Description
Book SynopsisDigital Signal Processors (DSPs) are unique microprocessors that are programmable and operate in real time - much faster than general-purpose microprocessors. This text examines them in relation to mobile communications.
Table of ContentsBiographies xiii
List of Contributors xv
1 Introduction 1
Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer
1.1 It’s a Personal Matter 2
1.2 The Super Phone? 3
1.3 New Services 6
1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore’s Law 8
1.5 The Book 9
2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets 11
Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures 11
2.2.1 1G and 2G Standards 11
2.2.2 2.5G and 3G Standards 12
2.2.3 Architecture Evolution 14
2.3 Trends in Low Power DSPs 17
2.3.1 Process Improvement 17
2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement 19
2.3.3 Power Management 21
References 21
3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets 23
Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 The Wireless Standards 24
3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View 25
3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System 28
3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning 29
3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning 31
3.6 Hardware Design Approaches 32
3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures 32
3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach 33
3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode 37
3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers 38
3.8 Summary 39
3.9 Abbreviations 39
References 40
4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems 41
Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements 42
4.2.1 Introduction 42
4.2.2 General Requirements 42
4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing 43
4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing 44
4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing 44
4.3 System Analysis 46
4.3.1 SR Processing Analysis 46
4.3.2 CR Processing Analysis 46
4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions 48
4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor 48
4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor 50
4.4.3 Correlator Coprocessor 52
4.5 Summary and Conclusions 54
5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing 57
Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model 58
5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques 62
5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation 62
5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation 66
5.3.3 Least Squares Processing 67
5.3.4 Blind Signal Adaptation 71
5.3.5 Subspace Constraints 73
5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity 75
5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques 77
5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction 83
5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model 83
5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels 86
5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 87
5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 90
5.4.5 Conclusions 93
References 93
6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio 97
Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta
6.1 Cellular Communications Standards 98
6.2 What is SDR? 98
6.3 Digitizing Today’s Analog Operations 101
6.4 Implementation Challenges 103
6.5 Analog and ADC Issues 103
6.6 Channel Filter 104
6.7 Delta-Sigma ADC 104
6.8 Conclusion 105
References 105
7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions 107
Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb
7.1 Introduction 107
7.1.1 ‘‘DSPs take the RISC’’ 107
7.2 OMAP H/W Architecture 111
7.2.1 Architecture Description 111
7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture 113
7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions 113
7.3 OMAP S/W Architecture 114
7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications 116
7.4.1 Video 116
7.4.2 Speech Applications 116
7.5 Conclusion 117
Further Reading 117
8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology 119
Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D’Inverno
8.1 Introduction 119
8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge 120
8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes 120
8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior 121
8.2.3 Analysis 125
8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine 127
8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities 127
8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment 129
8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments 131
8.4 Ongoing Work on Scratchy 132
8.4.1 Multi-Application Management 133
8.4.2 Managing the Processor’s Heterogeneity and Architecture 133
8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints 133
8.4.4 Energy Management 133
8.5 Conclusion 133
References 134
9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications 137
Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree
9.1 Introduction 137
9.2 Speech Coder Attributes 138
9.3 Speech Coding Basics 139
9.3.1 Waveform Coders 141
9.3.2 Parametric Coders 141
9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis 143
9.3.4 Postfiltering 146
9.3.5 Vad/dtx 146
9.3.6 Channel Coding 146
9.4 Speech Coding Standards 147
9.4.1 ITU-T Standards 147
9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards 148
9.4.3 Wideband Standards 152
9.5 Speech Coder Implementation 153
9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing 153
9.5.2 ETSI/ITU Fixed-Point c 154
9.5.3 DSP Implementation 155
9.6 Conclusion 155
Acknowledgements 156
References 156
10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices 160
Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong
10.1 Introduction 160
10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology 160
10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary 161
10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split 161
10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers 161
10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported 161
10.3.2 Speech Databases Used 161
10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio 162
10.4 TIESR Details 165
10.4.1 Distinctive Features 165
10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation 166
10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues 167
10.4.4 Software Design Issues 168
10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes 168
10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs 169
10.5.2 InfoPhone 171
10.5.3 Voice E-mail 172
10.5.4 Voice Navigation 173
10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing 174
10.6 Summary and Conclusions 175
References 176
11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications 179
Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck
11.1 Introduction 179
11.2 Video 181
11.2.1 Video Coding Overview 182
11.2.2 Video Compression Standards 186
11.2.3 Video Coding on DSPs 187
11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 188
11.3 Audio 190
11.3.1 Audio Coding Overview 191
11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards 193
11.3.3 Audio Coding on DSPs 195
11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 196
11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP 198
References 200
12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals 201
Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon
12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment 202
12.2 Secure Platform Definition 203
12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives 204
12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component 204
12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component 205
12.3 Software Based Security Component 205
12.3.1 Java and Security 205
12.3.2 Definition 205
12.3.3 Features for Security 206
12.3.4 Dependency on OS 207
12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security 207
12.4.1 Secure Mode Description 208
12.4.2 Key Management 210
12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing 211
12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture 212
12.4.5 Tampering Protection 213
12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM 214
12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform 215
12.7 Conclusion 215
13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications 217
Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch
13.1 Introduction 217
13.2 The Speaker Verification Task 219
13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview 219
13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification 224
13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems 225
13.3.1 Overview 225
13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization 226
13.3.3 Concept of Operations 226
13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics 228
13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System 233
13.3.6 Prototype Implementation 247
13.3.7 Prototype System Processing 248
13.4 Conclusions 251
References 251
14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio 253
Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris
14.1 Introduction 253
14.2 Digital Transmission Methods 254
14.3 Eureka-147 System 255
14.3.1 System Description 255
14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation 262
14.3.3 Receiver Description 265
14.4 Iboc 279
14.5 Satellite Systems 284
14.6 Conclusion 285
References 286
15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications 287
David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede
15.1 Introduction 287
15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm 288
15.2.1 Segmentation 288
15.2.2 Silence Detection 288
15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm 289
15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling 289
15.2.5 Bookkeeping 290
15.3 Design Methodology 290
15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion 290
15.3.2 Division Algorithm 292
15.3.3 Hardware Allocation 293
15.4 Platforms 293
15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x 293
15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x 294
15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x 294
15.4.4 Ocapi 294
15.4.5 A|RT Designer 294
15.5 Final Results 294
15.5.1 Area Estimate 295
15.5.2 Power Estimate 295
15.6 Conclusions 297
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
16 Low Power Sensor Networks 299
Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan
16.1 Introduction 299
16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture 300
16.3 Hardware Design Issues 302
16.3.1 Processor Energy Model 303
16.3.2 Dvs 304
16.3.3 Leakage Considerations 306
16.4 Signal Processing in the Network 311
16.4.1 Optimizing Protocols 312
16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning 313
16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms 317
16.5.1 Energy–Agile Filtering 318
16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation 319
16.6 Signal Processing Architectures 320
16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering 321
16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture 322
16.7 Conclusions 324
References 324
17 The Pleiades Architecture 327
Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey
17.1 Goals and General Approach 327
17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template 329
17.3 The Control Processor 331
17.4 Satellite Processors 332
17.5 Communication Network 334
17.6 Reconfiguration 338
17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control 339
17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures 342
17.7.2 Summary 345
17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology 345
17.9 The P1 Prototype 348
17.9.1 P1 Benchmark Study 350
17.10 The Maia Processor 352
17.10.1 Control Processor 353
17.10.2 Address Generator Processor 353
17.10.3 Memory Units 354
17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit 354
17.10.5 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 354
17.10.6 Embedded FPGA 354
17.10.7 Maia Results 355
17.11 Summary 357
References 358
18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs 361
Jean-Pierre Giacalone
18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor 361
18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor 362
18.2.1 Control Modes 364
18.2.2 Dataflow Modes 366
18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture 367
18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools 370
18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples 372
18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow 376
References 377
19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications 379
Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay
19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices 379
19.2 The Platform 379
19.3 New Multimedia Applications 379
19.4 Location Based Information 380
19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information 380
19.6 Pointing to the Real World 380
19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface 381
19.8 Uses of Pointing 382
19.9 Software Architecture 382
19.9.1 Introduction 382
19.9.2 Assumptions 382
19.9.3 Overview 383
19.9.4 Alternatives 383
19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System 383
19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications 384
19.11.1 Pedestrian Guidance 385
19.11.2 Pull Advertising 386
19.11.3 Entertainment 386
19.12 Benefits of Pointing 387
19.12.1 Wireless Yellow Pages 387
19.12.2 Internationalization 387
19.12.3 GIS Applications 387
19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming 388
19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums 388
19.13 Recommended Data Standardization 388
19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts 388
19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services 388
19.13.3 Data Specifications 389
19.13.4 Data Format 391
19.13.5 Is it Sufficient? 393
19.14 Conclusion 393
Index 395
