Electronics engineering Books
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Silicon Non-Volatile Memories: Paths of
Book SynopsisSemiconductor flash memory is an indispensable component of modern electronic systems which has gained a strategic position in recent decades due to the progressive shift from computing to consumer (and particularly mobile) products as revenue drivers for Integrated Circuits (IC) companies. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the different technological approaches currently being studied to fulfill future memory requirements. Two main research paths are identified and discussed. Different "evolutionary paths" based on the use of new materials (such as silicon nanocrystals for storage nodes and high-k insulators for active dielectrics) and of new transistor structures (such as multi-gate devices) are investigated in order to extend classical floating gate technology to the 32 nm node. "Disruptive paths" based on new storage mechanisms or new technologies (such as phase-change devices, polymer or molecular cross-bar memories) are also covered in order to address 22 nm and smaller IC generations. Finally, the main factors at the origin of these phenomena are identified and analyzed, providing pointers on future research activities and developments in this area.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Semiconductor Industry Overview 7 2.1. The cyclical semiconductor market 7 2.2. The leading IC companies 12 2.3. The world IC market distribution 17 2.4. Semiconductor sales by IC devices 19 2.5. The semiconductor memory market 22 2.6. The impressive price decline of IC circuits 26 2.7. Moore’s Law, the ITRS and their economic impacts 33 2.8. Exponential growth of manufacturing and R&D costs 46 2.9. The structural evolution of the semiconductor industry 56 2.10. Consolidation of the semiconductor memory sector 64 2.11. Conclusions 70 2.12. References 73 Chapter 3. Research on Advanced Charge Storage Memories 77 3.1. Key features of Flash technology 78 3.2. Flash technology scaling 87 3.3. Innovative paths in silicon NVM technologies 96 3.4. Research on advanced charge storage memories 97 3.4.1. Silicon nanocrystal memories 97 3.4.2. Silicon nanocrystal memories with high-k IPDs 112 3.4.3. Hybrid silicon nanocrystal/SiN memories with high-k IPDs 117 3.4.4. Silicon nanocrystal double layer memories with high-k IPDs 119 3.4.5. Metal nano-dots coupled with organic templates 121 3.4.6. High-k IPD-based memories 127 3.4.7. High-k/metal gate stacks for “TANOS” memories 136 3.4.8. FinFlash devices 139 3.4.9. Molecular charge-based memories 151 3.4.10. Effects of the few electron phenomena 159 3.5. Conclusions 163 3.6. References 164 Chapter 4. Future Paths of Innovation 171 4.1. 3D integration of charge-storage memories 172 4.2. Alternative technologies 185 4.2.1. Ferro RAMs 187 4.2.2. Magnetic RAMs 187 4.2.3. Phase-change RAMs 188 4.2.4. Conductive bridging RAMs 199 4.2.5. Oxide resistive RAMs 202 4.2.6. New crossbar architectures 206 4.3. Conclusion 215 4.4. References 216 Chapter 5. Conclusions 223 5.1. References 232 Index 233
£139.60
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Electromagnetism and Interconnections: Advanced
Book SynopsisThis book covers the theoretical problems of modeling electrical behavior of the interconnections encountered in everyday electronic products. The coverage shows the theoretical tools of waveform prediction at work in the design of a complex and high-speed digital electronic system. Scientists, research engineers, and postgraduate students interested in electromagnetism, microwave theory, electrical engineering, or the development of simulation tools software for high speed electronic system design automation will find this book an illuminating resource.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations of Electromagnetism 1 1.1. Elements of the theory of distributions applied to electromagnetism 1 1.1.1. Choosing a presentation of the foundations of electromagnetism 1 1.1.2. Linear modeling of physical laws and Green’s kernels 2 1.1.3. Accounting for the “natural symmetries” of physical laws 3 1.1.4. Motivation for using the theory of distributions 4 1.1.5. Quick review of the theory of distributions 5 1.1.6. Application to electromagnetism 9 1.2. Vector analysis review according to the theory of distributions 11 1.2.1. Derivation of discontinuous functions defined on R 11 1.2.2. Derivative of linear mappings 12 1.2.3. Derivation of discontinuous functions on a surface in 3 12 1.2.4. Derivation of vector distributions in 3 13 1.2.5. Algebra of the operator ?n 13 1.3. Maxwell’s equations according to the theory of distributions 14 1.3.1. Symmetries and duality in electromagnetism 14 1.3.2. The symmetry laws of distributions in electromagnetism 14 1.3.3. Application to the first couple of Maxwell’s equations 15 1.3.4. Behavior law of materials by means of the theory of distributions 19 1.3.5. Application to the second couple of Maxwell’s equations 19 1.3.6. Charge density, current density, continuity equations 20 1.3.7. Integral form of Maxwell’s equations 22 1.4. Conclusion 24 Chapter 2. Full Wave Analysis 25 2.1. Discontinuities in electromagnetism 25 2.1.1. Initial and boundary conditions according to the theory of distributions 25 2.1.2. Electromagnetic images, incident and reflected fields 28 2.1.3. Method of moments for the numerical computation of electromagnetic fields 29 2.2. Potentials in electromagnetism 33 2.2.1. Scalar and vector potentials, duality between electrical and magnetic potentials 33 2.2.2. Lossy propagation equations, the Lorentz gauge 35 2.2.3. Green’s kernels for harmonic electromagnetic waves in heterogenous media 39 2.3. Topology of electromagnetic interferences 42 2.3.1. Introduction 42 2.3.2. Topological modeling of electromagnetic interferences 43 2.3.3. Partitioning the electrical network in respect of electromagnetic interferences 45 2.3.4. The tree of electromagnetic interferences and the problem of loops 46 2.4. Conclusion 50 Chapter 3. Electromagnetism in Stratified Media 51 3.1. Electrical and magnetic currents in stratified media 52 3.1.1. Scope of the theory, defining stratified media 52 3.1.2. Integral formulation of the current derivative versus time: general case 53 3.1.3. Integral formula of the current derivative relative to space in the direction of the vector potential 61 3.1.4. Duality between electrical and magnetic currents in lossless media 63 3.2. Straight stratified media 67 3.2.1. Scope 67 3.2.2. Lossy propagation equations and the variational approach 67 3.2.3. Spectral analysis of the longitudinal field 71 3.2.4. From Maxwell’s equations to transmission line equations 76 3.2.5. Generalized transmission line matrix equation 79 3.2.6. Non-existence of the TM and TE modes separately 81 3.2.7. Electrical (or magnetic) currents 84 3.3. Conclusion 84 Chapter 4. Transmission Line Equations 85 4.1. Straight homogenous dielectric media with lossless conductors 86 4.1.1. Hypothesis 86 4.1.2. Electrical current formulae in TM mode of propagation 86 4.1.3. Magnetic current formulae in TE mode of propagation 89 4.1.4. Spectral analysis of electromagnetic fields 89 4.1.5. Modal analysis of electrical current and lineic charge 96 4.1.6. Modal analysis of scalar and vector potentials 101 4.1.7. Transmission line with distributed sources corresponding to a waveguide 103 4.2. TEM mode of wave propagation 104 4.2.1. Defining the TEM mode and the transmission lines 104 4.2.2. Basic existence condition of a TEM propagation mode 105 4.2.3. Variational numerical computation of the lowest wavelength 107 4.2.4. Telegrapher’s equation for current and electrical charge per unit length 109 4.2.5. Lorentz condition and telegrapher’s equation for vector potentials and scalars in TEM mode 111 4.2.6. Lineic distribution of electrical charges and the Poisson equation 112 4.2.7. Transmission line equations for lossy dielectrics and lossless conductors 115 4.2.8. Green’s kernels and the numerical computation of lineic parameters 117 4.3. Quasi-TEM approximation for lossy conductors and dielectrics 122 4.3.1. Foucault’s modal currents of electromagnetic field propagation in lossy media 122 4.3.2. Quasi-TEM approximation of coupled lossy transmission lines 124 4.4. Weakly bent transmission lines in the quasi-TEM approximation 126 4.4.1. Bent lossy heterogenous media with lossless conductors 126 4.4.2. Bent lossy homogenous media with lossless conductors 127 4.4.3. Bent lossless conductors such that en does not depend on q1, and e1 and CH do not depend on qn 128 4.4.4. Lineic capacitance tied to a weak curvature of a transmission line 128 4.5. Conclusion 130 Chapter 5. Direct Time-domain Methods 131 5.1. “Direct” methods in the time domain 132 5.1.1. Defining a “direct” method in the time domain 132 5.1.2. Single lossless transmission lines in homogenous media 132 5.2. Lossless coupled transmission lines in homogenous media 143 5.2.1. Homogenous coupling 143 5.2.2. Heterogenous coupling 150 5.2.3. Bifurcations 151 5.2.4. Complex distributed parameter networks 156 5.2.5. Estimation of the transient state time of signals 159 5.2.6. Numerical computation of the characteristic impedance matrix 161 5.3. Conclusion 162 Chapter 6. Discretization in the Time Domain 163 6.1. Finite difference method in the time domain 163 6.1.1. From full wave analysis to nodal operational matrices 163 6.1.2. Recursive differential transmission line matrix equation of complex networks 167 6.1.3. Estimation of the transient state time 168 6.1.4. Finite difference approximation of differential operators in the time domain 170 6.1.5. Application to lumped quadripole modeling approximation in the time domain 173 6.1.6. Complex distributed and lumped parameter networks approximation 175 6.2. Matrix velocity operator interpolation method 179 6.2.1. Difficulties set by the compounded matrix functions 179 6.2.2. Matrix velocity matrix operator of stratified heterogenous media 181 6.2.3. Matrix velocity operator interpolation method for the matrix drift equation 183 6.3. Conclusion 187 Chapter 7. Frequency Methods 189 7.1. Laplace transform method for lossy transmission lines 190 7.1.1. Transfer matrix in the Laplace domain 190 7.1.2. Transfer impedance matrix, impedance matching, scattering matrix 198 7.2. Coming back in the time domain 202 7.2.1. Inverse Laplace transform for lossy transmission lines 202 7.2.2. Method of the contribution of loops 203 7.2.3. Application to the distortion of a Dirac pulse in lossy media 206 7.2.4. Classical kernel of the convolution methods 207 7.2.5. Diffusion equation and the time-varying “skin depth” 208 7.2.6. Multiple reflections processing 209 7.3. Method of the discrete Fourier transform 210 7.3.1. Fourier transform and the harmonic steady state 210 7.3.2. Discrete Fourier transform and the sampling procedure 211 7.3.3. Application to digital signal processing 213 7.3.4. Bifurcations and complex networks of lossy transmission lines 215 7.4. Conclusion 217 Chapter 8. Time-domain Wavelets 219 8.1. Theoretical introduction 219 8.1.1. Motivation for the time-domain wavelets method 219 8.1.2. General mathematical framework 220 8.1.3. Seed and generator of direct and reverse wavelets family 221 8.2. Application to digital signal propagation 226 8.2.1. Application to lossless guided wave analysis in the time domain 226 8.2.2. Application to the telegrapher’s equation 230 8.2.3. Convergence of wavelet expansions, numerical approximation 233 8.3. Conclusion 241 Chapter 9. Applications of the Wavelet Method 243 9.1. Coupled lossy transmission lines in the TEM approximation 243 9.1.1. Wavelets in homogenously coupled lossy transmission lines 243 9.1.2. Multiple reflections into lossy coupled lines 250 9.1.3. Comparative analysis of frequency and wavelets methods 255 9.2. Extension to 3D wavelets and electromagnetic perturbations 256 9.2.1. Basic second-order partial differential equation of electromagnetic waves 256 9.2.2. Obtaining the wavelet generating equation: Au = u. 257 9.2.3. Direct and reverse generators of the wavelet base 258 9.2.4. Spherical seed and wavelets having a zero divergence 260 9.2.5. Modeling electromagnetic perturbations in lossy media 261 9.2.6. Guided propagation in interconnection structures 262 9.3. Conclusion 262 Appendices 263 Appendix A. Physical Data 263 Appendix B. Technological Data 267 Appendix C. Lineic Capacitors 269 Appendix D. Modified Relaxation Method 275 Appendix E. Cylindrical Wavelets 277 Appendix F. Wavelets and Elliptic Operators 281 References 287 Index 291
£145.30
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Measurements using Optic and RF Waves
Book SynopsisThe scientific and technical basis underpinning modern measurement techniques used for electromagnetic quantities and phenonema is necessarily wide-ranging, as the electromagnetic environment spans all possible frequencies and wavelengths. Measurements must be applicable in fields as varied as nanotechnologies, telecommunications, meteorology, geo-location, radio-astronomy, health, biology, and many others. In order to adequately cover the many different facets of the topic, this book provides examples from the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum — covering frequencies from several hertz to terahertz, and considering wavelength distances ranging from nanometers to light-years in optics. It then provides coverage of the various measurement techniques using electromagnetic waves for various applications, devoting chapters to each different field of application. This comprehensive book gives detailed information on: the various techniques and methods available to measure the key characteristics of electromagnetic waves, in terms of the local field and phase for a broad field of frequencies; determination of physical quantities such as distance, time, etc., using electromagnetic properties; new approaches to measurements in the field of electromagnetic distribution in complex structures media, such as biological tissues and in the nanosciences. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Environment 1 Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC 1.1. Electromagnetic radiation sources 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields 18 1.3. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope 23 Loïc LALOUAT, Houssein NASRALLAH, Benoit CLUZEL, Laurent SALOMON, Colette DUMAS and Frédérique DE FORNEL 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Principle of the measurement using a local probe 24 2.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic field distribution inside nanophotonic components 30 2.4. Measuring the amplitude and phase in optical near-field 39 2.5. Active optical near-field microscopy 41 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Acknowledgements 45 2.8. Bibliography 45 Chapter 3. Meteorological Visibility Measurement: Meteorological Optical Range 51 Hervé SIZUN and Maher AL NABOULSI 3.1. Introduction 51 3.2. Definitions 52 3.3. Atmospheric composition 53 3.4. Atmospheric effects on light propagation 54 3.5. Units and scales 57 3.6. Measurement methods 58 3.7. Visibility perturbation factors 68 3.8. Applications 71 3.9. Appendix – optical contrast and Koschmieder’s law 75 3.10. Glossary 77 3.11. Bibliography 78 Chapter 4. Low Coherence Interferometry 81 Xavier CHAPELEAU, Dominique LEDUC, Cyril LUPI, Virginie GAILLARD and Christian BOISROBERT 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Phase measurement 82 4.3. Metrology considerations 86 4.4. Applications 91 4.5. Conclusion 106 4.6. Bibliography 107 Chapter 5. Passive Remote Sensing at Submillimeter Wavelengths and THz 113 Gérard BEAUDIN 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Submillimeter-THz low noise heterodyne receivers 115 5.3. Submillimeter – THz applications for astronomy and astrophysics 120 5.4. Submillimeter – THz remote-sensing applications to aeronomy and planetology 124 5.5. Conclusion 126 5.6. Acknowledgements 127 5.7. Bibliography 127 Chapter 6. Exposimetry – Measurements of the Ambient RF Electromagnetic Fields 131 Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Definitions 132 6.3. Interactions of the electromagnetic fields with biological tissues and medical risks 136 6.4. Exposure limit values 141 6.5. Electromagnetic environment to be measured 146 6.6. Measurement equipment 150 6.7. Measurements 159 6.8. Control stations and uninterrupted electromagnetic measurements: towards a 3D electromagnetic land register 175 6.9. Appendix 1 – some field measurements 176 6.10. Appendix 2 – principal characteristics of mobile communication systems 177 6.11. Bibliography 177 Chapter 7. Ambient RF Electromagnetic Measurements in a Rural Environment 181 Hervé SIZUN and Philippe MALIET 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Measurement set-up 182 7.3. Operating mode 184 7.4. Different studies 185 7.5. Measurements results 186 7.6. Electrical field strength 188 7.7. Conclusion 189 7.8. Acknowledgements 189 7.9. Bibliography 189 Chapter 8. Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques 191 Hervé SIZUN 8.1. Introduction 191 8.2. Field strength measurements 192 8.3. Measurement of the impulse response 195 8.4. Measurement of directions of arrival 198 8.5. WiFi measurements in a home environment (field strength, data rate) 216 8.6. Conclusion 222 8.7. Glossary 224 8.8. Acknowledgments 225 8.9. Bibliography 225 Chapter 9. Dosimetry of Interactions Between the Radioelectric Waves and Human Tissues – Hybrid Approach of the Metrology 229 Joe WIART and Man Faï WONG 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Evaluation of the power absorber for the tissues 230 9.3. Experimental evaluation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) 232 9.4. SAR evaluation in biological tissues 235 9.5. Variability, representativeness and uncertainty 242 9.6. Conclusions 245 9.7. Bibliography 246 Chapter 10. Measurement for the Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 249 Philippe BESNIER, Christophe LEMOINE and Mohammed SERHIR 10.1. Introduction 249 10.2. General aspects of EMC measurement 250 10.3. Emissivity and radiated immunity testing 253 10.4. Efficiency and limitations of EMC measurement techniques 261 10.5. Mode-stirred reverberation chambers 262 10.6. Electromagnetic near-field measurement techniques applied to EMC 268 10.7. Conclusions and future prospects 272 10.8. Bibliography 272 Chapter 11. High Precision Pulsar Timing in Centrimetric Radioastronomy 277 Ismaël COGNARD 11.1. Introduction 277 11.2. Ultra-stable clocks to the limits of the Galaxy 277 11.3. Dispersion by the interstellar medium 280 11.4. Instrumentation used to study pulsars 281 11.5. Swept local oscillator dedispersion 282 11.6. Filterbank dedispersion 283 11.7. Real-time coherent dedispersion 284 11.8. The coherent pulsar instrumentation installed at Nançay 285 11.9. Conclusion 288 11.10. Bibliography 289 Chapter 12. Long Baseline Decameter Interferometry between Nançay and LOFAR 291 Philippe ZARKA 12.1. Introduction 291 12.2. Observations 293 12.3. Analysis 297 12.4. Conclusions and perspectives 303 12.5. Acknowledgements 305 12.6. Bibliography 305 List of Authors 307 Index 311
£145.30
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Micro, Nanosystems and Systems on Chips:
Book SynopsisMicro- and nanosystems represent an area of major scientific and technological opportunity and challenge, with actual and potential applications in almost all fields of human activity. The aim of this book is to present the central concepts of dynamic control systems (modeling, estimation, observation, identification, feedback control) and to show how they can be adapted and applied to the development of novel very small-scale systems and their associated human interfaces. The application fields presented here come from micro- and nano-robotics, biochips, near-field microscopy (AFM and STM) and nano-systems networks. Alina Voda has assembled contributions from leading experts at top research universities to produce the first overview of the major role that control systems science will play in the development of micro and nano-science and technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi PART I. MINI AND MICROSYSTEMS 1 Chapter 1. Modeling and Control of Stick-slip Micropositioning Devices 3 Micky RAKOTONDRABE, Yassine HADDAB, Philippe LUTZ 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. General description of stick-slip micropositioning devices 4 1.3. Model of the sub-step mode 6 1.4. PI control of the sub-step mode 13 1.5. Modeling the coarsemode 15 1.6. Voltage/frequency (U/f) proportional control of the coarse mode 18 1.7. Conclusion 26 1.8. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Microbeam Dynamic Shaping by Closed-loop Electrostatic Actuation using Modal Control 31 Chady KHARRAT, Eric COLINET, Alina VODA 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. System description 34 2.3. Modal analysis 36 2.4. Mode-based control 40 2.5. Conclusion 50 2.6. Bibliography 53 PART II. NANOSYSTEMS AND NANOWORLD 57 Chapter 3. Observer-based Estimation of Weak Forces in a Nanosystem Measurement Device 59 Gildas BESANÇON, Alina VODA, Guillaume JOURDAN 3.1. Introduction 59 3.2. Observer approach in an AFM measurement set-up 61 3.3. Extension to back action evasion 71 3.4. Conclusion 79 3.5. Acknowledgements 81 3.6. Bibliography 81 Chapter 4. Tunnel Current for a Robust, High-bandwidth and Ultraprecise Nanopositioning 85 Sylvain BLANVILLAIN, Alina VODA, Gildas BESANÇON 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. System description 87 4.3. System modeling 89 4.4. Problem statement 97 4.5. Tools to deal with noise 100 4.6. Closed-loop requirements 102 4.7. Control strategy 105 4.8. Results 111 4.9. Conclusion 115 4.10. Bibliography 116 Chapter 5. Controller Design and Analysis for High-performance STM 121 Irfan AHMAD, Alina VODA, Gildas BESANÇON 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. General description of STM 123 5.3. Control design model 127 5.4. H∞ controller design 131 5.5. Analysis with system parametric uncertainties 139 5.6. Simulation results 142 5.7. Conclusions 143 5.8. Bibliography 146 Chapter 6. Modeling, Identification and Control of a Micro-cantilever Array 149 Scott COGAN, Hui HUI, Michel LENCZNER, Emmanuel PILLET, Nicolas RATTIER, Youssef YAKOUBI 6.1. Introduction 150 6.2. Modeling and identification of a cantilever array 151 6.3. Semi-decentralized approximation of optimal control applied to a cantilever array 164 6.4. Simulation of large-scale periodic circuits by a homogenization method 175 6.5. Bibliography 191 6.6. Appendix 193 Chapter 7. Fractional Order Modeling and Identification for Electrochemical Nano-biochip 197 Abdelbaki DJOUAMBI, Alina VODA, Pierre GRANGEAT, Pascal MAILLEY 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Mathematical background 199 7.3. Prediction error algorithm for fractional order system identification 202 7.4. Fractional order modeling of electrochemical processes 206 7.5. Identification of a real electrochemical biochip 209 7.6. Conclusion 215 7.7. Bibliography 217 PART III. FROM NANOWORLD TO MACRO AND HUMAN INTERFACES 221 Chapter 8. Human-in-the-loop Telemicromanipulation System Assisted by Multisensory Feedback 223 Mehdi AMMI, Antoine FERREIRA 8.1. Introduction 224 8.2. Haptic-based multimodal telemicromanipulation system 225 8.3. 3D visual perception using virtual reality 228 8.4. Haptic rendering for intuitive and efficient interaction with the microenvironment 237 8.5. Evaluating manipulation tasks through multimodal feedback and assistance metaphors 246 8.6. Conclusion 253 8.7.Bibliography 254 Chapter 9. Six-dof Teleoperation Platform: Application to Flexible Molecular Docking 257 Bruno DAUNAY, Stéphane RÉGNIER 9.1. Introduction 258 9.2. Proposed approach 261 9.3. Force-position control scheme 266 9.4. Control scheme for high dynamical and delayed systems 277 9.5. From energy description of a force field to force feeling 287 9.6. Conclusion 295 9.7. Bibliography 297 List of Authors 301 Index 305
£132.00
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Silicon Technologies: Ion Implantation and
Book SynopsisThe main purpose of this book is to remind new engineers in silicon foundry, the fundamental physical and chemical rules in major Front end treatments: oxidation, epitaxy, ion implantation and impurities diffusion. Table of ContentsPreface xiAnnie BAUDRANT Chapter 1. Silicon and Silicon Carbide Oxidation 1Jean-Jacques GANEM and Isabelle TRIMAILLE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Overview of the various oxidation techniques 3 1.3. Some physical properties of silica 17 1.4. Equations of atomic transport during oxidation 28 1.5. Is it possible to identify the transport mechanisms taking place during oxidation? 35 1.6. Transport equations in the case of thermal oxidation 48 1.7. Deal and Grove theory of thermal oxidation 53 1.8. Theory of thermal oxidation under water vapor of silicon 67 1.9. Kinetics of growth in O2 for oxide films < 30 nm 72 1.10. Fluctuations of the oxidation constants under experimental conditions 84 1.11. Conclusion 92 1.12. Bibliography 92 Chapter 2. Ion Implantation 103Jean-Jacques GROB 2.1. Introduction 103 2.2. Ion implanters 105 2.3. Ion range 111 2.4. Creation and healing of the defects 124 2.5. Applications in traditional technologies and new tendencies 136 2.6. Conclusion 147 2.7. Bibliography 147 Chapter 3. Dopant Diffusion: Modeling and Technological Challenges 155Daniel MATHIOT 3.1. Introduction 155 3.2. Diffusion in solids 157 3.3. Dopant diffusion in single-crystal silicon 176 3.4. Examples of associated engineering problems 191 3.5. Dopant diffusion in germanium 196 3.6. Conclusion 201 3.7. Bibliography 201 Chapter 4. Epitaxy of Strained Si/Si1-x Gex Heterostructures 209Jean-Michel HARTMANN 4.1. Introduction 209 4.2. Engineering of the pMOSFET transistor channel using pseudomorphic SiGe layers 222 4.3. Engineering of the nMOSFET transistor channel using pseudomorphic Si1-yCy layers; SiGeC diffusion barriers 233 4.4. Epitaxy of Si raised sources and drains on ultra-thin SOI substrates 243 4.5. Epitaxy of recessed and raised SiGe:B sources and drains on ultra-thin SOI and SON substrates 248 4.6. Virtual SiGe substrates: fabrication of sSOI substrates and of dual c-Ge / t-Si channels 253 4.7. Thin or thick layers of pure Ge on Si for nano and opto-electronics 275 4.8. Devices based on sacrificial layers of SiGe 292 4.9. Conclusions and prospects 311 4.10. Bibliography 317 List of Authors 333 Index 335
£135.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Large-scale Complex System and Systems of Systems
Book SynopsisWith the growing maturity of information and communication technologies, systems have been interconnected within growing networks, yielding new services through a combination of the system functionalities. This leads to an increasing complexity that has to be managed in order to take advantage of these system integrations. This book provides key answers as to how such systems of systems can be engineered and how their complexity can be mastered. After reviewing some definitions on systems of systems engineering, the book focuses on concrete applications and offers a survey of the activities and techniques that allow engineering of complex systems and systems of systems. Case studies, ranging from emergency situations such as Hurricane Katrina and its crisis management or a generic scenario of a major traffic accident and its emergency response, to the establishment of a scientific basis in the Antarctic region illustrate key factors of success and traps to avoid in order to cope with such situations.Trade Review"The five parts of this book will provide the reader with a detailed description of all the elements that make up a RFID system today, including hot topics such as the privacy concerns, and the Internet of Things." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Introduction xv PART 1: ENGINEERING LARGE-SCALE COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND EMERGENCY SITUATION MANAGEMENT 1 Chapter 1. Engineering Large-scale Complex Systems 3 Dominique LUZEAUX 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The notion of service in large complex systems 7 1.3. Architecture: a key concept 11 1.4. Towards resilient systems 13 1.5. Development of relationships between participants 28 1.6. Complexity: plurality of viewpoints for systems engineering 35 1.7. The maintenance and logistics of systems of systems 59 1.8. Perspectives and lines of enquiry 61 1.9. Conclusion 79 1.10. Bibliography 82 Chapter 2. Management of Emergency Situations: Architecture and Engineering of Systems of Systems 85 Jean-René RUAULT 2.1. Introduction 85 2.2. Main concepts of systems engineering 86 2.3. Context of the emergency situation management scenario 89 2.4. Architecture of component systems of the system of systems 116 2.5. Conclusion 197 2.6. Acknowledgements 197 2.7. Bibliography 198 PART 2: CASE STUDY: ANTARCTICA LIFE SUPPORT FACILITY 205 Chapter 3. Introduction to the Antarctica Life Support Facility Case Study 207 Jean-Luc WIPPLER 3.1. Why Antarctica? 208 3.2. Fictional context of the study 209 3.3. Some data on the Antarctic and Adélie Land 212 3.4. Bibliography 213 Chapter 4. Finding the Right Problem 215 Philippe THUILLIER and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 4.1. What system are we dealing with? 216 4.2. System lifecycle 221 4.3. Who does the system involve? 226 4.4. Creating a working framework 228 4.5. Gathering information 229 4.6. Modeling the context 235 4.7. Understanding and defining goals 236 4.8. Modeling the domain 241 4.9. Defining stakeholder requirements and constraints 247 4.10. Things to remember: stakeholder-requirements engineering 251 4.11. Bibliography 252 Chapter 5. Who Can Solve the Problem? 255 Olivier KLOTZ and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 5.1. Consultation and selection 256 5.2. Responding (and winning) 262 5.3. Committing to a “right” definition of the system to be created 272 5.4. Creating the list of technical requirements 284 5.5. Things to remember: technical requirements engineering 290 5.6. Bibliography 291 Chapter 6. Solving the Problem 293 Charlotte SEIDNER and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 6.1. General approach 294 6.2. Functional design 297 6.3. Physical design 313 6.4. Interfaces 326 6.5. The “playing fields” of the systems architect 333 6.6. EFFBDs 336 6.7. Things to remember: architectural design 342 6.8. Bibliography 343 Chapter 7. Solving the Problem Completely, in a Coherent and Optimal Manner 345 Jean-François GAJEWSKI, Hélène GASPARD-BOULINC and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 7.1. Making the right technical decisions at the right level and the right time 347 7.2. Integrating disciplines 366 7.3. Bibliography 391 Chapter 8. Anticipating Integration, Verification and Validation 393 Daniel PRUN and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 8.1. Positioning integration, verification and validation 395 8.2. Integration, verification and validation in the system’s lifecycle 403 8.3. Analyzing input 405 8.4. Establishing an integration, verification and validation strategy 407 8.5. Defining the infrastructure 419 8.6. Integration, verification and validation organization 422 8.7. Choosing techniques 423 8.8. Things to remember: integration, verification and validation 427 8.9. Bibliography 429 Chapter 9. Conclusion to the “Antarctica Life Support Facility” Case Study 431 Jean-Luc WIPPLER 9.1. “Before we can manage a solution, we need to find one!” 432 9.2. “Modeling isn’t drawing!” 434 9.3. Implementing systems engineering 437 9.4. Acknowledgements 439 9.5. Bibliography 440 Conclusion 441 List of Authors 443 Index 445
£180.45
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Competitive Inteligence 2.0: Organization,
Book SynopsisThe recent “concept of 2.0", a consequence of "Web 2.0", discusses the emergence of a new style, emancipated from the Web, which finds applications in all areas of social activity: management, innovation, education , organization, territory, etc. This book considers the implications of the changing paradigm for competitive, economic and territorial intelligence applied to innovation, value creation and enhancement of territories. Competitive intelligence is therefore in the "2.0" and its values: perpetual beta, user-generated content, social relations, etc., horizontality, a renewed legitimacy. This book, collecting contributions from international experts, testifies to the heterogeneity and richness of possible approaches. It provides a totally new way of evaluating the impact of 2.0 with concrete examples, while analyzing the theoretical models allowing the reader to develop in other contexts the described cases of success.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Zhouying JIN Introduction xv Luc QUONIAM PART ONE: Organization 1 Chapter 1. Competitive Intelligence 2.0: A Three-Dimensional Relationship? 3 Philippe KISLIN 1.1. Introduction: From information society boom 3 1.2. … to the emergence of competitive intelligence 5 1.3. CI perceived as a way of managing relationships 8 1.4. Decision-maker – watcher – information triangle: Toward a “bermudization” of actors? 11 1.5. Teaching companies to be “intelligent”: competitive versus competition? 15 1.6. Conclusion 17 1.7. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Management 2.0 23 Miguel ROMBERT TRIGO, João CASQUEIRA CARDOSO and Bruno Filipe CARVALHO SOARES 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Competitive environment of the 21st Century 24 2.3. Management 2.0: the world is flat, but organizations should be full 34 2.4. Conclusion 42 2.5. Bibliography 42 Chapter 3. Sustainable Development 2.0: Seeking “The Creation of Shared Values” 45 Fabrice MAULEON 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Common features of a new paradigm of 2.0 compliant organizational management 47 3.3. The outlines of Sustainable Development 2.0 56 3.4. Conclusion 68 3.5. Bibliography 69 Chapter 4. Corporate Education and Web 2.0 73 Miguel ROMBERT TRIGO, Alice Maria SALGADO GONÇALVES and João CASQUEIRA CARDOSO 4.1. Introduction: what is corporate education? 73 4.2. Evolution of corporate education 76 4.3. Corporate Education 2.0 79 4.4. Good examples of Corporate Education 2.0 84 4.5. Competitive Intelligence and Corporate Education 2.0 88 4.6. Conclusion 89 4.7. Bibliography 89 Chapter 5. Marketing 2.0 93 Sébastien BRUYÈRE 5.1. Introduction 93 5.2. E-marketing: a changing activity 93 5.3. Web Analytics: an essential discipline for an effective e-marketing piloting 98 5.4. Conclusion 110 5.5. Bibliography 111 PART TWO: Innovation 117 Chapter 6. Parallax: Mindset 2.0 119 Patricia DUPIN 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Thought and action in the digital age 119 6.3. Talent for economic intelligence 126 6.4. Final considerations 135 6.5. Bibliography 136 Chapter 7. Competitive Intelligence 2.0 Tools 139 Christophe DESCHAMPS 7.1. Introduction 139 7.2. The impact of 2.0 tools on the deployment of competitive intelligence in business 140 7.3. Typology of 2.0 technologies for competitive intelligence 148 7.4. Perspectives of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 156 7.5. Conclusion 158 7.6. Bibliography 159 Chapter 8. Patent Information 2.0, Technology Transfer, and Resource Development 161 Henri DOU 8.1. Introduction161 8.2. Methodology 162 8.3. International patent classification 163 8.4. A systematic analysis 164 8.5. Search strategies for establishing the initial corpus 167 8.6. Interpretation of results 169 8.7. More precise choices from selected patent 171 8.8. Generalization of the method 173 8.9. Conclusion 177 8.10. Bibliography 178 Chapter 9. Industrial Property: Competitive Weapon 2.0 (Case Study of Tenofovir) 179 Wanise BARROSO and Joachim QUEYRAS 9.1. Introduction179 9.2. Current status of the subject in the international context 181 9.3. Research and results on Tenofovir 183 9.4. Results 187 9.5. Conclusion 188 9.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 10. Innovation, Serendipity 2.0, Filing Patents from Biomedical Literature Exploration 195 Jean-Dominique PIERRET and Fabrizio DOLFI 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. The work of Don Swanson 197 10.3. Diseases-Physiopathology-Molecules (DPM) 201 10.4. Conclusion: the place of LBD today 208 10.5. Acknowledgment 213 10.6. Bibliography 213 Chapter 11. Processing Business News for Detecting Firms’ Global Networking Strategies 219 Brigitte GAY 11.1. Introduction 219 11.2. A strong trend: Webs of transactions 221 11.3. Leveraging Web 2.0 for analysis of global interfirm trade 224 11.4. Companies: “open” but “caught in the Web” 227 11.5. Conclusion 236 11.6. Bibliography 238 Chapter 12. Information Property and Liability in the 2.0? 241 Arnaud LUCIEN 12.1. Introduction 241 12.2. Information Property 2.0: questioning authors’ status 244 12.3. Personal information property: considering the topic in the light of 2.0 250 12.4. Publishing Activity 2.0: liability and information 253 12.5. Conclusion 257 12.6. Bibliography 258 PART THREE: Territory 261 Chapter 13. Territory and Organizational Reputation 2.0 263 Serge CHAUDY and Lucia GRANGET 13.1. Introduction 263 13.2. Communication strategies of organizations in the 2.0 concept 265 13.3. Promotion of the territories 272 13.4. Conclusion 281 13.5. Bibliography 282 Chapter 14. Triple Helix and Territorial Intelligence 2.0 285 Rosana PAULUCI 14.1. Evolution in the 2.0 world 285 14.2. Knowledge, innovation, and development 286 14.3. The ST&I systems for Brazilian intelligence 288 14.4. Innovation Portal, the observatory for strategic intelligence 294 14.5. The strategic intelligence system of the Innovation Portal (SISIP): a tool for the Brazilian government 300 14.6. Conclusion 312 14.7. Bibliography 312 Chapter 15. Regional Development 2.0 315 Henri DOU 15.1. Introduction 315 15.2. Definition of Competitive Intelligence 316 15.3. Innovation 317 15.4. An introductory example: South Korea 321 15.5. Other examples of cluster development 324 15.6. The “pre-clustering” in developing countries 327 15.7. Conclusion 330 15.8. Bibliography 331 Chapter 16. Government Strategies of Territorial Intelligence 2.0: Support to SMEs-TPE 333 Kira TARAPANOFF, José RINCON FERREIRA, and Lillian AlVARES 16.1. Introduction 333 16.2. Elements of the 2.0 concept applied to the TIN network 334 16.3. Social and economic impact of the TIN network: some indicators 346 16.4. Telecenters and competitive intelligence: The future of Innovation 2.0 348 16.5. Bibliography 349 Chapter 17. University: Catalyst for the Implementation of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 in Africa (Case Study of Nigeria) 351 Amos DAVID 17.1. Introduction 351 17.2. Genesis of the introduction of EI in Nigeria 352 17.3. Participation in international projects 356 17.4. Economic intelligence: a developmental perspective for Nigeria 359 17.5. Bibliography 360 List of Authors 363 Index 367
£163.35
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemistry in Microelectronics
Book SynopsisMicroelectronics is a complex world where many sciences need to collaborate to create nano-objects: we need expertise in electronics, microelectronics, physics, optics and mechanics also crossing into chemistry, electrochemistry, as well as biology, biochemistry and medicine. Chemistry is involved in many fields from materials, chemicals, gases, liquids or salts, the basics of reactions and equilibrium, to the optimized cleaning of surfaces and selective etching of specific layers. In addition, over recent decades, the size of the transistors has been drastically reduced while the functionality of circuits has increased. This book consists of five chapters covering the chemicals and sequences used in processing, from cleaning to etching, the role and impact of their purity, along with the materials used in “Front End Of the Line” which corresponds to the heart and performance of individual transistors, then moving on to the “Back End Of the Line” which is related to the interconnection of all the transistors. Finally, the need for specific functionalization also requires key knowledge on surface treatments and chemical management to allow new applications. Contents 1. Chemistry in the “Front End of the Line” (FEOL): Deposits, Gate Stacks, Epitaxy and Contacts, François Martin, Jean-Michel Hartmann, Véronique Carron and Yannick Le Tiec. 2. Chemistry in Interconnects, Vincent Jousseaume, Paul-Henri Haumesser, Carole Pernel, Jeffery Butterbaugh, Sylvain Maîtrejean and Didier Louis. 3. The Chemistry of Wet Surface Preparation: Cleaning, Etching and Drying, Yannick Le Tiec and Martin Knotter. 4. The Use and Management of Chemical Fluids in Microelectronics, Christiane Gottschalk, Kevin Mclaughlin, Julie Cren, Catherine Peyne and Patrick Valenti. 5. Surface Functionalization for Micro- and Nanosystems: Application to Biosensors, Antoine Hoang, Gilles Marchand, Guillaume Nonglaton, Isabelle Texier-Nogues and Francoise Vinet. About the Authors Yannick Le Tiec is a technical expert at CEA-Leti, Minatec since 2002. He is a CEA-Leti assignee at IBM, Albany (NY) to develop the advanced 14 nm CMOS node and the FDSOI technology. He held different technical positions from the advanced 300 mm SOI CMOS pilot line to different assignments within SOITEC for advanced wafer development and later within INES to optimize solar cell ramp-up and yield. He has been part of the ITRS Front End technical working group at ITRS since 2008.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Chemistry in the "Front End of the Line" (FEOL): Deposits, Gate Stacks, Epitaxy and Contacts 1 François MARTIN, Jean-Michel HARTMANN, Véronique CARRON and Yannick LE TIEC 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Arrangement of the gate 3 1.3. Chemistry of crystalline materials 19 1.4. Contact areas between the gate and the "source" and "drain" 38 1.5. General conclusion 57 1.6. List of Abbreviations 58 1.7. Bibliography 59 Chapter 2. Chemistry in Interconnects 81 Vincent JOUSSEAUME, Paul-Henri HAUMESSER, Carole PERNEL, Jeffery BUTTERBAUGH, Sylvain MAÎTREJEAN and Didier LOUIS 2.1. Introduction 81 2.2. Interconnects: generalities and background 83 2.3. Dielectric deposits 99 2.4. Deposition and properties of metal layers for interconnect structures 122 2.5. Cleaning process for copper interconnects 144 2.6. General conclusions and perspectives 161 2.7. List of Abbreviations 164 2.8. Bibliography 165 Chapter 3. The Chemistry of Wet Surface Preparation: Cleaning, Etching and Drying 187 Yannick LE TIEC and Martin KNOTTER 3.1. Introduction 187 3.2. Cleaning 188 3.3. Wet etching 202 3.4. Rinsing and drying 214 3.5. Conclusion 224 3.6. List of Abbreviations 225 3.7. Bibliography 225 Chapter 4. The Use and Management of Chemical Fluids in Microelectronics 233 Christiane GOTTSCHALK, Kevin MCLAUGHLIN, Julie CREN, Catherine PEYNE and Patrick VALENTI 4.1. Ultrapure water 233 4.2. Gases for semiconductors 251 4.3. Dissolved gases 268 4.4. High-purity chemicals 283 4.5. Waste management 290 4.6. List of Abbreviations 301 4.7. Bibliography 303 Chapter 5. Surface Functionalization for Micro- and Nanosystems: Application to Biosensors 309 Antoine HOANG, Gilles MARCHAND, Guillaume NONGLATON, Isabelle TEXIER-NOGUES and Francoise VINET 5.1. Introduction 309 5.2. Materials 310 5.3. Functionalization process 317 5.4. Molecule and macromolecule immobilization 332 5.5. Analytes capture 340 5.6. Conclusion 348 5.7. List of Abbreviations 349 5.8. Bibliography 349 List of Authors 361 Index 363
£132.00
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