Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book covers the development of intelligent systems using a mixture of scientific, philosophical, and engineering concepts. It provides an expert blend of theory and practice in intelligent systems design and uses real-world examples to illustrate technical concepts.Table of ContentsPreface. Emergence of a Theory. Knowledge. Perception. Goal Seeking and Planning. A Reference Model Architecture. Behavior Generation. World Modeling, Value Judgment, and Knowledge Representation. Sensory Processing. Engineering Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Future Possibilities. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisYour road map for meeting today''s digital testing challenges Today, digital logic devices are common in products that impact public safety, including applications in transportation and human implants. Accurate testing has become more critical to reliability, safety, and the bottom line. Yet, as digital systems become more ubiquitous and complex, the challenge of testing them has become more difficult. As one development group designing a RISC stated, the work required to . . . test a chip of this size approached the amount of effort required to design it. A valued reference for nearly two decades, Digital Logic Testing and Simulation has been significantly revised and updated for designers and test engineers who must meet this challenge. There is no single solution to the testing problem. Organized in an easy-to-follow, sequential format, this Second Edition familiarizes the reader with the many different strategies for testing and their applications, and assTrade Review"...well-written and covers broad subjects related to the test of digital circuits. It will be useful for students and engineers involved in design and testing." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, July/August 2005) “This is an excellent introduction to testing digital circuits...valuable to IC design and product engineers, and stands as an excellent academic reference for electrical engineering students.” (Chip Scale Review, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Quality. 1.3 The Test. 1.4 The Design Process. 1.5 Design Automation. 1.6 Estimating Yield. 1.7 Measuring Test Effectiveness. 1.8 The Economics of Test. 1.9 Case Studies. 1.9.1 The Effectiveness of Fault Simulation. 1.9.2 Evaluating Test Decisions. 1.10 Summary. Problems. References. 2 Simulation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Background. 2.3 The Simulation Hierarchy. 2.4 The Logic Symbols. 2.5 Sequential Circuit Behavior. 2.6 The Compiled Simulator. 2.6.1 Ternary Simulation. 2.6.2 Sequential Circuit Simulation. 2.6.3 Timing Considerations. 2.6.4 Hazards. 2.6.5 Hazard Detection. 2.7 Event-Driven Simulation. 2.7.1 Zero-Delay Simulation. 2.7.2 Unit-Delay Simulation. 2.7.3 Nominal-Delay Simulation. 2.8 Multiple-Valued Simulation. 2.9 Implementing the Nominal-Delay Simulator. 2.9.1 The Scheduler. 2.9.2 The Descriptor Cell. 2.9.3 Evaluation Techniques. 2.9.4 Race Detection in Nominal-Delay Simulation. 2.9.5 Min–Max Timing. 2.10 Switch-Level Simulation. 2.11 Binary Decision Diagrams. 2.11.1 Introduction. 2.11.2 The Reduce Operation. 2.11.3 The Apply Operation. 2.12 Cycle Simulation. 2.13 Timing Verification. 2.13.1 Path Enumeration. 2.13.2 Block-Oriented Analysis. 2.14 Summary. Problems. References. 3 Fault Simulation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Approaches to Testing. 3.3 Analysis of a Faulted Circuit. 3.3.1 Analysis at the Component Level. 3.3.2 Gate-Level Symbols. 3.3.3 Analysis at the Gate Level. 3.4 The Stuck-At Fault Model. 3.4.1 The AND Gate Fault Model. 3.4.2 The OR Gate Fault Model. 3.4.3 The Inverter Fault Model. 3.4.4 The Tri-State Fault Model. 3.4.5 Fault Equivalence and Dominance. 3.5 The Fault Simulator: An Overview. 3.6 Parallel Fault Processing. 3.6.1 Parallel Fault Simulation. 3.6.2 Performance Enhancements. 3.6.3 Parallel Pattern Single Fault Propagation. 3.7 Concurrent Fault Simulation. 3.7.1 An Example of Concurrent Simulation. 3.7.2 The Concurrent Fault Simulation Algorithm. 3.7.3 Concurrent Fault Simulation: Further Considerations. 3.8 Delay Fault Simulation. 3.9 Differential Fault Simulation. 3.10 Deductive Fault Simulation. 3.11 Statistical Fault Analysis. 3.12 Fault Simulation Performance. 3.13 Summary. Problems. References. 4 Automatic Test Pattern Generation. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Sensitized Path. 4.2.1 The Sensitized Path: An Example. 4.2.2 Analysis of the Sensitized Path Method. 4.3 The D-Algorithm. 4.3.1 The D-Algorithm: An Analysis. 4.3.2 The Primitive D-Cubes of Failure. 4.3.3 Propagation D-Cubes. 4.3.4 Justification and Implication. 4.3.5 The D-Intersection. 4.4 Testdetect. 4.5 The Subscripted D-Algorithm. 4.6 PODEM. 4.7 FAN. 4.8 Socrates. 4.9 The Critical Path. 4.10 Critical Path Tracing. 4.11 Boolean Differences. 4.12 Boolean Satisfiability. 4.13 Using BDDs for ATPG. 4.13.1 The BDD XOR Operation. 4.13.2 Faulting the BDD Graph. 4.14 Summary. Problems. References. 5 Sequential Logic Test. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Test Problems Caused by Sequential Logic. 5.2.1 The Effects of Memory. 5.2.2 Timing Considerations. 5.3 Sequential Test Methods. 5.3.1 Seshu’s Heuristics. 5.3.2 The Iterative Test Generator. 5.3.3 The 9-Value ITG. 5.3.4 The Critical Path. 5.3.5 Extended Backtrace. 5.3.6 Sequential Path Sensitization. 5.4 Sequential Logic Test Complexity. 5.4.1 Acyclic Sequential Circuits. 5.4.2 The Balanced Acyclic Circuit. 5.4.3 The General Sequential Circuit. 5.5 Experiments with Sequential Machines. 5.6 A Theoretical Limit on Sequential Testability. 5.7 Summary. Problems. References. 6 Automatic Test Equipment. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Basic Tester Architectures. 6.2.1 The Static Tester. 6.2.2 The Dynamic Tester. 6.3 The Standard Test Interface Language. 6.4 Using the Tester. 6.5 The Electron Beam Probe. 6.6 Manufacturing Test. 6.7 Developing a Board Test Strategy. 6.8 The In-Circuit Tester. 6.9 The PCB Tester. 6.9.1 Emulating the Tester. 6.9.2 The Reference Tester. 6.9.3 Diagnostic Tools. 6.10 The Test Plan. 6.11 Visual Inspection. 6.12 Test Cost. 6.13 Summary. Problems. References. 7 Developing a Test Strategy. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Test Triad. 7.3 Overview of the Design and Test Process. 7.4 A Testbench. 7.4.1 The Circuit Description. 7.4.2 The Test Stimulus Description. 7.5 Fault Modeling. 7.5.1 Checkpoint Faults. 7.5.2 Delay Faults. 7.5.3 Redundant Faults. 7.5.4 Bridging Faults. 7.5.5 Manufacturing Faults. 7.6 Technology-Related Faults. 7.6.1 MOS. 7.6.2 CMOS. 7.6.3 Fault Coverage Results in Equivalent Circuits. 7.7 The Fault Simulator. 7.7.1 Random Patterns. 7.7.2 Seed Vectors. 7.7.3 Fault Sampling. 7.7.4 Fault-List Partitioning. 7.7.5 Distributed Fault Simulation. 7.7.6 Iterative Fault Simulation. 7.7.7 Incremental Fault Simulation. 7.7.8 Circuit Initialization. 7.7.9 Fault Coverage Profiles. 7.7.10 Fault Dictionaries. 7.7.11 Fault Dropping. 7.8 Behavioral Fault Modeling. 7.8.1 Behavioral MUX. 7.8.2 Algorithmic Test Development. 7.8.3 Behavioral Fault Simulation. 7.8.4 Toggle Coverage. 7.8.5 Code Coverage. 7.9 The Test Pattern Generator. 7.9.1 Trapped Faults. 7.9.2 SOFTG. 7.9.3 The Imply Operation. 7.9.4 Comprehension Versus Resolution. 7.9.5 Probable Detected Faults. 7.9.6 Test Pattern Compaction. 7.9.7 Test Counting. 7.10 Miscellaneous Considerations. 7.10.1 The ATPG/Fault Simulator Link. 7.10.2 ATPG User Controls. 7.10.3 Fault-List Management. 7.11 Summary. Problems. References. 8 Design-For-Testability. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Ad Hoc Design-for-Testability Rules. 8.2.1 Some Testability Problems. 8.2.2 Some Ad Hoc Solutions. 8.3 Controllability/Observability Analysis. 8.3.1 SCOAP. 8.3.2 Other Testability Measures. 8.3.3 Test Measure Effectiveness. 8.3.4 Using the Test Pattern Generator. 8.4 The Scan Path. 8.4.1 Overview. 8.4.2 Types of Scan-Flops. 8.4.3 Level-Sensitive Scan Design. 8.4.4 Scan Compliance. 8.4.5 Scan-Testing Circuits with Memory. 8.4.6 Implementing Scan Path. 8.5 The Partial Scan Path. 8.6 Scan Solutions for PCBs. 8.6.1 The NAND Tree. 8.6.2 The 1149.1 Boundary Scan. 8.7 Summary. Problems. References. 9 Built-In Self-Test. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Benefits of BIST. 9.3 The Basic Self-Test Paradigm. 9.3.1 A Mathematical Basis for Self-Test. 9.3.2 Implementing the LFSR. 9.3.3 The Multiple Input Signature Register (MISR). 9.3.4 The BILBO. 9.4 Random Pattern Effectiveness. 9.4.1 Determining Coverage. 9.4.2 Circuit Partitioning. 9.4.3 Weighted Random Patterns. 9.4.4 Aliasing. 9.4.5 Some BIST Results. 9.5 Self-Test Applications. 9.5.1 Microprocessor-Based Signature Analysis. 9.5.2 Self-Test Using MISR/Parallel SRSG (STUMPS). 9.5.3 STUMPS in the ES/9000 System. 9.5.4 STUMPS in the S/390 Microprocessor. 9.5.5 The Macrolan Chip. 9.5.6 Partial BIST. 9.6 Remote Test. 9.6.1 The Test Controller. 9.6.2 The Desktop Management Interface. 9.7 Black-Box Testing. 9.7.1 The Ordering Relation. 9.7.2 The Microprocessor Matrix. 9.7.3 Graph Methods. 9.8 Fault Tolerance. 9.8.1 Performance Monitoring. 9.8.2 Self-Checking Circuits. 9.8.3 Burst Error Correction. 9.8.4 Triple Modular Redundancy. 9.8.5 Software Implemented Fault Tolerance. 9.9 Summary. Problems. References. 10 Memory Test. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Semiconductor Memory Organization. 10.3 Memory Test Patterns. 10.4 Memory Faults. 10.5 Memory Self-Test. 10.5.1 A GALPAT Implementation. 10.5.2 The 9N and 13N Algorithms. 10.5.3 Self-Test for BIST. 10.5.4 Parallel Test for Memories. 10.5.5 Weak Read–Write. 10.6 Repairable Memories. 10.7 Error Correcting Codes. 10.7.1 Vector Spaces. 10.7.2 The Hamming Codes. 10.7.3 ECC Implementation. 10.7.4 Reliability Improvements. 10.7.5 Iterated Codes. 10.8 Summary. Problems. References. 11 IDDQ. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Background. 11.3 Selecting Vectors. 11.3.1 Toggle Count. 11.3.2 The Quietest Method. 11.4 Choosing a Threshold. 11.5 Measuring Current. 11.6 IDDQ Versus Burn-In. 1.7 Problems with Large Circuits. 11.8 Summary. Problems. References. 12 Behavioral Test and Verification. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Design Verification: An Overview. 12.3 Simulation. 12.3.1 Performance Enhancements. 12.3.2 HDL Extensions and C++. 12.3.3 Co-design and Co-verification. 12.4 Measuring Simulation Thoroughness. 12.4.1 Coverage Evaluation. 12.4.2 Design Error Modeling. 12.5 Random Stimulus Generation. 12.6 The Behavioral ATPG. 12.6.1 Overview. 12.6.2 The RTL Circuit Image. 12.6.3 The Library of Parameterized Modules. 12.6.4 Some Basic Behavioral Processing Algorithms. 12.7 The Sequential Circuit Test Search System (SCIRTSS). 12.7.1 A State Traversal Problem. 12.7.2 The Petri Net. 12.8 The Test Design Expert. 12.8.1 An Overview of TDX. 12.8.2 DEPOT. 12.8.3 The Fault Simulator. 12.8.4 Building Goal Trees. 12.8.5 Sequential Conflicts in Goal Trees. 12.8.6 Goal Processing for a Microprocessor. 12.8.7 Bidirectional Goal Search. 12.8.8 Constraint Propagation. 12.8.9 Pitfalls When Building Goal Trees. 12.8.10 MaxGoal Versus MinGoal. 12.8.11 Functional Walk. 12.8.12 Learn Mode. 12.8.13 DFT in TDX. 12.9 Design Verification. 12.9.1 Formal Verification. 12.9.2 Theorem Proving. 12.9.3 Equivalence Checking. 12.9.4 Model Checking. 12.9.5 Symbolic Simulation. 12.10Summary. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisVerilog provides platforms for designs to be described at different layers of complexity, combine them in a seamless manner, test them at every stage and build up a bug-free design. This book intends to guide readers to master Verilog as an HDL and use it for design.Trade Review"…this book is surely welcome…due to its simple but efficient structure, the book can be used both in academia and in industry." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, July/August 2006) “...ideally suited for teaching digital hardware design techniques using a low-level programming language...highly recommended...” (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 8, April 2004) "…enables readers to master Verilog as an HDL for design...engages the readers at every stage through the variety and number of examples." (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, January 2004)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 1 INTRODUCTION TO VLSI DESIGN. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO DIGITAL DESIGN. 1.3 VLSI DESIGN. 1.4 ASIC DESIGN FLOW. 1.5 ROLE OF HDL. 2 INTRODUCTION TO VERILOG. 2.1 VERILOG AS AN HDL. 2.2 LEVELS OF DESIGN DESCRIPTION. 2.3 CONCURRENCY. 2.4 SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS. 2.5 FUNCTIONAL VERIFICATION. 2.6 SYSTEM TASKS. 2.7 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE INTERFACE (PLI). 2.8 MODULE. 2.9 SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS TOOLS. 2.10 TEST BENCHES. 3 LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTS AND CONVENTIONS IN VERILOG. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 KEYWORDS. 3.3 IDENTIFIERS. 3.4 WHITE SPACE CHARACTERS. 3.5 COMMENTS. 3.6 NUMBERS. 3.7 STRINGS. 3.8 LOGIC VALUES. 3.9 STRENGTHS. 3.10 DATA TYPES. 3.11 SCALARS AND VECTORS. 3.12 PARAMETERS. 3.13 MEMORY. 3.14 OPERATORS. 3.15 SYSTEM TASKS. 3.16 EXERCISES. 4 GATE LEVEL MODELING – 1. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 AND GATE PRIMITIVE. 4.3 MODULE STRUCTURE. 4.4 OTHER GATE PRIMITIVES. 4.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 4.6 TRI-STATE GATES. 4.7 ARRAY OF INSTANCES OF PRIMITIVES. 4.8 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 4.9 EXERCISES. 5 GATE LEVEL MODELING – 2. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 DESIGN OF FLIP-FLOPS WITH GATE PRIMITIVES. 5.3 DELAYS. 5.4 STRENGTHS AND CONTENTION RESOLUTION. 5.5 NET TYPES. 5.6 DESIGN OF BASIC CIRCUITS. 5.7 EXERCISES. 6 MODELING AT DATA FLOW LEVEL. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 CONTINUOUS ASSIGNMENT STRUCTURES. 6.3 DELAYS AND CONTINUOUS ASSIGNMENTS. 6.4 ASSIGNMENT TO VECTORS. 6.5 OPERATORS. 6.6 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 6.7 EXERCISES. 7 BEHAVIORAL MODELING — 1. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 OPERATIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS.0 7.3 FUNCTIONAL BIFURCATION.1 7.4 INITIAL CONSTRUCT. 7.5 ALWAYS CONSTRUCT. 7.6 EXAMPLES. 7.7 ASSIGNMENTS WITH DELAYS. 7.8 wait CONSTRUCT. 7.9 MULTIPLE ALWAYS BLOCKS. 7.10 DESIGNS AT BEHAVIORAL LEVEL. 7.11 BLOCKING AND NONBLOCKING ASSIGNMENTS. 7.12 THE case STATEMENT. 7.13 SIMULATION FLOW. 7.14 EXERCISES. 8 BEHAVIORAL MODELING II. 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.2 if AND if–else CONSTRUCTS. 8.3 assign–deassign CONSTRUCT. 8.4 repeat CONSTRUCT. 8.5 for LOOP. 8.6 THE disable CONSTRUCT. 8.7 while LOOP. 8.8 forever LOOP. 8.9 PARALLEL BLOCKS. 8.10 force–release CONSTRUCT. 8.11 EVENT. 8.12 EXERCISES. 9 FUNCTIONS, TASKS, AND USER-DEFINED PRIMITIVES. 9.1 INTRODUCTIUON. 9.2 FUNCTION. 9.3 TASKS. 9.4 USER-DEFINED PRIMITIVES (UDP).2 9.5 EXERCISES. 10 SWITCH LEVEL MODELING 305 10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.2 BASIC TRANSISTOR SWITCHES.5 10.3 CMOS SWITCH. 10.4 BIDIRECTIONAL GATES. 10.5 TIME DELAYS WITH SWITCH PRIMITIVES. 10.6 INSTANTIATIONS WITH STRENGTHS AND DELAYS. 10.7 STRENGTH CONTENTION WITH TRIREG NETS. 10.8 EXERCISES. 11 SYSTEM TASKS, FUNCTIONS, AND COMPILER DIRECTIVES 339 11.1 INTRODUCTION. 11.2 PARAMETERS.9 11.3 PATH DELAYS. 11.4 MODULE PARAMETERS. 11.5 SYSTEM TASKS AND FUNCTIONS. 11.6 FILE-BASED TASKS AND FUNCTIONS. 11.7 COMPILER DIRECTIVES. 11.8 HIERARCHICAL ACCESS. 11.9 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 11.10 EXERCISES. 12 QUEUES, PLAS, AND FSMS. 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12.2 QUEUES. 12.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (PLDs). 12.4 DESIGN OF FINITE STATE MACHINES. 12.5 EXERCISES. APPENDIX A (Keywords and Their Significance). APPENDIX B (Truth Tables of Gates and Switches). REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisAn updated edition of the classic guide to technical communication Consider that 20 to 50 percent of a technology professional's time is spent communicating with others. Whether writing a memo, preparing a set of procedures, or making an oral presentation, effective communication is vital to your professional success.Trade Review"I wish I had known of this publication years ago. It would have made the growth of a professional career less chaotic and better organized...highly recommended to all professionals..." (Journal of Veterinary and Human Toxicology, Vol. 45, No. 5, October 2003)Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART I Getting Started: Writing the First Drafts Can Engineers Write? 3 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Joan Knapp Preparing to Write the Document: A Worksheet for Situational Analysis in the Workplace 7 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1990 Ronald J. Nelson Issue Trees: A Tool to Aid the Engineering Writer 12 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(2) June 1994 Joan Temple Dennett and Michael Hseih Ready, Aim—Write! 21 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(1) March 1988 Ruth C. Savakinas Beginnings and Endings: Keys to Better Engineering Technical Writing 24 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(4) December 1997 Marcia Martens Pierson and Bion L. Pierson Could You Be Clearer? An Examination of the Multiple Perspectives of Clarity 30 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Ronald E. Dulek The Grammar Instinct 34 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(2) June 2002 Alan D. Manning Comparing the Two Cultures in Technical Writing 39 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(2) June 1991 Don Bush PART II Construction and Content: Putting Documents Together Creating a Doc Spec 45 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(2) June 1999 Liz Wing Write a Good Technical Report 49 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Gael D. Ulrich How to Avoid the Transitional Ax in Indirect Bad News Messages 55 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(1) March 1991 Thomas L.Wiseman Job Hunting: Sharpening Your Competitive Edge 5 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(4) December 1984 Ron S. Blicq How to Write a Recommendation 6 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(4) December 1984 Alan D. Wilcox Some Guidance on Preparing Technical Articles for Publication 7 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Richard Manley, Judith Graham, and Ralph Baxter Today’s Style Guide:Trusted Tool with Added Potential 8 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Jane Perkins and Cassandra Maloney “Professional Communication” and the “Odor of Mendacity”: The Persistent Suspicion that Skillful Writing is Successful Lying 8 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-38(3) September 1995 Edmond H. Weiss PART III Text and Graphics: Presenting Information Visually Editing Visual Media 97 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Thomas R. Williams and Deborah A. Harkus Visual Discriminability of Headings in Text 110 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Thomas R. Williams and Jan H. Spyridakis Choosing the Right Graph 117 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(1) March 2002 Jean-Luc Doumont and Philippe Vandenbroek Table Construction: Do’s and Don’ts 123 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Eva Dukes Safety Labels: What to Put in Them, How to Write Them, and Where to Place Them 128 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(3) September 1987 Christopher Velotta Editing Math: What to Do with the Symbols 134 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-33(3) June 1990 Barry W. Burton Displaying Scientific Graphics on Computer 138 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(2) June 1997 Janet E. Lincoln and Donald L. Monk PART IV Manuals and Procedures: Giving Directions that Work Designing and Writing Operating Manuals 155 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Lidia Lopinto Manual Dexterity—What Makes Instructional Manuals Usable 158 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(2) June 1984 James P. Gleason and Joan P. Wackerman Selecting and Switching: Some Advantages of Diagrams Over Tables and Lists for Presenting Instructions 161 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(4) December 1998 Angelique Boekelder and Michael Steehouder Using a Structured Design Analysis To Simplify Complex In-House Computer Manuals 174 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(1) March 1992 John S. Craig Single-Source Manuals 180 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(2) June 1994 Gary Bist The Effects of Screen Captures in Manuals: A Textual and Two Visual Manuals Compared 187 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(2) June 1999 Mark Gellevij, Hans van der Meij, Ton deJong, and Jules Pieters The User Edit: Making Manuals Easier to Use 202 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-24(1) March 1981 Marshall A. Atlas PART V Proposals: Writing to Win the Customer Fifteen Questions to Help You Write Winning Proposals 207 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(2) June 1983 T. M. Georges The Short Proposal:Versatile Tool for Communicating Corporate Culture in Competitive Climates 208 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(2) June 1989 Bernard E. Budish and Richard L. Sandhusen Technical Writing and Illustrating Strategies for Winning Government Contracts 213 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-28(2) June 1992 Robert B. Greenly Storyboarding Can Help Your Proposal 219 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Robert A. Barakat Developing Winning Proposal Strategies 225 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(3) September 1991 Robert A. Barakat Clarification Questions That Work 235 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(2) June 1988 Annette D. Reilly Proposals: Write to Win 238 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(2) June 1983 Clark E. Beck Broadening Employment Horizons:Transferring Proposal Writing Skills from For-Profit to Nonprofit Organizations 240 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(2) June 1996 Sherry Shebley Hamilton PART VI Revising and Editing: Refining Your Documents Theory and Practice of Editing Processes in Technical Communication 247 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-28(1) March 1985 Roger E. Masse When the Basics Aren’t Enough: Finding a Comprehensive Editor 256 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(3) September 1994 Laurel K. Grove Collaborative Writing in the Workplace 260 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(3) September 1989 Charles R. Stratton Reverse Engineering: The Outline As Document Restructuring Tool 265 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-29(3) September 1986 Dietrich Rathjens How Writing Helps R&D Work 271 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(2) June 1987 Herbert B. Michaelson The Paradox of Revision: A Study of Writing as a Product in the Revision of Manuals 271 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(1) March 1996 Alice I. Philbin and Melissa M. Spirek Online Editing: Mark-Up Models and the Workplace Lives of Editors and Writers 279 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-38(3) June 1995 David K. Farkas and Steven E. Poltrock PART VII Oral Presentations: Speaking Effectively to Groups A Quick and Easy Strategy for Organizing a Speech 289 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-33(3) September 1990 Richard A. Lindeborg A Good Speech is Worth a Thousand (Written) Words 293 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-27(1) March 1984 Bert Decker The Engineering Presentation—Some Ideas on How to Approach and Present It 296 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(4) December 1983 Ronald C. Rosenburg Authenticity Beats Eloquence 299 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-30(2) June 1987 Susan Dressel and Joe Chew Handling a Hostile Audience—With Your Eyes 301 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-32(1) March 1989 Gilda Carle Improving Oral Marketing Presentations in the Technology-Based Company 304 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-31(2) June 1988 Michael F. Warlum Illustrations in Oral Presentations: Photographs 308 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(3) September 1998 Thomas Walsh Producing a Video on a Technical Subject: A Guide 312 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-36(2) June 1993 Danny Dowhal, Gary Bist, Peter Kohlman, Stan Musker, and Heather Rogers PART VIII Listening, Meeting, and Teamwork:Working with Others to Get Results You Haven’t Heard a Word I Said: Getting Managers to Listen 323 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-37(1) March 1994 Jo Procter Becoming an Effective Listener 326 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-23(2) June 1980 Marion E. Haynes Toward Better Meetings: A Psychologist’s View 330 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-24(3) September 1981 Eugene Raudsepp Presenting the Successful Technical Seminar 333 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-26(1) March 1983 Thomas Ealey Project Characteristics and Group Communication: An Investigation 336 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-45(2) June 2002 Tom L. Roberts, Paul H. Cheney, and Paul D. Sweeney Between Silence and Voice: Communicating in Cross-Functional Project Teams 351 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-34(1) March 1991 Linda Loehr A Dialogue Technique to Enhance Electronic Communication in Virtual Teams 357 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(2) June 2000 Bernard C. Y. Tan, Kwok-Kee Wei, Wayne W. Huang, and Guet-Ngoh Ng Videoconferencing as a Communication Tool 370 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Jan A. Sprey PART IX Global Communication: Conveying Meaning Internationally World Language Status Does Not Ensure World Class Usage 379 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(1) March 1992 Joann T. Dennett English Language Education for Specific Professional Needs 380 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(3) September 2001 Thomas Orr When Culture and Rhetoric Contrast: Examining English as the International Language of Technical Communication 385 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(4) December 1999 Kirk St. Amant The Organization of Japanese Expository Passages 389 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-42(3) September 1999 Waka Fukuoka and Jan H. Spyridakis Measuring the Translatability of Simplified English in Procedural Documents 398 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Jan H. Spyridakis, Heather Holmback, and Serena K. Shubert Babel in Document Design: The Evaluation of Multilingual Texts 407 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(3) September 2000 Leo Lentz and Jacquelin Hulst Aligning International Editing Efforts with Global Business Strategies 417 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-35(2) June 1992 Carol Leininger and Rue Yuan Tackling the Needs of Foreign Academic Writers: A Case Study 425 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Shimona Kushner PART X The Internet: Making the Most of Cyberspace Stylistic Guidelines for E-Mail 433 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-77(4) December 1994 Renee B. Horowitz and Marian G. Barchilon “Who’s Reading My E-Mail?” A Study of Professionals’ E-Mail Usage and Privacy Perceptions in the Workplace 439 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(1) March 1997 Patricia A. Chociey Customer Partnering: Data Gathering For Complex On-Line Documentation 446 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-40(2) June 1997 JoAnn T. Hackos, Molly Hammar, and Arthur Elser Challenges in Developing Research-Based Web Design Guidelines 455 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-43(3) September 2000 Mary B. Evans The Web and Corporate Communication: Potentials and Pitfalls 466 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-39(1) March 1996 Gary Ritzenthaler and David H. Ostroff Editing A Web Site: Extending the Levels of Edit 473 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-41(1) March 1998 Steven L. Anderson, Charles P. Campbell, Nancy Hindle, Jonathan Price, and Randall Scasny Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities: An Introduction for Web Developers 484 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(4) December 2001 Jeff Carter and Mike Markel A Conceptual Framework for International Web Design 493 IEEE Trans. Prof. Comm. PC-44(2) June 2001 Fatemah M. Zahedi, William V. Van Pelt, and Jaeki Song Index 515 About the Editor 519

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Book SynopsisFormulation for Observed and Computed Values of Deep Space Network Data Types for Navigation documents the formation of the Regres of the Orbit Determination Program (ODP) of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Program Regres calculates the computed values of observed quantities (e.g.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Time Scales and Time Differences. Planetary Ephemeris, Small-Body Ephemeris, and Satellite Ephemerides. Spacecraft Ephemeris and Partials File. Geocentric Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of Tracking Station. Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of a Landed Spacecraft Relative to Center of Mass of Planet, Planetary System, or the Moon. Algorithms for Computing ET-TAI. Light-Time Solution. Angles. Media and Antenna Corrections. Calculation of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Partial Derivatives of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Observables. References. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisBandwidth-Efficient Digital Modulation with Application to Deep-Space Communications defines, describes, and then gives the performance (power and bandwidth) of digital communication systems that incorporate a large variety of the bandwidth-efficient modulations.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Constant Envelope Modulations. 2.1 The Need for Constant Envelope. 2.2 Quadriphase-Shift-Keying and Offset (Staggered) Quadriphase-Shift-Keying. 2.3 Differentially Encoded QPSK and Offset (Staggered) QPSK. 2.4 /4-QPSK: A Variation of Differentially Encoded QPSK with Instantaneous Amplitude Fluctuation Halfway between That of QPSK and OQPSK. 2.5 Power Spectral Density Considerations. 2.6 Ideal Receiver Performance. 2.7 Performance in the Presence of Nonideal Transmitters. 2.7.1 Modulator Imbalance and Amplifier Nonlinearity. 2.7.2 Data Imbalance. 2.8 Continuous Phase Modulation. 2.8.1 Full Response-MSK and SFSK. 2.8.2 Partial Response-Gaussian MSK. 2.9 Simulation Performance. References. Chapter 3: Quasi-Constant Envelope Modulations. 3.1 Brief Review of IJF-QPSK and SQORC and their Relation to FQPSK. 3.2 A Symbol-by-Symbol Cross-Correlator Mapping for FQPSK. 3.3 Enhanced FQPSK. 3.4 Interpretation of FQPSK as a Trellis-Coded Modulation. 3.5 Optimum Detection. 3.6 Suboptimum Detection. 3.6.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection. 3.6.2 Average Bit-Error Probability Performance. 3.6.3 Further Receiver Simplifications and FQPSK-B Performance. 3.7 Cross-Correlated Trellis-Coded Quadrature Modulation. 3.7.1 Description of the Transmitter. 3.7.2 Specific Embodiments. 3.8 Other Techniques. 3.8.1 Shaped Offset QPSK. References. Chapter 4: Bandwidth-Efficient Modulations with More Envelope Fluctuation. 4.1 Bandwidth-Efficient TCM with Prescribed Decoding Delay-Equal Signal Energie. 4.1.1 ISI-Based Transmitter Implementation. 4.1.2 Evaluation of the Power Spectral Density. 4.1.3 Optimizing the Bandwidth Efficiency. 4.2 Bandwidth-Efficient TCM with Prescribed Decoding Delay-Unequal Signal Energies. References. Chapter 5: Strictly Bandlimited Modulations with Large Envelope Fluctuation (Nyquist Signaling). 5.1 Binary Nyquist Signaling. 5.2 Multilevel and Quadrature Nyquist Signaling. References. Chapter 6: Summary. 6.1 Throughput Performance Comparisons. References.

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Book SynopsisDetails the evolution of the large parabolic dish antennas, from the initial 26 m operation at L band (960 MHz) in 1958 through the Ka band (32 GHz) operation on the 70 m antenna, used to support radio and radar astronomy observations in the exploration of the solar system and the universe.Trade Review"There is great benefit from the analysis and physical insight presented in this book." (IEEE Antennas and Propagation, February 2004)Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Deep Space Station 11: Pioneer-The First Large Deep Space Network Cassegrain Antenna 71 Chapter 3: Deep Space Station 12: Echo 79 Chapter 4: Deep Space Station 13: Venus 89 Chapter 5: Deep Space Station 14: Mars 97 Chapter 6: Deep Space Station 15: Uranus-The First 34-Meter High-Efficiency Antenna 157 Chapter 7: The 34-Meter Research and Development Beam-Waveguide Antenna 167 Chapter 8: The 34-Meter Beam-Waveguide Operational Antennas 225 Chapter 9: The Antenna Research System Task 257 Chapter 10: The Next-Generation Deep Space Network 283 Acronyms and Abbreviations 295

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Book SynopsisWiley Survival Guide in Global Telecommunications: Signaling Principles, Protocols, and Wireless Systems provides a rapid introduction to the whole field of telecom technologies and will provide a consistent starting point for further study for the diverse set of interested populations, which the author differentiates into the following five categories: the rare telecom generalists, who can conceptually grasp the full picture; the greater number of individuals who are technical contributors, scientists, and engineers who concentrate on top-level applications; the majority of end users and consumers, professionals and private; the population of some underdeveloped countries who rarely or never use any of these technologies. The book provides a comprehensive approach to telecom accessible to a broad audience. Each chapter concludes with a summary and exercises with solutions in some cases. Advanced equations requiring math background to appear only in the Appendix, and referenTable of ContentsForword, ix Preface, xiii Acronyms, xix Introduction: The Network Cloud, 1 CHAPTER 1 Signal Modulation, Coding, Detection and Processing, 11 1.1 Waves and Analog Signals, 12 1.1.1 Sinusoids and Waveforms, 13 1.1.2 Analog Waveform Modulation, 16 1.1.3 Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Voice Channels, 19 1.2 Digital Signals and Coding, 22 1.2.1 Binary Number Representation, 23 1.2.2 Binary Coding into Waveforms, 26 1.2.3 Multilevel Coding and M-ary Modulation, 31 1.3 Analog-to-Digital Voice Conversion, 33 1.3.1 Pulse-Code Modulation, 33 1.3.2 Differential and Adaptative PCM, 36 1.3.3 Other Conversion Techniques, 38 1.4 Channel Noise, 39 1.4.1 Signal Mean and Variance, 39 1.4.2 The Gaussian or Normal Probability Distribution, 41 1.4.3 Eye Diagram of Binary Signals, 41 1.5 Binary Transmission and Detection, 44 1.5.1 Transmission System Elements, 44 1.5.2 Direct-Detection Binary Receivers, 48 1.5.3 Coherent Detection, 52 1.5.4 System Power Budget, 57 1.5.5 In-line Regeneration and Amplification, 57 1.5.6 Noise Figure of Active/Passive Transmission System Elements, 59 1.6 Error-Correction Coding, 62 1.6.1 Linear Block Codes, 63 1.6.2 Cyclic Codes, 68 1.6.3 Types of Error-Correcting Codes, 70 1.7 Channel Information Capacity, 72 1.7.1 Channel Information and Entropy, 73 1.7.2 Coding Efficiency, 75 1.7.3 Mutual Information, Equivocation and Channel Capacity, 76 1.7.4 Shannon–Hartley Law, 79 1.7.5 Bandwidth Efficiency, 82 Exercises, 85 My Vocabulary, 87 CHAPTER 2 Telephony and Data Networking, 91 2.1 Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) and Services, 91 2.1.1 PSTN Topology, 92 2.1.2 Making a Phone Connection, 94 2.1.3 Interoffice Trunking and PSTN Environment, 95 2.1.4 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX) and Centrexes, 98 2.1.5 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), 98 2.2 Analog Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 101 2.2.1 FDM Hierarchy, 102 2.3 Plesiosynchronous Multiplexing, 103 2.3.1 T-Span Multiplexing and Framing, 104 2.3.2 Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy, 105 2.4 Packet-Switched Networks, 109 2.4.1 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, 112 2.4.2 X.25 and Frame Relay, 115 2.5 Local Area Networks, 118 2.5.1 Network Topology and Connectivity, 119 2.5.2 Ethernet, 122 2.5.3 Token Bus and Token Ring, 123 2.5.4 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 124 2.5.5 Switched Multimegabit Digital Service (SMDS), 128 Exercises, 130 My Vocabulary, 131 CHAPTER 3 An Overview of Core-Network Transmission Protocols, 133 3.1 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Protocols, 133 3.1.1 Limitations of Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy, 134 3.1.2 SDH Framing Structure, 135 3.1.3 SONET Framing Structure, 139 3.1.4 STM-N and STS-N Framing, 142 3.1.5 SONET/SDH Network Services, 145 3.2 Asynchronous Transfer-Mode (ATM) Protocol, 147 3.2.1 ATM Cell Structure, 148 3.2.2 Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths, 150 3.2.3 ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM), 152 3.2.4 Adaptation Layer (AAL) Service Types, 154 3.2.5 ATM Network Connection Types and Service Classes, 156 3.2.6 Mapping Protocols Over ATM and the Reverse, 158 3.3 Transmission Control (TCP) and Internet (IP) Protocols, 159 3.3.1 The TCP/IP Suite and Application Layers Stack, 160 3.3.2 The Internet and Internet Connectivities, 162 3.3.3 IP Addressing Format, 163 3.3.4 Datagram Routing, 166 3.3.5 TCP and IP Datagram/Packet Structures (IPv4/IPv6), 169 3.3.6 IP-Layer Functions, 180 3.3.7 Applications Service-Layer Functions, 182 3.3.8 E-mail Addressing, 185 3.3.9 Web-Site Addressing, 186 3.3.10 Mapping IP Over ATM, SDH/SONET, and WDM, 188 3.3.11 The Internet and www Jargon, 192 Exercises, 201 My Vocabulary, 201 CHAPTER 4 Wireless Communications, 205 4.1 Basic Physics of Radio-Wave Signals, 205 4.1.1 Generation of Electromagnetic Waves, 205 4.1.2 Radio Wavebands, 210 4.1.3 Types of Antenna, 213 4.1.4 Radio-Wave Propagation and Reception, 226 4.1.5 Multipath Interference, 235 4.1.6 Effective Noise Temperature, Noise Figure and CNR, 239 4.2 Mobile Radio Communications, 245 4.2.1 Cellular Telephone Networks, 247 4.2.2 Network Grade of Service, 250 4.2.3 Early 1G Mobile Systems and Frequency Allocations, 252 4.2.4 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 256 4.2.5 From 2.5G Towards 3G Mobile Systems, 265 4.2.6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and cdma2000, 267 4.2.6 3G Services and Beyond 3G, 275 4.2.7 Wireless ATM (WATM) Networks, 277 4.3 Satellite-Based Communications, 281 4.3.1 Types of Satellite-Based Network Services, 281 4.3.2 Engineering Basics of Satellite Orbits, 283 4.3.3 Satellite Telecommunications, 306 4.3.4 High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS), 320 4.4 Fixed Wireless Networks, 326 4.4.1 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), 327 4.4.2 Free-Space Optics (FSO), 332 4.4.3 Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi, 335 4.4.4 Personal-Area Networks (PAN): IrDA and Bluetooth, 340 4.4.5 Wireless Internet Access: WAP and i-Mode, 341 Exercises, 342 My Vocabulary, 345 Solutions to Exercises, 349 Bibliography, 383 Index, 387

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Book SynopsisAn excellent introduction to the SiGe BiCMOS technology, from the underlying device physics to current applications. -Ron Wilson, EETimes SiGe technology has demonstrated the ability to provide excellent high-performance characteristics with very low noise, at high power gain, and with excellent linearity. This book is a comprehensive review of the technology and of the design methods that go with it. -Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli Professor, University of California, Berkeley Cofounder, Chief Technology Officer, Member of Board Cadence Design Systems Inc. Filled with in-depth insights and expert advice, Silicon Germanium covers all the key aspects of this technology and its applications. Beginning with a brief introduction to and historical perspective of IBM''s SiGe technology, this comprehensive guide quickly moves on to: * Detail many of IBM''s SiGe technology development programs * Explore IBM''s approach to deTrade Review"The text is recommended for engineering libraries serving electrical and computer engineering programs and engineers." (E-STREAMS, October 2004)Table of ContentsContributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. A Historical Perspective at IBM. Technology Development. Modeling and Characterization. Design Automation and Signal Integrity. Leading-Edge Applications. Appendix. Index. About the Authors.

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Book Synopsis* Builds on the success of the first Razavi book, covering the most recent developments in phase-locked loop technology* Will include an introductory "tutorial" chapter composed by the editor which will outline and explain in brief the recent advances in PLL design. .Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. Part I: Original Contributions. Devices and Circuits for Phase-Locked Systems. Delay-Locked Loops - An Overview. Delta-Sigma Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loops. Design Bang-Bang PLLs for Clock and Data Recovery in Serial Data Transmission Systems. Predicting the Phase Noise and Jitter of PLL-Based Frequency Synthesizers. Part II: Devices. Physics-Based Closed-Form Inductance Expression for Compact Modeling of Integrated Spiral Inductors. The Modeling, Characterization, and Design of Monolithic Inductors for Silicon RF IC's. Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Spiral Inductors and Transformers for Si RF IC's. Stacked Inductors and Transformers in CMOS Technology. Estimation Methods for Quality Factors of Inductors Fabricated in Silicon Integrated Circuit Process Technologies. A Q-Factor Enhancement Technique for MMIC Inductors. On-Chip Spiral Inductors with Patterned Ground Shields for Si-Based RF IC's. The Effects of a Ground Shield on the Characteristics and Performance of Spiral Inductors. Temperature Dependence of Q and Inductance in Spiral Inductors Fabricated in a Silicon-Germanium/BiCMOS Technology. Substrate Noise Coupling Through Planar Spiral Inductor. Design of High-Q Varactors for Low-Power Wireless Applications Using a Standard CMOS Process. On the Use of MOS Varactors in RF VCO's. Part III: Phase Noise and Jitter. Low-Noise Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Using Enhanced LC-Tanks. A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators. A General Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators. Physical Processes of Phase Noise in Differential LC Oscillators. Phase Noise in LC Oscillators. The Effect of Varactor Nonlinearity on the Phase Noise of Completely Integrated VCOs. Jitter in Ring Oscillators. Jitter and Phase Noise in Ring Oscillators. A Study of Oscillator Jitter Due to Supply and Substrate Noise. Measurements and Analysis of PLL Jitter Caused by Digital Switching Noise. On-Chip Measurement of the Jitter Transfer Function of Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops. Part IV: Building Blocks. A Low-Noise, Low-Power VCO with Automatic Amplitude Control for Wireless Applications. A Fully Integrated VCO at 2 GHz. Tail Current Noise Suppression in RF CMOS VCOs. Low-Power Low-Phase-Noise Differentially Tuned Quadrature VCO Design in Standard CMOS. Analysis and Design of an Optimally Coupled 5-GHz Quadrature LC Oscillator. A 1.57-GHz Fully Integrated Very Low-Phase-Noise Quadrature VCO. A Low-Phase-Noise 5GHz Quadrature CMOS VCO Using Common-Mode Inductive Coupling. An Integrated 10/5GHz Injection-Locked Quadrature LC VCO in a 0.18[mu]m Digital CMOS Process. Rotary Traveling-Wave Oscillator Arrays: A New Clock Technology. 35-GHz Static and 48-GHz Dynamic Frequency Divider IC's Using 0.2-[mu]m AlGaAs/GaAs-HEMT's. Superharmonic Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers. A Family of Low-Power Truly Modular Programmable Dividers in Standard 0.35-[mu]m CMOS Technology. A 1.75-GHz/3-V Dual-Modulus Divide-by-128/129 Prescaler in 0.7-[mu]m CMOS. A 1.2 GHz CMOS Dual-Modulus Prescaler Using New Dynamic D-Type Flip-Flops. High-Speed Architecture for a Programmable Frequency Divider and a Dual-Modulus Prescaler. A 1.6-GHz Dual Modulus Prescaler Using the Extended True-Single-Phase-Clock CMOS Circuit Technique (E-TSPC). A Simple Precharged CMOS Phase Frequency Detector. Part V: Clock Generation by PLLs and DLLs. A 320 MHz, 1.5 mW @ 1.35 V CMOS PLL for Microprocessor Clock Generation. A Low Jitter 0.3-165 MHz CMOS PLL Frequency Synthesizer for 3 V/5 V Operation. Low-Jitter Process-Independent DLL and PLL Based on Self-Biased Techniques. A Low-Jitter PLL Clock Generator for Microprocessors with Lock Range of 340-612 MHz. A 960-Mb/s/pin Interface for Skew-Tolerant Bus Using Low Jitter PLL. Active GHz Clock Network Using Distributed PLLs. A Low-Noise Fast-Lock Phase-Locked Loop with Adaptive Bandwidth Control. A Low-Jitter 125-1250-MHz Process-Independent and Ripple-Poleless 0.18-[mu]m CMOS PLL Based on a Sample-Reset Loop Filter. A Dual-Loop Delay-Locked Loop Using Multiple Voltage-Controlled Delay Lines. An All-Analog Multiphase Delay-Locked Loop Using a Replica Delay Line for Wide-Range Operation and Low-Jitter Performance. A Semidigital Dual Delay-Locked Loop. A Wide-Range Delay-Locked Loop with a Fixed Latency of One Clock Cycle. A Portable Digital DLL for High-Speed CMOS Interface Circuits. CMOS DLL-Base 2-V 3.2-ps Jitter 1-GHz Clock Synthesizer and Temperature-Compensated Tunable Oscillator. A 1.5V 86 mW/ch 8-Channel 622-3125-Mb/s/ch CMOS SerDes Macrocell with Selectable Mux/Demux Ratio. A Register-Controlled Symmetrical DLL for Double-Data-Rate DRAM. A Low-Jitter Wide-Range Skew-Calibrated Dual-Loop DLL Using Antifuse Circuitry for High-Speed DRAM. Part VI: RF Synthesis. An Adaptive PLL Tuning System Architecture Combining High Spectral Purity and Fast Settling Time. A 2-V 900-MHz Monolithic CMOS Dual-Loop Frequency Synthesizer for GSM Receivers. A CMOS Frequency Synthesizer with an Injection-Locked Frequency Divider for a 5-GHz Wireless LAN Receiver. A 2.6-GHz/5.2-GHz Frequency Synthesizer in 0.4-[mu]m CMOS Technology. Fast Switching Frequency Synthesizer with a Discriminator-Aided Phase Detector. Low-Power Dividerless Frequency Synthesis Using Aperture Phase Detection. A Stabilization Technique for Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers. A Modeling Approach for [Sigma]-[Delta] Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers Allowing Straightforward Noise Analysis. A Fully Integrated CMOS Frequency Synthesizer with Charge-Averaging Charge Pump and Dual-Path Loop Filter for PCS- and Cellular-CDMA Wireless Systems. A 1.1-GHz CMOS Fraction-N Frequency Synthesizer With a 3-b Third-Order [Sigma]-[Delta] Modulator. A 1.8-GHz Self-Calibrated Phase-Locked Loop with Precise I/Q Matching. A 27-mW CMOS Fractional-N Synthesizer Using Digital Compensation for 2.5-Mb/s GFSK Modulation. A CMOS Monolothic [Sigma][Delta]-Controlled Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer for DSC-1800. Part VII: Clock and Data Recovery. A 2.5-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery IC with Tunable Jitter Characteristics for Use in LAN's and WAN's. Clock/Data Recovery PLL Using Half-Frequency Clock. A 0.5-[mu]m CMOS 4.0-Gbit/s Serial Link Transceiver with Data Recovery Using Oversampling. A 2-1600-MHz CMOS Clock Recovery PLL with Low-Vdd Capability. SiGe Clock and Data Recovery IC with Linear-Type PLL for 10-Gb/s SONET Application. A Fully Integrated SiGe Receiver IC for 10-Gb/s Data Rate. A 10-Gb/s CMOS Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with a Half-Rate Linear Phase Detector. A 10-Gb/s CMOS Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with Frequency Detection. A 10-Gb/s CDR/DEMUX with LC Delay Line VCO in 0.18[mu]m CMOS. A 40-Gb/s Integrated Clock and Data Recovery Circuit in a 50-GHz f[subscript T] Silicon Bipolar Technology. A Fully Integrated 40-Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery IC With 1:4 DEMUX in SiGe Technology. Clock and Data Recovery IC for 40-Gb/s Fiber-Optic Receiver. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday''s need-to-know optimization techniques, at your fingertips The use of optimization methods is familiar territory to academicians and researchers. Yet, in today''s world of deregulated electricity markets, it''s just as important for electric power professionals to have a solid grasp of these increasingly relied upon techniques. Making those techniques readily accessible is the hallmark of Optimization Principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets of the Electric Power Industry. With deregulation, market rules and economic principles dictate that commodities be priced at the marginal value of their production. As a result, it''s necessary to work with ever-more-sophisticated algorithms using optimization techniques-either for the optimal dispatch of the system itself, or for pricing commodities and the settlement of markets. Succeeding in this new environment takes a good understanding of methods that involve linear and nonTrade Review"...an important contribution to the field of power system analysis...should provide the reader with a pleasant learning experience." (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, November/December 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. PART I: MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND. 2. Fundamentals of Matrix Algebra. PART II: LINEAR OPTIMIZATION. 3. Solution of Equations, Inequalities, and Linear Programs. 4. Solved Linear Program Problems. PART III: NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION. 5. Mathematical Background to Nonlinear Programs. 6. Unconstrained Nonlinear Optimization. 7. Constrained Nonlinear Optimization. 8. Solved Nonlinear Optimization Problems. Appendix A: Basic Principles of Electricity. Appendix B: Network Equations. Appendix C: Relation Between Pseudo-Inverse and Least-Square Error Fit. Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisOutlines the expertise essential to the successful operation and design of every type of telecommunications network in use. This edition also covers the important developments.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Chapter 1 Basic Telephony 1 Chapter 2 Local Networks 41 Chapter 3 Switching in an Analog Environment 73 Chapter 4 Signaling for Analog Telephone Networks 111 Chapter 5 Introduction to Transmission for Telephony 139 Chapter 6 Long-Distance Networks 157 Chapter 7 The Design of Long-Distance Links 185 Chapter 8 Digital Transmission Systems 261 Chapter 9 Digital Switching and Networks 317 Chapter 10 Introduction to Data Communications 365 Chapter 11 Data Networks and their Operation 409 Chapter 12 Voice-Over IP 483 Chapter 13 Local Area Networks 501 Chapter 14 Integrated Services Digital Networks 565 Chapter 15 Speeding Things Up with Frame Relay 603 Chapter 16 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Broadband ISDN 631 Chapter 17 CCITT Signaling System No. 7 681 Chapter 18 Wireless and Cellular/Mobile Radio 737 Chapter 19 Last-Mile Broadband Connectivity and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 805 Chapter 20 Optical Networking 835 Chapter 21 Network Management 871 Appendix 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 911 Index 931

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Book SynopsisProvides an integrated view of the five kinds of enabling technologies in terms of knowledge media architectures such as: multimedia and hypermedia, object oriented GUI and visual programming, reusable component software and component integration, network publishing and electronic commerce, and object oriented and multimedia databases.Trade Review"…very interesting…recommended…" (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 4)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Overview and Introduction. 1.1 Why Meme Media? 1.2 How Do Meme Media Change the Reuse of Web Contents? 1.3 How Do Meme Media Work? 1.4 Frequently Asked Questions and Limitations. 1.5 Organization of this Book. 2 Knowledge Media and Meme Media. 2.1 Introduction to Knowledge Media and Meme Media. 2.2 From Information Technologies to Media Technologies. 2.3 Summary. References. 3 Augmentation Media Architectures and Technologies—A Brief Survey. 3.1 History and Evolution of Augmentation Media. 3.2 History and Evolution of Knowledge-Media Architectures. 3.3 Meme Media and their Applications. 3.4 Web Technologies and Meme Media. 3.5 Summary. References. 4 An Outline of IntelligentPad and Its Development History. 4.1 Brief Introduction to IntelligentPad. 4.2 IntelligentPad Architecture. 4.3 Worldwide Marketplace Architectures for Pads. 4.4 End-User Computing and Media Toolkit System. 4.5 Open Cross-Platform Reusability. 4.6 Reediting and Redistribution by End-Users. 4.7 Extension toward 3D Representation Media. 4.8 Summary. References. 5 Object Orientation and MVC. 5.1 Object-Oriented System Architecture—A Technical Introduction. 5.2 Class Refinement and Prototyping. 5.3 Model, View, Controller. 5.4 Window Systems and Event Dispatching. 5.5 Summary. References. 6 Component Integration. 6.1 Object Reusability. 6.2 Components and Application Linkage. 6.3 Compound Documents and Object Embedding/Linking. 6.4 Generic Components. 6.5 What to Reuse—Components or Sample Compositions? 6.6 Reuses and Maintenance. 6.7 Integration of Legacy Software. 6.8 Distributed Component Integration and Web Technologies. 6.9 Summary. References. 7 Meme Media Architecture. 7.1 Current Megatrends in Computer Systems. 7.2 Primitive Media Objects. 7.3 Composition through Slot Connections. 7.4 Compound-Document Architecture. 7.5 Standard Messages between Pads. 7.6 Physical and Logical Events and their Dispatching. 7.7 Save and Exchange Format. 7.8 Copy and Shared Copy. 7.9 Global Variable Pads. 7.10 Summary. References. 8 Utilities for Meme Media. 8.1 Generic Utility Functions as Pads. 8.2 FieldPad for the Event Sharing. 8.3 StagePad for Programming User Operations. 8.4 Geometrical Management of Pads. 8.5 Proxy Pads to Assimilate External Objects. 8.6 Legacy Software Migration. 8.7 Special Effect Techniques. 8.8 Expression Pad. 8.9 Transformation Pads. 8.10 Summary. References. 9 Multimedia Application Framework. 9.1 Component Pads for Multimedia Application Frameworks. 9.2 Articulation of Objects. 9.3 Hypermedia Framework. 9.4 Summary. References. 10 IntelligentPad and Databases. 10.1 Relational Databases, Object-Oriented Databases, and Instance Bases. 10.2 Form Bases. 10.3 Pads as Attribute Values. 10.4 Multimedia Database. 10.5 Hypermedia Database. 10.6 Geographical Information Databases. 10.7 Content-Based Search and Context-Based Search. 10.8 Management and Retrieval of Pads. 10.9 Summary. References. 11 Meme Pool Architectures. 11.1 Pad Publication Repository and the WWW. 11.2 Pad Publication and Pad Migration. 11.3 Web Pages as Pad Catalog. 11.4 URL-Anchor Pads. 11.5 HTMLViewerPad with Embedded Arbitrary Composite Pads. 11.6 New Publication Media. 11.7 Annotation on Web Pages. 11.8 Piazza as a Meme Pool. 11.9 Reediting and Redistributing Web Content as Meme Media Objects. 11.10 Redistribution and Publication of Meme Media Objects as Web Content. 11.11 Summary. References. 12 Electronic Commerce for Pads. 12.1 Electronic Commerce. 12.2 From Pay-per-Copy to Pay-per-Use. 12.3 Digital Accounting, Billing, and Payment. 12.4 Ecology of Pads in the Market. 12.5 Superdistribution of Pads. 12.6 Pad Integration and Package Business. 12.7 Summary. References. 13 Spatiotemporal Editing of Pads. 13.1 Geometrical Arrangement of Pads. 13.2 Time-Based Arrangement of Pads. 13.3 Spatiotemporal Editing of Pads. 13.4 Information Visualization. 13.5 Summary. References. 14 Dynamic Interoperability of Pads and Workflow Modeling. 14.1 Dynamic Interoperability of Pads Distributed across Networks. 14.2 Extended Form-Flow System. 14.3 Pad-Flow Systems. 14.4 Dynamic Interoperability across Networks. 14.5 Workflow and Concurrent Engineering. 14.6 Summary. References. 15 Agent Media. 15.1 Three Different Meanings of Agents. 15.2 Collaborative-and-Reactive Agents and Pads. 15.3 Mobile Agents and Pads. 15.4 Pad Migration and Script Languages. 15.5 Summary. References. 16 Software Engineering with IntelligentPad. 16.1 IntelligentPad as Middleware. 16.2 Concurrent Engineering in Software Development. 16.3 Components and Their Integration. 16.4 Patterns and Frameworks in IntelligentPad. 16.5 From Specifications to a Composite Pad. 16.6 Pattern Specifications and the Reuse of Pads. 16.7 IntelligentPad as a Software Development Framework. 16.8 Summary. References. 17 Other Applications of IntelligentPad. 17.1 Capabilities Brought by the Implementation in IntelligentPad. 17.2 Tool Integration Environments and Personal Information Management. 17.3 Educational Applications. 17.4 Web Page Authoring. 17.5 Other Applications. 17.6 Summary. 18 3D Meme Media. 18.1 3D Meme Media IntelligentBox. 18.2 3D Application Systems. 18.3 IntelligentBox Architecture. 18.4 Example Boxes and Utility Boxes. 18.5 Animation with IntelligentBox. 18.6 Information Visualization with IntelligentBox. 18.7 Component-Based Framework for Database Reification. 18.8 Virtual Scientific Laboratory Framework. 18.9 3D Meme Media and a Worldwide Repository of Boxes as a Meme Pool. 18.10 Summary. References. 19 Organization and Access of Meme Media Objects. 19.1 Organization and Access of Intellectual Resources. 19.2 Topica Framework. 19.3 The Application Horizon of the Topica Framework. 19.4 Queries over the Web of Topica Documents. 19.5 Related Research. 19.6 Summary. References. 20 IntelligentPad Consortium and Available Software. 20.1 IntelligentPad Consortium. 20.2 Available Software. 20.3 Concluding Remarks. Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisDeals with the fundamentals of genetic algorithms and their applications in a variety of different areas of engineering and science. This book includes the MATLAB codes and provides a discussion of hybrid genetic algorithms, as well as more examples. It also gives an introduction to the subject of genetic algorithms.Trade Review"Statisticians and computing scientists will like this book very much and will benefit greatly from it." (Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, November 2005) "…an excellent introduction to the world of optimization with its distinct vocabulary and tools." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, September 2005) "I recommend it highly to anyone who is interested in trying to explore this powerful tool to optimization problems in his or her area of interest." (International Journal of General Systems, June 2005) "…a nice step-by-step introduction to genetic algorithms (GA) which is specifically designed for practitioners…" (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2005) "This book is very nice to read. It is ideal for some interesting evening study." (Technometrics, May 2005) "…this book is a worthwhile addition to any course in optimization and/or Gas. It could also serve as a practical guide and template source for researchers…" (Computing Reviews.com, September 30, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to First Edition. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction to Optimization. 1.1 Finding the Best Solution. 1.2 Minimum-Seeking Algorithms. 1.3 Natural Optimization Methods. 1.4 Biological Optimization: Natural Selection. 1.5 The Genetic Algorithm. 2. The Binary Genetic Algorithm. 2.1 Genetic Algorithms: Natural Selection on a Computer. 2.2 Components of a Binary Genetic Algorithm. 2.3 A Parting Look. 3. The Continuous Genetic Algorithm. 3.1 Components of a Continuous Genetic Algorithm. 3.2 A Parting Look. 4. Basic Applications. 4.1 "Mary Had a Little Lamb". 4.2 Algorithmic Creativity-Genetic Art. 4.3 Word Guess. 4.4 Locating an Emergency Response Unit. 4.5 Antenna Array Design. 4.6 The Evolution of Horses. 4.7 Summary. 5. An Added Level of Sophistication. 5.1 Handling Expensive Cost Functions. 5.2 Multiple Objective Optimization. 5.3 Hybrid GA. 5.4 Gray Codes. 5.5 Gene Size. 5.6 Convergence. 5.7 Alternative Crossovers for Binary GAs. 5.8 Population. 5.9 Mutation. 5.10 Permutation Problems. 5.11 Selling GA Parameters. 5.12 Continuous versus Binary GA. 5.13 Messy Genetic Algorithms. 5.14 Parallel Genetic Algorithms. 6. Advanced Applications. 6.1 Traveling Salespersons Problem. 6.2 Locating an Emergency Response Unit Revisited. 6.3 Decoding a Secret Message. 6.4 Robot Trajectory Planning. 6.5 Stealth Design. 6.6 Building Dynamical Inverse Models-The Linear Case. 6.7 Building Dynamical Inverse Models-The Nonlinear Case. 6.8 Combining GAs with Simulations-Air Pollution Receptor Modeling. 6.9 Combining Methods Neural Nets with GAs. 6.10 Solving High-Order Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. 7. More Natural Optimization Algorithms. 7.1 Simulated Annealing. 7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). 7.3 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). 7.4 Genetic Programming (GP). 7.5 Cultural Algorithms. 7.6 Evolutionary Strategies. 7.7 The Future of Genetic Algorithms. Appendix I: Test Functions. Appendix II: MATLAB Code. Appendix III. High-Performance Fortran Code. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to microwave engineering. The scope of this book extends from topics for a first course in electrical engineering, in which impedances are analyzed using complex numbers, through the introduction of transmission lines that are analyzed using the Smith Chart, and on to graduate level subjects, such as equivalent circuits for obstacles in hollow waveguides, analyzed using Green's Functions. This book is a virtual encyclopedia of circuit design methods. Despite the complexity, topics are presented in a conversational manner for ease of comprehension. The book is not only an excellent text at the undergraduate and graduate levels, but is as well a detailed reference for the practicing engineer. Consider how well informed an engineer will be who has become familiar with these topics as treated in High Frequency Techniques: (in order of presentation) Brief history of wireless (radio) and the Morse codeU.S. Radio Frequency AllocatTrade Review"The intent of including so much theoretical and practical material in this text is to provide an immediate familiarity with a variety of circuits, their capabilities and limitations, and the means to design them." (Microwave Journal, May 2004) "I have not seen a better book for an undergraduate course, short course, an office book-shelf, or as an introduction for a coworker." (IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2004) "Although structured as a textbook, engineers at all experience levels can benefit source: a review of the fundamental topics…will be used regularly by any engineer who buys this book for his or her reference library." (High Frequency Electronics, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Alternating Current Analysis and Network Simulation. 3. LC Resonance and Matching Networks. 4. Distributed Circuit Design. 5. The Smith Chart. 6. Matrix Analysis. 7. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. 8. Directional Couplers. 9. Filter Design. 10. Transistor Amplifier Design. Appendix A: Symbols and Units. Appendix B: Complex Mathematics. Appendix C: Diameter and Resistance of Annealed Copper Wire by Gauge Size. Appendix D: Properties of Some Materials. Appendix E: Standard Rectangular Waveguides. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how developing solutions with heuristic tools offers two major advantages: shortened development time and more robust systems. It begins with an overview of modern heuristic techniques and goes on to cover specific applications of heuristic approaches to power system problems, such as security assessment, optimal power flow, power system scheduling and operational planning, power generation expansion planning, reactive power planning, transmission and distribution planning, network reconfiguration, power system control, and hybrid systems of heuristic methods.Trade ReviewThis text provides excellent, expert level, treatment of a very important systems engineering topic that will benefit students and practicing engineers. (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 3rd Quarter, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xxi Contributors xxvii Part 1 Theory of Modern Heuristic Optimization 1 1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 3 David B. Fogel 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Advantages of Evolutionary Computation 4 1.2.1 Conceptual Simplicity 4 1.2.2 Broad Applicability 6 1.2.3 Outperform Classic Methods on Real Problems 7 1.2.4 Potential to Use Knowledge and Hybridize with Other Methods 8 1.2.5 Parallelism 8 1.2.6 Robust to Dynamic Changes 9 1.2.7 Capability for Self-Optimization 10 1.2.8 Able to Solve Problems That Have No Known Solutions 11 1.3 Current Developments 12 1.3.1 Review of Some Historical Theory in Evolutionary Computation 12 1.3.2 No Free Lunch Theorem 12 1.3.3 Computational Equivalence of Representations 14 1.3.4 Schema Theorem in the Presence of Random Variation 16 1.3.5 Two-Armed Bandits and the Optimal Allocation of Trials 17 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms 25 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva and Djalma M. Falcao 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Modern Heuristic Search Techniques 25 2.3 Introduction to GAs 27 2.4 Encoding 28 2.5 Fitness Function 30 2.5.1 Premature Convergence 32 2.5.2 Slow Finishing 32 2.6 Basic Operators 33 2.6.1 Selection 33 2.6.2 Crossover 36 2.6.3 Mutation 38 2.6.4 Control Parameters Estimation 38 2.7 Niching Methods 38 2.8 Parallel Genetic Algorithms 39 2.9 Final Comments 40 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 Fundamentals of Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming 43 Vladimiro Miranda 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Evolution Strategies 46 3.2.1 The General (µ, κ, λ, ρ) Evolution Strategies Scheme 47 3.2.2 Some More Basic Concepts 50 3.2.3 The Early (1 + 1)ES and the 1/5 Rule 51 3.2.4 Focusing on the Optimum 53 3.2.5 The (1, λ)ES and σSA Self-Adaptation 54 3.2.6 How to Choose a Value for the Learning Parameter? 56 3.2.7 The (µ, l)ES as an Extension of (1, λ)ES 57 3.2.8 Self-Adaptation in (µ, λ)ES 58 3.3 Evolutionary Programming 60 3.3.1 The (µ + λ) Bridge to ES 60 3.3.2 A Scheme for Evolutionary Programming 61 3.3.3 Other Evolutionary Programming Variants 63 3.4 Common Features 63 3.4.1 Enhancing the Mutation Process 63 3.4.2 Recombination as a Major Factor 65 3.4.3 Handling Constraints 67 3.4.4 Starting Point 67 3.4.5 Fitness Function 67 3.4.6 Computing 68 3.5 Conclusions 68 References 69 4 Fundamentals of Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques 71 Yoshikazu Fukuyama 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Basic Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.1 Background of Particle Swarm Optimization 72 4.2.2 Original PSO 72 4.3 Variations of Particle Swarm Optimization 76 4.3.1 Discrete PSO 76 4.3.2 PSO for MINLPs 77 4.3.3 Constriction Factor Approach (CFA) 77 4.3.4 Hybrid PSO (HPSO) 78 4.3.5 Lbest Model 79 4.3.6 Adaptive PSO (APSO) 79 4.3.7 Evolutionary PSO (EPSO) 81 4.4 Research Areas and Applications 82 4.5 Conclusions 83 References 83 5 Fundamentals of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 89 Yong-Hua Song, Haiyan Lu, Kwang Y. Lee, and I. K. Yu 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Ant Colony Search Algorithm 90 5.2.1 Behavior of Real Ants 90 5.2.2 Ant Colony Algorithms 91 5.2.3 Major Characteristics of Ant Colony Search Algorithms 98 5.3 Conclusions 99 References 99 6 Fundamentals of Tabu Search 101 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 6.1 Introduction 101 6.1.1 Overview of the Tabu Search Approach 101 6.1.2 Problem Formulation 103 6.1.3 Coding and Representation 104 6.1.4 Neighborhood Structure 105 6.1.5 Characterization of the Neighborhood 108 6.2 Functions and Strategies in Tabu Search 110 6.2.1 Recency-Based Tabu Search 110 6.2.2 Basic Tabu Search Algorithm 112 6.2.3 The Use of Long-Term Memory in Tabu Search 115 6.3 Applications of Tabu Search 119 6.4 Conclusions 120 References 120 7 Fundamentals of Simulated Annealing 123 Alcir J. Monticelli, Rubén Romero, and Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Basic Principles 125 7.2.1 Metropolis Algorithm 125 7.2.2 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 126 7.3 Cooling Schedule 127 7.3.1 Determination of the Initial Temperature T0 128 7.3.2 Determination of Nk 129 7.3.3 Determination of Cooling Rate 130 7.3.4 Stopping Criterion 130 7.4 SA Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem 131 7.4.1 Problem Coding 131 7.4.2 Evaluation of the Cost Function 132 7.4.3 Cooling Schedule 133 7.4.4 Comments on the Results for the TSP 134 7.5 SA for Transmission Network Expansion Problem 134 7.5.1 Problem Coding 136 7.5.2 Determination of the Initial Solution 136 7.5.3 Neighborhood Structure 138 7.5.4 Variation of the Objective Function 139 7.5.5 Cooling Schedule 140 7.6 Parallel Simulated Annealing 140 7.6.1 Division Algorithm 141 7.6.2 Clustering Algorithm 142 7.7 Applications of Simulated Annealing 143 7.8 Conclusions 144 References 144 8 Fuzzy Systems 147 Germano Lambert-Torres 8.1 Motivation and Definitions 147 8.1.1 Introduction 147 8.1.2 Typical Actions in Fuzzy Systems 148 8.2 Integration of Fuzzy Systems with Evolutionary Techniques 150 8.2.1 Integration Types of Hybrid Systems 150 8.2.2 Hybrid Systems in Evolutionary Techniques 151 8.2.3 Evolutionary Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic 152 8.3 An Illustrative Example of a Hybrid System 152 8.3.1 Parking Conditions 153 8.3.2 Creation of the Fuzzy Control 154 8.3.3 First Simulations 156 8.3.4 Problem Presentation 156 8.3.5 Genetic Training Modulus Description 158 8.3.6 The Option to Define the Starting Positions 158 8.3.7 The Option Genetic Training 158 8.3.8 Tests 163 8.4 Conclusions 167 References 168 9 Differential Evolution, an Alternative Approach to Evolutionary Algorithm 171 Kit Po Wong and ZhaoYang Dong 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Evolutionary Algorithms 172 9.2.1 Basic EAs 172 9.2.2 Virtual Population-Based Acceleration Techniques 174 9.3 Differential Evolution 176 9.3.1 Function Optimization Formulation 176 9.3.2 DE Fundamentals 177 9.4 Key Operators for Differential Evolution 181 9.4.1 Encoding 181 9.4.2 Mutation 181 9.4.3 Crossover 183 9.4.4 Other Operators 183 9.5 An Optimization Example 184 9.6 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 10 Pareto Multiobjective Optimization 189 Patrick N. Ngatchou, Anahita Zarei, Warren L. J. Fox, and Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Basic Principles 190 10.2.1 Generic Formulation of MO Problems 191 10.2.2 Pareto Optimality Concepts 191 10.2.3 Objectives of Multiobjective Optimization 193 10.3 Solution Approaches 194 10.3.1 Classic Methods 194 10.3.2 Intelligent Methods 196 10.4 Performance Analysis 202 10.4.1 Objective of Performance Assessment 202 10.4.2 Comparison Methodologies 203 10.5 Conclusions 205 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 11 Trust-Tech Paradigm for Computing High-Quality Optimal Solutions: Method and Theory 209 Hsiao-Dong Chiang and Jaewook Lee 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Problem Preliminaries 210 11.3 A Trust-Tech Paradigm 213 11.3.1 Phase I 213 11.3.2 Phase II 214 11.4 Theoretical Analysis of Trust-Tech Method 218 11.5 A Numerical Trust-Tech Method 221 11.5.1 Computing Another Local Optimal Solution 222 11.5.2 Computing Tier-One Local Optimal Solutions 223 11.5.3 Computing Tier-N Solutions 224 11.6 Hybrid Trust-Tech Methods 225 11.7 Numerical Schemes 227 11.8 Numerical Studies 228 11.9 Conclusions Remarks 231 References 232 Part 2 Selected Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization In Power Systems 235 12 Overview of Applications in Power Systems 237 Alexandre P. Alves da Silva, Djalma M. Falcão, and Kwang Y. Lee 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Optimization 237 12.3 Power System Applications 238 12.4 Model Identification 239 12.4.1 Dynamic Load Modeling 239 12.4.2 Short-Term Load Forecasting 240 12.4.3 Neural Network Training 241 12.5 Control 242 12.5.1 Examples 243 12.6 Distribution System Applications 244 12.6.1 Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction 245 12.6.2 Optimal Protection and Switching Devices Placement 246 12.6.3 Prioritizing Investments in Distribution Networks 247 12.7 Conclusions 249 References 250 13 Application of Evolutionary Technique to Power System Vulnerability Assessment 261 Mingoo Kim, Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, Robert J. Marks, and Ioannis N. Kassabalidis 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Vulnerability Assessment and Control 263 13.3 Vulnerability Assessment Challenges 264 13.3.1 Complexity of Power System 264 13.3.2 VA On-line Speed 265 13.3.3 Feature Selection 265 13.3.4 Vulnerability Border 270 13.3.5 Selection of Vulnerability Index 276 13.4 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Applications to System Planning 285Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada, Youngjae Jeon, Kwang Y. Lee, Vladimiro Miranda, Alcir J. Monticelli, Koichi Nara, Jong-Bae Park, Rubén Romero, and Yong-Hua Song 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Generation Expansion 286 14.2.1 A Coding Strategy for an Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP 288 14.2.2 Fitness Function 288 14.2.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population 289 14.2.4 Stochastic Crossover Elitism and Mutation 291 14.2.5 Numerical Examples 292 14.2.6 Parameters for GEP and IGA 293 14.2.7 Numerical Results 295 14.3 Transmission Network Expansion 297 14.3.1 Overview of Static Transmission Network Planning 297 14.3.2 Solution Techniques for the Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 300 14.3.3 Coding, Problem Representation, and Test Systems 302 14.3.4 Complexity of the Test Systems 304 14.3.5 Simulated Annealing 306 14.3.6 Genetic Algorithms in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 307 14.3.7 Tabu Search in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 309 14.3.8 Hybrid TS/GA/SA Algorithm in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 310 14.3.9 Comments on the Performance of Meta-heuristic Methods in Transmission Network Expansion Planning 311 14.4 Distribution Network Expansion 311 14.4.1 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: A Complete GA Model 312 14.4.2 Dynamic Planning of Distribution System Expansion: An Efficient GA Application 316 14.4.3 Application of TS to the Design of Distribution Networks in FRIENDS 317 14.5 Reactive Power Planning at Generation–Transmission Level 320 14.5.1 Benders Decomposition of the Reactive Power Planning Problem 321 14.5.2 Solution Algorithm 323 14.5.3 Results for the IEEE 30-Bus System 324 14.6 Reactive Power Planning at Distribution Level 326 14.6.1 Modeling Chromosome Repair Using an Analytical Model 326 14.6.2 Evolutionary Programming/Evolution Strategies Under Test 327 14.7 Conclusions 330 References 330 15 Applications to Power System Scheduling 337 Koay Chin Aik, Loi Lei Lai, Kwang Y. Lee, Haiyan Lu, Jong-Bae Park, Yong-Hua Song, Dipti Srinivasan, John G. Vlachogiannis, and I. K. Yu 15.1 Introduction 337 15.2 Economic Dispatch 337 15.2.1 Economic Dispatch Problem 337 15.2.2 GA Implementation to ED 339 15.2.3 PSO Implementation to ED 346 15.2.4 Numerical Example 348 15.2.5 Summary 354 15.3 Maintenance Scheduling 354 15.3.1 Maintenance Scheduling Problem 354 15.3.2 GA, PSO, and ES Implementation 355 15.3.3 Simulation Results 365 15.3.4 Summary 366 15.4 Cogeneration Scheduling 366 15.4.1 Cogeneration Scheduling Problem 367 15.4.2 IGA Implementation 370 15.4.3 Case Study 373 15.4.4 Summary 374 15.4.5 Nomenclature 379 15.5 Short-Term Generation Scheduling of Thermal Units 380 15.5.1 Short-Term Generation Scheduling Problem 380 15.5.2 ACSA Implementation 382 15.5.3 Experimental results 385 15.6 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.1 Constrained Load Flow Problem 385 15.6.2 Heuristic Ant Colony Search Algorithm Implementation 386 15.6.3 Test Examples 390 15.6.4 Summary 399 References 399 16 Power System Controls 403 Yoshikazu Fukuyama, Hamid Ghezelayagh, Kwang Y. Lee, Chen-Ching Liu, Yong-Hua Song, and Ying Xiao 16.1 Introduction 403 16.2 Power System Controls: Particle Swarm Technique 404 16.2.1 Problem Formulation of VVC 405 16.2.2 Expansion of PSO for MINLP 406 16.2.3 Voltage Security Assessment 407 16.2.4 VVC Using PSO 408 16.2.5 Numerical Examples 409 16.2.6 Summary 416 16.3 Power Plant Controller Design with GA 417 16.3.1 Overview of the GA 417 16.3.2 The Boiler-Turbine Model 419 16.3.3 The GA Control System Design 420 16.3.4 GA Design Results 423 16.4 Evolutionary Programming Optimizer and Application in Intelligent Predictive Control 427 16.4.1 Structure of the Intelligent Predictive Controller 428 16.4.2 Power Plant Model 430 16.4.3 Control Input Optimization 431 16.4.4 Self-Organized Neuro-Fuzzy Identifier 435 16.4.5 Rule Generation and Tuning 438 16.4.6 Controller Implementation 442 16.4.7 Summary 444 16.5 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based MO Approach to FACTS Control 444 16.5.1 Review of MO Optimization Techniques 446 16.5.2 Formulated MO Optimization Model 449 16.5.3 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 450 16.5.4 Proposed Interactive DWCP Method 453 16.5.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with Worst Compromise Displacement 455 16.5.6 Implementation 457 16.5.7 Numerical Results 457 16.5.8 Summary 462 References 464 17 Genetic Algorithms for Solving Optimal Power Flow Problems 471 Loi Lei Lai and Nidul Sinha 17.1 Introduction 471 17.2 Genetic Algorithms 473 17.2.1 Terms Used in GA 473 17.3 Load Flow Problem 478 17.4 Optimal Power Flow Problem 483 17.4.1 Application Examples 485 17.5 OPF with FACTS Devices 488 17.5.1 FACTS Model 492 17.5.2 Problem Formulation 495 17.5.3 Numerical Results 496 17.6 Conclusions 499 References 499 18 An Interactive Compromise Programming-Based Multiobjective Approach to FACTS Control 501 Ying Xiao, Yong-Hua Song, and Chen-Ching Liu 18.1 Introduction 501 18.2 Review of Multiobjective Optimization Techniques 503 18.2.1 Weighting Method 503 18.2.2 Goal Programming 504 18.2.3 1-Constraint Method 504 18.2.4 Compromise Programming 504 18.2.5 Fuzzy Set Theory Applications 505 18.2.6 Genetic Algorithm 505 18.2.7 Interactive Procedure 506 18.3 Formulated MO Optimization Model 506 18.3.1 Formulated MO Optimization Model for FACTS Control 507 18.3.2 Power Flow Control Model of FACTS Devices 508 18.4 Proposed Interactive Displaced Worst Compromise Programming Method 511 18.4.1 Applied Fuzzy CP 511 18.4.2 Operation Cost Minimization 512 18.4.3 Local Power Flow Control 512 18.5 Proposed Interactive Procedure with WC Displacement 513 18.5.1 Phase 1: Model Formulation 513 18.5.2 Phase 2: Noninferior Solution Calculation 514 18.5.3 Phase 3: Scenario Evaluation 514 18.6 Implementation 516 18.7 Numerical Results 516 18.8 Conclusions 521 References 521 19 Hybrid Systems 525 Vladimiro Miranda 19.1 Introduction 525 19.2 Capacitor Sizing and Location and Analytical Sensitivities 527 19.2.1 From Darwin to Lamarck: Three Models 528 19.2.2 Building a Lamarckian Acquisition of Improvements 529 19.2.3 Analysis of a Didactic Example 531 19.3 Unit Commitment Fuzzy Sets and Cleverer Chromosomes 538 19.3.1 The Deceptive Characteristics of Unit Commitment Problems 538 19.3.2 Similarity Between the Capacitor Placement and the Unit Commitment Problems 539 19.3.3 The Need for Cleverer Chromosomes 540 19.3.4 A Biological Touch: The Chromosome as a Program 541 19.3.5 A Real-World Example: The CARE Model in Crete Greece 542 19.3.6 Fitness Evaluation: Reliability (Spinning Reserve as a Fuzzy Constraint) 547 19.3.7 Illustrative Results 547 19.4 Voltage/Var Control and Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks with an Evolutionary Self-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm: EPSO 550 19.4.1 Justifying a Hybrid Approach 550 19.4.2 The Principles of EPSO: Reproduction and Movement Rule 551 19.4.3 Mutating Strategic Parameters 552 19.4.4 The Merits of EPSO 553 19.4.5 Experiencing with EPSO: Basic EPSO Model 554 19.4.6 EPSO in Test Functions 554 19.4.7 EPSO in Loss Reduction and Voltage/VAR Control: Definition of the Problem 557 19.4.8 Applying EPSO in the Management of Networks with Distributed Generation 558 19.5 Conclusions 559 References 560 Index 563

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to CDMA theory and application Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication is rapidly replacing time- and frequency-division methods as the cornerstone of wireless communication and mobile radio.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Cellular Mobile Radio Communication 1 2 Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communication Systems 36 3 Reception of Spread Spectrum Signals in AWGN Channels 86 4 Forward Error Control Coding in Spread Spectrum Systems 137 5 CDMA Communication on Fading Channels 186 6 Pseudorandom Signal Generation 229 7 Synchronization of Pseudorandom Signals 255 8 Information-Theoretical Aspects of CDMA Communications 300 9 CDMA Cellular Networks 342 Appendix A: Analysis of the Moments of the Decision Statistics for the FH CDMA Communication System 385 Bibliography 390 Index 395

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Book SynopsisUltra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) refers to chips with more than 10,000,000 devices per chip. It is the natural outgrowth of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). ULSI Semiconductor Technology Atlas uses TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) micrographs to explain and illustrate ULSI process technologies and associated problems.Trade Review"...provides a historical introduction to the technology as well as coverage of the evolution of basic ULSI process problems and issue." (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, January 2004) "…strongly recommended…" (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 4)Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix PREFACE xi PART I 1 1 Microelectronics and Microscopy 3 2 ULSI Process Technology 36 3 Applications of TEM for Construction Analysis 61 4 TEM Sample Preparation Techniques 90 PART II 141 5 Ion Implantation and Substrate Defects 143 6 Dielectrics and Isolation 179 7 Silicides, Polycide, and Salicide 256 8 Metallization and Interconnects 287 PART III 343 9 ULSI Devices I: DRAM Cell with Planar Capacitor 345 10 ULSI Devices II: DRAM Cell with Stacked Capacitor 365 11 ULSI Devices III: DRAM Cell with Trench Capacitor 399 12 ULSI Devices IV: SRAM 445 PART IV 475 13 TEM in Failure Analysis 477 14 Novel Devices and Materials 526 15 TEM in Under Bump Metallization (UBM) and Advanced Electronics Packaging Technologies 558 16 High-Resolution TEM in Microelectronics 609 INDEX 647

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Book Synopsis A practical book written for engineers who design and use antennas The author has many years of hands on experience designing antennas that were used in such applications as the Venus and Mars missions of NASA The book covers all important topics of modern antenna design for communications Numerical methods will be included but only as much as are needed for practical applications Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Properties of Antennas 1 1-1 Antenna Radiation 2 1-2 Gain 3 1-3 Effective Area 6 1-4 Path Loss 6 1-5 Radar Range Equation and Cross Section 7 1-6 Why Use an Antenna? 9 1-7 Directivity 10 1-8 Directivity Estimates 11 1-8.1 Pencil Beam 11 1-8.2 Butterfly or Omnidirectional Pattern 13 1-9 Beam Efficiency 16 1-10 Input-Impedance Mismatch Loss 17 1-11 Polarization 18 1-11.1 Circular Polarization Components 19 1-11.2 Huygens Source Polarization 21 1-11.3 Relations Between Bases 22 1-11.4 Antenna Polarization Response 23 1-11.5 Phase Response of Rotating Antennas 25 1-11.6 Partial Gain 26 1-11.7 Measurement of Circular Polarization Using Amplitude Only 26 1-12 Vector Effective Height 27 1-13 Antenna Factor 29 1-14 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas 29 1.15 Antenna Noise Temperature 30 1-16 Communication Link Budget and Radar Range 35 1-17 Multipath 36 1-18 Propagation Over Soil 37 1-19 Multipath Fading 39 References 40 2 Radiation Structures and Numerical Methods 42 2-1 Auxiliary Vector Potentials 43 2-1.1 Radiation from Electric Currents 44 2-1.2 Radiation from Magnetic Currents 49 2-2 Apertures: Huygens Source Approximation 51 2-2.1 Near- and Far-Field Regions 55 2-2.2 Huygens Source 57 2-3 Boundary Conditions 57 2-4 Physical Optics 59 2-4.1 Radiated Fields Given Currents 59 2-4.2 Applying Physical Optics 60 2-4.3 Equivalent Currents 65 2-4.4 Reactance Theorem and Mutual Coupling 66 2-5 Method of Moments 67 2-5.1 Use of the Reactance Theorem for the Method of Moments 68 2-5.2 General Moments Method Approach 69 2-5.3 Thin-Wire Moment Method Codes 71 2-5.4 Surface and Volume Moment Method Codes 71 2-5.5 Examples of Moment Method Models 72 2-6 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 76 2-6.1 Implementation 76 2-6.2 Central Difference Derivative 77 2-6.3 Finite-Difference Maxwell’s Equations 77 2-6.4 Time Step for Stability 79 2-6.5 Numerical Dispersion and Stability 80 2-6.6 Computer Storage and Execution Times 80 2-6.7 Excitation 81 2-6.8 Waveguide Horn Example 83 2-7 Ray Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction 84 2-7.1 Fermat’s Principle 85 2-7.2 H -Plane Pattern of a Dipole Located Over a Finite Strip 85 2-7.3 E-Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 87 2-7.4 H -Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 89 2-7.5 Amplitude Variations Along a Ray 90 2-7.6 Extra Phase Shift Through Caustics 93 2-7.7 Snell’s Laws and Reflection 93 2-7.8 Polarization Effects in Reflections 94 2-7.9 Reflection from a Curved Surface 94 2-7.10 Ray Tracing 96 2-7.11 Edge Diffraction 96 2-7.12 Slope Diffraction 98 2-7.13 Corner Diffraction 99 2-7.14 Equivalent Currents 99 2-7.15 Diffraction from Curved Surfaces 99 References 100 3 Arrays 102 3-1 Two-Element Array 104 3-2 Linear Array of N Elements 109 3-3 Hansen and Woodyard End-Fire Array 114 3-4 Phased Arrays 115 3-5 Grating Lobes 117 3-6 Multiple Beams 118 3-7 Planar Array 120 3-8 Grating Lobes in Planar Arrays 125 3-9 Mutual Impedance 127 3-10 Scan Blindness and Array Element Pattern 127 3-11 Compensating Array Feeding for Mutual Coupling 128 3-12 Array Gain 129 3-13 Arrays Using Arbitrarily Oriented Elements 133 References 135 4 Aperture Distributions and Array Synthesis 136 4-1 Amplitude Taper and Phase Error Efficiencies 137 4-1.1 Separable Rectangular Aperture Distributions 139 4-1.2 Circularly Symmetrical Distributions 140 4-2 Simple Linear Distributions 140 4-3 Taylor One-Parameter Linear Distribution 144 4-4 Taylor n Line Distribution 147 4-5 Taylor Line Distribution with Edge Nulls 152 4-6 Elliott’s Method for Modified Taylor Distribution and Arbitrary Sidelobes 155 4-7 Bayliss Line-Source Distribution 158 4-8 Woodward Line-Source Synthesis 162 4-9 Schelkunoff’s Unit-Circle Method 164 4-10 Dolph–Chebyshev Linear Array 170 4-11 Villeneuve Array Synthesis 172 4-12 Zero Sampling of Continuous Distributions 173 4-13 Fourier Series Shaped-Beam Array Synthesis 175 4-14 Orchard Method of Array Synthesis 178 4-15 Series-Fed Array and Traveling-Wave Feed Synthesis 188 4-16 Circular Apertures 191 4-17 Circular Gaussian Distribution 194 4-18 Hansen Single-Parameter Circular Distribution 195 4-19 Taylor Circular-Aperture Distribution 196 4-20 Bayliss Circular-Aperture Distribution 200 4-21 Planar Arrays 202 4-22 Convolution Technique for Planar Arrays 203 4-23 Aperture Blockage 208 4-24 Quadratic Phase Error 211 4-25 Beam Efficiency of Circular Apertures with Axisymmetric Distribution 214 References 215 5 Dipoles Slots and Loops 217 5-1 Standing-Wave Currents 218 5-2 Radiation Resistance (Conductance) 220 5-3 Babinet–Booker Principle 222 5-4 Dipoles Located Over a Ground Plane 223 5-5 Dipole Mounted Over Finite Ground Planes 225 5-6 Crossed Dipoles for Circular Polarization 231 5-7 Super Turnstile or Batwing Antenna 234 5-8 Corner Reflector 237 5-9 Monopole 242 5-10 Sleeve Antenna 242 5-11 Cavity-Mounted Dipole Antenna 245 5-12 Folded Dipole 247 5-13 Shunt Feeding 248 5-14 Discone Antenna 249 5-15 Baluns 251 5-15.1 Folded Balun 252 5-15.2 Sleeve or Bazooka Baluns 253 5-15.3 Split Coax Balun 255 5-15.4 Half-Wavelength Balun 256 5-15.5 Candelabra Balun 256 5-15.6 Ferrite Core Baluns 256 5-15.7 Ferrite Candelabra Balun 258 5-15.8 Transformer Balun 258 5-15.9 Split Tapered Coax Balun 259 5-15.10 Natural Balun 260 5-16 Small Loop 260 5-17 Alford Loop 261 5-18 Resonant Loop 263 5-19 Quadrifilar Helix 264 5-20 Cavity-Backed Slots 266 5-21 Stripline Series Slots 266 5-22 Shallow-Cavity Crossed-Slot Antenna 269 5-23 Waveguide-Fed Slots 270 5-24 Rectangular-Waveguide Wall Slots 271 5-25 Circular-Waveguide Slots 276 5-26 Waveguide Slot Arrays 278 5-26.1 Nonresonant Array 279 5-26.2 Resonant Array 282 5-26.3 Improved Design Methods 282 References 283 6 Microstrip Antennas 285 6-1 Microstrip Antenna Patterns 287 6-2 Microstrip Patch Bandwidth and Surface-Wave Efficiency 293 6-3 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 299 6-4 Quarter-Wave Patch Antenna 310 6-5 Circular Microstrip Patch 313 6-6 Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas 316 6-7 Compact Patches 319 6-8 Directly Fed Stacked Patches 323 6-9 Aperture-Coupled Stacked Patches 325 6-10 Patch Antenna Feed Networks 327 6-11 Series-Fed Array 329 6-12 Microstrip Dipole 330 6-13 Microstrip Franklin Array 332 6-14 Microstrip Antenna Mechanical Properties 333 References 334 7 Horn Antennas 336 7-1 Rectangular Horn (Pyramidal) 337 7-1.1 Beamwidth 341 7-1.2 Optimum Rectangular Horn 343 7-1.3 Designing to Given Beamwidths 346 7-1.4 Phase Center 347 7-2 Circular-Aperture Horn 348 7-2.1 Beamwidth 350 7-2.2 Phase Center 352 7-3 Circular (Conical) Corrugated Horn 353 7-3.1 Scalar Horn 357 7-3.2 Corrugation Design 357 7-3.3 Choke Horns 358 7-3.4 Rectangular Corrugated Horns 359 7-4 Corrugated Ground Plane 359 7-5 Gaussian Beam 362 7-6 Ridged Waveguide Horns 365 7-7 Box Horn 372 7-8 T-Bar-Fed Slot Antenna 374 7-9 Multimode Circular Horn 376 7-10 Biconical Horn 376 References 378 8 Reflector Antennas 380 8-1 Paraboloidal Reflector Geometry 381 8-2 Paraboloidal Reflector Aperture Distribution Losses 383 8-3 Approximate Spillover and Amplitude Taper Trade-offs 385 8-4 Phase Error Losses and Axial Defocusing 387 8-5 Astigmatism 389 8-6 Feed Scanning 390 8-7 Random Phase Errors 393 8-8 Focal Plane Fields 396 8-9 Feed Mismatch Due to the Reflector 397 8-10 Front-to-Back Ratio 399 8-11 Offset-Fed Reflector 399 8-12 Reflections from Conic Sections 405 8-13 Dual-Reflector Antennas 408 8-13.1 Feed Blockage 410 8-13.2 Diffraction Loss 413 8-13.3 Cassegrain Tolerances 414 8-14 Feed and Subreflector Support Strut Radiation 416 8-15 Gain/Noise Temperature of a Dual Reflector 421 8-16 Displaced-Axis Dual Reflector 421 8-17 Offset-Fed Dual Reflector 424 8-18 Horn Reflector and Dragonian Dual Reflector 427 8-19 Spherical Reflector 429 8-20 Shaped Reflectors 432 8-20.1 Cylindrical Reflector Synthesis 433 8-20.2 Circularly Symmetrical Reflector Synthesis 434 8-20.3 Doubly Curved Reflector for Shaped Beams 437 8-20.4 Dual Shaped Reflectors 439 8-21 Optimization Synthesis of Shaped and Multiple-Beam Reflectors 442 References 443 9 Lens Antennas 447 9-1 Single Refracting Surface Lenses 448 9-2 Zoned Lenses 451 9-3 General Two-Surface Lenses 454 9-4 Single-Surface or Contact Lenses 459 9-5 Metal Plate Lenses 461 9-6 Surface Mismatch and Dielectric Losses 463 9-7 Feed Scanning of a Hyperboloidal Lens 464 9-8 Dual-Surface Lenses 465 9-8.1 Coma-Free Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 466 9-8.2 Specified Aperture Distribution Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 468 9-9 Bootlace Lens 470 9-10 Luneburg Lens 472 References 472 10 Traveling-Wave Antennas 474 10-1 General Traveling Waves 475 10-1.1 Slow Wave 478 10-1.2 Fast Waves (Leaky Wave Structure) 480 10-2 Long Wire Antennas 481 10-2.1 Beverage Antenna 481 10-2.2 V Antenna 482 10-2.3 Rhombic Antenna 483 10-3 Yagi–Uda Antennas 485 10-3.1 Multiple-Feed Yagi–Uda Antennas 492 10-3.2 Resonant Loop Yagi–Uda Antennas 495 10-4 Corrugated Rod (Cigar) Antenna 497 10-5 Dielectric Rod (Polyrod) Antenna 499 10-6 Helical Wire Antenna 502 10-6.1 Helical Modes 503 10-6.2 Axial Mode 504 10-6.3 Feed of a Helical Antenna 506 10-6.4 Long Helical Antenna 507 10-6.5 Short Helical Antenna 508 10-7 Short Backfire Antenna 509 10-8 Tapered Slot Antennas 512 10-9 Leaky Wave Structures 516 References 518 11 Frequency-Independent Antennas 521 Spiral Antennas 522 11-1 Modal Expansion of Antenna Patterns 524 11-2 Archimedean Spiral 526 11-3 Equiangular Spiral 527 11-4 Pattern Analysis of Spiral Antennas 530 11-5 Spiral Construction and Feeding 535 11-5.1 Spiral Construction 535 11-5.2 Balun Feed 536 11-5.3 Infinite Balun 538 11-5.4 Beamformer and Coaxial Line Feed 538 11-6 Spiral and Beamformer Measurements 538 11-7 Feed Network and Antenna Interaction 540 11-8 Modulated Arm Width Spiral 541 11-9 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 543 11-10 Mode 2 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 549 11-11 Feeding Conical Log Spirals 550 Log-Periodic Antennas 550 11-12 Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 551 11-12.1 Feeding a Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 556 11-12.2 Phase Center 558 11-12.3 Elevation Angle 559 11-12.4 Arrays of Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas 560 11-13 Other Log-Periodic Types 561 11-14 Log-Periodic Antenna Feeding Paraboloidal Reflector 563 11-15 V Log-periodic Array 567 11-16 Cavity-Backed Planar Log-Periodic Antennas 569 References 571 12 Phased Arrays 573 12-1 Fixed Phase Shifters (Phasers) 574 12-2 Quantization Lobes 578 12-3 Array Errors 580 12-4 Nonuniform and Random Element Existence Arrays 582 12-4.1 Linear Space Tapered Array 582 12-4.2 Circular Space Tapered Array 584 12-4.3 Statistically Thinned Array 587 12-5 Array Element Pattern 588 12-6 Feed Networks 590 12-6.1 Corporate Feed 590 12-6.2 Series Feed 592 12-6.3 Variable Power Divider and Phase Shifter 592 12-6.4 Butler Matrix 594 12-6.5 Space Feeding 596 12-6.6 Tapered Feed Network with Uniform-Amplitude Subarrays 597 12-7 Pattern Null Formation in Arbitrary Array 599 12-8 Phased Array Application to Communication Systems 601 12-9 Near-Field Measurements on Phased Arrays 602 References 604 Index 607

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Book SynopsisOptical Networking Best Practices Handbook presents optical networking in a very comprehensive way for nonengineers needing to understand the fundamentals of fiber, high-capacity, high-speed equipment and networks, and upcoming carrier services.Trade Review"…a useful supplement to an advanced undergraduate or graduate curriculum…a helpful reference work for networking engineering professionals." (Computing Reviews.com, February 16, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix 1 Optical Networking Fundamentals 1 1.1 Fiber Optics: A Brief History in Time 1 1.2 Distributed IP Routing 7 1.3 Scalable Communications: Integrated Optical Networks 14 1.4 Lightpath Establishment and Protection in Optical Networks 19 1.5 Optical Network Design Using Computational Intelligence Techniques 25 1.6 Distributed Optical Frame Synchronized Ring (doFSR) 26 1.7 Summary and Conclusions 29 2 Types of Optical Networking Technology 33 2.1 Use of Digital Signal Processing 36 2.2 Optical Signal Processing for Optical Packet Switching Networks 40 2.3 Next-Generation Optical Networks as a Value Creation Platform 49 2.4 Optical Network Research in the IST Program 61 2.5 Optical Networking in Optical Computing 71 2.6 Summary and Conclusions 76 3 Optical Transmitters 78 3.1 Long-Wavelength VCSELs 81 3.2 Multiwavelength Lasers 89 3.3 Summary and Conclusions 94 4 Types of Optical Fiber 95 4.1 Strands and Processes of Fiber Optics 95 4.2 The Fiber-Optic Cable Modes 95 4.3 Optical Fiber Types 97 4.4 Types of Cable Families 97 4.5 Extending Performance 98 4.6 Care, Productivity, and Choices 100 4.7 Understanding Types of Optical Fiber 101 4.8 Summary and Conclusions 106 5 Carriers' Networks 108 5.1 The Carriers' Photonic Future 108 5.2 Carriers' Optical Networking Revolution 111 5.3 Flexible Metro Optical Networks 129 5.4 Summary and Conclusions 133 6 Passive Optical Components 137 6.1 Optical Material Systems 139 6.2 Summary and Conclusions 158 7 Free-Space Optics 160 7.1 Free-Space Optical Communication 160 7.2 Corner-Cube Retroreflectors 162 7.3 Free-Space Heterochronous Imaging Reception 165 7.4 Secure Free-Space Optical Communication 168 7.5 The Minimization of Acquisition Time 170 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 175 8 Optical Formats: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/ Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and Gigabit Ethernet 179 8.1 Synchronous Optical Network 179 8.2 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 215 8.3 Gigabit Ethernet 226 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 230 9 Wave Division Multiplexing 233 9.1 Who Uses WDM? 233 9.2 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Backbone Deployment 235 9.3 IP-Optical Integration 236 9.4 QoS Mechanisms 241 9.5 Optical Access Network 249 9.6 Multiple-Wavelength Sources 255 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 259 10 Basics of Optical Switching 263 10.1 Optical Switches 263 10.2 Motivation and Network Architectures 273 10.3 Rapid Advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology 282 10.4 Switched Optical Backbone 291 10.5 Optical MEMS 299 10.6 Multistage Switching System 303 10.7 Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes 307 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 314 11 Optical Packet Switching 318 11.1 Design for Optical Networks 321 11.2 Multistage Approaches to OPS: Node Architectures for OPS 321 11.3 Summary and Conclusions 325 12 Optical Network Configurations 326 12.1 Optical Networking Configuration Flow-Through Provisioning 326 12.2 Flow-Through Provisioning at Element Management Layer 328 12.3 Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in the Same Optical Network Domain 329 12.4 Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in Multiple Optical Network Domain 329 12.5 Benefits of Flow-Through Provisioning 330 12.6 Testing and Measuring Optical Networks 332 12.7 Summary and Conclusions 335 13 Developing Areas in Optical Networking 337 13.1 Optical Wireless Networking High-Speed Integrated Transceivers 338 13.2 Wavelength-Switching Subsystems 344 13.3 Optical Storage Area Networks 352 13.4 Optical Contacting 362 13.5 Optical Automotive Systems 365 13.6 Optical Computing 369 13.7 Summary and Conclusions 371 14 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations 374 14.1 Summary 374 14.2 Conclusion 385 14.3 Recommendations 391 Appendix: Optical Ethernet Enterprise Case Study 415 A.1 Customer Profile 416 A.2 Present Mode of Operation 418 A.3 Future Mode of Operation 419 A.4 Comparing the Alternatives 421 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 423 Glossary 425 Index 453

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Book SynopsisThis is an introduction to the data mining technologies with emphasis on soft computing. Most data mining techniques so far have concentrated on flat-file applications. This new resource includes the wide range of available data types, such as images, sound, and graphics.Trade Review"…an excellent primer on the subject of data mining with an accessible introduction to the fundamental and advanced data mining technologies." (Journal of Electronic Imaging, January-March 2006) "Applied statisticians and probabilists will like this book very much." (Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, November 2005) "…the book is an impressive and broad overview...a general roadmap of what methods are available and where to look." (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2005) "This readable survey describes multimedia, soft computing, and bioinformatics strategies for a number of data types…" (Business Horizons, September- October 2004) "…an accessible introduction to fundamental and advanced data mining technologies. It will be an excellent book for both beginners and professionals." (Computing Reviews.com, April 20, 2004) "Overall, this is a nice, easy-to-read book for those already working in the area of data mining." (Technometrics, August 2004, Vol. 46, No. 3)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Data Mining. 2. Soft Computing. 3. Multimedia Data Compression. 4. String Matching. 5. Classification in Data Mining. 6. Clustering in Data Mining. 7. Association Rules. 8. Rule Mining with Soft Computing. 9. Multimedia Data Mining. 10. Bioinformatics: An Application. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisCDMA2000 Evolution: Concepts and Design Principles provides: A presentation of CDMA2000 technology from the fundamental concepts, architectures and protocols to the network engineering and planning principles. Comprehensive and up to date information about the IS2000 1x Releases A through D, including 1xEV-DV, as well as 1xEV-DO or IS856 Revisions 0 and A standards. A focus on network architecture, QoS, radio network performance and dimensioning as well as comparison with other 2.5G/3G systems. Examples, graphics and diagrams to simplify the learning process. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on conceptual understanding of key techniques and protocols and their evolution from simpler legacy systems to the more advanced revisions recently made to these standards.Trade Review"This book works best as a single source reference…" (E-STREAMS, May 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Chapter 1. Introduction to CDMA2000 Standards Evolution. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 3GPP2 and CDMA2000 Standardization. 1.3 cdmaONE Evolution to cdma2000. 1.4 References. Chapter 2. CDMA Concepts. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Spread Spectrum Concept. 2.3 Spreading Codes. 2.3.1 Walsh Codes. 2.3.2 PN Codes. 2.4 Multi-path Diversity and Rake Receiver. 2.5 Universal Frequency Reuse. 2.6 Soft Hand Off. 2.7 Power Control and Soft Capacity. 2.8 References. Chapter 3. Overview of IS95A. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Radio and Physical Channelization. 3.3 Reverse Link Physical Channels. 3.3.1 Access Channel. 3.3.2 Reverse Traffic Channels. 3.3.3 Reverse Link Physical Layer Processing. 3.4 Forward Link Channels. 3.4.1 Pilot Channel and PN Offsets. 3.4.2 Synch Channel. 3.4.3 Paging Channel. 3.4.4 Forward Traffic Channel. 3.4.5 Forward Physical Channel Processing. 3.5 Random Access Channel Operation. 3.6 Power Control Schemes in IS95A. 3.6.1 Access Power Control. 3.6.2 Open Loop Power Control on the Traffic Channel. 3.6.3 Closed Loop Power Control on Reverse Traffic Channel. 3.6.4 Forward Link Power Control. 3.7 Traffic Channel Hand Off in IS95A. 3.7.1 Soft Hand Off Scenarios. 3.7.2 Soft Hand-off Process and Parameters. 3.8 References. Chapter 4. New Concepts and Technologies in cdma2000. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Link Adaptation. 4.2.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding. 4.2.2 Variable Channelization Spreading. 4.2.3 Physical Layer Hybrid ARQ and Incremental Redundancy. 4.3 Multiuser Diversity. 4.4 Beam-forming. 4.5 Turbo Codes. 4.6 Transmit Diversity. 4.7 Network Controlled Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV). 4.8 References. Chapter 5. CDMA2000 Protocol Layers and ChannElization. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Physical Layer. 5.3 Link Layer (Layer 2). 5.3.1 MAC Sublayer. 5.3.2 LAC Sublayer. 5.4 Layer 3 Signaling. 5.5 CDMA2000 Physical Channelization. 5.5.1 Reverse Link Physical Channels. 5.5.2 Forward Link Physical Channels. 5.6 References. Chapter 6. CDMA2000 Physical Layer Features. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Spectrum Support and Radio Configurations. 6.3 Radio Configurations and Traffic Channel Data Rates. 6.4 Data Rates on Reverse Common Physical Channels. 6.5 Data Rates on Forward Common Physical Channels. 6.6 Reverse and Forward Link Channel Coding. 6.7 Reverse Link Spreading and Modulation. 6.7.1 Reverse Link Orthogonal Channelization Spreading. 6.7.2 Reverse Link Quadrature Spreading and Modulation. 6.8 Spreading and Modulation in the Forward Link. 6.8.1 Forward Link Orthogonal Channelization Spreading. 6.8.2 Forward Link Quadrature Spreading and Modulation. 6.9 References. Chapter 7. IS2000 Call Processing. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Mobile Station Initialization State. 7.3 Mobile Stations Idle State. 7.3.1 Monitoring the Forward Common and Broadcast Channels. 7.3.2 Monitoring Broadcast Messages on F-PCH. 7.3.3 Monitoring Broadcast Messages on F-BCCH and F-CCH. 7.3.4 Monitoring Quick Paging Channel. 7.3.5 Response to Overhead Information. 7.3.6 Idle Handoff. 7.4 System Access State. 7.4.1 Enhanced Random and Reservation Access Procedures. 7.4.2 Access State Handoffs. 7.4.3 Registration. 7.5 References. Chapter 8. Traffic Channel Operation. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Traffic Channel Service Configuration and Negotiation. 8.3 Voice and Data Transmission on Traffic Channels. 8.3.1 Forward SCH Assignment. 8.3.2 Reverse SCH Assignment. 8.3.3 Admission Control and Traffic Channel Allocation. 8.4 Traffic Channel Hand Off. 8.4.1 Traffic Channel Soft Hand Off. 8.4.2 Dynamic Thresholds for Soft Handoff. 8.4.3 Soft Hand off for Supplemental Channels. 8.4.4 CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff. 8.5 Traffic Channel Power Control. 8.5.1 Forward Traffic Channel Power Control. 8.5.2 Reverse Traffic Channel Power Control. 8.6 Reference. Chapter 9. CDMA2000 Network Architecture. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Legacy cdmaONE Networks. 9.3 New Network Elements in CDMA2000. 9.4 New Network Element Interfaces in CDMA2000. 9.5 Mobility Management for Packet Data Service. 9.5.1 Inter-PCF and Intra PDSN Handoff. 9.5.2 Inter PDSN Handoff. 9.5.3 Inter-PDSN Fast Hand off. 9.6 3GPP2 CDMA2000 Network Model. 9.7 3GPP2 All IP Network Model. 9.8 End-to-End QoS Network Model. 9.9 Positioning System in cdma2000. 9.10 References. Chapter 10. 1xEV-DO (HRPD) Air Interface. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Air Interface Protocol Layers. 10.3 Physical and Logical Channelization. 10.3.1 Forward Link Channels. 10.3.2 Reverse Link Channels. 10.4 Forward Physical Channel Structure. 10.4.1 Forward Traffic Channel Structure. 10.4.2 Forward MAC Channel Structure. 10.4.3 Quadrature Spreading and Modulation. 10.5 Reverse Physical Channel Structure. 10.5.1 Reverse Traffic Channel Structure. 10.5.2 Reverse Access Channel Structure. 10.5.3 Quadrature Spreading and Modulation. 10.6 Forward Link Data Transmission. 10.6.1 Forward Rate Selection. 10.6.2 Forward Link Packet Scheduling. 10.6.3 Hybrid ARQ and Multi-slot Data Transmission on the Forward Link. 10.7 Data Transmission on the Reverse Link. 10.7.1 Data Rate Selection for Reverse Data Channel. 10.7.2 Power Control on the Reverse Traffic Channel. 10.7.3 Cell/Sector Reselection. 10.8 Enhancement in HRPD/IS856 Release A. 10.8.1 Reverse Link Enhancements. 10.8.2 Forward Link Enhancements. 10.8.3 Improved Handoff and Faster Paging. 10.9 HRPD Network Architecture. 10.10 HRPD-IS2000 Hybrid Networks. 10.11 References. Chapter 11. CDMA2000 Release D (1xEV-DV). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 1X-EV DV Protocol Layers. 11.3 New Physical Channels in 1xEV-DV (Rel. C and D). 11.4 Channel Configuration Capabilities for Release D. 11.5 Forward Packet Data Channel Operation. 11.5.1 F-PDCCH Processing. 11.5.2 Hybrid ARQ on F-PDCH. 11.6 Channel Quality Measurement and Cell Switch. 11.7 Reverse Packet Data Channel Operation. 11.8 Physical Layer Structure for the New Channels. 11.8.1 Forward Packet Data Control Channel Structure. 11.8.2 Forward Packet Data Channel Structure. 11.8.3 Reverse Packet Data and Control Channels. 11.9 Other Enhancements in 1xEV-DV. 11.9.1 Broadcast/Multicast Service (BCMCS). 11.9.2 Fast Call Setup. 11.9.3 Other Signaling Enhancements. 11.10 References. Chapter 12. Radio Performance and Network Planning. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 cdma2000 Coverage and Link Budget Analysis. 12.2.1 IS2000 Reverse Link Budget Analysis. 12.2.2 IS2000 Forward Link Budget Analysis. 12.3 cdma2000 Voice and Data Capacity Performance. 12.4 1xEV-DO Coverage and Capacity Performance. 12.5 Radio Network Dimensioning and Planning Issues. 12.5.1 Greenfield Deployment. 12.5.2 Migration or Expansion of an Existing Network. 12.6 References. Chapter 13. Overview of Other IMT2000 Standards. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 IMT2000-Direct Spread, UMTS-FDD (WCDMA). 13.3 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 13.4 IMT2000-TDD (TD-CDMA). 13.5 UMTS Network Architecture. 13.6 References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHelps readers understand the MATLAB environment, build their skills, and apply its features to a range of applications. This book guides readers through the most important aspects and basics of MATLAB programming and problem-solving from fundamentals to practice.Trade ReviewThe book is user-friendly and comprehensive in scope." (International Journal of General Systems, December 2003) "...offers a practical introduction to MATLAB and provides a very useful collection of MATLAB's outstanding features...highly recommended for self-study and as a complementary text...an excellent addition to the shelves of academic libraries and community college and university bookstores." (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 4, December 2003)Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Author x 1. MATLAB Basics 1 2. MATLAB Functions, Operators, and Commands 27 3. MATLAB and Problem Solving 42 4. MATLAB Graphics 99 5. MATLAB Applications: Numerical Simulations of Differential Equations and Introduction to Dynamic Systems 133 6. SIMULINK 172 Appendix: MATLAB Functions, Operators, Characters, Commands, and Solvers 207 References 225 Index 226

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Book SynopsisWireless local area networks (WLANs) have emerged as the new wireless revolution, capable of delivering high data rates on unlicensed spectrum for office, home and public access using the IEEE 802. 11 standard named Wi-Fi. Already companies such as Starbucks and McDonald's are funding Wi-Fi kiosks for customer use.Trade Review"This book is designed for networking professionals and IT executives who are interested in developing tactics and strategies that take advantage of the exciting Wi-Fi wireless LAN market." (Microwave Journal, July 2004) "The authors provide a very approachable text to previous and present technologies in wireless local area networking, but this book is technical enough that it provides new information even to the more advanced reader." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 6)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. IEEE 802.11 Standards. Chapter 3. Wi-Fi Network Security. Chapter 4. QoS Provisioning for 802.11 Wireless Home Networks. Chapter 5. Wi-Fi Hotspots. Chapter 6. Market Segmentation and Analysis. Chapter 7. Wireless LAN IC Industry. Chapter 8. Emerging Trends and Case Studies for Wi-Fi. Glossary. Related Web Sites. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Digital Signal Processing and Filter Design provides a thorough introduction to the subject of digital signal processing, with emphasis on fundamental concepts and applications of discrete-time systems, and the synthesis of these systems to meet specification in the time and frequency domains.Trade Review"...an attractive and easy-to-understand handbook for students, and a helpful guide for engineers working in the digital signal processing field." (Computing Reviews.com, June 20, 2006) "…a good introduction to digital signal processing and filter design…there are many examples presented together with other exercises, as well as MATLAB implementations." (CHOICE, April 2006) "…this is a good introductory digital filter design book. It could be recommended to those seeking initial acquaintance with this topic." (Computing Reviews.com, January 23, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Application of DSP. 1.3 Discrete-Time Signals. 1.4 History of Filter Design. 1.5 Analog and Digital Signal Processing. 1.6 Summary. Problems. References. 2. Time-Domain Analysis and z Transform. 2.1 A Linear, Time-Invariant System. 2.2 z Transform Theory. 2.3 Using z Transform to Solve Difference Equations. 2.4 Solving Difference Equations Using the Classical Method. 2.5 z Transform Method Revisited. 2.6 Convolution Revisited. 2.7 A Model from Other Models. 2.8 Stability. 2.9 Solution Using MATLAB Functions. 2.10 Summary. Problems. References. 3. Frequency-Domain Analysis. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Theory of Sampling. 3.3 DTFT and IDTFT. 3.4 DTFT of Unit Step Sequence. 3.5 Use of MATLAB to Compute DTFT. 3.6 DTFS and DFT. 3.7 Fast Fourier Transform. 3.8 Use of MATLAB to Compute DFT and IDFT. 3.9 Summary/ Problems. References. 4. Infinite Impulse Response Filters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Magnitude Approximation of Analog Filters. 4.3 Analog Frequency Transformations. 4.4 Digital Filters. 4.5 Impulse-Invariant Transformation. 4.6 Bilinear Transformation. 4.7 Digital Spectral Transformation. 4.8 Allpass Filters. 4.9 IIR Filter Design Using MATLAB. 4.10 Yule-Walker Approximation. 4.11 Summary. Problems. References. 5. Finite Impulse Response Filters. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Linear Phase Fir Filters. 5.3 Fourier Series Method Modified by Windows. 5.4 Design of Windowed FIR Filter Using MATLAB. 5.5 Equiripple Linear Phase FIR Filters. 5.6 Design of Equiripple FIR Filters Using MATLAB. 5.7 Frequency Sampling Method. 5.8 Summary. Problems. References. 6. Filter Realizations. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 FIR Filter Realizations. 6.3 IIR Filter Realizations. 6.4 Allpass Filters in Parallel. 6.5 Realization of FIR and IIR Filters Using MATLAB. 6.6 Summary. Problems. References. 7. Quantized Filter Analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Filter Design-Analysis Tool. 7.3 Quantized Filter Analysis. 7.4 Binary Numbers and Arithmetic. 7.5 Quantization Analysis of IIR Filters. 7.6 Quantization Analyis of FIR Filters. 7.7 Summary. Problems. References. 8. Hardware Design Using DSP Chips. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Simulink and Real-Time Workshop. 8.3 Design Preliminaries. 8.4 Code Generation. 8.5 Code Composer Studio. 8.6 Simulator and Emulator. 8.7 Conclusion. References. 9. MATLAB Primer. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Signal Processing Toolbox. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBased on the authors'' expansive collection of notes taken over the years, Nano-CMOS Circuit and Physical Design bridges the gap between physical and circuit design and fabrication processing, manufacturability, and yield. This innovative book covers: process technology, including sub-wavelength optical lithography; impact of process scaling on circuit and physical implementation and low power with leaky transistors; and DFM, yield, and the impact of physical implementation.Table of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. 1 NANO-CMOS SCALING PROBLEMS AND IMPLICATIONS. 1.1 Design Methodology in the Nano-CMOS Era. 1.2 Innovations Needed to Continue Performance Scaling. 1.3 Overview of Sub-100-nm Scaling Challenges and Subwavelength Optical Lithography. 1.4 Process Control and Reliability. 1.5 Lithographic Issues and Mask Data Explosion. 1.6 New Breed of Circuit and Physical Design Engineers. 1.7 Modeling Challenges. 1.8 Need for Design Methodology Changes. 1.9 Summary. References. PART I: PROCESS TECHNOLOGY AND SUBWAVELENGTH OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY: PHYSICS, THEORY OF OPERATION, ISSUES, AND SOLUTIONS. 2 CMOS DEVICE AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY. 2.1 Equipment Requirements for Front-End Processing. 2.2 Front-End-Device Problems in CMOS Scaling. 2.3 Back-End-of-Line Technology. References. 3 THEORY AND PRACTICALITIES OF SUBWAVELENGTH OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY. 3.1 Introduction and Simple Imaging Theory. 3.2 Challenges for the 100-nm Node. 3.3 Resolution Enhancement Techniques: Physics. 3.4 Physical Design Style Impact on RET and OPC Complexity. 3.5 The Road Ahead: Future Lithographic Technologies. References. PART II: PROCESS SCALING IMPACT ON DESIGN 4 MIXED-SIGNAL CIRCUIT DESIGN. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design Considerations. 4.3 Device Modeling. 4.4 Passive Components. 4.5 Design Methodology. 4.6 Low-Voltage Techniques. 4.7 Design Procedures. 4.8 Electrostatic Discharge Protection. 4.9 Noise Isolation. 4.10 Decoupling. 4.11 Power Busing. 4.12 Integration Problems. 4.13 Summary. References. 5 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE PROTECTION DESIGN. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 ESD Standards and Models. 5.3 ESD Protection Design. 5.4 Low-C ESD Protection Design for High-Speed I/O. 5.5 ESD Protection Design for Mixed-Voltage I/O. 5.6 SCR Devices for ESD Protection. 5.7 Summary. References. 6 INPUT/OUTPUT DESIGN. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 I/O Standards. 6.3 Signal Transfer. 6.4 ESD Protection. 6.5 I/O Switching Noise. 6.6 Termination. 6.7 Impedance Matching. 6.8 Preemphasis. 6.9 Equalization. 6.10 Conclusion. References. 7 DRAM. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 DRAM Basics. 7.3 Scaling the Capacitor. 7.4 Scaling the Array Transistor. 7.5 Scaling the Sense Amplifier. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 SIGNAL INTEGRITY PROBLEMS IN ON-CHIP INTERCONNECTS. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Interconnect Parasitics Extraction. 8.3 Signal Integrity Analysis. 8.4 Design Solutions for Signal Integrity. 8.5 Summary. References. 9 ULTRALOW POWER CIRCUIT DESIGN. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Design-Time Low-Power Techniques. 9.3 Run-Time Low-Power Techniques. 9.4 Technology Innovations for Low-Power Design. 9.5 Perspectives for Future Ultralow-Power Design. References. PART III: IMPACT OF PHYSICAL DESIGN ON MANUFACTURING/YIELD AND PERFORMANCE. 10 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURABILITY. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Comparison of Optimal and Suboptimal Layouts. 10.3 Global Route DFM. 10.4 Analog DFM. 10.5 Some Rules of Thumb. 10.6 Summary. References. 11 DESIGN FOR VARIABILITY. 11.1 Impact of Variations on Future Design. 11.2 Strategies to Mitigate Impact Due to Variations. 11.3 Corner Modeling Methodology for Nano-CMOS Processes. 11.4 New Features of the BSIM4 Model. 11.5 Summary. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisContent Delivery in Mobile/Wireless Internet presents a combined view of content and wireless technologies. It focuses not only on the latest technology enablers for speedier content delivery in the mobile Internet, but also on how to integrate them to provide workable end-to-end solutions.Trade Review"…an integrated view of both content and wireless technologies, filling the gap between the material taught at the university and expertise needed to succeed in industry." (International Journal of General Systems, June 2005) "…this essential handbook is strongly recommended for academic and corporate engineering libraries." (E-STREAMS, March 2005) "…the book is professionally written. It will be of real help to people with an interest in content delivery applications." (Computing Reviews.com, March 8, 2005)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACRONYMS. 1 CONTENT NETWORKING IN THE MOBILE INTERNET (Sudhir Dixit and Tao Wu). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Content Networking in the Mobile Internet. 1.3 Book Overview. 1.4 Concluding Remarks. 2 MOBILE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW (Harri Holma and Antti Toskala). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Standardization Framework. 2.3 System Architecture and Core Network. 2.4 WCDMA Radio Access Network. 2.4.5 Evolution of WCDMA. 2.6 IS-95 Radio Access. 2.7 GSM/EDGE and WCDMA Operator Performance. 2.8 GSM/EDGE and WCDMA End-User Performance. References. 3 PROTOCOLS FOR THE WEB AND THE MOBILE INTERNET (Mitri Abou-Rizk). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 History of the World Wide Web. 3.3 The Web Today. 3.4 The Future Web. 3.5 HyperText Transfer Protocol. 3.6 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP). References. 4 CONTENT CACHING AND MULTICAST (Dan Li). 4.1 Web-Based Applications. 4.2 Scalable Content Delivery via Multicast and Caching. 4.3 IP Multicast and Reliable Multicast. 4.4 Application Layer Multicast. 4.5 Web Proxy Caching. 4.6 Summary. References. 5 CHARACTERIZING WEB WORKLOAD OF MOBILE CLIENTS (Atul Adya, Paramvir Bahl, and Lili Qiu). 5.1 Overview of Web Workload Characterization. 5.2 Overview of Previous Work. 5.3 Server Architecture and Data Gathering. 5.4 Characterizing Web Browsing Workload. 5.5 Characterizing Notification Workload. 5.6 Correlation between Web Browsing and Notification. 5.7 Comparison between Workload of Wireline Web and Mobile Web. 5.8 Summary. References. 6 ACME: A NEW MOBILE CONTENT DELIVERY ARCHITECTURE (Tao Wu, Sadhna Ahuja, and Sudhir Dixit). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Mobile Content Delivery Techniques and Related Work. 6.3 ACME Performance Analysis. 6.4 Exploiting User Interest Correlation with ACME. 6.5 ACME in Radio Resource Management. 6.6 Conclusions. References. 7 CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR THE MOBILE INTERNET (Stephane Coulombe, Oskari Koskimies, and Guido Grassel). 7.1 Motivation for Adaptation. 7.2 Multimedia Content Types. 7.3 Types of Adaptation. 7.4 Methods of Adaptation. 7.5 Capabilities and Metadata. 7.6 Adaptation Architectures. 7.7 Application Scenarios. 7.8 Standardization and Future Work. References. 8 CONTENT SYNCHRONIZATION (Ganesh Sivaraman). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Why Mobile Devices Need Synchronization. 8.3 Fundamental Principles of Synchronization. 8.4 Adoption of Synchronization for Mobile Devices. 8.5 Synchronization Standard. 8.6 Summary. References. 9 MULTIMEDIA STREAMING IN MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS (Sanjeev Verma, Muhammad Mukarram bin Tariq, Takeshi Yoshimura, and Tao Wu). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 QoS Issues for Streaming Applications. 9.3 Streaming Media Codecs. 9.4 End-to-End Architecture to Provide Streaming Services in Wireless Environments. 9.5 Protocols for Streaming Media Delivery. 9.6 3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service. 9.7 Multimedia Services in Mobile and Wireless Environments. 9.8 Conclusions. References. 10 MULTICAST CONTENT DELIVERY FOR MOBILES (Rod Walsh, Antti-Pentti Vainio, and Janne Aaltonen). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Multicast Overview. 10.3 The Generic IP Multicast System. 10.4 IP Datacast (IPDC). 10.5 Multicast in Third-Generation Cellular (MBMS). 10.6 Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles in Summary and in the Future. References. 11 SECURITY AND DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT FOR MOBILE CONTENT (Deepa Kundur, Heather Yu, and Ching-Yung Lin). 11.1 Introduction to Information Security and DRM Technologies. 11.2 MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection. 11.3 Emerging Technologies and Applications. References. 12 CHARGING FOR MOBILE CONTENT (David Banjo). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fixed-Line Telephony Charging. 12.3 Mobile Telephony Charging. 12.4 Aspects Pertinent to Mobile Content Charging. 12.4.5 Roaming. 12.4.6 Multiple Access. 12.4.7 Source of Charging Records. 12.4.8 Multiple Servers Involved in Delivery. 12.5 Charging Concepts and Mechanisms. 12.6 Charging Interfaces. 12.7 Charging Information. 12.8 Charging Architecture and Scenarios. 12.9 Summary. References. 13 ALGORITHMS AND INFRASTRUCTURES FOR LOCATION-BASED SERVICES (Gang Wu, Xia Gao, and Keisuke Suwa). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Taxonomy of Location. 13.3 Location Estimation Media. 13.4 Location Estimation Algorithms. 13.5 Location Estimation Systems. 13.6 Location Services Based on Cellular Systems. References. 14 FIXED AND MOBILE WEB SERVICES (Michael Mahan). 14.1 Web Services Introduction. 14.2 Web Services Foundation Technologies. 14.3 Conclusion. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book in the two-volume set offering comprehensive coverage of the field of computer organization and architecture. This book provides complete coverage of the subjects pertaining to introductory courses in computer organization and architecture, including: * Instruction set architecture and design * Assembly language programming * Computer arithmetic * Processing unit design * Memory system design * Input-output design and organization * Pipelining design techniques * Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISCs) The authors, who share over 15 years of undergraduate and graduate level instruction in computer architecture, provide real world applications, examples of machines, case studies and practical experiences in each chapter.Trade Review"The book takes its value from being very well organized, concise, and clear." (CHOICE, July 2005) "In addition to being an excellent tool for students, this is a thorough and dependable reference for engineers and programmers." (International Journal of General Systems, June 2005) "...a textbook that is useful as an introduction to computer organization fundamentals…" (Computing Reviews.com, March 10, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Computer Systems. 1.1. Historical Background. 1.2. Architectural Development & Styles. 1.3. Technological Development. 1.4. Performance Measures. 1.5. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 2. Instruction Set Architecture & Design. 2.1. Memory Locations and Operations. 2.2. Addressing Modes. 2.3. Instruction Types. 2.4. Programming Examples. 2.5. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 3. Assembly Language Programming. 3.1. A Simple Machine. 3.2. Instructions Mnemonics and Syntax. 3.3. Assembler Directives and Commands. 3.4. Assembly and Execution of Programs. 3.5. Example: The X 86 Family. 3.6. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 4. Computer Arithmetic. 4.1. Number Systems. 4.2. Integer Arithmetic. 4.3. Floating Point Arithmetic. 4.4. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 5. Processing Unit Design. 5.1. CPU Basics. 5.2. Register Set. 5.3. Data Path. 5.4. The CPU Instruction Cycle. 5.5. Control Unit. 5.6. Summary. Exercises. References. 6. Memory System Design I. 6.1. Basic Concepts. 6.2. Cache Memory. 6.3. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 7. Memory System Design II. 7.1. Main Memory. 7.2. Virtual Memory. 7.3. Read-Only Memory. 7.4. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 8. Input-Output Design and Organization. 8.1. Basic Concepts. 8.2. Programmed I/O. 8.3. Interrupt-Driven I/O. 8.4. Direct Memory Access (DMA). 8.5. Busses. 8.6. Input-Output Interfaces. 8.7. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 9. Pipelining Design Techniques. 9.1. General Concepts. 9.2. Instruction Pipeline. 9.3. Arithmetic pipeline. 9.4. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 10. Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISCs). 10.1. RISC/CISC Evolution Cycle. 10.2. RISCs Design Principles. 10.3. Overlapped Register Windows. 10.4. RISCs Versus CISCs. 10.5. Pioneer (University) RISC Machines. 10.6. Example of Advanced RISC Machines. 10.7. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 11. Introduction to Multiprocessors. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Classification of Computer Architectures. 11.3. SIMD Schemes. 11.4. MIMD Schemes. 11.5. Interconnection Networks. 11.6. Analysis and Performance Metrics. 11. 7. Summary. Exercises. References and Further Readings. Index.

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Book SynopsisAntenna arraying is the combining of the output from several antennas in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal. This work gives an introduction to antenna arraying in the deep space network.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Background of Arraying in the Deep Space Network. Chapter 3. Arraying Concepts. Chapter 4. Overview of Arraying Techniques. Chapter 5. Single-Receiver Performance. Chapter 6. Arraying Techniques. Chapter 7. Arraying Combinations and Comparisons. Chapter 8. Correlation Algorithms. Chapter 9. Current Arraying Capability. Chapter 10. Future Development. Appendix A. Antenna Location. Appendix B. Array Availability. Appendix C. Demodulation Process. Appendix D. Gamma Factors for DSN Antennas. Appendix E. Closed-Loop Performance. Appendix F. Subcarrier and Symbol-Loop SNR Performance. Appendix G. Derivation of Equations for Complex-Symbol Combining. General Reference List. Acronyms and Abbreviations.

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Book Synopsis A comprehensive coverage of emerging and current technology dealing with heterogeneous sources of information, including data, design hints, reinforcement signals from external datasets, and related topics Covers all necessary prerequisites, and if necessary,additional explanations of more advanced topics, to make abstract concepts more tangible Includes illustrative material andwell-known experimentsto offer hands-on experience Trade Review"I agree with Zadeh's opinion (mentioned at the end of book's foreword): 'The author and the publisher deserve our loud applause and congratulations.'" (Computing Reviews.com, May 19, 2005)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1. Clustering and Fuzzy Clustering. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Notions and Notation. 2.1 Types of Data. 2.2 Distance and Similarity. 3. Main Categories of Clustering Algorithms. 3.1 Hierarchical Clustering. 3.2 Objective Function – Based Clustering. 4. Clustering and Classification. 5. Fuzzy Clustering. 6. Cluster Validity. 7. Extensions of Objective Function-Based Fuzzy Clustering. 7.1 Augmented Geometry of Fuzzy Clusters: Fuzzy C-Varieties. 7.2 Possibilistic Clustering. 7.3 Noise Clustering. 8. Self Organizing Maps and Fuzzy Objective Function Based Clustering. 9. Conclusions. References. 2. Computing with Granular Information: Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Relations. 1. A Paradigm of Granular Computing: Information Granules and their Processing. 2. Fuzzy Sets as Human-Centric Information Granules. 3. Operations on Fuzzy Sets. 4. Fuzzy Relations. 5. Comparison of Two Fuzzy Sets. 6. Generalizations of Fuzzy Sets. 7. Shadowed Sets. 8. Rough Sets. 9. Granular Computing and Distributed Processing. 10. Conclusions. References. 3. Logic-Oriented Neurocomputing. 1. Introduction. 2. Main Categories of Fuzzy Neurons. 2.1 Aggregative Neurons. 2.2 Referential (reference) Neurons. 3. Architectures of Logic Networks. 4. Interpretation Aspects of the Networks. 5. The Granular Interfaces of Logic Processing. 6. Conclusions. References. 4. Conditional Fuzzy Clustering. 1. Introduction. 2. Problem Statement: Context Fuzzy Sets and Objective Function. 3. The Optimization Problem. 4. Computational Considerations of Conditional Clustering. 5. Generalizations of the Algorithm Through the Aggregation Operator. 6. Fuzzy Clustering with Spatial Constraints. 7. Conclusions. References. 5. Clustering with Partial Supervision. 1. Introduction. 2. Problem Formulation. 3. The Design of the Clusters. 4. Experimental Examples. 5. Cluster-Based Tracking Problem. 6. Conclusions. References. 6. Principles of Knowledge-Based Guidance in Fuzzy Clustering. 1. Introduction. 2. Examples of Knowledge-Oriented Hints and their General Taxonomy. 3. The Optimization Environment of Knowledge-Enhanced Clustering. 4. Quantification of Knowledge-Based Guidance Hints and Their Optimization. 5. The Organization of the Interaction Process. 6. Proximity – Based Clustering (P-FCM). 7. Web Exploration and P-FCM. 8. Linguistic Augmentation of Knowledge-Based Hints. 9. Concluding Comments. References. 7. Collaborative Clustering. 1. Introduction and Rationale. 2. Horizontal and Vertical Clustering. 3. Horizontal Collaborative Clustering. 3.1 Optimization Details. 3.2 The Flow of Computing of Collaborative Clustering. 3.3 Quantification of the Collaborative Phenomenon of the Clustering. 4. Experimental Studies. 5. Further Enhancements of Horizontal Clustering. 6. The Algorithm of Vertical Clustering. 7. A Grid Model of Horizontal and Vertical Clustering. 8. Consensus Clustering. 9. Conclusions. References. 8. Directional Clustering. 1. Introduction. 2. Problem Formulation. 2.1 The Objective Function. 2.2 The Logic Transformation Between Information Granules. 3. The Algorithm. 4. The Overall Development Framework of Directional Clustering. 5. Numerical Studies. 6. Conclusions. References. 9. Fuzzy Relational Clustering. 1. Introduction and Problem Statement. 2. FCM for Relational Data. 3. Decomposition of Fuzzy Relational Patterns. 3.1 Gradient-Based Solution to the Decomposition Problem. 3.2 Neural Network Model of the Decomposition Problem. 4. Comparative Analysis. 5. Conclusions. References. 10. Fuzzy Clustering of Heterogeneous Patterns. 1. Introduction. 2. Heterogeneous Data. 3. Parametric Models of Granular Data. 4. Parametric Mode of Heterogeneous Fuzzy Clustering. 5. Nonparametric Heterogeneous Clustering. 5.1 A Frame of Reference. 5.2 Representation of Granular Data Through the Possibility-Necessity Transformation. 5.3 Dereferencing. 6. Conclusions. References. 11. Hyperbox Models of Granular Data: The Tchebyschev FCM. 1. Introduction. 2. Problem Formulation. 3. The Clustering Algorithm-Detailed Considerations. 4. The Development of Granular Prototypes. 5. The Geometry of Information Granules. 6. Granular Data Description: A General Model. 7. Conclusions. References. 12. Genetic Tolerance Fuzzy Neural Networks. 1. Introduction. 2. Operations of Thresholdings and Tolerance: Fuzzy Logic-Based Generalizations. 3. The Topology of the Logic Network. 4. Genetic Optimization. 5. Illustrative Numeric Studies. 6. Conclusions. References. 13. Granular Prototyping. 1. Introduction. 2. Problem Formulation. 2.1 Expressing Similarity Between Two Fuzzy Sets. 2.2 Performance Index (objective function). 3. Prototype Optimization. 4. The Development of Granular Prototypes. 4.1 Optimization of the Similarity Levels. 4.2 An Inverse Similarity Problem. 5. Conclusions. References. 14. Granular Mappings. 1. Introduction and Problem Statement. 2. Possibility and Necessity measure as the Computational Vehicle of Granular Representation. 3. Building the Granular Mapping. 4. The Design of Multivariable Granular Mappings Through Fuzzy Clustering. 5. Quantification of Granular Mappings. 6. Experimental Studies. 7. Conclusions. References. 15. Linguistic Modeling. 1. Introduction. 2. The Cluster-Based Representation of the Input – Output Mapping. 3. Conditional Clustering in the development of a blueprint of granular models. 4. Granular neuron as a Generic Processing Element in Granular Networks. 5. The Architecture of Linguistic Models Based on Conditional Fuzzy Clustering. 6. Refinements of Linguistic Models. 7. Conclusions. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA text and general reference on the design and analysis of radar signals As radar technology evolves to encompass a growing spectrum of applications in military, aerospace, automotive, and other sectors, innovations in digital signal processing have risen to meet the demand.Trade Review"There is a lot for the practicing engineer to like in this book…As it takes its place on the shelf, it will be a ready and rich deposit of knowledge for analysis and design." (IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, November 2005) "This book is devoted to the design and analysis of radar signals." (Microwave Journal, January 2005) "…provides an excellent 400-page overview of radar signals…and how to generate, simulate, and analyze such signals." (Microwaves & RF.com, H16, October 22, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Matched Filter. 3. Ambiguity Function. 4. Basic Radar Signals. 5. Frequency Modulated Pulse. 6. Phase Coded Pulse. 7. Coherent Train of LFM Pulses. 8. Diverse PRI Pulse Trains. 9. Coherent Train of Diverse Pulses. 10. Continuous-Wave Signals. 11. Multicarrier Phase-Coded Signals. Appendix: Advanced MATLAB Programs. Index.

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Book SynopsisTech Mining makes exploitation of text databases meaningful to those who can gain from derived knowledge about emerging technologies. It begins with the premise that we have the information, the tools to exploit it, and the need for the resulting knowledge. The information provided puts new capabilities at the hands of technology managers. Using the material present, these managers can identify and access the most valuable technology information resources (publications, patents, etc.); search, retrieve, and clean the information on topics of interest; and lower the costs and enhance the benefits of competitive technological intelligence operations.Trade Review"...useful to a variety of institutions, programs, and people." (E-STREAMS, August 2005) "Two data mining practitioners explain how to use the available software tools…to quickly access the technological information needed to gain competitive advantage." (Research Technology Management, May-June 2005)Table of ContentsList of Figures. Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms & Shorthands—Glossary. PART I. UNDERSTAND TECH MINING. Chapter 1. Technological Innovation and the Need for Tech Mining. 1.1 Why Innovation is Significant. 1.2 Innovation Processes. 1.3 Innovation Institutions and Their Interests. 1.4 Innovators and Their Interests. 1.5 Technological Innovation in an Information Age. 1.6 Information About Emerging Technologies. Chapter 1 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 2. How Tech Mining Works. 2.1 What is Tech Mining? 2.2 Why Do Tech Mining? 2.3 What Is Tech Mining’s Ancestry? 2.4 How to Conduct the Tech Mining Process? 2.5 Who Does Tech Mining? 2.6 Where Is Tech Mining Most Needed? Chapter 2 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 3. What Tech Mining Can Do for You. 3.1 Tech Mining Basics. 3.2 Tech Mining Analyses. 3.3 Putting Tech Mining Information to Good Use. 3.4 Managing and Measuring Tech Mining. Chapter 3 Take-Home Messages. Chapter 4. Example Results: Fuel Cells Tech Mining. 4.1 Overview of Fuel Cells. 4.2 Tech Mining Analyses. 4.3 Tech Mining Results. 4.4 Tech Mining Information Processes. 4.5 Tech Mining Information Products. Chapter 4 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 5. What to Watch For in Tech Mining. 5.1 Better Basics. 5.2 Research Profiling and Other Perspectives on the Data. 5.3 More Informative Products. 5.4 Knowledge Discovery. 5.5 Knowledge Management. 5.6 New Tech Mining Markets. 5.7 Dangers. Chapter 5 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. PART II. DOING TECH MINING. Chapter 6. Finding the Right Sources. 6.1 R&D Activity. 6.2 R&D Output Databases. 6.3 Determining the Best Sources. 6.4 Arranging Access to Databases. Chapter 6 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 7. Forming the Right Query. 7.1 An Iterative Process. 7.2 Queries Based on Substantive Terms. 7.3 Nominal Queries. 7.4 Tactics and Strategies for Query Design. 7.5 Changing the Query. Chapter 7 Take-Home Messages. Chapter 8. Getting the Data. 8.1 Accessing Databases. 8.2 Search and Retrieval from a Database. 8.3 What to Do, and Not to Do. Chapter 8 Take-Home Messages. Chapter 9. Basic Analyses. 9.1 In the Beginning. 9.2 What You Can Do with the Data. 9.3 Relations Among Documents and Terms Occurring in Their Information Fields. 9.4 Relationships. 9.5 Helpful Basic Analyses. Chapter 9 Take-Home Messages. Chapter 10. Advanced Analyses. 10.1 Why Perform Advanced Analyses? 10.2 Data Representation. 10.3 Analytical Families. Chapter 10 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 11. Trend Analyses. 11.1 Perspective. 11.2 An Example Time Series Description and Forecast. 11.3 Multiple Forecasts. 11.4 Research Fronts. 11.5 Novelty. Chapter 11 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 12. Patent Analyses. 12.1 Why patent Analyses? 12.2 Getting Started. 12.3 The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of patent Analysis. 12.4 Tech Mining Patent Analysis Case Illustration: Fuel Cells. 12.5 Patent Citation Analysis. 12.6 For Whom? 12.7 TRIZ. 12.8 Reflections. Chapter 12 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 13. Generating and Presenting Innovation Indicators. 13.1 Expert Opinion in Tech Mining. 13.2 Innovation Indicators. 13.3 Information Representation and Packaging. 13.4 Examples of Putting Tech Mining Information Representation to Use. 13.5 Summing Up. Chapter Resources. Chapter 14. Managing the Tech Mining Process. 14.1 Tough Challenges. 14.2 Tech Mining Communities. 14.3 Process Management. 14.4 Enhancing the Prospects of Tech Mining Utilization. 14.5 Institutionalizing the Tech Mining Function. 14.6 The Learning Curve. Chapter 14 Take-Home Messages. Chapter 15. Measuring Tech Mining Results. 15.1 Why Measure? 15.2 What to Measure. 15.3 How to Measure. 15.4 Enabling Measurement. 15.5 Effective Measurement. 15.6 Using Measurements to Bolster Tech Mining. Chapter 15 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Chapter 16. Examples Process: Tech Mining on Fuel Cells. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 First Step: Issue Identification. 16.3 Second Step: Selection of Information Sources. 16.4 Third Step: Search Refinement and Data Retrieval. 16.5 Fourth Step: Data Cleaning. 16.6 Fifth Step: Basic Analyses. 16.7 Sixth Step: Advanced Analyses. 16.8 Seventh Step: Representation. 16.9 Eight Step: Interpretation. 16.10 Ninth Step: Utilization. 16.11 What Can We Learn. Chapter 6 Take-Home Messages. Chapter Resources. Appendix A: Selected Publication and patent Databases. Appendix B: Text Mining Software. Appendix C: What You Can Do Without Tech Mining Software. Appendix D: Statistics and Distributions for Analyzing Text Entities. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA guide to increasing company profitability and reducing the time-to-profit through the efficient management of the process of parts selection and management. Taking an 'eyes-on, hands-off' approach to parts selection, it addresses risk-assessment, decision-making steps, and subsequent management activities.Trade Review"…provides comprehensive and valuable insights into risk assessment, decision-making steps, and immediate management activities…" (E-STREAMS, April 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. An Additional Acknowledgment. Editor. Authors. Acronyms. Chapter 1. Motivation for a Parts Selection and Management Program (Sanjay Tiku and Michael Pecht). 1.1 Technology Advances. 1.2 Market Challenges. 1.3 Sypply Chain Trends. 1.4 Availability and Life Cycle Mismatch Issues. 1.5 Standards Reorganization. 1.6 Objectives of a Parts Selection and Management Program. 1.7 References. Chapter 2. Methodology for Parts Selection and Management (Margaret Jackson, et al.). 2.1 Responsbilities and Composition of the Parts Management Team. 2.2 The Overall Parts Selection and Management Methodology. 2.3 Product Requirements and Constraints Identification. 2.4 Technology Sensing and Cascading. 2.5 Candidate Part and Part Manufacturer Selection. 2.6 Manufacturer, Part, and Distributor Assessments. 2.7 Determination of the Local Environment. 2.8 Performance Assessment. 2.9 Reliability Assessment. 2.10 Assembly Assessment. 2.11 Life Cycle Mismatch Assessment. 2.12 Risk Management. 2.13 References. Chapter 3. Product Requirements, Constraints, and Specifications (Peter Sandborn and Chris Wilkinson). 3.1 Product Requirements Definition and Realization Constraints. 3.2 Who Defines the Requirements and Constraints? 3.3 Requirements and Constraints Definition Risks. 3.4 The Requirements Document. 3.5 Approving Requirements and Contraints - Buy-in. 3.6 Preliminary Specification. 3.7 Requirements Tracking. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 References. Chapter 4. Using the Part Datasheet (Diganta Das and Michael Pecht). 4.1 The Contents of a Datasheet. 4.2 The Status of the Part and Datasheet. 4.3 The Part Number. 4.4 Ratings of an Electronic Part. 4.5 Reliability Information. 4.6 Thermal Characteristics. 4.7 Electrical Specifications. 4.8 Derating and Safe Operating Area. 4.9 Summary. 4.10 References. Chapter 5. Candidate Parts Selection: Making the First Cut (Diganta Das and Peter Sandborn). 5.1 Candidate Part Identification Process. 5.2 Part Databases. 5.3 Part Procurement. 5.4 Summary. 5.5 References. Chapter 6. Manufacturer Assessment Procedure and Criteria (Toby Syrus, et al.). 6.1 Manufacturer Assessment Process. 6.2 Manufacturer Identification. 6.3 Manufacturer Assessment Categories. 6.4 Results. 6.5 Summary. 6.6 References. Chapter 7. Part Assessment Guidelines and Criteria (Toby Syrus, et al.). 7.1 Part Assessment Process. 7.2 Part Grouping. 7.3 Part Assessment Categories. 7.4 Case Study Results. 7.5 Summary. 7.6 References. Chapter 8. Electronic Part Distribution and Distributor Assessment (Sanjay Tiku, et al.). 8.1 Why Part Manufacturers Use Distributors. 8.2 Why Customers Buy From Distributors. 8.3 Types of Electronic Parts Distributors. 8.4 Distributor Identification for Assessment. 8.5 Distributor Assessment. 8.6 Summary. 8.7 References. Chapter 9. Tracking Part Changes Through the Part Supply Chain (Steven Murray, et al.). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Manufacturers Change Control. 9.3 Standards and Authorities for Notifying Customers of Part Changes. 9.4 Change Notification Paths. 9.5 Case Study: Change Notification Policies in Practice. 9.6 Case Study: Examples of Commonly Made Changes. 9.8 References. Chapter 10. Parts Selection and Management to Avoid Counterfeit Electronic Parts (Sanjay Tiku, et al.). 10.1 Business and National Security Implications of Conterfeiting. 10.2 Examples of Counterfeit Electronic Parts. 10.3 Legislative Initiatives and Organized Activities Against Counterfeiting. 10.4 Preventing Counterfeiting of Parts: Recommendations for Electronic Part Manufacturers. 10.5 Preventing Supply of Counterfeit Parts: Recommendations for OEMs. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 References. Chapter 11. Equipment Supplier Intervention Techniques (Anant Mathur, et al.). 11.1 The Parts Selection and Management Process. 11.2 Why Use Equipment Supplier Intervention? 11.3 Methods of Equipment Supplier Intervention. 11.4 Cost Implications of Equipment Supplier Intervention. 11.5 Provisional Acceptance. 11.6 Case Study. 11.7 Summary. 11.8 References. Chapter 12. Determination of the Life Cycle Environment (Niranjan Vijayaragavan, et al.). 12.1 Defining the Life Cycle Environmental Profile. 12.2 Steps in Developing an LCEP. 12.3 Considerations and Recommendations. 12.4 Life Cycle Phases and Environmental Factors. 12.5 Environmental Factors and Their Effects. 12.6 Quantification of Environmental Loads. 12.7 Summary. 12.8 References. Chapter 13. Performance (Diganta Das, et al.). 13.1 Methods of Mitigating the Discrepancy Between System Needs and Part Ratings. 13.2 Methods of Uprating. 13.3 Parameter Conformance. 13.4 Parameter Recharacterization. 13.5 Stress Balancing. 13.6 Reliability Issues with Uprating. 13.7 Case Study: Single Inline Memory Module. 13.8 References. Chapter 14. Reliability Assessment (Michael Pecht and Jingsong Xie). 14.1 Candidate Part. 14.2 Life Cycle Loads. 14.3 Using Tests to Assess Reliability. 14.4 Using Virtual Reliability Assessment to Assess Reliability. 14.5 Using Accelerated Testing to Assess Reliability. 14.6 Conduct the Accelerated Tests. 14.7 Summary. 14.8 References. Chapter 15. Assembly Requirements and Constraints Assessment (Peter Sandborn and Michael Pecht). 15.1 Assembly Compatibility. 15.2 Routing Compatibility. 15.3 Test and Rework Acceptability. 15.4 References. Chapter 16. Obsolescence Prediction and Management (Michael Pecht, et al.). 16.1 Life-cycle Stages. 16.2 Life-cycle Forecasting Methodology. 16.3 Obsolescence Management Tactics and Strategies. 16.4 Economics of Obsolescence Management Strategies. 16.5 References. Chapter 17. Part Acceptance and Risk Management (Peter Sandborn). 17.1 Risk Assessment Process. 17.2 The Risk Pool. 17.3 Managing Risks During Part Selection. 17.4 Management Plan. 17.5 Management During Part Use. 17.6 Unmanaged Risks. 17.7 Summary. 17.8 References. Chapter 18. Environmental and Legislative Issues (Paul Casey and Yuki Fukuda). Legislation for Eliminating Lead in Electronics. 18.2 Lead-free Components. 18.3 Environmentally Friendly Molding Compounds. 18.4 Industry Groups Involved with Lead and Halogen-free Electronics. 18.5 References. Chapter 19. Legal Liabilities (Ray Biagini and Michael Pecht). 19.1 Determining the Plaintiffs and the Defendants. 19.2 Determining the Court That Will Hear the Case. 19.3 The Plaintiff's Claims. 19.4 The Defendant's Rebuttal. 19.5 Unique Aspects of International Law. 19.6 Summary. 19.7 References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe generation of coherent light by lasers is an important application of photonics and fiber optics. Lasers play an important role in such diverse areas as telecommunications, medicine, and welding. This book is designed as an introduction to lasersaACAACAcovering both theory and practical applications.Trade Review"…an excellent text for undergraduate classes and a useful reference for scientists and engineers." (Optics & Photonics News, September 2006) "…the book does serve as a good introduction…" (CHOICE, April 2005) “…provides a comprehensive introduction to lasers…” (Materials Today, October 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Light and Blackbody Emission. 2. Atomic Emission. 3. Quantum Mechanics. 4. Lasing Action. 5. Lasing Transitions and Gain. 6. Cavity Optics. 7. Fast-Pulse Production. 8. Nonlinear Optics. 9. Visible Gas Lasers. 10. UV Gas Lasers. 11. Infrared Gas Lasers. 12. Solid-State Lasers. 13. Semiconductor Lasers. 14. Tunable Dye Lasers. Index.

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Book SynopsisCMOS manufacturing environments are surrounded with symptoms that can indicate serious test, design, or reliability problems, which, in turn, can affect the financial as well as the engineering bottom line. This book will teach readers, including non-engineers involved in CMOS manufacture, to identify and remedy these causes.Trade Review"...an essential text for practitioners in the CMOS industry or for students headed there…" (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, October 2004)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. PART I: CMOS FUNDAMENTALS. 1 Electrical Circuit Analysis. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Voltage and Current Laws. 1.3 Capacitors. 1.4 Diodes. 1.5 Summary. Bibliography. Exercises. 2 Semiconductor Physics. 2.1 Semiconductor Fundamentals. 2.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors. 2.3 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors. 2.4 The pn Junction. 2.5 Biasing the pn Junction: I–V Characteristics. 2.6 Parasitics in the Diode. 2.7 Summary. Bibliography. Exercises. 3 MOSFET Transistors. 3.1 Principles of Operation: Long-Channel Transistors. 3.2 Threshold Voltage in MOS Transistors. 3.3 Parasitic Capacitors in MOS Transistors. 3.4 Device Scaling: Short-Channel MOS Transistors. 3.5 Summary. References. Exercises. 4 CMOS Basic Gates. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The CMOS Inverter. 4.3 NAND Gates. 4.4 NOR Gates. 4.5 CMOS Transmission Gates. 4.6 Summary. Bibliography. Exercises. 5 CMOS Basic Circuits. 5.1 Combinational logic. 5.2 Sequential Logic. 5.3 Input–Output (I/O) Circuitry. 5.4 Summary. References. Exercises. PART II FAILURE MODES, DEFECTS, AND TESTING OF CMOS Ics. 6 Failure Mechanisms in CMOS IC Materials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Materials Science of IC Metals. 6.3 Metal Failure Modes. 6.4 Oxide Failure Modes. 6.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. Bibliography. Exercises. 7 Bridging Defects. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Bridges in ICs: Critical Resistance and Modeling. 7.3 Gate Oxide Shorts (GOS). 7.4 Bridges in Combinational Circuits. 7.5 Bridges in Sequential Circuits. 7.6 Bridging Faults and Technology Scaling. 7.7 Conclusion. References. Exercises. 8 Open Defects. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Modeling Floating Nodes in ICs. 8.3 Open Defect Classes. 8.4 Summary. References. Exercises. 9 Parametric Failures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Intrinsic Parametric Failures. 9.3 Intrinsic Parametric Failure Impact on IC Behavior. 9.4 Extrinsic Parametric Failure. 9.5 Conclusion. References. Exercises. 10 Defect-Based Testing. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Digital IC Testing: The Basics. 10.3 Design for Test. 10.4 Defect-Based Testing (DBT). 10.5 Testing Nanometer ICs. 10.6 Conclusions. Bibliography. References. Exercises. Appendix A: Solutions to Self-Exercises. A.1 Chapter 1. A.2 Chapter 3. A.3 Chapter 4. A.4 Chapter 5. A.5 Chapter 6. A.6 Chapter 7. A.8 Chapter 8. A.8 Chapter 10. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisSoftware Paradigms provides the first complete compilation of software paradigms commonly used to develop large software applications, with coverage ranging from discrete problems to full-scale applications.Trade Review"...an excellent course reference for someone with significant but varied...software development ideas...a handy reference for identifying the similarities between...software development elements…" (IEEE Software Magazine, January/February 2006) "…useful to some programmers." (CHOICE, October 2005) "This is a good survey of the various topics…quite relevant to the CSQE body of knowledge architecture topic." (Software Quality Professional, September 2005) "…a timely work that helps put recent advances in software architecture and framework development in context with earlier software design concepts." (Computing Reviews.com, July 29, 2005) "…a welcome…addition to the literature on software development paradigm." (Computing Reviews.com, May 3, 2005)Table of ContentsADVICE FOR THE INSTRUCTOR. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Meaning of Paradigm. 1.2 Software Solves Problems. 1.3 Designing and Developing Software. 1.4 Understanding Problem Paradigms. 1.5 Overview of Book. 1.6 Conventions. 1.7 Exercises. 2 Paradigm Overview. 2.1 Problem Paradigms. 2.2 A Functional Classification of Problems. 2.3 Programming Languages. 2.4 Design Patterns. 2.5 Components. 2.6 Software Architectures. 2.7 Frameworks. 2.8 Further Reading. 2.9 Exercises. I DESIGN PATTERNS. 3 Overview of Design Patterns. 3.1 A Brief History of Patterns. 3.2 Why Patterns? 3.3 Pattern Spaces. 3.4 Types of Software Patterns. 3.5 Describing Patterns. 3.6 How Do We Discover Patterns? 3.7 Using Patterns. 3.8 Further Reading. 3.9 Exercises. 4 Software Patterns. 4.1 Singleton. 4.2 The Wrapper Pattern. 4.3 The Abstract Factory Pattern. 4.4 Observer Pattern. 4.5 Exercises. 5 Human–Computer Interface Patterns. 5.1 Style Guides. 5.2 An HCI Pattern Language. 5.3 Web Design Patterns. 5.4 Further Reading. 5.5 Exercises. 6 Other Pattern Domains. 6.1 Coplien’s Patterns. 6.2 Object-Oriented Patterns. 6.3 Antipatterns. 6.4 Further Reading. 6.5 Exercises. 7 Pattern Design. 7.1 Design Pattern Issues. 7.2 Some Simple Pattern Design Principles. 7.3 Limitations of Design Patterns. 7.4 Further Reading. 7.5 Exercises. II COMPONENTS. 8 Component Concepts. 8.1 What Are Software Components? 8.2 Why Use Components? 8.3 Component Models. 8.4 Using Components. 8.5 Component Reuse. 8.6 Exercises. 9 Types of Components. 9.1 Event-Based Components. 9.2 Java Events. 9.3 Distributed Components. 9.4 Transaction Processing. 9.5 Further Reading. 9.6 Exercises. 10 Component Technologies. 10.1 CORBA. 10.2 System Object Model. 10.3 Microsoft’s COM/DCOM. 10.4 JavaBeans. 10.5 Further Reading. 10.6 Exercises. 11 Component-Based Software Engineering. 11.1 Defining CBSE. 11.2 Problems with CBSE. 11.3 Problems in Using Components. 11.4 Problems with Glue Code. 11.5 Exercises. III SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES. 12 Overview of Software Architectures. 12.1 Software Architecture Elements and Description. 12.2 Why Do We Need a Software Architecture? 12.3 Software Architecting Versus Software Engineering. 12.4 Domain-Specific Software Architectures. 12.5 Roles and Benefits. 12.6 Software Architecture Models. 12.7 What To Look For. 12.8 Further Reading. 12.9 Exercises. 13 Data Flow Systems. 13.1 The Data Flow Model. 13.2 Batch Sequential Systems. 13.3 Pipe and Filter Architecture. 13.4 Further Reading. 13.5 Exercises. 14 Call-and-Return Systems. 14.1 Main Program and Subroutines. 14.2 Client–Server Systems. 14.3 Object-Oriented Systems. 14.4 Hierarchically Layered Systems. 14.5 Further Reading. 14.6 Exercises. 15 Virtual Machines. 15.1 Interpreters. 15.2 Virtual Machine Examples. 15.3 Rule-Based Systems. 15.4 Advantages and Disadvantages. 15.5 Further Reading. 15.6 Exercises. 16 Independent Component Systems. 16.1 Communicating Sequential Processes. 16.2 Event-Based Systems. 16.3 Event System Issues. 16.4 Broker Systems. 16.5 Further Reading. 16.6 Exercises. 17 Data-Centric Systems. 17.1 Database Systems. 17.2 Blackboard Systems. 17.3 The Linda Model and Language. 17.4 Further Reading. 17.5 Exercises. 18 Concurrent Software Architectures. 18.1 Basic Concepts. 18.2 Parallel Programming. 18.3 Data Parallel Systems. 18.4 Message Passing Systems. 18.5 A Parallel Programming Methodology. 18.6 Further Reading. 18.7 Exercises. 19 Software Architecture Challenges. 19.1 Software Architecture Description. 19.2 Design Issues. 19.3 Analysis of Software Architectures. 19.4 Further Reading. 19.5 Exercises. IV FRAMEWORKS. 20 Framework Concepts. 20.1 Types of Frameworks. 20.2 Framework Elements. 20.3 Using Frameworks. 20.4 Documenting Frameworks. 20.5 Designing Frameworks. 20.6 Problems with Frameworks. 20.7 Framework Domains. 20.8 Further Reading. 20.9 Exercises. 21 GUI Frameworks. 21.1 Smalltalk-80 Programming Environment. 21.2 MacApp Framework. 21.3 The Taligent Framework. 21.4 Other Frameworks. 21.5 Further Reading. 21.6 Exercises. 22 Development Frameworks. 22.1 Java as a Framework. 22.2 Microsoft’s .NET Framework. 22.3 IBM’s San Francisco Project. 22.4 POOMA. 22.5 Further Reading. 22.6 Exercises. 23 Challenges in Frameworks. 23.1 Developing Frameworks. 23.2 Application Development Using a Framework. 23.3 Testing Frameworks. 23.4 Issues in Framework Usage. 23.5 Exercises. BIBLIOGRAPHY. GLOSSARY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples for constructing intelligent systems Design of Logic-based Intelligent Systems develops principles and methods for constructing intelligent systems for complex tasks that are readily done by humans but are difficult for machines. Current Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches rely on various constructs and methods (production rules, neural nets, support vector machines, fuzzy logic, Bayesian networks, etc.). In contrast, this book uses an extension of propositional logic that treats all aspects of intelligent systems in a unified and mathematically compatible manner. Topics include: * Levels of thinking and logic * Special cases: expert systems and intelligent agents * Formulating and solving logic systems * Reasoning under uncertainty * Learning logic formulas from data * Nonmonotonic and incomplete reasoning * Question-and-answer processes * Intelligent systems that construct intelligent systems Design of LTrade Review"….both a handbook for the AI practitioner and a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on intelligent systems." (International Journal of General Systems, June 2005) "…extremely well-written and insightful and has educational benefits even for those not intending to use the material directly." (IIE Transactions-Operations Engineering, March 2005) "…the book reads well and can be highly recommended." (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2005) "…will greatly interest you and your advanced students…a useful book." (Computing Reviews.com, February 16, 2005) "…extremely well written and insightful and has education benefits even for those not intending to use the material directly." (IIE Transactions on Operations Engineering) "Truemper offers definitive, state-of-the art coverage of this area." (CHOICE, November 2004) "…the author's novel approach has something going for it, and that some good examples of intelligent reasoning can be achieved by fitting them into the author's model." (Computing Reviews.com, August 2, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Introduction. PART I: LOGIC PROBLEMS. Chapter 2. Introduction to Logic and Problems SAT and MINSAT. Chapter 3. Variations of SAT and MINSAT. Chapter 4. Quantified SAT and MINSAT. PART II: FORMULATION OF LOGIC SYSTEMS. Chapter 5. Basic Formulation Techniques. Chapter 6. Uncertainty. PART III: LEARNING. Chapter 7. Learning Formulas. Chapter 8. Accuracy of Learning Formulas. PART IV: ADVANCED REASONING. Chapter 9. Nonmonotonic and Incomplete Reasoning. Chapter 10. Question-and-Answer Processes. PART V: APPLICATIONS. Chapter 11. Applications. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this third edition is to bring together in a single book descriptions of all tests carried out in the optical shop that are applicable to optical components and systems. This book is intended for the specialist as well as the non-specialist engaged in optical shop testing. There is currently a great deal of research being done in optical engineering. Making this new edition very timely.Trade Review"This book is a major text in the field, and a must-read for academicians and engineers alike." (Computing Reviews, May 1, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Contributors xix Chapter 1. Newton, Fizeau, and Haidinger Interferometers 1 M. V. Mantravadi and D. Malacara 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Newton Interferometer 1 1.2.1. Source and Observer’s Pupil Size Considerations 9 1.2.2. Some Suitable Light Sources 11 1.2.3. Materials for the Optical Flats 12 1.2.4. Simple Procedure for Estimating Peak Error 12 1.2.5. Measurement of Spherical Surfaces 13 1.2.6. Measurement of Aspheric Surfaces 15 1.2.7. Measurement of Flatness of Opaque Surfaces 17 1.3. Fizeau Interferometer 17 1.3.1. The Basic Fizeau Interferometer 18 1.3.2. Coherence Requirements for the Light Source 20 1.3.3. Quality of Collimation Lens Required 22 1.3.4. Liquid Reference Flats 23 1.3.5. Fizeau Interferometer with Laser Source 23 1.3.6. Multiple-Beam Fizeau Setup 24 1.3.7. Testing Nearly Parallel Plates 26 1.3.8. Testing the Inhomogeneity of Large Glass or Fused Quartz Samples 27 1.3.9. Testing the Parallelism and Flatness of the Faces of Rods, Bars and Plates 28 1.3.10. Testing Cube Corner and Right-Angle Prisms 28 1.3.11. Fizeau Interferometer for Curved Surfaces 30 1.3.12. Testing Concave and Convex Surfaces 32 1.4. Haldinger Interferometer 33 1.4.1. Applications of Haidinger Fringes 35 1.4.2. Use of Laser Source for Haidinger Interferometer 36 1.4.3. Other Applications of Haidinger Fringes 39 1.5. Absolute Testing of Flats 40 Chapter 2. Twyman–Green Interferometer 46 D. Malacara 2.1. Introduction 46 2.2. Beam-Splitter 48 2.2.1. Optical Path Difference Introduced by the Beam Splitter Plate 49 2.2.2. Required Accuracy in the Beam Splitter Plate 51 2.2.3. Polarizing Cube Beam Splitter 53 2.2.4. Nonpolarizing Cube Beam Splitter 55 2.3. Coherence Requirements 56 2.3.1. Spatial Coherence 56 2.3.2. Temporal Coherence 60 2.4. Uses of a Twyman–Green Interferometer 62 2.4.1. Testing of Prisms and Diffraction Rulings 64 2.4.2. Testing of Lenses 69 2.4.3. Testing of Microscope Objectives 71 2.5. Compensation of Intrinsic Aberrations in the Interferometer 72 2.6. Unequal-Path Interferometer 73 2.6.1. Some Special Designs 75 2.6.2. Improving the Fringe Stability 76 2.7. Open Path Interferometers 77 2.7.1. Mach-Zehnder Interferometers 77 2.7.2. Oblique Incidence Interferometers 78 2.8. Variations from the Twyman–Green Configuration 80 2.8.1. Multiple Image Interferometers 80 2.8.2. Interferometers with Diffractive Beam Splitters 80 2.8.3. Phase Conjugating Interferometer 81 2.9. Twyman–Green Interferograms and their Analysis 83 2.9.1. Analysis of Interferograms of Arbitrary Wavefronts 91 Chapter 3. Common-Path Interferometers 97 S. Mallick and D. Malacara 3.1. Introduction 97 3.2. Burch’s Interferometer Employing Two Matched Scatter Plates 98 3.2.1. Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometer 102 3.2.2. Burch and Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometers for Aspheric Surfaces 102 3.2.3. Burch and Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometers for Phase Shifting 102 3.3. Birefringent Beam Splitters 104 3.3.1. Savart Polariscope 104 3.3.2. Wollaston Prism 106 3.3.3. Double-Focus Systems 107 3.4. Lateral Shearing Interferometers 108 3.4.1. Use of a Savart Polariscope 108 3.4.2. Use of a Wollaston Prism 111 3.5. Double-Focus Interferometer 112 3.6. Saunders’s Prism Interferometer 114 3.7. Point Diffraction Interferometer 116 3.8. Zernike Tests with Common-Path Interferometers 118 Chapter 4. Lateral Shear Interferometers 122 Strojnik, G. Paez, and M. Mantravadi 4.1. Introduction 122 4.2. Coherence Properties of the Light Source 123 4.3. Brief Theory of Lateral Shearing Interferometry 124 4.3.1. Interferograms of Spherical and Flat Wavefronts 126 4.3.2. Interferogams of Primary Aberrations upon Lateral Shear 128 4.4. Evaluation of an Unknown Wavefront 134 4.5. Lateral Shearing Interferometers in Collimated Light (White Light Compensated) 137 4.5.1. Arrangements Based on the Jamin Interferometer 137 4.5.2. Arrangements Based on the Michelson Interferometer 139 4.5.3. Arrangements Based on a Cyclic Interferometer 140 4.5.4. Arrangements Based on the Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 142 4.6. Lateral Shearing Interferometers in Convergent Light (White Light Compensated) 143 4.6.1. Arrangements Based on the Michelson Interferometer 143 4.6.2. Arrangements Based on the Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 146 4.7. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Using Lasers 149 4.7.1. Other Applications of the Plane Parallel Plate Interferometer 152 4.8. Other Types of Lateral Shearing Interferometers 157 4.8.1. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Based on Diffraction 158 4.8.2. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Based on Polarization 162 4.9. Vectorial Shearing Interferometer 164 4.9.1. Shearing Interferometry 165 4.9.2. Directional Shearing Interferometer 166 4.9.3. Simulated Interferometric Patterns 168 4.9.4. Experimental Results 173 4.9.5. Similarities and Differences With Other Interferometers 176 Chapter 5. Radial, Rotational, and Reversal Shear Interferometer 185 D. Malacara 5.1. Introduction 185 5.2. Radial Shear Interferometers 187 5.2.1. Wavefront Evaluation from Radial Shear Interferograms 189 5.2.2. Single-Pass Radial Shear Interferometers 190 5.2.3. Double-Pass Radial Shear Interferometers 195 5.2.4. Laser Radial Shear Interferometers 197 5.2.5. Thick-Lens Radial Shear Interferometers 202 5.3. Rotational Shear Interferometers 204 5.3.1. Source Size Uncompensated Rotational Shear Interferometers 207 5.3.2. Source Size Compensated Rotational Shear Interferometers 211 5.4. Reversal Shear Interferometers 211 5.4.1. Some Reversal Shear Interferometers 213 Chapter 6. Multiple-Beam Interferometers 219 C. Roychoudhuri 6.1. Brief Historical Introduction 219 6.2. Precision in Multiple-Beam Interferometry 221 6.3. Multiple-Beam Fizeau Interferometer 224 6.3.1. Conditions for Fringe Formation 224 6.3.2. Fizeau Interferometry 229 6.4. Fringes of Equal Chromatic Order 232 6.5. Reduction of Fringe Interval in Multiple-Beam Interferometry 235 6.6. Plane Parallel Fabry–Perot Interferometer 236 6.6.1. Measurement of Thin-Film Thickness 236 6.6.2. Surface Deviation from Planeness 237 6.7. Tolansky Fringes with Fabry–Perot Interferometer 241 6.8. Multiple-Beam Interferometer for Curved Surfaces 243 6.9. Coupled and Series Interferometers 244 6.9.1. Coupled Interferometer 245 6.9.2. Series Interferometer 246 6.10. Holographic Multiple-Beam Interferometers 247 6.11. Temporal Evolution of FP Fringes and Its Modern Applications 247 6.12. Final Comments 250 Chapter 7. Multiple-Pass Interferometers 259 P. Hariharan 7.1. Double-Pass Interferometers 259 7.1.1. Separation of Aberrations 259 7.1.2. Reduction of Coherence Requirements 262 7.1.3. Double Passing for Increased Accuracy 264 7.2. Multipass Interferometry 266 Chapter 8. Foucault, Wire, and Phase Modulation Tests 275 J. Ojeda-Castan˜eda 8.1. Introduction 275 8.2. Foucault or Knife-Edge Test 275 8.2.1. Description 275 8.2.2. Geometrical Theory 280 8.2.3. Physical Theory 289 8.3. Wire Test 293 8.3.1. Geometrical Theory 297 8.4. Platzeck–Gaviola Test 298 8.4.1. Geometrical Theory 299 8.5. Phase Modulation Tests 302 8.5.1. Zernike Test and its Relation to the Smart Interferometer 302 8.5.2. Lyot Test 305 8.5.3. Wolter Test 307 8.6. Ritchey–Common Test 310 8.7. Conclusions 313 Chapter 9. Ronchi Test 317 A. Cornejo-Rodriguez 9.1. Introduction 317 9.1.1. Historical Introduction 317 9.2. Geometrical Theory 318 9.2.1. Ronchi Patterns for Primary Aberrations 320 9.2.2. Ronchi Patterns for Aspherical Surfaces 327 9.2.3. Null Ronchi Rulings 328 9.3. Wavefront Shape Determination 331 9.3.1. General Case 333 9.3.2. Surfaces with Rotational Symmetry 335 9.4. Physical Theory 337 9.4.1. Mathematical Treatment 337 9.4.2. Fringe Contrast and Sharpness 340 9.4.3. Physical versus Geometrical Theory 343 9.5. Practical Aspects of the Ronchi Test 344 9.6. Some Related Tests 347 9.6.1. Concentric Circular Grid 347 9.6.2. Phase Shifting Ronchi Test 348 9.6.3. Sideband Ronchi Test 348 9.6.4. Lower Test 349 9.6.5. Ronchi–Hartmann and Null Hartmann Tests 350 Chapter 10. Hartmann, Hartmann–Shack, and Other Screen Tests 361 D. Malacara-Doblado and I. Ghozeil 10.1. Introduction 361 10.2. Some Practical Aspects 363 10.3. Hartmann Test Using a Rectangular Screen 366 10.4. Wavefront Retrieval 368 10.4.1. Tilt and Defocus Removal 368 10.4.2. Trapezoidal Integration 370 10.4.3. Southwell Algorithm 373 10.4.4. Polynomial Fitting 374 10.4.5. Other Methods 375 10.5. Hartmann Test Using a Screen with Four Holes 376 10.5.1. Four Holes in Cross 377 10.5.2. Four Holes in X 378 10.6. Hartmann Test of Ophthalmic Lenses 379 10.7. Hartmann Test Using Nonrectangular Screens 379 10.7.1. Radial Screen 380 10.7.2. Helical Screen 382 10.8. Hartmann–Shack Test 383 10.9. Crossed Cylinder Test 386 10.10. Testing with an Array of Light Sources or Printed Screens 387 10.10.1. Testing Convergent Lenses 388 10.10.2. Testing Concave and Convex Surfaces 389 10.11. Michelson–Gardner–Bennett Tests 393 10.12. Other Developments 394 Chapter 11. Star Tests 398 D. Malacara and W. T. Welford 11.1. Introduction 398 11.2. Star Test with Small Aberrations 399 11.2.1. The Aberration Free Airy Pattern 400 11.2.2. The Defocused Airy Pattern 403 11.2.3. Polychromatic Light 405 11.2.4. Systems with Central Obstructions 407 11.2.5. Effects of Small Aberrations 408 11.2.6. Gaussian Beams 409 11.2.7. Very Small Convergence Angles (Low Fresnel Numbers) 409 11.3. Practical Aspects with Small Aberrations 410 11.3.1. Effects of Visual Star Testing 410 11.3.2. The Light Source for Star Testing 412 11.3.3. The Arrangement of the Optical System for Star Testing 413 11.3.4. Microscope Objectives 415 11.4. The Star Test with Large Aberrations 416 11.4.1. Spherical Aberration 417 11.4.2. Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration 418 11.4.3. Axial Symmetry 418 11.4.4. Astigmatism and Coma 419 11.4.5. Distortion 419 11.4.6. Non-Null Tests 420 11.5. Wavefront Retrieval with Slope and Curvature Measurements 421 11.5.1. The Laplacian and Local Average Curvatures 421 11.5.2. Wavefront Determination with Iterative Fourier Transforms 422 11.5.3. Irradiance Transport Equation 425 11.6. Wavefront Determination with Two Images Using the Irradiance Transport Equation 426 11.7. Wavefront Determination with a Single Defocused Image Using Fourier Transform Iterations 429 11.8. Wavefront Determination with Two or Three Defocused Images Using Fresnel Transform Iterations 430 Chapter 12. Testing of Aspheric Wavefronts and Surfaces 435 D. Malacara, K. Creath, J. Schmit and J. C. Wyant 12.1. Introduction 435 12.2 Some Methods to Test Aspheric Wavefronts 437 12.3. Imaging of the Interference Pattern in Non-Null Tests 439 12.4. Some Null Testing Configurations 442 12.4.1. Flat and Concave Spherical Surfaces 442 12.4.2. Telescope Refracting Objectives 442 12.4.3. Concave Paraboloidal Surfaces 443 12.4.4. Concave Ellipsoidal or Spheroidal Surfaces 444 12.5. Testing of Convex Hyperboloidal Surfaces 445 12.5.1. Hindle Type Tests 445 12.5.2. Testing by Refraction 449 12.6. Testing of Cylindrical Surfaces 453 12.7. Early Compensators 454 12.7.1. Couder, Burch, and Ross Compensators 456 12.7.2. Dall Compensator 458 12.8. Refractive Compensators 461 12.8.1. Refractive Offner Compensator 462 12.8.2. Shafer Compensator 464 12.8.3. General Comments about Refracting Compensators 465 12.9. Reflecting Compensators 466 12.9.1. Reflective Offner Compensators 468 12.9.2. Reflective Adaptive Compensator 471 12.10. Other Compensators for Concave Conicoids 471 12.11. Interferometers Using Real Holograms 474 12.11.1. Holographic Wavefront Storage 476 12.11.2. Holographic Test Plate 476 12.12. Interferometers Using Synthetic Holograms 477 12.12.1. Fabrication of Computer-Generated Holograms (CGHs) 478 12.12.2. Using a CGH in an Interferometer 480 12.12.3. Off-Axis CGH Aspheric Compensator 483 12.12.4. In-Line CGH Aspheric Compensator 485 12.12.5. Combination of CGH with Null Optics 486 12.13. Aspheric Testing with Two-Wavelength Holography 488 12.14. Wavefront Stitching 491 12.14.1. Annular Zones 491 12.14.2. Circular Zones 493 12.14.3. Dynamic Tilt Switching 493 Chapter 13. Zernike Polynomial and Wavefront Fitting 498 Virendra N. Mahajan 13.1. Introduction 498 13.2. Aberrations of a Rotationally Symmetric System with a Circular Pupil 499 13.2.1. Power Series Expansion 499 13.2.2. Primary or Seidel Aberration Function 501 13.2.3. Secondary or Schwarzschild Aberration Function 504 13.2.4. Zernike Circle Polynomial Expansion 505 13.2.5. Zernike Circle Polynomials as Balanced Aberrations for Minimum Wave Aberration Variance 508 13.2.6. Relationships Between Coefficients of Power-Series and Zernike-Polynomial Expansions 510 13.2.7. Conversion of Seidel Aberrations into Zernike Aberrations 513 13.2.8. Conversion of Zernike Aberrations into Seidel Aberrations 515 13.3. Aberration Function of a System with a Circular Pupil, but Without an Axis of Rotational Symmetry 516 13.3.1. Zernike Circle Polynomial Expansion 516 13.3.2. Relationships Among the Indices n, m, and j 518 13.3.3. Isometric, Interferometric, and PSF Plots for a Zernike Circle Polynomial Aberration 520 13.3.4. Primary Zernike Aberrations and Their Relationships with Seidel Aberrations 521 13.4. Zernike Annular Polynomials as Balanced Aberrations for Systems with Annular Pupils 525 13.4.1. Balanced Aberrations 525 13.4.2. Zernike Annular Polynomials 525 13.4.3. Isometric, Interferometric, and PSF Plots for a Zernike Annular Polynomial Aberration 529 13.5. Determination of Zernike Coefficients From Discrete Wavefront Error Data 530 13.5.1. Introduction 530 13.5.2. Orthonormal Coefficients and Aberration Variance 535 13.5.3. Orthonormal Polynomials 537 13.5.4. Zernike Coefficients 538 13.5.5. Numerical Example 539 13.6. Summary 543 Chapter 14. Phase Shifting Interferometry 547 Horst Schreiber and John H. Bruning 14.1. Introduction 547 14.2. Fundamental Concepts 548 14.3. Advantages of PSI 550 14.4. Methods of Phase Shifting 552 14.5. Detecting the Wavefront Phase 557 14.6. Data Collection 560 14.6.1. Temporal Methods 560 14.6.2. Spatial Methods 564 14.7. PSI Algorithms 568 14.7.1. Three Step Algorithms 569 14.7.2. Least-Squares Algorithms 571 14.7.3. Carre´ Algorithm 574 14.7.4. Family of Averaging Algorithms 576 14.7.5. Hariharan Algorithm 577 14.7.6. 2 þ 1 Algorithm 580 14.7.7. Methods to Generate Algorithms 582 14.7.8. Methods to Evaluate Algorithms 586 14.7.9. Summary of Algorithms 591 14.8. Phase Shift Calibration 596 14.9. Error Sources 599 14.9.1. Phase Shift Errors 600 14.9.2. Detector Nonlinearities 602 14.9.3. Source Stability 605 14.9.4. Quantization Errors 606 14.9.5. Vibration Errors 607 14.9.6. Air Turbulence 610 14.9.7. Extraneous Fringes and Other Coherent Effects 610 14.9.8. Interferometer Optical Errors 611 14.10. Detectors and Spatial Sampling 613 14.10.1. Solid State Sensors 613 14.10.2. Spatial Sampling 614 14.11. Quality Functions 617 14.11.1. Modulation 618 14.11.2. Residues 619 14.11.3. Filtering 622 14.12. Phase Unwrapping 623 14.12.1. Unwrapping in One Dimension 623 14.12.2. 2-D Phase Unwrapping 625 14.12.3. Path-Following Algorithms 626 14.12.4. Path Independent Methods 628 14.13. Aspheres and Extended Range PSI Techniques 629 14.13.1. Aliasing 630 14.13.2. Sub-Nyquist Interferometry 631 14.13.3. Two Wavelength PSI 635 14.13.4. Subaperture Stitching 637 14.14. Other Analysis Methods 638 14.14.1. Zero Crossing Analysis 638 14.14.2. Synchronous Detection 639 14.14.3. Heterodyne Interferometry 640 14.14.4. Phase Lock Interferometry 641 14.14.5. Spatial Synchronous and Fourier Methods 642 14.15. Computer Processing and Output 644 14.16. Implementation and Applications 647 14.16.1. Commercial Instrumentation 647 14.16.2. Interferometer Configurations 650 14.16.3. Absolute Calibration 651 14.16.4. Sources 654 14.16.5. Alignment Fiducials 655 14.17. Future Trends for PSI 655 Chapter 15. Surface Profilers, Multiple Wavelength, and White Light Intereferometry 667 J. Schmit, K. Creath, and J. C. Wyant 15.1. Introduction to Surface Profilers 667 15.1.1. Contact Profilometers 668 15.1.2. Optical Profilometers 668 15.1.3. Interferometric Optical Profilometers 668 15.1.4. Terms and Issues in Determining System Performance 669 15.2. Contact Profilometers 670 15.2.1. Stylus Profilers 670 15.2.2. Scanning Probe Microscopes 674 15.2.3. Comparison of AFM and Stylus Profiler 683 15.3. Optical Profilers 685 15.3.1. Optical Focus Sensors 687 15.3.2. Confocal Microscopy 689 15.4. Interferometric Optical Profilers 695 15.4.1. Common Features 696 15.5. Two Wavelength and Multiple Wavelength Techniques 702 15.5.1. Two-wavelengths Phase Measurement 704 15.5.2. Multiple-wavelength Phase Measurement 707 15.5.3. Reducing Measurement Time 710 15.6. White Light Interference Optical Profilers 711 15.6.1. White Light Interference 711 15.6.2. Image Buildup 712 15.6.3. Signal Processing of White Light Interferograms 713 15.6.4. Light Sources 716 15.6.5. Dispersion in White Light Fringes 716 15.6.6. Other Names for Interferometric Optical Profilers 723 15.7. Wavelength Scanning Interferometer 724 15.7.1. Wavelength Tunable Light Sources 724 15.7.2. Image Buildup 725 15.7.3. Signal Analysis 728 15.7.4. Film and Plate Thickness Measurement 729 15.8. Spectrally Resolved White Light Interferometry (SRWLI) 731 15.8.1. Image Buildup 731 15.8.2. Signal Analysis 732 15.8.3. Other Names for Spectral Interferometry 735 15.9. Polarization Interferometers 735 15.9.1. Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (Nomarski) 736 15.9.2. Geometric Phase Shifting 738 15.10. Optical Ranging Methods 741 15.10.1. Interferometric Ranging 741 15.10.2. Optical Triangulation 742 15.10.3. Time of Flight (TOF) 742 15.11. Summary 742 Chapter 16. Optical Metrology of Diffuse Surfaces 756 K. Creath, J. Schmit, and J. C Wyant 16.1. Moire´ and Fringe Projection Techniques 756 16.1.1. Introduction 756 16.1.2. What is Moire´? 757 16.1.3. Moire´ and Interferograms 762 16.1.4. Historical Review 768 16.1.5. Fringe Projection 769 16.1.6. Shadow Moire´ 773 16.1.7. Projection Moire´ 777 16.1.8. Two-angle Holography 778 16.1.9. Common Features 779 16.1.10. Comparison to Conventional Interferometry 779 16.1.11. Coded and Structured Light Projection 780 16.1.12. Applications 781 16.1.13. Summary 783 16.2. Holographic and Speckle Tests 783 16.2.1. Introduction 783 16.2.2. Holographic Interferometry for Nondestructive Testing 784 16.2.3. Speckle Interferometry and Digital Holography 791 Chapter 17. Angle, Prisms, Curvature, and Focal Length Measurements 808 Z. Malacara 17.2.1. Divided Circles and Goniometers 808 17.2.2. Autocollimator 810 17.2.3. Interferometric Measurements of Angles 812 17.3. Testing of Prisms 812 17.4. Radius of Curvature Measurements 817 17.4.1. Mechanical Measurement of Radius of Curvature 817 17.4.2. Optical Measurement of Radius of Curvature 820 17.5. Focal Length Measurements 823 17.5.1. Nodal Slide Bench 823 17.5.2. Focimeters 824 17.5.3. Other Focal Length Measurements 825 Chapter 18. Mathematical Representation of an Optical Surface and Its Characteristics 832 D. Malacara 18.1. Definition of an Optical Surface 832 18.1.1. Parameters for Conic Surfaces 835 18.1.2. Some Useful Expansions of z 835 18.1.3. Aberration of the Normals to the Surface 836 18.2. Caustic Produced by an Aspheric Surface 837 18.3. Primary Aberrations of Spherical Surfaces 839 18.3.1. Spherical Aberration of and Aspherical Surface 839 18.3.2. Coma of a Concave Mirror 840 18.3.3. Astigmatism of a Concave Mirror 841 18.4. Astigmatic Surfaces 841 18.4.1. Toroidal Surface 842 18.4.2. Astigmatic Ellipsoidal and Oblate Spheroidal Surfaces 842 18.4.3. Sphero-Cylindrical Surface 844 18.4.4. Testing Astigmatic Surfaces and Reference Astigmatic Surface 846 18.4.5. Comparison Between Astigmatic Surfaces 847 18.5. Off-Axis Conicoids 849 18.5.1. Off-Axis Paraboloids 850 Appendix. Optical Testing Programs 852 Index 855

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Book SynopsisCodec algorithms are used to encode and decode (or compress and decompress) data, such as video files, without distorting the visual quality of the decoded image. The key technologies of image and video coding are enabling a range of multimedia devices, systems and low bit-rate application. This book deals with this subject.Trade ReviewThis book deserves to be in every university library and it would be excellent as a course text. Also, if you have even a passing understanding of signal processing and want to know more, it's a great read--VISUAL SYSTEMS JOURNAL, JUNE 2002Table of ContentsIntroduction 1Digital Video 5Image and Video Compression Fundamentals 27Vide Coding Standards: JPEG and MPEG 47Video Coding Standards: H.261, H.263 and H.26L 79Motion Estimation and Compensation 93Transform Coding 127Entropy Coding 163Pre- and Post-Processing 195Rate, Distortion and Complexity 211Transmission of Coded Video 235Platforms 257Video CODEC Design 271Future Developments 289

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Book Synopsis* A complete overview of solar technologies relevant to the built environment, including solar thermal energy for heating and cooling, passive solar energy for daylighting and heating supply, and photovoltaics for electricity production * Provides practical examples and calculations to enable component and system simulation e.g.Trade Review"...balances the physics and engineering background of solar heating, cooling and building integrated photovoltaics with practical applications..." (Bulletin, Vol 94(24/25), 2003)Table of ContentsPreface ix Abbreviations in the text xi 1 Solar energy use in buildings 1 1.1 Energy consumption of buildings 1 1.1.1 Residential buildings 2 1.1.2 Office and administrative buildings 4 1.1.3 Air conditioning 6 1.2 Meeting requirements by active and passive solar energy use 9 1.2.1 Active solar energy use for electricity, heating and cooling 9 1.2.2 Meeting heating energy requirements by passive solar energy use 12 2 Solar irradiance 13 2.1 Extraterrestrial solar irradiance 13 2.1.1 Power and spectral distribution of solar irradiance 13 2.1.2 Sun–Earth geometry 16 2.1.2.1 Equator coordinates 17 2.1.2.2 Horizon coordinates 20 2.1.2.3 Sun-position diagrams 22 2.2 The passage of rays through the atmosphere 24 2.3 Statistical production of hourly irradiance data records 26 2.3.1 Daily average values from monthly average values 27 2.3.2 Hourly average values from daily average values 31 2.4 Global irradiance and irradiance on inclined surfaces 34 2.4.1 Direct and diffuse irradiance 34 2.4.2 Conversion of global irradiance to inclined surfaces 35 2.4.2.1 An isotropic diffuse irradiance model 35 2.4.2.2 Diffuse irradiance model based on Perez 36 2.4.3 Measurement techniques for solar irradiance 39 2.5 Shading 39 3 Solar thermal energy 45 3.1 Solar-thermal water collectors 45 3.1.1 Innovations 45 3.1.2 System overview 46 3.1.3 Thermal collector types 47 3.1.3.1 Swimming pool absorbers 47 3.1.3.2 Flat plate collectors 47 3.1.3.3 Vacuum tube collectors 48 3.1.3.4 Parabolic concentrating collectors 48 3.1.4 System engineering for heating drinking-water 49 3.1.4.1 The solar circuit and hydraulics 49 3.1.4.2 Heat storage 55 3.1.4.3 Piping and circulation losses 60 3.1.5 System technology for heating support 61 3.1.6 Large solar plants for heating drinking water with short-term stores 63 3.1.6.1 Design of large solar plants 66 3.1.7 Solar district heating 68 3.1.8 Costs and economy 71 3.1.9 Operational experiences and relevant standards 73 3.1.10 Efficiency calculation of thermal collectors 74 3.1.10.1 Temperature distribution of the absorber 75 3.1.10.2 Collector efficiency factor F' 79 3.1.10.3 Heat dissipation factor FR 79 3.1.10.4 Heat losses of thermal collectors 83 3.1.10.5 Optical characteristics of transparent covers and absorber materials 92 3.1.11 Storage modelling 97 3.2 Solar air collectors 103 3.2.1 System engineering 105 3.2.2 Calculation of the available thermal power of solar air collectors 107 3.2.2.1 Temperature-dependent material properties of air 107 3.2.2.2 Energy balance and collector efficiency factor 108 3.2.2.3 Convective heat transfer in air collectors 109 3.2.2.4 Thermal efficiency of air collectors 117 3.2.3 Design of the air circuit 120 3.2.3.1 Collector pressure losses 120 3.2.3.2 Air duct systems 121 4 Solar cooling 123 4.1 Open cycle desiccant cooling 125 4.1.1 Introduction to the technology 125 4.1.2 Coupling with solar thermal collectors 128 4.1.3 Costs 128 4.1.4 Physical and technological bases of sorption-supported air-conditioning 129 4.1.4.1 Technology of sorption wheels 129 4.1.4.2 Air-status calculations 130 4.1.4.3 Dehumidifying potential of sorption materials 132 4.1.4.4 Calculation of the sorption isotherms and isosteres of silica gel 135 4.1.4.5 Calculation of the dehumidifying performance of a sorption rotor 140 4.1.5 The technology of heat recovery 143 4.1.5.1 Recuperators 143 4.1.5.2 Regenerative heat exchangers 148 4.1.6 Humidifier technology 152 4.1.7 Design limits and climatic boundary conditions 153 4.1.7.1 Demands on room temperatures and humidities 153 4.1.7.2 Regeneration temperature and humidity 153 4.1.7.3 Calculation of supply air status with different climatic boundary conditions 154 4.1.7.4 Limits and application possibilities of open sorption 155 4.1.8 Energy balance of sorption-supported air-conditioning 156 4.1.8.1 Usable cooling power of open sorption 156 4.1.8.2 Coefficients of performance and primary energy consumption 158 4.2 Closed cycle adsorption cooling. 162 4.2.1 Technology and areas of application 162 4.2.2 Costs 163 4.2.3 Operational principle 163 4.2.4 Energy balances and pressure conditions 165 4.2.4.1 Evaporator 166 4.2.4.2 Condenser 168 4.2.4.3 The adsorption process 169 4.2.4.4 Heating phase 172 4.2.4.5 The desorption process 172 4.2.4.6 Cooling phase 174 4.2.5 Coefficients of performance 175 4.3 Absorption cooling technology 177 4.3.1 The absorption cooling process and its components 178 4.3.1.1 Double-lift absorption cooling process 181 4.3.1.2 Evaporator and condenser 182 4.3.1.3 Absorber 183 4.3.1.4 Generator 185 4.3.2 Physical principles of the absorption process 185 4.3.2.1 Vapour pressure curves of material pairs 185 4.3.3 Refrigerant vapour concentration 189 4.3.4 Energy balances and performance figures of an absorption cooler 190 4.3.4.1 Ideal performance figures 190 4.3.4.2 Real performance figures and enthalpy balances 191 4.3.5 Absorption technology and solar plants 200 5 Grid-connected photovoltaic systems 201 5.1 Structure of grid-connected systems 201 5.2 Solar cell technologies 203 5.3 Module technology 203 5.4 Building integration and costs 204 5.5 Energy production and the performance ratio of PV systems 205 5.5.1 Energy amortisation times 206 5.6 Physical fundamentals of solar electricity production 207 5.7 Current-voltage characteristics 209 5.7.1 Characteristic values and efficiency 209 5.7.2 Curve fittings to the current-voltage characteristic 210 5.7.2.1 Parameter adjustment from module data sheets 216 5.7.2.2 Full parameter set calculation 220 5.7.2.3 Simple explicit model for system design 221 5.7.3 I-V characteristic addition and generator interconnecting 223 5.8 PV performance with shading. 225 5.8.1 Bypass diodes and backwards characteristics of solar cells 225 5.9 Simple temperature model for PV modules 228 5.10 System engineering 231 5.10.1 DC connecting 231 5.10.1.1 Cable sizing 231 5.10.1.2 System voltage and electrical safety 232 5.10.1.3 String diodes and short-circuit protection 232 5.10.2 Inverters 234 5.10.2.1 Operational principle 234 5.10.2.2 Electrical safety and mains monitoring 235 5.10.2.3 Inverter efficiencies 235 5.10.2.4 Power sizing of inverters 238 6 Thermal analysis of building-integrated solar components 243 6.1 Empirical thermal model of building-integrated photovoltaics 244 6.2 Energy balance and stationary thermal model of ventilated double facades 246 6.2.1 Heat transfer coefficients for the interior and facade air gap 250 6.3 Building-integrated solar components (U- and g-values) 254 6.4 Warm-air generation by photovoltaic facades 257 7 Passive solar energy 260 7.1 Passive solar use by glazings 260 7.1.1 Total energy transmittance of glazings 261 7.1.2 Heat transfer coefficients of windows 263 7.1.3 New glazing systems 265 7.2 Transparent thermal insulation 265 7.2.1 Operational Principle 266 7.2.2 Materials used and construction 270 7.2.2.1 Construction principles of TWD systems 270 7.3 Heat storage by interior building elements 271 7.3.1 Component temperatures for sudden temperature increases 274 7.3.2 Periodically variable temperatures 281 7.3.3 Influence of solar irradiance 286 8 Lighting technology and daylight use 288 8.1 Introduction to lighting and daylighting technology 288 8.1.1 Daylighting of interior spaces 289 8.1.2 Luminance contrast and glare 291 8.2 Solar irradiance and light flux 291 8.2.1 Physiological–optical basics 292 8.2.2 Photometric radiation equivalent 292 8.2.3 Artificial light sources. 294 8.3 Luminance and illuminance 295 8.3.1 Luminance and adaptation of the eye 299 8.3.2 Distribution of the luminous intensity of artificial light sources 300 8.3.3 Units and definitions 303 8.4 Sky luminous intensity models 304 8.5 Light measurements 307 8.6 Daylight distribution in interior spaces 308 8.6.1 Calculation of daylight coefficients 311 References 316 Index 320

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Book SynopsisCovering the fundamentals of electrical transients, this book should equip readers with the skills to recognise and solve transient problems in power networks and components, starting with the basics of transient electrical circuit theory.Trade Review"...intended readers are those responsible for design and operation of electric utility transmission systems...not for the mathematically disadvantaged..." (Electrical Apparatus, October 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients. Transient Analysis of Three-Phase Power Systems. Travelling Waves. Circuit Breakers. Switching Transients. Power System Transient Recovery Voltages. Lightning-Induced Transients. Numerical Simulation of Electrical Transients. Insulation Coordination, Standardisation Bodies, and Standards. Testing of Circuit Breakers. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital Signal Processors (DSPs) are unique microprocessors that are programmable and operate in real time - much faster than general-purpose microprocessors. This text examines them in relation to mobile communications.Table of ContentsBiographies xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 1 Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer 1.1 It’s a Personal Matter 2 1.2 The Super Phone? 3 1.3 New Services 6 1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore’s Law 8 1.5 The Book 9 2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets 11 Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures 11 2.2.1 1G and 2G Standards 11 2.2.2 2.5G and 3G Standards 12 2.2.3 Architecture Evolution 14 2.3 Trends in Low Power DSPs 17 2.3.1 Process Improvement 17 2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement 19 2.3.3 Power Management 21 References 21 3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets 23 Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The Wireless Standards 24 3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View 25 3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System 28 3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning 29 3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning 31 3.6 Hardware Design Approaches 32 3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures 32 3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach 33 3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode 37 3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers 38 3.8 Summary 39 3.9 Abbreviations 39 References 40 4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems 41 Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements 42 4.2.1 Introduction 42 4.2.2 General Requirements 42 4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing 43 4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing 44 4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing 44 4.3 System Analysis 46 4.3.1 SR Processing Analysis 46 4.3.2 CR Processing Analysis 46 4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions 48 4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor 48 4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor 50 4.4.3 Correlator Coprocessor 52 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 54 5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing 57 Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model 58 5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques 62 5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation 62 5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation 66 5.3.3 Least Squares Processing 67 5.3.4 Blind Signal Adaptation 71 5.3.5 Subspace Constraints 73 5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity 75 5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques 77 5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction 83 5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model 83 5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels 86 5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 87 5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 90 5.4.5 Conclusions 93 References 93 6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio 97 Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta 6.1 Cellular Communications Standards 98 6.2 What is SDR? 98 6.3 Digitizing Today’s Analog Operations 101 6.4 Implementation Challenges 103 6.5 Analog and ADC Issues 103 6.6 Channel Filter 104 6.7 Delta-Sigma ADC 104 6.8 Conclusion 105 References 105 7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions 107 Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 ‘‘DSPs take the RISC’’ 107 7.2 OMAP H/W Architecture 111 7.2.1 Architecture Description 111 7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture 113 7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions 113 7.3 OMAP S/W Architecture 114 7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications 116 7.4.1 Video 116 7.4.2 Speech Applications 116 7.5 Conclusion 117 Further Reading 117 8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology 119 Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D’Inverno 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge 120 8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes 120 8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior 121 8.2.3 Analysis 125 8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine 127 8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities 127 8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment 129 8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments 131 8.4 Ongoing Work on Scratchy 132 8.4.1 Multi-Application Management 133 8.4.2 Managing the Processor’s Heterogeneity and Architecture 133 8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints 133 8.4.4 Energy Management 133 8.5 Conclusion 133 References 134 9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications 137 Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Speech Coder Attributes 138 9.3 Speech Coding Basics 139 9.3.1 Waveform Coders 141 9.3.2 Parametric Coders 141 9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis 143 9.3.4 Postfiltering 146 9.3.5 Vad/dtx 146 9.3.6 Channel Coding 146 9.4 Speech Coding Standards 147 9.4.1 ITU-T Standards 147 9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards 148 9.4.3 Wideband Standards 152 9.5 Speech Coder Implementation 153 9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing 153 9.5.2 ETSI/ITU Fixed-Point c 154 9.5.3 DSP Implementation 155 9.6 Conclusion 155 Acknowledgements 156 References 156 10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices 160 Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong 10.1 Introduction 160 10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology 160 10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary 161 10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split 161 10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers 161 10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported 161 10.3.2 Speech Databases Used 161 10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio 162 10.4 TIESR Details 165 10.4.1 Distinctive Features 165 10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation 166 10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues 167 10.4.4 Software Design Issues 168 10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes 168 10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs 169 10.5.2 InfoPhone 171 10.5.3 Voice E-mail 172 10.5.4 Voice Navigation 173 10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing 174 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 175 References 176 11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications 179 Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck 11.1 Introduction 179 11.2 Video 181 11.2.1 Video Coding Overview 182 11.2.2 Video Compression Standards 186 11.2.3 Video Coding on DSPs 187 11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 188 11.3 Audio 190 11.3.1 Audio Coding Overview 191 11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards 193 11.3.3 Audio Coding on DSPs 195 11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 196 11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP 198 References 200 12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals 201 Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon 12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment 202 12.2 Secure Platform Definition 203 12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives 204 12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component 204 12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component 205 12.3 Software Based Security Component 205 12.3.1 Java and Security 205 12.3.2 Definition 205 12.3.3 Features for Security 206 12.3.4 Dependency on OS 207 12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security 207 12.4.1 Secure Mode Description 208 12.4.2 Key Management 210 12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing 211 12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture 212 12.4.5 Tampering Protection 213 12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM 214 12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform 215 12.7 Conclusion 215 13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications 217 Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 The Speaker Verification Task 219 13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview 219 13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification 224 13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems 225 13.3.1 Overview 225 13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization 226 13.3.3 Concept of Operations 226 13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics 228 13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System 233 13.3.6 Prototype Implementation 247 13.3.7 Prototype System Processing 248 13.4 Conclusions 251 References 251 14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio 253 Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris 14.1 Introduction 253 14.2 Digital Transmission Methods 254 14.3 Eureka-147 System 255 14.3.1 System Description 255 14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation 262 14.3.3 Receiver Description 265 14.4 Iboc 279 14.5 Satellite Systems 284 14.6 Conclusion 285 References 286 15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications 287 David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm 288 15.2.1 Segmentation 288 15.2.2 Silence Detection 288 15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm 289 15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling 289 15.2.5 Bookkeeping 290 15.3 Design Methodology 290 15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion 290 15.3.2 Division Algorithm 292 15.3.3 Hardware Allocation 293 15.4 Platforms 293 15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x 293 15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x 294 15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x 294 15.4.4 Ocapi 294 15.4.5 A|RT Designer 294 15.5 Final Results 294 15.5.1 Area Estimate 295 15.5.2 Power Estimate 295 15.6 Conclusions 297 Acknowledgements 298 References 298 16 Low Power Sensor Networks 299 Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture 300 16.3 Hardware Design Issues 302 16.3.1 Processor Energy Model 303 16.3.2 Dvs 304 16.3.3 Leakage Considerations 306 16.4 Signal Processing in the Network 311 16.4.1 Optimizing Protocols 312 16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning 313 16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms 317 16.5.1 Energy–Agile Filtering 318 16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation 319 16.6 Signal Processing Architectures 320 16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering 321 16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture 322 16.7 Conclusions 324 References 324 17 The Pleiades Architecture 327 Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey 17.1 Goals and General Approach 327 17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template 329 17.3 The Control Processor 331 17.4 Satellite Processors 332 17.5 Communication Network 334 17.6 Reconfiguration 338 17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control 339 17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures 342 17.7.2 Summary 345 17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology 345 17.9 The P1 Prototype 348 17.9.1 P1 Benchmark Study 350 17.10 The Maia Processor 352 17.10.1 Control Processor 353 17.10.2 Address Generator Processor 353 17.10.3 Memory Units 354 17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit 354 17.10.5 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 354 17.10.6 Embedded FPGA 354 17.10.7 Maia Results 355 17.11 Summary 357 References 358 18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs 361 Jean-Pierre Giacalone 18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor 361 18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor 362 18.2.1 Control Modes 364 18.2.2 Dataflow Modes 366 18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture 367 18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools 370 18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples 372 18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow 376 References 377 19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications 379 Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay 19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices 379 19.2 The Platform 379 19.3 New Multimedia Applications 379 19.4 Location Based Information 380 19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information 380 19.6 Pointing to the Real World 380 19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface 381 19.8 Uses of Pointing 382 19.9 Software Architecture 382 19.9.1 Introduction 382 19.9.2 Assumptions 382 19.9.3 Overview 383 19.9.4 Alternatives 383 19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System 383 19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications 384 19.11.1 Pedestrian Guidance 385 19.11.2 Pull Advertising 386 19.11.3 Entertainment 386 19.12 Benefits of Pointing 387 19.12.1 Wireless Yellow Pages 387 19.12.2 Internationalization 387 19.12.3 GIS Applications 387 19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming 388 19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums 388 19.13 Recommended Data Standardization 388 19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts 388 19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services 388 19.13.3 Data Specifications 389 19.13.4 Data Format 391 19.13.5 Is it Sufficient? 393 19.14 Conclusion 393 Index 395

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Book Synopsisa Next Generationa refers to the new technologies and services that telecommunications operators will have at their disposal as they create new 3G networks where voice and data converge and which are based on packet switched rather than circuit switched telephony.Trade Review"...both an overview of circuit- and packet-switched technologies, and a discussion of how services can be deployed in the resulting converged?networks." (IEEE Network, New Books & Multimedia Column, November 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: Technology. Introduction. Circuit Switched Technologies. The Transmission Infrastructure. Intelligent Networks. Mobile Networks. Packet Switched Technologies. Access Technologies. Voice and Data Convergence. Representing Information. Directories more than just Information Storage. Part II: Services, Architectures and Applications. Introduction. Intelligent Network Services. Call Centres. Internet Based Services. Bringing it all together- The New Network Architecture. Part III: Implications. Introduction. Expectation and Realisation. Reference and Further Reading. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA Local Area Network (LAN) is a network usually within a single office or building that links desktop computers with each other and with peripherals such as servers and printers. The interconnect is the electrical and functional association of two different services. This work concerns these areas.Table of ContentsPreface A Note from the COST253 Chariman Acronyms Figures Tables Contributors 1. Introduction Evolution of Satellite Communications EU Initiatives in Satellite Communications Operating Frequency Technical Considerations Objectives and Activities of COST253 Outline of Contents 2. Appropriate Traffic Generators for the Simulation of Services Supported by Non-GEO Constellation Source Traffic Parameters and Descriptors Quality of Service Parameters ATM Service Categories Statistical Behaviour of Traffic Sources Influences of Traffic Characteristics Source Models Geographic Traffic Models 3. Transmission Schemes Modulation Techniques Coding Techniques Synchronisation Catching Co-Channel Interference Chapter Summary and Perspectives 4. Networking LAN Interconnection Resource Control Congestion Control Multicast Reliability Security Security Infrastructure Conclusions 5. Evaluation Tools An Overview of Network Simulators LeoSim: A Simulator for Routing GaliLEO: A Framework for Joint Expertise CONSIM(TM) : A Complementary Tool for Reliability AristoteLEO SEESAWS: An Ambitious Concept 6. TCP/IP Over Satellite Transmission Control Protocol The Effects of Satellite Networks on TCP Performance Simulation Analysis Fixed - Mobile Convergence Further Research and Conclusions Appendices Index

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Book Synopsis New Paradigm for considering application integration and B2B problems Heightens the importance of conveying meaning between systems Addresses movement in the EAI space toward more data handling capabilities Offers a solution for the multitude of managers disconnected with the latest technologies Leverages the technical advances made in complex data integration over 15 years Shifts the focus from technology solutions to information solutions Relies heavily on the use of practical examples, tips, definitions, and soapbox excerpts throughout the main body of text Trade Review"Overall, I found the book to be enjoyable and informative, with lots of references and pointers to areas of interest. The variety of topics discussed within the book encourages the reader to read outside of their core specialisms." (BCS, 1 November 2010)" ...an essential read for all Semantic Web practitioners-from CIOs to CTOs and architects to managers...a must-read for upper management." (IEEE Distributed Systems Online, August 2005)Table of ContentsList of Illustrations xvii List of Tables and Other Sidebar Elements xxi Foreword xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxxi Part One: Why Semantic Interoperability? 1. Semantic Interoperability Gives IT Meaning 3 2. Information Infrastructure Issues and Problems 23 3. Promise of Frictionless Information 39 Part Two: Semantic Interoperability Primer 4. Foundations in Data Semantics 69 5. Semantic Conflict Solution Patterns 99 6. MetaData Archetypes 127 7. Ontology Design Patterns 145 8. Multimodal Interoperability Architecture 195 9. Infrastructure and E-Business Patterns 223 Part 3: Adopting Semantic Technologies 10. Capability Case Studies 259 11. Adoption Strategies 305 12. Tomorrow’s Adaptive and Dynamic Systems 333 Appendices Appendix A. Vendor Profiles, Tools, and Scorecards 347 Appendix B. Acronyms and Abbreviations 375 Endnotes 379 Index 383

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Book SynopsisIn order to fully utilise nucleonic measurement principles and their applications, it is important to have an understanding of the underlying physics. This title combines theoretical background with practical experience in order to present an overview of the use of radioisotopes in industry.Table of ContentsPreface. Symbols, Units and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Ionising Radiation. 1.2 Industrial Nucleonic Measurement Systems. 1.3 Historical Perspective. 1.4 The Objective of this Book. 2. Radiation Sources. 2.1 A Primer on Atomic and Nuclear Physics Emissions. 2.2 Radioisotope Sources. 2.3 Other Radiation Sources. 2.4 Sealed Radioisotope Sources versus X-ray Tubes. 3. Interaction of Ionising Radiation with Matter. 3.1 Charged Particle Interactions. 3.2 Attenuation of Ionising Photons. 3.3 The Attenuation Coefficient of Ionising Photons. 3.4 Attenuation Coefficients of Compounds and Mixtures. 3.5 Broad Beam Attenuation. 3.6 Neutron Interactions. 3.7 Effective Atomic Number. 3.8 Secondary Electrons. 4. Radiation Detectors. 4.1 Principle of Operation. 4.2 Detector Response and Spectrum Interpretation. 4.3 Purposes and Properties of Detector Systems. 4.4 Gaseous Detectors. 4.5 Semiconductor Detectors. 4.6 Scintillation Detectors. 4.7 Position Sensitive Detectors. 4.8 Thermoelectric Coolers. 4.9 Stopping Efficiency and Radiation Windows. 4.10 Neutron Detectors. 5. Radiation Measurement. 5.1 Read-Out Electronics. 5.2 Data Processing Electronics and Methods. 5.3 Measurement Accuracy. 5.4 Optimising Measurement Conditions. 5.5 Measurement Modalities. 6. Safety, Standards and Calibration. 6.1 Classification of Industrial Radioisotope Gauges. 6.2 Radiological Protection. 6.3 Radiation Monitors and Survey Meters. 6.4 Radiological Protection Methods. 6.5 Transport of Radioactive Materials. 6.6 Leakage Testing of Sealed Sources. 6.7 Statutory Requirements. 6.8 Calibration and Traceability. 7. Applications. 7.1 Density Measurement. 7.2 Component Fraction Measurements. 7.3 Level and Interface. 7.4 Thickness Measurements. 7.5 Flow Measurement Techniques. 7.6 Elemental Analysis. 7.7 Imaging. 8. Engineering. 8.1 Electronic Data. 8.2 Rationale for Using Radioisotope Sources. 8.3 Density Gauge Design. 8.4 Dual Energy Density Gauge. 8.5 Monte Carlo Simulation. Appendix A: Data. Appendix B: Formulae Derivation and Examples. Appendix C: References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text covers the increasingly important area of emergency control, covering the operational planning measures necessary to ensure that a power system generating or transmitting electricity will survive any disturbance with minimum impact on consumers, plant and current operation.Trade Review"...Knight offers advice on dealing with a system under short-term instabilities..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction and Contents. Disturbances in Power Systems and their Effects. Some General Aspects of Emergency Control. The Power System and its Operational and Control Infrastructure. Measures to Minimize the Impact of Disturbances. The Natural Environment - Some Disturbances Reviewed. Restoration. Training and Simulators for Emergency Control. Plant Characteristics and Control Facilities for Emergency Control, and Benefits to be Obtained. Systems and Emergency Control in the Future. Appendix 1: Some Major Interconnected Systems Around the World: Existing and Possible Developments. Appendix 2: Glossary of Useful Terms. Appendix 3: Some Useful Mathematical and Modelling Techniques in Power Systems Studies. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an introduction to the theory of radiowave propagation, this volume progresses to examine the impact of this theory on modern communication systems such as mobile radio and satellite links.Trade Review" a solid introduction to the theory of radiowave propogation." -- La Doc STI, September 2000Table of ContentsThe How and Why of Propagation. Pertinent Electromagnetic Effects. The Media Concerned. Applications in Telecommunication Services. Solutions to Exercises. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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