Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book describes important recent developments in fiber optic sensor technology and examines established and emerging applications in a broad range of fields and markets, including power engineering, chemical engineering, bioengineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental monitoring. Particular attention is devoted to niche applications where fiber optic sensors are or soon will be able to compete with conventional approaches. Beyond novel methods for the sensing of traditional parameters such as strain, temperature, and pressure, a variety of new ideas and concepts are proposed and explored. The significance of the advent of extended infrared sensors is discussed, and individual chapters focus on sensing at THz frequencies and optical sensing based on photonic crystal structures. Another important topic is the resonances generated when using thin films in conjunction with optical fibers, and the enormous potential of sensors based on lossy mode resonances, surface plasmon resonances, and long-range surface exciton polaritons. Detailed attention is also paid to fiber Bragg grating sensors and multimode interference sensors. Each chapter is written by an acknowledged expert in the subject under discussion.Table of ContentsFiber optic sensors based on nano-films.- Lossy Mode Resonances based sensors.- Surface Plasmon Resonances based fiber optic sensors.- Plastic optical fiber biosensors.- Vapor based deposition techniques for optical fiber sensing.- Fiber optic sensors in biomedical applications.- Optical hyperspectral sensors.- Fiber optic sensors for radiation dosimetry.- Fiber optic gas sensors.- Structural health monitoring fiber optic sensors.- Distributed temperature sensors.- Respiratory diseases fiber optic based sensors.- Optical sensing based on photonic crystal structures.- Long Period grating based sensors.- Magnetic field fiber optic sensors.- Sensing at THz frecuencies.- Multimode Interference Fiber Sensors.- Fiber optics sensors based on multicore structures.

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Book SynopsisYouTube-Videos schauen kann jeder, aber einen Stop-Motion-Trickfilm selbst produzieren? Das ist ganz einfach: Denke dir eine Geschichte aus und bastle aus einfachen Materialien Figuren. Lass die Puppen tanzen und vermische Wirklichkeit und Fantasie. Hintergründe und Ton-Dateien bieten wir dir zum Download an. Im Buch findest du außerdem jede Menge Tipps zu Beleuchtung, Geräuschen, Anordnung der Figuren und Spezialeffekten. Sei kreativ, bearbeite die Filme am Computer weiter und verblüffe Freunde und Familie mit deinem Video. Wir zeigen dir Schritt für Schritt, wie es geht. Bestens geeignet für Kinder und Jugendliche ab 8 Jahre.Trade Review"Diese ... leicht verständliche Anleitung zum Erstellen von Trickfilmen in Stop-Motion-Technik liegt hier in einer wesentlich überarbeiteten Auflage vor.... Ausgetauscht wurde die "animate-it!" Software gegen die Software "I can animate 2". Weiter mit dabei ist das kostenlose "Shotcut" für die Verarbeitung von Digitalphotos zu Trickfilmsequenzen.... Eine gut gelungene, leicht verständliche Einführung in ein gefragtes, auch für Workshops geeignetes Thema. (EKZ am 24.April 2023)Table of ContentsEinführung 7 Über dieses Buch 8 Über dich 8 Über die Symbole, die wir in diesem Buch verwenden 9 Kapitel 1: Dein erster Film 11 Wie funktioniert ein Film 12 Daumenkino 12 Thaumatrop 14 Mutoskop 15 Was ist Stop Motion? 15 Auf die Plätze, fertig, los! 17 Arten von Stop- Motion- Trickfilmen 18 3D- Stop- Trickfilm 19 Legetrickfilm 23 Pixilation 25 Kapitel 2: Das brauchst du 27 Aufnahmegeräte 28 Smartphone oder Tablet 29 Notebook oder Computer mit Webcam 30 Digitalkamera 30 Stop- Motion- Programme 31 Apps für Smartphones oder Tablets 31 Software für Notebooks oder PCs 32 Software bei Aufnahme mit der Digitalkamera 32 Zubehör 33 Stativ 34 Legetrickfilm- Stativ 37 Stativ für die Pixilations- Technik 39 Fernauslöser 39 Licht 39 Tonaufnahmegerät 40 Material 41 Für das Filmset 41 Für die Figuren 43 Für die Animation 46 Kapitel 3: Von Profis lernen 49 Worauf es beim Animieren ankommt 50 Natürliche Bewegungen 50 Natürlicher Ausdruck 51 Spezialeffekte 52 So bekommst du gute Fotos 56 Die Drittel- Regel 56 Einstellungsgrößen 57 Perspektiven 61 Achtung, Gesetz! 63 Das Hausrecht 63 Das Recht am eigenen Bild 64 Das Urheberrecht 64 Kapitel 4: Deine Filmidee 69 Am Anfang war die Idee 69 So kommst du von der Idee zur Story 73 Kapitel 5: Vorbereitungen 77 Drehbuch und Storyboard 77 Kulissen, Figuren und Filmutensilien bauen 82 Die Kulisse 82 Die Figuren 86 Die Filmutensilien 87 Filmset 87 Wähle einen Drehort 87 Baue dein Filmset auf 89 Baue die Kamera auf 91 Kapitel 6: Film ab! 93 Aufnahme mit Smartphone oder Tablet 94 Die ersten Aufnahmen 95 Ist es Zeit für einen Dialog? 99 Abspielgeschwindigkeit einstellen 104 Titel und Abspann einfügen 105 Passende Geräusche zum Film 107 Die Hintergrundmusik wählen 109 Tonspur bearbeiten 110 Fertig? 111 Aufnahme mit Notebook oder PC mit Stop Motion Studio Pro 113 Herunterladen der App 114 Öffnen und Erstellen eines neuen Films 115 Die Aufnahmeoberfläche 115 Aufnehmen und hinzufügen von Bildern und Musik 116 Geschwindigkeit ändern 118 Vertonung 118 Musik und fertige Toneffekte einfügen 119 Titel und Abspann 119 Software I can animate 2 120 Die ersten Aufnahmen 122 Gib deiner Story einen Namen! 126 Sprache aufnehmen 126 Bearbeite deine erste Tonspur 127 Szenen mit Geräuschen untermalen 128 Die Hintergrundmusik wählen 128 Fertig? 129 Aufnahme mit der Digitalkamera 129 Die ersten Aufnahmen 130 Bilder am Computer zusammenführen 130 Szenen mit Geräuschen untermalen 132 Ton kürzen 134 Ton bearbeiten 134 Ton löschen 136 Fertig? 137 Kapitel 7: Veröffentlichen 139 Auf YouTube 140 Auf Vimeo 143 Auf juki 146 Nach dem Film ist vor dem Film 152 Wichtige Wörter 155 Zum Wiederfinden 159 Über die Autorinnen 163

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Book SynopsisIn kurzer und prägnanter Form behandelt dieses Buch die grundlegende Theorie zur Beschreibung von Signalen und Systemen der Informationstechnik. Zugunsten von Plausibilitätsbetrachtungen tritt die strenge mathematische Beweisführung oft in den Hintergrund, ohne jedoch auf die Exaktheit zu verzichten. Dieses Studienbuch unterstützt die anwendungsbezogene Lehre an Fachhochschul- und Gesamthochschulen, indem es zwischen den stetig wachsenden Bedürfnissen der Lehre und den zeitlichen Möglichkeiten eine angemesse Lösung anbietet.Table of ContentsDie wichtigsten Grundlagen aus der Signal- und Systemtheorie - Die Fouriertransformation und Anwendungen - Ideale Übertragungssysteme - Die Laplace-Transformation und einige Anwendungen in der Systemtheorie - Zeitdiskrete Signale und Systeme - Stochastische Signale - Lineare Systeme mit zufälligen Eingangssignalen

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Book SynopsisThis survey of the state of the art of technology and future trends in the new family of Smart Power ICs describes design and applications in a variety of fields, ranging from automotive to telecommunications, reliability evaluation and qualification procedures. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This book provides a survey of the state-of-the-art of the technology and future trends in the new family of Smart Power ICs … . The book is a valuable source of information and reference for both power IC design specialists and to all those concerned with applications, the development of digital circuits as well as with system architecture." (ETDE Energy Database, October, 2002)Table of Contents1 BCD Technologies for Smart Power ICs.- 2 Technologies for High Voltage ICs.- 3 Smart Discrete Technologies.- 4 Dielectric Isolation Technologies and Power ICs.- 5 Power Mosfets Driving Circuits and Protection Techniques.- 6 Motion Control.- 7 Switching Regulators.- 8 High Voltage Integrated Circuits for Off-Line Power Applications.- 9 Automotive Electronics.- 10 Audio Amplifiers.- 11 High Complexity Smart Power Devices and Future Developments.- 12 Modeling, Design and Simulation of Power Electronic Devices and Circuits.- 13 Packaging.- 14 Reliability of Smart Power ICs.

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Book SynopsisIndem wir Energie verbrauchen, wandeln wir sie in Nutzenergie um. Damit erfüllen wir „Energiedienstleistungen" – etwa die Beheizung oder Beleuchtung von Räumen. Gegliedert nach verschiedenen Energiedienstleistungen stellen die Autoren die physikalisch-technischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten dar. Hierbei zeigt sich, welche quantitative Bedeutung einzelne Energieverbrauchsbereiche haben und welche Möglichkeiten es gibt, Energie rationeller zu nutzen. Für Ingenieure in der Energieversorgung und –beratung sowie Studierende der Energietechnik und -wirtschaft.Table of ContentsEinführung und Grundbegriffe.- Deckung von Prozesswärmebedarf.- Raumheizung und Klimatisierung.- Beleuchtung.- Stationäre Antriebe.- Energieanwendung im Verkehr (Transportwesen).- Gewinnen und Verarbeiten von Daten.

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Book SynopsisThe development and use of models of various objects is becoming a more common practice in recent days. This is due to the ease with which models can be developed and examined through the use of computers and appropriate software. Of those two, the former - high-speed computers - are easily accessible nowadays, and the latter - existing programs - are being updated almost continuously, and at the same time new powerful software is being developed. Usually a model represents correlations between some processes and their interactions, with better or worse quality of representation. It details and characterizes a part of the real world taking into account a structure of phenomena, as well as quantitative and qualitative relations. There are a great variety of models. Modelling is carried out in many diverse fields. All types of natural phenomena in the area of biology, ecology and medicine are possible subjects for modelling. Models stand for and represent technical objects in physics, chemistry, engineering, social events and behaviours in sociology, financial matters, investments and stock markets in economy, strategy and tactics, defence, security and safety in military fields. There is one common point for all models. We expect them to fulfil the validity of prediction. It means that through the analysis of models it is possible to predict phenomena, which may occur in a fragment of the real world represented by a given model. We also expect to be able to predict future reactions to signals from the outside world.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This textbook gives a short introduction to measurements, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation of dynamic systems. The mathematical modeling of dynamic systems is mainly based on systems of linear ordinary differential equations. … This book is divided into 5 chapters. … mainly written for students and researchers in engineering disciplines, who are interested in measurements, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation of dynamic systems.” (Manfred Tasche, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1185, 2010)Table of Contentsto Measuring Systems.- Sensors.- Methods of Noise Reduction.- Model Development.- Mapping Error.

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Book SynopsisAmorphous Silicon/Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells deals with some typical properties of heterojunction solar cells, such as their history, the properties and the challenges of the cells, some important measurement tools, some simulation programs and a brief survey of the state of the art, aiming to provide an initial framework in this field and serve as a ready reference for all those interested in the subject. This book helps to “fill in the blanks” on heterojunction solar cells. Readers will receive a comprehensive overview of the principles, structures, processing techniques and the current developmental states of the devices. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang R. Fahrner is a professor at the University of Hagen, Germany and Nanchang University, China. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Useful material parameters.- Manufacturing.- Concepts.- Problems and challenges.- Measurement techniques.- Simulation.- Long term stability and degradation.- State of the Art.- Silicon based heterojunction solar cells in China.

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Book SynopsisDas vorliegende Buch soll - aufbauend auf den klassischen Methoden der Meßtechnik an elektrischen Maschinen - eine zusammenfassende Behandlung der Prüfung elektrischer Maschinen geben. Im Vordergrund steht das Anliegen, dem Studenten der Energietechnik und dem Ingenieur in der Praxis diejenigen Informationen zu vermitteln, die notwendig sind, um eine Prüfung elektromechanischer Energiewandler und Transformatoren durchzuführen. Neben den klassischen Methoden der Meßtechnik wird auch auf die neuen Entwicklungen hingewiesen. Das Buch ist für Energietechniker konzipiert, seien es Prüffeldingenieure, Versicherungsingenieure, Betriebsingenieure oder Montageingenieure, die mit der Prüfung elektrischer Maschinen befaßt sind oder eine derartige Tätigkeit anstreben.Table of Contents1 Allgemeine Maschinenprüfung.- 2 Besondere Maschinenprüfung.- 3 Ein- und Mehrphasenkommutatormaschinen.- 4 Prüffeld und Betriebsmessungen mit Flußmesser und Hall-Sonde.- 5 Meßgeräte und Verfahren.

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Book SynopsisDieses in der industriellen Praxis entstandene Fachworterbuch enthalt alle wesentlichen und aktuellen Begriffe der Elektronik, Mikroelektronik und der elektrischen Nachrichtentechnik (einschliesslich der Datenverarbeitung,-kommunikation, Fernmelde-, Fernseh- und Rundfunktechnik). Der Benutzerkomfort z.B. Nennung des Fachgebietes in Klartext, Kurzdefinition grundlegender/diffiziler Begriffe, Auffuhrung von Synonymen und Antonymen, macht das Buch unverzichtbar fur jeden, der mit Fachausdrucken der modernen Kommunikationstechnik konfrontiert wird.Trade Review"...It stands out above its competitors by its ease of use and reliability of its translated terms..."(Siemens, telcom report)"...This dictionary points the way to the future..."(P. Atkins, Fremdsprachendienst der EG-Kommission, Brüssel)Table of Contents/ Contents.- Hinweise zur Benutzung / Explanatory Notes.- Alphabetische Liste der Abkürzungen / Alphabetical List of Abbreviations.- Alphabetische Liste der Fachgebiete / Alphabetical List of Subject Fields.- Angewandte Morphologie der Fachgebiete / Applied Morphology of Subject Fields.- Literaturhinweise / Bibliography.- Wörterverzeichnis Englisch — Deutsch Buchstabierlisten Rückendeckel-Innenseite / Dictionary English — German Phonetic Lists Back cover inside.

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Book SynopsisDas Buch behandelt die Theorie der Signale und (linearen) Systeme sowie ihrer Anwendungen. Nach einer Einführung anhand von Beispielen aus den verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten werden die Grundtechniken zur Beschreibung zeitkontinuierlicher linearer zeitinvarianter Systeme und deren Wirkung auf Signale diskutiert. Der Übergang in die digitale Signalverarbeitung wird durch die Herleitung und Diskussion des Abtasttheorems vorbereitet. Anschließend werden die Methoden der Systemtheorie für die digitale Signalverarbeitung vorgestellt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Diskussion der Diskreten Fouriertransformation. Hier stehen insbesondere die Zusammenhänge zwischen DFT/FFT-Spektren und den Spektren der zeitkontinuierlichen Signale im Focus. Die behandelten Methoden werden auf die Verarbeitung stochastischer Signale übertragen und damit für die praktische Anwendung nutzbar gemacht. Der Autor beschreibt zahlreiche reale Beispiele mit echten gemessenen Daten und stellt das Material sowie die zugehörigen MATLAB-Programme online zu Verfügung. Das Buch enthält über 150, in vielen Fällen MATLAB/Simulink-basierte Übungsaufgaben, deren Lösungen in einem eigenen Lösungsband zur Verfügung stehen. Für die 3. Auflage wurden sowohl im Lehrbuch als auch im Lösungsbuch verwendete Bezeichnungen harmonisiert und vereinheitlicht. Alle verwendeten MATLAB-Funktionen und Simulink-Systeme wurden nochmals überarbeitet und an die aktuelle MATLAB-Version angepasst. Sämtliche Grafiken wurden neu überarbeitet. Größen, Schriftart und Schriftgröße wurden vereinheitlicht, um eine bessere Lesbarkeit der Grafiken zu erzielen. Darüber hinaus wurden einige wenige, immer noch vorhandene Fehler aus den Texten eliminiert.Das Buch eignet sich prinzipiell für Studierende aller ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Fachrichtungen und spricht explizit auch die maschinenbaunahen Bereiche an. Aufgrund der ausführlichen Darstellung der Grundlagen ist es jedoch auch für Elektro- und Nachrichtentechniker gewinnbringend nutzbar.Table of ContentsEinführungsbeispiele und grundlegende Begriffe.- Analoge Signale und Systeme.- Abtastung und Digitalisierung.- Digitale Signale und Systeme.- LTI-Systeme und Stochastische Signale.- Mathematische Grundlagen und Tabellen.- Literaturverzeichnis.- Begleitsoftwareindex MATLAB-Softwareindex.

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Book SynopsisDie 2-bändige Einführung präsentiert die Elektrotechnik als ein Gesamtgebiet, das nach einheitlichen Prinzipien beschrieben werden kann. Band 1 umfasst stationäre Vorgänge in elektrischen Netzwerken und die Grundgesetze elektromagnetischer Felder: Gleichstromnetzwerke, elektrische Erscheinungen in Leitern und Nichtleitern, Magnetismus, elektromagnetische Induktion, Kräfte und Energiewandlung. Konzipiert für Bachelor-Studierende, bietet das Lehrbuch eine klare Struktur und Didaktik: mit Lernzielen, Merksätzen, Lösungsstrategien und Kontrollfragen.Table of ContentsDas elektrische Feld.- Das elektrostatische Feld, elektrische Erscheinungen in Nichtleitern.- Das magnetische Feld.- Energie und Leistung elektromagnetischer Erscheinungen.- Elektromechanische Aktoren.- Analogien zwischen elektrischen und nichtelektrischen Systemen.- A.1 Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Symbole.- A.2 Literaturverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisInterest in antimonide-related heterostructures is burgeoning due to their applications as light sources, diode lasers, modulators, filters, switches, nonlinear optics, and field-defect transistors. This volume, featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, is the first book to focus on antimonide-related topics. It offers to both the beginning student and the advanced researcher a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this exciting new area of research.Table of Contents1. Interfacial Disorder in inAs/GaSb Heterostructures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 2. Type II (A1Ga)Sb/inAs Quantum Well Structures and Superlattices for Opto- and Micro-Electronics Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 3. Antimonide-Based Quantum Heterostructure Devices 4. Mid-Infrared Strained Diode Lasers 5. Mid-Wave Infrared Sources Based on GainSb/inAs Superlattice Active Layers 6. inAs/inAs,Sb,x Type-II Superlattice Midwave Infrared Lasers 7. Growth and Characterization of inAs/A1Sb/GaSb Heterostructures 8.Structural and Electrical Properties of GaSb/inSb and inAS/inSb Superlattices 9. Antimonide-Based Mid-Infrared Quantum-Well Diode Lasers

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Book SynopsisThis book is primarily designed to serve as a textbook for undergraduate students of electrical, electronics, and computer engineering, but can also be used for primer courses across other disciplines of engineering and related sciences. The book covers all the basic aspects of electronics engineering, from electronic materials to devices, and then to basic electronic circuits. The book can be used for freshman (first year) and sophomore (second year) courses in undergraduate engineering. It can also be used as a supplement or primer for more advanced courses in electronic circuit design. The book uses a simple narrative style, thus simplifying both classroom use and self study. Numerical values of dimensions of the devices, as well as of data in figures and graphs have been provided to give a real world feel to the device parameters. It includes a large number of numerical problems and solved examples, to enable students to practice. A laboratory manual is included as a supplement with the textbook material for practicals related to the coursework. The contents of this book will be useful also for students and enthusiasts interested in learning about basic electronics without the benefit of formal coursework. Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1: Semiconductor – An overview.- CHAPTER 2: Semiconductor Diodes and Applications.- CHAPTER 3: Transistors and other devices.- CHAPTER 4: Optoelectronic Devices.- CHAPTER 5: Digital Electronics.- CHAPTER 6: Transducer.- CHAPTER 7: Communications System.- CHAPTER 8: Simple Laboratory Experiments.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a broad overview of nanotechnology as applied to contemporary electronics and photonics. The areas of application described are typical of what originally set off the nanotechnology revolution. An account of original research contributions from researchers all over the world, the book is extremely valuable for gaining an understanding of the latest developments in applied nanotechnology. Clearly structured and readable, the book is useful for both students and researchers alike: students can learn about the various aspects of nanotechnology, and professional researchers can update themselves on the new developments in this dynamic field.The book covers nanoscale materials and devices for both electronics and optical technologies. The emphasis throughout is on experimental methods rather than theoretical modeling. The material will provide food for thought for researchers and research students keen to develop new technologies at the ultra-small scale and to open up new avenues for research.Trade Review"The book Nanostructures in Electronics and Photonics, edited by Faiz Rahman, focuses on nanostructures and nanomaterials in the areas of electronics and photonics, two of the most promising and important fields. The book covers a variety of exemplar nanostructures, including nanoparticles, shaped nanoparticles (nanopyramids, nanobelts), nanowires, nanotubes, thin films, and ordered 2D and 3D structures. The structures discussed are composed of metals (especially gold), metal oxides (e.g., ZnO), polymers, and carbon nanotubes … Overall, this is a book that focuses on nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, which is good for novice researchers who can quickly grasp the related information in various research fields. It is also a good reference book for students to use in graduate-level courses on nanoelectronics or nanophotonics, or survey courses on nanotechnology."—Prof. Zhiyong Gu, Journal of Nanophotonics"I am very impressed with the presentation of information in this book. The information contained is on the edge of current technology in which there are not many books available yet. I find the pictures informative and of high quality. The text is very well written and it actually reads like a novel. There are valuable explanations on how the work was done — that can be helpful for researchers who wish to start in this field. This is a book I will recommend to my students who are taking my advanced electronics device course. It will make very interesting background reading. Finally this is a reference work I can use. I recommend this book to the general public, anyone with an interest on developments in the field of nanotechnology, especially those who are keen to become involved in this field."—Dr. Kristel Fobelets, Imperial College London, UKTable of ContentsFrom Microstructures for Nanostructures, F. RahmanNanoscale Materials and Structures for Electronics:Assembling Ferromagnetic Single-electron Transistors with Atomic Force Microscopy, H. Pettersson et al.Nanoporous Alumina Templates for Nanowire Electron Devices, T.L. Wade et al.Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors, S. Kim and S. MohammadiCooling with Integrated Carbon Nanotube Films, G. Tóth et al.AC Dielectrophoresis Alignment of Gallium Nitride Nanowires, GaN NWs for Use in Device Applications, S.K. Lee et al.Design, Fabrication, and Applications of Large-area Well-ordered Dense-array Three-dimensional Nanostructures, C.-H. Choi and C.-J. ""CJ"" KimUV-NIL Stamp Fabrication Techniques with Diamond-like Carbon Film, J.-H. Jeong et al.ZnO Nanowires and Nanobelts: Structure Switch by Indium Doping, H.J. FanField Emission Properties of 1-D SiC Nanostructures, G.-Z. Shen and D. ChenNanoscale Materials and Structures for Photonics:Manipulating the Optical Properties of Individual and Arrays of Gold Nanopyramids, J. Lee et al.Properties of Gold Nanoantennas in the Infrared, F. Neubrech et al.Three-dimensional Holographic Polymeric Photonic Crystal Operating in the Optical communication Window, J.-Q. Chen and R.T. ChenContinuous Roll Nano-imprinting Technology for Large-scale Nano- and Microstructures, S. Kang et al.Fabrication and Characterization of Two-dimensional ZnO Photonic Nanostructrures, J.-B. CuiVisible Light Emission from Innate Silicon Nanoparticles in Silicon-compound Films Grown at Low Temperatures, Z.-X. Cao

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Book SynopsisThe Schottky electron emitter is a predominant electron-emitting source in today’s electron beam equipment. This book comprehensively covers the Schottky emitter, dealing with its theoretical as well as practical aspects. The main questions that are addressed in this book are: what is the Schottky electron emitter? How does it work? And how do its properties affect the performance of electron beam equipment?The focus is on the direct link between the operating conditions of the source and the properties of the beam at the target level. This coupling is made clear by discussing the effect of the operating conditions and the geometry of the source and gun on the emission properties of the emitting surface, the effect of Coulomb interactions on the brightness and energy spread in the first few millimeters of the beam path, and the effect of the operating conditions and the shape of the emitter on the consequences of the beam at the target. The final chapter combines all these effects to demonstrate that there is a trade-off to be made between brightness, energy spread, and shape stability.Trade Review"Really understanding the physics of Schottky electron sources is a must for every sophisticated user of an electron microscope. But also, it is an intellectual pleasure in itself to learn about this ever-changing nanocrystal from which the electrons in the microscope emerge. The author has managed to combine these aspects, usefulness, and theoretical depth, in the elegant and clear style that characterizes her work."Prof. Pieter Kruit, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"This book describes practical aspects of using Schottky electron sources in electron optical systems on the basis of well-founded physics theory. It makes clear how the electron source performance changes with the operating parameters and why. The book is especially valuable to those who want to make the best use of this high-potential electron source."Dr. Shin Fujita, Shimadzu Corporation, JapanTable of ContentsIntroduction. Electron Emission from a Surface. Emission from a Schottky Emitter. Emission from the End Facet. The Final Beam for Applications. Geometrical Stability. Optimum Operation. Appendix A. Procedures for Monitoring in a Few Commercial Systems. Appendix B. Procedure to Characterize System Performance. References. Summary. Samenvatting. Acknowledgements. Curriculum Vitae.

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Book SynopsisBy exploiting the novel properties of quantum dots and nanoscale Aharonov–Bohm rings together with the electronic and magnetic properties of various semiconductor materials and graphene, researchers have conducted numerous theoretical and computational modeling studies and experimental tests that show promising behavior for spintronics applications. The book provides researchers investigating this cutting-edge field with detailed background descriptions of spin-based effects and devices and their theoretical analysis in nanoelectronic circuits.Table of ContentsSpin-Polarized Transport in Quantum Dots System with Rashba Spin-Orbit Interaction. Optical Properties of Spins in Coupled Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Triangular Triple Quantum Dots Driven by AC Magnetic Fields. Spin Polarized Transmission through Single and Double Aharanov-Bohm Rings with Embedded Quantum Dots. Atomistic Tight-Binding Simulation of Spin-Orbit Coupled Semiconductor Devices. Hybrid Spintronic/Straintronics: A Super Energy-Efficient Computing Paradigm Based on Interacting Multiferroic Nanomagnets. The magnetic Properties of Nanostructures Synthesized on Vicinal Surface. Magnetism and Spintronics in Graphene.

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Book SynopsisCrystalline semiconductors in the form of thin films are crucial materials for many modern, advanced technologies in fields such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, display technology, and photovoltaic technology. Crystalline semiconductors can be produced at surprisingly low temperatures (as low as 120 ˚C) by crystallization of amorphous semiconductors, which are put in contact with a metal. This so-called metal-induced crystallization process has attracted great scientific and technological interest because it allows the production of crystalline semiconductor-based advanced devices at very low temperatures, for example, directly on low-cost (but often heat-sensitive) substrates.This book provides the first comprehensive and in-depth overview of the current fundamental understanding of the metal-induced crystallization process and further elucidates how to employ this process in different technologies, for example, in thin-film solar cells and display technologies. It aims to give the reader a comprehensive perspective of the metal-induced crystallization process and thereby stimulate the development of novel crystalline semiconductor-based technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Metal-Induced CrystallizationAtomic Mechanisms and Interface Thermodynamics of Metal-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Semiconductors at Low TemperaturesThermodynamics and Kinetics of Layer Exchange upon Low-Temperature Annealing Amorphous Si/Polycrystalline Al Layered StructuresMetal-Induced Crystallization by Homogeneous Insertion of Metallic Species in Amorphous SemiconductorsAluminum-Induced Crystallization: Applications in Photovoltaic TechnologiesApplications of Metal-Induced Crystallization for Advanced Flat-Panel DisplaysLaser-Assisted Metal-Induced Crystallization and Its Applications in Data Storage

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Book SynopsisDiscovery of one-dimensional material carbon nanotubes in 1991 by the Japanese physicist Dr. Sumio Iijima has resulted in voluminous research in the field of carbon nanotubes for numerous applications, including possible replacement of silicon used in the fabrication of CMOS chips. One interesting feature of carbon nanotubes is that these can be metallic or semiconducting with a bandgap depending on their diameter. In search of non-classical devices and related technologies, both carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors and metallic carbon nanotube interconnects are being explored extensively for emerging logic devices and very large-scale integration. Although various models for carbon nanotube-based transistors and interconnects have been proposed in the literature, an integrated approach to make them compatible with the present simulators is yet to be achieved. This book makes an attempt in this direction for the carbon-based electronics through fundamentals of solid-state physics and devices. Table of ContentsPhotonic structures in the animal kingdom: valuable inspirations for bio-mimetic applications. Moth eye–type anti-reflecting nanostructures by an electron cyclotron resonance plasma. Plasma-processed biomimetic nano/microstructures. Wetting properties of natural and plasma processed biomimetic surfaces. Biomimetic superhydrophobic surface by plasma processing. Biomimetic interfaces of plasma modified titanium alloy.

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Book SynopsisInterferometric observations need snapshots of very high time resolution of the order of (i) frame integration of about 100 Hz or (ii) photon-recording rates of several megahertz (MHz). Detectors play a key role in astronomical observations, and since the explanation of the photoelectric effect by Albert Einstein, the technology has evolved rather fast. The present-day technology has made it possible to develop large-format complementary metal oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) and charge-coupled device (CCD) array mosaics, orthogonal transfer CCDs, electron-multiplication CCDs, electron-avalanche photodiode arrays, and quantum-well infrared (IR) photon detectors. The requirements to develop artifact-free photon shot noise-limited images are higher sensitivity and quantum efficiency, reduced noise that includes dark current, read-out and amplifier noise, smaller point-spread functions, and higher spectral bandwidth. This book aims to address such systems, technologies and design, evaluation and calibration, control electronics, scientific applications, and results.One of the fastest growing applications is signal sensing, especially wavefront sensing for adaptive optics and fringe tracking for interferometry, which is important for long-baseline optical interferometry. The coherence time of the atmosphere is a highly variable parameter. Depending upon the high velocity wind, it varies from <1 ms to 0.1 s. The exposure times are to be selected accordingly, to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, as well as to freeze the fringe pattern. A large-format photon-counting system, which is an essential tool in the application of optical interferometric imaging, allows accurate photon centroiding and provides the dynamic range needed for measurements of source characteristics. The advent of high-quantum efficiency photon-counting systems vastly increases the sensitivity of high-resolution imaging techniques. Such systems raise the hope of making diffraction-limited images of objects as faint as ~15–16 m_v (visual magnitude).This book deals with the fundamentals of the important aspects of high-resolution imaging, such as electromagnetic radiations, particularly, optical wavelengths and their distortions due to optical elements and Earth’s atmosphere while passing through a detector; semiconductor physics; lasers; fiber optics; photon-detection process; photodetectors; charge-transfer devices; photon-counting devices in visible wavelength; radiation detectors in infrared wavelengths; and detecting systems for high energies.Trade Review"This unique book describes the current evolution of astronomical instruments in the way of high-resolution observations. The book nicely specifies the special requirements for detectors, which must respond fast for mitigating the degrading effect of the atmospheric turbulence. It should be of interest to professional and amateur astronomers, particularly those who may want to attempt forms of high-resolution observation, some of which are becoming widely accessible."—Antoine Labeyrie, Emeritus Professor, Collège de France, France"Prof. Saha has done a splendid job by presenting a succinct description of the principles and applications of radiation detectors used for high-resolution imaging in visible and infrared astronomy. The scope of the book, however, extends to all areas of high-resolution imaging, and the book will be a welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in learning about the state of the art in the field."—Prof. Lakshminarayan Hazra, University of Calcutta, India"In the present volume, Saha has used his expertise in instrumentation and data analysis to expand his horizons to a wider range of high-resolution imaging techniques, essential characteristics of detectors and control electronics, and other wavelength ranges and kinds of astronomical sources. This book will be a valuable resource for astronomers and students involved in the design of modern instrumentation and attempting to take and make use of data with instrumentation that they did not design."—Prof. Virginia Trimble, University of California, Irvine, USATable of ContentsIntroducing topological insulators: Mind the time reversal. Two-dimensional topological insulators. Two-dimensional topological insulators in quantizing magnetic fields. Three-dimensional topological insulators. Unconventional superconductivity and Majorana fermions in topological insulators.

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Book SynopsisProtein-mediated charge transport is of relevant importance in the design of protein-based electronics and in attaining an adequate level of understanding of protein functioning. This book reviews a variety of experiments devoted to the investigation of charge transport in proteins and presents a unified theoretical model to interpret macroscopic results in terms of the amino acids backbone-structure of the single protein. It aims to serve a broad audience of researchers involved in the field of electrical characterization of biological materials and in the development of new molecular devices based on proteins and also as a reference platform that surveys existing data and presents the basis for future development of a new branch of nano-electronics, which by mixing proteomics, that is, the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions, and electronics is introduced here as proteotronics.Trade Review"This book presents the first structured approach to the new field of protein-based electronics, which has opened possibilities for the development of new concepts of nanobiosensors for health applications. It presents a solid theoretical approach which is validated by the existing experimental evidence, and will be of relevance for both young and experienced researchers who are interested in the frontier between electronics and biology."— Prof. Joan Bausells, Barcelona Microelectronics Institute (CSIC), Spain"This book presents a newly emerging discipline, proteotronics, investigating the coupling between the protein world and electronics. It opens the field of protein-based nanobiosensors that are able to bypass the complicated sequence of biological events for signal generation in e-sensing." — Prof. Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lyon, France"Alfinito and her coworkers have made the very first steps of analyzing the electrical transport characteristics of the building elements of potentially important protein-based electronics. Highly recommended reading for all those who are involved with these developments and anybody who is interested in these challenging issues." — Prof. Lazlo B. Kish, Texas A&M University, USATable of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Sensing Proteins. Electrical Properties: Experiments. Electrical Properties: Theory. Bacteriorhodopsin as Testing Prototype. Survey of Other Proteins. Conclusion and Perspectives. Appendix: Computational Details. List of acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book illustrates interfacial properties, preparation, characterization, devices, and applications from the standpoint of nano-interfacial tailoring. Since the primary focus of the book is on the use of nanocomposite dielectrics in electrical applications, chapters are devoted to directly relevant topics, such as surface and bulk breakdown processes. However, the mechanisms that underpin such behavior are not unique. Therefore, the book also addresses related topics that range from the chemistry of polymer and nanocomposite degradation to the simulation of charge transport dynamics in disordered materials, thereby presenting a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to the area. It will serve as a practical handbook or graduate textbook and is supplemented by ample number of illustrations, case studies, practical examples, and historical perspectives.Trade Review"This book gives an excellent review of polymeric nanocomposites for dielectric applications, a truly interdisciplinary field between chemistry, physics, and electrical engineering. It covers fundamental concepts and historical reviews of the scientific progress as well as new enablers for a rapid advance in this area. These include methods to chemically design interfaces on a molecular level, three-dimensional imaging technologies on a nanometer level, and the rapid progress in material simulations. From an engineering point of view, the book discusses current and new application areas for nanocomposite dielectrics in the electric power and electronics industry. An outstanding reference for both scientists and engineers."—Dr. Henrik Hillborg, ABB, Sweden"This book brings together contributions from researchers active in the area of nanocomposites for electrical applications. Nano-tailoring is the theme of this book. The book is loaded with the most recent information on nanodielectric research, information that can be applied by those who develop their own nanocomposites. Researchers working in this area of research will greatly benefit from reading this book. So also will those in electrical power engineering technology, who will be able to use it to understand the implications of nanocomposite materials for the future of power distribution, and other applications where dielectric and insulating materials exposed to an electric field can offer significantly improved electrical properties as a result of inclusion of nanoparticles."IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine"This book gives an excellent review of polymeric nanocomposites for dielectric applications, a truly interdisciplinary field between chemistry, physics, and electrical engineering. It covers fundamental concepts and historical reviews of the scientific progress as well as new enablers for a rapid advance in this area. These include methods to chemically design interfaces on a molecular level, three-dimensional imaging technologies on a nanometer level, and the rapid progress in material simulations. From an engineering point of view, the book discusses current and new application areas for nanocomposite dielectrics in the electric power and electronics industry. An outstanding reference for both scientists and engineers."—Dr. Henrik Hillborg, ABB, Sweden"This book brings together contributions from researchers active in the area of nanocomposites for electrical applications. Nano-tailoring is the theme of this book. The book is loaded with the most recent information on nanodielectric research, information that can be applied by those who develop their own nanocomposites. Researchers working in this area of research will greatly benefit from reading this book. So also will those in electrical power engineering technology, who will be able to use it to understand the implications of nanocomposite materials for the future of power distribution, and other applications where dielectric and insulating materials exposed to an electric field can offer significantly improved electrical properties as a result of inclusion of nanoparticles."IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineTable of ContentsIntroduction. Preparation of nanoparticles. Nano-filler dispersion for tailoring of nanocomposite dielectrics. Nanoparticle surface modification for dielectric polymer nanocomposites. Characterization of nanocomposites. Theoretical aspects of interfaces. Computer simulation of nanocomposites at the molecular level. Electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Dielectric breakdown of polymer nanocomposites. Suppression of surface erosion by surface-treated fillers. Degradation of polymeric micro- and nanocomposites. Permittivity gradient composite material structures. Permeability control by nano-magnetic fillers: case study. High-density mounted components for electronic devices. Power applications.

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Book SynopsisGaN is considered the most promising material candidate in next-generation power device applications, owing to its unique material properties, for example, bandgap, high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Therefore, GaN power device technologies are listed as the top priority to be developed in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China.This book presents a comprehensive overview of GaN power device technologies, for example, material growth, property analysis, device structure design, fabrication process, reliability, failure analysis, and packaging. It provides useful information to both students and researchers in academic and related industries working on GaN power devices. GaN wafer growth technology is from Enkris Semiconductor, currently one of the leading players in commercial GaN wafers. Chapters 3 and 7, on the GaN transistor fabrication process and GaN vertical power devices, are edited by Dr. Zhihong Liu, who has been working on GaN devices for more than ten years. Chapters 2 and 5, on the characteristics of polarization effects and the original demonstration of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, are written by researchers from Southwest Jiaotong University. Chapters 6, 8, and 9, on surface passivation, reliability, and package technologies, are edited by a group of researchers from the Southern University of Science and Technology of China.Table of ContentsThe Growth Technology of High-Voltage GaN on Silicon. The Characteristics of Polarization Effects in GaN Heterostructures. The GaN Transistor Fabrication Process. Conventional AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Original Demonstration of Depletion Mode and Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Passivation and GaN MIS HEMTs. GaN Vertical Power Devices. Reliability of GaN HEMT Devices. Packaging Technologies for GaN HEMTs.

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Book SynopsisAcoustic Signals and Systems.- Signals and Systems.- Acoustic Data Acquisition.- Spectral Analysis and Correlation.- The FFT and Tone Identification.- Measuring Transfer-Functions and Impulse Responses.- Digital Sequences.- Filters.- Adaptive Processing.- Beamforming and Wavenumber Processing.- Auditory System and Hearing.- Anatomy, Physiology and Function of the Auditory System.- Physiological Measures of Auditory Function.- Auditory Processing Models.- Speech Intelligibility.- Signal Processing in Hearing Aids.- Psychoacoustics.- Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation to Long-Term Sounds.- Masking and Critical Bands.- Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception.- Calculation of Loudness for Normal and Hearing-Impaired Listeners.- Psychoacoustical Roughness.- Musical Acoustics.- Automatic Music Transcription.- Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals.- Computer Music Synthesis and Composition.- Singing Voice Analysis, Synthesis, and Modeling.- Instrument Modeling and Synthesis.- DigitTrade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The ‘Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics’ provides an excellent reference for practicing acousticians and engineers. … encompasses essential background material, technical details, standards, and practical tips. It is aimed to a public with some knowledge of signal processing, and it is meant to be used as a reference. … Signal processing techniques which find major application in different areas of acoustics are well presented from different perspectives … . this compendium is an excellent reference for engineers and professionals working in acoustics.” (Joaquin E. Moran, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 58 (6), November-December, 2010)Table of Contents1. Acoustical oceanography Models for Propagation Codes Transducer Arrays: structure, data acquisition, signal generation, calibration Sonar MFP Tomography Other Inverse Techniques Signal and Noise Characteristics 2. Active Noise Control Principles of adaptive techniques Plant modeling Sound/vibration field sensing Actuator characteristics and requirements Performance limitations Multi-channel systems Performance and complexity 3. Animal bioacoustics Recording and monitoring systems Models of echolocation Hearing performance and modelling Characteristics of calls Stimuli generation Locating and tracking Archives and Databases of signals 4. Architectural acoustics Room models Measurement of transmissions, absorption, reverberation, etc. Sound fields (definitions, criteria, measurement, typical values) MLS and other coded signals Auralization: Modelling techniques, listening modes, processing requirements, existing systems, performace Artificial reverberation Sound reinforcement Acoustic privacy 5. Audio engineering Transducer modeling Loudspeaker performance characteristics Audio recording and playback formats Audio-visual interaction ADC, DAC, and Codec technologies Multi-channel sound and Virtual audio Restoration Digital audio editing Effects generation 6. Auditory System, Hearing Modeling of hearing Thresholds and Masking Frequency and level discrimination Binaural hearing and spatialization HRTF HATS and other physical models Hearing aids Auditory illusions 7. Education in acoustics 8. Electroacoustics Microphone types and their characteristics Vibration sensors and their characteristics Acoustic actuators and their characteristics Smart sensors and actuators 9. Engineering acoustics 10. Infrasonics Background noise and source signals Sensors and their characteristics Propagation models Event detection Data archiving Source identification 11. Musical Acoustics Computer music synthesis and composition Computer music recognition and analysis Singing voice analysis, synthesis, and processing Instrument measurement, modeling and synthesis Coding and compression of music 12. Noise Noise source modeling Acoustic holography Atmospheric sound propagation Source localization Noise evaluation and Annoyance thresholds 13. Non-linear acoustics Propagation equations and codes Example non-linear systems Parametric array Measurement methods Detection of non-linearities 14. Psychoacoustics Perceptual models Cochlear implants Auditory alarms 15. Seismology Seismic Coda Acoustic Profiling Propagation modes and properties for modeling Seismo-acoustic coupling 16. Speech Characteristics of speech as signals Synthesis Recognition Intelligibility and quality metrics Corpus for tests Coding and compression Display and analysis 17. Strutural acoustics and vibration BEM, FEM, EA, etc. Actuator design and deployment Propagation and radiation Machine diagnostics and prognosis Modeling, measuring and analyzing shock Materials testing 18. Telecomm POTS Wideband Echo supression Hearing aids Handset, Headset, and Wireless standards Systems for handicapped users 19. Ultrasonics

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this highly successful manual is not only a revised text but has been extended to meet the interpretive needs of Raman users as well as those working in the IR region. The result is a uniquely practical, comprehensive and detailed source for spectral interpretation.Trade Review“…a powerful tool for everyone dealing with infrared or Raman spectroscopy…highly recommended.” (Colloid & Polymer Science, Vol.283, No.2, December 2004)Table of ContentsList of Charts and Figures. List of Tables. Symbols Used. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Alkane Group Residues: C-H Group. 3. Alkenes, Oximes, Imines, Amidines, Azo Compounds: C=C, C=N, N=N Groups. 4. Triple Bond Compounds: -C=C-, -C=N, -N=C, -N=N Groups. 5. Cumulated Double-bond Compounds:X=Y=Z Group. 6. Hydroxyl Group Compounds: O-H Group. 7. Ethers: G1-O-G2 Group. 8. Peroxides and Hydroperoxides: -O-O-Group. 9. Amines, Imines, and Their Hydrohalides. 10. The Carbonyl Group: C=O. 11. Aromatic Compounds. 12. Six-membered Ring Heterocyclic Compounds. 13. Five-membered Ring Heterocyclic Compounds. 14. Organic Nitrogen Compounds. 15. Organic Halogen Compounds. 16. Sulphur and Selenium Compounds. 17. Organic Phosphorus Compounds. 18. Organic Silicon Compounds. 19. Boron Compounds. 20. The Near Infrared Region. 21. Polymers — Macromolecules. 22. Inorganic Compounds and Coordination Complexes. 23. Biological Molecules — Macromolecules. Appendix: Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisTopology control is fundamental to solving scalability and capacity problems in large-scale wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Forthcoming wireless multi-hop networks such as ad hoc and sensor networks will allow network nodes to control the communication topology by choosing their transmitting ranges.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Abbreviations. List of Figures. List of Tables. I: Introduction. 1. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 1.1 The Future ofWireless Communication. 1.2 Challenges. 2. Modeling Ad Hoc Networks. 2.1 The Wireless Channel. 2.2 The Communication Graph. 2.3 Modeling Energy Consumption. 2.4 Mobility Models. 2.5 Asymptotic Notation. 3. Topology Control. 3.1 Motivations for Topology Control. 3.2 A Definition of Topology Control. 3.3 A Taxonomy of Topology Control. 3.4 Topology Control in the Protocol Stack. II: The Critical Transmitting Range. 4. The CTR for Connectivity: Stationary Networks. 4.1 The CTR in Dense Networks. 4.2 The CTR in Sparse Networks. 4.3 The CTR with Different Deployment Region and Node Distribution. 4.4 Irregular Radio Coverage Area. 5. The CTR for Connectivity: Mobile Networks. 5.1 The CTR in RWPMobile Networks. 5.2 The CTR with Bounded, Obstacle-free Mobility. 6. Other Characterizations of the CTR 63 6.1 The CTR for k-connectivity. 6.2 The CTR for Connectivity with Bernoulli Nodes. 6.3 The Critical Coverage Range. III: Topology Optimization Problems. 7. The Range Assignment Problem. 7.1 Problem Definition. 7.2 The RA Problem in One-dimensional Networks. 7.3 The RA Problem in Two- and Three-dimensional Networks. 7.4 The Symmetric Versions of the Problem. 7.5 The Energy Cost of the Optimal Range Assignment. 8. Energy-efficient Communication Topologies. 8.1 Energy-efficient Unicast. 8.2 Energy-efficient Broadcast. IV: Distributed Topology Control. 9. Distributed Topology Control: Design Guidelines. 9.1 Ideal Features of a Topology Control Protocol. 9.2 The Quality of Information. 9.3 Logical and Physical Node Degrees. 10. Location-based Topology Control. 10.1 The R&M Protocol. 10.2 The LMST Protocol. 11. Direction-based Topology Control. 11.1 The CBTC Protocol. 11.2 The DistRNG Protocol. 12. Neighbor-based Topology Control. 12.1 The Number of Neighbors for Connectivity. 12.2 The KNeigh Protocol. 12.3 The XTC Protocol. 13. Dealing with Node Mobility. 13.1 TC Design Guidelines with Mobility. 13.2 TC in Mobile Networks: an Example. 13.3 The Effect of Mobility on the CNN. 13.4 Distributed TC in Mobile Networks: Existing Solutions. V: Toward an Implementation of Topology Control. 14. Level-based Topology Control. 14.1 Level-based TC:Motivations. 14.2 The COMPOW Protocol. 14.3 The CLUSTERPOW Protocol. 14.4 The KNeighLev Protocol. 14.5 Comparing CLUSTERPOW and KneighLev. 15. Open Issues. 15.1 TC for Interference. 15.2 More-realistic Models. 15.3 Mobility and Topology Control. 15.4 Considering MultiHop Data Traffic. 15.5 Implementation of TC. VI: Case Study and Appendices. 16. Case Study: TC and Cooperative Routing in Ad hoc Networks. 16.1 Cooperation in Ad hoc Networks. 16.2 Reference Application Scenario. 16.3 Modeling Routing as a Game. 16.4 A Practical Interpretation of Truthfulness. 16.5 Truthful Routing without TC. 16.6 Truthful Routing with TC. 16.7 Conclusion. A: Elements of Graph Theory. A.1 Basic Definitions. A.2 Proximity Graphs. B: Elements of Applied Probability. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA synergistic approach to signal integrity for high-speed digital design This book is designed to provide contemporary readers with an understanding of the emerging high-speed signal integrity issues that are creating roadblocks in digital design. Written by the foremost experts on the subject, it leverages concepts and techniques from non-related fields such as applied physics and microwave engineering and applies them to high-speed digital designcreating the optimal combination between theory and practical applications. Following an introduction to the importance of signal integrity, chapter coverage includes: Electromagnetic fundamentals for signal integrity Transmission line fundamentals Crosstalk Non-ideal conductor models, including surface roughness and frequency-dependent inductance Frequency-dependent properties of dielectrics Differential signaling Mathematical requirements of physical channeTable of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction: The Importance of Signal Integrity 1 1.1 Computing Power: Past and Future 1 1.2 The Problem 4 1.3 The Basics 5 1.4 A New Realm of Bus Design 7 1.5 Scope of the Book 7 1.6 Summary 8 References 8 2. Electromagnetic Fundamentals for Signal Integrity 9 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 10 2.2 Common Vector Operators 13 2.2.1 Vector 13 2.2.2 Dot Product 13 2.2.3 Cross Product 14 2.2.4 Vector and Scalar Fields 15 2.2.5 Flux 15 2.2.6 Gradient 18 2.2.7 Divergence 18 2.2.8 Curl 20 2.3 Wave Propagation 23 2.3.1 Wave Equation 23 2.3.2 Relation Between E and H and the Transverse Electromagnetic Mode 25 2.3.3 Time-Harmonic Fields 27 2.3.4 Propagation of Time-Harmonic Plane Waves 28 2.4 Electrostatics 32 2.4.1 Electrostatic Scalar Potential in Terms of an Electric Field 36 2.4.2 Energy in an Electric Field 37 2.4.3 Capacitance 40 2.4.4 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 41 2.5 Magnetostatics 42 2.5.1 Magnetic Vector Potential 46 2.5.2 Inductance 48 2.5.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field 51 2.6 Power Flow and the Poynting Vector 53 2.6.1 Time-Averaged Values 56 2.7 Reflections of Electromagnetic Waves 57 2.7.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Perfect Conductor 57 2.7.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Lossless Dielectric 60 References 62 Problems 62 3. Ideal Transmission-Line Fundamentals 65 3.1 Transmission-Line Structures 66 3.2 Wave Propagation on Loss-Free Transmission Lines 67 3.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields on a Transmission Line 68 3.2.2 Telegrapher’s Equations 73 3.2.3 Equivalent Circuit for the Loss-Free Case 76 3.2.4 Wave Equation in Terms of LC 80 3.3 Transmission-Line Properties 82 3.3.1 Transmission-Line Phase Velocity 82 3.3.2 Transmission-Line Characteristic Impedance 82 3.3.3 Effective Dielectric Permittivity 83 3.3.4 Simple Formulas for Calculating the Characteristic Impedance 85 3.3.5 Validity of the TEM Approximation 86 3.4 Transmission-Line Parameters for the Loss-Free Case 90 3.4.1 Laplace and Poisson Equations 91 3.4.2 Transmission-Line Parameters for a Coaxial Line 91 3.4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters for a Microstrip 94 3.4.4 Charge Distribution Near a Conductor Edge 100 3.4.5 Charge Distribution and Transmission-Line Parameters 104 3.4.6 Field Mapping 107 3.5 Transmission-Line Reflections 113 3.5.1 Transmission-Line Reflection and Transmission Coefficient 113 3.5.2 Launching an Initial Wave 116 3.5.3 Multiple Reflections 116 3.5.4 Lattice Diagrams and Over- or Underdriven Transmission Lines 118 3.5.5 Lattice Diagrams for Nonideal Topologies 121 3.5.6 Effect of Rise and Fall Times on Reflections 129 3.5.7 Reflections from Reactive Loads 129 3.6 Time-Domain Reflectometry 134 3.6.1 Measuring the Characteristic Impedance and Delay of a Transmission Line 134 3.6.2 Measuring Inductance and Capacitance of Reactive Structures 137 3.6.3 Understanding the TDR Profile 140 References 140 Problems 141 4. Crosstalk 145 4.1 Mutual Inductance and Capacitance 146 4.1.1 Mutual Inductance 147 4.1.2 Mutual Capacitance 149 4.1.3 Field Solvers 152 4.2 Coupled Wave Equations 153 4.2.1 Wave Equation Revisited 153 4.2.2 Coupled Wave Equations 155 4.3 Coupled Line Analysis 157 4.3.1 Impedance and Velocity 157 4.3.2 Coupled Noise 165 4.4 Modal Analysis 177 4.4.1 Modal Decomposition 178 4.4.2 Modal Impedance and Velocity 180 4.4.3 Reconstructing the Signal 180 4.4.4 Modal Analysis 181 4.4.5 Modal Analysis of Lossy Lines 192 4.5 Crosstalk Minimization 193 4.6 Summary 194 References 195 Problems 195 5. Nonideal Conductor Models 201 5.1 Signals Propagating in Unbounded Conductive Media 202 5.1.1 Propagation Constant for Conductive Media 202 5.1.2 Skin Depth 204 5.2 Classic Conductor Model for Transmission Lines 205 5.2.1 Dc Losses in Conductors 206 5.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Resistance in Conductors 207 5.2.3 Frequency-Dependent Inductance 213 5.2.4 Power Loss in a Smooth Conductor 218 5.3 Surface Roughness 222 5.3.1 Hammerstad Model 223 5.3.2 Hemispherical Model 228 5.3.3 Huray Model 237 5.3.4 Conclusions 243 5.4 Transmission-Line Parameters for Nonideal Conductors 244 5.4.1 Equivalent Circuit Impedance and Propagation Constant 244 5.4.2 Telegrapher’s Equations for a Real Conductor and a Perfect Dielectric 246 References 247 Problems 247 6. Electrical Properties of Dielectrics 249 6.1 Polarization of Dielectrics 250 6.1.1 Electronic Polarization 250 6.1.2 Orientational (Dipole) Polarization 253 6.1.3 Ionic (Molecular) Polarization 253 6.1.4 Relative Permittivity 254 6.2 Classification of Dielectric Materials 256 6.3 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Behavior 256 6.3.1 Dc Dielectric Losses 257 6.3.2 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Model: Single Pole 257 6.3.3 Anomalous Dispersion 261 6.3.4 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Model: Multipole 262 6.3.5 Infinite-Pole Model 266 6.4 Properties of a Physical Dielectric Model 269 6.4.1 Relationship Between ε_ and ε__ 269 6.4.2 Mathematical Limits 271 6.5 Fiber-Weave Effect 274 6.5.1 Physical Structure of an FR4 Dielectric and Dielectric Constant Variation 275 6.5.2 Mitigation 276 6.5.3 Modeling the Fiber-Weave Effect 277 6.6 Environmental Variation in Dielectric Behavior 279 6.6.1 Environmental Effects on Transmission-Line Performance 281 6.6.2 Mitigation 283 6.6.3 Modeling the Effect of Relative Humidity on an FR4 Dielectric 284 6.7 Transmission-Line Parameters for Lossy Dielectrics and Realistic Conductors 285 6.7.1 Equivalent Circuit Impedance and Propagation Constant 285 6.7.2 Telegrapher’s Equations for Realistic Conductors and Lossy Dielectrics 291 References 292 Problems 292 7. Differential Signaling 297 7.1 Removal of Common-Mode Noise 299 7.2 Differential Crosstalk 300 7.3 Virtual Reference Plane 302 7.4 Propagation of Modal Voltages 303 7.5 Common Terminology 304 7.6 Drawbacks of Differential Signaling 305 7.6.1 Mode Conversion 305 7.6.2 Fiber-Weave Effect 310 Reference 313 Problems 313 8. Mathematical Requirements for Physical Channels 315 8.1 Frequency-Domain Effects in Time-Domain Simulations 316 8.1.1 Linear and Time Invariance 316 8.1.2 Time- and Frequency-Domain Equivalencies 317 8.1.3 Frequency Spectrum of a Digital Pulse 321 8.1.4 System Response 324 8.1.5 Single-Bit (Pulse) Response 327 8.2 Requirements for a Physical Channel 331 8.2.1 Causality 331 8.2.2 Passivity 340 8.2.3 Stability 343 References 345 Problems 345 9. Network Analysis for Digital Engineers 347 9.1 High-Frequency Voltage and Current Waves 349 9.1.1 Input Reflection into a Terminated Network 349 9.1.2 Input Impedance 353 9.2 Network Theory 354 9.2.1 Impedance Matrix 355 9.2.2 Scattering Matrix 358 9.2.3 ABCD Parameters 382 9.2.4 Cascading S-Parameters 390 9.2.5 Calibration and Deembedding 395 9.2.6 Changing the Reference Impedance 399 9.2.7 Multimode S-Parameters 400 9.3 Properties of Physical S-Parameters 406 9.3.1 Passivity 406 9.3.2 Reality 408 9.3.3 Causality 408 9.3.4 Subjective Examination of S-Parameters 410 References 413 Problems 413 10. Topics in High-Speed Channel Modeling 417 10.1 Creating a Physical Transmission-Line Model 418 10.1.1 Tabular Approach 418 10.1.2 Generating a Tabular Dielectric Model 419 10.1.3 Generating a Tabular Conductor Model 420 10.2 NonIdeal Return Paths 422 10.2.1 Path of Least Impedance 422 10.2.2 Transmission Line Routed Over a Gap in the Reference Plane 423 10.2.3 Summary 434 10.3 Vias 434 10.3.1 Via Resonance 434 10.3.2 Plane Radiation Losses 437 10.3.3 Parallel-Plate Waveguide 439 References 441 Problems 442 11. I/O Circuits and Models 443 11.1 I/O Design Considerations 444 11.2 Push–Pull Transmitters 446 11.2.1 Operation 446 11.2.2 Linear Models 448 11.2.3 Nonlinear Models 453 11.2.4 Advanced Design Considerations 455 11.3 CMOS receivers 459 11.3.1 Operation 459 11.3.2 Modeling 460 11.3.3 Advanced Design Considerations 460 11.4 ESD Protection Circuits 460 11.4.1 Operation 461 11.4.2 Modeling 461 11.4.3 Advanced Design Considerations 463 11.5 On-Chip Termination 463 11.5.1 Operation 463 11.5.2 Modeling 463 11.5.3 Advanced Design Considerations 464 11.6 Bergeron Diagrams 465 11.6.1 Theory and Method 470 11.6.2 Limitations 474 11.7 Open-Drain Transmitters 474 11.7.1 Operation 474 11.7.2 Modeling 476 11.7.3 Advanced Design Considerations 476 11.8 Differential Current-Mode Transmitters 479 11.8.1 Operation 479 11.8.2 Modeling 480 11.8.3 Advanced Design Considerations 480 11.9 Low-Swing and Differential Receivers 481 11.9.1 Operation 481 11.9.2 Modeling 482 11.9.3 Advanced Design Considerations 483 11.10 IBIS Models 483 11.10.1 Model Structure and Development Process 483 11.10.2 Generating Model Data 485 11.10.3 Differential I/O Models 488 11.10.4 Example of an IBIS File 490 11.11 Summary 492 References 492 Problems 494 12. Equalization 499 12.1 Analysis and Design Background 500 12.1.1 Maximum Data Transfer Capacity 500 12.1.2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 502 12.1.3 Ideal Versus Practical Interconnects 506 12.1.4 Equalization Overview 511 12.2 Continuous-Time Linear Equalizers 513 12.2.1 Passive CTLEs 514 12.2.2 Active CTLEs 521 12.3 Discrete Linear Equalizers 522 12.3.1 Transmitter Equalization 525 12.3.2 Coefficient Selection 530 12.3.3 Receiver Equalization 535 12.3.4 Nonidealities in DLEs 536 12.3.5 Adaptive Equalization 536 12.4 Decision Feedback Equalization 540 12.5 Summary 542 References 545 Problems 546 13. Modeling and Budgeting of Timing Jitter and Noise 549 13.1 Eye Diagram 550 13.2 Bit Error Rate 552 13.2.1 Worst-Case Analysis 552 13.2.2 Bit Error Rate Analysis 555 13.3 Jitter Sources and Budgets 560 13.3.1 Jitter Types and Sources 561 13.3.2 System Jitter Budgets 568 13.4 Noise Sources and Budgets 572 13.4.1 Noise Sources 572 13.4.2 Noise Budgets 579 13.5 Peak Distortion Analysis Methods 583 13.5.1 Superposition and the Pulse Response 583 13.5.2 Worst-Case Bit Patterns and Data Eyes 585 13.5.3 Peak Distortion Analysis Including Crosstalk 594 13.5.4 Limitations 598 13.6 Summary 599 References 599 Problems 600 14. System Analysis Using Response Surface Modeling 605 14.1 Model Design Considerations 606 14.2 Case Study: 10-Gb/s Differential PCB Interface 607 14.3 RSM Construction by Least Squares Fitting 607 14.4 Measures of Fit 615 14.4.1 Residuals 615 14.4.2 Fit Coefficients 616 14.5 Significance Testing 618 14.5.1 Model Significance: The F-Test 618 14.5.2 Parameter Significance: Individual t-Tests 619 14.6 Confidence Intervals 621 14.7 Sensitivity Analysis and Design Optimization 623 14.8 Defect Rate Prediction Using Monte Carlo Simulation 628 14.9 Additional RSM Considerations 633 14.10 Summary 633 References 634 Problems 635 Appendix A: Useful Formulas Identities Units and Constants 637 Appendix B: Four-Port Conversions Between T- and S-Parameters 641 Appendix C: Critical Values of the F-Statistic 645 Appendix D: Critical Values of the T-Statistic 647 Appendix E: Causal Relationship Between Skin Effect Resistance and Internal Inductance for Rough Conductors 649 Appendix F: Spice Level 3 Model for 0.25 μm MOSIS Process 653 Index 655

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date book available on the physics of photonic devices This new edition of Physics of Photonic Devices incorporates significant advancements in the field of photonics that have occurred since publication of the first edition (Physics of Optoelectronic Devices). New topics covered include a brief history of the invention of semiconductor lasers, the Lorentz dipole method and metal plasmas, matrix optics, surface plasma waveguides, optical ring resonators, integrated electroabsorption modulator-lasers, and solar cells. It also introduces exciting new fields of research such as: surface plasmonics and micro-ring resonators; the theory of optical gain and absorption in quantum dots and quantum wires and their applications in semiconductor lasers; and novel microcavity and photonic crystal lasers, quantum-cascade lasers, and GaN blue-green lasers within the context of advanced semiconductor lasers. Physics of Photonic Devices, Second Edition presents novel informatTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Basic Concepts of Semiconductor Bonding and Band Diagrams. 1.2 The Invention of Semiconductor Lasers. 1.3 The Field of Optoelectronics. 1.4 Overview of the book. Problems. References. Bibliography. PART I: FUNDAMENTALS. Chapter 2: Basic Semiconductor Electronics. 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions. 2.2 Semiconductor Electronics Equations. 2.3 Generation and Recombination in Semiconductors. 2.4 Examples and Applications to Optoelectronic Devices. 2.5 Semiconductor p-N and n-P Heterojunctions. 2.6 Semiconductor n-N Heterojunctions and Metal-Semiconductor Junctions. Problems. References. Chapter 3: Basic Quantum Mechanics. 3.1 Schrödinger Equation. 3.2 The Square Well. 3.3 The Harmonic Oscillator. 3.4 The Hydrogen Atom and Excitons in 2D and 3D. 3.5 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory. 3.6 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory . Appendix 3A. Löwdin’s Renormalization Method. Problems. References. Chapter 4: Theory of Electronic Band Structures in Semiconductors. 4.1 The Bloch Theorem and the k•p Method for Simple Bands. 4.2 Kane's Model for Band Structure--The k•p Method with the Spin-Orbit Interaction. 4.3 Luttinger-Kohn’s Model--The k•p Method for Degenerate Bands. 4.4 The Effective Mass Theory for a Single Band and Degenerate Bands. 4.5 Strain Effects on Band Structures. 4.6 Electronic States in an Arbitrary One-Dimensional Potential. 4.7 Kronig-Penny Model for a Superlattice. 4.8 Band Structures of Semiconductor Quantum Wells. 4.9 Band Structures of Strained Semiconductor Quantum Wells. Problems. References. PART II: PROPAGATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 5: Electromagnetics and Light Propagation. 5.1 Time-Harmonic Fields and Duality Principle. 5.2 Poynting's Theorem and Reciprocity Relations. 5.3 Plane Wave Solutions for Maxwell’s Equations in Homogeneous Media. 5.4 Light Propagation in Isotropic Media. 5.5 Wave Propagation in Lossy Medium-Lorentz Oscillator Model and Metal Plasma. 5.6 Plane Wave Reflection from a Surface. 5.7 Matrix Optics. 5.8 Propagation Matrix Approach for Plane Wave Reflection from a Multilayered Medium. 5.9 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media. Appendix 5A Kramers-Kronig Relations. Problems. References. Chapter 6: Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media and Radiation. 6.1 Light Propagation in Uniaxial Media. 6.2 Wave Propagation in Gyrotropic Media- Magnetooptic Effects. 6.3 General Solutions to Maxwell's Equations and Gauge Transformations. 6.4 Radiation and the Far-Field Pattern. Problems. References. Chapter 7: Optical Waveguide Theory. 7.1 Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides. 7.2 Asymmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides. 7.3 Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides. 7.4 Ray Optics Approach to Waveguide Problems. 7.5 The Effective Index Method. 7.6 Wave Guidance in a Lossy or Gain Medium. 7.7 Surface Plasmon Waveguide. Problems. References. Chapter 8: Coupled Mode Theory. 8.1 Waveguide Couplers. 8.2 Coupled Optical Waveguides. 8.3 Applications of Optical Waveguide Couplers. 8.4 Optical Ring Resonators and Add-Drop Filters. 8.5 Distributed Feedback Structures. Appendix 8A Coupling Coefficients for Parallel Waveguides. Appendix 8B Improved Coupled-Mode Theory. Problems. References. PART III: GENERATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 9: Optical Processes in Semiconductors. 9.1 Optical Transitions Using the Fermi’s Golden Rule. 9.2 Spontaneous and Stimulation Emissions. 9.3 Interband Absorption and Gain of Bulk Semiconductors. 9.4 Interband Absorption and Gain in a Quantum Well. 9.5 Interband Momentum Matrix Elements of Bulk and Quantum-Well Semiconductors. 9.6 Quantum Dots and Quantum Wires. 9.7 Intersubband Absorption. 9.8 Gain Spectrum in a Quantum-Well Laser with Valence-Band-Mixing Effects. Appendix 9A Coordinate Transformation of the Basis Functions and the Momentum Matrix Elements. Problems. References. Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers. 10.1 Double Heterojunction Semiconductor Lasers. 10.2 Gain-Guided and Index-Guided Semiconductor Lasers. 10.3 Quantum-Well Lasers. 10.4 Strained Quantum-Well Lasers. 10.5 Strained Quantum-Dot Lasers. Problems. References. Chapter 11: Advanced Semiconductor Lasers. 11.1 Distributed Feedback Lasers. 11.2 Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 11.3 Microcavity and Photonics Crystal Lasers . 11.4 Quantum-Cascade Lasers. 11.5 GaN-based Blue-Green Lasers and LEDs. 11.6 Coupled Laser Arrays. Appendix 11A. Hamiltonin for Strained Wurtzite Crystals. Appendix 11B. Band-edge Optical Matrix Elements. Problems. References. PART IV: MODULATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 12: Direct Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers. 12.1 Rate Equations and Linear Gain Analysis. 12.2 High-Speed Modulation Response with Nonlinear Gain Saturation . 12.3 Transport Effects on Modulation of Quantum-Well Lasers: Electrical vs. Optical Modulation. 12.4 Semiconductor Laser Spectral Linewidth and the Linewidth Enhancement Factor. 12.5 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) Spectrum. Problems. References. Chapter 13: Electrooptic and Acoustooptic Modulators. 13.1 Electrooptic Effects and Amplitude Modulators. 13.2 Phase Modulators. 13.3 Electrooptic Effects in Waveguide Devices. 13.4 Scattering of Light by Sound: Raman-Nath and Bragg Diffractions. 13.5 Coupled-Mode Analysis for Bragg Acoustooptic Wave Couplers. Problems. References. Chapter 14: Electroabsorption Modulators. 14.1 General Formulation for Optical Absorption due to an Electron-Hole Pair. 14.2 Franz-Keldysh Effect--Photon-Assisted Tunneling. 14.3 Exciton Effect. 14.4 Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE). 14.5 Electroabsorption Modulator. 14.6 Integrated Electroabsorption Modulator-Laser (EML). 14.7 Self-Electrooptic Effect Devices (SEEDs). Appendix 14A. Two-Particle Wave Function and the Effective Mass Equation. Appendix 14B. Solution of the Electron-Hole Effective-Mass Equation with Exciton Effects. Problems. References. PART V: DETECTION OF LIGHT AND SOLAR CELLS. Chapter 15: Photodetectors and Solar Cells. 15.1 Photoconductors. 15.2 p-n Junction Photodiodes. 15.3 p-i-n Photodiodes. 15.4 Avalanche Photodiodes. 15.5 Intersubband Quantum-Well Photodetectors. 15.6 Solar Cells. Problems. References. Appendices. A. Semiconductor Heterojunction Band Lineups in the Model-Solid Theory. B. Optical Constants of GaAs and InP. C. Electronic Properties of Si, Ge, and Binary, Ternary, and Quarternary Compounds. D. Parameters for GaN, InN, and AlN and Ternary InGaN, AlGaN, and AlGaN Compounds. Index.

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Book SynopsisMaking VHDL a simple and easy-to-use hardware description language Many engineers encountering VHDL (very high speed integrated circuits hardware description language) for the first time can feel overwhelmed by it. This book bridges the gap between the VHDL language and the hardware that results from logic synthesis with clear organisation, progressing from the basics of combinational logic, types, and operators; through special structures such as tristate buses, register banks and memories, to advanced themes such as developing your own packages, writing test benches and using the full range of synthesis types. This third edition has been substantially rewritten to include the new VHDL-2008 features that enable synthesis of fixed-point and floating-point hardware. Extensively updated throughout to reflect modern logic synthesis usage, it also contains a complete case study to demonstrate the updated features. Features to this edition include: a coTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The VHDL Design Cycle 1 1.2 The Origins of VHDL 2 1.3 The Standardisation Process 3 1.4 Unification of VHDL Standards 4 1.5 Portability 4 2 Register-Transfer Level Design 7 2.1 The RTL Design Stages 8 2.2 Example Circuit 8 2.3 Identify the Data Operations 10 2.4 Determine the Data Precision 12 2.5 Choose Resources to Provide 12 2.6 Allocate Operations to Resources 13 2.7 Design the Controller 14 2.8 Design the Reset Mechanism 15 2.9 VHDL Description of the RTL Design 15 2.10 Synthesis Results 16 3 Combinational Logic 19 3.1 Design Units 19 3.2 Entities and Architectures 20 3.3 Simulation Model 22 3.4 Synthesis Templates 25 3.5 Signals and Ports 27 3.6 Initial Values 29 3.7 Simple Signal Assignments 30 3.8 Conditional Signal Assignments 31 3.9 Selected Signal Assignment 33 3.10 Worked Example 34 4 Basic Types 37 4.1 Synthesisable Types 37 4.2 Standard Types 37 4.3 Standard Operators 38 4.4 Type Bit 39 4.5 Type Boolean 39 4.6 Integer Types 41 4.7 Enumeration Types 46 4.8 Multi-Valued Logic Types 47 4.9 Records 48 4.10 Arrays 49 4.11 Aggregates, Strings and Bit-Strings 53 4.12 Attributes 56 4.13 More on Selected Signal Assignments 60 5 Operators 63 5.1 The Standard Operators 63 5.2 Operator Precedence 64 5.3 Boolean Operators 70 5.4 Comparison Operators 73 5.5 Shifting Operators 76 5.6 Arithmetic Operators 79 5.7 Concatenation Operator 84 6 Synthesis Types 85 6.1 Synthesis Type System 85 6.2 Making the Packages Visible 87 6.3 Logic Types – Std_Logic_1164 90 6.4 Numeric Types – Numeric_Std 95 6.5 Fixed-Point Types – Fixed_Pkg 105 6.6 Floating-Point Types – Float_Pkg 119 6.7 Type Conversions 134 6.8 Constant Values 144 6.9 Mixing Types in Expressions 146 6.10 Top-Level Interface 147 7 Std_Logic_Arith 151 7.1 The Std_Logic_Arith Package 151 7.2 Contents of Std_Logic_Arith 152 7.3 Type Conversions 161 7.4 Constant Values 162 7.5 Mixing Types in Expressions 164 8 Sequential VHDL 167 8.1 Processes 167 8.2 Signal Assignments 170 8.3 Variables 171 8.4 If Statements 172 8.5 Case Statements 177 8.6 Latch Inference 178 8.7 Loops 181 8.8 Worked Example 187 9 Registers 191 9.1 Basic D-Type Register 191 9.2 Simulation Model 192 9.3 Synthesis Model 193 9.4 Register Templates 195 9.5 Register Types 199 9.6 Clock Types 199 9.7 Clock Gating 200 9.8 Data Gating 201 9.9 Asynchronous Reset 203 9.10 Synchronous Reset 208 9.11 Registered Variables 210 9.12 Initial Values 211 10 Hierarchy 213 10.1 The Role of Components 213 10.2 Indirect Binding 214 10.3 Direct Binding 219 10.4 Component Packages 220 10.5 Parameterised Components 222 10.6 Generate Statements 225 10.7 Worked Examples 230 11 Subprograms 243 11.1 The Role of Subprograms 243 11.2 Functions 243 11.3 Operators 254 11.4 Type Conversions 258 11.5 Procedures 261 11.6 Declaring Subprograms 267 11.7 Worked Example 270 12 Special Structures 279 12.1 Tristates 279 12.2 Finite State Machines 284 12.3 RAMs and Register Banks 292 12.4 Decoders and ROMs 297 13 Test Benches 301 13.1 Test Benches 301 13.2 Combinational Test Bench 302 13.3 Verifying Responses 305 13.4 Clocks and Resets 307 13.5 Other Standard Types 310 13.6 Don’t Care Outputs 312 13.7 Printing Response Values 314 13.8 Using TextIO to Read Data Files 315 13.9 Reading Standard Types 318 13.10 TextIO Error Handling 319 13.11 TextIO for Synthesis Types 321 13.12 TextIO for User-Defined Types 322 13.13 Worked Example 325 14 Libraries 327 14.1 The Library 327 14.2 Library Names 328 14.3 Library Work 329 14.4 Standard Libraries 330 14.5 Organising Your Files 333 14.6 Incremental Compilation 335 15 Case Study 337 15.1 Specification 337 15.2 System-Level Design 338 15.3 RTL Design 340 15.4 Trial Synthesis 352 15.5 Testing the Design 353 15.6 Floating-Point Version 361 15.7 Final Synthesis 362 15.8 Generic Version 364 15.9 Conclusions 366 Appendix A Package Listings 369 A.1 Package Standard 369 A.2 Package Standard_Additions 373 A.3 Package Std_Logic_1164 380 A.4 Package Std_Logic_1164_Additions 383 A.5 Package Numeric_Std 389 A.6 Package Numeric_Std_Additions 393 A.7 Package Fixed_Float_Types 400 A.8 Package Fixed_Pkg 401 A.9 Package Float_Pkg 415 A.10 Package TextIO 429 A.11 Package Standard_Textio_Additions 431 A.12 Package Std_Logic_Arith 432 A.13 Package Math_Real 436 Appendix B Syntax Reference 439 B.1 Keywords 439 B.2 Design Units 440 B.3 Concurrent Statements 441 B.4 Sequential Statements 443 B.5 Expressions 444 B.6 Declarations 445 References 449 Index 451

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Book SynopsisWIND ENERGY GENERATION WIND ENERGY GENERATIONMODELLING AND CONTROL With increasing concern over climate change and the security of energy supplies, wind power is emerging as an important source of electrical energy throughout the world. Modern wind turbines use advanced power electronics to provide efficient generator control and to ensure compatible operation with the power system. Wind Energy Generation describes the fundamental principles and modelling of the electrical generator and power electronic systems used in large wind turbines. It also discusses how they interact with the power system and the influence of wind turbines on power system operation and stability. Key features: Includes a comprehensive account of power electronic equipment used in wind turbines and for their grid connection. Describes enabling technologies which facilitate the connection of large-scale onshore and offshore wind farms. Provides detaiTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii Acronyms and Symbols xv 1 Electricity Generation from Wind Energy 1 1.1 Wind Farms 2 1.2 Wind Energy-generating Systems 3 1.2.1 Wind Turbines 3 1.2.2 Wind Turbine Architectures 7 1.3 Wind Generators Compared with Conventional Power Plant 10 1.3.1 Local Impacts 11 1.3.2 System-wide Impacts 13 1.4 Grid Code Regulations for the Integration of Wind Generation 14 References 17 2 Power Electronics for Wind Turbines 19 2.1 Soft-starter for FSIG Wind Turbines 21 2.2 Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) 21 2.2.1 The Two-level VSC 21 2.2.2 Square-wave Operation 24 2.2.3 Carrier-based PWM (CB-PWM) 25 2.2.4 Switching Frequency Optimal PWM (SFO-PWM) 27 2.2.5 Regular and Non-regular Sampled PWM (RS-PWM and NRS-PWM) 28 2.2.6 Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEM) 29 2.2.7 Voltage Space Vector Switching (SV-PWM) 30 2.2.8 Hysteresis Switching 33 2.3 Application of VSCs for Variable-speed Systems 33 2.3.1 VSC with a Diode Bridge 34 2.3.2 Back-to-Back VSCs 34 References 36 3 Modelling of Synchronous Generators 39 3.1 Synchronous Generator Construction 39 3.2 The Air-gap Magnetic Field of the Synchronous Generator 39 3.3 Coil Representation of the Synchronous Generator 42 3.4 Generator Equations in the dq Frame 44 3.4.1 Generator Electromagnetic Torque 47 3.5 Steady-state Operation 47 3.6 Synchronous Generator with Damper Windings 49 3.7 Non-reduced Order Model 51 3.8 Reduced-order Model 52 3.9 Control of Large Synchronous Generators 53 3.9.1 Excitation Control 53 3.9.2 Prime Mover Control 55 References 56 4 Fixed-speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based Wind Turbines 57 4.1 Induction Machine Construction 57 4.1.1 Squirrel-cage Rotor 58 4.1.2 Wound Rotor 58 4.2 Steady-state Characteristics 58 4.2.1 Variations in Generator Terminal Voltage 61 4.3 FSIG Configurations for Wind Generation 61 4.3.1 Two-speed Operation 62 4.3.2 Variable-slip Operation 63 4.3.3 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 64 4.4 Induction Machine Modelling 64 4.4.1 FSIG Model as a Voltage Behind a Transient Reactance 65 4.5 Dynamic Performance of FSIG Wind Turbines 70 4.5.1 Small Disturbances 70 4.5.2 Performance During Network Faults 73 References 76 5 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Turbines 77 5.1 Typical DFIG Configuration 77 5.2 Steady-state Characteristics 77 5.2.1 Active Power Relationships in the Steady State 80 5.2.2 Vector Diagram of Operating Conditions 81 5.3 Control for Optimum Wind Power Extraction 83 5.4 Control Strategies for a DFIG 84 5.4.1 Current-mode Control (PVdq) 84 5.4.2 Rotor Flux Magnitude and Angle Control 89 5.5 Dynamic Performance Assessment 90 5.5.1 Small Disturbances 91 5.5.2 Performance During Network Faults 94 References 96 6 Fully Rated Converter-based (FRC) Wind Turbines 99 6.1 FRC Synchronous Generator-based (FRC-SG) Wind Turbine 100 6.1.1 Direct-driven Wind Turbine Generators 100 6.1.2 Permanent Magnets Versus Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators 101 6.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 101 6.1.4 Wind Turbine Control and Dynamic Performance Assessment 103 6.2 FRC Induction Generator-based (FRC-IG) Wind Turbine 113 6.2.1 Steady-state Performance 113 6.2.2 Control of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine 114 6.2.3 Performance Characteristics of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine 119 References 119 7 Influence of Rotor Dynamics on Wind Turbine Operation 121 7.1 Blade Bending Dynamics 122 7.2 Derivation of Three-mass Model 123 7.2.1 Example: 300 kW FSIG Wind Turbine 124 7.3 Effective Two-mass Model 126 7.4 Assessment of FSIG and DFIG Wind Turbine Performance 128 Acknowledgement 132 References 132 8 Influence of Wind Farms on Network Dynamic Performance 135 8.1 Dynamic Stability and its Assessment 135 8.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Synchronous Generation 136 8.3 A Synchronizing Power and Damping Power Model of a Synchronous Generator 137 8.4 Influence of Automatic Voltage Regulator on Damping 139 8.5 Influence on Damping of Generator Operating Conditions 141 8.6 Influence of Turbine Governor on Generator Operation 143 8.7 Transient Stability 145 8.8 Voltage Stability 147 8.9 Generic Test Network 149 8.10 Influence of Generation Type on Network Dynamic Stability 150 8.10.1 Generator 2 – Synchronous Generator 151 8.10.2 Generator 2 – FSIG-based Wind Farm 152 8.10.3 Generator 2 – DFIG-based Wind Farm (PVdq Control) 152 8.10.4 Generator 2 – DFIG-based Wind Farm (FMAC Control) 152 8.10.5 Generator 2 – FRC-based Wind Farm 152 8.11 Dynamic Interaction of Wind Farms with the Network 153 8.11.1 FSIG Influence on Network Damping 153 8.11.2 DFIG Influence on Network Damping 158 8.12 Influence of Wind Generation on Network Transient Performance 161 8.12.1 Generator 2 – Synchronous Generator 161 8.12.2 Generator 2 – FSIG Wind Farm 162 8.12.3 Generator 2 – DFIG Wind Farm 163 8.12.4 Generator 2 – FRC Wind Farm 165 References 165 9 Power Systems Stabilizers and Network Damping Capability of Wind Farms 167 9.1 A Power System Stabilizer for a Synchronous Generator 167 9.1.1 Requirements and Function 167 9.1.2 Synchronous Generator PSS and its Performance Contributions 169 9.2 A Power System Stabilizer for a DFIG 172 9.2.1 Requirements and Function 172 9.2.2 DFIG-PSS and its Performance Contributions 178 9.3 A Power System Stabilizer for an FRC Wind Farm 182 9.3.1 Requirements and Functions 182 9.3.2 FRC–PSS and its Performance Contributions 186 References 191 10 The Integration of Wind Farms into the Power System 193 10.1 Reactive Power Compensation 193 10.1.1 Static Var Compensator (SVC) 194 10.1.2 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 195 10.1.3 STATCOM and FSIG Stability 197 10.2 HVAC Connections 198 10.3 HVDC Connections 198 10.3.1 LCC–HVDC 200 10.3.2 VSC–HVDC 201 10.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 203 10.3.4 HVDC Transmission – Opportunities and Challenges 204 10.4 Example of the Design of a Submarine Network 207 10.4.1 Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm 207 10.4.2 Onshore Grid Connection Points 208 10.4.3 Technical Analysis 210 10.4.4 Cost Analysis 212 10.4.5 Recommended Point of Connection 213 Acknowledgement 214 References 214 11 Wind Turbine Control for System Contingencies 217 11.1 Contribution of Wind Generation to Frequency Regulation 217 11.1.1 Frequency Control 217 11.1.2 Wind Turbine Inertia 218 11.1.3 Fast Primary Response 219 11.1.4 Slow Primary Response 222 11.2 Fault Ride-through (FRT) 228 11.2.1 FSIGs 228 11.2.2 DFIGs 229 11.2.3 FRCs 231 11.2.4 VSC–HVDC with FSIG Wind Farm 233 11.2.5 FRC Wind Turbines Connected Via a VSC–HVDC 234 References 237 Appendix A: State–Space Concepts and Models 241 Appendix B: Introduction to Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 249 Appendix C: Linearization of State Equations 255 Appendix D: Generic Network Model Parameters 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisFailure analysis is the preferred method to investigate product or process reliability and to ensure optimum performance of electrical components and systems. The physics-of-failure approach is the only internationally accepted solution for continuously improving the reliability of materials, devices and processes.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword. Foreword by Dr. Craig Hillman. Series Editor’s Preface. Preface. About the Authors. 1 Introduction. 1.1. The Three Goals of the Book. 1.2. Historical Perspective 1.3. Terminology. 1.4. State of the Art and Future Trends. 1.5. General Plan of the Book. References. 2 Failure Analysis - Why? 2.1. Eight Possible Applications. 2.2. Forensic Engineering. 2.3. Reliability Modeling. 2.4. Reverse Engineering. 2.5. Controlling Critical Input Variables. 2.6. Design for Reliability. 2.7. Process Improvement. 2.8. Saving Money by Early Control. 2.9. A Synergetic Approach. References. 3 Failure Analysis - When? 3.1. During Development Cycle. 3.2. Preparing the Fabrication. 3.3. FA during Fabrication. 3.4. FA after Fabrication. 3.5. FA during Operation or Storage. References. 4 Failure Analysis - How? 4.1. Procedures for failure analysis. 4.2. Techniques for decapsulating the device and for sample preparation. 4.3. Techniques for failure analysis. References. 5. Failure Analysis - What? 5.1 Failure Modes and Mechanisms at Various Process Steps. 5.2 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Passive Electronic Parts. 5.3 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Silicon Bipolar Technology. 5.4 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of MOS Technology. 5.5 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Optoelectronic and Photonic Technologies. 5.6 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Non-Silicon Technologies. 5.7 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Hybrid Technology. 5.8 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Microsystem Technologies. References. 6 Case Studies. 6.1 Case Study No. 1: Capacitors. 6.2 Case Study No. 2: Bipolar Power Devices. 6.3 Case Study No. 3: CMOS Devices. 6.4 Case Study No. 4: MOS Field Effect Transistors. 6.5 Case Study No. 5: Thin Film Transistors. 6.6 Case Study No. 6: High Electron Mobility Transistors. 6.7 Case Study No. 7: MEMS Resonators. 6.8 Case Study No. 8: MEMS Micro-Cantilevers. 6.9 Case Study No. 9: MEMS Switches. 6.10 Case Study No. 10: Magnetic MEMS Switches. 6.11 Case Study No. 11: Chip-Scale Packages. 6.12 Case Study No. 12: Solder Joints. 6.13 Conclusions. References. 7. Conclusions. References. Acronyms. Glossary. Index.

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