Description
Book SynopsisOver the years, electronic technology - especially digital - has transformed our world. This title helps you to: understand Ohm's Law, magnetism, insulators, and conductors; review circuit diagrams and principles of parallel circuits; examine electromagnetic induction, capacitance, and resistance; and, explore fiber optics, LED, and laser.
Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiv
Chapter 1 What Is Electricity? 01
The Invisible Force 01
Amazing Usefulness 02
The Invisible Twin 03
Devices That Do Intelligent Work 04
Summary 04
Review Questions 05
Chapter 2 The Primary Factors 07
The Three Primaries 07
Origins Inside of Atoms 09
Key Terms 09
The Basic Structure of an Atom 15
Current 16
Voltage 17
Resistance 18
Ohm’s Law 19
Analogy of Ohm’s Law 20
Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 21
The Ohm’s Law Circle 23
Power 24
Magnetism 26
Magnetic Poles 27
Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 28
The Earth as a Magnet 28
Magnetic Lines of Force 29
The Molecular Origins of Magnetism 30
The Strength of a Magnet 31
The Lifting Power of a Magnet 31
Static Electricity 34
Types of Current 38
Insulators and Conductors 40
Electromagnetism 41
Galvanoscope 47
Solenoids 47
Summary 49
Review Questions 49
Exercises 50
Chapter 3 Circuits 51
Open and Closed Circuits 51
Series and Parallel Circuits 52
Series Circuits 52
Parallel Circuits 52
Series-Parallel Circuits 53
Short Circuits 54
Circuit Diagrams 56
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 58
Voltage Measurements with Respect to Ground 60
Batteries 61
Principles of Parallel Circuits 68
Shortcuts for Parallel Circuits 70
Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Parallel Circuits 71
Practical Problems in Parallel Circuits 72
Parallel Connection of Cells 74
Principles of Series-Parallel Circuits 76
Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Series-Parallel Circuits 77
Series-Parallel Connection of Cells 78
Circuit Reduction 79
Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit 82
Three-Wire Distribution Circuit 83
Thevenin’s Theorum 88
Summary 91
Review Questions 92
Exercises 93
Chapter 4 Alternating Current 95
Alternating Current Characteristics 95
Frequency 95
Instantaneous and Effective Voltages 95
Ohm’s Law in AC Circuits 98
Power Laws in Resistive AC Circuits 100
Combining AC Voltages 103
Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 108
Inductive Circuits 109
Power in an Inductive Circuit 113
Resistance in an AC Circuit 115
Capacitive Reactance 119
Capacitive Reactance and Resistance in Series 123
Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Series 127
Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 130
Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 132
Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Parallel 134
Principles of Electromagnetic Induction 135
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 136
Self-Induction of a Coil 139
Transformers 142
Reversal of Induced Secondary Voltage 150
Transformer Operation 151
Windings and Voltages 152
Recap and Formulas 155
The Primaries 155
Ohm’s Law 156
Reactance 158
Series Circuits 161
Parallel Circuits 162
Series-Parallel Circuits 164
Formulas 166
Summary 166
Review Questions 168
Exercises 169
Chapter 5 Resonance 171
RC Circuits 172
RCL Circuit 173
Parallel LC Circuit 177
Series Resonant Circuits 178
Parallel Resonant Circuits 180
Uses of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 181
Summary 183
Review Questions 183
Exercises 184
Chapter 6 Semiconductors 185
Doping and Molecular Structure 185
P and N Types 186
Vacuum Tube Devices 186
The PN Junction 189
Holes 191
How the PN Junction Works 192
PNP Junctions 194
Transistors 197
Summary 198
Review Questions 200
Exercises 200
Chapter 7 Semiconductor Devices 201
Diodes 201
Diode Applications 202
Types of Diodes 202
Transistors 207
Transistor Applications 209
Types of Transistors 209
Thyristors 213
Triacs 215
Summary 215
Review Questions 216
Exercises 216
Chapter 8 Optoelectronics 217
The Origins of Light 217
The Nature of Light 218
Wavelength 219
Intensity 221
Optoelectronic Devices 221
Photodiodes 221
Phototransistors 222
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 222
Laser Diodes 222
Optical Isolators 222
Photoresistors 223
Photomultipliers 223
Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 223
Summary 224
Review Questions 225
Exercises 226
Chapter 9 Circuit Components 227
Conductors 227
Copper Wire 227
Other Conductors 230
Cables 230
Connections 230
Soldering 231
Crimp Connectors 231
Switches 232
Fuses 234
Resistors 236
Capacitors 237
Inductors 238
Relays 238
Transformers 243
Overcurrent Protection 244
Installation 245
Power Supplies 246
Working with Electronic Components 247
Printed Circuit Boards 248
Grounding 249
Grounding Requirements 250
Summary 250
Review Questions 252
Exercises 252
Chapter 10 Filters 253
Types of Filters 255
Low-Pass Filters 256
High-Pass Filters 258
Band-Pass Filters 260
Notch Filters 261
Summary 262
Review Questions 263
Exercises 263
Chapter 11 Amplifiers 265
Signal Distortion 265
Amplitude Distortion 266
Frequency Distortion 266
Clipping 266
Crossover Distortion 267
Phase Distortion 267
Heterodyning 267
Amplifier Classes 268
Class A Amplifiers 268
Class B Amplifiers 269
Class C Amplifiers 269
Transistor Coupling 270
Direct Coupling 270
RC Coupling 270
Transformer Coupling 271
Impedance Coupling 272
Transistor Amplifiers 272
Common-Base Circuits 272
Common-Emitter Circuits 273
Common-Collector Circuits 273
Op-amps 274
Summary 276
Review Questions 277
Exercises 278
Chapter 12 Oscillators 279
The Tank Circuit 279
Timing 280
Positive Feedback 281
RC Timers 281
Types of Oscillators 283
Tuned-Base Oscillator 283
RC Relaxation Oscillator 283
Crystal Oscillators 285
Additional Oscillators 286
Summary 286
Review Questions 288
Exercises 288
Chapter 13 Digital Electronics 289
Digital and Data 289
Binary Code 289
Sending Binary Numbers 290
Basic Logic Circuits 292
Transistor Gates 294
Combination Logic Circuits 296
Sequential Logic Circuits 298
Combination Logic Circuits 302
Integrated Circuits 304
Linear and Digital 306
Summary 306
Review Questions 308
Exercises 309
Chapter 14 Fiber Optics 311
Light Recap 311
Sending Light through Glass Fibers 312
Optical-Signal Transmission 313
Attenuation and Dispersion 313
Internal Reflection 315
Types of Fibers 316
Transmission Devices and Methods 318
Decibels 318
Optical System Materials 319
Light Sources 320
Cabling 321
Connectors 322
Splices 323
Receivers 324
Testing 324
Continuity Testing 324
Power Testing 324
OTDR Testing 329
Optical System Parameters 329
Summary 329
Review Questions 332
Exercises 333
Chapter 15 Radio Transmission 335
Early Development 335
Radio Waves and Propagation 336
Tuned Circuits 340
Oscillators and the Audion 342
Basics 343
Modulation 347
Amplitude Modulation 347
Demodulation 348
Frequency Modulation 349
Pulse Modulation 352
Multiplexing 353
Antennas 353
Transmitting Antennas 354
Polarity 354
Receiving Antennas 355
Wave Paths 356
Summary 357
Review Questions 359
Exercises 360
Chapter 16 Audio 361
The Nature of Sound 361
Elements of Sound 361
Acoustics 364
Audio Systems 364
Audio Devices 365
Microphones 366
Tape Recorders 369
Equalizers 371
Amplifiers 372
Speakers 372
Autotransformers 375
Crossovers 375
Summary 375
Review Questions 377
Exercises 378
Chapter 17 Television 379
Television Basics 379
The Television Picture 382
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 383
Color Television 385
Television Systems 385
Closed-Circuit Television 385
Video Cameras 386
Cable TV Channels 387
Summary 387
Review Questions 389
Exercises 390
Chapter 18 Radar 391
Radar Basics 391
Measuring Distance 392
Measuring Speed 394
Measuring Position 395
Waveguides 395
Cavity Resonators 396
Antennas 397
Reciprocity 397
Analyzing Radar Images 397
Radar Systems 399
Summary 399
Review Questions 400
Exercises 401
Chapter 19 Computers 403
Computer Basics 404
Integrated Circuit Chips 405
The Flip-Flop Circuit 406
Personal Computers 407
The CPU 407
Bios 407
Memory 407
Operating System 408
I/O Interfaces 408
Power Supply 408
Bus Systems 408
Disk Drives 408
Summary 408
Review Questions 409
Exercises 409
Appendix A Required Mathematics 411
Appendix B Symbols and Abbreviations 421
Appendix C Circuits 433
Glossary 443
Index 453
