2. Convolution algebra and Green’s function 50 3.4. Modal methods 52 3.4.1. Eigenmodes of a conservative system 52 3.4.2. Eigenmodes of a non-conservative system 55 Chapter 4. Fluid Acoustics 65 4.1. Acoustics equations 66 4.1.1. Conservation equations 66 4.1.2. Establishment of general equations 67 4.1.3. Establishment of the wave equation 68 4.1.4. Velocity potential 69 4.2. Propagation and general solutions 69 4.2.1. One-dimensional motion 69 4.2.2. Three-dimensional motion 70 4.3. Permanent regime: Helmholtz equation 71 4.3.1. General solutions 72 4.3.2. Green’s kernels 76 4.3.3. Wave group, phase velocity and group velocity 78 4.4. Discontinuity equations 80 4.4.1. Interface between two propagating media 80 4.4.2. Interface between a propagating and a non-propagating medium 82 4.5. Impedance: measurement and model 83 4.5.1. Kundt’s tube 83 4.5.2. Delany–Bazley model 85 4.6. Homogeneous anisotropic medium 87 4.7. Medium with a slowly varying celerity 88 4.8. Media in motion 89 4.8.1. Homogeneous medium in uniform motion 89 4.8.2. Plane interface between media in motion 90 4.8.3. Cylindrical interface between media in motion 92 4.8.4. Acoustic radiation of a moving surface 94 Chapter 5. Radiation, Diffraction, Enclosed Space 105 5.1. Acoustic radiation 106 5.1.1. A simple example 106 5.2. Acoustic radiation of point sources 107 5.2.1. Multipolar sources in a harmonic regime 107 5.2.2. Far-field 111 5.3. Radiation of distributed sources 111 5.3.1. Layer potentials 111 5.3.2. Green’s representation of pressure and introduction to the theory of diffraction 114 5.4. Acoustic radiation of a piston in a plane 119 5.4.1. Far-field radiation of a circular piston: directivity 122 5.4.2. Radiation along the axis of a circular piston 125 5.5. Acoustic radiation of a rectangular baffled structure 126 5.6. Acoustic radiation of moving sources 131 5.6.1. Compact and non-compact sources 131 5.6.2. Sources in uniform and non-uniform motion 135 5.7. Sound propagation in a bounded medium 138 5.7.1. Eigenfrequencies and resonance frequencies 138 5.7.2. The Helmholtz resonator 139 5.7.3. Example in dimension 1 140 5.7.4. Example in dimension 3 141 5.7.5. Propagation of pure sound in a circular enclosure 143 5.8. Basics of room acoustics 149 5.8.1. The concept of acoustic power 149 5.8.2. Directivity index 149 5.8.3. Reverberation duration 150 5.8.4. Reverberant fields 153 5.8.5. Pressure level in rooms 154 5.8.6. Crossover frequency and the reverberation distance 155 5.9. Sound propagation in a wave guide 156 5.9.1. General solution in a wave guide 156 5.9.2. Physical interpretation and theory of modes 157 5.9.3. Green’s function 160 5.9.4. Section change 161 5.9.5. Propagation in a conduit in the presence of flow 164 Chapter 6. Wave Propagation in Elastic Media 167 6.1. Equation of mechanical wave propagation 168 6.2. Free waves 169 6.2.1. Volumic waves 169 6.2.2. Plane wave case 170 6.2.3. Surface waves 171 6.3. Green’s kernels in a harmonic regime 176 6.4. Thin body approximation for plannar structures 177 6.4.1. Straight beams 178 6.4.2. Plane plates 186 6.5. Thin body approximation for cylindrical structures 198 6.5.1. Cylinder 198 6.5.2. Ring 212 Chapter 7. Vibrations of Thin Structures 219 7.1. Beam vibrations 219 7.1.1. Beam compression vibrations 219 7.1.2. Beam bending vibrations 223 7.2. Plate vibrations 233 7.2.1. Infinite plate 233 7.2.2. Finite plate 239 7.2.3. Plate of arbitrary shape 256 7.3. Cylindrical shell vibrations 260 7.3.1. Infinite shell 260 7.3.2. Finite shell 264 Chapter 8. Acoustic Radiation of Thin Plates 275 8.1. First notions of vibroacoustics: a simple example 276 8.1.1. Motion equations 277 8.1.2. Acoustic radiation 278 8.1.3. “Light fluid” approximation 280 8.1.4. Sound transmission 281 8.1.5. Transient regime 290 8.2. Free waves in an infinite plate immersed in a fluid 294 8.2.1. Roots of the dispersion equation 295 8.2.2. Light fluid approximation 297 8.3. Transmission of a plane wave by a thin plate 299 8.4. Radiation of an infinite plate under point excitation 302 8.4.1. Integro-differential equation with respect to u 303 8.4.2. Fourier transform of u 303 8.4.3. Calculation of u(r) 305 8.4.4. Radiated acoustic pressure 306 8.5. Acoustic radiation and vibration of finite plates 307 8.5.1. Statement of the problem 307 8.5.2. Exact methods 308 8.5.3. Light fluid approximation 313 8.5.4. Higher order approximations 319 8.6. Heavy fluid coupling: resonance estimation 327 8.6.1. Clamped rectangular plate coupled with a heavy fluid 327 8.6.2. Location of resonances of a coupled plate 343 8.7. Vibrations of a thin plate in a turbulent flow 346 8.7.1. Interspectral density: simple models 347 8.7.2. Green’s representation of a coupled plate 350 8.8. Aeroelastic coupling and sloshing 354 8.8.1. Sloshing 354 8.8.2. Convective instability 356 8.8.3. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability 360 Chapter 9. Basic Theoretical Aeroacoustics Models 363 9.1. Preamble 363 9.2. Lighthill’s equation and some of the generalizations that have followed 365 9.3. Reminder of some notions on turbulence which will be useful here 376 9.4. The Proudman model for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence 381 9.5. The Lilley model for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence 386 9.6. The recent models and a few experimental validations 387 9.7. The Powell Howe equation for vorticity-generated sound 397 Chapter 10. A Few Situations Closer to Reality 403 10.1. The Ribner model for jets 403 10.2. Problems and approaches specific to boundary layers 416 10.3. Flame-generated noise 426 10.4. Noise generated by blades 432 10.4.1. Noise generated by a solid body in motion, in the temporal domain 433 10.4.2. Noise generated by a set of rotating blades and fixed cascading blades, in the frequency domain 440 10.4.3. Noise generated by blade–vortex interaction, using the vortex sound generation method 449 10.5. Noise generated and propagation in the outer atmosphere: accounting for the thermal stratification and for likely obstacles 454 10.5.1. Characteristic properties of the atmospheric boundary layer and impacts on sound propagation 455 10.5.2. Models of sound wave propagation in the atmosphere 464 Chapter 11. Implementation and Usage of Numerical Simulations 475 11.1. Hybrid methods 476 11.2. Direct numerical simulations/large eddy simulations 478 11.3. Conclusion 488 Bibliography 491 Index 507

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Book SynopsisThe omnipresence of electronic devices in our everyday lives has been accompanied by the downscaling of chip feature sizes and the ever increasing complexity of digital circuits. This book is devoted to the analysis and design of digital circuits, where the signal can assume only two possible logic levels. It deals with the basic principles and concepts of digital electronics. It addresses all aspects of combinational logic and provides a detailed understanding of logic gates that are the basic components in the implementation of circuits used to perform functions and operations of Boolean algebra. Combinational logic circuits are characterized by outputs that depend only on the actual input values. Efficient techniques to derive logic equations are proposed together with methods of analysis and synthesis of combinational logic circuits. Each chapter is well structured and is supplemented by a selection of solved exercises covering logic design practices.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Number Systems 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Decimal numbers 1 1.3. Binary numbers 2 1.4. Octal numbers 4 1.5. Hexadecimal numeration 5 1.6. Representation in a radix B 6 1.7. Binary-coded decimal numbers 7 1.8. Representations of signed integers 8 1.8.1. Sign-magnitude representation 9 1.8.2. Two’s complement representation 10 1.8.3. Excess-E representation 12 1.9. Representation of the fractional part of a number 13 1.10. Arithmetic operations on binary numbers 16 1.10.1. Addition 16 1.10.2. Subtraction 17 1.10.3. Multiplication 18 1.10.4. Division 19 1.11. Representation of real numbers 20 1.11.1. Fixed-point representation 20 1.11.2. Floating-point representation 22 1.12. Data representation 28 1.12.1. Gray code 28 1.12.2. p-out-of-n code 29 1.12.3. ASCII code 31 1.12.4. Other codes 31 1.13. Codes to protect against errors 31 1.13.1. Parity bit 31 1.13.2. Error correcting codes 33 1.14. Exercises 36 1.15. Solutions 38 Chapter 2. Logic Gates 49 2.1. Introduction 49 2.2. Logic gates 50 2.2.1. NOT gate 51 2.2.2. AND gate 51 2.2.3. OR gate 52 2.2.4. XOR gate 52 2.2.5. Complementary logic gates 53 2.3. Three-state buffer 54 2.4. Logic function 54 2.5. The correspondence between a truth table and a logic function 55 2.6. Boolean algebra 57 2.6.1. Boolean algebra theorems 59 2.6.2. Karnaugh maps 65 2.6.3. Simplification of logic functions with multiple outputs 73 2.6.4. Factorization of logic functions 74 2.7. Multi-level logic circuit implementation 76 2.7.1. Examples 77 2.7.2. NAND gate logic circuit 78 2.7.3. NOR gate based logic circuit 80 2.7.4. Representation based on XOR and AND operators 82 2.8. Practical considerations 89 2.8.1. Timing diagram for a logic circuit 90 2.8.2. Static hazard 90 2.8.3. Dynamic hazard 92 2.9. Demonstration of some Boolean algebra identities 93 2.10. Exercises 97 2.11. Solutions 101 Chapter 3. Function Blocks of Combinational Logic 115 3.1. Introduction 115 3.2. Multiplexer 115 3.3. Demultiplexer and decoder 121 3.4. Implementation of logic functions using multiplexers or decoders 127 3.4.1. Multiplexer 127 3.4.2. Decoder 129 3.5. Encoders 130 3.5.1. 4:2 encoder 131 3.5.2. 8:3 encoder 134 3.5.3. Priority encoder 136 3.6. Transcoders 143 3.6.1. Binary code and Gray code 143 3.6.2. BCD and excess-3 code 149 3.7. Parity check generator 155 3.8. Barrel shifter 160 3.9. Exercises 165 3.10. Solutions 173 Chapter 4. Systematic Methods for the Simplification of Logic Functions 203 4.1. Introduction 203 4.2. Definitions and reminders 203 4.2.1. Definitions 204 4.2.2. Minimization principle of a logic function 204 4.3. Karnaugh maps 205 4.3.1. Function of five variables 205 4.3.2. Function of six variables 207 4.3.3. Karnaugh map with entered variable 208 4.3.4. Applications 215 4.3.5. Representation based on the XOR and AND operators 220 4.4. Systematic methods for simplification 220 4.4.1. Determination of prime implicants 221 4.4.2. Finding the constitutive terms of a minimal expression 224 4.4.3. Quine–McCluskey technique: simplification of incompletely defined functions 235 4.4.4. Simplification of functions with multiple outputs 235 4.5. Exercises 241 4.6. Solutions 243 Bibliography 257 Index 259

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Book SynopsisAs electronic devices become increasingly prevalent in everyday life, digital circuits are becoming even more complex and smaller in size. This book presents the basic principles of digital electronics in an accessible manner, allowing the reader to grasp the principles of combinational and sequential logic and the underlying techniques for the analysis and design of digital circuits. Providing a hands-on approach, this work introduces techniques and methods for establishing logic equations and designing and analyzing digital circuits. Each chapter is supplemented with practical examples and well-designed exercises with worked solutions. This second of three volumes focuses on sequential and arithmetic logic circuits. It covers various aspects related to the following topics: latch and flip-flop; binary counters; shift registers; arithmetic and logic circuits; digital integrated circuit technology; semiconductor memory; programmable logic circuits. Along with the two accompanying volumes, this book is an indispensable tool for students at a bachelors or masters level seeking to improve their understanding of digital electronics, and is detailed enough to serve as a reference for electronic, automation and computer engineers.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Latch and Flip-Flop 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General overview 1 1.2.1. SR latch 6 1.2.2. S R latch 9 1.2.3. Application: switch debouncing 11 1.3. Gated SR latch 11 1.3.1. Implementation based on an SR latch 12 1.3.2. Implementation based on an S R latch 14 1.4. Gated D latch 15 1.5. Basic JK flip-flop 16 1.6. T flip-flop 18 1.7. Master-slave and edge-triggered flip-flop 20 1.7.1. Master-slave flip-flop 20 1.7.2. Edge-triggered flip-flop 24 1.8. Flip-flops with asynchronous inputs 30 1.9. Operational characteristics of flip-flops 33 1.10. Exercises 34 1.11. Solutions 39 Chapter 2. Binary Counters 51 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. Modulo 4 counter 52 2.3. Modulo 8 counter 53 2.4. Modulo 16 counter 55 2.4.1. Modulo 10 counter 57 2.5. Counter with parallel load 60 2.6. Down counter 62 2.7. Synchronous reversible counter 64 2.8. Decoding a down counter 65 2.9. Exercises 66 2.10. Solutions 73 Chapter 3. Shift Register 85 3.1. Introduction 85 3.2. Serial-in shift register 85 3.3. Parallel-in shift register 85 3.4. Bidirectional shift register 88 3.5. Register file 90 3.6. Shift register based counter 91 3.6.1. Ring counter 92 3.6.2. Johnson counter 93 3.6.3. Linear feedback counter 94 3.7. Exercises 101 3.8. Solutions 107 Chapter 4. Arithmetic and Logic Circuits 117 4.1. Introduction 117 4.2. Adder 117 4.2.1. Half adder 117 4.2.2. Full adder 119 4.2.3. Ripple-carry adder 120 4.2.4. Carry-lookahead adder 122 4.2.5. Carry-select adder 124 4.2.6. Carry-skip adder 125 4.3. Comparator 127 4.4. Arithmetic and logic unit 129 4.5. Multiplier 136 4.5.1. Multiplier of 2-bit unsigned numbers 136 4.5.2. Multiplier of 4-bit unsigned numbers 137 4.5.3. Multiplier for signed numbers 138 4.6. Divider 143 4.7. Exercises 149 4.8. Solutions 158 Chapter 5. Digital Integrated Circuit Technology 177 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Characteristics of the technologies 177 5.2.1. Supply voltage 177 5.2.2. Logic levels 178 5.2.3. Immunity to noise 178 5.2.4. Propagation delay 179 5.2.5. Electric power consumption 179 5.2.6. Fan-out or load factor 179 5.3. TTL logic family 180 5.3.1. Bipolar junction transistor 180 5.3.2. TTL NAND gate 181 5.3.3. Integrated TTL circuit 182 5.4. CMOS logic family 183 5.4.1. MOSFET transistor 183 5.4.2. CMOS logic gates 184 5.5. Open drain logic gates 185 5.5.1. Three-state buffer 187 5.5.2. CMOS integrated circuit 188 5.6. Other logic families 189 5.7. Interfacing circuits of different technologies 189 5.8. Exercises 190 5.9. Solutions 193 Chapter 6. Semiconductor Memory 195 6.1. Introduction 195 6.2. Memory organization 195 6.3. Operation of a memory 197 6.4. Types of memory 199 6.4.1. Non-volatile memory 199 6.4.2. Volatile memories 202 6.4.3. Characteristics of the different memory types 207 6.5. Applications 207 6.5.1. Memory organization 208 6.5.2. Applications 209 6.6. Other types of memory 218 6.6.1. Ferromagnetic RAM 220 6.6.2. Content-addressable memory 222 6.6.3. Sequential access memory 223 6.7. Exercises 226 6.8. Solutions 230 Chapter 7. Programmable Logic Circuits 245 7.1. General overview 245 7.2. Programmable logic device 246 7.3. Applications 255 7.3.1. Implementation of logic functions 255 7.3.2. Two-bit adder 257 7.3.3. Binary-to-BCD and BCD-to-binary converters 263 7.4. Programmable logic circuits (CPLD and FPGA) 263 7.4.1. Principle and technology 264 7.4.2. CPLD 268 7.4.3. FPGA 270 7.5. References 274 7.6. Exercises 275 7.7. Solutions 284 Appendix 307 Bibliography 309 Index 311

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Book SynopsisThis third volume in the comprehensive Digital Electronics series, which explores the basic principles and concepts of digital circuits, focuses on finite state machines. These machines are characterized by a behavior that is determined by a limited and defined number of states, the holding conditions for each state, and the branching conditions from one state to another. They only allow one transition at a time and can be divided into two components: a combinational logic circuit and a sequential logic circuit.The approach is gradual and relatively independent of each other chapters. To facilitate the assimilation and practical implementation of various concepts, the book is complemented by a selection of practical exercises.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Synchronous Finite State Machines 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. State diagram 2 1.3. Design of synchronous finite state machines 6 1.4. Examples 7 1.4.1. Flip-flops 7 1.4.2. Binary sequence detector 12 1.4.3. State machine implementation based on a state table 21 1.4.4. Variable width pulse generator 22 1.5. Equivalent states and minimization of the number of states 27 1.5.1. Implication table method 28 1.5.2. Partitioning method 37 1.5.3. Simplification of incompletely specified machines 42 1.6. State encoding 55 1.7. Transformation of Moore and Mealy state machines 61 1.8. Splitting finite state machines 63 1.8.1. Rules for splitting 63 1.8.2. Example 1 64 1.8.3. Example 2 67 1.9. Sequence detector implementation based on a programmable circuit 68 1.10. Practical considerations 70 1.10.1. Propagation delays and race conditions . 72 1.10.2. Timing specifications 74 1.11. Exercises 79 1.12. Solutions 97 Chapter 2. Algorithmic State Machines 169 2.1. Introduction 169 2.2. Structure of an ASM 169 2.3. ASM chart 170 2.4. Applications 175 2.4.1. Serial adder/subtracter 175 2.4.2. Multiplier based on addition and shift operations 183 2.4.3. Divider based on subtraction and shift operations 187 2.4.4. Controller for an automatic vending machine 189 2.4.5. Traffic light controller 193 2.5. Exercises 200 2.6. Solutions 205 Chapter 3. Asynchronous Finite State Machines 213 3.1. Introduction 213 3.2. Overview 214 3.3. Gated D latch 214 3.4. Muller C-element 218 3.5. Self-timed circuit 220 3.6. Encoding the states of an asynchronous state machine 224 3.7. Synthesis of asynchronous circuits 227 3.7.1. Oscillatory cycle 227 3.7.2. Essential and d-trio hazards 228 3.7.3. Design of asynchronous state machines 239 3.8. Application examples of asynchronous state machines 240 3.8.1. Pulse synchronizer 240 3.8.2. Asynchronous counter 243 3.9. Implementation of asynchronous machines using SR latches or C-elements 247 3.10. Asynchronous state machine operating in pulse mode 251 3.11. Asynchronous state machine operating in burst mode 256 3.12. Exercises 258 3.13. Solutions 266 Appendix. Overview of VHDL Language 287 A.1. Introduction 287 A.2. Principles of VHDL 287 A.2.1. Names 288 A.2.2. Comments 288 A.2.3. Library and packages 289 A.2.4. Ports 289 A.2.5. Signal and variable 289 A.2.6. Data types and objects 289 A.2.7. Attributes 290 A.2.8. Entity and architecture 291 A.3. Concurrent instructions 292 A.3.1. Concurrent instructions with selective assignment 293 A.3.2. Concurrent instructions with conditional assignment 293 A.4. Components 294 A.4.1. Generics 296 A.4.2. The GENERATE Instruction 296 A.4.3. Process 297 A.5. Sequential structures 298 A.5.1. The IF instruction 298 A.5.2. CASE instruction 303 A.6. Testbench 306 Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisAddresses several issues related to the metrological characterization of high-performance pulsed power converters. Initially, a background and state-of-the-art on measurement systems for high-performance power converter are presented. In industrial applications of power converters metrology, specifications are often given in terms of worst-case uncertainty (WCU). Therefore, an analytical model for predicting the WCU of a measurement system is discussed and detailed for instruments affected by Gaussian noise. The authors discuss the study and design of a reference acquisition system for characterizing high-power pulses as well as the design of an on-line acquisition system for controlling the power converter. The book continues with numerical results obtained in simulation for the three main topics, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposals. Finally, the experimental results of a case study, carried out in the framework of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) at CERN, are reported. To meet CLIC requirements the two systems were designed to be ultra-low noise and are demonstrated to be repeatable in the order of few tens of parts per million (ppm).

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Book SynopsisAdvanced methods and techniques of monitoring, fault diagnostics, and predictive maintenance for cryogenics are illustrated in this boo. In Part I: Background, mainstreams in the related research are reviewed. In Part II: Methods, for monitoring helium distribution and consumption in cryogenic systems for particle accelerators, a virtual flowmeter is presented. Then, for fault diagnostics, two methods, for fault detection on a compressor, and for distributed diagnostics based on a micro-genetic algorithm, are described. Finally, for predictive maintenance, a metaheuristic optimization scheduling algorithm is illustrated. In Part III of Application examples, several practical case studies are described for highlighting the application of the previous methods to cryogenics of particle accelerators at CERN.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the fundamentals of digital signal processing (DSP) in a concise format, accessible to anyone with a technical background, enabling the reader for further DSP training, research, and development. The authors explore many subjects, including discrete time (digital) signals and systems, with emphasis on linear shift invariant (LSI) systems; Fourier and the z transforms; signal sampling and analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. The book ends with examples of DSP techniques applications to practical problems from several areas.

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Book SynopsisWorking as an engineer with advanced weapon systems for more than 25 years, it was crucial to understand the fundamentals of numbering systems, logic gate design, and the logical math known as Boolean Algebra. Whether as a technician or engineer, these fundamentals are the basics of engineering and are essential in interpreting logic gate functionality. The intent of this book is to provide much more information than most commercial engineering references currently offer. In Chapter 1, numbering systems such as binary, octal, hexadecimal, gray code, binary-coded decimal, and other systems are discussed. Chapter 2 discusses constants and variables, implementing the basic design of truth tables, basic gate operators, and several other logic gate designs. Chapter 3 provides a broad array of Boolean Algebra symbology and logic gate operations, discussing topics such as properties, theorems, implementing and interpreting truth tables from Boolean Algebra expressions, finding minterms and maxterms from symbology expressions, and more. The chapter review and chapter answer sections provide an extensive number of questions with comprehensive insight to showing how to attain the answers. This book will be an extremely valuable asset for technical and engineering students studying digital system design.

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Book SynopsisWorking as an engineer with advanced weapon systems for more than 25 years, it was crucial to understand the fundamentals of digital systems design development methods and combinational logic circuits. Whether as a technician or engineer, these fundamentals are the basics of engineering and are essential in interpreting logic gate functionality. The intent of this book is to provide much more information than most commercial engineering references currently offer. In Chapter 1, Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) with two, three, four, five, and six variables are discussed along with using essential prime implicants, switching functions, and other uses and forms of K-Maps. Chapter 2 discusses an introduction to the Quine-McCluskey Method, Prime Implicant Determination, the Prime Implicant Chart, and the Incomplete Specific Function Simplification. Chapter 3 provides a broad array of Combinational Logic Circuitry, discussing topics such as Exclusive-OR, Exclusive-NOR, Parity, Data Selection/Distribution, Carry Out, and ROM Address Decoder circuits. The chapter review and chapter answer sections provide an extensive number of questions with comprehensive insight to showing how to attain the answers. This book will be an extremely valuable asset for technical and engineering students studying digital system design.

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Book SynopsisWorking as an engineer with advanced weapon systems for more than 25 years, it was crucial to understand the fundamentals of digital systems design development methods and combinational logic circuits. Whether as a technician or as an engineer, these fundamentals are the basics of engineering and are essential in interpreting logic gate functionality. The intent of this book is to provide much more information than most commercial engineering references currently offer. Chapter 1, Latch and Flip Flop Circuits, discusses fundamental operations of NAND gate latch, NOR gate latch, gated S-C latch, gated D latch, four-bit bistable latch, D-type flip flop, JK-type flip flop, and master slave JK-type flip flop circuits. Chapter 2, Characteristics of Digital Circuits, provides a brief introduction to circuit characteristics. This chapter discusses RC time constants, electrical and dynamic behavior of circuits, timing considerations, and data storage and transfer devices. The chapter review and answer sections contain an extensive number of questions that afford comprehensive insights into obtaining the answers. This book will be an extremely valuable asset for technical and engineering students studying digital system design.

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Book SynopsisThis indispensable handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the current state-of-the-art in inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels – from synthesis and characterization to cutting-edge applications and their potential market impact. Built upon Springer’s successful Aerogels Handbook published in 2011, this handbook features extensive revisions and timely updates, reflecting the changes in this fast-growing field. Aerogels are the lightest solids known to man. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density only four times that of air, they possess extraordinarily high thermal, electrical, and acoustic insulation properties, and boast numerous entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to incorporate non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal, and ceramic materials. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation, and household uses are being developed.Readers of this fully updated and expanded edition will find an exhaustive source for all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and the most recent advances towards applications and commercial use. This key reference is essential reading for a combined audience of graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals.Table of ContentsPART A: Unit Operations: Processing Steps used in Aerogel Science.- Sol-Gel.- Solvent Exchange and Functionalization.- Supercritical drying of aerogels: theory and practice.- Freeze drying.- Postprocessing.- PART B: Characterization.- Structural Characterization of Aerogels.- Mechanical Characterization of Aerogels.- Thermal Properties of Aerogels.- Permeability of Aerogels.- Simulation and Modeling of Aerogels Using Atomistic and Mesoscale Methods.- Part C: Oxide Based Aerogels.- SiO2 aerogels.- Hydrophobic Silica Aerogels.- Superhydrophobic and Flexible Aerogels and Xerogels derived from organosilane precursors.- Sodium Silicate-based Aerogels.- A Robust Approach to Inorganic Aerogels: The Use of Epoxides in Sol-Gel Synthesis.- High Temperature Oxide Aerogels.- Preparation of TiO2 Aerogels-Like Materials under Ambient Pressure.- ZrO2 Aerogels.- Part D: Synthetic Polymer Aerogels.- Phenolic-type aerogels and derived carbons: the paradigms of resorcinol-formaldehyde and polybenzoxazine chemistries.- Isocyanate-derived aerogels and applications.- Aerogels from Engineering Polymers: Polyimide and Polyamide Aerogels.- Part E: Biopolymer Aerogels.- Cellulose Aerogels: Monoliths, Beads and Fibers.- Silica Biopolymer Aerogel Nanocomposites.- Polysaccharide (non-cellulosic) aerogels.- Nanocellulose Aerogels.- Potential of anisotropic cellulosic aerogels.- Part F: Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Aerogels.- Polymer Crosslinked Aerogels.- Improving Elastic Properties of Polymer-Reinforced Aerogels.- Aerogels containing metal, alloy and oxide nanoparticles embedded into dielectric matrices.- Tuning the physical properties of aerogels by spatially selective modification.- Aerogels through ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.- Part G: Carbon-Based Aerogels.- Preparation and Application of Carbon Aerogels.- Nanocarbons: Diamond, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene Aerogels.- Nanotube Aerogels made through Elastic Smoke.- Part H: Frontier / Emerging Aerogels.- Chalcogenide Aerogels.- Fluorinated and Fluoride Inorganic Aerogels.- Nanoparticle-Based Inorganic Aerogels.- Metal aerogels.- Noble Metal Aerogels.- Nanoporous metal foams made by combustion synthesis.- Interpenetrating phenolic/oxide networks and carbothermal synthesis of metallic aerogels as energetic materials.- Synthesis of largescale nanoporous metallic networks by PVD.- Part I: Applications.- Aerogels and Sol-Gel Composites as Nanostructured Energetic Materials.- Aerogel as thermal super-insulating materials: an overview.- Aerogels as platforms for chemical sensors.- Aerogels for Electrochemical energy storage applications.- Transparent Silica Aerogel Blocks for High-Energy Physics Research.- Aerogels for fusion target fabrication.- Porous Glasses, Binary Glasses and Composite Glasses from Aerogels.- Aerogels for Environmental Applications.- Aerogels for Pollution Mitigation.- Application of Aerogels in Optical Devices.- Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- in vivo Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- Pharmaceutical Applications of Aerogels.- Applications of Aerogels in Space Exploration.- Airbone Ultrasonic Transducer.- Aerogels for foundry applications.- Aer()sculpture: A Free-Dimensional Space Art.- Aerogels from industrial waste.- Part J: Commercial Products and Industry Overview.- Industry overview.- Part K: Recipes and Designs.- Recipes and Designs.- Subject index.- Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations.

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Book SynopsisHigh voltage engineering is extremely important for the reliable design, safe manufacture and operation of electric devices, equipment and electric power systems. The 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, organized by the 90 years old Budapest School of High Voltage Engineering, provides an excellent forum to present results, advances and discussions among engineers, researchers and scientists, and share ideas, knowledge and expertise on high voltage engineering.The proceedings of the conference presents the state of the art technology of the field. The content is simultaneously aiming to help practicing engineers to be able to implement based on the papers and researchers to link and further develop ideas.Table of ContentsPartial Discharges of High Frequency Transformer for Space Application in Near Vacuum.- Optimization of Magnetic Shunts Towards Efficient and Economical Power Transformers Design.- Assessment of Thermal and Electric Field Characteristics of HVDC Cable According to the Inner Filler Size of XLPE.- Study on Conducted EMI Based on Wide-Band Model for a ±500kV MMC-HVDC Station.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a scholarly forum for researchers both in academia and industry from a wide range of application areas of smart cities and smart technologies to share their research findings. This book presents contributions on emerging approaches and case studies including future technological trends and challenges. This book is intended for researchers and companies in several areas such as transportation, computer science, and electrical engineering, among others. The book is composed of extended versions of selected papers from the 1st International Conference on Smart Cities and Smart Technologies (MIC-Smart 2019), 7-9 June 2019 Istanbul Turkey. Presents research from a wide range of application areas into smart cities and smart technologies; Includes topics such as smart devices, smart grid, and smart transportation and vehicles; Composed of extended versions of selected papers from the 1st International Conference on Smart Cities and Smart Technologies (MIC-Smart 2019). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Smart Cities.- Smart Technologies.- Smart Devices.- Smart Grid.- Smart Transportation and Vehicles.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together the latest research in smart sensors technology and exposes the reader to myriad industrial applications that this technology has enabled. The book emphasizes several topics in the area of smart sensors in industrial real-world applications. The contributions in this book give a broader view on the usage of smart sensor devices covering a wide range of interdisciplinary areas like Intelligent Transport Systems, Healthcare, Agriculture, Drone communications and Security.By presenting an insight into Smart Sensors for Industrial IoT, this book directs the readers to explore the utility and advancement in smart sensors and their applications into numerous research fields. Lastly, the book aims to reach through a mass number of industry experts, researchers, scientists, engineers, and practitioners and help them guide and evolve to advance research practices.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Section 1: Industrial Internet of things (IIoT).- Introduction to Industrial Internet of things (IIoT).- IIoT Architecture.- IIoT Key Technologies .- IIoT Use Cases.- Section 2: Smart Sensors for IIoT.- How Smart? – Role of Smart Sensors in IIoT.- Challenges to IIoT Smart Sensor Manufacturing and Deployment.- Section 3: IIoT Smart.- Sensors and Business Aspects.- Smart Sensor IIoT Businesses.- Predictive Analytics with Sensor Data.- Efficient Business Predictions .- Section 4: IIoT Smart Sensors Potential and Applications.- Potential and Importance of Smart Sensors for IIoT.- Real-World Applications of Smart Sensor IIoT.- Section 5: IIoT Smart Sensor Case Studies.- Connected Vehicles – Intelligent Transport Systems.- Internet of Drones.- Precision Farming/Agriculture.- Healthcare.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe handbook comprehensively covers the field of inorganic photochemistry from the fundamentals to the main applications. The first section of the book describes the historical development of inorganic photochemistry, along with the fundamentals related to this multidisciplinary scientific field. The main experimental techniques employed in state-of-art studies are described in detail in the second section followed by a third section including theoretical investigations in the field. In the next three sections, the photophysical and photochemical properties of coordination compounds, supramolecular systems and inorganic semiconductors are summarized by experts on these materials. Finally, the application of photoactive inorganic compounds in key sectors of our society is highlighted. The sections cover applications in bioimaging and sensing, drug delivery and cancer therapy, solar energy conversion to electricity and fuels, organic synthesis, environmental remediation and optoelectronics among others. The chapters provide a concise overview of the main achievements in the recent years and highlight the challenges for future research. This handbook offers a unique compilation for practitioners of inorganic photochemistry in both industry and academia.Table of ContentsBackground/Fundaments.- Experimental Techniques (from steady-state to ultrafast methods).- Theoretical modeling.- Homogeneous systems.- Supramolecular systems.- Heterogeneous systems.- Biological Applications.- Photovoltaic Applications.- Applications on solar to fuel conversion.- Applications on organic synthesis.- Applications on environmental remediation.- Inorganic materials for optoelectronics.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a system-level analysis of inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) links. The basic requirements, design parameters, and utility of key building blocks used in inductive WPT links are presented, followed by detailed theoretical analysis, design, and optimization procedure, while considering practical aspects for various application domains. Readers are provided with fundamental, yet easy to follow guidelines to help them design high-efficiency inductive links, based on a set of application-specific target specifications. The authors discuss a wide variety of recently proposed approaches to achieve the maximum efficiency point, such as the use of additional resonant coils, matching networks, modulation of the load quality factor (Q-modulation), and adjustable DC-DC converters. Additionally, the attainability of the maximum efficiency point together with output voltage regulation is addressed in a closed-loop power control mechanism. Numerous examples, including MATLAB/Octave calculation scripts and LTspice simulation files, are presented throughout the book. This enables readers to check their own results and test variations, facilitating a thorough understanding of the concepts discussed. The book concludes with real examples demonstrating the practical application of topics discussed. Covers both introductory and advanced levels of theory and practice, providing readers with required knowledge and tools to carry on from simple to advanced wireless power transfer concepts and system designs; Provides theoretical foundation throughout the book to address different design aspects; Presents numerous examples throughout the book to complement the analysis and designs; Includes supplementary material (numerical and circuit simulation files) that provide a "hands-on" experience for the reader; Uses real examples to demonstrate the practical application of topics discussed. Table of ContentsIntroduction to Wireless Power Transfer.- Inductive Wireless Power Transfer.- Inductive Link: Practical Aspects.- Back telemetry.- Achieving the Optimum Operating Point (OOP).- Adaptive circuits to track the Optimum Operating Point (OOP).- Closed-loop WPT links.- System Design Examples.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of problems in spin wave excitations with their detailed solutions. Each chapter briefly introduces the important concepts, encouraging the reader to further explore the physics of spin wave excitations and the engineering of spin wave devices by working through the accompanying problem sets. The initial chapters cover the fundamental aspects of magnetization, with its origins in quantum mechanics, followed by chapters on spin wave excitations, such as the magnetostatic approximation, Walker's equation, the spin wave manifold in the three different excitation geometries of forward volume, backward volume and surface waves, and the dispersion of spin waves. The latter chapters focus on the practical aspects of spin waves and spin wave optical devices and use the problem sets to introduce concepts such as variational analysis and coupled mode theory. Finally, for the more advanced reader, the book covers nonlinear interactions and topics such as spin wave quantization, spin torque excitations, and the inverse Doppler effect. The topics range in difficulty from elementary to advanced. All problems are solved in detail and the reader is encouraged to develop an understanding of spin wave excitations and spin wave devices while also strengthening their mathematical, analytical, and numerical programming skills.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Magnetism.- Quantum Theory of Spin Waves.- Magnetic Susceptibilities.- Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic Dispersive Media.- Magnetostatic Modes.- Propagation Characteristics and Excitation of Dipolar Spin Waves.- Variational Formulation of Magnetostatic Modes.- Optical Spin-Wave Interactions.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Novel Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals of THz communications, spanning the whole range of applications, propagation and channel models, RF transceiver technology, antennas, baseband techniques, and networking interfaces. The requested data rate in wireless communications will soon reach from 100 Gbit/s up to 1 Tbps necessitating systems with ultra-high bandwidths of several 10s of GHz which are available only above 200 GHz. In the last decade, research at these frequency bands has made significant progress, enabling mature experimental demonstrations of so-called THz communications, which are thus expected to play a vital role in future wireless networks. In addition to chapters by leading experts on the theory, modeling, and implementation of THz communication technology, the book also features the latest experimental results and addresses standardization and regulatory aspects. This book will be of interest to both academic researchers and engineers in the telecommunications industry. Trade Review“Since THz science is multidisciplinary field based on photonics and electronics, this book is addressed to a large audience as an updated account for TBs wireless communications.” (Mircea Dragoman, optica-opn.org, May 5, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to THz Communications Part IPropagation and Channel Modelling 1: Channel Measurement Techniques (33pages)Chapter 2 Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) Chapter 3 Measurements with Modulated Signals Chapter 4 Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Chapter 5 Correlation based Channel Sounding Part IIPropagation and Channel Modelling 2: Basic Propagation PhenomenaChapter 6 Free Space Loss and Atmospheric Effects Chapter 7 Reflection, Scattering and Transmission (incl. material parameters) Chapter 8 Diffraction and Blockage Chapter 9 Interference and Noise Part IIIPropagation and Channel Modelling 3: Modelling and Measurements in Complex Environments Chapter 10 Indoor Environments Chapter 11 Intra-Device and Close-Proximity Chapter 12 Backhaul/Fronthaul Outdoor links Chapter 13 Smart Rail Mobility Chapter 14 Data Centers Chapter 15 Vehicular Environments Chapter 16 Stochastic Channel Models Part IVAntenna Concepts and RealizationChapter 17 High-Gain Antennas Chapter 18 Antenna Arrays for beam forming Chapter 19 Algorithms for Multiple Antennas Part VTransceiver Technologies 1: Silicon-based ElectronicsChapter 20 SiGe HBT Chapter 21 Si-CMOS Part VITransceiver Technologies 2: III-V based Electronics (36 pages)Chapter 22 III-V HBT Chapter 23 III-V HEMT Chapter 24 Resonat Tunelling Diode Chapter 25 Plasma-wave device Part VIITransceiver Technologies 3: PhotonicsChapter 26 Photonics-based transmitters and receivers Part VIIITransceiver Technologies 4: Vacuum Electronic DevicesChapter 27 Vacuum Electronic Devices Part IXBaseband Processing and Networking Interface Chapter 28 Highspeed A/D and D/A Chapter 29 Modulation Formats Chapter 30 Forward Error Correction at ultra-high data rates Chapter 31 MAC and Networking Part X (82 pages)Demonstrators and Experiments Chapter 32 Real100GChapter 33 TERAPAN - A 300 GHz Fixed Wireless Link Based on InGaAs Transmit-Receive MMICs Chapter 34 ThoR Chapter 35 TERRANOVA Chapter 36 Ultrawave Chapter 38 Terapod Chapter 39 iBrOW Chapter 40 120-GHz-band project Chapter 41 300-GHz-band InP IC project Chapter 42 300-GHz-band Si-CMOS project Chapter 43 Fully Electronic Generation and Detection of THz Picosecond Pulses and Their Applications Chapter 44 RTD transceiver project Chapter 45 Photonics-aided 300-500 GHz wireless communications beyond 300 GHz Chapter 46 Ultrabroadband Networking Systems testbed at Northeastern University Chapter 47 Photonics-based project at IEMN Chapter 48 Opto-electronic generation of high-speed T-wave signals and their reception with a Kramers-Kronig receiver Chapter 49 300-GHz-band photonics-based link at ETRI Chapter 50 Brown University text bed Chapter 51 Activity at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Part XIStandardisation and Regulation Chapter 52 IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 Chapter 53 Spectrum for THz Communications Chapter 54 Outlook on Standardisation and Regulation

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Book SynopsisThis book presents applications of cognitive management and cognitive computing in the fields of risk management, cognitive fraud detection, and in business decision making. The book provides insights on how cognitive management and cognitive computing enable businesses to quickly augment human intelligence and help humans perform tasks better. For example, the authors describe how by analyzing patterns in big data, small data, and "dark data," cognitive technologies can detect human behavior and suggest options for personalizing of products and services. The book studies companies in industries such as automotive, airline, health care, retail, wealth management, and litigation who have adopted these approaches. Presents applications of cognitive computing and cognitive management used in augmenting and empowering business decisions; Shows how to employ the Internet of Things in businesses using a cognitive management framework; Discusses technical aspects and alternatives to traditional tools, algorithms, and methodologies in cognitive computing. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Cognitive Management.- Applications of Cognitive Computing for risk management.- Managing organizational mind by cognitive management.- Cognitive Managerial Approach towards Employee Participation in Management.- Role of Cognitive Computing in Business and Management.- The cognitive approach to Entrepreneurship.- Empowering the Internet of Things using Cognitive Management Framework.- Social Cognitive Theory in Multidisciplinary research.- Convergence of Cognitive Management and Cognitive Computing in the information society context.- Cognitive Computing and Knowledge Management.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe textbook acquaints the reader with the architecture of receivers of analog and digital radio systems, helps to study the stages of designing a modern radio receiver and reveals the reasons and methods for its effective operation in networks for various purposes. Particular attention is paid to the methods of generating and processing signals in the receivers of digital systems with multiple access, which make it possible to provide data transfer rates close to the maximum possible (according to Shannon). As a textbook for students studying methods of optimal signal reception, the book will also be useful to specialists in the field of telecommunications involved in the development of radio receivers. The book shows how the development of theoretical, circuitry and integrated technologies led to the active introduction of algorithmic methods for signal processing changed both the design of receivers and the methods of forming the information flow in free space (MIMO, beamforming). The creation of a global 5G network based on heterogeneous networks puts forward new requirements for the architecture of receivers, which are determined by the requirements to achieve high data rates, low time delays or use in networks with coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP). To consolidate the knowledge gained, the book includes a complete set of materials for online classes, including questions and answers, a guide to solving problems for each chapter, and computer modeling units of receivers in the MicroCAP environment, based on preliminary calculations.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Radio Systems and Radio Signals.- Chapter 2. Systems and Networks of Wireless Communications.- Chapter 3. Architectures of Modern Radio Receivers.- Chapter 4. Noise Immunity of Radio Receivers.- Chapter 5. Technical Indicators of Devices for Radio Signal Reception and Processing.- Chapter 6. The MicroCAP12 System for Circuit Modeling.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to be a little different from other books in its coverage. There are a great many digital signal processing (DSP) books and signals and systems books on the market. Since most undergraduate courses begin with signals and systems and then move on in later years to DSP, I felt a need to combine the two into one book that was concise yet not too overburdening. This means that students need only purchase one book instead of two and at the same time see the flow of knowledge from one subject into the next. Like the rudiments of music, it starts at the very beginning with some elementary knowledge and builds on it chapter by chapter to advanced work by chapter 15. I have been teaching now for 38 years and always think it necessary to credit the pioneers of the subjects we teach and ask the question “How did we get to this present stage in technological achievement”? Therefore, in Chapter 1 I have given a concise history trying to not sway too much away from the subject area. This is followed by the rudimentary theory in increasing complexity. It has already been taught successfully to a class at Auckland University of Technology New Zealand.Table of ContentsFrom the content: Introduction and basic signal properties.- Dynamic systems introduction.- Further introductory topics in Signals and Systems.- Frequency-domain properties of signals.- Sampling of signals and discrete mathematical methods.- Properties of discrete-time systems and signals.- A more complete picture.- FIR Filter design.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is part of collection of contributions devoted to analytical and experimental techniques of dynamical systems, presented at the 15th International Conference “Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications”, held in Łódź, Poland on December 2-5, 2019. The wide selection of material has been divided into three volumes, each focusing on a different field of applications of dynamical systems.The broadly outlined focus of both the conference and these books includes bifurcations and chaos in dynamical systems, asymptotic methods in nonlinear dynamics, dynamics in life sciences and bioengineering, original numerical methods of vibration analysis, control in dynamical systems, optimization problems in applied sciences, stability of dynamical systems, experimental and industrial studies, vibrations of lumped and continuous systems, non-smooth systems, engineering systems and differential equations, mathematical approaches to dynamical systems, and mechatronics.Table of ContentsOn the vibrational analysis for the motion of a rotating cylinder (Bek).- Nonlinear dynamics of the hierarchic system of oscillators (Skurativskyi).- Nonlinear dynamics of flexible mesh cylindrical panels in the white noise's field (Krylova).- A system for improving directional stability involving individual braking of 1, 2, or 3 wheels of articulated rigid body vehicles (Skurjat).- An experimental observation of the spatial motions of strings in resonance points under the planar excitation (Kim).- A delta-robot-based test bench for validation of smart products (Siqueira).- Towards online transient simulation of a real heat pump (Zamojski).- Mathematical approach to assess a human gait (Ludwicki).- Role of the immune system in AIDS-defining malignancies (Maurício de Carvalho).- Bio-Inspired Tactile Sensing: Distinction of the overall object contour and macroscopic surface features (Scharff).- Modelling and control of a lower limb exoskeleton driven by linear actuators (Grzelczyk).- Uncertainties in the movement and measurement of a hexapod robot (Kecskés).- The dynamics analysis of a spatial linkage with flexible links and imperfect revolute joints (Augustynek).- Application of homogenous transformations in dynamic analysis of truck trailers (Harlecki).- Improving capabilities of constitutive modeling of shape memory alloys for solving dynamic problems via application of neural networks (Martowicz).- Modeling of electro-hydraulic servo-drive for advanced control system design (Mozaryn).- Assessment of implementation of neural networks in on-board dynamic payload weighing systems (Kosiara).- Lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton with a back support – mechanical design (Jarzyna).- Impact wave propagation in a thin elastic isotropic plate (Klimenda).- Optimal rendezvous with proportional navigation unmanned aerial vehicle (Cherkasov).- Geometry optimization of aeroelastic energy harvester (Sarbinowski).- Rolling heavy ball over the surface with arbitrary shape in real Rn3 space (Hedrih).- Explicit model for surface waves on an elastic half-space coated by a thin vertically inhomogeneous layer (Prikazchikov).- Bending vibration systems which are complementary with respect to eigenvalues (Behn).

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Book SynopsisThis book celebrates binocular vision by presenting illustrations that require two eyes to see the effects of cooperation and competition between them. Pictures are flat but by printing them in different colours and viewing them through similarly coloured filters (included with the hardcover book) they are brought to life either in stereoscopic depth or in rivalry with one another. They are called anaglyphs and all those in the book display the ways in which the eyes interact. Thus, the reader is an integral element in the book and not all readers will see the same things. The history, science and art of binocular vision can be experienced in ways that are not usually available to us and with images made specifically for this book. The study of vision with two eyes was transformed by the invention of stereoscopes in the early 19th century. Anaglyphs are simple forms of stereoscopes that have three possible outcomes from viewing them – with each eye alone to see the monocular images, with both eyes to see them in stereoscopic depth or rivalry, or without the red/cyan glasses where they can have an appeal independent of the binocularity they encompass. Through the binocular pictures and the words that accompany them there will be an appreciation of just how remarkable the processes are that yield binocular singleness and depth. Moreover, the opportunities for expressing these processes are explored with many examples of truly binocular art. Table of ContentsSetting the seen.- A little history.- Binocular vision.- Stereoscopes.- Stereoscopic vision.- Binocular rivalry.- Binocular controversies.- Binocular art.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a variety of topics in the field of industrial engineering, with a special focus on research and industrial applications aimed at both improving quality of processes and products and contributing to a sustainable economy. Based on a set of papers presented at the 1st International Conference “Innovation in Engineering”, ICIE, held in Guimarães, Portugal, on June 28–30, 2021, it focuses on innovative technologies associated with and strategies for the development of Industry 4.0. The chapters discuss new ways to improve industrial production and supply chain management by applying mathematical and computational methods. They also cover important issues relating to sustainability, education, and collaborations between industry and universities, and national developments. This book, which belongs to a three-volume set, provides engineering researchers and professionals with a timely overview and extensive information on trends and technologies behind the current and future developments of Industry 4.0. Table of ContentsMachining process time series data analysis with a decision support tool.- Machining process time series data analysis with a decision support tool.- Stainless steel deep hole drilling with EDM.- Experimental Research of the Tribological Properties of D-gun Sprayed WC – Co Coatings.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents state-of-the-art research results from leading electronic design automation (EDA) researchers on automated approaches for generating cyber-secure, smart hardware. The authors first provide brief background on high-level synthesis principles and motivate the need for secure design during behavioral synthesis. Then they provide readers with synthesis techniques for six automated security solutions, namely, hardware obfuscation, hardware Trojan detection, IP watermarking, state encoding, side channel attack resistance, and information flow tracking. Provides a single-source reference to behavioral synthesis for hardware security; Describes automatic synthesis techniques for algorithmic obfuscation, using code transformations; Includes behavioral synthesis techniques for intellectual property protection. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Background.- Techniques for algorithm-level obfuscation during high-level synthesis.- High-level synthesis of key based obfuscated RTL datapaths.- RTL Hardware IP protection Using Key-Based Control and Data Flow Obfuscation.- Empirical Word-Level Analysis of Arithmetic Module Architectures for Hardware Trojan Susceptibility.- Behavioral synthesis techniques for intellectual property protection.- Exploring Low Cost Optimal Watermark for Reusable IP Cores During High Level Synthesis.- High-Level Synthesis for Side-Channel Defense.- On state encoding against power analysis attacks for finite state controllers.- Examining the consequences of high-level synthesis optimizations on power side-channel.- Towards a timing attack aware high-level synthesis of integrated circuits.- High-Level Synthesis with Timing-Sensitive Information Flow Enforcement.- Mitigating information leakage during critical communication using S*FSM.- Shielding Heterogeneous MPSoCs From Untrustworthy 3PIPs Through Security-Driven Task Scheduling.- Securing industrial control system with high level synthesis.- Conclusions and open research problems.

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Book SynopsisThis Springer Handbook comprehensively covers the topic of semiconductor devices, embracing all aspects from theoretical background to fabrication, modeling, and applications.Nearly 100 leading scientists from industry and academia were selected to write the handbook's chapters, which were conceived for professionals and practitioners, material scientists, physicists and electrical engineers working at universities, industrial R&D, and manufacturers.Starting from the description of the relevant technological aspects and fabrication steps, the handbook proceeds with a section fully devoted to the main conventional semiconductor devices like, e.g., bipolar transistors and MOS capacitors and transistors, used in the production of the standard integrated circuits, and the corresponding physical models. In the subsequent chapters, the scaling issues of the semiconductor-device technology are addressed, followed by the description of novel concept-based semiconductor devices. The last section illustrates the numerical simulation methods ranging from the fabrication processes to the device performances.Each chapter is self-contained, and refers to related topics treated in other chapters when necessary, so that the reader interested in a specific subject can easily identify a personal reading path through the vast contents of the handbook.Table of ContentsFabrication, characterization, and scaling issues.- Crystal growth.- Silicon oxidation.- Epitaxy.- Physical/chemical vapor deposition.- Lithography.- Etching.- Ion implantation.- Thermal diffusion.- Interconnects.- Diagnostic techniques.- Bipolar and MOS devices.- p-n and Schottky-barrier diodes.- MOS capacitors and charge-coupled devices.- Bipolar and MOS transistors.- Power devices.- Non-volatile memories.- Sensors.- Photodetectors.- Light sources.- Semiconductor lasers.- Measuring techniques.- New-generation devices.- Devices in 2D-layered materials.- Resonant-tunneling hetero-structures.- Nanotube and nanoribbon field-effect transistors.- Phase-Change Memories.- Resistive Memories.- Spin-transfer devices.- Piezoelectric devices.- Process and device modeling.- Numerical methods for the process steps.- Compact models.- Drift-diffusion models.- Hydrodynamic models.- Spherical-Harmonic expansion.- Quantum ballistic models.- Non-equilibrium Green function.- Finite-difference and exponential-fitting schemes.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an overview of current and recent methods for the analysis of the nonstationary processes, focusing on cyclostationary systems that are ubiquitous in various application fields. Based on the 13th Workshop on Nonstationary Systems and Their Applications, held on February 3-5, 2020, in Grodek nad Dunajcem, Poland, the book merges theoretical contributions describing new statistical and intelligent methods for analyzing nonstationary processes, and applied works showing how the proposed methods can be implemented in practice and do perform in real-world case studies. A significant part of the book is dedicated to nonstationary systems applications, with a special emphasis on those in condition monitoring. Table of Contents.-

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a synthesis for using IoT for indoor air quality assessment. It will help upcoming researchers to understand the gaps in the literature while identifying the new challenges and opportunities to develop healthy living spaces. On the other hand, this book provides insights about integrating IoT with artificial intelligence to design smart buildings with enhanced air quality. Consequently, this book aims to present future scope for carrying out potential research activities in this domain.Over the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is proven as the most revolutionizing invention in the field of engineering and design. This technology has wide scope in automation and real-time monitoring. Indoor air quality assessment is one of the most important applications of IoT which helps in the development of smart and healthy living spaces. Numerous methods have been developed for air quality assessment to ensure enhanced public health and well-being. The combination of sensors, microcontrollers, and communication technologies can be used to handle the massive amount of field data to access the condition of building air quality.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the general objective of the REV2021 conference which is to contribute and discuss fundamentals, applications, and experiences in the field of Online and Remote Engineering, Virtual Instrumentation, and other related new technologies like Cross Reality, Data Science & Big Data, Internet of Things & Industrial Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, Cyber Security, and M2M & Smart Objects. Nowadays, online technologies are the core of most fields of engineering and the whole society and are inseparably connected, for example, with Internet of Things, Industry 4.0 & Industrial Internet of Things, Cloud Technologies, Data Science, Cross & Mixed Reality, Remote Working Environments, Online & Biomedical Engineering, to name only a few.Since the first REV conference in 2004, we tried to focus on the upcoming use of the Internet for engineering tasks and the opportunities as well as challenges around it. In a globally connected world, the interest in online collaboration, teleworking, remote services, and other digital working environments is rapidly increasing. Another objective of the conference is to discuss guidelines and new concepts for engineering education in higher and vocational education institutions, including emerging technologies in learning, MOOCs & MOOLs, and Open Resources.REV2021 on "Online Engineering and Society 4.0" was the 17th in a series of annual events concerning the area of Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation. It has been organized in cooperation with the International Engineering and Technology Institute (IETI) as an online event from February 24 to 26, 2021.Table of ContentsOn the Development of a Unified Remote Laboratory Framework.- GOLDi 2.0: Beyond Raw Digital Signals – Electrical Interface Emulation.- A Reliable Real-time Web Interface for an Online Laboratory.- Remote Labs For Communications.- Automated Testing for Sustainable Remote Laboratory System.- Interactive Lab Experimentation And Simulation Tools For Remote Laboratories.- Aligning Technic with Didactic – A Remote Laboratory Infrastructure for Study, Teaching and Research.- Simulation on Motion of A Trebuchet.- Human-Centered Design in Online Laboratories for Graduate Engineering Students.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest research advances relating to machines and mechanisms. Featuring papers from the XIII International Conference on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (TMM 2020), held in Liberec, Czech Republic, on September 7-9, 2021, it includes a selection of the most important new results and developments. The book is divided into five parts, representing a well-balanced overview, and spanning the general theory of machines and mechanisms, through analysis and synthesis of planar and spatial mechanisms, linkages and cams, robots and manipulators, dynamics of machines and mechanisms, rotor dynamics, computational mechanics, vibration and noise in machines, optimization of mechanisms and machines, mechanisms of textile machines, mechatronics and control and monitoring systems of machines. This conference is traditionally held every four years under the auspices of the international organisation IFToMM and the Czech Society for Mechanics.Table of ContentsExperiences in leadership IFToMM: achievements and challenges.- Minimization of Shaking Moment in Fully Force Balanced Planar Four-bar Linkages.- MLP Neural Network for a Kinematic Control of a Redundant Planar Manipulator.- Determination of Tooth Profile Curves of Variable Rack and Pinion Gears.- Tibial Motion Accuracy Using Circular Versus Noncircular Gears in Transfemoral Prosthetic Knees.- Curvature Interference Characteristic of Plane Worm Gear in Offsetting Cylindrical Worm Drive.- Equivalent Contact Length of Load Disks and Specimen.- Vibration Reduction of a Steam Turbine Wheel by Means of Intentional Mistuning.- Unsteady Resonant Oscillations of a Gyroscopic Rigid Rotor with Non-linear Damping and Non-linear Rigidity of the Elastic Support.- Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamics of Planar Mechanisms with Elastic and Flexible Pre-Stressed Elements.- Modeling the Separation Process in Vertical Rotor Systems.- Analysis of the Stress-Strain State of Rotating Drill Strings with a Drilling Mud.- Applications of the Modular Modelling Methodology to the Dynamic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators with Common Subsystems.- Tuning the dynamics of bistable mechanisms by introducing travel limits.- Simulation Analysis of a Motorcycle with Passive, Idealized Semi-active and Active Suspension Systems.- Computational Analysis of Cracks in Hardfacings of Wedges of Quick-Acting Main Steam Isolation Valves.- A study on stress relaxation behavior of isotropic magnetorheological elastomeric composite.- A simulation stand for human limb movements during Nordic Walking.- Vibration of a Rigid Vertical Rotor Supported by a Shear Radial Magnetic Bearing.- Determination of the workspace of the system based on the 3-PRRR mechanism for the lower limb rehabilitation.- Improvement of the robotic workplace to prevent a collision.- Object Picking by a Method Combined Cascade Classifier and Deep Reinforcement Learning.- Unconventional Method of Robotic Machining.- Development of a wearable assistive robot for baggage-loading operations.- Prototype and Testing of L-CaPaMan.- Screw thread measurement by camera inspection system.- Reliability analysis of rotary table over the lifetime.- Failure and Risk Analysis based on Maintenance Reports of Machines Components in Manufacturing Industry.- Modal properties of the heald frame of a weaving loom.- Measurement, Evaluation and Comparison of Behavior of Linear SGT Motor with Oscillating Mass.- Verification of Mathematical Model of Mechanical System of Needle Bar using Laser Doppler Vibrometer.- Detection of Rabbit Skins for Robotic Handling.- Detection of Rabbit Skins for Robotic Handling.- Simulation and Experimental Validation of Stable Multiple-Ballooning in Nanofibrous Yarn Production.- Optimization of the batten of the weaving loom DIFA.

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Book SynopsisBlockchain is a technology that tends to be misunderstood by managers that need to make technology acquisition decisions. This book will provide readers with a basic understanding of blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT), the technologies that underpin it, and the technologies DLT is built upon. The book is purposefully not a book on how to code or explore other technical aspects of blockchain (other than the fundamentals). Rather, it provides managers with the basic understanding of the architectures and consensus algorithms, how they work, the design trade-offs of each architecture type, and what problems and use cases the core characteristics of DLT are best suited to solve ─ providing business managers with the core information they need to ask the right questions of vendors when making business value assessments and acquisition decisions. Table of ContentsDLT Types and Design Trade-offs.- Learning Objectives.- Proof-of-work.- Proof-of-stake.- Proof-of-storage.- Proof-of-authority.- Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG): AKA “The Tangle”.- Hash and Merkle Trees.- Byzantine Fault Tolerance.- Mining and Making Money.- Power Consumption.- Understanding the Fuss.- Bitcoin Demand History.- Stablecoins.- Use Cases and Applications.- Global Activity – Investment and Projects.- Which Use Cases Are Getting the Attention?.- Standards: IEEE 2418 and ISO/TC 307.- Securing IoT.- Questions for Managers to Ask.- Examples: Appliance Service Plan; Emobility; Utility Metering.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics for IoT Security and Privacy (SPIoT-2021), online conference, on 30 October 2021. It provides comprehensive coverage of the latest advances and trends in information technology, science and engineering, addressing a number of broad themes, including novel machine learning and big data analytics methods for IoT security, data mining and statistical modelling for the secure IoT and machine learning-based security detecting protocols, which inspire the development of IoT security and privacy technologies. The contributions cover a wide range of topics: analytics and machine learning applications to IoT security; data-based metrics and risk assessment approaches for IoT; data confidentiality and privacy in IoT; and authentication and access control for data usage in IoT. Outlining promising future research directions, the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and professionals and provides a useful reference guide for newcomers to the IoT security and privacy field. Table of ContentsAnalysis of Sentiment Tendency of Tourists' Comments Based on Text Mining.- Analysis of Smart City Construction Based on 5G Data Technology.- Prediction of Stock Price Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm.- Variation Translation Strategy System of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on Data Mining.- A Computer-aided Comparative Study on Grammatical Cohesion in Abstracts of Sci-tech Journal Papers by Chinese and American Scholars.- Computer Graphics and Image Software in Advertising Design.- Design and Research of Production Information Management System for Project Based Mechanical Manufacturing Enterprises.- Impact of Computer Network Technology on Regional Economic Development.- Chaos Algorithm of Electrical Control System Based on Neural Network Technology.- Pulse Signal Acquisition System Based on Match Pursuit Algorithm.- Data Analysis of Power System Engineering Construction Based on PPSO Algorithm.- Reactive Optimization of Power System Based on K-means Algorithm.- Design and Structure Analysis of Manipulator based on Acceleration Sensor.- Discussion on Decision Tree Algorithm in University Teaching Management System.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a sound theoretical base and an extensive practical expansion of smart sustainable cities and societies, while also examining case studies in the area to help readers understand IoT driven solutions in smart cities. The book covers fundamentals, applications, and challenges of IoT for sustainable smart cities and society. With a good understanding of IoT and smart cities, and the associated communication protocols, the book provides an insight into its applications in several areas of smart cities. Models, architectures, and algorithms are presented that provide additional solutions. The main challenges discussed that are associated with IoT involved include security, privacy, authenticity, etc. The book is relevant to researchers, academics, professionals, and students.Trade Review“IoT for sustainable smart cities and society joins a growing body of knowledge that provides fresh insights … . It consists of 14 chapters, with research and case studies on IoT and related technologies applied to the real-world problems. A preface provides a gentle introduction to each. … Readers interested in policy and planning for a country to move toward a human centered smart society, called society 5.0 in japan, should read … .” (Ernest Hughes, Computing Reviews, February 28, 2023)Table of Contents1. Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Internet of Things Tarana singh, Arun Solanki, Sanjay Kumar Sharma 2. Understanding New Age of Intelligent Video Surveillance and Deeper Analysis on Deep Learning Techniques for Object Tracking Preeti Nagrath, Narina Thakur, Rachna Jain, Dharmender Saini, Nitika Sharma, Jude Hemanth 3. Tech to TakeCare: IoT based Smart Solution for Real Time Supervision Srishti Sharma, Virendra Pratap Singh 4. IoT in Healthcare – A 360 degree View Rishika Mehta, Kavita Khannaa, Jyoti Sahni5. Industrial IoT Applications Jyotsana Grover6. An Interactive Analysis Platform for Bus Movement: A Case Study of One of the World’s Largest Annual Gathering. Emad Felemban, Faizan Ur Rehman7. Vehicle Payload Monitoring System Nishant Yadav, Nishita yadav, Dr. Anjali Garg8. Implementation and Comparison of MQTT and CoAP Protocols for Smart Home Application in Node-RED Simran Kaur, Vandana Khanna 9. Comparative Study of Static and Hybrid Analysis using Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities Shagil Chaudhary, Ramesh Amgai, Shouvik Das Gupta, Nida Iftekhar, Sherin Zafar, Anil Kumar Mahto 10. Automated Weather Monitoring Station Based on IOT for Smart Cities Shaifali Madan, Mishti Gautam 11. Energy Harvesting for sustainability Paru. l Agarwal, M. Afshar Alam, Sheikh Mohammad Idrees, Ajay Vikram Singh, Joel J.P. C. Rodrigues 12. A Review of Machine Learning Models in Renewable Energy Anuj Gupta, Kapil Gupta, Sumit Saroha 13. Security and Privacy Issues in IoT enabled Smart Cities Aditya Sam Koshy, Nida Fatima, Parul Agarwal, Joel J.P. C. Rodrigues14. Efficacy of Bio-Absorbent Concept in Textile Effluent Treatment Technology Using Low-Cost Materials by implementing Banna bark and Orange Peel Arivoli. A, Agnello J. Naveen

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a compact but comprehensive treatment that guides students through the analysis of circuits, using NI Multisim™ and MATLAB®. Ideal as a hands-on source for courses in Circuits, Electronics, Digital Logic and Power Electronics this text focuses on solving problems using market-standard software, corresponding to all key concepts covered in the classroom. The author uses his extensive classroom experience to guide students toward deeper understanding of key concepts, while they gain facility with software they will need to master for later studies and practical use in their engineering careers.Table of ContentsEssentials of MATLAB®: basic operations on real numbers; operations on complex numbers; differentiation/integration; roots of equations; solution of ordinary differential equations; Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), drawing different types of graphs; control statements; optimization.- Essentials of Simulink®: modelling of dynamical systems; circuit analysis.- Essentials of Multisim™: basic resistive circuits; first and second order circuits; diode circuits (clamp circuit, rectifier, etc); amplifiers (common base/emitter/collector, differential); calculation of gain, frequency response, etc.); op-amp circuits (Filters, amplifiers, oscillators); transmission lines and digital circuits.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the most recent security, privacy, technical and legal challenges in the IoT environments. This book offers a wide range of theoretical and technical solutions to address these challenges. Topics covered in this book include; IoT, privacy, ethics and security, the use of machine learning algorithms in classifying malicious websites, investigation of cases involving cryptocurrency, the challenges police and law enforcement face in policing cyberspace, the use of the IoT in modern terrorism and violent extremism, the challenges of the IoT in view of industrial control systems, and the impact of social media platforms on radicalisation to terrorism and violent extremism.This book also focuses on the ethical design of the IoT and the large volumes of data being collected and processed in an attempt to understand individuals’ perceptions of data and trust. A particular emphasis is placed on data ownership and perceived rights online. It examines cyber security challenges associated with the IoT, by making use of Industrial Control Systems, using an example with practical real-time considerations. Furthermore, this book compares and analyses different machine learning techniques, i.e., Gaussian Process Classification, Decision Tree Classification, and Support Vector Classification, based on their ability to learn and detect the attributes of malicious web applications. The data is subjected to multiple steps of pre-processing including; data formatting, missing value replacement, scaling and principal component analysis. This book has a multidisciplinary approach. Researchers working within security, privacy, technical and legal challenges in the IoT environments and advanced-level students majoring in computer science will find this book useful as a reference. Professionals working within this related field will also want to purchase this book.Table of ContentsIntroduction - Critical Analysis of the Challenges Police and Law Enforcement Face in Policing Cyberspace.- Ethics and the Internet of Everything: A Glimpse into People's Perceptions Of IoT Privacy and Security.- Privacy and Security Challenges and Opportunities for IoT Technologies during and beyond COVID-19.- The Challenges of the Internet of Things Considering Industrial Control Systems.- An Introduction to Cryptocurrency Investigations.- The Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Classification of Malicious Websites.- The Use of the Internet and the Internet of Things in Modern Terrorism and Violent Extremism.- The Impact of the Internet and Social Media Platforms on Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism.- The Internet, Social Media and the Internet of Things in Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism.- The Internet of Things and Terrorism: A Cause for Concern.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the benefits to online teaching incorporating extended reality technologies both from a teacher’s and from a students’ perspective. As we are all aware, the COVID-19 pandemic has created a worldwide lock down which is clearly visible in individuals’ shifting behaviour as they are keeping away from public contact, large events, weddings, places of worship, public transportation, restaurant, flights, shopping malls, etc. People across the world have adopted to Work From Home (WFH) concept using digital technology. They are teaching, learning, conducting meetings, seminars, etc., using digital medium. As people were not allowed to go out and buy things, online shopping was in demand and extensible reality helped in marketing the products and customers could also have a better shopping experience. Gaming industry has always brought in many new games for children and adults. Healthcare sector also leveraged the benefits of this technology to the fullest extent. The use of augmented and virtual reality in art and museum is also highlighted. Our book presents the different sectors that have benefitted using this technology during this time of crisis. This book will be very useful for students, professionals and researchers working in the area of virtual, augmented or mixed reality. Our aim is to bring out the use of this technology during the COVID-19 pandemic so that the readers are exposed to the various applications of this technology.Table of Contents1. Use of Extended Reality in Medicine during the Covid-19 pandemic.- XR based remote learning experience during pandemic: Effectiveness and Barriers.- How virtual and augmented reality are reshaping the fashion industry during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a concise yet precise supplement to traditional books on Signals and Systems, focusing exclusively on the continuous-time case. Students can use this guide to review material, reinforce their understanding, and see how all the parts connect together in a uniform treatment focused on mathematical clarity. Readers learn the “what”, “why” and “how” about the ubiquitous Fourier and Laplace transforms encountered in the study of linear time-invariant systems in engineering: what are these transforms, why do we need them, and how do we use them? Readers will come away with an understanding of the gradual progression from time-domain analysis to frequency-domain and s-domain techniques for continuous-time linear time-invariant systems. This book reflects the author’s experience in teaching this material for over 25 years in sophomore- and junior-level required engineering courses and is ideal for undergraduate classes in electrical engineering.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Systems3. Periodic Signals and Fourier Series4. Analysis of Stable Systems using the Fourier Transform5. Sampling and Reconstruction6. Analysis and Control of Systems using the Laplace Transform

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with a valuable guide to understanding security and the interplay of computer science, microfluidics, and biochemistry in a biochip cyberphysical system (CPS). The authors uncover new, potential threat and trust-issues to address, as this emerging technology is poised to be adapted at a large scale. Readers will learn how to secure biochip CPS by leveraging the available resources in different application contexts, as well as how to ensure intellectual property (IP) is protected against theft and counterfeits. This book enables secure biochip CPS design by helping bridge the knowledge gap at the intersection of the multi-disciplinary technology that drives biochip CPS.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Threat landscape.- Architecture for Security.- Tools for Security.- Watermarking of Bio-IP.- Obfuscation of Bio-IP.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisInformation and communication technologies have provided great advances in fields such as medicine, industry, telecommunications, education, environmental protection, and more. The first edition of DSICT presents researches, advances and new challenges for ICTs in the above-mentioned fields through a collection of selected articles. All these contributions have been presented during the Doctoral Symposium on Information and Communication Technologies that brought together experts from various parts of the world to discuss and share what will be the starting points for new lines of research and working groups in the field of ICT. Professionals and researchers in the field of ICT will find in this book significant contributions to their research. Because of the breadth of the application of ICT, this book will also be useful for businessmen and entrepreneurs in the field of technology. They will be able to learn about the latest ICT applications and their future projections.

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