Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisA complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications-from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes: * Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of sTable of ContentsInfrared Radiation Theory. Transmission Characteristics of IR Signals in Atmosphere. Potential IR Sources. Detectors and Focal Planar Arrays. Infrared Passive Devices and Electrooptic Components. IR Active Devices and Components. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Commercial and Industrial Devices and Systems. Application of Infrared and Photonic Technologies in Medicine, Telecommunications, and Space. Application of Photonic and Infrared Technologies for Space and Military Sensors. IR Signature Analysis and Countermeasure Techniques. Future Applications of IR and Photonic Technologies and Requirements for Auxiliary Equipment. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrunked radio enables full-duplex radio communication using asingle transmission frequency, making the technique more efficientin handling radio traffic. Written by an expert in this area, thisbook presents a much-needed discussion of trunked radio technologyand its practical applications. An Instructor Support FTP site is available from the Wileyeditorial department.Trade Review"…ideal for engineers with some communications background to gain an overall picture of what wireless systems are composed of." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, September/October 2004)Table of ContentsA Background on Trunked and Enhanced PMR Radio. Planning. Design. Radio Survey. Base Stations. Maintenance. Filters, Combiners, and Preselectors. Repeaters. Linking Sites. Power and Protection. Traffic Engineering on Trunked Radio Systems. Site Planning and Traffic Efficiency. Billing. MPT 1327 Systems. Smartnet. Logic Trunked Radio. Tetra. APCO-25. iDEN. Other Trunked Systems. Enhanced PMR. Equipment Shelters. Towers and Masts. Units and Concepts of Field Strength. Privacy. Analog Modulation/Demodulation Methods. Digital Modulation. Noise and Noise Performance. Coding, Formats, and Error Correction. Safety. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the interdisciplinary field of solid electrodynamics and its applications in superconductor and microwave technologies. It gives scientists and engineers the foundation necessary to deal with theoretical and applied electromagnetics, continuum mechanics, applied superconductivity, high-speed electronic circuit design, microwave engineering and transducer technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Classical Electrodynamics. Continuum Electrodynamics of Deformable Solids. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Weak Fields. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Strong Fields. Electrodynamics of Josephson Junctions and Circuits. Electromagnetic Analysis of Transmission Lines and Waveguide. Electrodynamics of Deformable Superconductors. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA cutting-edge guide to the theory and practice of high-speed digital system design An understanding of high-speed interconnect phenomena is essential for digital designers who must deal with the challenges posed by the ever-increasing operating speeds of today''s microprocessors. This book provides a much-needed, practical guide to the state of the art of modern digital system design, combining easily accessible explanations with immensely useful problem-solving strategies. Written by three leading Intel engineers, High-Speed Digital System Design clarifies difficult and often neglected topics involving the effects of high frequencies on digital buses and presents a variety of proven techniques and application examples. Extensive appendices, formulas, modeling techniques as well as hundreds of figures are also provided. Coverage includes: * A thorough introduction to the digital aspects of basic transmission line theory * Crosstalk and nonideal transmissTrade Review"...an excellent guidebook for interconnect design...this very valuable work is highly recommended for design engineers and recent graduates struggling to transition from theory to real-world design." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2001) "This is an excellent book for anyone who has basic circuit theory knowledge.... It is a recommended book for all academic engineering libraries and would, also, be useful for the practicing engineer." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Importance of Interconnect Design. 1.1 The Basics. 1.2 The Past and the Future. 2. Ideal Transmission Line Fundamentals. 2.1 Transmission Line Structures on a PCB or MCM. 2.2 Wave Propagation. 2.3 Transmission Line Parameters. 2.3.1 Characteristic Impedance. 2.3.2 Propagation Velocity, Time, and Distance. 2.3.3 Equivalent Circuit Models for SPICE Simulation. 2.4 Launching Initial Wave and Transmission Line Reflections. 2.4.1 Initial Wave. 2.4.2 Multiple Reflections. 2.4.3 Effect of Rise Time on Reflections. 2.4.4 Reflections From Reactive Loads. 2.4.5 Termination Schemes to Eliminate Reflections. 2.5 Additional Examples. 2.5.1 Problem. 2.5.2 Goals. 2.5.3 Calculating the Cross-Sectional Geometry of the PCB. 2.5.4 Calculating the Propagation Delay. 2.5.5 Determining the Wave Shape Seen at the Receiver. 2.5.6 Creating an Equivalent Circuit. 3. Crosstalk. 3.1 Mutual Inductance and Mutual Capacitance. 3.2 Inductance and Capacitance Matrix. 3.3 Field Simulators. 3.4 Crosstalk-Induced Noise. 3.5 Simulating Crosstalk Using Equivalent Circuit Models. 3.6 Crosstalk-Induced Flight Time and Signal Integrity Variations. 3.6.1 Effect of Switching Patterns on Transmission Line Performance. 3.6.2 Simulating Traces in a Multiconductor System Using a Single-Line Equivalent Model. 3.7 Crosstalk Trends. 3.8 Termination of Odd- and Even-Mode Transmission Line Pairs. 3.8.1 Pi Termination Network. 3.8.2 T Termination Network. 3.9 Minimization of Crosstalk. 3.10 Additional Examples. 3.10.1 Problem. 3.10.2 Goals. 3.10.3 Determining the Maximum Crosstalk-Induced Impedance and Velocity Swing. 3.10.4 Determining if Crosstalk Will Induce False Triggers. 4. Nonideal Interconnect Issues. 4.1 Transmission Line Losses. 4.1.1 Conductor DC Losses. 4.1.2 Dielectric DC Losses. 4.1.3 Skin Effect. 4.1.4 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Losses. 4.2 Variations in the Dielectric Constant. 4.3 Serpentine Traces. 4.4 Intersymbol Interference. 4.5 Effects of 90 Bends. 4.6 Effect of Topology. 5. Connectors, Packages, and Vias. 5.1 Vias. 5.2 Connectors. 5.2.1 Series Inductance. 5.2.2 Shunt Capacitance. 5.2.3 Connector Crosstalk. 5.2.4 Effects of Inductively Coupled Connector Pin Fields. 5.2.5 EMI. 5.2.6 Connector Design Guidelines. 5.3 Chip Packages. 5.3.1 Common Types of Packages. 5.3.2 Creating a Package Model. 5.3.3 Effects of a Package. 5.3.4 Optimal Pin-Outs. 6. Nonideal Return Paths, Simultaneous Switching Noise, and Power Delivery. 6.1 Nonideal Current Return Paths. 6.1.1 Path of Least Inductance. 6.1.2 Signals Traversing a Ground Gap. 6.1.3 Signals That Change Reference Planes. 6.1.4 Signals Referenced to a Power or a Ground Plane. 6.1.5 Other Nonideal Return Path Scenarios. 6.1.6 Differential Signals. 6.2 Local Power Delivery Networks. 6.2.1 Determining the Local Decoupling Requirements for High-Speed I/O. 6.2.2 System-Level Power Delivery. 6.2.3 Choosing a Decoupling Capacitor. 6.2.4 Frequency Response of a Power Delivery System. 6.3 SSO/SSN. 6.3.1 Minimizing SSN. 7. Buffer Modeling. 7.1 Types of Models. 7.2 Basic CMOS Output Buffer. 7.2.1 Basic Operation. 7.2.2 Linear Modeling of the CMOS Buffer. 7.2.3 Behavioral Modeling of the Basic CMOS Buffer. 7.3 Output Buffers That Operate in the Saturation Region. 7.4 Conclusions. 8. Digital Timing Analysis. 8.1 Common-Clock Timing. 8.1.1 Common-Clock Timing Equations. 8.2 Source Synchronous Timing. 8.2.1 Source Synchronous Timing Equations. 8.2.2 Deriving Source Synchronous Timing Equations from an Eye Diagram. 8.2.3 Alternative Source Synchronous Schemes. 8.3 Alternative Bus Signaling Techniques. 8.3.1 Incident Clocking. 8.3.2 Embedded Clock. 9. Design Methodologies. 9.1 Timings. 9.1.1 Worst-Case Timing Spreadsheet. 9.1.2 Statistical Spreadsheets. 9.2 Timing Metrics, Signal Quality Metrics, and Test Loads. 9.2.1 Voltage Reference Uncertainty. 9.2.2 Simulation Reference Loads. 9.2.3 Flight Time. 9.2.4 Flight-Time Skew. 9.2.5 Signal Integrity. 9.3 Design Optimization. 9.3.1 Paper Analysis. 9.3.2 Routing Study. 9.4 Sensitivity Analysis. 9.4.1 Initial Trend and Significance Analysis. 9.4.2 Ordered Parameter Sweeps. 9.4.3 Phase 1 Solution Space. 9.4.4 Phase 2 Solution Space. 9.4.5 Phase 3 Solution Space. 9.5 Design Guidelines. 9.6 Extraction. 9.7 General Rules of Thumb to Follow When Designing a System. 10. Radiated Emissions Compliance and System Noise Minimization. 10.1 FCC Radiated Emission Specifications. 10.2 Physical Mechanisms of Radiation. 10.2.1 Differential-Mode Radiation. 10.2.2 Common-Mode Radiation. 10.2.3 Wave Impedance. 10.3 Decoupling and Choking. 10.3.1 High-Frequency Decoupling at the System Level. 10.3.2 Choking Cables and Localized Power and Ground Planes. 10.3.3 Low-Frequency Decoupling and Ground Isolation. 10.4 Additional PCB Design Criteria, Package Considerations, and Pin-Outs. 10.4.1 Placement of High-Speed Components and Traces. 10.4.2 Crosstalk. 10.4.3 Pin Assignments and Package Choice. 10.5 Enclosure (Chassis) Considerations. 10.5.1 Shielding Basics. 10.5.2 Apertures. 10.5.3 Resonances. 10.6 Spread Spectrum Clocking. 11. High-Speed Measurement Techniques. 11.1 Digital Oscilloscopes. 11.1.1 Bandwidth. 11.1.2 Sampling. 11.1.3 Other Effects. 11.1.4 Statistics. 11.2 Time-Domain Reflectometry. 11.2.1 TDR Theory. 11.2.2 Measurement Factors. 11.3 TDR Accuracy. 11.3.1 Launch Parasitics. 11.3.2 Probe Types. 11.3.3 Reflections. 11.3.4 Interface Transmission Loss. 11.3.5 Cable Loss. 11.3.6 Amplitude Offset Error. 11.4 Impedance Measurement. 11.4.1 Accurate Characterization of Impedance. 11.4.2 Measurement Region in TDR Impedance Profile. 11.5 Odd- and Even-Mode Impedance. 11.6 Crosstalk Noise. 11.7 Propagation Velocity. 11.7.1 Length Difference Method. 11.7.2 Y-Intercept Method. 11.7.3 TDT Method. 11.8 Vector Network Analyzer. 11.8.1 Introduction to S Parameters. 11.8.2 Equipment. 11.8.3 One-Port Measurements (ZO,L,C). 11.8.4 Two-Port Measurements (Td, Attenuation, Crosstalk). 11.8.5 Calibration. 11.8.6 Calibration for One-Port Measurements. 11.8.7 Calibration for Two-Port Measurements. 11.8.8 Calibration Verification. Appendix A: Alternative Characteristic Impedance Formulas. A.1 Microstrip. A.2 Symmetric Stripline. A.3 Offset Stripline. Appendix B: GTL Current-Mode Analysis. B.1 Basic GTL Operation. B.2 GTL Transitions When a Middle Agent Is Driving. B.3 GTL Transitions When an End Agent With a Termination Is Driving. B.4 Transitions When There is a Pull-Up at the Middle Agent. Appendix C: Frequency-Domain Components in a Digital Signal. Appendix D: Useful S-Parameter Conversions. D.1 ABCD, Z, and Y Parameters. D.2 Normalizing the S Matrix to a Different Characteristic Impedance. D.3 Derivation of the Formulas Used to Extract the Mutual Inductance and Capacitance from a Short Structure Using S21 Measurements. D.4 Derivation of the Formula to Extract Skin Effect Resistance from a Transmission Line. Appendix E: Definition of the Decibel. Appendix F: FCC Emission Limits. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic effects in unconventional structures and materials in electronics are becoming more important as device sizes shrink. This trend will continue, and as the use of these materials becomes more cost effective, there will be an increased need for a theoretical understanding of this subject.Trade Review"In summary, Electromagnetic Fields in Unconventional Materials and Structures is an advanced book, written by experts, that is bound to be useful to serious researchers" (Int. Jnl. of Electronics and Communications, Vol.55, No.5, 2001) "Congratulations! The book is a pearl. It is like a treasury." (Optik - Int. Jnl. for Light & Electron Optics, Vol.112, No.19, 2001)Table of ContentsScalar Hertz Potentials for Linear Bianisotropic Mediums (W. Weiglhofer). Recent Developments in the Homogenization of Linear Bianisotropic Composite Materials (B. Michel). Novel Free-Space Techniques to Characterize Complex Mediums (G. Borzdov). A Mini-Review on Isotropic Chiral Mediums (A. Lakhtakia). Sculptured Thin Films: Conception, Optical Properties, and Applications (V. Venugopal & A. Lakhtakia). Electrodynamic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (S. Maksimenko & G. Slepyan). Numerical Analyses of Optical Propagation and Interaction in Nonlinear Photorefractive Materials (P. Banerjee & J. Jarem). Some Multilayered and Other Unconventional Lightguides (P. Choudhury & O. Singh). All-Fiber Guided Wave Components (B. Pal). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Helical Structures (P. Jain & B. Basu). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisFive-step problem solving process. A five-step methodology for solving problems is used throughout the text. Each step is clearly identified to help students focus on the process of breaking a problem into smaller components and then addressing the smaller components throughout the text. The five steps are: State the problem clearly.Table of ContentsSolving Problems with Fortran 90 Arithmetic Computations and Simple Programs Control Constructs Engineering and Scientific Data Files Array Processing External Procedures Additional Data Types An Introduction to Pointers Appendix A: Fortran 90 Intrinsic Functions Solutions to Try It! Exercises Answers to Selected Problems

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Book Synopsis* Introduces the operational amplifier early, and uses it as a basic element throughout the book. * Provides numerous exercises and examples throughout. * Written in a clear, precise style that has been highly praised throughout many editions. .

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Book SynopsisThe most substantive survey available of the entire field of telecommunications and signal processing. Engineers have long required a comprehensive yet concise resource to turn to for reliable, up-to-date information on the continually evolving field of telecommunications.Trade Review"...contains a wealth of information treating all aspects of telecommunications...an excellent reference source...recommended." (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 1, September 2003)

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Book SynopsisKalman filtering is a well-established topic in the field of control and signal processing and represents by far the most refined method for the design of neural networks. This book takes a nontraditional nonlinear approach and reflects the fact that most practical applications are nonlinear.Trade Review"Although the traditional approach to the subject is usually linear, this book recognizes and deals with the fact that real problems are most often nonlinear." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Kalman Filters (S. Haykin). Parameter-Based Kalman Filter Training: Theory and Implementaion (G. Puskorius and L. Feldkamp). Learning Shape and Motion from Image Sequences (G. Patel, et al.). Chaotic Dynamics (G. Patel and S. Haykin). Dual Extended Kalman Filter Methods (E. Wan and A. Nelson). Learning Nonlinear Dynamical System Using the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm (S. Roweis and Z. Ghahramani). The Unscencted Kalman Filter (E. Wan and R. van der Merwe). Index.

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Book SynopsisSpeech coding has evolved into a highly matured branch of signal processing, with deployment of a plethora of products such as cellular phones, answering machines, communication devices, and more recently, voice over internet protocol (VoIP).Trade Review“…well equipped with exercises and with procedures which are helpful in implementing the coders…” (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1041, No.16, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acronyms xix Notation xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Speech Coding 2 1.2 Classification of Speech Coders 8 1.3 Speech Production and Modeling 11 1.4 Some Properties of the Human Auditory System 18 1.5 Speech Coding Standards 22 1.6 About Algorithms 26 1.7 Summary and References 31 2 Signal Processing Techniques 33 2.1 Pitch Period Estimation 33 2.2 All-Pole and All-Zero Filters 45 2.3 Convolution 52 2.4 Summary and References 57 Exercises 57 3 Stochastic Processes and Models 61 3.1 Power Spectral Density 62 3.2 Periodogram 67 3.3 Autoregressive Model 69 3.4 Autocorrelation Estimation 73 3.5 Other Signal Models 85 3.6 Summary and References 86 Exercises 87 4 Linear Prediction 91 4.1 The Problem of Linear Prediction 92 4.2 Linear Prediction Analysis of Nonstationary Signals 96 4.3 Examples of Linear Prediction Analysis of Speech 101 4.4 The Levinson–Durbin Algorithm 107 4.5 The Leroux–Gueguen Algorithm 114 4.6 Long-Term Linear Prediction 120 4.7 Synthesis Filters 127 4.8 Practical Implementation 131 4.9 Moving Average Prediction 137 4.10 Summary and References 138 Exercises 139 5 Scalar Quantization 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Uniform Quantizer 147 5.3 Optimal Quantizer 149 5.4 Quantizer Design Algorithms 151 5.5 Algorithmic Implementation 155 5.6 Summary and References 158 Exercises 158 6 Pulse Code Modulation and Its Variants 161 6.1 Uniform Quantization 161 6.2 Nonuniform Quantization 166 6.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 172 6.4 Adaptive Schemes 175 6.5 Summary and References 180 Exercises 181 7 Vector Quantization 184 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Optimal Quantizer 188 7.3 Quantizer Design Algorithms 189 7.4 Multistage VQ 194 7.5 Predictive VQ 216 7.6 Other Structured Schemes 219 7.7 Summary and References 221 Exercises 222 8 Scalar Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient 227 8.1 Spectral Distortion 227 8.2 Quantization Based on Reflection Coefficient and Log Area Ratio 232 8.3 Line Spectral Frequency 239 8.4 Quantization Based on Line Spectral Frequency 252 8.5 Interpolation of LPC 256 8.6 Summary and References 258 Exercises 260 9 Linear Prediction Coding 263 9.1 Speech Production Model 264 9.2 Structure of the Algorithm 268 9.3 Voicing Detector 271 9.4 The FS1015 LPC Coder 275 9.5 Limitations of the LPC Model 277 9.6 Summary and References 280 Exercises 281 10 Regular-pulse Excitation Coders 285 10.1 Multipulse Excitation Model 286 10.2 Regular-Pulse-Excited–Long-Term Prediction 289 10.3 Summary and References 295 Exercises 296 11 Code-excited Linear Prediction 299 11.1 The CELP Speech Production Model 300 11.2 The Principle of Analysis-by-Synthesis 301 11.3 Encoding and Decoding 302 11.4 Excitation Codebook Search 308 11.5 Postfilter 317 11.6 Summary and References 325 Exercises 326 12 The Federal Standard Version of CELP 330 12.1 Improving the Long-Term Predictor 331 12.2 The Concept of the Adaptive Codebook 333 12.3 Incorporation of the Adaptive Codebook to the CELP Framework 336 12.4 Stochastic Codebook Structure 338 12.5 Adaptive Codebook Search 341 12.6 Stochastic Codebook Search 344 12.7 Encoder and Decoder 346 12.8 Summary and References 349 Exercises 350 13 Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction 353 13.1 The Core Encoding Structure 354 13.2 Search Strategies for Excitation Codebooks 356 13.3 Excitation Codebook Searches 357 13.4 Gain Related Procedures 362 13.5 Encoder and Decoder 366 13.6 Summary and References 368 Exercises 369 14 Low-delay CELP 372 14.1 Strategies to Achieve Low Delay 373 14.2 Basic Operational Principles 375 14.3 Linear Prediction Analysis 377 14.4 Excitation Codebook Search 380 14.5 Backward Gain Adaptation 385 14.6 Encoder and Decoder 389 14.7 Codebook Training 391 14.8 Summary and References 393 Exercises 394 15 Vector Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient 396 15.1 Correlation Among the LSFs 396 15.2 Split VQ 399 15.3 Multistage VQ 403 15.4 Predictive VQ 407 15.5 Summary and References 418 Exercises 419 16 Algebraic CELP 423 16.1 Algebraic Codebook Structure 424 16.2 Adaptive Codebook 425 16.3 Encoding and Decoding 433 16.4 Algebraic Codebook Search 437 16.5 Gain Quantization Using Conjugate VQ 443 16.6 Other ACELP Standards 446 16.7 Summary and References 451 Exercises 451 17 Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction 454 17.1 The MELP Speech Production Model 455 17.2 Fourier Magnitudes 456 17.3 Shaping Filters 464 17.4 Pitch Period and Voicing Strength Estimation 466 17.5 Encoder Operations 474 17.6 Decoder Operations 477 17.7 Summary and References 481 Exercises 482 18 Source-controlled Variable Bit-rate CELP 486 18.1 Adaptive Rate Decision 487 18.2 LP Analysis and LSF-Related Operations 494 18.3 Decoding and Encoding 496 18.4 Summary and References 498 Exercises 499 19 Speech Quality Assessment 501 19.1 The Scope of Quality and Measuring Conditions 501 19.2 Objective Quality Measurements for Waveform Coders 502 19.3 Subjective Quality Measures 504 19.4 Improvements on Objective Quality Measures 505 Appendix A Minimum-phase Property of the Forward Prediction-error Filter 507 Appendix B Some Properties of Line Spectral Frequency 514 Appendix C Research Directions in Speech Coding 518 Appendix D Linear Combiner for Pattern Classification 522 Appendix E CELP: Optimal Long-term Predictor to Minimize the Weighted Difference 531 Appendix F Review of Linear Algebra: Orthogonality, Basis, Linear Independence, and the Gram–schmidt Algorithm 537 Bibliography 542 Index 553

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Book SynopsisA guide of quick methods for designing electronic equipment that must be designed to withstand severe vibration and shock, this textbook explains how to predict the operational life of electronic equipment. Each concept is illustrated with sample problems and coverage of testing methods.Table of ContentsPreface xvii List of Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 2 Vibrations of Simple Electronic Systems 17 3 Component Lead Wire and Solder Joint Vibration Fatigue Life 39 4 Beam Structures for Electronic Subassemblies 56 5 Component Lead Wires as Bents, Frames, and Arcs 75 6 Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates 103 7 Octave Rule, Snubbing, and Damping to Increase the PCB Fatigue Life 150 8 Preventing Sinusoidal Vibration Failures in Electronic Equipment 166 9 Designing Electronics for Random Vibration 188 10 Acoustic Noise Effects on Electronic 234 11 Designing Electronics for Shock Environments 248 12 Design and Analysis of Electronic Boxes 300 13 Effects of Manufacturing Methods on the Reliability of Electronics 330 14 Vibration Fixtures and Vibration Testing 346 15 Environmental Stress Screening for Electronic Equipment (ESSEE) 379 Bibliography 401 Index 405

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Book SynopsisA unique collection of algorithms and lab experiments for practitioners and researchers of digital image processing technology With the field of digital image processing rapidly expanding, there is a growing need for a book that would go beyond theory and techniques to address the underlying algorithms.Table of ContentsDigital Image Processing Fundamentals. Digital Image Transform Algorithms. Digital Image Filtering and Enhancement. Digital Image Compression. Edge Detection Algorithms. Image Segmentation Algorithms. Shape Description. Digital Image Processing Lab Exercises Using EIKONA. Index.

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Book SynopsisA software radio is a radio whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. All wireless telephones are controlled by this software. Written by the leader in the field, this book covers the technology that will allow cellular telephones to greatly expand the types of data they can transmit.Trade Review"...shows how to integrate the analogue radio-frequency and digital aspect of radio with the emerging large-scale, object-oriented software technology needed for open-architecture software-defined radio." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview. Architecture Evolution. The Radio Spectrum and RF Environment. Systems-Level Architecture Analysis. Node-Level Architecture Analysis. Segment Design Tradeoffs. Antenna Segment Tradeoffs. RE/IF Conversion Segment Tradeoffs. ADC and DAC Tradeoffs. Digital Processing Tradeoffs. Software Architecture Tradeoffs. Software Component Characteristics. Performance Management. Smart Antennas. Applications. Reference Architecture. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of this handbook has been fully updated to incorporate the latest developments in the field.Trade Review"Boucher...updates the 1995 edition of his substantial reference...He has maintained the original format...but here takes more of a digital perspective and incorporates new technologies that are shaping the direction of the industry." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001)Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition. About the Author. What is Cellular Radio? World System Standards--A History. Basic Radio. Planning--An Essential Network Function. Cell Site Selection and System Design. Radio Survey. Cellular Radio Interference. Cell Plans. Units and Concepts of Field Strength. Filters and Combiners. Cellular Repeaters. Antennas. Cellular Links. Base-Station Maintenance. Base-Station Control and Signaling. Power and Distribution. Protection and Grounding. Trunking. Switching. Traffic Engineering Concepts. Mobiles. Tower and Masts. Installations. Equipment Shelters. Budgets. Billing Systems. Marketing. Fraud. Data Over Cellular. Privacy. Rural and Offshore Applications of Cellular Radio. Interconnection. Preparing Invitations to Tender. Modulation/Demodulation Methods. Noise and Noise Performance. Digital Cellular. GSM Pan-European Cellular. DAMPS. NAMPS. E-TDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Japanese Digital. Satellite Mobile Systems. Cordless Telephone Technologies. iDEN. Wireless Local Loop. The Technology. Coding, Formats, and Error Correction. Digital Modulation. Other Mobile Products. Safety Issues. Buying Used Hardware. Appendix A: RF Propagation Routine Appendix B: ISO Model. Appendix C: Amplifier Classes. Appendix D: 911 Location Requirements. Appendix E: Distortion and Noise. Appendix F: Recommended Further Reading and Sources of Information. Appendix G: Internet Protocols. Appendix H: Erlang B and C Tables. Appendix I: Conversion of Units Used for Cellular RF. Appendix J: Country Codes. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWave scattering by discrete scatterers is an interdisciplinary area of research with many applications in such areas as atomic physics, medical imaging, geoscience and remote sensing. This three-volume work is an expanded and updated version of the authors 1985 book, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 1 1 Basic Scattering Parameters 2 1.1 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 1.2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 2 Rayleigh Scattering 9 2.1 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 2.2 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 2.3 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 2.4 Scattering Dyads 14 3 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation 16 3.1 Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude 16 3.2 Born Approximation 18 4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves 21 4.1 Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves 21 4.2 Cylindrical Waves 22 4.3 Spherical Waves 24 5 Acoustic Scattering 30 6 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 6.1 Mie Scattering 32 6.2 Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 41 6.3 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 Dyadic Green's Function 54 1.1 Green's Functions 54 1.2 Plane Wave Representation 55 1.3 Cylindrical Waves 57 1.4 Spherical Waves 59 2 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem 60 3 Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 66 4 Optical Theorem 68 5 Reciprocity and Symmetry 73 5.1 Reciprocity 73 5.2 Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes 75 5.3 Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green's Function 79 6 Eulerian Angles of Rotation 81 7 T-Matrix 83 7.1 T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes 83 7.2 Unitarity and Symmetry 88 8 Extended Boundary Condition 91 8.1 Extended Boundary Condition Technique 91 8.2 Spheres 97 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 100 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated Sphere 102 8.3 Spheroids 104 References and Additional Readings 106CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING 107 1 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers 108 2 Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices 116 2.1 Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization 116 2.2 Stokes Matrix 123 2.3 Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix 124 2.4 Rayleigh Phase Matrix 127 2.5 Phase Matrix of Random Media 129 3 Fluctuating Fields 131 3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Fields 131 3.2 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 4 Specific Intensity 140 5 Passive Remote Sensing 145 5.1 Planck's Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 5.2 KirchhofT's Law 149 5.3 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 5.4 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 6 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 5 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function 173 5.1 Correlation Function 174 5.2 Pair Distribution Function 176 6 Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density 179 7 Soil and Rocky Surfaces 184 8 Ocean Surface 185 References and Additional Readings 195 CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA 199 1 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer 200 2 Wave Approach 203 2.1 Reflection and Transmission 203 2.2 Dyadic Green's Function for Stratified Medium 207 2.3 Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution 212 3 Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach 217 4 Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil 220 References and Additional Readings 229 CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS 231 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 232 2 Applications of Single Scattering 237 2.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar 237 2.2 Interferometric SAR 248 2.3 Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media 252 References and Additional Readings 258 CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 2.1 Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 2.2 Extinction Matrix 272 2.3 Emission Vector 275 2.4 Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY 287 1 Iterative Method 288 1.1 Iterative Procedure 288 1.2 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 1.3 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 1.4 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical Illustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 1.5 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 2 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 2.1 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 2.2 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 2.3 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 2.4 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 2.5 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 2.6 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 3 Invariant Imbedding 362 3.1 One-Dimensional Problem 363 3.2 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles 370 3.3 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 373 3.4 Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles 374 4 Diffusion Approximation 380 References and Additional Readings 386 CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 389 1 Introduction 390 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 392 2.1 Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 392 2.2 Characteristic Functions 396 3 Small Perturbation Method 397 3.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 397 3.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 403 4 Kirchhoff Approach 407 4.1 Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 408 4.2 Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 415 References and Additional Readings 417 INDEX 419

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces.Trade Review"this graduate textbook presents numerical simulation techniques and results for electromagnetic wave scattering in random media and rough surfaces..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LAYERED MEDIA 1 1 One-Dimensional Layered Media with Permittivity Fluctuations 2 1.1 Continuous Random Medium 2 1.2 Generation of One-Dimensional Continuous Gaussian Random Medium 4 1.3 Numerical Results and Applications to Antarctica 5 2 Random Discrete Layering and Applications 8 References and Additional Readings 12 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATIONS AND BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 13 1 Integral Equation Formulation for Scattering Problems 14 1.1 Surface Integral Equations 14 1.2 Volume Integral Equations 17 1.3 Dyadic Green's Function Singularity and Electrostatics 19 2 Method of Moments 23 3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) 27 3.1 Small Cubes 28 3.2 Radiative Corrections 29 3.3 Other Shapes 31 4 Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 37 4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolutions 38 4.2 FFT for Product of Toeplitz Matrix and Column Vector 42 5 Conjugate Gradient Method 46 5.1 Steepest Descent Method 46 5.2 Real Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix 48 5.3 General Real Matrix and Complex Matrix 52 References and Additional Readings 57 CHAPTER 3 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY A PERIODIC ROUGH SURFACE 61 1 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions 62 1.1 Surface Integral Equation 62 1.2 Floquet's Theorem and Bloch Condition 63 1.3 2-D Green's Function in 1-D Lattice 64 1.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 67 2 Dielectric Periodic Surface: T-Matrix Method 68 2.1 Formulation in Longitudinal Field Components 69 2.2 Surface Field Integral Equations and Coupled Matrix Equations 74 2.3 Emissivity and Comparison with Experiments 81 3 Scattering of Waves Obliquely Incident on Periodic Rough Surfaces: Integral Equation Approach 85 3.1 Formulation 85 3.2 Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures 89 4 Ewald's Method 93 4.1 Preliminaries 93 4.2 3-D Green's Function in 3-D Lattices 98 4.3 3-D Green's Function in 2-D Lattices 102 4.4 Numerical Results 105 References and Additional Readings 110 CHAPTER 4 RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SIMULATIONS 111 1 Perfect Electric Conductor (Non-Penetrable Surface) 114 1.1 Integral Equation 114 1.2 Matrix Equation: Dirichlet Boundary Condition (EFIE for TE Case) 1161.3 Tapering of Incident Waves and Calculation of Scattered Waves 118 1.4 Random Rough Surface Generation 124 1.4.1 Gaussian Rough Surface 124 1.4.2 Fractal Rough Surface 132 1.5 Neumann Boundary Condition (MFIE for TM Case) 134 2 Two-Media Problem 137 2.1 TE and TM Waves 139 2.2 Absorptivity, Emissivity and Reflectivity 141 2.3 Impedance Matrix Elements: Numerical Integrations 143 2.4 Simulation Results 145 2.4.1 Gaussian Surface and Comparisons with Analytical Methods 145 2.4.2 Dirichlet Case of Gaussian Surface with Ocean Spectrum and Fractal Surface 150 2.4.3 Bistatic Scattering for Two Media Problem with Ocean Spectrum 151 3 Topics of Numerical Simulations 154 3.1 Periodic Boundary Condition 154 3.2 MFIE for TE Case of PEC 158 3.3 Impedance Boundary Condition 161 4 Microwave Emission of Rough Ocean Surfaces 163 5 Waves Scattering from Real-Life Rough Surface Profiles 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Rough Surface Generated by Three Methods 167 5.3 Numerical Results of the Three Methods 169 References and Additional Readings 175 CHAPTER 5 FAST COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR SOLVING ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING PROBLEMS 177 1 Banded Matrix Canonical Grid Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering for PEC Case 1791.1 Introduction 179 1.2 Formulation and Computational Procedure 180 1.3 Product of a Weak Matrix and a Surface Unknown Column Vector 187 1.4 Convergence and Neighborhood Distance 188 1.5 Results of Composite Surfaces and Grazing Angle Problems 189 2 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method for Lossy Dielectric Surfaces 196 2.1 Introduction 196 2.2 Formulation and Single-Grid Implementation 198 2.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with Banded Matrix Iterative Approach/Canonical Grid Method 200 2.4 Bistatic Scattering Coefficient and Emissivity 203 3 Steepest Descent Fast Multipole Method 212 3.1 Steepest Descent Path for Green's Function 213 3.2 Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Decomposition and Grouping 216 3.3 Multi-Level Discretization of Angles and Interpolation 222 3.4 Steepest Descent Expression of Multi-Level Impedance Matrix Elements 226 3.5 SDFMM Algorithm 235 3.6 Numerical Results 242 4 Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) 242 4.1 Matrix Equations Based on MFIE for TE and TM Waves for PEC 242 4.2 Iterative Approach 245 4.3 Numerical Results 247 5 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method Combined with the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method 249 5.1 Single Grid and PBTG 249 5.2 Computational Complexity of the Combined Algorithm of the PBTG with the MLFMM 252 5.3 Gaussian Rough Surfaces and CPU Comparison 254 5.4 Non-Gaussian Surfaces 257 References and Additional Readings 263 CHAPTER 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SCATTERING FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGH SURFACES 267 1 Scattering by Non-Penetrable Media 270 1.1 Scalar Wave Scattering 270 1.1.1 Formulation and Numerical Method 270 1.1.2 Results and Discussion 273 1.1.3 Convergence of SMFSIA 277 1.2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 278 1.2.1 Surface Integral Equation 278 1.2.2 Surface Integral Equation for Rough Surface Scattering 280 1.2.3 Computation Methods 281 1.2.4 Numerical Simulation Results 286 2 Integral Equations for Dielectric Surfaces 293 2.1 Electromagnetic Fields with Electric and Magnetic Sources 293 2.2 Physical Problem and Equivalent Exterior and Interior Problems 296 2.2.1 Equivalent Exterior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 296 2.2.2 Equivalent Interior Problem, Equivalent Currents and Integral Equations 298 2.3 Surface Integral Equations for Equivalent Surface Currents, Tangential and Normal Components of Fields 300 3 Two-Dimensional Rough Dielectric Surfaces with Sparse Matrix Canonical Grid Method 304 3.1 Integral Equation and SMCG Method 304 3.2 Numerical Results of Bistatic Scattering Coefficient 318 4 Scattering by Lossy Dielectric Surfaces with PBTG Method 326 4.1 Introduction 326 4.2 Formulation and Single Grid Implementation 328 4.3 Physics-Based Two-Grid Method 329 4.4 Numerical Results and Comparison with Second Order Perturbation Method 334 4.5 Numerical Simulations of Emissivity of Soils with Rough Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies 343 5 Four Stokes Parameters Based on Tangential Surface Fields 350 6 Parallel Implementation of SMCG on Low Cost Beowulf System 354 6.1 Introduction 354 6.2 Low-Cost Beowulf Cluster 355 6.3 Parallel Implementation of the SMCG Method and the PBTG Method 356 6.4 Numerical Results 360 References and Additional Readings 366 CHAPTER 7 VOLUME SCATTERING SIMULATIONS 371 1 Combining Simulations of Collective Volume Scattering Effects with Radiative Transfer Theory 373 2 Foldy-Lax Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Equations 376 2.1 Final Exciting Field and Multiple Scattering Equation 376 2.2 Foldy-Lax Equations for Point Scatterers 379 2.3 The JV-Particle Scattering Amplitude 382 3 Analytical Solutions of Point Scatterers 382 3.1 Phase Function and Extinction Coefficient for Uniformly Distributed Point Scatterers 382 3.2 Scattering by Collection of Clusters 389 4 Monte Carlo Simulation Results of Point Scatterers 392 References and Additional Readings 401 CHAPTER 8 PARTICLE POSITIONS FOR DENSE MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS AND SIMULATIONS 403 1 Pair Distribution Functions and Structure Factors 404 1.1 Introduction 404 1.2 Percus Yevick Equation and Pair Distribution Function for Hard Spheres 406 1.3 Calculation of Structure Factor and Pair Distribution Function 409 2 Percus—Yevick Pair Distribution Functions for Multiple Sizes 411 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Particle Positions 414 3.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo Technique 415 3.2 Sequential Addition Method 418 3.3 Numerical Results 418 4 Sticky Particles 424 4.1 Percus-Yevick Pair Distribution Function for Sticky Spheres 424 4.2 Pair Distribution Function of Adhesive Sphere Mixture 429 4.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Adhesive Spheres 434 5 Particle Placement Algorithm for Spheroids 444 5.1 Contact Functions of Two Ellipsoids 445 5.2 Illustrations of Contact Functions 446 References and Additional Readings 450 CHAPTER 9 SIMULATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE MEDIA 453 1 Introduction 454 1.1 Extinction as a Function of Concentration 454 1.2 Extinction as a Function of Frequency 456 2 Random Positions of Cylinders 458 2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations of Positions of Hard Cylinders 458 2.2 Simulations of Pair Distribution Functions 460 2.3 Percus-Yevick Approximation of Pair Distribution Functions 461 2.4 Results of Simulations 463 2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Sticky Disks 463 3 Monte Carlo Simulations of Scattering by Cylinders 469 3.1 Scattering by a Single Cylinder 469 3.2 Foldy-Lax Multiple Scattering Equations for Cylinders 476 3.3 Coherent Field, Incoherent Field, and Scattering Coefficient 480 3.4 Scattered Field and Internal Field Formulations 481 3.5 Low Frequency Formulas 482 3.6 Independent Scattering 484 3.7 Simulation Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Cylinders 485 4 Sparse-Matrix Canonical-Grid Method for Scattering by Many Cylinders 486 4.1 Introduction 486 4.2 The Two-Dimensional Scattering Problem of Many Dielectric Cylinders 489 4.3 Numerical Results of Scattering and CPU Comparisons 490 References and Additional Readings 493 CHAPTER 10 DENSE MEDIA MODELS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS 495 1 Introduction 496 2 Simple Analytical Models For Scattering From a Dense Medium 496 2.1 Effective Permittivity 496 2.2 Scattering Attenuation and Coherent Propagation Constant 500 2.3 Coherent Reflection and Incoherent Scattering From a Half-Space of Scatterers 505 2.4 A Simple Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory 510 3 Simulations Using Volume Integral Equations 512 3.1 Volume Integral Equation 512 3.2 Simulation of Densely Packed Dielectric Spheres 514 3.3 Densely Packed Spheroids 518 4 Numerical Simulations Using T-Matrix Formalism 533 4.1 Multiple Scattering Equations 533 4.2 Computational Considerations 541 4.3 Results and Comparisons with Analytic Theory 545 4.4 Simulation of Absorption Coefficient 547 References and Additional Readings 548 CHAPTER 11 ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION AND DETECTION OF BURIED OBJECT 551 1 Introduction 552 2 Two-Dimensional Simulations of Angular Memory Effect and Detection of Buried Object 553 2.1 Introduction 553 2.2 Simple and General Derivation of Memory Effect 553 2.3 ACF of Random Rough Surfaces with Different Averaging Methods 555 2.4 Scattering by a Buried Object Under a Rough Surface 557 3 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering by a Buried Object Under a 2-D Random Rough Surface (3-D Scattering) 564 3.1 Introduction 564 3.2 Formulation of Integral Equations 565 3.3 Statistics of Scattered Fields 570 3.4 Numerical Illustrations of ACF and PACF 571 4 Angular Correlation Function Applied to Correlation Imaging in Target Detection 575 4.1 Introduction 575 4.2 Formulation of Imaging 578 4.3 Simulations of SAR Data and ACF Processing 580 References and Additional Readings 591 CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARIES 593 1 Introduction 594 2 Scattering by Dielectric Cylinders Above a Dielectric Half-Space 594 2.1 Scattering from a Layer of Vertical Cylinders: First-Order Solution 594 2.2 First- and Second-Order Solutions 603 2.3 Results of Monte Carlo Simulations 613 3 Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Two Reflective Boundaries 622 3.1 Vector Cylindrical Wave Expansion of Dyadic Green's Function Between Two Perfect Conductors 622 3.2 Dyadic Green's Function of a Cylindrical Scatterer Between Two PEC 629 3.3 Dyadic Green's Function with Multiple Cylinders 631 3.4 Excitation of Magnetic Ring Currents 635 3.4.1 First Order Solution 637 3.4.2 Numerical Results 638 References and Additional Readings 640 CHAPTER 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERING BY VEGETATION 641 1 Introduction 642 2 Plant Modeling by Using L-Systems 644 2.1 Lindenmayer Systems 644 2.2 Turtle Interpretation of L-Systems 646 2.3 Computer Simulations of Stochastic L-Systems and Input Files 649 3 Scattering from Trees Generated by L-Systems Based on Coherent Addition Approximation 654 3.1 Single Scattering by a Particle in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 655 3.1.1 Electric Field and Dyadic Green's Function 655 3.1.2 Scattering by a Single Particle 656 3.2 Scattering by Trees 659 4 Coherent Addition Approximation with Attenuation 667 5 Scattering from Plants Generated by L-Systems Based on Discrete Dipole Approximation 669 5.1 Formulation of Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method 670 5.2 Scattering by Simple Trees 672 5.3 Scattering by Honda Trees 677 6 Rice Canopy Scattering Model 685 6.1 Model Description 685 6.2 Model Simulation 689 References and Additional Readings 691 INDEX 693

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Book SynopsisA timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, andTrade Review"Here they [the authors] delve deeper into the topics raised in the first two volumes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING BASED ON SMALL PERTURBATION METHOD 1 1 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Perfect Electric Conductor 2 1.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 7 1.2 Second-Order Solutions 11 2 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by a Dielectric Rough Surface 18 2.1 Zeroth- and First-Order Solutions 27 2.2 Second-Order Solutions 36 3 Coherent Reflection, Emissivities, and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients of Random Dielectric Surfaces 47 3.1 Coherent Reflection 48 3.2 Emissivities of Four Stokes Parameters 51 3.3 Bistatic Scattering Coefficients 58 References and Additional Readings 61 CHAPTER 2 KIRCHHOFF APPROACH AND RELATED METHODS FOR ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 65 1 Kirchhoff Approach 66 1.1 Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface 66 1.2 Dielectric Rough Surfaces 72 1.3 Second-Order Slope Corrections 94 2 Phase Perturbation Method 101 3 Emissivity Based on Composite Surface Model 108 References and Additional Readings 118 CHAPTER 3 VOLUME SCATTERING: CASCADE OF LAYERS 121 1 Single Scattering Solution of a Thin Layer, Coherent Wave, and Effective Propagation Constant 122 2 Transition Operator 128 3 Electromagnetic Wave Case of a Thin Layer and Extinction Matrix 130 4 First- and Second-Order Solutions: Incoherent Waves 135 5 Cascading of Layers: From First- and Second-Order Wave Solutions to Radiative Transfer Equation 143 6 Effects of Clustering 150 References and Additional Readings 160 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC WAVE THEORY FOR A MEDIUM WITH PERMITTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS 161 1 Dyson's Equation for the Mean Field 162 1.1 Bilocal Approximation 167 1.2 Nonlinear Approximation 170 2 Second Moment of the Field 171 2.1 Bethe-Salpeter Equation 171 2.2 Energy Conservation 175 3 Strong Permittivity Fluctuations 178 3.1 Random Medium with Spherically Symmetric Correlation Function 179 3.2 Very Low Frequency Effective Permittivity 181 3.3 Effective Permittivity Under the Bilocal Approximation 182 3.4 Backscattering Coefficients 185 3.5 Results of Effective Permittivity and Bistatic Coefficients 187 References and Additional Readings 194 CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR DISCRETE SCATTERERS 197 1 Transition Operator 198 2 Multiple Scattering Equations 203 3 Approximations of Multiple Scattering Equations 204 3.1 Configurational Average of Multiple Scattering Equations 205 3.2 Effective Field Approximation (EFA, Foldy's Approximation) 207 3.3 Quasi-crystalline Approximation (QCA) 210 3.4 Coherent Potential (CP) 213 3.5 Quasi-crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) 216 3.6 Low-Frequency Solutions 219 3.7 QCA-CP for Multiple Species of Particles 224 4 Ward's Identity and Energy Conservation 226 5 Derivation of Radiative Transfer Equation from Ladder Approximation 232 References and Additional Readings 241 CHAPTER 6 QUASI-CRYSTALLINE APPROXIMATION IN DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 245 1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers— Normal Incidence 246 1.1 Coherent Wave Propagation 247 1.2 Effective Phase Velocity and Attenuation Rate in the Low-Frequency Limit 257 1.3 Dispersion Relations at Higher Frequencies 259 2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Half-Space of Dielectric Scatterers—Oblique Incidence 266 2.1 Dispersion Relation and Coherent Reflected Wave 266 2.2 Vertically and Horizontally Polarized Incidence 275 3 Cases with Size Distributions 280 3.1 Coherent Field 281 3.2 Incoherent Field Using Distorted Born Approximation 287 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory Based on Quasi-crystalline Approximation 300 4.1 Phase Matrix, Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption Coefficients 301 4.2 Brightness Temperature Computed with QCA-based DMRT 307 4.3 Numerical Results for Sticky and Non-Sticky Particles 309 References and Additional Readings 319 CHAPTER 7 DENSE MEDIA SCATTERING 323 1 Introduction 324 2 Effective Propagation Constants, Mean Green's Function, and Mean Field for Half-Space DiscreteRandom Medium of Multiple Species 325 3 Derivation of Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equation (DMRT) 329 4 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Active Remote Sensing 340 5 General Relation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing with Temperature Distribution 344 6 Dense Media Radiative Transfer Equations for Passive Remote Sensing 349 7 Numerical Illustrations of Active and Passive Remote Sensing 351 References and Additional Readings 357 CHAPTER 8 BACKSCATTERING ENHANCEMENT 359 1 Introduction 360 1.1 Volume Scattering 361 1.2 Volume Scattering in the Presence of Reflective Boundary 362 2 Second-Order Volume Scattering Theory of Isotropic Point Scatterers 366 3 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms for Isotropic Point Scatterers 374 3.1 Formulation 375 3.2 Numerical Illustrations 380 4 Anisotropic Scatterers and Diffusion Approximation 385 4.1 Summation of Ladder Terms and Cyclical Terms 386 4.2 Unidirectional Point Source Green's Function 391 4.3 Second-Order Multiple-Scattering Theory 393 4.4 Diffusion Approximation 395 4.5 Numerical Results 399 References and Additional Readings 403 INDEX 407

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Book SynopsisExpert systems are computer programs, designed to make available some of the skills of an expert to non-experts. A fuzzy expert system uses a collection of fuzzy membership functions and rules, instead of Boolean logic, to reason about data. This book teaches the reader to construct fuzzy expert systems to solve real-world problems.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 2 Rule-Based Systems: Overview. 3 Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Sets, and Fuzzy Numbers: I. 4 Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Sets, and Fuzzy Numbers: II. 5 Combining Uncertainties. 6 Inference in an Expert System I. 7 Inference in a Fuzzy Expert System II: Modification of Data and Truth Values. 8 Resolving Contradictions: Possibility and Necessity. 9 Expert System Shells and the Integrated Development Environment (IDE). 10 Simple Example Programs. 11 Running and Debugging Fuzzy Expert Systems I: Parallel Programs. 12 Running and Debugging Expert Systems II: Sequential Rule-Firing. 13 Solving "What?" Problems when the Answer is Expressed in Words. 14 Programs that Can Learn from Experience. 15 Running On-Line in Real-Time. Appendix. Answers. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisVertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are a type of semiconductor laser whose optical output is vertically emitted from the surface as opposed to conventional edge emitting semiconductor lasers. This book acts as a practical guide for the modeling of VCSELs. It provides derivations for understanding the operational principles of VCSELs.Trade Review"…very nicely organized…design engineers of VCSELs will find this book the most useful. However, it also provides valuable information to CAD tool designers…" (Optics & Photonics News, June 2005) “…the author’s assessment of the opportunities gives a strong incentive to develop such interest” (Robotica, Vol. 22, 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers - An overview. 2. Simple Design Consideration of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 3. Modal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 4. Polarization Properties of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 5. Thermal Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 6. Electrical Characteristics of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 7. Direct Modulation of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 8. Spontaneous Emission of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 9. Nonlinear Characteristics in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Index.

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Book Synopsis* Nearly 50,000 essential words and phrases * The only dictionary of its kind * Comprehensive and up-to-date Comprehensive bilingual coverage of nearly 50,000 essential words and phrases in electrical and computer engineering In today''s global economy, the need for precise technical communication between speakers of English and Spanish has never been greater. The English-Spanish, Spanish-English Electrical and Computer Engineering Dictionary provides you with quick, ready access to nearly 50,000 essential terms and definitions found in the electrical and computer engineering field. Containing virtually every word and phrase you''re likely to encounter in the professional literature, this authoritative reference boasts an extremely user-friendly format that directs you instantly to the precise term you need. * Approximately 100,000 entries--nearly 50,000 in each language * Comprehensive, up-to-date coverage incorporating the latest terms and phras

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Book SynopsisLong-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor Lasers provides a comprehensive review of the current status of semiconductor coherent sources emitting in the mid-to far-infrared spectrum and their applications. It includes three topics not covered in any previous book: far-infrared emission from photo-mixers as well as from hot-hole lasers, and InP-based lasers emitting beyond two micrometers. Semiconductor lasers emitting at more than two micrometers have many applications such as in trace gas analysis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Because of very rapid progress in recent years, until this book no comprehensive information beyond scattered journal articles is available at present.Trade Review"This book provides an effective means for getting up to speed onpractical long-wavelength lasers." (Optical & PhontonicsNews, October 2005) "...pulls together a lot of information previously found inan eclectic assortment of journal articles and books. Highlyrecommended." (E-STREAMS, August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1. Coherent Sources in the Long-Wavelength Infrared Spectrum(Hong K. Choi). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Synopsis of Long-Wavelength Coherent Sources. 1.3 Scope of Book. 2. 2-µm Wavelength Lasers Employing InP-basedStrained-Layer Quantum Wells (Manabu Mitsuhara and MamoruOishi). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Material Properties of InGaAsP. 2.3 Design Consideration of MQW Active Region. 2.4 Growth and Characterization of Strained-InGaAs QuantumWells. 2.5 Lasing Characteristics of 2-µm wavelength InGaAs-MQWLasers. 2.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects. 3. Antimonide Mid-IR Lasers (L.J. Olafsen, et al.). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Antimonide III-V Material System. 3.3 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the 2µm < lambda <3µm Range. 3.4 Antimonide Lasers Emitting in the lambda >= 3µmRange. 3.5 Challenges and Issues. 3.6 Conclusions. 4. Lead-Chalcogenide-based Mid-Infrared Diode Lasers (Uwe PeterSchieál, et al.). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Homostructure Lasers. 4.3 Double-Heterostructure Lasers. 4.4 Quantum-Well Lasers. 4.5 DFB and DBR Lasers. 4.6 IV-VI Epitaxy on BaF2 and Silicon. 4.7 Conclusion. 5. InP and GaAs-Based Quantum Cascade Lasers (JérômeFaist and Carco Sirtori). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Quantum Cascade Laser Fundamentals. 5.3 Fundamentals of the Three-Quantum-Well Active-RegionDevice. 5.4 Waveguide and Technology. 5.5 High-Power, Room-Temperature Operation of Three-Quantum-WellActive Region Designs. 5.6 GaAs-Based QC Lasers. 5.7 Role of the Conduction-Band Discontinuity. 5.8 Spectral Characteristics of QC Lasers. 5.9 Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers. 5.10 Microsctructured QC Lasers. 5.11 Outlook on Active Region Designs and Conclusions. 6. Widely Tunable Far-Infrared Hot-Hole Semiconductor Lasers(Erik Bründermann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Hot-Hole Laser Model. 6.3 Laser Material Fabrication. 6.4 Technology. 6.5 Laser Emission. 6.6 Future Trends. 6.7 Summary. 7. Continous THz generation with Optical Heterodyning (J. C.Pearson, et al.). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Requirements for Photomixing Systems. 7.3 Design Trade-offs for Photomixers. 7.4 Antenna Design. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten to identify IP based network and service issues and the challenges facing its growth, as well as to assist the research and development community to prioritize their work in order to solve the problems facing the industry.Trade Review"The book is very practical and well-written for network operation engineers, computer scientists, and professionals. Every IP network professional will find something new and useful in this book." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 6) "...a valuable source of information on a broad range of IP network-related management issues for both specialists and newcomers..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2004)Table of ContentsContributors. Introduction. 1 Current Practice and Evolution (Salah Aidarous). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Evolution of Network Architecture. 1.3 Technology Breakthrough. 1.4 IP Management Challenges. 1.5 IP/PSTN Integration. 1.7 Summary. 2 eCommerce (Paul Levine). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 eCommerce Requirements. 2.3 Open-edi. 2.4 Business Operational View. 2.5 Semantics (Data Definition Standards). 2.6 Shared Semantics for Interoperability (Data Exchange Standards). 2.7 Summary. 3 Quality of Service in IP Networks (Joberto Sérgio Barbosa Martins). Introduction. 3.1 IP Context and Quality of Service. 3.2 Quality of Service. 3.3 Quality of Service: Approaches and Initiatives for IP Networks. 3.4 Packet Conditioning, Queue Scheduling, and Congestion Control in Routers. 3.5 Integrated Services Architecture. 3.6 Differentiated Services Architecture. 3.7 Multiprotocol Label Switching. 3.8 Summary. 4 A Survey of Charging Internet Services (Burkhard Stiller). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Motivation and Terminology. 4.3 Related Work. 4.4 Internet Services and Technology Choices. 4.5 Pricing Models. 4.6 ISP Cost Models. 4.7 Charging Support Systems. 4.8 Business Model Aspects. 4.9 Summary and Conclusions. 5 IP Security (Mostafa Hashem Sherif). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Security of Telecommunications Services. 5.3 Security Objectives. 5.4 OSI Model for Cryptographic Security. 5.5 Message Confidentiality. 5.6 Data Integrity. 5.7 Identification of Participants. 5.8 Authentication of Participants. 5.9 Access Control. 5.10 Nonrepudiation. 5.11 Secure Management of Cryptographic Keys. 5.12 Exchange of Secret Keys: Kerberos. 5.13 Exchange of Public Keys. 5.14 Certificate Management. 5.15 Applications for Network Management. 5.16 Encryption Cracks. 5.17 Summary. Appendix I: Areas Related to Security Policies. Appendix II: Principles of Symmetric Encryption. Appendix III: Principles of Public Key Encryption. Appendix IV: Principles of the Digital Signature Algorithm. 6 The Future Optical Internet: Integration of Optical and IP Technologies (Andrea Fumagalli, Javier Aracil, and Luca Valcarenghi). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Optical Network Technologies. 6.3 Protocol Architectures, Signaling and Framing Techniques for the Optical Internet. 6.4 Traffic Engineering in the Optical Internet. 6.5 Open Challenges. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn expert guide to understanding and making optimum use of BSIM Used by more chip designers worldwide than any other comparable model, the Berkeley Short-Channel IGFET Model (BSIM) has, over the past few years, established itself as the de facto standard MOSFET SPICE model for circuit simulation and CMOS technology development.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Modeling Jargons. 1.1 SPICE Simulator and SPICE Model. 1.2 Numerical Iteration and Convergence. 1.3 Digital vs. Analog Models. 1.4 Smoothing Function and Single Equation. 1.5 Chain Rule. 1.6 Quasi-Static Approximation. 1.7 Terminal Charges and Charge Partition. 1.8 Charge Conservation. 1.9 Non-Quasi-Static and Quasi-Static y-Parameters. 1.10 Source-Referencing and Inverse Modeling. 1.11 Physical Model and Table-Lookup Model. 1.12 Scalable Model and Device Binning. References and Notes. 2 Basic Facts About BSIM3. 2.1 What Is and What's Not Implemented in BSIM3. 2.2 DC Equivalent Circuit Model. 2.3 BSIM3's ^-Parameters. 2.4 Large-Signal Equivalent Circuit. 2.5 Small-Signal Model. 2.6 Noise Equivalent Circuit. 2.7 Special Operating Conditions: VDS <0, VBS > 0, VGS <0, or VBD > 0>. References and Notes. 3 BSIM3 Parameters. 3.1 List of Parameters According to Function. 3.2 Alphabetical Glossary of BSIM3 Parameters. 3.3 Flow Diagram of SPICE Simulation. References and Notes. 4 Improvable Areas of BSIM3. 4.1 Lack of Robust Non-Quasi-Static Models: Transient Analysis. 4.2 Problem with the 40/60 Partition: The "Killer NOR Gate". 4.3 Lack of Channel Resistance (NQS Effect; Small-Signal Analysis). 4.4 Incorrect Transconductance Dependency on Frequency. 4.5 Lack of Gate Resistance (and Associated Noise). 4.6 Lack of Substrate Distributed Resistance (and Associated Noise). 4.7 Incorrect Source/Drain Asymmetry at VDS = 0. 4.8 Incorrect Cgb Behaviors. 4.9 Capacitances with Wrong Signs. 4.10 Cgg Fit and Other Capacitance Issues. 4.11 Insufficient Noise Modeling (No Excess Short-Channel Thermal Noise). 4.12 Insufficient Noise Modeling (No Channel-Induced Gate Noise). 4.13 Incorrect Noise Figure Behavior. 4.14 Inconsistent Input-Referred Noise Behavior. 4.15 Possible Negative Transconductances. 4.16 Lack of GIDL (Gate-Induced Drain Leakage) Current. 4.17 Incorrect Subthreshold Behaviors. 4.18 Threshold Voltage Rollup. 4.19 Problems Associated with a Nonzero RDSW. 4.20 Other Nuisances. References and Notes. 5. Improvements in BSIM4. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Physical and Electrical Oxide Thicknesses. 5.3 Strong Inversion Potential for Vertical Nonuniform Doping Profile. 5.4 Threshold Voltage Modifications. 5.5 VGST^ in Moderate Inversion. 5.6 Drain Conductance Model. 5.7 Mobility Model. 5.8 Diode Capacitance. 5.9 Diode Breakdown. 5.10 GIDL (Gate-Induced Drain Leakage) Current. 5.11 Bias-Dependent Drain-Source Resistance. 5.12 Gate Resistance. 5.13 Substrate Resistance. 5.14 Overlap Capacitance. 5.15 Thermal Noise Models. 5.16 Flicker Noise Model. 5.17 Non-Quasi-Static AC Model. 5.18 Gate Tunneling Currents. 5.19 Layout-Dependent Parasitics. References and Notes. Appendixes. A BSIM3 Equations. B Capacitances and Charges for All Bias Conditions. C Non-Quasi-Static ^-Parameters. D Fringing Capacitance. E BSIM3 Non-Quasi-Static Modeling. F Noise Figure. G BSIM4 Equations. Index.

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Book SynopsisRadio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering addresses the theory, analysis and design of passive and active RFIC''s using Si-based CMOS and Bi-CMOS technologies, and other non-silicon based technologies. The materials covered are self-contained and presented in such detail that allows readers with only undergraduate electrical engineering knowledge in EM, RF, and circuits to understand and design RFICs. Organized into sixteen chapters, blending analog and microwave engineering, Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering emphasizes the microwave engineering approach for RFICs. * Provides essential knowledge in EM and microwave engineering, passive and active RFICs, RFIC analysis and design techniques, and RF systems vital for RFIC students and engineers * Blends analog and microwave engineering approaches for RFIC design at high frequencies * Includes problems at the end of each chapterTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Problems 5 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 6 2.1 EM Field Parameters 6 2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 7 2.3 Auxiliary Relations 8 2.3.1 Constitutive Relations 8 2.3.2 Current Relations 9 2.4 Sinusoidal Time-Varying Steady State 9 2.5 Boundary Conditions 10 2.5.1 General Boundary Conditions 11 2.5.2 Specific Boundary Conditions 11 2.6 Wave Equations 12 2.7 Power 13 2.8 Loss and Propagation Constant in Medium 14 2.9 Skin Depth 16 2.10 Surface Impedance 17 Problems 19 3 Lumped Elements 20 3.1 Fundamentals of Lumped Elements 20 3.1.1 Basic Equations 23 3.2 Quality Factor of Lumped Elements 28 3.3 Modeling of Lumped Elements 30 3.4 Inductors 32 3.4.1 Inductor Configurations 32 3.4.2 Loss in Inductors 36 3.4.3 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Inductors 39 3.4.4 Resonance in Inductors 45 3.4.5 Quality Factor of Inductors 46 3.4.6 High Q Inductor Design Considerations 51 3.5 Lumped-Element Capacitors 60 3.5.1 Capacitor Configurations 60 3.5.2 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Capacitors 63 3.5.3 Resonance 68 3.5.4 Quality Factor 69 3.5.5 High Q Capacitor Design Considerations 71 3.6 Lumped-Element Resistors 72 3.6.1 Resistor Configurations 72 3.6.2 Basic Resistor Equations 72 3.6.3 Equivalent-Circuit Models of Resistors 75 References 75 Problems 76 4 Transmission Lines 85 4.1 Essentials of Transmission Lines 85 4.2 Transmission-Line Equations 86 4.2.1 General Transmission-Line Equations 86 4.2.2 Sinusoidal Steady-State Transmission-Line Equations 91 4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters 93 4.3.1 General Transmission Lines 93 4.3.2 Lossless Transmission Lines 96 4.3.3 Low Loss Transmission Lines 96 4.4 Per-Unit-Length Parameters R,L,C, and G 97 4.4.1 General Formulation 97 4.4.2 Formulation for Simple Transmission Lines 104 4.5 Dielectric and Conductor Losses in Transmission Lines 107 4.5.1 Dielectric Attenuation Constant 108 4.5.2 Conductor Attenuation Constant 109 4.6 Dispersion and Distortion in Transmission Lines 111 4.6.1 Dispersion 111 4.6.2 Distortion 111 4.6.3 Distortion-Less Transmission Lines 113 4.7 Group Velocity 115 4.8 Impedance, Reflection Coefficients, and Standing-Wave Ratios 117 4.8.1 Impedance 117 4.8.2 Reflection Coefficients 119 4.8.3 Standing-Wave Ratio 120 4.8.4 Perfect Match and Total Reflection 122 4.8.5 Lossless Transmission Lines 123 4.9 Synthetic Transmission Lines 126 4.10 Tem and Quasi-Tem Transmission-Line Parameters 128 4.10.1 Static or Quasi-Static Analysis 129 4.10.2 Dynamic Analysis 130 4.11 Printed-Circuit Transmission Lines 132 4.11.1 Microstrip Line 133 4.11.2 CoplanarWaveguide 135 4.11.3 Coplanar Strips 138 4.11.4 Strip Line 139 4.11.5 Slot Line 141 4.11.6 Field Distributions 142 4.12 Transmission Lines in RFICs 144 4.12.1 Microstrip Line 145 4.12.2 CoplanarWaveguide 146 4.12.3 Coplanar Strips 149 4.12.4 Strip Line 149 4.12.5 Slot Line 150 4.12.6 Transitions and Junctions Between Transmission Lines 150 4.13 Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines 152 4.13.1 Transmission-Line Equations 152 4.13.2 Propagation Modes 156 4.13.3 Characteristic Impedance and Admittance Matrix 157 4.13.4 Mode Characteristic Impedances and Admittances 159 4.13.5 Impedance and Admittance Matrix 161 4.13.6 Lossless Multiconductor Transmission Lines 163 References 173 Problems 174 Appendix 4: Transmission-Line Equations Derived From Maxwell’s Equations 182 5 Resonators 186 5.1 Fundamentals of Resonators 186 5.1.1 Parallel Resonators 187 5.1.2 Series Resonators 188 5.2 Quality Factor 189 5.2.1 Parallel Resonators 190 5.2.2 Series Resonators 193 5.2.3 Unloaded Quality Factor 195 5.2.4 Loaded Quality Factor 195 5.2.5 Evaluation of and Relation between Unloaded and Loaded Quality Factors 198 5.3 Distributed Resonators 205 5.3.1 Quality-Factor Characteristics 206 5.3.2 Transmission-Line Resonators 207 5.3.3 Waveguide Cavity Resonators 216 5.4 Resonator’s Slope Parameters 231 5.5 Transformation of Resonators 231 5.5.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 231 5.5.2 Examples of Resonator Transformation 236 References 237 Problems 238 6 Impedance Matching 244 6.1 Basic Impedance Matching 244 6.1.1 Smith Chart 244 6.2 Design of Impedance-Matching Networks 248 6.2.1 Impedance-Matching Network Topologies 249 6.2.2 Impedance Transformation through Series and Shunt Inductor and Capacitor 249 6.2.3 Examples of Impedance-Matching Network Design 252 6.2.4 Transmission-Line Impedance-Matching Networks 255 6.3 Kuroda Identities 262 References 266 Problems 266 7 Scattering Parameters 271 7.1 Multiport Networks 271 7.2 Impedance Matrix 273 7.3 Admittance Matrix 274 7.4 Impedance and Admittance Matrix in RF Circuit Analysis 274 7.4.1 T-Network Representation of Two-Port RF Circuits 275 7.4.2 π-Network Representation of Two-Port RF Circuits 278 7.5 Scattering Matrix 279 7.5.1 Fundamentals of Scattering Matrix 279 7.5.2 Examples for Scattering Parameters 287 7.5.3 Effect of Reference-Plane Change on Scattering Matrix 288 7.5.4 Return Loss, Insertion Loss, and Gain 290 7.6 Chain Matrix 293 7.7 Scattering Transmission Matrix 294 7.8 Conversion between Two-Port Parameters 295 7.8.1 Conversion from [Z] to [ABCD] 295 References 298 Problems 298 8 RF Passive Components 304 8.1 Characteristics of Multiport RF Passive Components 304 8.1.1 Characteristics of Three-Port Components 304 8.1.2 Characteristics of Four-Port Components 309 8.2 Directional Couplers 311 8.2.1 Fundamentals of Directional Couplers 311 8.2.2 Parallel-Coupled Directional Couplers 313 8.3 Hybrids 326 8.3.1 Hybrid T 326 8.3.2 Ring Hybrid 328 8.3.3 Branch-Line Coupler 335 8.4 Power Dividers 339 8.4.1 Even-Mode Analysis 340 8.4.2 Odd-Mode Analysis 342 8.4.3 Superimposition of Even and Odd Modes 343 8.5 Filters 345 8.5.1 Low Pass Filter 345 8.5.2 High Pass Filter Design 357 8.5.3 Band-Pass Filter Design 359 8.5.4 Band-Stop Filter Design 361 8.5.5 Filter Design Using Impedance and Admittance Inverters 364 References 371 Problems 372 9 Fundamentals of CMOS Transistors For RFIC Design 379 9.1 MOSFET Basics 379 9.1.1 MOSFET Structure 379 9.1.2 MOSFET Operation 382 9.2 MOSFET Models 386 9.2.1 Physics-Based Models 387 9.2.2 Empirical Models 387 9.2.3 SPICE Models 402 9.2.4 Passive MOSFET Models 404 9.3 Important MOSFET Frquencies 407 9.3.1 fT 408 9.3.2 fmax 408 9.4 Other Important MOSFET Parameters 409 9.5 Varactor Diodes 409 9.5.1 Varactor Structure and Operation 409 9.5.2 Varactor Model and Characteristics 410 References 412 Problems 412 10 Stability 418 10.1 Fundamentals of Stability 418 10.2 Determination of Stable and Unstable Regions 421 10.3 Stability Consideration for N-Port Circuits 427 References 427 Problems 428 11 Amplifiers 430 11.1 Fundamentals of Amplifier Design 430 11.1.1 Power Gain 430 11.1.2 Gain Design 433 11.2 Low Noise Amplifiers 443 11.2.1 Noise Figure Fundamentals 443 11.2.2 MOSFET Noise Parameters 446 11.2.3 Noise Figure of Multistage Amplifiers 447 11.2.4 Noise-Figure Design 448 11.2.5 Design for Gain and Noise Figure 450 11.3 Design Examples 451 11.3.1 Unilateral Amplifier Design 451 11.3.2 Bilateral Amplifier Design 454 11.4 Power Amplifiers 455 11.4.1 Power-Amplifier Parameters 455 11.4.2 Power-Amplifier Types 458 11.5 Balanced Amplifiers 470 11.5.1 Differential Amplifiers 470 11.5.2 Ninety-Degree Balanced Amplifiers 485 11.5.3 Push–Pull Amplifiers 487 11.6 Broadband Amplifiers 489 11.6.1 Compensated Matching Networks 489 11.6.2 Distributed Amplifiers 490 11.6.3 Feedback Amplifiers 523 11.6.4 Cascoded Common-Source Amplifiers 540 11.7 Current Mirrors 548 11.7.1 Basic Current Mirror 550 11.7.2 Cascode Current Mirror 550 References 552 Problems 553 A11.1 Fundamentals of Signal Flow Graph 563 A11.2 Signal Flow Graph of Two-Port Networks 563 A11.2.1 Transistor’s Signal Flow Graph 563 A11.2.2 Input Matching Network’s Signal Flow Graph 564 A11.2.3 Output Matching Network’s Signal Flow Graph 565 A11.2.4 Signal Flow Graph of the Composite Two-Port Network 566 A11.3 Derivation of Network’s Parameters Using Signal Flow Graphs 566 A11.3.1 Examples of Derivation 567 A11.3.2 Derivation of Reflection Coefficients and Power Gain 568 References 571 12 Oscillators 572 12.1 Principle of Oscillation 572 12.1.1 Oscillation Conditions 573 12.1.2 Oscillation Determination 574 12.2 Fundamentals of Oscillator Design 575 12.2.1 Basic Oscillators 576 12.2.2 Feedback Oscillators 579 12.3 Phase Noise 587 12.3.1 Fundamentals of Phase Noise 588 12.3.2 Phase Noise Modeling 593 12.3.3 Low Phase-Noise Design Consideration 599 12.3.4 Effects of Phase Noise on Systems 599 12.3.5 Analysis Example of Effects of Phase Noise 601 12.4 Oscillator Circuits 602 12.4.1 Cross-Coupled Oscillators 602 12.4.2 Distributed Oscillators 612 12.4.3 Push-Push Oscillators 617 References 626 Problems 627 13 Mixers 633 13.1 Fundamentals of Mixers 633 13.1.1 Mixing Principle 633 13.1.2 Mixer Parameters 636 13.2 Mixer Types 641 13.2.1 Single-Ended Mixer 642 13.2.2 Single-Balanced Mixer 642 13.2.3 Double-Balanced Mixer 646 13.2.4 Doubly Double-Balanced Mixer 649 13.3 Other Mixers 650 13.3.1 Passive Mixer 650 13.3.2 Image-Reject Mixer 651 13.3.3 Quadrature Mixer 652 13.3.4 Distributed Mixer 652 13.4 Mixer Analysis and Design 656 13.4.1 Switching Mixer Fundamental 656 13.4.2 Single-Ended Mixer 658 13.4.3 Single-Balanced Mixer 661 13.4.4 Double-Balanced Mixer 663 13.4.5 Source Degeneration in Mixer Design 665 13.5 Sampling Mixer 667 13.5.1 Fundamentals of Sampling 668 13.5.2 Sampling Theory 669 13.5.3 Sampling Process 670 13.5.4 Sample and Hold 673 13.5.5 Sampling Switch 678 13.5.6 Integrated Sampling Mixer 678 References 689 Problems 690 14 Switches 694 14.1 Fundamentals of Switches 694 14.1.1 Switch Operation 694 14.1.2 Important Parameters 695 14.2 Analysis of Switching MOSFET 697 14.2.1 Analysis of Shunt Transistor 697 14.2.2 Analysis of Series Transistor 698 14.2.3 Analysis of Combined Series and Shunt Transistors 699 14.2.4 Selection of MOSFET 699 14.2.5 Design Consideration for Improved Insertion Loss and Isolation 701 14.3 SPST Switches 702 14.3.1 SPST Switch Employing Two Parallel MOSFETs 702 14.3.2 SPST Switch Employing Two Series MOSFETs 703 14.3.3 SPST Switch Employing Two Series and Two Shunt MOSFETs 703 14.3.4 SPST Switch Using Impedance or Admittance Inverters 703 14.4 SPDT Switches 712 14.4.1 SPDT Switch Topologies 712 14.4.2 SPDT Switch Analysis 713 14.5 Ultra-Wideband Switches 714 14.5.1 Ultra-Wideband SPST Switch 715 14.5.2 Ultra-Wideband T/R Switch 721 14.6 Ultra-High-Isolation Switches 727 14.6.1 Ultra-High-Isolation Switch Architecture and Analysis 727 14.6.2 Ultra-High-Isolation SPST Switch Design 733 14.7 Filter Switches 737 References 739 Problems 739 15 RFIC Simulation, Layout, and Test 747 15.1 RFIC Simulation 748 15.1.1 DC Simulation 749 15.1.2 Small-Signal AC Simulation 749 15.1.3 Transient Simulation 749 15.1.4 Periodic Steady State Simulation 749 15.1.5 Harmonic-Balance Simulation 750 15.1.6 Periodic Distortion Analysis 751 15.1.7 Envelope Simulation 751 15.1.8 Periodic Small Signal Analysis 751 15.1.9 EM Simulation 751 15.1.10 Statistical and Mismatch Simulation 754 15.2 RFIC Layout 754 15.2.1 General Layout Issues 754 15.2.2 Passive and Active Component Layout 755 15.3 RFIC Measurement 758 15.3.1 On-Wafer Measurement 759 15.3.2 Off-Chip Measurement 782 References 784 Problems 784 16 Systems 788 16.1 Fundamentals of Systems 788 16.1.1 Friis Transmission Equation 788 16.1.2 System Equation 790 16.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of System 791 16.1.4 Receiver Sensitivity 793 16.1.5 System Performance Factor 794 16.1.6 Power 796 16.1.7 Angle and Range Resolution 797 16.1.8 Range Accuracy 800 16.2 System Type 801 16.2.1 Pulse System 801 16.2.2 FMCW System 803 16.2.3 Receiver Architectures 808 References 826 Problems 826 Appendix: RFIC Design Example: Mixer 830 A1.1 Circuit Design Specifications and General Design Information 830 A1.2 Mixer Design 830 A1.2.1 Single-Ended to Differential Input Active Balun 832 A1.2.2 Double-Balanced Gilbert Cell 832 A1.2.3 Differential to Single-Ended Output Active Balun 834 A1.2.4 Band-Pass Filter 834 A1.3 Mixer Optimization and Layout 835 A1.4 Simulation Results 836 A1.4.1 Stability 836 A1.4.2 Return Loss 836 A1.4.3 Conversion Gain 836 A1.4.4 Noise Figure 837 A1.4.5 Other Mixer Performance 837 A1.5 Measured Results 838 References 840 Index 841

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to ICA for students and practitioners Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the most exciting new topics in fields such as neural networks, advanced statistics, and signal processing.Trade Review"...researchers...introduce independent component analysis as a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES. Random Vectors and Independence. Gradients and Optimization Methods. Estimation Theory. Information Theory. Principal Component Analysis and Whitening. BASIC INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS. What is Independent Component Analysis? ICA by Maximization of Nongaussianity. ICA by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. ICA by Minimization of Mutual Information. ICA by Tensorial Methods. ICA by Nonlinear Decorrelation and Nonlinear PCA. Practical Considerations. Overview and Comparison of Basic ICA Methods. EXTENSIONS AND RELATED METHODS. Noisy ICA. ICA with Overcomplete Bases. Nonlinear ICA. Methods using Time Structure. Convolutive Mixtures and Blind Deconvolution. Other Extensions. APPLICATIONS OF ICA. Feature Extraction by ICA. Brain Imaging Applications. Telecommunications. Other Applications. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntelligent Image Processing describes the EyeTap technology that allows non-invasive tapping into the human eye through devices built into eyeglass frames. This isn't merely about a computer screen inside eyeglasses, but rather the ability to have a shared telepathic experience among viewers.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Humanistic Intelligence as a Basis for Intelligent Image Processing 1.1 Humanistic Intelligence/ 1.2 "WearComp" as Means of Realizing Humanistic Intelligence 1.3 Practical Embodiments of Humanistic Intelligence 2 Where on the Body is the Best Place for a Personal Imaging System? 2.1 Portable Imaging Systems 2.2 Personal Handheld Systems 2.3 Concomitant Cover Activities and the Videoclips Camera System 2.4 The Wristwatch Videophone: A Fully Functional "Always Ready" Prototype 2.5 Telepointer: Wearable Hands-Free Completely Self-Contained Visual Augmented Reality 2.6 Portable Personal Pulse Doppler Radar Vision System Based on Time-Frequency Analysis and q-Chirplet Transform 2.7 When Both Camera and Display are Headworn: Personal Imaging and Mediated Reality 2.8 Partially Mediated Reality 2.9 Seeing "Eye-to-Eye" 2.10 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 3 The EyeTap Principle: Effectively Locating the Camera Inside the Eye as an Alternative to Wearable Camera Systems 3.1 A Personal Imaging System for Lifelong Video Capture 3.2 The EyeTap Principle 3.3 Practical Embodiments of EyeTap 3.4 Problems with Previously Known Camera Viewfinders 3.5 The Aremac 3.6 The Foveated Personal Imaging System 3.7 Teaching the EyeTap Principle 3.8 Calibration of EyeTap Systems 3.9 Using the Device as a Reality Mediator 3.10 User Studies 3.11 Summary and Conclusions 3.12 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 4 Comparametric Equations, Quantigraphic Image Processing, and Comparagraphic Rendering 4.1 Historical Background 4.2 The Wyckoff Principle and the Range of Light 4.3 Comparametric Image Processing: Comparing Differently Exposed Images of the Same Subject Matter 4.4 The Comparagram: Practical Implementations of Comparanalysis 4.5 Spatiotonal Photoquantigraphic Filters 4.6 Glossary of Functions 4.7 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 5 Lightspace and Antihomomorphic Vector Spaces 5.1 Lightspace 5.2 The Lightspace Analysis Function 5.3 The "Spotflash" Primitive 5.4 LAF×LSF Imaging ("Lightspace") 5.5 Lightspace Subspaces 5.6 "Lightvector" Subspace 5.7 Painting with Lightvectors: Photographic/Videographic Origins and Applications of WearComp-Based Mediated Reality 5.8 Collaborative Mediated Reality Field Trials 5.9 Conclusions 5.10 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework 6 VideoOrbits: The Projective Geometry Renaissance 6.1 VideoOrbits 6.2 Background 6.3 Framework: Motion Parameter Estimation and Optical Flow 6.4 Multiscale Implementations in 2-D 6.5 Performance and Applications 6.6 AGC and the Range of Light 6.7 Joint Estimation of Both Domain and Range Coordinate Transformations 6.8 The Big Picture 6.9 Reality Window Manager 6.10 Application of Orbits: The Photonic Firewall 6.11 All the World's a Skinner Box 6.12 Blocking Spam with a Photonic Filter 6.13 Exercises, Problem Sets, and Homework Appendix A: Safety First! Appendix B: Multiambic Keyer for Use While Engaged in Other Activities B.1 Introduction B.2 Background and Terminology on Keyers B.3 Optimal Keyer Design: The Conformal Keyer B.4 The Seven Stages of a Keypress B.5 The Pentakeyer B.6 Redundancy B.7 Ordinally Conditional Modifiers B.8 Rollover B.8.1 Example of Rollover on a Cybernetic Keyer B.9 Further Increasing the Chordic Redundancy Factor: A More Expressive Keyer B.10 Including One Time Constant B.11 Making a Conformal Multiambic Keyer B.12 Comparison to Related Work B.13 Conclusion B.14 Acknowledgments Appendix C: WearCam GNUX Howto C.1 Installing GNUX on WearComps C.2 Getting Started C.3 Stop the Virus from Running C.4 Making Room for an Operating System C.5 Other Needed Files C.6 Defrag / 323 C.7 Fips C.8 Starting Up in GNUX with Ramdisk Appendix D: How to Build a Covert Computer Imaging System into Ordinary Looking Sunglasses D.1 The Move from Sixth-Generation WearComp to Seventh-Generation D.2 Label the Wires! D.3 Soldering Wires Directly to the Kopin CyberDisplay D.4 Completing the Computershades Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a particularly good discussion of the electromagnetics of light in bounded media (i.e. , fibers). The only book that treats the two complementary topics, fiber and integrated optics. A careful and thorough presentation of the topics that make it well suited for self-study.Trade Review"...this set provides an excellent course on photonics for the student as well as for the practicing engineer?should be seriously considered by any instructor.... It certainly belongs in any college or university library...as well as any library that considers it to be technical in nature or to have a technical clientele." (E-Streams, Vol. 6, No. 2, February 2003) "...a must for all libraries at universities and industrial laboratories..." (Optik, 2003)Table of ContentsPlanar Optical Guides for Integrated Optics. Optical Waveguides and Devices for Integrated Optics. Modes and Dispersion in Optical Fibers. Detecting Light. Optical Amplifiers. Transmitters. Stationary and Solitary Solutions in a Nonlinear Medium. Communicating by Fiber Optics.

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Book SynopsisTogether with the internet site, this book is suitable for independent and remote study. The Web site is kept to date and guest educational institutions are invited to join in creating their own lab modules on different device aspects.Trade Review"…a groundbreaking resource for remote study of interactive electronics applications." (IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter, January 2004) "I would recommend this book for any academic electrical or electronics collection, especially those at institutions where distance and online learning play an important role." (E-STREAMS, July 2004) “...offers an excellent introduction to and a how-to-use tutorial...highly recommended.” (Choice, Vol. 41, No. 7, March 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Electronics Laboratory Experiments Accessible via Internet (T.A. Fjeldly and M.S. Shur). 2. MIT Microelectronics WebLab (J.A. del Alamo, et al.). 3. Instrumentation on the Web (T. Zimmer, et al.). 4. Next-Generation Laboratory: Solution for Remote Characterization of Analog Integrate Circuits (C. Wulff, et al.). 5. Remote Laboratory for Electrical Experiments (I. Gustavsson). 6. Remote Laboratory: Bringing Students Up Close to Semiconductor Devices (A. Söderlund, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first comprehensive description of an important topic, both in terms of technology and pure research, in a number of different disciplines. It is beginning to be offered as a graduate-level course and there are many researchers and engineers who use ultrafast laser systems in their daily work.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction and Review 1 1.1 Introduction to Ultrashort Laser Pulses 1 1.2 Brief Review of Electromagnetics 4 1.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 4 1.2.2 The Wave Equation and Plane Waves 6 1.2.3 Poynting’s Vector and Power Flow 8 1.3 Review of Laser Essentials 10 1.3.1 Steady-State Laser Operation 10 1.3.2 Gain and Gain Saturation in Four-Level Atoms 15 1.3.3 Gaussian Beams and Transverse Laser Modes 17 1.4 Introduction to Ultrashort Pulse Generation Through Mode-Locking 22 1.5 Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms 25 1.5.1 Analytical Aspects 25 1.5.2 Computational Aspects 28 Problems 30 2 Principles of Mode-Locking 32 2.1 Processes Involved in Mode-Locking 32 2.2 Active Mode-Locking 33 2.2.1 Time-Domain Treatment 34 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Treatment 40 2.2.3 Variations of Active Mode-Locking 43 2.3 Passive Mode-Locking Using Saturable Absorbers 44 2.3.1 Saturation Model 47 2.3.2 Slow Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 50 2.3.3 Fast Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 54 2.4 Solid-State Laser Mode-Locking Using the Optical Kerr Effect 57 2.4.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index Changes 57 2.4.2 Self-Amplitude Modulation Self-Phase Modulation and Group Velocity Dispersion 58 2.4.3 Additive Pulse Mode-Locking 60 2.4.4 Kerr Lens Mode-Locking 64 2.4.5 Mode-Locking Solutions 75 2.4.6 Initiation of Mode-Locking 81 Problems 83 3 Ultrafast-pulse Measurement Methods 85 3.1 Terminology and Definitions 85 3.2 Electric Field Autocorrelation Measurements and the Power Spectrum 88 3.3 Electric Field Cross-Correlation Measurements and Spectral Interferometry 91 3.3.1 Electric Field Cross-Correlation 92 3.3.2 Spectral Interferometry 93 3.3.3 Application: Optical Coherence Tomography 96 3.4 Intensity Correlation Measurements 99 3.4.1 Correlation Measurements Using Second-Harmonic Generation 99 3.4.2 Experimental Procedures 108 3.4.3 Correlation Measurements Using Two-Photon absorption 110 3.4.4 Higher-Order Correlation Techniques 111 3.5 Chirped Pulses and Measurements in the Time–Frequency Domain 112 3.6 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating 118 3.6.1 Polarization-Gating FROG 119 3.6.2 Self-Diffraction FROG 122 3.6.3 Second-Harmonic-Generation FROG 124 3.6.4 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating Using Temporal Phase Modulation 125 3.6.5 Signal Recovery from FROG Traces 126 3.7 Pulse Measurements Based on Frequency Filtering 130 3.7.1 Single-Slit Approaches 131 3.7.2 Double-Slit Approach 134 3.8 Self-Referencing Interferometry 135 3.8.1 Time-Domain Interferometry of Chirped Pulses 135 3.8.2 Self-Referencing Spectral Interferometry 137 3.9 Characterization of Noise and Jitter 139 Problems 144 4 Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation 147 4.1 Group Velocity Dispersion 147 4.1.1 Group Velocity Definition and General Dispersion Relations 147 4.1.2 General Aspects of Material Dispersion 151 4.2 Temporal Dispersion Based on Angular Dispersion 155 4.2.1 Relation Between Angular and Temporal Dispersion 155 4.2.2 Angular Dispersion and Tilted Intensity Fronts 159 4.3 Dispersion of Grating Pairs 161 4.4 Dispersion of Prism Pairs 166 4.5 Dispersive Properties of Lenses 173 4.6 Dispersion of Mirror Structures 177 4.6.1 The Gires–Tournois Interferometer 178 4.6.2 Quarter-Wave Stack High Reflectors 180 4.6.3 Chirped Mirrors 182 4.7 Measurements of Group Velocity Dispersion 186 4.7.1 Interferometric Methods 187 4.7.2 Frequency-Domain Intracavity Dispersion Measurements 190 4.8 Appendix 191 4.8.1 Frequency-Dependent Phase Due to Propagation Through a Slab: Alternative Derivation 191 4.8.2 Impedance Method for Analysis of Dielectric Mirror Stacks 192 Problems 195 5 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Second Order 198 5.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 198 5.2 The Forced Wave Equation 201 5.2.1 Frequency-Domain Formulation 202 5.2.2 Time-Domain Formulation 203 5.3 Summary of Continuous-Wave Second-Harmonic Generation 204 5.3.1 Effect of Phase Matching 207 5.3.2 Phase Matching in Birefringent Media 209 5.3.3 Focusing Effects in Continuous-Wave SHG 215 5.4 Second-Harmonic Generation with Pulses 220 5.4.1 SHG in the Quasi-Continuous-Wave Limit 220 5.4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse SHG 221 5.4.3 Quasi-Phase Matching 228 5.4.4 Effect of Group Velocity Walk-off on SHG-Based Pulse Measurements 233 5.5 Three-Wave Interactions 237 5.5.1 Sum Frequency Generation 240 5.5.2 Difference Frequency Generation 244 5.5.3 Optical Parametric Amplification 245 5.6 Appendix 253 5.6.1 Spatial Walk-off and Pulse Fronts in Anisotropic Media 253 5.6.2 Velocity Matching in Broadband Noncollinear Three-Wave Mixing 254 Problems 256 6 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Third Order 258 6.1 Propagation Equation for Nonlinear Refractive Index Media 258 6.1.1 Plane Waves in Uniform Media 260 6.1.2 Nonlinear Propagation in Waveguides 261 6.1.3 Optical Fiber Types 264 6.2 The Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation 266 6.3 Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.1 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.2 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation with Loss 273 6.3.3 Self-Phase Modulation with Normal Dispersion 274 6.3.4 Cross-Phase Modulation 275 6.4 Pulse Compression 276 6.5 Modulational Instability 283 6.6 Solitons 286 6.7 Higher-Order Propagation Effects 291 6.7.1 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Uniform Media 292 6.7.2 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Waveguides 295 6.7.3 Delayed Nonlinear Response and the Raman Effect 296 6.7.4 Self-Steepening 306 6.7.5 Space–Time Focusing 308 6.8 Continuum Generation 310 Problems 313 7 Mode-Locking: Selected Advanced Topics 316 7.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers: Artificial Fast Saturable Absorbers 316 7.1.1 The Figure-Eight Laser 317 7.1.2 Energy Quantization 322 7.1.3 Soliton Sidebands 324 7.2 Soliton Mode-Locking: Active Modulation and Slow Saturable Absorbers 328 7.2.1 Harmonically Mode-Locked Soliton Fiber Lasers 328 7.2.2 The Net Gain Window in Soliton Mode-Locking 330 7.3 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locking 337 7.3.1 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locked Fiber Laser 337 7.3.2 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 340 7.3.3 Theoretical Issues 342 7.4 Mode-Locked Lasers in the Few-Cycle Regime 344 7.5 Mode-Locked Frequency Combs 347 7.5.1 Comb Basics 347 7.5.2 Measurement Techniques 350 7.5.3 Stabilization of Frequency Combs 354 7.5.4 Applications 356 Problems 360 8 Manipulation of Ultrashort Pulses 362 8.1 Fourier Transform Pulse Shaping 362 8.1.1 Examples of Pulse Shaping Using Fixed Masks 364 8.1.2 Programmable Pulse Shaping 369 8.1.3 Pulse-Shaping Theory 376 8.2 Other Pulse-Shaping Techniques 386 8.2.1 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 386 8.2.2 Acousto-optic Dispersive Filters 390 8.3 Chirp Processing and Time Lenses 394 8.3.1 Space–Time Duality 394 8.3.2 Chirp Processing 397 8.3.3 Time Lens Processing 399 8.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Amplification 405 8.4.1 Amplification Basics 406 8.4.2 Special Issues in Femtosecond Amplifiers 411 8.5 Appendix 416 8.5.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Transform Property of a Lens 416 8.5.2 Wave Optics Model of a Grating 418 Problems 420 9 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 422 9.1 Introduction to Ultrafast Spectroscopy 422 9.2 Degenerate Pump–Probe Transmission Measurements 426 9.2.1 Co-polarized Fields: Scalar Treatment 426 9.2.2 Vector Fields and Orientational Effects 431 9.3 Nondegenerate and Spectrally Resolved Pump–Probe: Case Studies 439 9.3.1 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of Dye Molecules 440 9.3.2 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of GaAs 444 9.4 Basic Quantum Mechanics for Coherent Short-Pulse Spectroscopies 451 9.4.1 Some Basic Quantum Mechanics 451 9.4.2 The Density Matrix 456 9.5 Wave Packets 460 9.5.1 Example: Semiconductor Quantum Wells 461 9.5.2 Molecules 462 9.6 Dephasing Phenomena 469 9.6.1 Linear Spectroscopies 469 9.6.2 Models of Dephasing 475 9.6.3 Measurement of Dephasing Using Transient Gratings 481 9.6.4 Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy 494 9.7 Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering 499 Problems 505 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Electromagnetics 507 10.1 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Transmission Lines 507 10.1.1 Photoconductive Generation and Sampling 507 10.1.2 Electro-optic Sampling 513 10.2 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Terahertz Beams 516 10.2.1 Generation and Measurement of Terahertz Pulses 517 10.2.2 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging 527 Problems 531 References 533 Index 563

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Book SynopsisA thorough examination of the present and future of semiconductor device technology Engineers continue to develop new electronic semiconductor devices that are almost exponentially smaller, faster, and more efficient than their immediate predecessors.Trade Review"A discussion of important emerging technologies and trends in semiconductor devices..." SciTech Book NewsTable of ContentsPREFACE. 1 OVERVIEW OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE TRENDS. 1.1 Moore's Law and Its Implications. 1.2 Semiconductor Devices for Telecommunications. 1.3 Digital Communications. 2 SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2.1 Formation of Heterostructures. 2.2 Modulation Doping. 2.3 Two-Dimensional Subband Transport at Heterointerfaces. 2.4 Strain and Stress at Heterointerfaces. 2.5 Perpendicular Transport in Heterostructures and Superlattices. 2.6 Heterojunction Materials Systems: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties. Problems. 3 HETEROSTRUCTURE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS. 3.1 Motivation. 3.2 Basics of Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors. 3.3 Simplified Long-Channel Model of a MODFET. 3.4 Physical Features of Advanced State-of-the-Art MODFETs. 3.5 High-Frequency Performance of MODFETs. 3.6 Materials Properties and Structure Optimization for HFETs. Problems. 4 HETEROSTRUCTURE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS. 4.1 Review of Bipolar Junction Transistors. 4.2 Emitter-Base Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. 4.3 Base Transport Dynamics. 4.4 Nonstationary Transport Effects and Breakdown. 4.5 High-Frequency Performance of HBTs. 4.6 Materials Properties and Structure Optimization for HBTs . Problems. 5 TRANSFERRED ELECTRON EFFECTS, NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE, AND DEVICES. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 k-Space Transfer. 5.3 Real-Space Transfer. 5.4 Consequences of NDR in a Semiconductor. 5.5 Transferred Electron-Effect Oscillators: Gunn Diodes. 5.6 Negative Differential Resistance Transistors. 5.7 IMPATT Diodes. Problems. 6 RESONANT TUNNELING AND DEVICES. 6.1 Physics of Resonant Tunneling: Qualitative Approach. 6.2 Physics of Resonant Tunneling: Envelope Approximation. 6.3 Inelastic Phonon Scattering Assisted Tunneling: Hopping Conduction. 6.4 Resonant Tunneling Diodes: High-Frequency Applications. 6.5 Resonant Tunneling Diodes: Digital Applications. 6.6 Resonant Tunneling Transistors. Problems. 7 CMOS: DEVICES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES. 7.1 Why CMOS? 7.2 Basics of Long-Channel MOSFET Operation. 7.3 Short-Channel Effects. 7.4 Scaling Theory. 7.5 Processing Limitations to Continued Miniaturization. Problems. 8 BEYOND CMOS: FUTURE APPROACHES TO COMPUTING HARDWARE. 8.1 Alternative MOS Device Structures: SOI, Dual-Gate FETs, and SiGe. 8.2 Quantum-Dot Devices and Cellular Automata. 8.3 Molecular Computing. 8.4 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays and Defect-Tolerant Computing. 8.5 Coulomb Blockade and Single-Electron Transistors. 8.6 Quantum Computing. Problems. 9 MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS. 9.1 Landau Levels. 9.2 Classical Hall Effect. 9.3 Integer Quantum Hall Effect. 9.4 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect. 9.5 Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations. Problems. REFERENCES. APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS. APPENDIX B: BULK MATERIAL PARAMETERS. Table I: Silicon. Table II: Ge. Table III: GaAs. Table IV: InP. Table V: InAs. Table VI: InN. Table VII: GaN. Table VIII: SiC. Table IX: ZnS. Table X: ZnSe. Table XI : Al x Ga 1 fx As. Table XI I : Ga 0:47 In 0:53 As. Table XIII: Al 0:48 In 0:52 As. Table XI V: Ga 0:5 In 0:5 P. Table XV: Hg 0:70 Cd 0:30 Te. APPENDIX C: HETEROJUNCTION PROPERTIES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the popular guide to telecommunications circuit design offers the same comprehensive coverage found in the first edition, but now features additional sections on mobile and wireless phones and pagers, compact antennas, switches, power amplifiers, and TDMA and CDMA modulation schemes.Trade Review"...useful as a reference for beginning students...and for self-study..." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, May 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter One. The Hstory of Telecommunications. Chapter Two. Amplitude Modulated Radio Transmitter. Chapter Three. The Amplitude-Modulated Radio Receiver. Chapter Four. Frequency Modulated Radio Transmitter. Chapter Five. The Frequency Modulated Radio Receiver. Chapter Six. The Television Transmitter. Chapter Seven. The Television Receiver. Chapter Eight. The Telephone Network. Chapter Nine. Signal Processing in the Telephone System. Chapter Ten. The Facsimile Machine. Chapter Eleven. Personal Wireless Communication System. Chapter Twelve. Telecommunication Transmission Media. Appendix A. The Transformer. Appendix B. Designation of Frequencies. Appendix C. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Appendix D. The Modified Huffman Data Compression Code. Appendix E. Electronic Memory. Appendix F. Binary Coded Decimal to Seven-Segment Decoder. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the use of neural networks and fuzzy methods for identifying and controlling nonlinear dynamical systems. It combines advanced concepts from traditional control theory with the intuitive properties of intelligent systems to solve real-world control problems.Trade Review"…well-organized…very useful for a graduate level control or intelligent systems course…" (International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, January 2005) “…the text is well organised with topics judiciously selected to build on each other…the discussion and motivations are rigorous…” (International Journal of Robust & Nonlinear Control, Vol.15, No.1, 10th January 2005) "...this is an excellent book. It is pedagogically sound and, hence, suitable as a text for graduate courses.... I recommend it also as a very valuable resource to practitioners..." (International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 32, 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I: FOUNDATIONS. Mathematical Foundations. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Optimization for Training Approximators. Function Approximation. PART II: STATE-FEEDBACK CONTROL. Control of Nonlinear Systems. Direct Adaptive Control. Indirect Adaptive Control. Implementations and Comparative Studies. PART III:OUTPUT-FEEDBACK CONTROL. Output-Feedback Control. Adaptive Output Feedback Control. Applications. PART IV: EXTENSIONS. Discrete-Time Systems. Decentralized Systems. Perspectives on Intelligent Adaptive Systems. For Further Study. Bibliography. Index.

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Book Synopsis"Much of pattern recognition theory and practice, including methods such as Support Vector Machines, has emerged in an attempt to solve the character recognition problem. This book is written by very well-known academics who have worked in the field for many years and have made significant and lasting contributions.Trade Review"In the words of Horst Bunke (also from the back cover), 'it is a volume the community has been awaiting for a long time, and I can enthusiastically recommend it to everybody working in the area.' I concur and recommend the book to readers interested either in the general field of OCR, or in a more in-depth treatment of the constituent techniques." (Computing Reviews, March 12, 2008) "Researchers and graduate students…[and] practitioners might find it a valuable resource for the latest advances and modern technologies…" (IEEE Computer Magazine, December 2007)Table of ContentsFigures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1. Introduction: Character Recognition, Evolution and Development. 1.1 Generation and Recognition of Characters. 1.2 History of OCR. 1.3 Development of New Techniques. 1.4 Recent Trends and Movements. 1.5 Organization of the Remaining Chapters. References. 2. Tools for Image Pre-Processing. 2.1 Generic Form Processing System. 2.2 A Stroke Model for Complex Background Elimination. 2.2.1 Global Gray Level Thresholding. 2.2.2 Local Gray Level Thresholding. 2.2.3 Local Feature Thresholding-Stroke Based Model. 2.2.4 Choosing the Most Efficient Character Extraction Method. 2.2.5 Cleaning up Form Items Using Stroke Based Model. 2.3 A Scale-Space Approach for Visual Data Extraction. 2.3.1 Image Regularization. 2.3.2 Data Extraction. 2.3.3 Concluding Remarks. 2.4 Data Pre-Processing. 2.4.1 Smoothing and Noise Removal. 2.4.2 Skew Detection and Correction. 2.4.3 Slant Correction. 2.4.4 Character Normalization. 2.4.5 Contour Tracing/Analysis. 2.4.6 Thinning. 2.5 Chapter Summary. References 72. 3. Feature Extraction, Selection and Creation. 3.1 Feature Extraction. 3.1.1 Moments. 3.1.2 Histogram. 3.1.3 Direction Features. 3.1.4 Image Registration. 3.1.5 Hough Transform. 3.1.6 Line-Based Representation. 3.1.7 Fourier Descriptors. 3.1.8 Shape Approximation. 3.1.9 Topological Features. 3.1.10 Linear Transforms. 3.1.11 Kernels. 3.2 Feature Selection for Pattern Classification. 3.2.1 Review of Feature Selection Methods. 3.3 Feature Creation for Pattern Classification. 3.3.1 Categories of Feature Creation. 3.3.2 Review of Feature Creation Methods. 3.3.3 Future Trends. 3.4 Chapter Summary. References. 4. Pattern Classification Methods. 4.1 Overview of Classification Methods. 4.2 Statistical Methods. 4.2.1 Bayes Decision Theory. 4.2.2 Parametric Methods. 4.2.3 Non-ParametricMethods. 4.3 Artificial Neural Networks. 4.3.1 Single-Layer Neural Network. 4.3.2 Multilayer Perceptron. 4.3.3 Radial Basis Function Network. 4.3.4 Polynomial Network. 4.3.5 Unsupervised Learning. 4.3.6 Learning Vector Quantization. 4.4 Support Vector Machines. 4.4.1 Maximal Margin Classifier. 4.4.2 Soft Margin and Kernels. 4.4.3 Implementation Issues. 4.5 Structural Pattern Recognition. 4.5.1 Attributed String Matching. 4.5.2 Attributed Graph Matching. 4.6 Combining Multiple Classifiers. 4.6.1 Problem Formulation. 4.6.2 Combining Discrete Outputs. 4.6.3 Combining Continuous Outputs. 4.6.4 Dynamic Classifier Selection. 4.6.5 Ensemble Generation. 4.7 A Concrete Example. 4.8 Chapter Summary. References. 5. Word and String Recognition. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Character Segmentation. 5.2.1 Overview of Dissection Techniques. 5.2.2 Segmentation of Handwritten Digits. 5.3 Classification-Based String Recognition. 5.3.1 String Classification Model. 5.3.2 Classifier Design for String Recognition. 5.3.3 Search Strategies. 5.3.4 Strategies for Large Vocabulary. 5.4 HMM-Based Recognition. 5.4.1 Introduction to HMMs. 5.4.2 Theory and Implementation. 5.4.3 Application of HMMs to Text Recognition. 5.4.4 Implementation Issues. 5.4.5 Techniques for Improving HMMs’ Performance. 5.4.6 Summary to HMM-Based Recognition. 5.5 Holistic Methods For Handwritten Word Recognition. 5.5.1 Introduction to Holistic Methods. 5.5.2 Overview of Holistic Methods. 5.5.3 Summary to Holistic Methods. 5.6 Chapter Summary. References. 6. Case Studies. 6.1 Automatically Generating Pattern Recognizers with Evolutionary Computation. 6.1.1 Motivation. 6.1.2 Introduction. 6.1.3 Hunters and Prey. 6.1.4 Genetic Algorithm. 6.1.5 Experiments. 6.1.6 Analysis. 6.1.7 Future Directions. 6.2 Offline Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition. 6.2.1 Related Works. 6.2.2 System Overview. 6.2.3 Character Normalization. 6.2.4 Direction Feature Extraction. 6.2.5 Classification Methods. 6.2.6 Experiments. 6.2.7 Concluding Remarks. 6.3 Segmentation and Recognition of Handwritten Dates on Canadian Bank Cheques. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 System Architecture. 6.3.3 Date Image Segmentation. 6.3.4 Date Image Recognition. 6.3.5 Experimental Results. 6.3.6 Concluding Remarks. References.

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Book SynopsisExpert coverage of the design and implementation of state estimation algorithms for tracking and navigation Estimation with Applications to Tracking and Navigation treats the estimation of various quantities from inherently inaccurate remote observations.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. Mathematical Notations. Introduction. Basic Concepts in Estimation. Linear Estimation in Static Systems. Linear Dynamic Systems with Random Inputs. State Estimation in Discrete-Time Linear Dynamic Systems. Estimation for Kinematic Models. Computational Aspects of Estimation. Extensions of Discrete-Time Linear Estimation. Continuous-Time Linear State Estimation. State Estimation for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems. Adaptive Estimation and Maneuvering Targets. Introduction to Navigation Applications. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are many situations in science and engineering where complex output data from a given system is used to formulate a model of how that system operates, or to simulate its response to different inputs. Applications include control, decision theory, and the emerging fields of bioinformatics.Trade Review"To cope with real world uncertainties and provide a philosophical and practical guide...several methodologies are presented..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "...certainly a book that should be in the library of any institution where research and advanced study in fuzzy systems are carried out." (Choice, Vol. 39, No. 7, March 2002) "...well organized, easy to read, and self-contained.... I would recommend it to anyone interested in self-study of the basic ideas of fuzzy systems..." (International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 31, No. 6, 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. System Analysis. Uncertainty Techniques. Learning from Data: System Identification. Propositions as Subsets of the Data Space. Fuzzy Systems and Identification. Random-Set Modelling and Identification. Certain Uncertainty. Fuzzy Inference Engines. Fuzzy Classification. Fuzzy Control. Fuzzy Mathematics. Summary. Appendices. Index.

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Book Synopsis Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of currently used transistors for commercial and military applications. Authors are recognized experts with previous publications. Updated descriptions of state-of-the-art devices available on Wiley Web site. Table of ContentsPreface. Background on Microwave Transistors. Basic Semiconductor Physics. Heterostructure Physics. MESFETs. High Electron Mobility Transistors. MOSFETs. Silicon Bipolar Junction Transistors. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Appendix A.1: Frequently Used Symbols. Appendix A.2: Physical Constants and Unit Conversions. Appendix A.3: Microwave Frequency Bands. Appendix A.4: Two-Port Calculations. Appendix A.5: Important Material Properties of Selected Materials. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses techniques that have important applications to wireless engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Notations and Mathematical Preliminaries 1 1.1 Notations and Abbreviations 1 1.2 Mathematical Preliminaries 2 1.2.1 Functions and Integration 2 1.2.2 The Fourier Transform 4 1.2.3 Regularity 4 1.2.4 Linear Spaces 7 1.2.5 Functional Spaces 8 1.2.6 Sobolev Spaces 10 1.2.7 Bases in Hilbert Space H 11 1.2.8 Linear Operators 12 Bibliography 14 2 Intuitive Introduction to Wavelets 15 2.1 Technical History and Background 15 2.1.1 Historical Development 15 2.1.2 When Do Wavelets Work? 16 2.1.3 A Wave Is a Wave but What Is a Wavelet? 17 2.2 What Can Wavelets Do in Electromagnetics and Device Modeling? 18 2.2.1 Potential Benefits of Using Wavelets 18 2.2.2 Limitations and Future Direction of Wavelets 19 2.3 The Haar Wavelets and Multiresolution Analysis 20 2.4 How Do Wavelets Work? 23 Bibliography 28 3 Basic Orthogonal Wavelet Theory 30 3.1 Multiresolution Analysis 30 3.2 Construction of Scalets 3.2.1 Franklin Scalet 32 3.2.2 Battle-Lemarie Scalets 39 3.2.3 Preliminary Properties of Scalets 40 3.3 Wavelet ^ ( r ) 42 3.4 Franklin Wavelet 48 3.5 Properties of Scalets (p(co) 51 3.6 Daubechies Wavelets 56 3.7 Coifman Wavelets (Coiflets) 64 3.8 Constructing Wavelets by Recursion and Iteration 69 3.8.1 Construction of Scalets 69 3.8.2 Construction of Wavelets 74 3.9 Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.1 Basic Properties of Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.2 Meyer Wavelet Family 83 3.9.3 Other Examples of Meyer Wavelets 92 3.10 Mallat's Decomposition and Reconstruction 92 3.10.1 Reconstruction 92 3.10.2 Decomposition 93 3.11 Problems 95 3.11.1 Exercise 1 95 3.11.2 Exercise 2 95 3.11.3 Exercise 3 97 3.11.4 Exercise 4 97 Bibliography 98 4 Wavelets in Boundary Integral Equations 100 4.1 Wavelets in Electromagnetics 100 4.2 Linear Operators 102 4.3 Method of Moments (MoM) 103 4.4 Functional Expansion of a Given Function 107 4.5 Operator Expansion: Nonstandard Form 110 4.5.1 Operator Expansion in Haar Wavelets 111 4.5.2 Operator Expansion in General Wavelet Systems 113 4.5.3 Numerical Example 114 4.6 Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.1 Construction of Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.2 Properties of Periodic Wavelets 123 4.6.3 Expansion of a Function in Periodic Wavelets 127 4.7 Application of Periodic Wavelets: 2D Scattering 128 4.8 Fast Wavelet Transform (FWT) 133 4.8.1 Discretization of Operation Equations 133 4.8.2 Fast Algorithm 134 4.8.3 Matrix Sparsification Using FWT 135 4.9 Applications of the FWT 140 4.9.1 Formulation 140 4.9.2 Circuit Parameters 141 4.9.3 Integral Equations and Wavelet Expansion 143 4.9.4 Numerical Results 144 4.10 Intervallic Coifman Wavelets 144 4.10.1 Intervallic Scalets 145 4.10.2 Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 154 4.11 Lifting Scheme and Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.1 Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.2 Lifting Scheme Algorithm 157 4.11.3 Cascade Algorithm 159 4.12 Green's Scalets and Sampling Series 159 4.12.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 160 4.12.2 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 166 4.13 Appendix: Derivation of Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 172 4.14 Problems 185 4.14.1 Exercise 5 185 4.14.2 Exercise 6 185 4.14.3 Exercise 7 185 4.14.4 Exercise 8 186 4.14.5 Project 1 187 Bibliography 187 5 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method (SBTD) 189 5.1 Basis FDTD Formulation 189 5.2 Stability Analysis for the FDTD 194 5.3 FDTD as Maxwell's Equations with Haar Expansion 198 5.4 FDTD with Battle-Lemarie Wavelets 201 5.5 Positive Sampling and Biorthogonal Testing Functions 205 5.6 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method 215 5.6.1 SBTD versus MRTD 215 5.6.2 Formulation 215 5.7 Stability Conditions for Wavelet-Based Methods 219 5.7.1 Dispersion Relation and Stability Analysis 219 5.7.2 Stability Analysis for the SBTD 222 5.8 Convergence Analysis and Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.1 Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.2 Convergence Analysis 225 5.9 Numerical Examples 228 5.10 Appendix: Operator Form of the MRTD 233 5.11 Problems 236 5.11.1 Exercise 9 236 5.11.2 Exercise 10 237 5.11.3 Project 2 237 Bibliography 238 6 Canonical Multiwavelets 240 6.1 Vector-Matrix Dilation Equation 240 6.2 Time Domain Approach 242 6.3 Construction of Multiscalets 245 6.4 Orthogonal Multiwavelets yjr(t) 255 6.5 Intervallic Multiwavelets xj/(t) 258 6.6 Multiwavelet Expansion 261 6.7 Intervallic Dual Multiwavelets \j/(t) 264 6.8 Working Examples 269 6.9 Multiscalet-Based ID Finite Element Method (FEM) 276 6.10 Multiscalet-Based Edge Element Method 280 6.11 Spurious Modes 285 6.12 Appendix 287 6.13 Problems 296 6.13.1 Exercise 11 296 Bibliography 297 7 Wavelets in Scattering and Radiation 299 7.1 Scattering from a 2D Groove 299 7.1.1 Method of Moments (MoM) Formulation 300 7.1.2 Coiflet-Based MoM 304 7.1.3 Bi-CGSTAB Algorithm 305 7.1.4 Numerical Results 305 7.2 2D and 3D Scattering Using Intervallic Coiflets 309 7.2.1 Intervallic Scalets on [0,1] 309 7.2.2 Expansion in Coifman Intervallic Wavelets 312 7.2.3 Numerical Integration and Error Estimate 313 7.2.4 Fast Construction of Impedance Matrix 317 7.2.5 Conducting Cylinders, TM Case 319 7.2.6 Conducting Cylinders with Thin Magnetic Coating 322 7.2.7 Perfect Electrically Conducting (PEC) Spheroids 324 7.3 Scattering and Radiation of Curved Thin Wires 329 7.3.1 Integral Equation for Curved Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennae 330 7.3.2 Numerical Examples 331 7.4 Smooth Local Cosine (SLC) Method 340 7.4.1 Construction of Smooth Local Cosine Basis 341 7.4.2 Formulation of 2D Scattering Problems 344 7.4.3 SLC-Based Galerkin Procedure and Numerical Results 347 7.4.4 Application of the SLC to Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennas 355 7.5 Microstrip Antenna Arrays 357 7.5.1 Impedance Matched Source 358 7.5.2 Far-Zone Fields and Antenna Patterns 360 Bibliography 363 8 Wavelets in Rough Surface Scattering 366 8.1 Scattering of EM Waves from Randomly Rough Surfaces 366 8.2 Generation of Random Surfaces 368 8.2.1 Autocorrelation Method 370 8.2.2 Spectral Domain Method 373 8.3 2D Rough Surface Scattering 376 8.3.1 Moment Method Formulation of 2D Scattering 376 8.3.2 Wavelet-Based Galerkin Method for 2D Scattering 380 8.3.3 Numerical Results of 2D Scattering 381 8.4 3D Rough Surface Scattering 387 8.4.1 Tapered Wave of Incidence 388 8.4.2 Formulation of 3D Rough Surface Scattering Using Wavelets 391 8.4.3 Numerical Results of 3D Scattering 394 Bibliography 399 9 Wavelets in Packaging, Interconnects, and EMC 401 9.1 Quasi-static Spatial Formulation 402 9.1.1 What Is Quasi-static? 402 9.1.2 Formulation 403 9.1.3 Orthogonal Wavelets in L2([0, 1]) 406 9.1.4 Boundary Element Method and Wavelet Expansion 408 9.1.5 Numerical Examples 412 9.2 Spatial Domain Layered Green's Functions 415 9.2.1 Formulation 417 9.2.2 Prony's Method 423 9.2.3 Implementation of the Coifman Wavelets 424 9.2.4 Numerical Examples 426 9.3 Skin-Effect Resistance and Total Inductance 429 9.3.1 Formulation 431 9.3.2 Moment Method Solution of Coupled Integral Equations 433 9.3.3 Circuit Parameter Extraction 435 9.3.4 Wavelet Implementation 437 9.3.5 Measurement and Simulation Results 438 9.4 Spectral Domain Green's Function-Based Full-Wave Analysis 440 9.4.1 Basic Formulation 440 9.4.2 Wavelet Expansion and Matrix Equation 444 9.4.3 Evaluation of Sommerfeld-Type Integrals 447 9.4.4 Numerical Results and Sparsity of Impedance Matrix 451 9.4.5 Further Improvements 455 9.5 Full-Wave Edge Element Method for 3D Lossy Structures 455 9.5.1 Formulation of Asymmetric Functionals with Truncation Conditions 456 9.5.2 Edge Element Procedure 460 9.5.3 Excess Capacitance and Inductance 464 9.5.4 Numerical Examples 466 Bibliography 469 10 Wavelets in Nonlinear Semiconductor Devices 474 10.1 Physical Models and Computational Efforts 474 10.2 An Interpolating Subdivision Scheme 476 10.3 The Sparse Point Representation (SPR) 478 10.4 Interpolation Wavelets in the FDM 479 10.4.1 ID Example of the SPR Application 480 10.4.2 2D Example of the SPR Application 481 10.5 The Drift-Diffusion Model 484 10.5.1 Scaling 486 10.5.2 Discretization 487 10.5.3 Transient Solution 489 10.5.4 Grid Adaptation and Interpolating Wavelets 490 10.5.5 Numerical Results 492 10.6 Multiwavelet Based Drift-Diffusion Model 498 10.6.1 Precision and Stability versus Reynolds 499 10.6.2 MWFEM-Based ID Simulation 502 10.7 The Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) Model 504 10.7.1 Why BTE? 505 10.7.2 Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the BTE 505 10.7.3 Arbitrary Order Expansion and Galerkin's Procedure 509 10.7.4 The Coupled Boltzmann-Poisson System 515 10.7.5 Numerical Results 517 Bibliography 524 Index 527

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Book SynopsisErbium doped fiber amplifiers is an important technology for lightwave voice, data, and cable TV transmission. This book covers the developmental issues of EDFAs that are relevant to modern telecom applications. It is intended for researchers, development engineers, and system designers in fiber-optic communications.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Acronyms and Symbols. PART A: FUNDAMENTALS, COMPLEMENTS, AND DEVELOPMENTS: PHYSICS AND MODELING. Chapter 1. New Aspects in EDFA Modeling. Chapter 2. Origin and Analysis of Noise in EDFAs. Chapter 3. Information Capacity of Optically Amplified Signals. Chapter 4. Secondary Physical Effects in EDFAs. PART B: NEW DESIGNS, DEVELOPMENTS, AND SYSTEM APPLICATIONS OF EDFAs. Chapter 5. Amplifier Technology and Design for Terrestrial Transmission. Chapter 6. Amplifier Technology and Design for Transoceanic Transmission. Chapter 7. Amplified Terrestrial Networks. Chapter 8. Amplified Submarine-Cable Systems. Appendix A: Time-Dependent Average-Inversion Model. Appendix B: Derivation of the Output PDF and Associated Mean and Variance for the Coherent Single-Photon Multiplier. Appendix C: Semiclassical Quantum-Beamsplitter Model. Appendix D: Semiclassical Derivation of Symbol PDF and BER of Optically Amplified Signals. Appendix E: BER Extrapolation Method Based on the Leveberg-Marquardt Nonlinear Curve-Fitting Algorithm. Appendix F: Mutual Information and Equivocation in Discrete Memoryless Channel with N-Symbol Alphabet. Appendix G: System Performance Criteria. Appendix H: Basic Principles of Error-Correction Coding. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn outgrowth of the author''s extensive experience teaching senior and graduate level students, this is both a thorough introduction and a solid professional reference. * Material covered has been developed based on a 35-year research program associated with such systems as the Landsat satellite program and later satellite and aircraft programs. * Covers existing aircraft and satellite programs and several future programs *An Instructor''s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background. PART II: THE BASICS FOR CONVENTIONAL MULTISPECTRAL DATA. Chapter 2. Radiation and Sensor Systems in Remote Sensing. Chapter 3. Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing. PART III: ADDITIONAL DETAILS. Chapter 4. Training a Classifier. Chapter 5. Hyperspectral Data Characteristics. Chapter 6. Feature Definition. Chapter 7. A Data Analysis Paradigm and Examples. Chapter 8. Use of Spatial Variations. Chapter 9. Noise in Remote Sensing Systems. Chapter 10. Multispectral Image Data Preprocessing. Appendix. An Outline of Probability Theory. Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisAddresses connections and differences between jump regression analysis and image processing, with the goal of establishing better communication among research groups in the two areas of statistics. This book discusses procedures that are easy to use, simple to compute, and have proven statistical theory behind them.Trade Review"It has much to offer that is hard to find elsewhere." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 2006) "…a well-written book offering comprehensive discussions...an excellent reference and source book for statisticians, computer scientists, engineers, and other researchers…" (IIE Transactions- Quality and Reliability Engineering, June 2006) "…an impressive resource for research statisticians…researchers in computer graphics and image processing…" (Technometrics, May 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Statistical Concepts and Conventional Smoothing Techniques. 3. Estimation of Jump Regression Curves. 4. Estimation of Jump Location Curves of Regression Surfaces. 5. Jump Preserving Surface Estimation By Local Smoothing. 6. Edge Detection In Image Processing. 7. Edge-Preserving Image Restoration. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisModern technological advances, bringing an ever increasing demand for better performance, coupled with the availability of low cost computer power, have lead control engineers to face problems of high complexity.Trade Review“…a self-contained readable presentation of nonlinear control systems…” (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1037, No.12, 2004) "…an excellent, pedagogically sound book on analysis and design of nonlinear control systems." (International Journal of General Systems, December 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1.1 Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 1.2 Nonlinear Systems. 1.3 Equilibrium Points. 1.4 First-Order Autonomous Nonlinear Systems. 1.5 Second-Order Systems: Phase-Plane Analysis. 1.6 Phase-Plane Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 1.7 Phase-Plane Analysis of Nonlinear Systems. 1.8 Higher-Order Systems. 1.9 Examples of Nonlinear Systems. 1.10 Exercises. Mathematical Preliminaries. 2.1 Sets. 2.2 Metric Spaces. 2.3 Vector Spaces. 2.4 Matrices. 2.5 Basic Topology. 2.6 Sequences. 2.7 Functions. 2.8 Differentiability. 2.9 Lipschitz Continuity. 2.10 Contraction Mapping. 2.11 Solution of Differential Equations. 2.12 Exercises. Lyapunov Stability I: Autonomous Systems. 3.1 Definitions. 3.2 Positive Definite Functions. 3.3 Stability Theorems. 3.4 Examples. 3.5 Asymptotic Stability in the Large. 3.6 Positive Definite Functions Revisited. 3.7 Construction of Lyapunov Functions. 3.8 The Invariance Principle. 3.9 Region of Attraction. 3.10 Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 3.11 Instability. 3.12 Exercises. Lyapunov Stability II: Nonautonomous Systems. 4.1 Definitions. 4.2 Positive Definite Functions. 4.3 Stability Theorems. 4.4 Proof of the Stability Theorems. 4.5 Analysis of Linear Time-Varying Systems. 4.6 Perturbation Analysis. 4.7 Converse Theorems. 4.8 Discrete-Time Systems. 4.9 Discretization. 4.10 Stability of Discrete-Time Systems. 4.11 Exercises. Feedback Systems. 5.1 Basic Feedback Stabilization. 5.2 Integrator Backstepping. 5.3 Backstepping: More General Cases. 5.4 Examples. 5.5 Exercises. Input-Output Stability. 6.1 Function Spaces. 6.2 Input-Output Stability. 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 6.4 Lp Gains for LTI Systems. 6.5 Closed Loop Input-Output Stability. 6.6 The Small Gain Theorem. 6.7 Loop Transformations. 6.8 The Circle Criterion. 6.9 Exercises. Input-to-State Stability. 7.1 Motivation. 7.2 Definitions. 7.3 Input-to-State Stability (ISS) Theorems. 7.4 Input-to-State Stability Revisited. 7.5 Cascade Connected Systems. 7.6 Exercises. Passivity. 8.1 Power and Energy: Passive Systems. 8.2 Definitions. 8.3 Interconnections of Passivity Systems. 8.4 Stability of Feedback Interconnections. 8.5 Passivity of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 8.6 Strictly Positive Real Rational Functions. Exercises. Dissipativity. 9.1 Dissipative Systems. 9.2 Differentiable Storage Functions. 9.3 QSR Dissipativity. 9.4 Examples. 9.5 Available Storage. 9.6 Algebraic Condition for Dissipativity. 9.7 Stability of Dissipative Systems. 9.8 Feedback Interconnections. 9.9 Nonlinear L2 Gain. 9.10 Some Remarks about Control Design. 9.11 Nonlinear L2-Gain Control. 9.12 Exercises. Feedback Linearization. 10.1 Mathematical Tools. 10.2 Input-State Linearization. 10.3 Examples. 10.4 Conditions for Input-State Linearization. 10.5 Input-Output Linearization. 10.6 The Zero Dynamics. 10.7 Conditions for Input-Output Linearization. 10.8 Exercises. Nonlinear Observers. 11.1 Observers for Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 11.2 Nonlinear Observability. 11.3 Observers with Linear Error Dynamics. 11.4 Lipschitz Systems. 11.5 Nonlinear Separation Principle. Proofs. Bibliography. List of Figures. Index.

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Book SynopsisVerilog is a Hardware Description Language (HDL) used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to virtually design systems without expending time or resources on physical models. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.Table of ContentsTable of Figures. Table of Examples. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. Trademarks. Introduction. Asic Design Flow. Verilog Coding. Coding Style: Best-Known Method for Synthesis. Design Example of Programmable Timer. Design Example of Programmable Logic Block for Peripheral Interface.

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Book SynopsisA greatly revised and expanded account of phaselock technology The Third Edition of this landmark book presents new developments in the field of phaselock loops, some of which have never been published until now. Established concepts are reviewed critically and recommendations are offered for improved formulations. The work reflects the author''s own research and many years of hands-on experience with phaselock loops. Reflecting the myriad of phaselock loops that are now found in electronic devices such as televisions, computers, radios, and cell phones, the book offers readers much new material, including: * Revised and expanded coverage of transfer functions * Two chapters on phase noise * Two chapters examining digital phaselock loops * A chapter on charge-pump phaselock loops * Expanded discussion of phase detectors and of oscillators * A chapter on anomalous phaselocking * A chapter on graphical aids, including BoTrade Review"I believe it is a must on the bookshelf of everybody working with PLLs." (IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1. Introduction. 2. Transfer Functions of Analog PLLs. 3. Graphical Aids. 4. Digital PLLs: Transfer Functions and Related Tools. 5. Tracking. 6. Effects of Additive Noise. 7. Effects of Phase Noise. 8. Acquisition of Phaselock. 9. Oscillators. 10. Phase Detectors. 11. Loop Filters. 12. Charge-Pump Phaselock Loops. 13. Digiotal (Sampled) Phaselock Loops. 14. Anomalous Locking. 15. PLL Frequency Synthesizers. 16. Phaselocked Modulators and Demodulators. 17. Miscellaneous Applications of Phaselock Loops. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference explores MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductors) which are the ceramic semiconductors that are responsible for today's electronic revolution. These materials' ability to hold an electric charge allowed the transistor to replace the vacuum tube and paved the way for the miniaturization of electronic goods.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Field Effect. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Low Frequencies. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Intermediate and High Frequencies. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Conductance. Interfacial Nonuniformities. Experimental Evidence for Interface Trap Properties. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Capacitance. Measurement of Silicon Properties. Charges, Barrier Heights, and Flatband Voltage. Charge Trapping in the Oxide. Instrumentation for Measuring Capacitor Characteristics. Oxidation of Silicon--Oxidation Kinetics. Oxidation of Silicon--Technology. Control of Oxide Charges. Models of the Interface. Appendices. Subject Index. Symbol Index.

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Book SynopsisAs most crystals are generated by crystals, the interaction between light and crystals is vital to the success of any optics-related endevour. This paperback reprint of the classic reference provides a new generation of engineers and physicists with the fundamental knowledge needed to study this complex interaction.Table of ContentsElectromagnetic Fields. Propagation of Laser Beams. Polarization of Light Waves. Electromagnetic Propagation in Anisotropic Media. Jones Calculus and its Application to Birefringent Optical Systems. Electromagnetic Propagation in Periodic Media. Electro-optics. Electro-optic Devices. Acousto-optics. Acousto-optic Devices. Guided Waves and Integrated Optics. Nonlinear Optics. Phase-Conjugate Optics. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisSimon Haykin has written two books with Wiley for Communications Systems, Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e and the forthcoming revision of his classic Communications Systems, 5e. The second edition of Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e is written at an accessible level and serves as an introductory treatment of communication theory, both ana-log and digital communications. Given the highly mathematical nature of communication theory, it is rather easy for the reader to lose sight of the practical side of communication systems. Throughout the book, the authors have made a special effort to move through the mathe-matical treatment at an easy-to-grasp level, and also to point out the practical relevance of the theory wherever it is appropri-ate to do so. Drs. Haykin's other text, Communication Systems reaches out to a higher level of math rigor. Also, Introduction to Digital and Analog Communications, 2e offers the probability coverage later iTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Applications 4 1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements 13 1.4 Underpinning Theories of Communication Systems 14 1.5 Concluding Remarks 16 Chapter 2 Fourier Representation of Signals and Systems 18 2.1 The Fourier Transform 19 2.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform 25 2.3 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 39 2.4 Dirac Delta Function 42 2.5 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 50 2.6 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems: Convolution Revisited 52 2.7 Ideal Low-pass Filters 60 2.8 Correlation and Spectral Density: Energy Signals 70 2.9 Power Spectral Density 79 2.10 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 81 2.11 Theme Example: Twisted Pairs for Telephony 89 2.12 Summary and Discussion 90 Additional Problems 91 Advanced Problems 98 Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation 100 3.1 Amplitude Modulation 101 3.2 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of Amplitude Modulation 113 3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation 114 3.4 Costas Receiver 120 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 121 3.6 Single-Sideband Modulation 123 3.7 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 130 3.8 Baseband Representation of Modulated Waves and Band-Pass Filters 137 3.9 Theme Examples 142 3.10 Summary and Discussion 147 Additional Problems 148 Advanced Problems 150 Chapter 4 Angle Modulation 152 4.1 Basic Definitions 153 4.2 Properties of Angle-Modulated Waves 154 4.3 Relationship between PM and FM Waves 159 4.4 Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation 160 4.5 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 164 4.6 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves 170 4.7 Generation of FM Waves 172 4.8 Demodulation of FM Signals 174 4.9 Theme Example: FM Stereo Multiplexing 182 4.10 Summary and Discussion 184 Additional Problems 185 Advanced Problems 187 Chapter 5 Pulse Modulation: Transition from Analog to Digital Communications 190 5.1 Sampling Process 191 5.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 198 5.3 Pulse-Position Modulation 202 5.4 Completing the Transition from Analog to Digital 203 5.5 Quantization Process 205 5.6 Pulse-Code Modulation 206 5.7 Delta Modulation 211 5.8 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation 216 5.9 Line Codes 219 5.10 Theme Examples 220 5.11 Summary and Discussion 225 Additional Problems 226 Advanced Problems 228 Chapter 6 Baseband Data Transmission 231 6.1 Baseband Transmission of Digital Data 232 6.2 The Intersymbol Interference Problem 233 6.3 The Nyquist Channel 235 6.4 Raised-Cosine Pulse Spectrum 238 6.5 Baseband Transmission of M-ary Data 245 6.6 The Eye Pattern 246 6.7 Computer Experiment: Eye Diagrams for Binary and Quaternary Systems 249 6.8 Theme Example: Equalization 251 6.9 Summary and Discussion 256 Additional Problems 257 Advanced Problems 259 Chapter 7 Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques 262 7.1 Some Preliminaries 262 7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying 265 7.3 Phase-Shift Keying 270 7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 281 7.5 Summary of Three Binary Signaling Schemes 289 7.6 Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes 291 7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes 295 7.8 Mapping of Digitally Modulated Waveforms onto Constellations of Signal Points 299 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 7.9 Theme Examples 302 7.10 Summary and Discussion 307 Additional Problems 309 Advanced Problems 310 Computer Experiments 312 Chapter 8 Random Signals and Noise 313 8.1 Probability and Random Variables 314 8.2 Expectation 326 8.3 Transformation of Random Variables 329 8.4 Gaussian Random Variables 330 8.5 The Central Limit Theorem 333 8.6 Random Processes 335 8.7 Correlation of Random Processes 338 8.8 Spectra of Random Signals 343 8.9 Gaussian Processes 347 8.10 White Noise 348 8.11 Narrowband Noise 352 8.12 Summary and Discussion 356 Additional Problems 357 Advanced Problems 361 Computer Experiments 363 Chapter 9 Noise in Analog Communications 364 9.1 Noise in Communication Systems 365 9.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 366 9.3 Band-Pass Receiver Structures 369 9.4 Noise in Linear Receivers Using Coherent Detection 370 9.5 Noise in AM Receivers Using Envelope Detection 373 9.6 Noise in SSB Receivers 377 9.7 Detection of Frequency Modulation (FM) 380 9.8 FM Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 387 9.9 Summary and Discussion 390 Additional Problems 391 Advanced Problems 392 Computer Experiments 393 Chapter 10 Noise in Digital Communications 394 10.1 Bit Error Rate 395 10.2 Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise 396 10.3 Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise 399 10.4 Optimum Detection of BPSK 405 10.5 Detection of QPSK and QAM in Noise 408 10.6 Optimum Detection of Binary FSK 414 10.7 Differential Detection in Noise 416 10.8 Summary of Digital Performance 418 10.9 Error Detection and Correction 422 10.10 Summary and Discussion 433 Additional Problems 434 Advanced Problems 435 Computer Experiments 436 Chapter 11 System and Noise Calculations 437 11.1 Electrical Noise 438 11.2 Noise Figure 442 11.3 Equivalent Noise Temperature 443 11.4 Cascade Connection of Two-Port Networks 445 11.5 Free-Space Link Calculations 446 11.6 Terrestrial Mobile Radio 451 11.7 Summary and Discussion 456 Additional Problems 457 Advanced Problems 458 APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 459 APPENDIX 2 FOURIER SERIES 460 APPENDIX 3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS 467 APPENDIX 4 THE Q-FUNCTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ERROR FUNCTION 470 APPENDIX 5 SCHWARZ’S INEQUALITY 473 APPENDIX 6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES 475 APPENDIX 7 MATLAB SCRIPTS FOR COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTERS 7-10 480 APPENDIX 8 ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS 488 Glossary 495 Bibliography 498 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThis text provides a description of a set of software tools from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) real-time control systems (RCS) library, useful in the development of hierarchical and distributed real-time control systems for a wide variety of applications.Trade Review"This book serves as a user's guide for development engineers using the software library in industrial applications." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001) "...clearly laid out...an extremely beneficial aid to anyone interested in RCS..." Measurement & ControlTable of ContentsPreface. RCS TUTORIAL. Introduction. Getting Started Quickly: RCS Essentials. The Reference Model Architecture and RCS Applications. RCS HANDBOOK. Design Theme Problem: Automated Highway System. Programming in NML. RCS Control Module. Writing NML Configuration Files. Other Classes and Functions. RCS Diagnostics Tool. Code Generation and Design Tool. APPENDICES. Appendix A: C++ Introduction. Appendix B: Compilers and Makefiles. Appendix C: General Operating System Concepts. Appendix D: RCS Version Functions. Appendix E: Platforms Tested. Bibliography. Index.

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